Page 1
Pocial || MAY DAY : Parti
Report
LANKA
V«
'Sinhalisation' : The
origins
Susantha Goonetilleke
Bandung Anniversary
Mervyn de Silva
Population planning
Paul Caspersz
Lenin : biography
G. B. Keera wella
Pushkin
Reggie Siri wardene
ALSO: O Nationality (D
 
 

es and TU trends
圆
3 No. May 1, 1980 Price Rs. 3/50
INPI ATION
ഭ≤ ജൂൺ(േ
tioueš
۴ ژل و مقام نة ميت ""مقاتل ؟!
හීණ فر، ثقة في تحيط9
rariħ
ase
Tamil Drama CD Sinhala Literature

Page 2
Anc specialis from
Deposit Protect your Waluable je People's Bank SAFE DEPO
The People's Bank offer locker units in three different staff for prompt individual at
This unit is situated at t floor of the People's Bank, F
Rent a Safe Deposit Loc Valuables really safe.
Contact:
The Manager, People's Bank.
HF: adquarters Branch,
Sir Chittampalann Garrin|| Colombo 2.
 
 
 
 
 

ther 2d service
afe Lockers
Wellery, documents, etc., in a ST LOCKER 's you separate safe deposit t sizes and with specialised ttentOn. he fully air-conditioned second Head Office.
cker and keep yout
2r Mia Weath,
PLE’S BANK
ICE COLOMBO 2. TEL: 27841-9
محے

Page 3
A little bit of
The Unity of opposites is di funda Tental principe of dia ec
sis.
Not so long ago Kumar RupaSinghe, founder of the pro-Peking radical group styled the "Janaweggya', was pitted aga frist Felix 'Satan Bandaranaike, chief spokesman of the SLFP Right, whose mot to was "a sitt le bīt of totd IF tarion is r71."
If FDB's closest cortrade in ar Tis, ex-Judge Jaya Path i rama makes regular appearances in such for a cas the World Peace CoLirici and the Afro-Asian Solidarity Organisation which reflect the Moscow Wew, KL mar Was So pro-Chim 7 that di samous press photo showed him greeting peaSants and baby-ki 5 sing in Attamagalla in the Company of Kh feu Samphon, whose great leader Pol Pot was busy massacring them in his own Kampuched.
Now all of re fir ] new Organisation cassed the National Democratic Committee, a body heavily loaded with barristers, advocates and lawyers who were as styled" attorneys at law' under FDB's reign of...... at Hufts drop.
ther
A source close to the Cor IT
ttee said its purpose was to "draw the SLFP into a miss struggle in defence of rapidly
dis appearing Cly || ||berties."
Asked to explain this bizarre CQrT7bfrau tion of r1er and deas, a weteram di secticia m 57 ľad: "Obviously Felix thinks that the time has come for a little bit of democracy...."
Willie, or won't he?
"Will Willie sign the Tennekoon report or, like Neelan, submit fi i 5 Gwri?'''
Willie, here, is of course Professor A. J. Wilson, now back in
his Canadian ho wick. The ques by a young Per ferit di 55 Sior
SW's son-in-l. hds played an im role in call sens, Cr) this yexed qui right up to the
Dr. Wilson's that, could rzılır difficulties. A t told the LG.: “ not in any way ethnic Issues. . . was right wher do not look up (ItterTipit q t a po,
. . . . Dr. Wsew5 represented by Tir Llch ei warm . . . .
OLI : Our Fri II, Position. . . . any that it would bu or Wince the r Supporters to de
Janatha SangaI
self-criticism
"Self criticism'
the l'est, but ra
o fyrirrte
LAFA
| GUAR
Wol. 3 MQ. I May
Published fortnightly
Publishing Co. I 88, N. H. M. A.
(Reclarnati R.
Editor: Mery
Teleph Le:
CONT
Letters News backgro Fогеigп псws Bandung an niwe Questions for Population pla

W 27, New Brun 5tion was posed 7 dërīya) dom at ca 1 om De you tsar.
W, Dr. Wilso Jortant backstage itive negotiations est som frari | 757
present day.
di lemma, If It is "Jr thË TULF" 5 op TULF source The report does claim to solve . SQ your journal it Sa fad that we In this cas ir litica settement n devolution aire Jfr Tom free, Dr. F is report sets um negotiating fi ing sess than 2 impossible to 10 orty of our cept."
maya's
is a ritual of rely Is it pursued ' (Irl Page 2)
DAN
1, 1980 Price 350
by Lanka Guardian td. First Floor, lu! Cader Road, :ld) Colorbo II.
Fyn de Siwa
2 I OC) 9.
ENTS
2 und 3
O
2rsary Trotsky 5 7| ingחר
THಟ್ಟಂ LETTERS
P. L. 480
| refer to U. Karun at lake's inclisiwe article: "A id am efficiert Instrum Ent of Neo-Colonialism" in L. G. of || ... 3. 80. The Managing Director of a leading Sri Lankan firm told me he urgently needed a crane but had to find a milion rupees to buy it. So it is not only the slaves in the plantations and the peasants and workers in Sri Lanka who are being hit but also our capitalists,
There is one aspect of Aid not generally known. Under P.L. 480 the USA sells grain and accepts payment in local Currency, Ostensibly as a magna nimous gesture to help the recipient government. The USA has the local currency in the country with the stipulation: mo duestions to be asked a s to how it is used.
know what the LIn der F. L. 480
I do not terms of Sale
OPEC 9 'Sinhaligation" Debate 26 Erich Fromm 29 Lem In EO Sinhala literature 35 Tamil Drama 37 Pushkin 38 As I like it 40
Printed by Arlanda. Porcss 825, Wolfendha Street, (Colu IIb: 13.
Telephone: 35975.

Page 4
micrwy are but some time ago the Blitz' magazine of India revealed that 60% of the entire Indian currency was in American hands.
It will be interesting to know
what the position is in Sri Lanka. Colombo. 5 Kumar.
The rise of the Banana
With the elevation of Charles Barana as first President of Zimbabwe se manticists should note that the homely banana will never be the same again in the English language.
Patrick Jayasuri ya Peradeniya
Utumaneni
While associating myself with the opinion expressed by Mr. H. A. Sceneviratne on "U tumaneniʼ" (LG () I.04 80), 1 should say that your journal too must be equally guilty of giving an added value by publicity-front page disposition of the film director and son sationally worded headlines like "Crime, Punishment & Society", "Trials of move-maker' etc. to a crude film. To a dispassionate mind un moved by such tendencies, the opinions expressed in appraisal and suggesting it as something marvellous are nothing but this that should fall within the pale of extolling virtues and supressing defects. Whatever the critics may say the film has no artistic value worthy of such treatment. In content and depth it deserves no serious consideration. As to its alleged element of protest in fairness it must be stated that it is incapable, artistically or otherWise, of posing any serious threat to the system either.
|-1r. Gamini Fonsekä's wiews as appeared in two successive issues of the LG (15,03.80 & 01.04.80) in the form of an interview is a real exposure of his confused state of mind. Finally, in the context of the Statements made by Mr. Fon
seka in his excl. with the LG ore clude that the failure to make
tribution to the |5 I10t LJ || COp 1 The Ct limitation to gras factual and social
a broader and Pectives.
Chandra Nugegoda
Filling a As a free-lance hawe watched wit how the Lanka C. froT is Sue to S5.
Within a short years, it has gro vacuum, which wou
hawe existed in mass media in th Panadura W. K.
Trends . . .
( CorfirIIιεH ται
With rigorous hones Though the CPSL's fra Self-criticism") wa if Illuted, effort, it breakaway group " gamaya' (Peoples L. has produced the IT going selfcriticism taken if the hist country's left move page book release. is the first of a tw of the WP and the rectlan. Dĩwided sections the first W the socio-economic of the WP, the drid its methods or The second yourne, promís es to analys struggle, the CYC t nature of the WP it is the "Janatha rather than the WP the majority of the militdnts still In this organisation is to red55e55 The | and the rima yerment Despite its Maois Card Limfa i'r criticisin Trid Debra y, the b Lensmist in Content.

ye in të t'view an easil y con|som for his
fruitu con1 hala Cinema d with his and e wa lute SELati C15 i rtistic pers
Sene wiratne
El CLLIT
journalist, I 1 admiration Jardian grew
.
span of two wn to fill a d otherwise the field of 5 country. | Wijeratine
தgE ) y of purpose. 22a) e Xer i 5 e 5 a genшіпе, is the WP a matha Sarieague) which ost thorougheV er LIIderpry of this mert. A lá8 thווטונו ldst ' 2-part survey 1971 IrisurΠιο 3 πιαίη lurine covers background 'P's ideology Organization. still in print, the April falls and the oday. Since Sargarmaya" 'hat contains WP's origina/ ift politics, * el | qualified 7 uprising that led it. 0 Tier til Eff) of Guevara ik is very
CONSOLEXPO
(PREMIER Go WERNMENT EXPORT or GANIZATION)
EXPORTERS OF TEA, RUBBER,
COCONUT PRODUCTS AND LL
O7THER FPR() Y) U"C 7"TS
MANUFACTURED, GROWN,
„ND MINED IN SRI LANKA.
Sri Lanka State Trading (Consolidated Exports) Corporation 6870, York Street,
P. O. Box 263, Colombo Ol.
Sri Lanka.
Cabe : “CONSOLEXPO'
Telex : 164 & 280-Consolexpo,
Colombo.
| 337 TE CONCE
T'phone : 25 678 2. 698 3

Page 5
May Day 1980: of deja vu?
ay Day, and to a less er extent the annual Hartal Day comme
morations provide a fairly clear rc.flicction of the tref i d5, and coffi - gurations within the country's opposition forces-particularly those on the Left. This year's May Day celebrations reveal a new line Lip, not only on the Left, but also within the broad opposition ra fiks as well as the ranks of the organised working class. But then again, this statement is mot er tirely accurate, since this year's configuration is not sa Tuch a new one but rather, Come that will fil I ma my with a strong sense of deja vu. This of course refers to the SLFP-LSSP combination, a har dy pergin ni al for a de cade, un t|| It Went offstage with the LSSP's ou ser from the UF government in 1975.
The reappearance of the SLFP and LSSP leaders together in the public eye, marks the end-phase of a process that began with the formation of the ULF prior to the | 377 Genera | Elett i 5. The ULF was a troika of the LSSP, the CPSL, and the PDP (a group of leftwingers who broke away from the SLFP over the late 1976 railway strike). Assorted radical leftists si I ch as G.I.D. Cha Taek, era ad 11 hinda Wijeyse kera gathered round the ULF as the best alternative to the UNP and SLFP. The relationship between these forces was rewar 1 gFgritāte ir vith the LSP wie wing the "New' Left elements with suspicion. May Day 1978 was a turning point with the PDP dropping out to join 9 other radical left gro||LIPS (Wasudewa, Shan gtc) Wyhlith Lho LSP fused to ac 'Y into the ambit of the ULF. The ULF troika was abridged into a duo, the LSSP and CPSL, the CPSL, which was not very happy with LLLLLL L 00LLS LLLLL LLL H HH LHHHHHHLLLLLLL HLELLHK along however with their senior partner while the 10 new left groups staged a joint May Day and the JWP produced a magnificent spectacle all on its own.
The next yaa CPSL went alo but it was clea Lhey Would knuc party's whirls narra w prejudi process of selfin the CPSL a äscendency of til resulted III th ei for a broader the last stort wacilla til tri : in the fag of til: While ng WP performance, the was weakened by Union affilia Les organisations, radical wing of a united rally.
The process c of left unity, t. and reori i ti SLFP rgacheid returm with th{ Party bloc (LSS| RMP) formed e. The disintegrat "action blo" cum JWP and LSESF foll at the Gale by younger part The LSSP, it; 5ought a 5 CapԸց which had rema il terre cine Confl ended the LSSPJWP T12 r. w Hisa F fierce isolatian isi leaving the CPS and Tampae's RF pieces. Presently continug t! ei LC) "ECC"| 5 ||till: 8 nucleus ir Cid could gather. T lays the main E for the first tim: on the tisk of | building among
In January th Concari ing arrar Day, accelerate: polarization and

3 SSTSS
r too (979), the ng with the LSSP rly the last time kli dr dr a farcics and ces. Already the Criticism underway ld the increasing "he radial li ma had It forts to striw left unity, but at erit, tal CPSL”5 ed into capitulation : LSSP's ultir Titu T outdid its previous 2 riori JWP New left a split. The trade of these rew left who comprise the the CTUO, held
if the abridge. In ent
Hi LSSP's isolatin of Iowards the the point of no
: collapse of the 5 P-WP.CFSL-NSSParly last October. con of this Left 2 ab:LL wh = n the ight it out bitterly -electors and the
Eested the older. morale slattered, at in the CPSL
in C: d mae Luri|| || LF igt. This Wirtually CPSL || Iance, TF1: had retur 13 d to it, Tı and sectaria flism. - Wasuda's NSSP 1P to pick up the 'these three pirties discussions hoping thern was as a which the Left he CPSL. however, 2 in phasis (perhaps 2 in three decades) independent party the working class.
is Year the is: Je gements for May i the process of realignment within
NEws BACKGROUN
the Left and the opposition at large. Wasudeva Nanayakkara's trade union federation, the CPSL's CFTU and newly formed Maoist blocs TU, arm the CTUF (N. Shan) called for a united working class May Day group ing all trade umions and spearheaded by the JCTUO Action Committee's 18 big T. U. federations. Then came the LSSP's courter-proposal of an anti-UNP May Day of opposition political parties including the SLFP, but excluding the TULF. The LSSP in wiced the CPSL, JWP, MSSP, RMP (its partnër 5 in thea |||||-fated 5 party bloc) plus San mugatha5 an's CCP and Dinosh Gumawardena's MEP, in addition, of course, to the SLFP.
While the SLFP responded coolly at the outset, the re-activation of the Presidential Commission gawe rise it would appear, to second thoughts and the SLFP proceeded to infor In the LSSP that its proposal was um det "active corn sideration". A while litet, the SLFP et it be known that the LSSP idea had been "accepted in principle". A joint SLFP-LSSP committee comprising three representatives from each party and chaired by T. B. langaratne worked out the arrangements concerning the main slogans, the procession and the representation on the platform,
The respons as from the LSSP's erstwhile partners in the Left blot were, om the whole, n (2ga t. i we though an element of equivocation wa: nat ab 5 ent. The CFSL selt the LSSP a strongly worded latter rejecting the proposal completely and busing their rejection on an analysis of the reactionary class character of the SLFP, Interestingly enough, the LSSP did not publish this CPSL note. Both Wasudeva Nanayakkara's NSSP and Mr. Tampoe's RMP joined the CPSL in turning down the LSSP Plan. Wasu's NSSP, however, expressed the view that the SLFP, TULF and other political parties to which the

Page 6
JCTUAC unions are affiliated should be permitted to participate provided that the slogans, the demonstration and the platform were controlled by the JCTUAC. In other words, so long as JCTUAC hegemony and SLFP subalternity were assured, the SLFP could be included. This caveat amounted to a rejection by the NSSP of the LSSP idea.
Somewhat surprisingly, Mr. SanTugathasan's Ceylon Communist Party sent along a positive loosely worded response to the LSSP ahd agreed to a discussion on the matter. Shan's proposal mada on behalf of the Maoist 5 party bloc, was that May Day should be a "political parties-cull-trade unions affair. This amounted to a nod of assent to SLFP participation and was close to the Wasudeva formula though the leading role of the JCTUAC was not stres sed by Shan, in contrast to Wasudeva. It is only the JWP, which sent the LSSP an abusive reply, and the CPSL, that showed to vacillation or ambiguities on this question.
Dinesh Gunawardena's MEP agreed ou tright to the LSSP | dea, having broken ranks with the Left earlier by taking a strong "law and order line in support of the Emergency in the North. The MEP is thus very close to the SLFP and the Anil Moonesinghe tendency of the LSSP on the National (Ta Tail) Question.
The SLFP's insistence on a position of pre-eminence in the May Day proceedings (Mrs. B. will be in the chair) resolved the di lemma of Shan and to a lessor extent Wasudeva. They will stick to the original formula of the JCTUAC May Day rally. The SLFP's inclination to disregard the MEP totally has left the LSSP making an effort to get Dinesh in.
At the time of writing, the line up then, is as follow 5: The Pro
JWP Ceylon Teach by the talented an Ferrardo has a CTUAC and Will JWP's May Day c “IEF affiated T. - also quit the JCTU and LSSP's T. J. each) though they CTUA, C, Yw|li brä a joint show. Th loses 5 of Its organisations this I bulk of the JCT. the 12 other T. - CPSL, NSSP, R M F will stage their de ma,55 rThe e tlr1 g tog
Cultiva the br
ASAMEEK Ca wiпg itепп і E FRONTLINE Super power pro at winning friends people in the rul This.id World couisil re W. But initiati hawe traditionally r if not secretiyle, with police and IT ments in developir thare are Em Lugg Delegates' Loum, about whether th has decided to its schemes.
The giggles h. by the Pentagon report, released one section. It "In South Asia, tra in ing | a Bangladesh, Nepa to help maintain tacts with curre Tilitary leaders." refererte to w o chiefs, one deleg it was the Pentag ing, "Be nice to futt

ers' Union led d dynamic H. N. Iready left the take part in the a lebrations. The ... federation has A, G. Tg SLFP's federations (2 remain in the k ranks to stage LI 5 th a JCT JAC |8 major T. U. May Day, but the JA C compris ing J's (linked to the and CCP NJP) monstration and ether.
ting
SS
rried the follo
n its column 5.' grammes almed
and Influencing ling elites of the tries are noth ing ng governments iemā ned retient, about the I r Iiriiks ilitary establishng nations. Now d inquiries in the ge at the U.N. he United States go public with
we been caused 's latest annual th. In חסוח last states bland ly: ay a hawa a Srl || The for India, | and Sri La ka professional conn t and futura Underlin ing the uld – be military a to cracked that on's way of SayJre coup leaders."
YOUR SELECTION FOR
A PROTEIN RICH MEAL
ATTA F L O U R
IT IS MOST NOURISHING
AND
WELTFY
PREPARE A PALAT BLE
MEL TH
A TITT A F L O U R
Rs. 229 - PER BAG OF 50 Kg.
R U LA N G (Semolina)
FOR SWEETS MAKE OUT OF HIGH QUALITY WHEAT
Rs. 376 - PER BAG OF 55 Kg.
Please Cufact
Sri Lanka State Flour Milling Corporation
No. 7, Station Road,
Colombo - 3.
Telephone: 2300, 23152, 28008

Page 7
Lanka and
peaking to a distinguished audience at Los Angeles, GCEC bo 55 Upali Wijewardene h2 : rem inded US opinion-cum
policy makers that Sri Lanka h assumed great strategic importance after the conclusion
of the Wietnam War",
Writing speculatively about big power rivalries and the Indian Ocean (ex - Ambassador Fernando, by the way, was the Chairman of the N Ad HCC Committee which will sponsor next year's Important Colombo conference the Editor of the WEEKEND 15 плафа 5 вweral reference; to Trinca.
Now, Professor Urick in furth of the world Heidelberg University's South Asia Institute has also produced a thought — Prowicking article on the same subject.
Schwefamous
"The island of Ceylon, (Sri Lanka) has a central position in the South Asian area. It would
be incorrect to regard this coun
SS
the
try, a 5 Tarn y d apper dage of the Liment. The im
도 |" - C「미E 『 the Law of the means that Ceyl, has a wita l role, did in the days Empire, when it
hical point of Ween East and W
This is the wis Professor Ulrich head of the Ge ment of Heidelt SC Luth Asia Instit of Sri Lankan : twепty years, Iп shed recently in the Wat (Germ Review, which h; rial advisory luminaries as H. Walter Scheel, Kles inger and W The article antit
-- A TEN |dentifies the gc
REAL WRITIN
MANUFACTURED BY. P.
(ኮ1
DISTRIBUTED BY SHAW W

ndian Ocean
as a mere Indiam subconortance of the cc.d only mention ea Conferece — n, as an island, a 5 inde ed It of the British
was a geograptersection botWest.'
w expressed by Schweinfurth, ography Departerg University's Jte and a student ffairs for pyet an article publiAussen Politik n Foreign Affairs Ls on its editocommittee such almut Schmidt, Kurt Georg Walter Hallstein. led "Jayewardene for Sri Lanka?" Wernment's eco
inomic strategy as one designed to encouraga financial Investment from abroad, attract industry, stimulate exports and improve trade relations.' A precondition for this has been constitutional and governmental reform, the main result of which is 'the strong leadership of the state'. The 1978 constitution "gives the President wide ranging executive powers : he is head of state, head of government, supreme commander of the army and elected by the people for six years.''
Prof. Schweingurth points out what he considers the Inost important economic problems the island faces: "the question of and shortage, overpopulation and thus of basic food requirements affects the man on the street. ,
directly. Population growth, land shortage and hunger remain major problems in Ceylon and
are directly connected with underemployment and un employment, especially in the countryside."
SE
E P II , Ο T
) R
G PLEASUIRE
ENPALS LIMITED
ember of the K. G. Group)
WALLACE & HEDGES LTD.

Page 8
SLFP - towards (
": compromise' snorted an ex-Minister als he strode Out of the SLFP headquarters in a high state of dejection. Once a party personality of Kissingerian Proportions, he häd falled in ewery b|d to get himself elected to a Post, As the news reached Sri Kotha a UNP cynic summed up the results: "FDB out, JR win 5; Ratna out, JR and Moscow win..."
What was meant by compromise, of course, was the impresson shared by some observers that the "clan" had patched up differences with the amorphous but quite broad-bas ed and vocal anticlan "faction," Symbolising this was the creation of a new Post of Deputy President, the election un'opposed of Maitri pala Senanayaka (proposed by Anura Bandaranalike) and a cheerful Maitri pala's reported remark: "No more differences....'
But there are two other views. The first is that this was a genuine attempt, as far as it was possible in the SLEP, at 'democratisation', that in short, the office-bearers and the PB are far more representative of Party opinion than ew er before.
Th Is Judgement is fiercely Contested by a minority within the party, and by the SLFP's critics outside - the critics ranging from the UNP to the CPSL and the JWP, The LSSP leadeship once anti-Sirima, is doing a tactical shift.
When the party constitution was first made public a cartoonist in a leftwing daily showed the new SLFP structure in the form of an inverted pyramid doing a p recarlou 5 balancing C ኵ1I5. Bandaranalike's broad palm! The fact that the long-delayed party conference will be held two months after the election of office-bearers gives a cutting edge to that sardollic || ||Lustratiori,
Those observers who subscribe to this view argue that the kithand-kin are stil wldely distributed in the party's other decision-making
É,
bodios, such as { ecutive, and that 4th, electionı Wa 5
exercise in backst ""Ll33 Kuan Ye W.
proud of Sirima's who has close Sl
The fate of ty
nalities dramatis Professor Roha
|gf Tchitects : titution Wa5 Orie lates. He is
scene, and sulks tent, drawing st Kautilya and Mac sympathetic to was the Electora Independent bod sLIperwise the5e
Electoral Cormi: party members w
any post, newer the poor Profes Matara, found
Committees go the leadership W fel victim to and factional
SOLI Ces say.
The other was Senanayaka, the Peking-liner or former l ́1:10 j5t y followed Peking Maoism but ri Siri mawo.) in the the Siri Thaoists
with the in na The Peking radi the Left by c
Lanka is in the
de TC T3 tic Tew: tH , SLFP || 5 || the Sri Lankar phase.
"Poor fellow, of his own the casualty of thc

democracy?
cho National Ex
even the April a highly skilled age må nipulation. would hawe been aid a top UNP'er LFF tarı tact:5.
wo "key" persoios this point. deera, one of the of the new consof its first casu - heם חם whdraסח in his pedagogic one solace from hia Welli. Sources Im ask: "Where | Commission, an ly that was to elections?' The islan, man ned by ho did not Contest functioned, and וחסfr חr, a maס5 "s' District 'un recognised" by while he himself Provincial, tribal in trigues, these
Ratne Deshapriya most proming nt Siri maoist (i. e. a who has faithfully in a bandon ing a mained loyal to inner-party fight, Were indentified r (family) circle. cals disagree with :laiming that Sri stage of "the new lution' and that natural leader of rewolici i this
Ratne was victim cry.... the first Sri Lanka Freedom
Party's new democratic revolution" remarked an ex-Ambassador as he and some others who hawe drifted away from the SLFP enjoyed themselves at a cafe wellknown for its Chinese cuisin.
The SLIFP elettiom is rm fact the culmination of a process which started even before the 1977 poll when disgruntled Ministers were heard to speak of "an invisible government', a powerful coterie at court, linked mainly by family ties.
It is an outcome of pressures both internal and external. Th2 post-election re-appraisal (looking for reas a n s alibis, Scapagaats) was strongly influenced by the 5 hrey H rani mer | n which J. R. ha d made "family bandyism" a major platform issue. The attack on Mrs. B. and the family from all sides (JR, Premadasa, LSSP, CP, and JWP) found ready echoes inside the party. Although it may have taken the distorted form of a succession-issue (Anura as the next party leader) it was too strongly felt at every level of the SLFP for the erdership to ignore it.
Ewer Tore that the UNP, the SLFP has grown under the shade of a family tree. The death of Dudley and the explusion of Rukn in led the way to the deSenanayakisation of the UNP. WHat F L SLFP Mrs. Badaranaike sensing the situation, took all power Into her Own hands, in order to make organisational changes that would meet the challenge.
The challenge was made more urgent by the summons served on her. The Uncertainty of her own immediate future (will she be deprived of her civic rights?)
explaims the new ma'wes. How Tuch of it is tactical? How Tuch token is in The report of the
CoITITission the action which the NSA IIlay or may not take, and the precise results of the 1983 polls are some of the calculable factors that would decide the
15W:

Page 9
97 in pop ar.
by A Staff writer
he exhibition which the Jana
tha Wim Lukth | Peramu na he|d at the New Town Hall in Colombo E O COT T1 e Tora, L2 the first, second and third of April was ann i I lluminating affair. There was extensive poster-publicity of the type that the JWP has now specialised in. It must have been very successful because the exhibition drew large crowds inspite of the inclcment weather and the two rupee gata, We 5 pent a good two hours in the que Luc. before we Fot in, and this was la te in the evening.
The exhibition was both political and historical. In addition to posters and charts depicting the impact of imperialism on the developing Countries, the exhibition also had crude but effective cartoon 5 directed agains, t. the traditional "eneTies" of the JWP - Mrs. Bandaranaike and the leadership of the LSSP and CP. J. R. Jayewardene and the present regime also had Ufkind things said about them, but with no where near the LGCaLHL LLL0KSGLL LLL LLLS LLLLuLLLLLSLLLLSHSS nai ke, Dr. N. 1. Parara ad Pieter Keuneman.
Posters, pictures and slogans pertaining to the in Terrational situation emphasised an independert line, The Chinese were conspicuous by their absence, The only living leader whose
por trait was saluted was that of Fido Castro.
The history and development of the JWP was briefly sketched. There was no attempt to play up Wijeweera. But the policies and the i TI ternal Struggles of the JWP which are crucial to an assessment of the Party were not adequately dealt with.
The Tibitions of the articularly Dharma 50 kera were detailed as a prelude to the crucial event - the April attack. To clair, as the JWP does in retrospect, that their own central cilm Tittee tok a decision Llo
tiwalls,
attack on April well that they the country into
gardising thei merely to "dest and the JWP, sce
The exhibition rri e morial to the de guard in slow-ste ha ||. A flowerto the dead was Bowed cadres. dipped flags and gawe an atmosphe: բa thr:5,
Within the hal
dual pictures and the slain. Posters told the story of and repression. was a working Thic TnilI in Baddegam" Cadres were sed, to the blades. taker great pain mew generation; 19 it surrection
Notewo
mless there w U ii r the values would cont leading Chatered A ddr255 ing a Lunc the Rotary Club, M Sald that in Sri L Was No. 1 and a
He said that in SoČIČT 13 ve!| |: rising. This sector S L:10–{W Bd II. of land was high. rubber price 5 war up and coconut pri an all-time high. buoyancy, there w of a setback in I this country de Tocracy.
- (C

t
5th, knowing were plunging civil war and
OW lives -oy' Wijeweera T5 a tall order,
was also a ld. An honour p circled the decked tribute up on the stage. fun. Cral T1u 5ic, lickerling Candle 5 të of awc and
Wer E In dWi“ Write-ups on and Inock-ups state brutality A finong them del of a saw a whero WP instead of logs, The JWP had 5 to educate a to w For Ti tha was history.
rthy
"as a social cala - country, land in Je to rise, a Walter has said. heon meeting of lir. N. Nada rajah ..anka today gold Td No. 2,
the agricultural 1nd values were was now largely Still tho wallus In this sector, te on the way ce5 had reached With so much was no prospect and values unless ied to be a DN report)
(f) ackaging.
is cup.
professic.ru
MULTI-PACKS
(CEYLON)
LIMITED
RATMAL WANA.

Page 10
GARMENTS CRISIS
he local garments industry,
widely regarded as the fastest growing industry, faces a serious threst from the "new protectionism." The challenge is particularly severe for the factories in the Free Trade zoon a which
a Te now operating on a single shift at less than 40 percent capacity. Of the less than 50
factories now operational as many as 4 are manufacturing readyTnade garments for western markets.
Last year Sri Lanka earned more than a billion rupees on the export of textiles. More than half this sum was made in the US.
But the US now wants to impose new restrictions on Sri Lankan exports. For almost two Weeks there was tough barga in ing between a US delegation and Sri Lankan officials. The US delegation, led by officials from the State Department and Commerce Department, consisted of representatives of the US textile industry and tra de Unions.
The talks were held with in the ambit of the M. F. A., an agreement to which both countries are signatories. Sri Lanka argued that the US had failed to meet one of its basic obligations - to prove with Sufficien I. evidence that Sri Lankan exports had caused a disruption in the U.S. market. The fact is that the US, which preaches "free trade" "free flow of goods' and "interdependence" has been hit by inflation and is therefore practising protectionism.
Besides earning foreign exchange, the FTZ claims that un employment is one of its central objectives.
A dejected FTZ spokesman told the CCN that Er" | 980 the textile industry was planning to absorb another 20,000 workers who would "help feed 100,000 persons."
The same paper quoted a puzzled local entrepreneur: "The World Bank, the IMF and the US hawe all enthusiastically supported these employment-generating projects but now the US is trying to Testrict quotia5."
8
A top Sri Li led by two Cab in Washington t problem "at a
EEC, China
Rhys David
reports on the c Third World Teg battla-lines whic! up when the de' loping countries
for negotiations GATT Multi-fi b (MFA) should be major internatio: textiles in Bruss
The conferenc organised by the national Chambe. in conjunction Policy Research C will be addresse of senior figures пegotiations. Th Reter Webb, t negotiator for th Peter Tsao, dire the Hong Kor There will also b senting Third W industrial and co tions in the dew,
The next roun which is the agr world trade in Co. The into force in of reviewing the present agreeme soon with in GA year's negotiatic associations and have already beg ber Governmen CoTi Tission for in the next agri
tighter current irports.
The three n.
associations, thi. Confederation, t try Council for Knitting lndust are calling for imports to be t the market for
much more rigi
{ {IÓጋ'† firTI¢:

nkan delegation 1 g t Ministët 5 i S ying to solve the olitical level."
Financial Times) oming battle over tile exparts: The will be drawn eloped and devemeet next year in renewal of the arrangement :come climat alt a a conference or
els in May.
!, which is being Paris-bas ed |Inter
of Commerce with the Trade entre in London, d by a number in world textile ese incluI de or. he chief texti|e he U. S. and Mr. Eor of trade in ng Government. espeakers repreorld interests and risumar organisasloped countries.
d of the MFA, eement regulating textiles, is due to |982. A proce 55 : workings of the nt will be starting TT prior to next ris. The trade the EEC Countri : un to lobby memis and the EEC Iajor changes serient to further T5 ri. LiO 13 01
najor UK trade
Eritis Texti he Clothing Indus
Europe and the til 5 Federal tio
the growth in ied to growth in textiles, and for d implementation
f H F !)
WASA OPTICIANS
207 - 2nd CROSS STREET,
COLOMBO - i.
PHONE - 2 63
For Appointments

Page 11
On the Trotskyi
front
n Britain today, the Trotskyists re wery much in the news, thanks largely to the success of Ted Grant's ''M || I tant" group
which has made so many in roads into the Labour party that even
so prominent a figure as Tony Benn has corne to its defence, As a result, the influantial proTory press has been giving front page treatment to the activities of this group in a "Reds under the Bed" campaign aimed at Leftist activists in the tra de
LI I i I II W 21, E2
Closely linked with the "Militant' group Is the Wasu-Wikrama bahu N. S. S. P. here,
Garments . . .
(Сопffлнее! "голі рgge :)
of the rules contained in any bilateral agreements made by the "with SLIpplying Countrie5 Under the next vFA.
theie calls is likely to corne from Third World suppliers. A further complication has been added by the need to accommodate likely
Erowth in China's exports.
conference from May 27-29 Brussels Sheraton Hotel , likely to provide some indicallic of how difficult negotiations Het te A major Study of trade in textiles and clothing under the F by Dr. Martin Wolf, of MuCollege, Oxford and Dr. Do== Kees ing of the World Bärnk I Washington will be published EE the conference.
חuכost cוח וr| the Trotskyists : a 5 a Seria Lus pt. Nicaragua, the s Succe2S5 fu || 2 wou Sta leaders depc dred Trotskyists when Jaimg Wh Tirado were Int US press after at Calur Tibia UT !" asked why the FS The reply was " mlsсопсерtioп. . . jailed any leftist mot Leftists, tha sts ..."'
But where wer oг groupuscules is a major p reason of cours Trotskyism as the island's first choice which re abetration. Th Trotskyist group CCiONS I 511 in Paris, Lord of Likewise overy : ky ist mow emer locally.
A recht issu (No. 27-28), LIS-based Trotsk Which h:15 affil Garmany and AI ted a lengthy a Samarakkody, wi to the LSSP, Ba and the WP.
In the cou SPARTACIST rei Published in tlh dian, which it lon's leading
radīca

st
tries of course are not regarded ||E|| for La. m cene of the last ion, the Sandinirited se wera h LI rand jailed må ny. gelok ärld Wictor 2rwiewed by the they had spoken versity, they were LN jāied Leftists, That is a complete We hawe mot
is . . . . those are 15e are Trotsky -
Trotskyist groups gather, Sri Lanka reoccupation. The ! is the choice of its ideology by Marxist Party, a pres (2 n ts an ^, sian 15, almost awery here ha 5 conneTrotskyist group
or New York split in the Trotsis reflected
of "SPARTACIST" the organ cof a ylist organisation |ät E5 m West I S tralia, has dewgticle to Edmund th many allusions la Tam Poe's RMP
rsa of it, the ers to material = “Lanka GLardescribes as "Cey. English-language ."" . . וI Qpirlicr
F() R
TEXTILES
GARIMENTS
FURNISHINGS
ELECTRICAL GOODS
FORD SUIT CASES
REf EMBER
KUNDAN MALS LTD.
MAIN STREET,
COLOMBO - II.

Page 12
War against the
by Jayantha Somasunderam
a country where eighty-five percent of the people are Catholic, the Church in the Philippines is an institution of immc mse significance. The anti-Marcos opposition claims that martial law was declared in 1972 to courter the growing tide of the opposition. US and Japanese capital have been able to cperate freely in the İnter yening eight years. III addition, the position of the Marcos family has been del terately entrenched. Mrs. Marcos holds a portfolio, the son is now a Governor, Mrs. Marcos' family control the media, and so on. 'There are two types of Stooges here' claims a Filipino journalist who was jailed in 1972, "the 'yes sir!" and the 'yes ma'am!" groups.".
Manila bears the Stamp of development of sorts. Impressive buildings, broad fly-owers and flashy shops speak of facilities that have grown in response to the needs of the wealthy. Efforts at housing don't seem to have Inade much of a den in the problem of urban slums though, Nor can the poor protect living Standards when inflation is growing at 30 per Cent.
Yet the most telling indictiTent against the Marcos regime is the fact that the Armed Forces hawe been increased from 62,000 in 1972 to 260,000 in 1980. The opposition claims that 60,000 victims are Currently in de tention camps whilst 40,000 have been killed in military search-and-destroy missions.
Far from winning confidence for the regime, the local elections which were held on January 30th only helped to e emphasi se the precarious nature of the US-backed regime in this South East Asian Domino, Marcos' party polled 33 percent of the vote. His victory is nowhere near as "total as Lee's coctoral exercises in Sin papore,
?''Wire T for ree'er fly" visited the Philippines
O
And this despite boycott of the w mer Semator Aqu riwal, still in j election5 and re part in them. C skepticism about tare-meda it52 editorials confirm tion was rigged.
TIME
Ticketing like the Marca 5 cd i fi Church. Card in Lur1 com1 m i ted — bu more bishops a Com ing Cut a Ea Church 5 a "h. oppositional and cter. In reply, t is at W. With
In many areas target of the regi often the rally in si tlom. Last Deci ptorist priests rights rally i arrested.
One of these Roma TC is a { Prict 25 tat-Cathc EcLurm1 er1 ical Mo'We апd Peace.
International p release of Fr., E has been in jail resulL in his bei In Rom 2.
Each Lenten pe Church launches
"21 te 'N'Y'31" | 53 fice Frid rais f. Lenter campaign advanced the total humam i the Biblica|| ccm m in defen CD Of L. in Egypt: Set in
The Church w violation af hшп waging-il form Person 5 are not tion camps but where they are : has bc1 IC5or

e church
the opposition's hole affair. Forino, Marcos' main aill, dammed the fused to hawe any Conscio Luis of Public
tha a lac|com, the f cam aut with ning that the ele c
BOME
a bomb be reath c is the Catholic al Sin, remains t a5 по го з пd nd Priests k cep inst the regime, cle takes on an
subversive chara
he Marcos regime the Church.
priests are the me, since they are ig point for oppoember two Redemwho led a humanп Cebu, were
priests, Fr. Rudy hairman of the lic organisationment for Justice
ressure for the dico Torre who for five years may ng sent in to exile
riod, the Catholic a campaign to e F1Co Lurage sacriinds. This years in the Philippines slogar "Towards iberation,' citing and used by God ha Hebre Yự slawes
y people free.
waxės eloquerit on har rights. "Salof a trest where brought to detento remote places 2 vertually killedted to reportedly
FOREIGN NEWS
by some members of the military in a number of instances."
STAR WATION WAGES
"Businessmen say that the economic system und ar whIch the country operates is on of a free market. But the frco market claim Workers, 15 only freedom to take or leave starvation wages," continues the Church mowing from political to economic criticism.
'Repression exists on a scale that is wide in scope and deep in instersity' concludes the recent statement, "It is the experience of workers and peasants, tribal Filipinos, students and professionals
who hawe da red to speak out their minds and protect their legitimate interests'.
The US is plainly worried. Iran, Nicaragua, and now another ally cornered — the dom inco Leeters —
the Philippines. When human rights in the Philippines was the topic of discussion recently at the US Congress, Richard Holbrooke decided to take a holiday.
But the State Department is not dumb. "The refugee problem is the number one problem of
South East Asia,' insisted Michael Armacost, Deputy Secretary East Asian and Pacific Affairs, before Congress, "We must keep the World's attention focused on the Indochinese refugees',
His colleague, Patricia Derian told Congress, that in the Philippines there have been improveIl ents, and cited the te Çert local government elections as an example, But she also qualified the Carter Administration's human rights posture by saying that the State Department "advances our concern for human rights in the context of our strategic concerns."
Testifying before Congress, Dr. Edwin Luidens, director of the office for East Asia and the
Pacific - National Council of Churches, summed up the crisis of
(தொா: பா prg )

Page 13
VETNAM'S VICTO
- 5th anniversary
pril 30th marks the 5th anni
wersary of the resounding victory scored by the Vietnamese people over US imperialism and its repressive puppet regime in the South. Their long and heroic armed struggle was crowned with victory that glorious spring day "In the beautiful and of Wietnam,
War against . . .
Curt firized from page ()
the US image in the Third World: "When military aid to a country in Asia is doubled and redoubled after the declaratic of Tarta law the US can only be seen to be clearly supportive of oppressive autocratic rule. When ar candomic aid is used for projects that displace, and therefore destroy ethnic II inority communities against their will, the US cannot be perceived as supporting human rights.” O
From Lang San La Mau, from ini independent and
pendent and frt Le Duan, First Vietname se C
put it in his "Forward to the
The great wict prediction of Pt ofh Lh3. " od pper fights the ele the elephant's gi out', and in do the hegemony rialisrn Over World. The We triumph thus Ho "5 statemon L conditions fawr rewolutionary mc
Even a wind
FOR DAME
Who can tell ? on your door
Dame Fort
eXt.
She can enter only with yo to her, or a window at t even just one National Lott How can she come in othe
Remember, even if your tir win a sweep, without buyi since the National Lotteries millions of rupees each yea Consolidated Fund for use
you are helping to develop buy a National Lottery swe
With NLB sweeps - WIN o.
NATIONAL LLO

& Υ
to the Cape of w on completely free, and in dee fore wor" - a5 Secretary of the mmunist Party victory speech Future".
3ry bore out the os ident Ho Chi y the grasshophant tomorrow its will be ripped ng so, shattered of U.S. impelthe post War tnamese people's reafirmed Uncle that "r the tura ble to the yw ement in this
era, any nation, even a small one, provided it is closely united and resolutely struggles according to a correct political and military line can, with the active assistanco and support of the socialist camp and of the revolutionary peoples of the world, defeat any
imperialist aggressors including their ringleader, - the U. S. imperialists.
Today, the Vietnamese people led by their Communist Party headed by Le Duan, a re following the course and fulfilling
the behests of President Ho Ch | Minh:
'Our mountains will always be, our rivers will always be, Our people will always b2,
"The American invaders defeated wg will rebuild our land, ten time5 Timore beautiful."
ow If Enough
FORTUNE
une may be knocking
ur help.
rwise 2
me is good, you cannot
What's more, Board contributes r to the Government's in Development Projects,
your country,
ng a ticket.
ep ticket,
Open the door he wery least, by buying ery sweep ticket.
when you
r LOSE, its YOU who gain
TERIES BOARD

Page 14
Anniversary
Bandung : After
by Mervyn de Silva
rade Minister Lalith Athulath
mudali who often plays the role of government spokesman in the NSA told the Ceylon Institute of World Affairs recently that Sri Lanka now had a bi-partisan foreign policy. In the course of a well-publicised lectute ha also said that foreign policy had ceased
to be an issue in the domestic political debate. All the major parties, he added, support
nomalignment.
The Minister's categorical statement is a log|cal extension of a more general observation made recently by the UNP leader, President J. R. Jaye war dene.
There are no fundamental
differences, he said, between the UNP and the SLFP; the differences, if any, related to personalities. J. R. also told "BUSINESS WEEK' that in the unlikely event of the SLFP defeating the UNP at the next polls, there would be no serious change in the general direction of Sri Lanka's economic policies; policies introduced by the UNP on assuming office in July 1977.
Paradoxically, J. R.'s view on the close similarity, if not complete identification, of UNP and SLFP thinking will receive the unequivocal endorsement of many of the Left parties, from the CPSL and NLSSP to the WP.
The CPSL for instance made that abundantly clear at its recent Congress, thus making a significant break from its own past Strategies and tactics. The latter were founded,
of course, on the 'class characterisation' of the UNP and the SLFP was regarded by the
Established Left as the party of the national bourgeoisie as aga inst the UNP, the authentic agent of the comprador. From this central position, it was natural that the progressive potential' of the SLFP should be recognised. This, finally, would invite and justify the Left's alignments and alliances, although
the correctness relationship in gi was open to c that is, con tatt
At the first E congresses, both the CP conduc exercise in selfc years, the two been vanquished the Left was voice An ago T1 is ing plainly the fir: agen da.
The CP's essa segmed Tare . cornte n t a r1«d 5h13 evolution and na Lional bourge: aered thg : SLFF Fld Lr fundamental dif the interests se and SLFP. (See | é Dec 15th 19
Indicative of tactical line, th (May Day) mov |ss LJe. How wol the two parties difference and | է:
The intimat; connexion betw. tics, the interes ruling groups w and the foreign each governmen the pri rTner of international af. Lankai perspect an assessment of and nowy, must itself on these
Mr. Lalith A perhaps perfect that Sri Lanka tisan foreign Wrong on the
Just before W:15 till: UNP t; SLFP's 5f-e exclusive rights : Since the UNP

25 years
of each such y en circuT15 tantes, debate - a debate ics.
ost-election party the LSSP and ted a pred|ctable rticism. After 40 Left partles had so sa ya gely that :le55 in parliament. re-appraisal was it item on the
iy In self-criticism deep-search ing in ir per In tone. The aturation of the isie had gradually haracter of the e was today no ference between rved by the UNP
L. G. Wol 2 No 79)
a shift in the LSSP"5 Curre es re-opens this ld It ha rage rise where in lies the low significant is
2 and integral !em domestic poliL5 Qf dem imärt and ith in each country policy pursued by t is now part of every student of fairs. Thus, a Sri iwe on Bandung, its meaning then necessarily base considerations.
thulaith muda li is y right in saying today has a biparpolicy. But he is ра9 г.
the WW pol |s, it hat challenged the :lared claims on .tחEוחחaligחסח werב was attacking the
SLFP on every policy front, such an assault on foreign policy was all the more compulsive because the 9F Colombo conference at least in Sri Lankan eyes, had given the SLFP's and Mrs.
Bandaran aike's personal claims the stamp of international recognition.
The UNP had traditionally treated foreign policy with a lordly indifference in the parochial belief that it was too expensive a habit for small nations. Foreign affairs was best left to foreigners. So, Ceylon's foreign policy post
947 was, intellectually speaking, the lost luggage of departing British civil servants. Ceylon's
defence and foreign policies were a5 much decided upon in Whitehall as Ceylon's economic condition was determined in Mincing Lane.
The British War or trusted friends. So these things are best
ordered in London, This attitude S Pring 5 frסfב, וז deep-seated intellectual inferiority. It is the
natural self-expression of a madeto-order: native clite, nurtured and processed mentally by its white master; the products of the Ideological assembly lines of the metropolitan centres. To gra sp and comprehend this paychological con di clon in all its fascinating intricacies one must of course turn to the i llum i ma ting work of Fanon, Cabral and Sartre.
As the mind sweeps over quarter of a century, we can see all this as the dominant features of our foreign policy in the Sena na yake El
With Sir John came a new activism. Let's give the man his historica due, Like Mrs. Bandaranaike, in a way, the prospect of an internationalist role seems to hawa held him in thra || , } t appealed to all his known wanities and most of all to his almost childish passion for the Camera eye and the limelight, his | tre 55 i 5t ble desire to 5 tr Lut, é'w Ėri for a moment, On the World's 5 ag.

Page 15
Sir John KI la Hr ne Wolff FJ Free Ft Jfr
Playing On these all-tao human attribu Le5, Sir John's adviser 5 were able to Inject a new actiwis TI into Ceylon's foreign policy and give it a new direction.
Sir John's foreign policy posture may have been reactionary but it was more real. Far more closely, was it at Luned to the realities of a post-war word where British power was already a was lished suprer Tacy and the American century had comfrienced.
This was the period of the Cold War, of America's unas sailable economic and military might, of McCarthy and Dulles, of regional pacts and worldwide propaganda - the battleground and art tour in the crusade agains godl55 communism. It was ideed a time for wat its and Sir John was a soldier to the fibro of his being and nothing became him Tore that his Colonel's uniform. And here, appropriately, he was Thore the gaseous, peacock Patton than the blustering Blimp. Besides the matter of tempera munt, there
was also the question of ideological bann r and cause. Again, he was ta I lo r-rimacle. He wa 5 a
fervent if somewhat juvenile anti -- TITI TITI U T iS .
So there he was - the IT an fer this Cold Wat season, ideally
malle ble materi: the recruiting Illes" dubius gade, which got i bogged down an 20 years later ir of Wietnim,
And it was Si LU S to Bandung.
956
The formal ac alignment as ( policy came in year, the British qı, it the bağ5, was opened in relations With se Bă" di rani ke add General assembl for the Asian gi of a year in w Hungarian crise 5 political debate,
Bandaramaike w Spokes T1 a 1 of Lh which helped th to defeat the official and publ with Cicer : air idea the ex terma| e m'yi several response 55ues and verts substance of for presen Led Tific: mai of the content of
 

for his advisers"
agents for Mr. i Criti til i Eritself di sastorously d then wiped out the paddy-fields
ir John who led
option of nonCeylor's foreign -56. In the same were asked to A now chapter our diplomatic cialist countries. ressed the J. N.
’ (15 Spokesmäm oup at the end which S ez and
dominated the
as the articulate ise social forces e SLFP-ed EP UNP. Ceylon's ic identification 5 am d forces irn ronment and its
15 to Particular (the pith and eign Policy) re
tural expression those do 12sti:
forces which had thrust themselves forward in 1956, LOok ing back at both national and international developments during these 25 years, it is difficult to recognise the progressive aspect of the socio-political changes affected by 1956.
In a period marked by папу ch årlige 5 of government, the SLFP and non alignment became almost
Ilt;t
5ynomy Thous. So rmuch so that the SLFP leadership gradually acquired a proprietorial manner
When Speaking about non alignment, a fact which embarrassed and annoyed the pro-UNP intelligentsia. This is the genesis of the Bandung-Belgrade debate which keer P5 Cropping up in the Pages of the mainstream press.
Although the UNP was certain
of victory and Certainly knew that foreign policy is rarely convertible (o votes, the UNP "think-tank" realised that this was the party's exposed flank, The advisers who drafted the 1977 manifesto and Taster Tinded the
Propaganda effort wanted to present a Perfect policy profile,
Bandung 955
Bandung was their answer. Not alignment started at Bandung. The decision to hold such a conference was made in Colombo at a meeting attended by Nehru. J. Nu, Ali Sastramidjojo, Mohammed Ali, and Kotela wela.
It was Prime Minister Kotela. wela, president of the UNP, who led the Ceylonese delegation to Bandung. So normalignment the UNP's achievement.
5.
Here is a classic example of how a general proposition can be prefectly logical and yet its specific use to advance a par
ticular point can be demonstrably
Il temable.
13

Page 16
Bandung was an Afro-Asian gathering and by definition continental in concept and character, The nonalignment conference was in Belgrade six years later. Nonetheless, it is a commonplace and indisputable fact of contemporary
history that both Bandung and Belgrado are part of the same histor||cal process.
But this process had two prominent tendencies. Both before and during Bandung these
were quito easily indentifiable although one's precise mode of description will of course depend on one's political standpoint, Since history has already made its own judgment, it is possible to be dispassionate in one's choice of categories.
What we might call "the forward force" carried the slowly emerging movement to Belgrade and beyond. The movement has grown and grown but that is not the sole reason why it is heterogeneous. Tho diversity is sourced in the varying social character of regimes and ruling groups in each member-nation, their interests and outlock, and the degree of actual in dependence cor dependence of 'national economies on the West.
In "Afro-Asia and Nonalignment", the first extensive study of the movement and its evolution, G. H. Jansen indentified the two tendencies in terrTs of the role played by the active participants. And for him the test was each participant's public response to the vital issue. Jansen wrote:
"It was in this debate on colonialism that the conference grappled with its real task and its real purpose the justifying by the aligned and the non aligned of the differing foreign policies adopted by them...."
4.
Now where
Ceylon belong? non-aligned, he More. He was advocate of the He wa 5 a de libe|| agent and the di Towerment has r all know one of joctives of the W
"Sir john Kote famous debate awa notes Jansen, cor Ceylon's prime m aimad his biund USSR and the Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia
What was his c shattered," obse| writer, 'the atri ciliation that had in the committee
The reaction of founding father o whose name is sides in this ongc is on record.
comment' was:
"The Prime Mi referred to Easte him put down ps is going to discu about the Sun ar
Merci fully, Sir ultimately fizzled 5quib." And thi Ineasured opinion on Sir John an (not non-aligned had tried to dubious battle at
"They talked a ideological domin Eurocentric argu deflected debate
excellent eXa Γη tutelage." Next; Bandung

id Sir Far fra bi geri was aligned. the aggressive | Igned. Worse. a tely disruptive ruption of this māin Ed 15 Wy 3 the major ob'est.
awela lad this y at a Langent..." menting on how inister suddenly er buss at the
"colonies' of Rumania, Latvia,
contributiom? "It * wes the same sphere of conbegun to prewall
". וחסכו"ן
of, Nahru, d f the movement invoked by all I ng local debato, His "irritated
nister of Ceylon rn Europe. Let recisely what he 155 and not talk "". חסס וח !tו
John's "cracker out like a damp 5 finally is the of the scholar d the 'aligned" ) regiment he lead into such : Bandung:
great deal about ation but their
ΙΤΕ ΠΕΞ, r this Were themselves bles of mental
's significance
. $"חוhסJ
围
Y
شقق شkکك g
ND
를I를國를 ಇ
AROUND THE
A
AROUND THE
FROM FACTORY FLOOR
TO SELLING DOOR
WEEKLY CONSOLIDATIONS
SPLITYFULL CHARTER SERVICE
COMPREHENSIVE IMPORTWEXPORT SER WICE
NTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
FREETELEX ADWICE
AND) HANG ING GAR MENTS
é
Α.ΕEAIMP - (Eαι εΧΕΣ LLLLLLKLaLLKLLL LLLL LL LLLLLLaLLLL
K LS SY0LGL S0 LLLLLLLL0 S LLLLL LLLLLL CAELE: "A|T KEN CIJ LIME." TELEX || || 42
TELEPHONE 27 BB 1-3, 32.776 (DIRECT)

Page 17
Three questions
by W, P. Wittachi
June 1933 Georges Simenon, who was then 30, asked for and, to his surprise was granted (for others had been turned down). an Interview with Trotsky who was living in what was then called Constantinople. He was required to submit his questions in writing, in advance and at the interview Trotsky would give his answers, also in Writing, one copy of which Simenon would have to sign and hand back to Trotsky. This procedure was necessary, Trotsky's secretary explained to Simenon, because he had been badly misreported by El fet i ter wie WWE TS. Sime non Wrcte a piece called Chez Trotsky about this interview but the article was nower published Leri ti", as belatedly as 1975, it appeared in a book about Simenon published in French in which it was reproduced in a section on titled "Unpublished Texts of Simenon". I hawe not translated the entite article - it is too long-but only the questions and answers. As far as I know. they hawe not been translated into English before.
Race
QUESTION: Do you believe
that race will be the predominant issue in the process of evolution
out of the Present state of fermentation. Of will it be the social question? Or the economic question? Or the military?
ANSWER: No 1 af 11 får fra fT1 believing that race will be a decisive factor in the evolution of the
coming epoch. "Race is a crude anthropological material -heterogeneous, impure, mixed-from
which historical development has created 'semifabricated" products which are the nations. It is class and social groupIng5 and Lhe political currents that flow from the that will decide the fate of the new era. I, of course, do not de ny the significance of the qualities 2nd distinctive traits of the different races. But in the process of evolution recede into the background before lsbour techniques and the techni
que of thought. R: at is static arc. is dynamic. How relatively immobi t: "Thirle r 11 O Wemer ment? AI distin disappear before
bustion engine - the machina-gun:
himself to esta regime to suit til Nordic rac, frd better than to pla race of the Sol Mussolin), strugg power, used (alth it upside down) t of a German, or Jew, Marx, whom a year or two
it moral father of In the 20th cel propose to turn history, on the
civilisation itself, t. why should they even further? Is only a part of zool it is perhaps in
pithecanthopu 5 til will find the Io: in disputable in pi | creative activity?
Dictatorships an
QUESTION: C the group of dic embryo of a reg ples or is It accidental phase?
ANSWER: I do the group ing of between dictator: side and democrat Excluding a narro ssional politicians, and classes do ric │n the face of c« tivos, particularly government are COf cours2, a cert Ween e i 5 t stati some of them ta But in the end considerations th CCCIn oriC intere calculations. Do group of fl. 5 cist di

for Trotsky
ce is an element passive; history can an element le, by itself deC and developtive racial traits : he internal comnot to speak of itler, preparing lish an etatist e pure Germanohe can do no giarise the Latin h. In his time, ling to ach lewe ough by turning he social doctrine rather a German 1 ha had called, previously, 'the US al|'. If today, tury, the nazis their back or social dynamic, to return to "race' not go back 'c anthropology ogy? Who knows, the kingdom of hat The racists it lofty and most tion for their
d Democracies
in we consider tatorships as the roupment af peoonly a passing,
mot beliewe that states will be hips on the one i es on the other, w clas 5 of profeenations, peoples tive on politics. rta irı fixed obj2c!conomic forms of only a Tean5. in similarity bet. s may predispose get together. it is material 4 t will decide — ts and military I think that tha tatorships (Italy,
Germany) and quas T-Bonapartis, states (Poland, Yugoslavia, Austria) episodic and transitory Alas! cannot make so optimistic a prognosis. Fascism has been brought about not by psychosis and hysteria (as the parlour theoreticians of the gente of Count Sforza console themselves) but by a profound aconomic and social crisis which has piti le5sly gnaw2d, more than anywhere else, at the body of Europe. The present cyclical crisis will inevitably give way to a revival of outlook, although to a smaller de grec: chan people mily expect, but the general European situation will not improve much. After each crisis the smaller and weaker enterprises will become more feeble or die off altogether. The strong enterprises will become even stronger, Divided Europe represen ts a combination of Srinall ei terprises hostile to each other by the sldẹ of the economic giant5 of the United States. America's present situation is difficult - the dollar itself has given at the knees. Newertheless, following the pre Sant crisi 5, world forces wi|| change In fawout of Wimerica to tha detriment of Europe. The fact that the old continent as a whole has lost the privileged position it had in the past will lead to enormous exacerbation of the antagonisms between the European states and between cla55 es within those states. Certainly this processus will differ En degree between states, but I am speaking of a general historical tendency. The growth of social and national contradictions explains, in my view, the origin and relative stability of the dictatorships.
To explain my thinking, let in quote something wrote a few yea ago on the question: Why are democracies giving place to dictatorships, and is it for long (From an article written on 25 February | ???), "It is som et ime 5 said that of this question we hawe to dal with undeveloped nations or those lacking in naturity. This explanation hardly fits Italy. But even
15

Page 18
i m c2 ges where the explanation fits, it clarifies nothing. In the 19th century. It was considered that tick Ward countries were gradually climbing up towards democracy. Why then, in the 20th century, do they move towards dictatorship? Democratic institutions show that they cannot withstand the pressures of contemporary contradictions, sometimes international, so the times internal, most often both international and internal simultaneously. Ils it good? Is it bad? In any case it is a fact. By analogy with electrotechnics, democracy can be dèfined as a system of commutators and insulators against currents that are too strong, in the national or social struggle. Na apoch in human history was rmore saturated with antagonisms than ours. An excess voltage of Current makes itself felt more and more at different points of the European moet w crk. Under a great excęSS voltage of the contra dictions of classes and of nations, the commutators of democracy dissolve or burst into pieces. Of course, the the weakest fuses give way first."
When I wrote these lines, Germany still had its social-democratic government. It is clear that the subseqent march of events in Germany - a country no one would call backward-carrot in a fly Way shake my evaluation. It is true that during this time the revolutionary movement in Spain swept away not merely the dicta Torship of Primo de Riviera but a So the monarchy. Some contrary currents of this nature are ing witable in the historical processes but internal equilibrium is far from having been realised in the peninsula beyond the Pyrenees. The new Spanish regime has not yet demonstrated its stability.
Peace or War?
QUESTION: Do you believe
that evolution is possible smoothly, or do you believe a violent shakeup necessary? How long do you think the present drifting will last?
ANSWER: Fascism, in particular Germany's national Socialism indis" putably brings to Europe the dangers of war. Being away from things, I may perhaps be mistaken, but it seems to me that people
| 6
are not paying Sufi to the full extent Wie wing it from a of months but of ye. ewent not of de Cai an Outbreak Of yo fascis Germany abs ble. It is precisely which can become fate of Europe. press my views or tha press shortly, think I paint too However, l hawe di clusions from facts not by predilectit dices but by the le processes. That C. one of peaceful political well-being something I have my assessment can pessim istic only wiew the Tarch c too short a per: clase, all great a very dark. The progress, it is nec nise, Is quite imper i5 C 250 Hitle T CT tỉ &{ori{38 succeed for alw'; strictly for even holding back th They will break its gearing, they leyer 5 out of 5h make Europe go E few years. But I do finally humanity wi Th2 whole of histor
To me these a mously interesting show, for al Tric Il gimit to Max, iš t d ant empirical pers T:11. A ! à tirT) : y", | Eke Shaw war i; Ebu Hitler, Tro ! Hitlerism would world war in just At a tİTTE WYFIEI revolution was tri got rid cf Riviera chy Trotsky was ability to survive, the Armorican C the throes of Trotsky sees Ame an economic giant Today with the E sight we can see Trotsky had of th and e Welt 5 of his

cler attention of the danger. perspective not ւr5 - but, in any des – | Consider var caused by olutely Inevitathis question dec|SI|ye" for the I expect to exI this subject in
You perhaps dark a picture? | rawn my соп, being guided зпs and pгејшJgic of objective Lir epoch is not prosperity and is not, I hope, to prowe. But appear overly to those who if history with spective. From sochs appeared
mechanis II of e5sary to recogfact. But there
Suppose that of Hitlers would
BYS T TO TE
a decade in Iis mecharn Ism. many Cogs of will twist its ape. They can lackward for a not doubt that I find the way. y guarantees it.
"S''' e T3 : TË E I J "- because they st5ky's cammlog rina, the brillipicacity of the her even people aying kind things isky was certain bring about a t a few years. the Spanish JITıphārnt ha wing and the monardoubtful of its At a t|me When conomy was in 2 OCT - TT | T | 3 || 5 : rica emerging as wis-a-wis Europe, enefit of hirdthe sure grasp a trend of forces
day.
3 or &leetrieal
9nstallations
de sig ned to meet
gyour exact needs
Please d'Or if (7 'f.
LIGHT ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES
(ENGINEERS & CONTRACTORS)
EEGI) Naħ.: 9 , 8 ) 5
8th Floor, Paul WI Centre,
Front Street, Colombo II.
Telephone: 36 657

Page 19
DEVELOPMENT
POPULATLON PLA
- another
by Paul Caspersz
is largely a question of
(i) the relative emphasis of the two terms involved;
(ii) the the two
relationship between tET 15.
(1) Relative Emphasis
If the emphasis is on population planning, then you seek by every means at your command to manipulate population and check its rate of growth; if, as the prest
gious Joan Robinson and the even more prestigious Gunnar Myrdal have argued with little
attempt at concealment, you give aid to Asia, earmark the greater part of it for the manufacture, purch as e and distribution of condoms, loops, pills etc., and for the salaries of highly paid experts and FP advisers around the world.
If the emphasis is on development-as argue it should be - then examine development, the stuitification of the World Bank and UNCTAD development plans for the 80s (with again, scandalously owerPaid Consultants hustling along marbled corridors in Geneva and New York), study available resources, se e development as liberation (also from FP) and huTari ization, and asked for thig Wigor CuS, dyпаппіс, egalitarian population as both the chief means and the final goal of development,
(ii) The Relationship
If your emphasis is the first one, then you see the relationship between growth of population and economic growth as a hostile, mutually exclusive one; at best, you see population control as a prerequisite of economic growth.
If your emphasis is the second, you begin to see economic growth as a pre-requisite for successful population planning; you may even
view
succeed in seeing
dynamic and di til 5 am att economic growth
I am not argi are na populati Asia, stil|| || Ess t need for a p But I am arguin
(i) the popul part of the la Ln Ewgn, um diredevelopment of capitalist phase solved in sol: problem;
(ii) that a | should be a dep an economic pc turn implies radical changes cepts and in t development.
To seek to With o LJ, är a55; Social inequalities che FPA E – 1ere the hands of th: satisfied its gro whole of the colonial period. th 2 Tora|| fibra symbol becomes the sickie. Its colour pictures, is bourgeois family. an awakan ng A today.
The case of Sir
Lanka is a soc and will continue the rest of th argument in convincing than Up to the early rates and high de a slow growth of the Ind-40s the was faster with maining high a

N|N|NG
young, vigorous, ciplined populiaJal propeller of
ing that there }n problems in at the te is no ppulation policy, g that
ation problem is rger problem of tcd, laissez-faire the imperialistand cannot be tion from that
population policy endent part of licy which in its far-reach ing and both in the Conhe strategies of
limit population ault on existing i-in the style of ly plays Asia into e forces that hawe with during the colonial or equiIt is to weaken of a mation. lts the loop, not ideal, depicted on the small, sal fish, It is not what is a most needs
i Lanka
iety in transition
2 to be so for is century. No upport is more
the demographic. 1920s high birth ath rates eured opulution. Until rate of growth birth rates reld death rates
ܢ
beginning to climb down. From then on, perhaps largely due to the couquest of malaria, the population began to grow wery rapidly, with birth rates sticking at the former high levels and the death rate tum bling to the lewel of 8 or less per 1000. In very recent years the further phase of the population cycle with a narrowing of the difference birth and death rates has begun to appear. But awen with rapid declines of the furtility rate, in the year 2000 Lanka will have a population of 20 million, or one and a half times her present population.
To accommodate such an increase in two decades will be impossible unless social change occurs on a vast scale. Today
one out of every three households does not have toilet facilities of
any kind. Among Asian countries Lanka is one of the best for health care. Yet her figures of
6000 in habitants per physician and 330 inhabitants per hospital bed compare un favourably with Several developed countries. It has been estimated thät Laka will need at least 100 fully equipped schools every year, or 2 every week, to deal with her increasing school population for the rest of the century. Probably 20 per cent of the workforce is currently unemployed or severely underemployed.
On all matters of growth, while Western experts, such as those in the International Plan med Parenthood Federation, hawe an open sesame for Lanka: birth control, In August 1972, in Sydney, their experts recommended that Sri Lanka should legalize and liberalize abortion. In March this year a five-member team of so-called population experts - among them the Executive Director of the International Fertility Research Programme and a former Secretary
(Č7 r. ir l'eff Lyfr Ffaga? Er )
W

Page 20
JWC is in the fore front with 50 years experience in Electronic Technology
and is world renowned for its electronic device
that reduces distortion to the minimum possible.
A SHEER DELIGHT TO YOUR EARS AND EYES
JWC products now cone to you in many models and are backed by one year
guaranteg Certificate and a reliable after sales service
IMPORTERS
b
lmitiaz brot
Distribufer 5 := GADT INDU5TRIES und |
122, 2nd CROSS STREET CCl Telephone 22932.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

OSER TO
E MUSIC UTH
ENTERPRISES LOMBO 11

Page 21
OPEC - villain
scapegoat?
by Shanta de Alwis
"" Sri Lark, e s 5 daff or Lariofoririged Who! fo kolo W that we owe our plight to OPEC's repeated price hikes' (''Daily News' editorial of I-3-1930).
"It is drastically increasing oil prices which is the rajor threat to the Western ecotories." (="Charakyr", "Sunday Obser(.لیکنwer'* 23 === r
pologists for the government,
are fond of blaming OPEC for our economic ills and indeed for the ||ls of the whole World capitalist system. The whole propaganda machinery of the government has been geared to this campaign which has but one object; to convince the people that the recent price increases have been forced on a reluctant government by this evil conspirational organisation of greedy Arabs. I am told that owen Buddhist monks give the example of OPEC to illustrate "than ha".
Th- Tf1- oil ist EF “ F. LFlitH Athula Chmuda li claimed in an article published in the 'Sunday Observer, that "apart from the direct impact of CPEC decisions, in the form of increasing of fuel cost5, in Cur economy, there a re Iridirect ories as well. The reason we hawe to pay more for other imports is the effect that rising oil prices have on the countries we import their goods fron'. In other words we see the un controllable inflation that the world capitaist 5ystem faces today, as being
caused primarily by OPEC.
Sha7 Fra] de l'hi'is 1####7 fino 1 ('r'r'r'ra' riLHHLHHHGGLLk HHHLLLLLLL TT CGL LLGL tCLHHLEaES Jurju Perry + zich is affilia leef te Ted יr " FEFederi, ;" JrI JBriTairזיIfijira" ל"ז נזנחת). LL LCLLGLlLSLaak LS LLtTCGtCLGGGLSL T LL Prify'arī ir y lly" Sri Wa ya 14'ü Fiderprř. LL GGkL S LLLLLLLEHtlGGGG E LGLG LLLLLLL LLLLLL LLLLCLS TT ML GLLC C LLLLLLL MM ப்ாகப் பிரார்.
It is not just : il (OPEC a cor
for the inflatio
They really they say. For that is hafi de ; leaders of w (Carter, Thatch gated around t måss media, Western agency matters biased Journals Such als Week. Which H influence or ot gentsia, Subscri (at least most fact, Time ME
the OPE year had disti to mes . All thị enormous effort and the bourge thg || 5 of the ridden world .
PE || || of Lhe organis (which is ena today) against t lJmfortunately fi. for example Çarı fra tations attern pts will f, Intellectuals on anyth ing that is Western mass t t Luth , TFC ir present case i seriou 5 bourge fÓ"Ward to W Ēes of ināt decisions. T naive view is for Tass Co. Strategists of it know beter. 11 CCF WCT | 21 5
Let us look comr1erts that the first "Oil S Wh || E. the New and rawed abou

ΟΥ
a matter of finding Wen ient Scapegaat 1ary Crisis.
do belley what this is the line d down by the orld imperialism 2r etc.,) and propohe world by the C1 e finds Tost -eports оп есопоппіс towards this wiew. Title and Newsawe an in ordinate r bourgeois intellibe to this view of the time). In Igazine's reports - decisions last nctly racist overis is part of an by western leaders oi5 media to blamo in creasingly crisi Sapitalist system on direct the wrath ed Working clas 5 rmously powerful he "greedy Arabs." it them as shown by the recent in Brita in the 53 il- For the UNP the other hard churned out by the T1 e dia is gospel 2ny of it in the is that hardly any bis economist puts iW that the root ion are the OPEC
his absurd and dished out purely nsumption. The
perialism certainly For the OPEC is
apë goat.
at some of the Were made after Hock" of || || F3. York Times ranted I t the “"Oil Crtg2|ʼ"
ECONOMICs
and its policies causing "Skyrocketing prices' "breakdown of trade and payments, the major
causes of inflation and balance of payments instability,' the Trilateral commission commented that "increasing oil prices speeded up trends already visible”"! For the UN SecretaryGeneral "It was clear that the world monetary systern was suffering from malfunctioning even before the recent sequence of events."
It is only in the past few years that rising cost of primary commodities and fuels became significant elements in the infla tian - ary trend - a slowing down of economic expansion in IT. C. E. Г. industrial countries was already in progress in the course of '73." (Quoted by Geoffrey Barraclough in the New York Review of Books January 23 1975).
After the 1979 oil price increases tao, the Western leaders and ma SS T1 e dia, shrieked hy 5 tertically that, the world economy is being destroyed by the awarice of the OPEC countries. What they forgot
to m (2n tiom Was that the real price of oil had actually fallen be tween "74 and "78. In tot Her
words the nominal price of other goods especially the industrial products were rising faster than the nominal price of oil. In fact as the "Economist' pointed out in its economic review of the past de cade," by 1978, consumer energy prices in industrial econdmies were actually lower, relative to other prices, in Japan, Switzerland and Australia, than before Yom Kippur, 1973, and no Inore than 5%, higher in the United States, Britain and Germany. Sitting ducks for another OPEC
fusilla de. Which they duly got.' In other words the real price that OPEC was getting in 1978
9

Page 22
was not much better than what they had got even before the fitbu ri-fold irease ir ISW4 amid in fact 5o e C2 culation5 ha e estimated that it was no higher
than the real price in 1968
The point is that cheap oil was one of the factors that maintained
the long post-war capitalist upswing. It was ce:[{ mot the major factor, but availability of
virtually unlimited quan titles of oil and prices which were about a factor of 4 to 5 cheaper than
the next cheapest substitute, provided a significant boost to the growth of western industry,
Cheap oil was wastefully consumed for decades especially in the US where in the 1950's cost of oil In industry was only 5% of value added. "Gas-guzzling' cars were another example of wasteful cons Lumption.
This free flow of cheap oil was maintained by the huge multinational oligopolistic oil compan les backed by the American and British governments. As G. Barraclough points out in the article quoted earlier, at that time Mid-East oil was available at 6 cents (American) a barrel the price was
set by the oil companies at S |.75 per barrel. OPEC's åIm was to increase the vil producing countries share of
the take, from the profits of the oil companies. When in October 1973 OPEC (which had already taken over production) decided to raise its price, the oil companies could have easily absorbed the extra cost and they would hawe been still left with a good margin of profit. Instead the oil companies grasped at the opportunity to increase their profits enormously. Thus Aramco increased its profits from 80 cents a barrel in early |73 to S +.50 in solarch | 774. There was a repeat performance of this II. 97), which even led to demands for the nationalisation of the big oil corporations in the United States
The point is that for decades this precious (and for many OPEC countries the only) natural resource was being cxtracted at a negligible price while the populace of these countries lived in abject powerty. The dirt cheap wages paid to the
?()
Arab cail workers taxes paid to plia governmen LS mican fits for the Oil Com producers in fact whole of the cap in the advanced worst of it was tres along with a producers were b exploited by the ir through dec||ning (For all primary có ned from an indg
953 to 84 aς |00).
Of course oil in a position to re by form ing a ca the strategic in: commodity and b incomo clasticity far other primary rubber to some ex to get similar re. government is Seri to get producers primary commoditi 5o-called “"M]g W ln Flamic Order'', i silly to blame an primary produce succeeded in impr. tions in the worl the famous oil pe crous display of the realities of t betweerı İmperi: underde y gloped { go wern Ten t is se petition it shoulc recogni sed that | problem is tha im ted structure of which OPEC 1. making a small recognise the pr (however limited) On the basis of it is at cast me tion OPEC for st to Third World Casa the Whole ex O di Wert attenti If wealth Te dist of the rich, fra development.
The above da e | expect such sp to be giyen iftlı | 5 finalde — even th foregri Tı İn ister Inade sugh a sug

and the small ni mid-las Crm t 2 normous propanies. The oil ... subsidized the italist industry Countries. The that these CounII other Primary e Ing increasingly 1 perialist centres terms of trade. mimo di ties declix || Liber of || É 72 - taking 1963
producers were
swers, this trand r.C. | b: c:a Lusc: of ture of their
: cause of its high of demard. So roducers (except :ternt) hawe failed 5 ult 5. But if the ous about trying agreement for ies and about the ternational Ecot is downright other group of T5, who hawe owing their posiid Tārket. Ewen titior is a ludi - Ignorance about he confrontation lism and the -curi tries. If the rious about the d have at lea 5 t the source of the perialist-dominaworld trade in 5 succeeded in dent. It has to ogressiwe naturę of this action, this recognition an ing full to petiei || C. Ce555 ions countries. In any ::2" | 5, e.e. 'Wi:35, 11 231 ti on from policies i bu ticarı iri fa your Ti subsidies to
5 rico I mea. In that ecial concessiors e right approach hough the Iranian
has apparently ggestion. In any
casa C y CIM i f L ha Third World countries get oil at concessionary ratics that is certainly mot going to solve any of their basic problems, The point is that if one believes that concessions may be given and oil price rises are our main problem, and the government apparently does so, the way the government sets about its task is singularly inept. One cannot expect concessions from Iran for example by tepeating the non sense that is purveyed by its enemies, the Imperialists.
What the are of inflation in the world capitalist system? Firstly they are the result of the long term secular tendency towards increasing domination of the market (as predicted
the basic causes
by Marx) by huge monopolies, which the "price setters' rather than the "price takers' of the
ideal perfect competitive system of text books of bourgeois microeconomics. This is a trend that has been In 2 widence since at
cast the first world War.
This so-called downward rigidity of prices is a monopolistic (or
LANKA GUARDAN
Subscript Ft rafes Boirs offert frarr || 3 | 4say go). {| r1-l41 sive af postlige:)
One year Six Tonths
Local Rs. 95/- Rs... 50Asia Rs. 300- Rs... 150
USS O. USS O.
O. 5.
Foreign Rs. 450- Rs... 300
USS 30 S 5 0
5 fi || ()
Cheques and money orders to be III:1d.2 Lut i favour (F
Lanka Guardi: пPublishing Co. Ltd.
The Commercial Manager, Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
No. 88, N.H. M. Abdul Caller Rail
(Reclairma tinn R. Lidl), (Clio Tibni li l

Page 23
oligopolistic) market is well-recognised Even by bourgeois economists and is an important characteristic cf Capitalism In its senile Period. Om top of this long term trend one has to take into account the set of policies which were followed by capitalist governments during the post-2nd war period, the Bretton Woods system which gawe the US dollar a hegemonic rol c as a reser we currency and enabled the US to run up enormous balance of payments deficits (and thus circa to fictitious capital in the form of eurodollars, for example, which total about 800 billian dollars today) in order to finance its overseas investments, and military advertures a broad and the glomous budget deficits run up by imperialist states to subsidize moribund capitalist industry, pay for armaments and maintain class through Welfare-spending.
The role of the state and especially the public debt has increased enormously in all the major capitalist economies. The reasons for this are well understood by Marxists but even bourgeois ecof1-IT ist5 recognis e the fact and they quite correctly (especially the monetarists point out that this is th (2 main cause of thg
present Lincontrollable inflation. Howe Wer they forget that the advanced
Capitalist state had no other option.
The political conditions for the post-war boom were created by the compromise between labour
and Capital and was pLIt into effect through the class-collaboration ist policies of Social democracy and the communist parties, in France and Italy, in the Irinediate post-war period. In the US this role was played by the leaders of the organised labour, such as George Meany.
In order to maintain this Com
promise the state had to keep increasing welfare expenditure and prevent firms on the verge of collapse from going under. However when the factors that kept the upswing going were exhausted thes 2 polities became
so many mill-stones neck of capitalism.
The Fric2dmars and Hayek 5 advocate the drastic cutting down of State expandi tre. The former
äro Lund tha:
especial y keeps med to curb and calls for "p (Pinochet style ng such policies. W tlemem don't rit power of the c la 55 in the tä, countries. The s policies which
(and which Thac is åtte Tıpting to {] T .. "f"T 5 ! the working cl for capitalism
cadors are a litt As cha Econo T
""Ewe yhe of over-expar Spelt Out in countries resp. with a good col sian widoning in 1974-75. A So, separa IC2|| throughout thi: tārist deld, looked |jke fl:
HC Weyg Fhi policies cannot wery much time
Si Ich briefly a world inflation. prices because it Cartel appears
Obs Lr war L- be
act. Stirmulated by itself is reacting tionary conditi cause lies el 52 — Wy pe at that this i by several bourge "Newsweek' co,
1970) only that of the ceiling S 350 would
US inflation whic at an annual rai cent. In other
to admint implici Tost of the if to do with OPE
Inflation must organic chara CLE capitalism in its decline and decay such a 5 the Sic
hir Ywhich Capitalism and s e Čor ciri i ordig" ; frgs of Ir får i Ir. western press i out th:5 c Count

harpĩng Cm the monetary growth olitical courage" doubt) to enact What the 52 gen2ckor with is the
rganised working I wanced capitalist avage deflationary they recommend her for example follow) will lead frontations with a 55, Fortunately most bourgeois Le Tore sensible. ist reports.
n thiը ision had
197l-73, OECD orded to slump cd-fashioned keyriof budget deficits rid went on doing y or together, i a Papa rently monewhenever, growth agging.'
t:.5 է: inflationary buy the bourgeois
dangers beеп
Te the cases of The rise in oil is done by a to a superficial a purely voluntary greed. But OPEC
LL World insäOns whose raco "h 2 r2.. | Tu5 t r2
s well recognised ois a naıly 5 ts. Ew 2n ild claim (July 9th the 1979, increase on oil prices to add 2 points to i was then running 2 about || 2 perwords they hawe tly at least that lation has nothing
C
te seen as am af stig- Clf Crd
present stage of Workers' states
3'w fet Jr. in and have oli Tiinated 3t up a planned
are big and largely
However as the S quick to point r"| 25 i Te mot fra
of economic difficulties and 51a ||or ones such as Poland and Yugoslavia hawe experienced eyen a certa in decree of inflation. This is due To Th2. "Stalinist burgaueracies' stranglehold on the planned economy i.e. the lack of workers' democracy, and (as a consequence) the increas Ing teliance these countries have had to place on the Capitalist world market for adwanced technology. In spilte of this it remains the case that certainly as far as the basic m ccessi tids of life are concerned inflation is negligible and this applies cwon to the relatively underdeveloped Countries sich as China or Cuba. ln flation as well as un employment and slumps can be eliminated only by the socialist revolution and not by breaking up OPEC.
Population . . .
(ConfirIsled frøn page ry)
General of the PPF - were again law i 5 h in Preach ing contraceptives and sterilization to the people of this Country. (Would the five members disclose what the rewards for their ministry, not counting travel tickets and a|| the perks of going round the World to te|| tha mati wes that there are too many of them around
It is difficult for Asians to keep their Cem Pars cool when foreigners make such brash in roads into the
Thost in tim te sectors of their lives, telling their women how few Asian children they must
Produce and a dwi sing theirt governments to kill the children their Women have conceived. Should they not rather direct their research and advice to the conditions of foreign trade in their own countries, to the neo-colonialist economic exploitation of the Third World and to th2 ach i wserTant of world justice?
Asias vast populations may well be Asia's strongest weapon in the power politics of a jungle world during the next hundred
ye år 5.
교 |

Page 24
NATIONALITY
*Sinhalisation' : r cultural coloniali
by Susantha Goonetil lake
The paper presented at the
Ser F. W.
the author appears in Ancient Ceylon, Vol IV in
"The formar for of Sri
La riikları Crist Irre.
ΕήΙΙεr,
chronical aid archaeological Platerial.'
Here ir a fresh draft Frir ter for the pushes his ideas to their logical conclusion,
Gl Te
short arricle are riu I4 bei rig 14'orked by The 7: Thůr |
essay to the topic.
Sorte of the o ller paper's
f f is Social Scrieri lstīs" Ferriri Tr by Dr. Siri 'eer", LLLCCLL GLLL LLLLtLLLLSSS LLCLMTTTTTLT LLtL LkGLTLL LLLLLL
this journal.
thnic self identities of peoples
hawe been created by endogenous socio-economic and cultural processes within a population, by migrations or by im Position of a new culture. The process by which a self-identity was accGuired by the Sinhalese nation has been traditionally attributed primarily to Aryan migration either from the North-West coast or the North-East coast of lindi,
However, the process of Aryanisation in India has been shown by recent archaeological evidence as well as critical studies of religious texts from a sociological perspective to have been largely due to cultural processes rather than large scale migration. (Thus Wange Eastern India from which the Sinhalese allegedly came was one such area subject to Aryan Isation by culture and not migration). The purpose of this paper is to examine in the hird sight of the Indian findings whether the Sri Lankam Sim håll så tion proce 55 has to be viewed as a cultural colonisation process or a migration process.
In the discussion here, I wi|| examine the Sinhalisation process under three broad headings: (1) The experience of Aryanisation in Eastern India and the Deccan without massive migration (2) The available evidence on the Sri Lan
고교
kan Sinhalisation F archaeological a sources. (3) An Lam that Would available (reliable
India and Ary without Aryans'
Accent Indian
the work of Rom on archaeology an tation of classical i strongly that whereby inhabit: parts of India as self-identity wyā largely by pracę! diffussion and r Tigration. The : culture from the Aryan contact wi tinent by migrat walloy and the P. of India, na Tel plain and the D. accompanied by the Sanskrit lång and iron techn « which tock se After the end regions which wi sidered barbarou, dually entered if of the ritually Aryans-Aryavar
The presence Arya fi language. In (the area, betwee

nigration or
Sm ?
for affes ly er fe rfg rre fa fiori
rdi" o det fri ffis fri () a farger preserted at Dr. R. Siyapublished in
rocess in literary,
nd epigraphical explan atory sy5en compas 5 the
) evidence.
а пі5atio п
work (specially illa Thapar) based d the reinterpreiterature suggests "Aryanisation'' ints of different sumed an Aryan 5 accomplished 55es of cultural not by T1 a 55 iwe spread of Aryan initia | point of Ch the sub-ccion to the Indus anjab to the rest y the Gangetic }ccan region was the spread of {uage, the horse
logy; a process Weral centuries. of the process,
ro hithorco Cons (mlechcha) grato the category
pure land of tha.
of an Indo Sapta Sindhawa in the Kabul river
and Saraswathy river) is attributed
to invasion as suggested also by the RigWeda. However, "the
archaeological evidence does not suggest a massive invasion or massive migration' (Thapar 1978 p.25) in the Aryanisation that occurred outside this area. If there was a migration it was only of small groups possessing the Sanskrit language (ibid).
The Indian Aryanisation process without migration occured with the association of iron technology, the horse and the horse carriage with Aryan speakers; the horse and iron constituting a higher technology to the prior ox and copper technology. This control of an advanced technology by speakers of Indo Aryan facilitated the acceptance of the Indo Aryan language independent of any physical conquest. (ibid p. 27). A study of the introduction of iron into Werious parts of India gives supporting e widence to this pro - position. Carbon 4 Analyses have in di cated that iron was introduced to North India in roughly || 00 B.C. and in the case of South India the archaeological evidence indicates that iron technology was introduced circa 500 B.C. to A.D. 50 and was associated with the South Indian "magalithic' culture, (ibid) p. 9) in both cases of the introduction of iron to the North, as well as to the South the introduction was from the We:5 ter| end of the Indian ocean. (ibid)
The spread of this iron tech
nology in Northern India was accompanied by the diffusion of Indo Aryan and facilitated the expansion of the village economy (ibid p. 222). ''Indo-Aryan the refore would not be widely accepted in thos area5 where i roh tech - nology was already known. In the peninsula the area covered

Page 25
by tha iron-Lusing Megalithic culture roughly coincides with the area of the widespread use of Dravidian language.' (ibid p. 222) Thus Aryawartha and the Dravida lands divide themselves neatly on technological groLunds om how and
when Iron technology was introduced.
The spread of Aryanisation from the Indus region to the East and South was also accompanied by a process by which groups considered barbarian (Mechcha) earlier were later absorbed as constituents of (Aryawarta). In the Rigweda, the focus of activity was the Indus Valley and the Punjab, with Saraswathy as the sacred river; but a few centuries later "Aryawarta is located in the GangaYamuna Doab with the Ganges becoming the sacred river.' (ibid
p. 59). As Aryanisation occurs by culture processes across the North Indian Tainland, lands
which were considered mech cla are now considerad ritually pure and are absorbed into Aryawarta (ibid pp. 52-192)
The above summary of recent Work on the In dilan Aryanisation indicates that apart from the Indus-Panjab region where a mass | we in was Ion Possibly could hawe occurred, cultural diffusion was the key element in Aryanisation,
Evidence for Sinhalisation
The traditional evidence for Sinhalisation as given in virtually all scholarly works in Sri Lanka varying from the University of Ceylon History to popular works assume the Mahavamsa inspired view of migration. This classical model of Sinhalisation often assumes a complete or partial genocide by
invading North Indians of the existing Population (the WijayaKuveni story) and the demogra
phic replacement by the invaders. The model may also be considered to subsume the view that Sri Lanka at that the time was under-populated and also that the invaders estab|lished settlements (Anura dhapura, UPatUsagama, Աijeni, Uruwela, Vijitha etc. Mhy Chapter 7 43-45) on virtually a land empty save for a few tribals.
This rāditionā be re-exiled
riod has to in Wie W of the
Te w Indian In Aryanisation by : the literary, ephi, eological evidence logical evidence dered the most
hard, the literar lea 5 t 5o, being lar, product with epi falling in betwe epigraphy being as archaeological
(a) Literary So
Tho early || tera
da Il from the 5 AD incarly a ||
the presumed In w: by Aryan brigan Aryavarta for
acts. As these W. tO SEryé Fln ide being complied (i. puts it) "for the emot Ion of the p tial that ari itt distinguish in t from ideology.
Examination o of the M: Hızıyarlı : graphical and hist from the time of The Taterial : Mahavamsa prior tissa relates to ccm rected with where Cher c är, Sri La ka it i5 of this Indian cc the title of De',' words, the even place primarily The relevance of tural de marcat Er |ar. Et ut at this tial t examin material and key Dewana mpiya tissa Mahawa T57. || too, 1 im stroni the work of Roi
cially her two rical Writing in "Origin Myths Tradition."
The two main | tissa stories are Wijaya and Pandu Lively, and it exa rII irne the se t cally as has bee The e Tots of

terpretations of a fresh view on grahic and archa2. The archaeohas to be consitrustworthy and y evidence the gely an Ideological graphy probably en in reliability, possibly as hard
evidence.
5
y sources namely,
and Mahayasa thor 6th century 200 years after tón of Sri Lanka ds expelled from the ir ār-Sti; rock 5 Yy Cre mart ological function is the Mahavamsa seriene joy and icus" it is es Somempt be ma de to hese works fact
f the structurg a reveals a geoDrical bifurcation
De wana Tn piyatis 5 a. covered in the to Dewa nampiyaE - Կ Tith IIl | r1 11:1 Bydd hi.5 11 and references to in the cari text Frgrll וןםEEtiח חנ a nampiyatis så ofiis described take in Sri Lashka. this broad str LucI will be discussed stage it is essen
some of the figures before described in the this en dea Wour gly influenced by Tila Thapar speJapers on “HistoEarly India' and and Historical
Dre-Dewan ampiyathose relating to kabhaya respecs interesting to :wo myths critidone by Thapar.
the Wijaya story
are: the marriage of a princess to a licorn whose son Sinhabahu, subsequently kills the lion; the incestuous marriage of the two children of the lion giving rise to sixteen pairs of twin sons, the el dest of whom was Wijaya; Wijaya's evil deeds, his banishment and arrival in Sri Lanka on the day of Buddha's death after a
C|rcuit l'ous route Which take 5 Him
from East Indian Wanga to West India and then by ship to Sri Lanka. This myth of origin written from the wantage point of writers nearly 1000 years after the alleged event places the arrival of the Sinhale se In a context that combines North East India, as well as the death of the Buddha with the Wijayan story,
However, some of the important events narrated in this myth appear to be stereotypes already existing in origin myths of Northern India as described in other Buddhist literature, specially the Mahavamsa. The sixteen pairs of twins and the incest theme are common to many of these myths of origin. Special mention should be made of the fact that a similar myth describes the origin of the Sakyans, Buddha's tribe (ibid p. 283) which clearly indicates the ideological intent of the Maha warns a writers of relating the Sakyan origin myth to the Wijaya origin myth: which together with Wijaya's alleged arrival in Sri Lanka on Buddha's day of death, help legitimise Wijaya wis -ā-w 3 Buddha, and Buddhism1. The Wijaya myth should therefore be se en not only as a fictional myth of origin but also a myth of legitim i sation wis-a-vis Buddhism, the religion of the writers of
this history.
The second Important story
in the early period is that of
Pandu kabhaya and aga in Thapar
has pointed out (p. 283) that the story wery much approximates the birth and life of the Hindu god Krishna - Wasudeva,
Thapar has attempted to expl. a in the ideological need for these myth 5 specially the Wi Jaya one. The Sakyan origin myth combines Wijaya with Buddhism and therefore legitimises the Sri Lankan in habitart:5 wis-a- wis Buddhism.
3

Page 26
The fact that the geographical area covered by the story was very wide (Wijaya travelling from Eastern India to Western India and then to Ceylon) is explained by the fact that 'at the time of the compilation of the text both Eastern and Westeri India Were in close contact with Ceylon" (p. 319) The-pro-buddhistic u li rerary evidence on the alleged Aryan migration is therefore clearly mythological whilst the factual period of the Mahavamsa begins with the era after the Introduction of Buddhism. The pre-buddhistic material in the Mahavamsa Provides therefore, mythological legitim is a tlon for the postbuddhistic era and helps associate it with the Gargetic plains and the Buddhist order. This structure makes therefore the narrative more purposive and strengthens the notion of the
mission of Buddha to Ceylon". (p. 320)
Archaeological Sources
Archaeological evidence for the early period is largely in the surface ruins of Buddhist monuments that are attributed to the tir The of Dewan am piyat is sia. Those include the Kantaka Ceti ya at Mihir tale, Thuparama, Wes Sagiriya and ls u rumuniya at Anuradhapura. These howewer, are nat the ear| |est archaeological ewidënce of human settlements in Sri Lanka. Settlements at the site of Bellan Bodi Pella sa hawe been dated by thermoluminiscent testing of a 550–
cated artefacts to circa 1500 B. C. (Wintle & Oakley 1972) Excavation on a carefully strati
fied basis by Deraniyagala (1972) at the Gedige area has also identified artefacts associated with this culture at Anura dhapura.
The earliest archaeological evidence of settled agriculture in Sri Lanka are those associated with the 'Inagalithic' sites which are a well known type in South India. Those sites are found åt Pomparippu, Gurugal hinna, Kathiravely, Padawigām pola and the Walawe Basin and are largely in
the red brown earth soil region of the country's dry zone. A carefully stratified excavation
in the Gedige area in Anuradha
교
Pura by Deren iya Indicated the exis reserwar's " of wat pura "*which | cultural correlatly iron agę megaliti peninsular India y to 800 to O. This layer was Mauryan layer al Der an iyagala. T culture in commi South Indian one red type pottiary consisting of fou the habitator are the talk and th: 1958 P. 30).
The Tegal ithic to an iT portant economy and te Lanka in tho o Tot differ mit f | Indian Cam 2, This collaborated by
Cof tho Sri Lak which is largely type. The kin
should be noted association with system and so is c
The existence economy and tech immediately tai paradox of ei history namely an economy and ti to South India and religion o origin, in Marxis t Were I South Lucture WW|th a superstructure. India, the Sansk translitted l II occurred with cf iror tech: which initially boum daries of system which ha from a differeГ anation5 for Ary Iisation) in the ha 5 to be sough that provided experience,
(c) Epigraphic:
The earliest evidence of at by Sri Lankan ( of the Sri Lanki in the epigra

gala (1972 P. I 50) tЕПСЕ of artificial er at Anuradha
had the closest es in the early lic culture of which is data big ) B. C." (i bild) earlier than a so identified by his megalithic
In with parallel 5 had black and
and settle lents distinct areas, a the cemetery, : field (Senaratne
evidence points fact that the chnology of Sr| larly phase was rom the South
fact is also ori:2502. In it a Wild (21 CC) in kinship system of South Indian ship system it has an intimate the production ond |tioned by it.
of a South Indian 1nological pattern ses the major | rly Sri Lankan the presence of 2chnology common
but a language f North Indian it terminology-as Indian i fra rNTCH | diri In the case of *it language was
d Aryanisation the Introduction logy, a process stopped at the the megalithic diron technology it source, Expla nisation (Sinhacase of Sri Lanka t elsewhere tham by the Indian
All Ewid enco
hard physical language 5 poken or a L least a part in population) is P hic data. The
oldest of these Inscriptions are either in cave or rock inscriptions found al I ower the island. The earliest inscriptions correlaate broadly with the red soil dr
zone area namely the tan
country. The cave inscriptions possess a similar style and are those that describe don à Clons of caves to monks, Rock inscriptions
are generally found near tanks and describe generally the de dication of the tank to the priesthcod.
The earliest inscriptions date
from about 200 B.C. to the 4th or 5th century A. D. Although there seems to be some statistical wariation in the direction of writing Compared with the A sokan inscriptions in that there are more inscriptions in Sri Lanka written from right to left tham those in the Asokan edicts (Paranawitana 1969 p. 5) the language is in distinguishable largely from the Prakrit. This has been terThed the " * Sirha lego Prakrito" by Geiger, the language of these early Brahmi inscriptions according to Geiger "is of the same type and model of Indian Prakrit both in phonology and morphology". (Geiger 1938 p. 3) ''The c:dicts of Empetor. A soka. ... a re in the same script..." (Paranavitar e 1969 p. 4). During this early period of six to seven centuries the language was hardly distinguishable from the Prakrit and the Mauryan inscriptions and Suggest strongly that the language was basically a continuation of a Mauryan implant. (ibid)
The Slı hala language gats an
identity of its own from the period 4th century to the 8th century, the era Geiger calls tha " "Proto-Sinhalese" eta. The change from the early period is so sharp that Geiger names it "a Period of a ta dical linguistic revolution." The Proto Sinhalese inscriptions "differ so much from the Brahmi inscriptions that it looks nearly like a break" (ibid P. 4.)
The extant evidence of the "Sinhala' lănguage dewelQp Thẹn t is of a script closely associated with the monks and Tolstic
(ட்ரrth: ந: :)

Page 27
you Ownacopier
Are you stuck with an out-c sensitised or har
Are you saddled with a outlived its econ OIT sit the back-up Service Orare you one oft Wish they had bought a C and nothi
WF3; ver your Droblem By 3r r ;. In ger H hen it with GI Lir Principlural 5 wiki=
of copier wi
Chin thr:1 46 1/1. Ward Place, Colomt:0
 

lated copier which requires d-to-get paper? nı old Copier that has ically wiable age? ! that is Worrying you? hose people who anon in the first instance ng else?
i, hi Er is tha; 15 yy Fr.
ise in a position 10 trade-in any maku . חםחH a Ca
"Telephone 96 183, 93453,9467

Page 28
China and Mao : Ano
by Chintaka
N Sanmugathasan, by his fairy etale interpretation of USSR's and China's contemporary history, insults not only the intelligence of his readers, but also the memory of Lenin and Stalin. The Soviet Communist Party under Stalin's leadership, eradicated the capitalist and landlord classes, and built socialism in the USSR. Ws Stal||| make 5 cl 2ı T ir 14 metais writings (such as the Introduction to the Soviet Constitution as well as his essay on the "Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR") there was no longer any objective possibility for capitalist restoration engen dered by endogenous forces. As for external forces, the Soviet Union had broken through the imperialist nirlement and extended the socialist revolution to the heart of Europe, thus creating a socialist camp.
Was Stain"5 achievernent 50 ephemeral and his contribution so puny, that Soviet socialism could be 'subverted so easily? The bourgeois state, which is representative of only an oppressive minority, needs an arm cd revolution to be 'smashed'. Was the state of proletarian distatorship in the USSR so fragile that it could be subverted merely by a change of personnel and policy lines? How could the proletarian state which represented the overwhelming majority of Soviet people and moreover had proved its strength in Combat aga inst domestic reaction as well as Fascism, be "subverted' peacefully? We look to comrade Sha ft är 3, 5 Wer. . . .
For too long has comrade Shan,
(and Maoists in general) been characterized as "Stalinists'. In reality, they diminish Stalin's
historic achievement by speaking of his so-called mistakes, precisely in order ta inflate: Mao Tse-tung's stature at Stalin's expense. Maoists like Shan wave the banner of Stalin, but, by their advocacy of Mao Tse-tung Thought" they actually oppose and besmirch the banner of Stalin. This was first pointed out by the Indian Commu
E.
mist leader (now B. T. R. a rhaid i Wel, Wang Ming wri in the USSR. L. Enver Hoxha i Stalin" 5 contributi Leninism as dist opposed to, "Mao-t ("Imperialism at in hls critique of agrees with Sta are IO a tag (and struggle classes) under 50 Hoxha also a "Tia Tig Wiet na Tesa part, long defenc Comintern while Cultural Revoluti class antagonisms has beer blit, as construct "Mao T
Shan's Maoi denigrates (objC achievement, bi on Trotskyism Trotskyist moveT Cultura | Re CLti te GPCR 15 "political revolu bureaucracy" util Trotsky's "baro T til." TL5 till E stacked of action. As Envi Li t ii m hi is re. Ractions Ol revision i5 t forcé certainly have t but not by dep (and even non p: The Trotskyist GPCR had previo ta criticism by revolutionary le al 1 the partis correctly 군 China during ti hawe repudia tɛ Revolutio 1. antagonistic Cr CPS), til e Chil leadership, the Labour and ch agree that the negativo. Ther a single ruling the Cultural adheres t

ther
of the CPI-M) followed by ting from exile ately, Albania's
on to Marxismim er from, and sa Tung Thought". d Revolution) " Moism. Hoxha li tat terge onistic classes between such cia | i 5 m. 15 Enw er dari revisionist' CP has, for its ed SLa 1 and the critici sing the I, the theory of after socialism d the ideological se-tung Tha Lught".
ism not only !ctively) Stalin's It it also Werges The world et acclaimed the dan b :: ILLISE2 i L SA Yw an attempt at tion against the izing the youtheter of the rewolua GPCR certainly Trotskyism in
2r Hoxha paints :cently published Il China, tհ բ is in the Party
o be combatted, loyirng nor1-pa, r ty roletarian) youth echoes of † 1 a C's usly been subjected f the Wietnam 252 adership. In fact es which quite aned towards' he Great Debate, ld the Cultural Though they are ther issues, the les a CP's present Albanian Party of g Wietnam es e CP GPCR was basically e is presently not CP Wrich aC i 5
Revolution or Nilo Tse-tung
view
Thought. Poor Shan is
quite alone in the world and has really been orphaned this time....!
Shan's assertion that "unless the World Revolut lan tak 25 place, imperialism will corrupt the socialist statës, which hawe a relatiwely isolated existence", is not different in any qualitative sense from Trotsky's Per Tina. En eint Revolution. If there is such a difference, Shan sthould spell it out clearly. Until then, he has only succeeded in providing us with a second point of coincidence (apart from the GPCR) between
Maoism and Trotskyism! As for the Stami St view, in Economic Problets of Socialist in the
USSR Stair traces out the path frCIl Sociali 511 EC CILI list construction, and World revolution is tot mentioned as a vital prerequisite. Just in case this is to be shrugged off by some a 5 3 "Stalinist aberration from Le minism,'" permit me to quote the most unco Tnpromis ing internationalist revolutionary of Our time, Che Guevara who Said: "'A socialist Society could develop in a single isolated country, even under the most terri ble imperialist seige such as the one So'Wi2 t Union had to face,"
(speech "On party Militancy"- March 24th 1963)
Fide Castro went further and 5aid "I believe that sociali 5 m, and to a certa in exteri L., 2 wen Comm L15 mm, tal be built is orie country.' (May Day speech-Hawa na -1966).
|t is heartening that Shan criticizes China's foreign policy since 1971 - a policy of which he himself was a casualty. But his attempt to shift the responsibility and biame onto the Shoulders of Chou En Lai is uma CCeptable. Henry Kissinger's memoirs "The Whita House Years is the most recent confirmation of the fact that the foreign palicy 5 hift: Was initiated, or at least had the

Page 29
explicit sanction, of Mao himself. Indeed Kissinger states that it was precisely this knowledge that gave him and Nixon the
confidence to go ahead with their China policy, Mill's conversations with Nixon and
Kissinger leave no doubt as to his role in the CCP's foreign policy shift.
After all, this was the hub of the debate with Lin Piao, who wanted to continua a two-front struggle and opposed an opening towards the USA. (Mao mentioned this to Kissinger and Nixon). Mao and Chou had a different view. Following the Tet offensive (1968) and the US intention to wind down the War (as set out by the Nixon-Kissinger Doctrine, also known as the Gua Ti Doctrine, in 1969), Mao and Chou concluded that the USA was no longer China's main external enemy, but that the USSR, was, Doubtless the Siro-Sow|et border clash es, Lho || 9 & 8 Czech in terwention and the Soviet troop buildup also contributed to Mao's cha nged perception. Based on the same data (Tet offensive, bor der Clashes etc), Lin Piao had corne Lo different conclusions - wery similar, incidentally, to those expressed now by comrade Shan.
The foreign policy reorientation of the 1970's was the logical followup of this changed perception, on the part of Mao and Chou. Since 1935. Chou had been the administrator par excellence, the brilliant executor of Mio's will This was his role in the 1970's too. As for his personal Policy predilections, Albanian Soviet, as well as Wietnamese material indicates to us that he would have preferred to normalize inter-state relations with the USSR, and would probably hawe dan e so had he lived long enough to take over the reins after Mao's demise. Some analysts predict that China's new leaders will, after strengthening the country economically and militarily, take this course of action in the not too distarit future,
Shan's criticisms of China's foreign policy are, in a sense,
unfair. If the U imperialist, it is the chief source and the more ag two superpower “younger", "newe is always the or to redivide the Germany and are cases in poi does accept the the USSR is in one should go a Chinese attempt many" and def enemy. The Ch sistent in this. T derive logically premise5. Shan, to have the ca к
The final irony Sanırmı Lugath 35ını, lik les Bettelheim a seeking to dim in In ent of Stain in c that of Milo, final diminishing the
Mago himself! Af this theory of "c: til i China Luri Peng,' but a der scale, scope, dept the Chinese R colossa Social ach Chinese Revolutio and the CCP, cal off that easily. I that we adopt a Mao, such as that Marxist Conr (CPI-M which d CPSU and Pro-Sc in recognizing achievement until in the 1963 polemic While rejecting Li the Cultural Revo Category of 'Mao ts Though the CPChina's foreign pi to adhere to "Capitalist restic Teng .ʼʼ Indeed considers China's think ing (best art Chi en Yeng) as rei To del (not the as a Welcome ret emphasis of the 5 Çocialism, the rol production etc-qu of woluntarist and E - Drilli:

SSR is socialbound to be of World War ggressive of the "s - since the r' imperialism
le that Wants
globe. Nazi прегial Japan it. So, if one : thesis that
perialist, then long with the 5 to "uite the 2 at the Thain inese are Conheit ÇOnclusions 'rorn their Tain
however, tries e and eat it.
is that comrada : Prof. Charıd his İlk, yh || 2 i 5 h the ach i gyerder to enhance|ly succe2 dad in Contribution of ter all, what is apitalist restora - der Teng Hsiao— ligration of the h and impact of gwallu til The ilvements of the n led by Mao not be written strongly suggest balanced wiew of t held by India's unist Party iffers from the 2viet Ideologues Mao's positive 1956 (and again : with Krushchev) ie Great Leap, lution and the e-Tung Tho Light". clearly rejects licy, it refuses the thesis of ration LIn der
th CPI-M II E WW IIX IT | :lculated by Yeh gards the internal 2xternal linkages) Lurm to Stalin's abjective laws of of commodity i te the contrary шtopian Maoist
In conclusion we may state thāt ra tri e who consider 5 Stilirl" s äthi : YIT:n arid || fe work to hawe been negated by capitalist restoration , cam Eble a tro L2 Sta|irligt . Similarly no one who is anti-Stalin, can be a true defender of the So wiet Union. (This goes for the JWP). A true defender of the Soviet Union is one who also defends the builder and protector
of the Soviet system, Joseph Stalin. A true StaliniSD is one Ywho de fer d5, the Sowiet Umico mot One Who reWilo's it like Shan.
Mao, somewhat like Ro5a Luxembu Tg, was a great revolutionary who, despite his grave political mistakes, remains a great revolutionary. A true follower of his, cannot denigrate his life work by calling in to question the legitimacy of Socialist construction in China - which is just what Shan does today.
The errors of the USSR and P R C 코「E located Lն IT the political and theoretical-ideological levels rather than the social Or e COnomic. To de du co from the erroneous policy limes
of these ruling particis, that a qualitative change has occurred in social relations and the model of production, is to fall prey to a mechanistic error of "sociological" and/or 'economistic reductio
nism. ("Sociologism''Economism")
True Marxist-Leninists (Scal in|sts)
must defend and uphold the legitimacy of real socialism as it exists in the USSR and is being built in China. So let Shan
et all make the choice, not between Stair arid Mac, but rather, between Stallm and "ỉollaism". . . .
Comrade Shan is at present how wer, in a position less enwicus than that of the Trotskyists, Both Trotskyism and puris [ Maoism arc. no w ideologies without, a hom: in th 2 SS-ialis L C am 2. Tratskyism has on its hand, the tasks of Yworld te wolution as well as political revolution in the "workers states'. Cori ra de Shan and his fello, Magists have even more Interesting Cask 3- World Tey || I tidarı arı d social
(not marily politi cil) rewolution in the USSR. China, Wietnam, Cuba, Laos etc etc . . . . . . Let us
wish them luck.
27

Page 30
ON TWO YEA FIXED DEPOSI
Then the place to go to MERCANTLE (
The largest and strongest F
GROSS ASSES OWER Rs 1 CAPITAL AND RESERWES C PUBLIC DEPCSIT'S OWER. R.
AMOUNT OF DEPOST p
Rs. 2,509 to under Rs. 25, DDO
Rs. 25,000 to under Rs. 50,000
R6. 50, 000 to und3r Rs. 100, D0D]
Rs. 1OOOOO and above
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

PAYABLE:MONË
CREDIT LIMITED
inance Company in Sri Lanka
50 MILLION
WER RS. 2 MILLION S. 1 OC), MILLION
器w FICT “MËRGANTi E CREDT LIMITED
FINA, HCE DI'ISIli 5 T-53 Jarmachipathi Mswa 1 ha. Carl Tıbıç 1
Tulepiiris: EE 1 1 - TS
Fra Fe fysiele :
mh
ÅFF år 11. Sit ng Rid, Thun. MM: TMR Ih: 2:7, 11. Dih Armenis la k/Mirwn th , Taupohr: LLLLLLLLLLaLLLLSLS SLLLLLLLHHLHHLLLLLL LCHLLLLHHLS 翡 Til håLE )
K. A. MWD's": 0 1 . Pada niya Nord. C Til spheri; g. 1
Aents | m || ChEF IT prin linn,

Page 31
ERCH FROMM - 2
by J. Uyangoda
in the 20th of March, the
BBC announced the death of Erich Fromm – a distinguished philosopher - thinker and writer of the present century. Fromm belonged to a milieu of critical thinkers which influenced and shaped, to a certain extent, the pattern of thinking of more than one generation of the Western world, especially in the Postworld War I and post-Fascist era. Among his contemporaries and fellow thinkers were Horkheimer, Adorno, Mannheim, Reich, Walter Benjamin and Mawaise.
wividly remember the thoughtprovoking experience of reading Fromm for the first time. It was when I was a prisoner. Ironically enough, the particular title was "Escape From Freedom."
Erich Fromm was born in 1900 in Frankfurt to a Jewish family. First he studied sociology and psychology at the Universities of Heidelberg, Frankfurt and Munich. He was trained as a psychoanalyst too. His joining with the Frankfurt Institute of Socialogy, in the 1920's, really marked the beginning of his brilliant career as an original thinker and social Criti. Framm started as a admirer of Freudian Psychology. But exhibiting his ciritcal and independer t. inter||C., he abado med i the fortis both the Frankfurt ist|tLuite and (Orthodox FT2 Ludiis II. Since then his was an endless search for a philosophical ff3f11e Work for the attainment Of perfections of the hullan being.
Fra Tim's at tempt to synthesize the Freudian psychoanalysis with -larxiar materialism makes him an original thinker. His 'Marx's Concept of Man' is a clear evidence of his in mense respect for Marx's ability as a psychoanalyst. In his autobiography - Written in 1962, Frcomm acknow - ledged that he was more influenced
by Marx - 'a figure of world historical significance" - than FFELId.
In his attering Marx and Freud an effort to spe ground rules for logy. Quite co critical of the ni logy is applied in diwidual, I til agreed with W a nother conter psycho-analyst, that in dividuals * rely from their Ha Lirider 5 tood Marxism to form approach towar social psychology he wrote, was and em rich the frã. TT1 EYựCrk. FC r needed additic Insights. Psych prowide the T1 is si the ideological and socio e cc
Throughout development of the influence Marx. One may again. It was [hii L. Fr{IIIT1 h hii autobiogrā 1962 as "My Marx and Freud
The oft regi allost all the , is the necessity fet till of the Co Tibirn ing psy socioanalysis, he a 582 WC2. TQ, ICT i ti Ci:5. Ceri ir du 5 trill || works such a Society', 'May and The Hear examines the pl Society whose to mould and c rgy for the pur nued functioning mot to help humanistic Cul Tot of "aftë Marxiam concep Fromm, in TI diagnoses, like gist, the wery

note
st to synthesize For made ill-out the basic
a social psychorrectly he was otion that psycho
only to the his respect, he Wilhel Reich1porary Marxist From believed "We Te le "we" e " F|- social situation. the walidity of La Lo a Scontific d5 3. Luch a Tie YY . The real task
to supplement basic MTxist Fromm, *lärxism
nal psychological panalysis CՇլյlt ing link between | Superstructure
nomic basis.
the irm tellectLI | Fromm, it was of Freud and trace it again and not for nothing | mn 5 elf sub-titled phy written in El Qun -r with
urring the The in writings of Fromm to a chieve per
.gחbef חaוחhu choanalysis with came out with m of the Westsociety. In his 5 The Sang F Mar Prey ai?”" "t of Man', he
ight of man in a 15 חםtiסח fu חiהווי hannel human enepose of the contiof the society, I am CO 3 Itain : ture with enjoy2dom'. Employing լ է of alienation he Sane Society', a psychopatholosickness of the
capitalist industrial society and also presents an optimistic prescription too. 'Man can pro
tect himself from the consequences of hig QW madness only by creating a sane society which conforT15 With the needs of man, needs which are rooted in the very conditions of his existence."
A dream about an May be. But what is i FTT | || 5 un compromising and un finching | r1 dictment of the comte T1 porary is are society. and his attempt to develop an undeveloped area of Marxist thought - i. e. psycho
Utopia? important Couragous,
logy - deserves a critical and 5 : ri ( LI 5: :::x: li iri tio,
“Sinha lisation” :
(Čia FIF ir Leif syrff page F) establish ment gradually unfolding
into a new identity after a period of several Cen Lurias. Thus, the available epigraphical Qwidere suggests then not a transfer of populations for Sinhalisation but the
growth of the language a55 cotiated with isitis connected with the templo, and
of royalty from a language virtu
ally indistinguishable from the Mauryan Prakrit. In short the evidence suggests the linguistic
apparatus that was to become the Sinhala language was introduced in association with Buddhism and de veloped over the Centures in
the new cultural milieu. "A study of the language of the records in the caves in Ceylon, enables one to conclude that it has by
gradual changes, following natural phonological laws, given rise to the Sinhala that is spoken today." (Paranawi tana 1969 p. 5) Only after a period of nearly seven centuries had it developed to make a clear break from its Prakrit, Mauryan origins and to become after development in the new (largely monastic) milieu in Sri Lanka "Sinhala" a language distinguishable from Prakrit.
Next : Cultural Processes.
9

Page 32
WHAT IS LENNIS
by J. W. S.
ome say that Leninlsm is SE application of Marxism to the conditions that were
peculiar to Russia. This definition contains a particle of truth but not the whole truth by any means. Lenin inde ed applied Marxism to Russian conditions and applied it in a masterly way. But if Leninism were only the application of Marxism to the conditions that are peculiar to Russia, it would be purely a Russian phenomenon. However, Lenin Is TI is not merely a Russian, but an international phenomenon rooted in the whole of international development,
Others say that Leninism is the revival of the revolutionary elements of Marxism of the 40's of the 19th century, as distinct from the Marxism of subsequent years when it was allegedly moderate and non revolutionary. However the whole truth about Leninism is that it not only "restored Marxism' but also took a step forward, developing Marxism further Under the new conditions of capitalism and of the class struggle. What were these new conditions?
Marx and Engels pursued their activities in the pre-revolutlonary period, when developed Imperia || sm did not yet exist; in the period of the preparation for revolution; in the period when Proletarian revolution was not yet an immediate practical inevitability. But Lenin, the disciple of Marx and Engels, pursued his activities in the period of deve|oped imperialism - when the contradictions of capitalism had reached an extreme point; in the period of the unfolding proletarian revolution — that 15 to say when the old period of preparation of the working class for revolution had come up and pas sed over to a new period of direct assault on a capitalism which had become Toribund. This was the period when the proletariat had already succeeded
30
in one country, bourgeois democ Ls hered in the et
democracy, the er;
This is why L further developme What then in th Is Le In i 1 is Th?
Leninis T is tE the era of i T. proletarian rewo more exact, Lenini and the tactics o revolution In ge theory and tactic orship of the particular.
Lenin called in bund capital|sm' alism : arries the of capitalism to limits, beyond w
begin 5. Of thes Le ii identified most important, these is the Çor ween labour an second contradi
among the variou and imperialist struggle for sourc rials, for foreign
third contradicti between the hari powers and th
millions of peopl and dependent general are the
dictions of imper
converted the
capitalism into
talism.
In his study
Lenin arrived at
uneven ecolor Thi development of court les accord|T development of ches of industry countries itself d evenly according blished sequence, cally, with inter development of and leaps ahea

Μ :
had smashed racy and had "a of proletarian of the Soviets.
-er irism is the rt of Marxism, e last analysis,
Te Marxism of perialism and ution. To be sm is the theory f the Proletarian 2neral and the s of the dictat
proletariat in
i perialism “moribecause imperiCortridictions their extreme which revolution e contradictlons three as the
The first of tradiction betd capital. The cio is that s financial groups ower; in their es of raw ml3 - territory. The con 5 the Cre dful of dominant
e hundreds of e in the colonial, world. Such in Principal contraialism which had old "flourishing'
moribund capi
of imperialism the law of the (and political) the capitalist ig to which the : riterprises, branand individual Les not proceed to a E I고 = but 5 pas Thodi. ruptions in the some countries in the develo
AeAAeAAeAeAeAqSeAeAqAeA eATSAqAqSq qSAqAeASqSq TqqSTqSqeSqTq qAeqSTq qeqTq eqAqAAAqAAAAAAAASAAeAeAAqAqS qSqSqJSqSqqS
The riot aliversair'
" of Lenin's birth fell on April 22
pment of others. This was
the foundation for the Leninist theory of proletarian revolution, and it was precisely this that Trotsky failed to comprehend.
Lenin identified the five chief economic features of imperialism 35 fo||o WYS:
(l) The concentration of production and capital has developed to such a high stage that it has created monopolics which play a decisive rele in cconomic life.
(2) The merging of bank capital with industrial capital and
the creation on this basis of finance capital, of a financial oligarchy.
(3) The export of capital as distinguished from the export of commodities acquired exceptional importance.
(4) The formation of international monopolist capitalist combires which share the world among themselves.
(5) The territorial division of the whole world among the biggest capitalist powers is complete and the struggle for its rety || 5 |07 CCITTT1 2 1025.
In his theory of proletarian revolution, Lenin efected a decisiwe rupturo from the dominarit revisionistic theses of the second International. The first such dogma was that the Proletariat can mot and should not seize power unless it constituted an arithmetical majority in the country. The second such thesis was that without a large number of cadres who were cultured and trained in administration for a long period under capitalist conditions, the proletariat could not retain state power.

Page 33
Counterposed to these theses Lenin asserted that if the proletariat succeeded in rallying round itself the mass of the oppressed populace, especially the peasantry, then, even if itself comprised only a minority of the population it should and could seize state power. Furthermore, the conditions of raising the cultural level of the masses and training the necessary administrative cadres could be ensured after the seizur e
of power by the proletariat. Lenin also rejected the thesis that the working class could gain socialist consciousness through their day to day trade union ist struggles for partial economic demands. He said that such a
struggle could only result in an "economistic consciousness' and argued that socialist consciousness could be brought to the proletariat only from without, by a wanguard party composed of intellectuals and advanced Workers
who were full onal revolutiona the cornerstone o conception of the letarian rewolutiom
LEini5 m furthe theory of perm: which asserted thi of the building u in a single Countr
In addit ECM to Proletarian socialis
the capitalist ce basing himself [. Engel's writings
cha Irish () est the theory of ution which W sap the positi
capitalism by Colonic, from "re: rialism into "res proletā rian rewolu" features of this the Colom I al re'
TITTE É
ίΟ
eaSU precision
Union Platform We Counter Scales and
are manufacturedí ti international standa guarantee of absolu
Manufactured by
SAMUELS
37 Old Moor St
 

time professities. This was f the Leninist wanguard proагу pагty.
r rejected the iment Te you til 2 impossibility p of socialism Y.
his theory of t Te wolu tlom i untries, Lenin, in Marx's and particularly on ion, articulated colonial rewol. ould radically Dorn of World Converting the Serves' of impe;:r"wes" of the
tion. The main theory is that olution would
lemocratic rewo
- a standard
re
by.
*ighing Machines,
Spring Balances o the highest
rds - your
ution which has national liberation
as its objective and agrarian
revolution as its main axis. This revolution, under the leadership of the proletariat and having the workert-peasamt all lanca a 5 its basis, would move un interruptedly from the democratic to the socialist stage. Leninism
thus ushered in a new era - one of liberating revolutions. In the colonies which are being carried out under the leadership of an awakened proletariat,
Lic minism ther fore, resolved the fundamental problems not only of the Socialist te wolution and prolo tarian dictatorship in the imperialist "centres", but also of revolutions at the periphery"
of imperialism,
In this sense, Leninism is inded (in the words of his worthy successor at the helm of
the Soviet party and state) "the Marxism of the era of imperialism ård prole tarian revolution."
te quality.
}NS 3 OOMPANY LIMITEO
:reet, Cola Tiba Tel: 3234 - 4.
3.

Page 34
LENIN : a short pe
by G. B. Keerawella
he founder of the first socia.
|st 5 tate in the world, Wladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born to a middle class family on April 22nd | 870 in Simba risk on the Wolga, His father, Ilya Nikolayeuich, serweld first as school Inspector and later as Director of Elementary Schools in the Simbrisk Gubernia. He was the typical representative of the cultured, progressive Russian, who devoted himself entirely to the cause of popular education. Lenin's mothor, Maria Alexandrow na Blank, was the daughter of a physician. She was a woman of outstanding ability, well-educated, highly cultured, had fine intellect, and was distinguished for her strength of will and firmness of character. Lenin had two brothers: Alexander, Dimitri and three sisters: Anna, Maria and Olga,
Lenin spent his childhood and youth on the Wolga, in Simbirsk, Kazan and Sılara. These were typical peasant regions which afforded him opportunities of observing peasant life: its poverty and ignorance, in human slavery and brutal exploitation. The period of Lenin's school days and youth was one of the darkest periods of Russian history. Lenin himself referred to this repressive reign of the Tzar Alexander || || when Tsarism triumphed after crushing the revolutionary moveInert of the 1870's, as "unbridled, incredibly senSeless reaction.'"
Young Lenin was greatly influenced by his elder brother, Alexander. Alexander was a serious, thoughtful lad, very self-disciplined and imbued with a high sense of duty, He studied at St. Petersburg University and spent his summer wa cations at homine, During the wacations of 1885 and 1886 he brought home with him a copy of Marx's "Capital", which Lenin began to read.
The year 1887 marked the turning point in Lenin's life when the family were in Kazan. In that
32
aid br LI tali
(45 Tis tari Lerr:rer irl History
year he irrevocal of revolution. C e | det bother W camplicity in the |ife of Tsar Ale; executed on May eldest sister w student. In St. arrested at the death of his brot tant factor mak to take the pat But much as he ther's herois Th | time, considere teritorist 12 hoc TiST Wye 2 ris: 3 goal could not way.
Lenin 5 dan es with revolutiona students' circle. November 1887 out in the Mosc quickly Spread te in the province. 4 | 887 disot de
tha Kazarı Uniwe a very active p very night, he December 5, IBE pelled from the two days la ter the Willage of Kazim Guberiz: Secret police si Lenn received baptism in his (sarism at the From that time ted his whole against autocrac to the struggle pation of the WC oppression and
Early in Oct received permis Kazan, but he
adfTission to t Kazan, he made of members o revolutionary ci works of Marx a Polemical writing dniks were rea Lenin joined of

plitical biography
, Pergude 77 y La riversity")
aly took the path In March Lenin's as arrested for 2 plot against the kam det || || Jard was
8, 1887. Leni's
ho was also a Petersburg was same time. The
her was am | TI POTing Lenin decide cof revolution.
admired his brona, already at that that individual ds of fight. Ing Tsaken and that the
be reached that
tablished contact. ries and joined a
At the end of di Sorder broke :ow University and the Universities 5, CT, DẹCg mber -s broke ut at rsity. Len in took art in it, and that was a Trg's Lød. CT1 3. Lenin was ex2 University and was deported to okustino, in the l, and placed under Jrweillance. Thus, his rewolutionary first conflict with age of seventeen. onwards he devolife to struggle cy and capitalism, for the man cirking people from exploitation,
ciber. | 336. Lenin 5: fi ta ' etil.I ITI LI
was refused re
he University. In : the acqua in tance f different illegn
cles in which the ld also Plekhanow's gs against the Narod and discussed. he of the Marxist
circles organised in Kazan by
N. E. Fedoseyev,
In those days the Marxist.
movement faced great difficulties
a; Narodnism still exercised er! Ormous influence over the revolutio
nary-minded intelligentsia, and was tha main obstacle2 to the spread of Marxism. There were
wery few adherents of the tenets of MTX is ir Russia a halt ti Tše,
On May, 1889, Lenin went to |ive in the Samara Gubernia With his family. At the time of Lenin's arrival in Samara thers were Several circles of revolutionary minded youth in that city. One of the most prominent of these was that conducted by A. P. Sklyarenka. This circa 5 tudied historical, economic and philosophical question 5, and also the peasant question. In general, it followed the Narodnik trend. Influenced by Lenin, members of the circle abandoned Narodinik views and became Marxist.
Wk ||a in Samara, Lenir Jr. Ein Led to study the works of Marx and Engels. Lenin himself translated Lha ""Commur) i 5t M1ä III i festo" in to Russian. This translation was read in manuscript in the Samara circles.
ir h g a L ItLumim in | 889 Lemin applied for permission to take his examinations for the Law Degree and in the 5 pring of || 890 he was permited to take his examination at St. Petersburg University. In January 1892. Lenin was admitted to the bar, and in March he began to act as a barrister at the Samara
Circuit Court. His clients were mainly poor peasants. His first clients were prosecuted on the
charge of having used blasphemous language against God, the Holy Wirgin, the Holy Trinity, His Majasty, the Emperor, and his heir, by saying that His Majesty was mot rulling justly!
Lenin I i wed in Samara for JW er four years. Around Lenin was formad the first Circlc of SarTara Marxists. His studies of Russian

Page 35
economics and history and the papers he read in the circles in Säära. In August 393 Lenin left. Sa Tara and arriwed at St. Peter 5burg, the political hub of Russia.
At the time Lenir arrived several revolutionary youth circles were function ing in St. Petersburg. Lenin e Stablished corti Cr With Cno of ther. This was a remnant of the social democratic organization led by Brus now. It was a secluded group of Marxists who had contacts only with in diwidual advanced workers, divorced from the political life of the country. Lenin set out to turm the St. Petersburg group of social democrats to the path of practical political activity among the masses. A determining factor in this was his paper om "The so-called question of Markets", criticising Krassin, a member of the St. Petersburg group of Social Democrats. In this paper Lenin gawe his celebrated OL. Lline of the Causes and COLIrgo of the de yelopment of capitalism. He traced the historical process of disintegration of simple com modity production, and its evolution into capitalist production.
In January 1894, Lenin visited his relatives in Moscow, where he stayed for two or three weeks. At that time a medical Congress was im Progress the Te at which many representatives of the Liberal and Radical intellegentsia were present. The Marodniks took this opportunity to arrange a secret gathering at which the then well known Liberal Naro drik author Worontsow delivered a lecture. Lenin, who by chance happened to be present at this gathering, took part in the debate and subjected the lecture to such withering criticism that it became evident to all present that the better of the debate had been gained by the young Marxist,
During the spring and summer cf || 894 Lenin wrote his celebrated Elok "What the "Friends of the people" are How They Fight the
Social Democrats." In this book Lenin torc the mask from the Liberal Narc dnik 5 and exposed
their true colours. He proved that the degeneration of Narodnism
enw == new itable and true nature of
the Liberal Nar champicorn cof the
|ak5. But this Wo more than a critiq It was the manifes revolutionary Ma Russia. With a Tha traced the histo development of t of Russia and for tasks of the Ru55
While combat Le flirt attackad th
lov tråv ellers" v them Sewe S 3 M called "Legal Mar in fact, bøurg coi la turi ched his i "Legal Marxism" foremost expone who had propose. Marxists should "lack culture and capitalism." In
|894, at a private Petersburg Marx presentati wes of were present hi sfl titlec| ''The Ref! In Bourgeois Litt he strongly and no Linced Struve's the Liberal Bour the "Legal Marxi
At that time, deemed it possi temporary 'bloc' Marxists", with : them in a fight a dnks. This Blog led the Tain fe; Lenin pursued in political blocs wiz. insistence t should Iaintain c. cal, political ai independence ani freedom to criti and unreliable 3 of this agreema essays appeared "Materials for a וזו מוחנ: סבל חנוכו Fם containing contr Plekharoy, Struw
In the winter Tä de the acqua i Kor 5 tari tirip 'wal che at a Sunda adults in the district. From t N. K. Krupskaya

'odniks as the in T2r 22sts Of the rk was something que of Narodim i 5 mm. ito of the nascent rxist party in izing precision he rical course of he working-class mulated the man
ill laxits.
ing Narodni sm, e temporary "fewho had attached arxism, the soxi 3.5”, who were, is Liberals. He Campaign against by attacking its t, Peter St Tu Y e. that the Russian admit that they got to learn from the autumn of : gathering of St. ists zit which re"Lega | Marxists' read a paper action of Marxism orature" in which emphatically deviews and exposed geoisie nature of st."
however, Lenin ble to form a with the “L. Gaga | | wiew to utilizing gainst the Narostrikingly reveaature of the line ill his subsequent and agreement5, hat the proletariat :omplete ideolog|- d organizational d enjoy complete cize its temporary lies. As a result irit a wolume of įI || 895 e mittled characterization [c De welopment', | butions by Lenin, 'e and others.
of | 894, Lerin "1 tance of Nadez da Кrшpsgaya, a teаy night shool for News kaya Zas tawa hat Tim 2. Qn war d5,
became Lem in ' 5
life-long companion and comrade in revolutionary activities.
In February 1895, un rest broke Qut among the workers employed at the New Port. Under Lei's guidance, the St. Petersburg SocialDemocrats issued a leaflet bearing the heading 'what the Dack Workers should Try to Attain' and containing a list of the de Thands. The leaflet had a profound effect upon the workers. The port authorities were compelled to yield. As a result of it, the prestige and influence of the Social Democrats grew immensely.
At the same time Lenin wigorously attacked those who tried to confine agitation exlusively to economic quas cions, who wanted to restrict the worker's struggle solely to economic suggles against the employers. Lenin was obliged to take up the fight against the first symptoms of "economism' as early as the begin ing of || 895, at a conference held in St. Petersburg of Tepresentatives of the Social democrat groups in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev and Wilna at which the question of initiating works of agitation on a Wilde Scale and of establishing close contact with the "Emancipation of Labour' Group, were discussed. At this conference two lines became revealed - rewo|Lutic) mary å Tid opportunist, A5, a result, no agreement could be reached on the question of choosing a delegate to establish contact with the Emancipation of Labour Group in Switzerland. Consequent|y, T w3 Persons war 2 Sen. The St. Petersburg Social-Damocrats chose Lenin as their delegate.
On April 25, 1895 Lenin icft for Switzerland, and there. for the first time, he at Piekha now. He reached an understanding with Plekha now and other Tarbers of the E.L.G. regarding the conduct of joint activity, and discussed with them a number of questions of principle : :nl:rning policy and organization. During the negotiatio in 5 it Was re2 Wealed that disagreements existed between Lenin and Plekha now on certa in qui estions of principle. After reading Lenin's e 33 73 y 3, o Ti criticism of Struye, Plekhanove, expressad opposition to Lëriri's tactics to w 1r di Liberals,
(Ču Eriorited a, page 37)
33

Page 36
səsuyunoogłosussəəŋgo()/8 DUOULLSJĮuɔqAA -ầusųÁJəaq
!oueuleus speųAA
�
!
 
 
 
 

8, ZI Xolo L ĈI-II.goz a uolų dasa L i "I dostuolo)) eq e^X e W assassı eses uolegiJ1S "ĢI '819ų sv. AuəAB ‘Ia neu] u, əuu eu pəųsnu!5 LIL
600 熙u
SOW

Page 37
The curtain com Sinhala literature
by H. A. Seneviratne
ri Lanka today faces a grave SE crisis which is in no way second to its (conomic crisis. The met result of this double crisis is a deepening social crisis which will affect the life of a|| Sri Lankans in the profoundest Way.
The best way to understand this problem would be to analyse the literary scene of the last decade, since literature to a great extent sets the tempo for
the other arts.
As the new decade dawned, what remained in the field of
literature was only the debris of pseudo-literary revivals of the previous one-and-a half decades. The shameless degradation of not
only literature but of human values as well was revealed by the exposuite of the fact that the selections for the State
awards for the best literary works in || 973 were måde: in al mai mer so unbecoming. So much so that the prize for poetry was awarded
to a writer whose book was originally published in 1946 and reprinted with amen diments in 1976. When this latter was
exposed by a new Sinhala weekly ("Sath dina") the | iterary world was not even shocked. Things were not expected to be any better.
The mainstream mass Tedia, controlled whether by the state ct by w ested interests, arte conpletely hosti le to any form of genuine and free discussion even in the field of literature. This has resulted in a literature that | is most serwi lle and opportunistic. What is worse is that this type cf literature i 5 Luttre 55ed by a similar kind of literary criticism. Needless to Say the se trends arte antagonistic to artistic developTETT -
these factors commercialism
in addition to the prevailing
is most unconger of creativity. ( are among the sections of Sri La Writer "...Wes. meagre 10 per C: of his book from There is no chec of copies of a printed by the Writer has to a of honour" of th the null ber of book printed a mu Tiber Sold. W pe 15 is that a W Tetei y es far less wage of a Casal who se monthly Rš, 25Č) of |05: order to make
write in S. seek employment clerk, journalist university lecture the se are jobs rungs of the de ment and the independence, a
Writ. Caerg with i it extremely d bear the wery h ting to publish Even if they m (in wariably by ge they are blocked bution point, all by the demand cut by the pub | 15, 31525 ar d back-SC2||ors
The stage i curt tai to fal|| c. drama of Sirhila
The so-call Cid th: | tg 505 with in it the gi sent crisis. It literary school "Peradeniya scho which based its scholastic hot-h So-Caled revival

es down on
|al to any form Creati we write T5 worst exploited nkan society. A after sale, a 2nt of the price in the publisher. :k com the mu Tiber book that is publisher. The cept "the word e publisher about copies of the is well as the What really hapwriter of a book than the monthly unskild Worker, wage is about E! THEt efte i
money to live. ri Lanka has to as a full-time teacher or r. In Sri Lanka I r the Iower Cadent establishwriter | 5 es his ld free-time.
independence find ifficult today to igh cost of prin:heir own works. an age to do so, :ttinք into deb է)
at the distriong other things, of a 10 Per cent
|lisher G YY10 arte distributor5 and as well.
5 set for the
r the tragi-comic
literature.
Literary te wival of
fld the SC5 had errns of the prewas a round the known as Ehe | Çif literature", aesthet.it i r the ouse that this
took place.
The "Peradeniya school" had no
real roots in the social life of people. The higher the education received the more up-rooted a
person became.
The writers of the 'Perado niya
school" could not grasp the essential link between life as enacted in a particular social context and the universal drama
of life. What they showed was at best a superficial influence of world || Cerature draw from tha Yorks of Writers like D. H.
La wence, Windre Gide and An Com
Chekhow.
Had the writers of the “Peradeniya School" aspired to Produce Creati w: WYorks about
their own pathetic alienation they would hawe perhaps produced genuine works of art. But they did not possess the broad outlook - again due to the type of education they received- to understand their own problem.
The early writers of the "Peradeniya school" had received a colonial type of narrow academic education in the English medium of instruction. This was enough for thern to become alienated from the rest of society. This rTmade therTn Tliem of | | Tmited gxperience with no proper insight even to see through that limited experience
They instinctively addressed an audiente si Tıllar to thems glwgS. It looked as if they addressed this audience in Sinhala-the only link they could establish with the Tajority of the people simply becau5e that audiente was begin ning to receive its higher education in that language. By 1960, Sinhala, through gradual extension by government, under pressure from the Tajority, had
bo come the rie diurn of in StrU-- tion for the majority of highschool and university students.

Page 38
The socio-economic and cultural problems of the Sinhala educated high school students and undergraduates were quite different from those of their English educated predecessors. Problems such as un employment and social in security loomed large in the mind of this Sinhala-educated intelligentsla,
Nevertheless, the works of the writers of the "Peradeniya school' had a ready market among this intelligentsia. These writers were getting their works prescribed as text-books or supplementary readers for high-school and university examinations. University dons who were at the forefront of the "Peradeniya school' in turn extolled in their reviews these works as classics.
This artificially created literary boom had to collapse. Its barrenness was getting exposed. The moment the government, in a futile, haphazard and desperate attempt to alleviate youth problems effected a superficial change in the type of education, from an "academic' to a "wocational' one, the "Peradenly a school" lost its artificially created readership. Students switched to subjects like commerce under the new Curriculum and gave up reading literaturel
The early 70' natural de mise o school". Its plac another "school'" under the barn realism'. This
out vehemently called the idealis its predecessors. when in politics beca me a Catc. opportunist. T| the sa–called Sch realism were to their Infantile "" though for a 5 ma ir ras com foi inherent weaknes deniya school".
Earlier, the "P. had become a blish ment by gei approved as supplementary re; of socialist reali: Its advocates t influence within of the Departim Affairs and policemen. Thei acclaimed as themsel wes and
were bought u blish ment and libraries.
Adder EFF" 60, Rodney Street, Colombo 8.
36
CEYLON BULBS &
MANUFACTURERS
OF S
Af
DAYLIGHT EL

i marked the
· the "Perada niya 2 was taken by
that took cover
art of "socialist "school' cate against what it
Eĉ literature of
This was a time por "socia|ismo" word of tho e advocates of tool of socialist
get away with heories of art",
Ot tirme. The this was the 5 of the "Peta
3radeniya school'' ool of the esta:ting their works text-books and iders. The "school it'" went further. ook positions of
the bureaucracy i 9 mit of Cultura | bo came CL || Lura
worth less Works, masterpieces by the Serville critics, P by the Costa
distributed to
Some of the 5e gentleri Én ha Ye now shown a rare ability to change their political complexion with the political change from "'socialism' to "righteousness'. Though they win awards in this manner, their integrity and stature as artists are at stake. What is worse for them is that it looks as if opportum is Tn Has come to its de ad end,
The le yw, or ra har the "'reformed" clique of literary opportumis ts hawe mot bc en able to found a new "school" or a literary 'theory" of any kind. But they are there, to be sure.
As things stand in the field of literature today, there has to be
a new beginning. In the new decade the handful of genuine writors who withstood the pull
towards literary opportunism and suffo red materially will be able to play an important role, along with the Luns poilt Writers of the new generation. In its wake there will be born a real literary tradtion pointing the way towards a revival of the arts and towards the removal of the intellectual, social, economic and organisational impediments placed before the artist. Then, as the curtain rises again, it will be a new drama with real actors of stature on the stage.
ELECTRICALS LTD.,
UPERGLOW, JAYANTHI
ND
ECTRIC BULBS
Telephone: 95567, 96.75
Cables: “Lamplight'

Page 39
TAM DRAMA
by K. S. Sivaku maran
AE: a di shearten ing start of farces and comedios in the Fifties and historical and semi-classical themes in the Sixties and socially-conscious cornmited plays in the Seventies, Tamil drama in the country, particularly in Colombo, continues to show some strength. Cultivating a tas te for good theatre är Thong
ESם חבווחים")
the TarTil audiences is In the process,
The beginning of this decade
has seemingly opened the wistas as it were, for the a trego er 5 of the Tamil speaking corn in unities, judging by the translations or adaptations of foreign plays into Tamil and performing them om the stage. Not that this exercise was absent earlier but the rapidity with which these translatcd plays go on boards with a vengence is strikingly phenomenal.
In the seventies social relevance was the criterion; whether to present a foreign play or not. Now it is a question of extending the frontiers to accom date even psychological themes. These translations or adaptation5, 5 erwe a useful function in the current social and political climate to throw in the European or American experience to Tamil theatregoers who may not have read the originals
either in English or any other language. Before they reject any as irrelevent they should be
given an opportunity to see what these plays are and not pointificated by Parochially interested dogmatists. Besides translations or rather the act of trafslating also helps potential dranatists to learn the craft of playwriting and directing nodern plays. It must be admitted that unlike fiction, poetry and criticism, plays are ina de quately Produced by local Tai Writers.
At this point I must mention that among the warious drama group5 function ing in Colombo
and Jaffna there seems to be an Unhealthy feeling of animo sity
to Wards fach c. better of them, good sign. Thi particularly wher gained by translat what one may
affects.
The Perfformir Sri Lanka, which stently perform time 5 the rol ambassador. In best from the W at the receiving
Thanks to Ni than Who (translating and K. Balendra (act this group is t sely popular; who are compet way have forgot graduated from t plays first. Esta ber 1978, this ab III da ntly tal. Balendra, Nirma ard Arnar darām i so far producer performed forty Kar dy, Jafna ; forgigri plays in
Menagerie, Exc Rule, The Hous and a play by
Just a brief performance of play by The Society of Sri L
The poetic House of Bernas
1:1 The Of CRL Tamil. It was at superficial les 5tilI prewail irng i homes in Jaffna. QvEr Urh-mär rief their waiting-ir account of lack other status ch all still prevalen
Except for Ni 3 rani, the oth, E were all nie w t stage.

ther taking the
which is not a S is not wise, what is to be ions far out weigh consider adwarse
g Arts Society of
has beеп соп5іi Ing iri
of a cultural introducing the vast, s Is natura ily
Ըnd.
rrmala Nithi ya manis knowledgeable performing) and Ing and directing), CocoTh | Ing | m membut riwal groups ... in their WI ten that they too ranslating foreign blished in Decementhusiastic and e nte d group of |a Nith Ilya nan than Rajaratnam has d ten plays and t1 e 5 in Colombo
and Trico. The clude: The Glass 2ption and the
- of Bernada Alba or esco.
o te om the last
Galicial Lorca's
Performing Arts anka:
ragedy of the da A. | wa took tha PALAI WEEDU in strikingly similar "els to conditions so the Orthodox
Strict discipline d daughters and for Tariage on of dowry and for Insiderations ar t in Jaffna today.
rillala and AraldSr wom en players to the Cola Tiba
While the
de Cor, costume, lighting and even music were apt choices the intonation in rendering the poetic lines of Lorca by Tlost new accresses, however remained monotorious. This could hawe been racrified
had the players been playing in a un affected Way, The pace of the play was Lunder Standa bly slow as it was set in the early part of this century in a remote village in Spain, where women lived in an un-assertive atmosphere.
A word about the translation itself: While admitting that it is extremely difficult to render in Cne language the poetic essenca of another, one can try best to make the style flexible. Nirmala Nithiyananthan as far as possible tried to equate the Spanish Idiom wia English in the approprilate Jaffna idiom, but some how In most places it did not fit in as easily as one would imagine it in an original play. But the effort was encouraging.
Lenin : a short . . .
(Сртіншғd franті Рағғ gg)
remarking "you turn your backs on the Liberals, we turn our faces towards them'. Plekha now underrated the role and importance of peasantry as the ally of the proletariac, and regarded the Liberal bourgeoisie as the driving force of the impending bourgeoisie - democratic revolution in Russia. Di sagreement in theory was also revealed on the number of questions pertain ing to historical materialism,
Engels died in August || 895, towards the end of Lenin's stay abroad. Lenin wrote an obituary notice entitled "Frederick Engels”, which was published in the magazine Rabotnik, i 55 ua No. |-2. This short article is the best of what 2xists in International literature on the life and activities of the coll pinion of Marx - Frederick Engels.
(To be concluded)
BW

Page 40
Pushkin and the
of power
by Reggie Siriwardena
ushkin's poem The Upas Tree, P: have translated herë, was written by him in 1828, in one of the darkest periods of reaction in Tsarist Russia, following the crushing of the Decembrist rewolt of || 825, in which ari 5 CC Cratic radicals in the army attempted to overthrow the despotic regime. Pushkin was a friend of several of the Decembrists, and his early poems, in which he attacked tyranny and serfdom, and for which he was exiled to the South of Russia by Tsar Aleksandr I, are believed to hawe played a part in propagating the Decembrists' ideals of freedom. Pushkin is reported to have told Tsar Nikolai later that if he had been in St. Petersburg on the day of the uprising, he would have taken his place with his friends,
In The Upas Tree Pushkin has found a poetic symbol for an authoritarian society that was not only immediately relevant to Tsarist Russia but transcends particularities of time and place and carries a profound resonance even today, In its spare and austere strength, which comes from the stripping of the Poetry to bare es sentials, The Upas Tree reminds one of the greatest poems of Blake. And like many of Blake's The Upas Tree is about the in humanity of power. To the prince the slave is only an instrument to be used, as much as the arrows with which he visits death on neighbouring lands. That is why the Lupas tree i 5 the terrifying symbol of anti-human power: prince and up as tree are in the end identified.
Like all great artists, Pushkin sees political power in terms of the relationships between humar beings in the prince's imperious glance, in the slave dying humbly on a mat at the lard's feet, s focussed the whole quality of life of a society whose relationships
38
THE UIP,
In a descrit parch i R:LTë fli h LIII i II . Like a feiff Lil SE: II St: Il d3 : Sigle Li
Thir'&tirlıg r:ı!ılır: g;
II a aly if r: Rits Il glis (juickening its fall
Through the bark Melling im Ihs Illic: Hall reling ill it. T : hik ris
Neve fii:5 a bir Newcr tiger ward. Only black whirly Tochijnlig, tılırl I)
Si Taiying rali l-clic II i Frol Ille Illick le Str:181115 of pois CI. To th: S LI Il-scorch
With imperious gl Sigon L H, IL) [Illi:T to 1 He set it, and
Poi5յm brtյ1ւght, I
Deadly resin and Lyw beskre tlh | Fror" is lyhilsned R.i y"Lulg:L5 bf i:y S"
His strength ebbi LIII : t : t :
At th: in incibl: Humbly na 88:d |
Ducill: arra w5 fo
Death and terror
Sicaid through.
lands.

ASTREE
:ti q.dl hä. Trg ,
is Cit.
Elve it birth h, and fed with poisonous life, iage deld.
thę polisco II Częs, L'Elidilly 5 LIII],
eig chill 1「T1 LT
w Hrvis iTטt I5 ther: inds 5 wiccp past,
dg32.dly :Li [...
:& ", valler it; Lyes trickle will Hell iyy;ı ter-El Top 3 el leker. bro "1.
3.:: 1 , IT"31 he tree; Llı: 1, text i:Llyw F1 obedie:1 Lly.
5יש"יh:::1 ייiT. rince hi: set:
brow ther ac 5 Lica:11, cici
Y til L.
Ing. III al "mit Toof he: la y; Irl's for
ht: slave away.
he princi: steeped
r li is bla mids, C;5:53 ly
ut the eighby Liriog
Sre ba 5ed om absoluta po Wer, con domination and submission. Like Blake who spoke of "the mindforged manacles", Push kin See5 the character-structures of a repressive society to be based on the Internalisation of oppression: the in human power of the prince finds its reflection in the total submission of the slave, as docile as the prince's arrows.
In measuring one language against another, the translator often comes face to face with the inherent differences between the T. Stanza 6 of the poem begins in the original Russlam: No che loweka che lovek poslal (literally, "BLI. man sent man'). In the Russian man and man are set side by side in the sentence, as object. and subject - cheloveka chelovek. Russian grammar makes this possible because it is an inflected language, and can therefore Take use of a flexible and wariable Word -order. Man-subject and Ian -object, both the natural equality of the two mer a 5 huma ri teings and the demia | cof that e quålity in the relationship of power - all this is summed up in the juxtaposition of those two Russian words with an economy and concentrated force that English can't parallel.
The French writer Prosper Merimee, in writing o TI PLJShkin a ter tury ago, commented that. only Latin and Russian could achieve the concise syntax of the se lings in The Upas Tree, and he actually translated the m into Latin to prove his point, Of a great poet it can be said that he brings to realisation the expressive resources latent in his na tive language. That is Wyhat Pushkin, who wirtually created the Russian literary language, does in his poetry.

Page 41
حتی آr E|
A unified a contributic diversif
The Browns Group of Compan of trade, Industrial and agricult With the accent on Group Prog
specialisation, each Member or to provide services and goods o Group, as a whole, is based c which assures you of the ove
"SOU
THE BROWNS GRO
481, Darley Road, Colombo 0
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY,
TOURISM, EXF
 

and unique in through ication
ies cover almost every aspect ural development in Sri Lanka. ress through diversification and Associate Company is equipped f the highest standard. Yet the in a concept of unified service, trall benefits of its combined
C2S.
UP OF COMPANIES
P. O. Box 200, Tel. 9 || 7 | - 8 ENGINEERING, TRANSPORT, ORTS, TRADE.
39

Page 42
Playing The Game
he British arrack on the Somme
during the First World War (July 1, 1916) has gone down in history as one of the great military disasters caused by the incompetence of the high command (casualties: 60,000 out of 100,000 on the first day). But the catastrophic opening of the battle was also marked by an extraordinary incident which casts an illuminating light on the values of the British upper class.
During his last leave in England before the battle, Captain W. P. Nevill, a company commander in the 8th East Surreys, had bought four footballs. He offered one football to each of the platoons in his company, and promised a prize to the platoon which, on the day of the attack, first kicked its football up to the German front line. quote, from Paul Fussell's superb study, The Great War and Modern Memory, an eye-witness account of what happened at zero-hour:
"As the gunfire died away I saw an infantryman climb onto the parapet into No Man's Land, beckoning others to follow. As ho did so he kicked off a football. A good kick. The ball rose and travelled well towards the German line. That seemed to be the signal to advance."
Professor Fussell adds: "Captain Nevil was killed instantly. Two of the footballs are preserved today in English museums."
What lay behind this astonishing episode was, of course, the English public-school sporting ethic, incarnated by Henry Newbolt in his equation of war and cricket in Witai Lampa da, with its rcfrain, "Play Up, play Lup, and Play the
game!" Captain Nevil's feat, in fact, received a tribute from an anonymous versifier quoted by
professor Fussel:
"True to the land that bore them,
The SURREYS play
recommend to any reader intersted in the history, the mythology and the literary expression of the First World War Pau | Fussg||"5
the game.
40
book, a brilliant f and literary cri Fus;5 ell, who teach Wersity, passęd
a few years ago a and a radio intel
The Queen's
Hearing the oth announcer who only correct p nature was 'm a ty ation Wory rare am ted Sri Lankan s - Was remind. in which was inw ago in one of t| SLEC.
There were thr: ing a programme of a producer, a with one of the the pronunciation they couldn't agr sent to the libra Daniel Jones's En ing Dictionary. arrived, I asked," Dan | e || Jongs? Ho help?' Aston is he said, "But surely the authority on ciation.' "Have Jones's introductic He had 't. I thi these paragraphs f "ח סilם
"The object of tionary is to reco ciation used by a c ber of typical Se people in ordinar (My emphasis.)
"I wish also to no intention of reformer of pre judge who decidi cla, tions are "goo "bad". My aim is record accurately believe in the feas onc particular forr on the English-st take the wiew t be allowed to sp
 

| ch 5 tone
sion cf 5 ociology
icism. Professor s at Rutgers Unihrough Colombo d gave a lecture wiew here
English
ir day of an SLB C sisted that the ronunciation of :or" — a pron Luncicong even edLJICeakers of English d of an irħcident owed many years a studios of the
:e of us rehearsIn the company nd he disagreed artistes about of a word. Since ee, the producer Lry for a copy of glish PronouncWher the book But why look up W's that going to d, the producer D31 i El Jorngs is English Pronun"CLI read Daniel an?" I asked him. in read to him rom the introduc
the present dic-חuחסp r טrd... th omside Table numuthern English y conversation..
State that | hawa Becoming either a } Lia tio Oro : es what pronund' and What arte
to observe and , and I do not ibility of imposing n of pronunciation eaking world. I lat people should eak as they like."
INVITE US TO CATER FOR
YOUR PARTY
6
to
6O
O
Õe
PAGODA
Catering is our speciality. We cater for any function large or small: weddings engagements,
cocktails luncheons,
din ners.
PAGODA
RESTAURANT too
is available for your party.
Phone: 23086, 29236.
IRL
NR] l
PAGODA
O5, Chatham Street, Colombo .
Cyril Rodrigo Restaurant Ltd,

Page 43
T
CCO
Xero De
-్యకో
Salı
CEYLON
, Sir higiari pala III
 
 
 

The.
nômical
- Illi; rri hun
HEATRESLTD
år i II ir Nu wa hii, color:lix 2. Flor : 12-13

Page 44

anka's network now covers London, Paris, Frankfurt, Zunch l, Dubai, the Maldives, Karachi, Bombay, Madras, Trivandrum, kok, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. A total of 13 countries and less than 50 flights weekly between Sri Lanka and the world. And wherever you fly with us, you'll be served in the warm and le style you'd expect from the airline of the country that avellers throughout history have thought of as ဖြိုရွှဲ)’ ll your Travel Agent or Air Lanka. Al RLANKA A taste of Paractise