Page 1
Mrs B
- grim inevit
Utumaneni and
Ignasio Silone
Rar محمحصے
Tito - a postscr
 

3 No. 4 June 5, 980 Price Rs. 3/50
the critics
W. Jayasiri
njit Goonewardene
ipt
N. Sanmugathasan

Page 2

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Page 3
Inflation, Devaluation
NeWS trick ing through froPTT Washington place current inflation in Sri Lanka (March-on-March) at 42%. The gut glittle source that is sited is the World Bāk.
If this report is correct (and Western diplomats here accept the figure) ther there seems to be 7 big gap between the g Luru and his protege, our owп Селtra || Bank. In its recent report it gawe the '7? figure a 5 20%. The estima IE for the current year was om ly 30%.
TWh i se fri fait for terna fra 5 the government's nagging worry, its economists are equally concerned about the un precedented tra de deficit last year - a record 7,289 million rupees. Import prices Wert Lup by 523 and Import Wolume ty 23%, Export prices sa w a 9%, increase while export volumes rose only by %. Devaluation is orice again the ir kirg port ir bu5īres Circles. BLI (, g. yer the miat Lure of our major exports where prices are largely mariupulated by Cartels, dan devaluation Take Jny impress forn? Bess des it wi|| only enhance imported inflation. While al decis iom Will Ebe mia de only after the Paris Aid Group Meeting in July, the government's dilemma is obviously a painful ü门已。
Indian investment
Ata wistic fears of dorming tsar by our giant neighbour and latter-day IX. Et E5 O WE TEL "- gent Tarmi I nation d | Ism I rn Madras nou risfied the Conce popular slogar) of "Indian expansion is III". After the Indija — ČF || 1 war, ti : Magists Tnade It cone of their rTiost st rident slogans. In their eyes, Bangladesh arid Sikki Ti 5:een to give strength to this anti-Indian Сгү.
|r the last few years "Indian expans for Is In" has faded out, ợr got I tself dro Wred by the n) is fer clar Tour cabout “superpower hegemonism'. For the a test slogans W e S Fia probably have to wait he re-ri of Mr. Ratne Deshaprlya Senanayake and family from Peking, where
he is probably he crud nt g a low grade pos
ex Ċ III tl w 2, BILL doet? (Jire5 7 View the report that
De velopment Barri gives (1 or "I fees to the N frient Bank of S morey Is sma II Car) ce may be q Vůči r| w cay purchases of Indi engineering goods Mamy Joint venti Iridian technology ra w materia (r the cards.
Most of the Hong Kong, Sou por: etc cons Capitolu I - Fit- Trid or Litures re. Westfrierit, from sollt of Wojew serious and deep
Ghosts Retu
With a high ps. delegation (two
In the ABC F cipating in th conference Jr, Te feeling in this high. JομΓηαlis were hard y Lur to find the Mossadegh leaidir personalities pr played in a p received recently PTE MI5 ter the foreign of cort ed fra a CIA Sponso The Shah wyho F returned in trium, course is the nat gry of Th
IIIsts and Iber the f est Weste tFig M|c:Yw Yor| Washington Post grid Le Moride.
This really is r:TË of Vict family but nor IFF) pre SS we skyrė. dre: Mgo Dj rıfı Rd || Tidin, Park Čí: BF LI tt 1 fil M. W
(ČIJ FT fir, E.

explờin ing why 21 himself even it in the SLFP thε αία είας ση
meaning with
the Industris) | k of India has of || 00 milion 'Itlorid Devesasrī Lirik J. TIE: but its signifiuite large. The er Sri Lanka's an goods, mainly and machinery. Ires, Cornji sing ord Sri Lankari Lubber) are ori
'n vestment from ťfi Korea, Singa
itutes IgrIJdic
- FJ r ] dyĖ TIL TE 5
|lly, Indian ina long term
to Luld be morte
l-rari ging.
wered Sri LirikT WMe If? eader5 'residerat) part - e ii r territorial her cani, Car) - LIVS "egilor) is rLri ni ing ts in Coord brised therefore |cture of Mr. ng a list of Asian "Om in en tsy disaster they all , The riffin who ng tlo na lised 1panies was oustred coup in 1954. iad fled to Italy ph, The CIA of favorite target rd WiQrld Tuticals fL also of | rr1 rye Wyspapers, k Times, the the Guardign,
a family portris; diri oedd et heless di Wery With Massadegh Diem, Mugsbur Lurg Hee, Z., M. M. Ta ra]k ki.
LF7 Ferge )
Tito - a postscript.
The death of Tito has been made use of by the Trotskyites and all manner of bourgeois apologists to let loose another, YerlorTous anti-Stalin hy steria. It is not my purpose to examine in detail the falsity of the claims made on behalf of Tito, My aim now is to contradict the historical falsities contained in most of the eulogies heaped on Tito.
() Tito is not the last survivor from among the military leaders of the Second World War, St living is Em yer Hoxha, leader of the Albanian partisans who played such a waliant rol in World Wat il and liberatigd A)||bam|| ā from the Italian and German
Cfīrer ģi ge:
LAMRA
GUARDAN
Wol. 3 No. 4 June 15, 1980 Prict 3/50
LaaLLLLLLLlL LaLCLHaaaLLL LLL L LLLLL LLLLaLCLL
Publishing Co. Ltd. First Floor, 88, N.J. H. M. Abdul (Caldet ER cod, Re:la IIIa tim Road) Cola Iimbi 1 l.
Editor: Meirw yn de Silwr a
Telephone: 2009,
CONTENTS
Letters News background Foreign news 5 Asian perspectives 8 U.S. - China O Smal nations | ii | hy 5 Ignasio Silo ne Religion I9 Աthuminent As I like it 교
Printed by Aninii Pre55. 825, Wolfendhal Street, է:ltimեւ 13
Telephane: 35 75

Page 4
Trends...
Human Rights
The Civil Rights Mavement may be more bark than bite, as though a prominert SLFP minister once insinuated that a leading CRM personality had CIA connections. However, the CRM has played a useful Watchdog role both during the previous regime and flow. It figs been fair in its criticism and generous Iri. Its praise. The CRM has commerded the govern Tent for allowing the so-called "Tiger Law' to lapse. This follows the government's decision to sign the international Con Venant on civil and politica rights. But it has Liged the govern Tent to review other undemocratic laws in the light of Its obligations under this con冒亡门á门t,
Letters . .
fascis Es with our sold I er enterin (2) It is Yugoslavia was thic assistance Red Army. The through Yugos to Berlin and of Yugoslavia. Alban län pärti: part of Yugosl; populated by region known
(3) It is not defied Stafir. F by Stalin from The reason for not only dela, Of Tito but als Soviet Intellige wered that Tit( of the Wost powers.
It must be r that the Yugos Party had ideoc
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a single foreign g Albania.
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true that Tito le was expelled the CaTi info TT. this actic was gical deviations the fact that no had diga2 was an agent 2rn imperialist
Terti ned here law Communist gical differences
with the Comintern–Ewer besora Tito-and had been condemned by it. Tito was to rehabilitate Lhe greatest deviationist, Gorkich, the former general secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
(4) The reason why Tito was able to play an "independent' role was simply due to the aid with which he was bolstered up by the Western imperialists. By 1978 Yugoslavia had received as loans over II billion dollars. From the USA alone it had received over 7 billion dollars
in credit 5, "The Crutches supplied by Western capital hawe kept this System com | ts feet as a model of the preservation of the capitalist Order Linder Pseudo-Socialist labels'. The so-called "selfadministration" is a Yugoslaw and foreign capitalist joint
administration.
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Page 5
PROTEST DAY and
t was the Kanda samy Memorial
meeting on June 5th. For the TU ||caders who came together on the New Town Hall platform, the first (un written) i tem on the agen da was Pre-determined - å quick post-mortem on the "Day of Protest", The brisk comparison of notes was given an added urgency by the death of Mr. Som a pala, a CP trade unionist, that afternoon. A sad but obvious coincidence gave birth to a ready parallel. Somapala - another Kandasamy? One more TU martyr?
Kanda Samy it is true, was shot dead by the police. On occassians of this kind in the past, the police have been accused by opposition partie5, TlJ's, civil rights organisations and student associations of Callaus ||ndifférence or bla tant partisarnship and ewen collusion, But this time not even those opposition speakers who levelled serious charges against members and supporters of the UMP alimed the ir fire con the police. In fact, some Trade Union activists say that the Police, in some places maintained a studied
detachment. Were the police unsure about the law? Were pickets and demonstrations illegal? Weite de constrati cors barned?
How then was a counter-do non5raio 1 mOul ted?
In the CL 5a tir 5 promised an impartial tion into Sonapala's this writing, the is still on.
T U ASSESS MENT
After the Kandasamy meeting was over, the leading organisers retired to the CFTU Hars, for a more thoroughgoing assessment. In public the TU leaders who launched the campaign may not admit this fact but they were all pleasantly surprised by the response of the organised working class. Since May Day, when the opposition parties and their affiliated TU's gave a public exhibition of disunity rather thais unity, tha. ITUAC organisers had been 1 working
fag of
opposition the Pric
Minister investigadeath. At judicial inquiry
fewerishly. But keeping their
They a || haba dispiriting susp
response at the be lukewarm, June 5th, they a-hoop but the tion was chee every organisatic
"If only the tration had foll cal by all the c at a political Tes mcn I would ha 5 hcck" said a wete Mr. Shanmugath: pushed that failed, primarily and if that Th; had preferred t the SLFP and hard won work represented by prisingly the Mi was supported b development Wor this pressute COL SLFP-LSSP to ag call at the polit LSSP is trying t legs", commente ist using a Mac meant that the strengthen poli ties with the getting itself JTUAC, the wer Incidentally the R. de Silva was
statiem ent SL fighters for dem
free Edom," " The | at the CFTU cause for good
good" Said one
eader "the JWP isolated and ex
OTHER ESTIN
The JSS im är described the p squib'. The Stat was not that b. made a laboriou: that the pro-go ters "outnumbe
Os.

AFTERMATH
they were all
fingers crossed. red a secret, cio that the
work place would ) in the night of were not cockgeneral satisfacfully shared by n, big and small.
protest demonsowed a general pposition parties, el, the governve got a ruder ran union leader. san had in fact ne hard. . . .and because the LSSP, tters the MEP, o march behind thus break the ing class unity the JTUAC. Surcist Shan's line y the CPSL (a 'th watch ing) but ulId 1ot [Tno we the rce to a general ica|| || eyel. "The o walk on two d arnother un ionlist phrase. He LSSP warts to tical (electoral) SLFP while not solated in the king class base. LSSP's Dr. Colwin the first to | 354 i 22 ting "'the se bold ocratic rights and men who gathe red nad yet another cheor. "Dann T1 i ddic cla55 Linion was completely dised."
ATES
official stå tement otest as a 'damp controlled media Id cor na iye. It attempt to show "ernment suppor 3 d'"' tha prote 5
Ironically, the
independent 'Weekend' used the very same
word in its ci stimate of numerical strengh. Its political corrimentator wrote: "It is worth mentioning that despite the fact that the ruling UNP's trade union the Ja thika Sevaka Sanga maya (SS)
has the single largest membership for a trade Linion in the country in many workplaces it was certainly outnumbered."
With the exception of the CTB, in every other key factory, depot, installation or workplace, thệ pro-UNP demonstrators were much le 55 in riu Tibert. This was clear to any reporter who had eyes to see-whether in the Fort, down Union Place, in Ratmalana or Kolon mawa. What is more the protest day scored a success in many towns outside Colombo. notably Jaffna, as the Wira kesari impartially reported. In Jaffna the Tamil trade unions and the radical youth could not hawe been held back eygr if tho TULF leadership wanted to do so. (And there are sorre TULF front-rankers who wish to curb such "activism', causing new strains within the TULF leadership).
MORALE AND MUSCLE
Numbers do matter of course. But numbers are not always as important as morale, militancy and, for whatever purpo5 e i may be used, Tuscle. The JSS, it is publicly claimed by persons of the highest authority, has the largest Tembership. While Mr. Thondaman may con test this claim, what latters Tore is whether this is only a 'paper claim". A TU organiser with 30 years experience in this tough trade, remarked "if Mrs. B was the boss today, Alawi Moula na would say that the SLITUF has the biggest membership and he may be right..., on paper". Most workers in this country are not "card carrying' members of trade unions. If they did they would behave like a wealthy tourist and carry in his wallet, an American
3.

Page 6
Express card, a Bank of America card and a Diner's Club card. A card which confirms membership in the union affiliated to the governing party is a "must". In a tight economic situation where employment is the pressure-point, this is simply political Insurance. It is also an expression of prevailing worker psychology, of a self
protective cynicism and opporturnism. It is part also of the general state of Thind of the
voter, especially between elections.
POLITICS AND TU's.
When a government, particularly a strong government, ls Installed the numbers of the government controlled TU's membership, automatically swell. Not all of them are honestly pro-UNP or pro-SRLP.
Their heart and loyalty lie elsewhere. This is purely "protection', in the old Chicago patols. The rest, with the
exception of tough ened militants, lie low. In reality, they are the vast majority but in the prevailing political climate, It is better to be safe than to be sorry. In the
factory, workplace and canteen the trade union boss (of the ruling party) and his minions
(most of them quick-change artists) strut about the place, unchallenged. They can walk into the root of the chairTan or the general man ager and if necessary get the minister on the phone. Their very presence is intimidating. This gives them the first insidious
injection of power; in truth an illusion of power.
This feeling travels upwards
to the higher political levels and there the politicians too are infected with the same self-gratifying sense of security for all the internal communication channels bear only one Tessage-'all is well".
But as the years go by, the economic situation changes and with it the political environment, and slowly the mood of the organised working class.
PATTERNS OF WOLENCE
In our issue of August 5th 1978 there appeared a report headlined “TU's study violence”. The JTUAC had gathered a great deal of Tårerial on the in tiden CC2 of Wio Erice in the trade union field.
" Bank employ assaulted in bi
Colombo. The |dentified as ha
*** CEBEU STi
assaulted in K Pillyandala and
*** At Kelan ly; were assa ulted
The State cor trc the habit of d "unidentifid t when Widyalanka pro-opposition
student's council now appeared i guise of "ira "angry passersexplanation was sud den and coll
*** Il Puttal tion workers w;
** Pickets prot White Paper were broken u mau led at the State Hardware, cals and Port C
** On a single LCD T5 WW = "2 553 L II the Dept. of National Paper CPC
*** Ati Motu w the UNP bran Peiris, a genu Witle55. Wrote to ting against CM
beaten up nea Corporation off W II this was
hawe been man" of the same widely publicise attack on two and LSSP si Mao ulima and f* in the heart o | daylight.
INDUSTRIAL
Industrial pea wish of Sver What is often Union disciplin to 'taming" tam ing can Et
strict laws an Γηea π5. Frας με me a 15 pro we
point. But if

es rör strike were
3ad daylight in
sig i 15 YW'"
bour workers.
ers were I also Jrunegala, Galle, Chil a W.
CMU members ay 'local thugis" led press acquired scribing them as lugs". However, 'a students elected candidates to the "the 5e thugs" the press in the e villagers" or y', although no giyen for the Ir active indigrator.
Cement Corporare assaulted.
esting against the and employment p and Unior Ist5 Tyre Corporation, Parantha 1 Chemi.ar EC.
afternoon protes|ted at the RGO immigration, the Corporation, the
ra, a Thember of ch, Mrs. Evely ne inely angry eye Sri Kotha protesU members being
tha Petroleum
in 1978. There y other incidents type, the most d wäs Ehe wici 15 wea ! I known SLFP gures, Mr. A law
1r. Sarath Maya mima the city III, broad
PEACE
ce is the earnest y administration. described as Trade
C ft II FT C I 5 the Uniors, Such e done through
d also by other
ntly these other effective Up to a there's a worker
back-lash, then such mea 15 pro We dangerously counter-producive because there 1, continuirng Lun rest in the factory and the work place. Efficiency drops and with it production. This does great damage to the government's overall economic performance. In the end, the political damage is incalculable.
INSTRUMENTS OF POWER
"The SLFP leadership Was never awerse to Li sing Strong-armi tactics against opponents. Some of their younger MPs led goonsquads, beating up opponents Tamil plantation workers etc." observed a Leftist Trade Union organiser. "But most of the time it was in their "safe a reas" in the provinces or in pocket boroughs where they produced what the UNP wictily termed the Attanagalla doctrine, a victim of which was the present health minister" he added.
"But in the city' he continued "SLFPer5 were Inable or um willing to fight it out with organised workers. Here, the SLFP preferred the not-so subtle use of the State apparatus, the police and even the army, as we saw in the railway strike of 1976 leading up to the general strike'.
The UNP has been using "two tactics', the State machinery and its own trade union arri a organisation which bears the singluarly unfortunate and suggestive initials, JSS. When the SS
was getting too cocky and in effect, à disruptive factor in friary State organisations, no le SS a
person than President J. R. himself had to warn its members to discipline themselves. But the JSS, a strong arm of the Party, cannot be a inputated by the Party itself. One of the major JSS battle-fronts has been the CTB d reet des on to teate two III inistries, with one Tinister, could indicate that JSS has scored a victory. In fact the opposition press has described it as a major victory for Mr. Mathew, the JSS boss.
With the new constitution, WC
hawe se en a stronger and a clearer
concept of the State (as different
Jr. ir le JFJ Figo )

Page 7
LIBERA
Birth of a natic
T recent coup aga inst Presidcnt B i nå i sa of Uganda seems
to have had the blessings of nei
ghbouring Tanzania's President Nyerere whose army helped to Coy erthrow the FCC: d di A, mil.
Whether Uganda will see a Zimbabwe-type clection under Commonwealth supervision is still in doubt. While Uganda wary much in the news during the last monstrous years of ldi Amin has once agair Thade the headlines, mot Thuch is known of what's going on in Liberia, except for the odd item about an attempted coup and
TOT 2x, eL 113
Those who try to make political sense of the sudden, Seg mingly bizarre events of mid-April ara soon confronted by a plain, inescapable fact. Even by the exotic standards of African politics, (where coups, assassinations, and other Lipheavals seem an acceptable part of ordinary political life) Liberia has always been a strange case. To adapt a phrase from Winston Churchi || Liberi. Is 3 enigma wrapped in a stuperdons historical aberration.
Liberia was Africa's first in dependent republic-35 long ago as 1847. It came in to being under American sponsorship, and the refor 2 0W 25 lits existence to the United States - Ilore precisely to an organisation known as the Colonisation Society. Yet, (and here is a massive eccentricity) Liberia newer know of a white foreign presence and therefore was nė ver "colonised”, in the conventonal sense.
True enough, Liberia, the Independent republic, was created by settlers - but they were NOT White se titlers, as I'm this: case of the Afrikaaners in South Africa today' or white Rhodesians in what is now Zimbabwe) or European Jews in what was Arab Palestine.
The settlers who created 'modern" Liberia were blacks - freed black slaves brought from America, The American is taken to the United States to become
a Negro slawe in 1 Car South; them h and brought back Warious American ties, moved by w cair writer has c: twinges of the cience against the slavery." The fre become settlers, independent state sense, Til å sters of s Lurely a werd . |nversion of histo
This unusual higit was to shape l Socia | structure, |ts curlau5 politic – the erid of which |c d by a young may perhaps hawe
If the freed sla" the migrant Jews), of a new nation, mas ters als of t| lation - as the Ji of the sa bras. H the black 5 etter economic and emerged as the indigencus Afr|car
At the last censu is about twice t Lanka, had a popula and the setters bered ord than
The black 55et til ancestry, (and th soon emerged as g r“ olup Fr1 Li b(2ria 2 dually in to a well. gargy which had th : America sou article pointed at many an educated with a Souther
Libera, e stablis rican auspices, w Americal colопу. been described step-child.
The traditional the ruling settle United States wel | ווז סווגIn the eco symbol of this sp.

bn ?
I he deep Amerie is set free, to Africa by Christiàn goci (2- hat con Ameriilled "the early American consinstitution of ed slaves now creators of an and in that 3 new nation = ley lation ||f mot ry. orical experience liberia's unique and eventually al de welopment the April Coup, laster Sergeant,
signalle d
we-settlers, (like become masters they became të native popu2WS would say, ër e in Liberia, holding both political power, master of the
s, Liberia, which 1e 5 iz(2 of Sr| tion of 1,000,000
hawe newer ntm
10%. its of Allerican eir descendents ) the donant ind matured gra-entrench (d olI
close links with th. As a recipit ut, even today
Liberian speaks Americam drawy,
Ld In der Am Bas certainly no set st has aften as America's
| tjes bet weer is elite, and the re strengthened
acial relationship
FoREGNYA
is the fact the national currency of Liberia (independent for 30 old years, and along with Ethiopia, the first African states to become
UN members,) is the American dollar.
Rubber, the country's major exchange, earner, is virtually a monopoly of Firestone, which has a 99 year lease on about one million acres. Bethlehem Steel, the huge US combine, has an equally large say over Liberia's rich iron ore deposits.
The Liberian flag is used by nearly 20 of the world's shipping fleet and most oil companies use tankers that fly the Liberian flag. But the effective control of the Liberian shipping business is in the hand of the International Trust company of Washington.
Inspite of these stong, wideranging links between Liberia's closely-knit oligarchy and the US,
the absence of a colonial ruler or abrasive alien presence, may explain why Liberian politics did
not follow the customary course of nationalist agitatic anti-colonial struggle, even when the process of de-colonisation had assumed an accelerated form in the Africa of the nineteen sixties. Clearly the Thain source of conflict was m Cre internal, tham external - the long-standing unresolwed proble rin of an abnormal sclal stratificatlaП, а пd the attendant questions of educational advancement and social mobility, of the sharing of the political and economi- power,
Literacy is always a reliable index. Among the settlers of American ance stry (10% of the Liberian population) literacy Was nearly 100%, while only 15% of the r e 5 t, (the indige nous Liberian) Could read and write.
If this meant a Tonopoly of the higher civil service Jobs for the minority, the same was true of political power, Elections were held, but the franchise went with property qualifications. It is

Page 8
that the question of inscribed agend
5 ignificant
yers a franchise "a con the parliamenta TY
month before the coup.
Until the coup last month, Liberia was ruled by a PE founded far back as 1869. The very name of the party demonstrates once again the quaint idiosyncrasies fibrian politics in the la 5 t quarter of the Oth century, Africa's first in de Pendet republic was ruled by a political party sty| ing its self The True Whig Party'. It's leader, William R. Tolbert, (who was excCuted im Illediately after the coup) assumed #ccc" in 1971 on the death of ident William W. S. Tubman who had ruled the Country f 28 long years-a fact which
explains why Liberia krוחייסן as Africa's most stable nation. Yet, the True Whig party was completely dominated by the Americans-Liberians with the native Liberians having less than
dozen members in the parliam, Erl tւ
The first serious signs of trouble came exactly one year before tle couр. On April 14th la 5 t ye3 T 'demonstrators W ere ibot dead Wriots broke out in Monrol against increased food Prices, mainly rice, the staple diet. The leaders of the opposition ProgreAliance were arrested and charged with treason. Tha Tost prominent of them was Mr. GabBachus Mathews, the four det of the People's Progressive Party, e was released in July 1st befre President Tolbert hosted the last OAU summit. He was arrested in March for calling a general strike,
Mr. Mathews who describes himself as an African socialist, is Liberia's new foreign minister. He has urged a for equitable distribution of national resources free education and health care, and an end to ral T. Pant corruption in high places. Meanwhile the coup leader has already raised the salarles of middle-grade public servants, and of the armed forces and police,
The new regime Wis quick to reassure Washington that Liberia's relations with the US WYT1|| te: T1 i friendly. The United States has
Éi
Anniversary
-------.
O C
H. Chi Minch on May 19th
village of Kim-Len province of central hot only the father Vietname se nation, b Marxist-Leninist. we may Well say
Minh was the gre Leninist revolution арреаг 1п the Ea may be said to most outstanding o |leader to hawe e entire "colonlal Wo
Taking as his g! the theoretical Po problems of atli in the Colonial Ei by the Third Interri tern) of which important member correctly applied Marx, Engel5, Lerni the complex Pre Wietnamese rewolu ctly grasped and re problems of antiution in a coloni as the problems role of the worki party, the proble broad anti-imperi
no bases in Liberi Communications site is regarded tant to the W system in Atlanti
The main ille internal. To wh a serious challe oligarchy and to structures of P) To what extent old Master Ser: of the deep-root in his country will be the cha Command Count will be allowed will such chang re-structuring anachron listic li short, will Libe independent re history to beco

| MNH
who was born
1890, in the in Nghe – A Wietna II, was
of the modern ut also a great n restrospect that Ho CH | a test Marxistarly leader to it, Indeed, he ave been the arxist-Leninst merged in the rid.'
Ji de to action, sitjoms om the ma liberation 1st workad out iational (Cominhimself was an , Ho Chi Minh he teachings of in and Stalin to blems of the tion. He corresolved the main imperialist revoa setting such of the leading ng class and its In of creating a list united front
but the Omega and Monitoring as highly imporWester defence
tions then are extent is this ge to the old the traditional wer in Liberia? is the 27 year ::1 i Cr"|23 UTC d social conflicts How far-reach ing
ges his Military initiates - or, o initiate? And
lead to a radical the absurdly
rian polity. In a, Africa's first Iblic, re-enter
truly African
پاي ته and the problems of armed insurrection. (A few years back, New Left Books, London, reissued the the standard Comintern handbook on 'Arm ed in 5rrection", co-authored by Ho Chi Minh). In particular, Ho Chi Minh correctly comprehended and resolved problems concerning the alliance of the working class with the broad pea Sant mas 5 es and the hegemony of the working class within this alliance. Closely related to this Was his un remitting Stre 55 on the
working class character of the Party. Intimately linked to this understanding, was his proper
grasp of the relationship between
patriotism and proletarian internationalism It Is Ho Chi Minh '5 worthy successor Le Dunn who
has most correctly conceptualized the fundamental strategic problem of articulating national liberation and socialist revolution in "peripheral' societies.
In the light of the serious errors, deviations and distortions in the foreign and domestic po II - cies of certain ruling Communist partics, particularly in Asia, We se e more clearly and appreciate more fully, the great contributions mada by the late Ho Chi Minh to the treasure house of MarxistLeninist theory and experience.
J.

Page 9
PAKSTAN
--------
Made in U. S.
ls la mabad
eneral Zla's continuing battle GŞir: the Bhuttos is only the most obvious sign of how desperate his situatlon is. His powerbase has withered so badly that it seems only a matter of time before he is du sted from the post he grabbed. The only ques
tlon Is the manner of his ax|t.
He has played his last cardthe Islamic conference, But in
Playing this card he has exposed his hand. The way he prepared for and conducted the conference has also confirmed what I stated In Thy first contribution to this Journal ("Playing with Fire' L.G. March 15th) Commenting on the military-bureacratic clique which Zia's utterly unpopular regime afloat I wrote, "Fundamentally, all hold views that compel Pakistan to play a subordinate, if not
servile, role in US-China geoStrategy. But there those who think that China is the more
reliable friend and patron. There is a common ground between these two lines of thinking. Get arms and money from US, while working closely with the Chinese
In their regional strategy. Unfortunately, this means Pakistan is pushed into a confrontation
with the Afghanistan, and the re
fore with the Soviet Union."
Diplomats here who studied the contents of a memorandum
circulated by Pakistan to all the Prospective participants of the conference found no difficulty in detect Ing the real authors of this Termo randum which was offered as a draft of the final conference resolution,
Tho memoran dum trijed to concentrate all the attention of the
conference on a single issue"the Afghan problem" and a "solution" for it. It was also a
direct attack on Afghanistan and the Soviet Union and its (one was
50 Undiplomatic that the memo Islamic governm not agree with Ki
Besides this th 2nces at a to tion, or to the flagrant violation reignty by the military adventu
Diplomats alsc absence of any Palestinian quest "settlements and y al of the Ara E Camp David til Carter, Sadat an
"This memo w shington" rema Arab professor || discussion of cur Islamic world wi tan coleagues. Iran the US hel using every pe and device, poli gan dist, to turn In unity and its conciousness, aga Union by exploit
tan situation",
General Zia's CCT15tltutgd # m a Interference. In th listan. But he fed. The confe came out strong PLO but condemr has not only pr for the fugitive his territory to planes in the op Not only Bhutto si 21 Eire Pakisti reCAPgri ise Sadat a titute for thic SF

In its hostility te wen embarrassed ents which did abul or Moscow.
3rd Were no referthe Iran la F1 situaShah or to the of Iranian soverecent ATherican
TÉ
observed the reference to the ion, Israel's new the whole betracause by the reaty signed by d Begin.
as made in Warked a visiting the course of a TE Ilt 55 Ues In the th se yera|| PakisHe added: "After yed by China is is 5 ibile strategem tical and propo
the Islamic com. growing political inst the Sowet Ing the Afghanis -
actual proposals tempt at ореп e affairs of AfghaWas badly rebutrence not only y on behalf of 1 ed Sadat. Sadat owded a home Shah but allowed be used for US eration in Iran. upporters but the Intelligentsia now S Armerica'5 5uEg
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Page 10
FoREIGN AFFAIRS
-----------------
Towards Asian p
by Thomas Abraham
I though international affairs A. often taken to mean iriter -state relations and the principles that govern their relationship, think it would be more accurate to say that international relations is really the study of international society, which would include the entire range of behaviour in the In Lernational er vironment.
The traditional perspective of inter-state relations was determned by the rise of nation state in Europe and the relationship between sovereign states was taken to be the basis for the study of international relations. International Law also goes back to the conditions that prevailed in Europe and it is true to say that this system of law and related legal concepts were essentially meant to govern political systems which evolved in Europe. And yet we must not forget that there were many worlds outside the Chiristian world of Europe, which even at that time had developed in to highly organized societies with strong political, economic and social inter-locking relationships. we must not also forget that from the first century A. D. there were great advances in science amongst the nonEuropean world, and it is only much later that Europe gained an overwhelm ing a dwa mtage, which has persisted to our time. Our part of the world did not lag behind as the ancient civilisation cf Sri Lanka testifie5.
Tha indu 5 trial rewolutiof and the growth of an industrially organised society, first in Britain In the || Bh and || 3th cel Luties, and then in other parts of Europe, enabled Europe not only to physically conquer large areas
Frar rie addres y del feroid lo
/heo High Covr77.rr Iiyy io fiero foro Port (fiaj,
Mďr. Tigria v i hrafičir, ť, ľ ľFie čorar|-
acior of he Baldri rīke Eritre
| for I, ferritur fyrir 3 die JF JJT sy'
I, Fig.2).
of the globe but
in one way or system of law as closely approxin
systems in th country.
It is this histo has conditioned our Asian world are engaged in modernisatio 1. ' put forward th essentially involw ment of trad || whether religiou a single national which functors legally. We häW borrow, buy or nology of Euro order to increas in the CCIT i improve the qui
In the post-w have emerged nation States wil United Nations' wise. Simultane: of scientific to ch ced by such
st tion un precedente It is Possible ne world as a glob actions in any hawe reactio 15 K sity in other på Wat i 5 TC, is da Inimated b) actions and rea one of us. W in Afghanistan
S. EITT 5 it La LIC II,
Both your c find their orig ciyi ligation whic the Indic ci wil and India s h är e tance of religi walues. With warious EuroF 22 chapter began, the supremacy |cf. us both Eo economy and a

perspectives
also to impose the other, a Id administration nating to the e Metropolitan
rical factor which
the thinking of and today, We the quest for
A view has been 3. Ti odernisā Lion es the replacetional authority, s or familial, by political authority rationally and e also sought to adapt the techpean Society in e our productivity c sphere and to
lity of life. world war there more than 50
hether within the
system or other2usly the growth nology has advanleaps and bounds wholly new situa2d in human history aw to talk of the a village in which art of the world
if varying intenrts of the world. the world today
two super whose tions affect every hat Is happen Ing and Iran is the example of the
2untry and mine חסוחחחסa C וזו חI has been called sation, Sri Lanka
a common inheriou 5 and cultural the intrusion of 1 powers, a new and ended with of Britain which Jnd to a calanlal surface acceptance
of western cultura|| values. It is a debatable point whether the absence of this vene er of western wallues on a thin elitę would hawe made a difference in the long run to the political future of our countries: perhaps we may not hawe had as smooth a transition into independence guided by constitutional systems based on the western model, and administered by people whose essential beliefs would not be totally at variance within the earlier colonial frame work. Be that as it may, the fact remains that with the passage of time, a generation of leaders has either withered away, or hawe been cut down by Physical
force, leaving few of the elders in command. And oven the Se few have recognised the claims
of the new generation, who have been reared entirely on home grown soil.
But the impact of the technologically advanced west has been so over-powering, and the quest for modernisation within our Countries so urgent, that even this generation has had to acquire linguistic and other skills from the western world, not only for self advancement but also for national advancement. And it is here that wise men from older civilisations like our own, or the Islamic civilisation hawe thought it imperative, either in modulated voices or in harsh overtones, to caution their people against the wholesale acceptance of western value systems.
Even here in Sri Lanka it is considered northal to drink a Coke to quench one's thirst, but conside red exotic tcı drink tam bi|| . The voices that one hear5 in Sri Lanka about the influx of tourists posing a threat to your
traditional cultural values is a reflection of a larger anxiety.
BU I We hawe to grasp that technology is itself a strand of cultural radiation that in duces change in all that it touches.

Page 11
The technology that has cmcrged in the west was evolved out of the industrial revolution and fashit) f1e2ld in temperate climates, En conscilance With ther social fabric and suitable to ther reeds. To transplant that system into a differ et er vir criment, a 1 d expect the same results would be unwise and the degree of dissatisfaction amongst the aid-givers | the Way est, and the dimastic resentment with in those countries, against these so called "giveaway' program mes is evidence
of this dis illusio ment,
This is not to argue in favour of the wholesale rejection of imported tgchnology. Cm the Contrary, wę have to recogn i 5ę that we in the non-Western World are sorely lacking in both the equipment and the skills which make for self reliance. But there are large fields where technology has to be adapted with a wiew to making it appropriate to economic needs and social conditions. In evolving an appropriate technology a major role has to be played by the innovative ideas generated within the social fabric,
because development itself is a complex process and while the massiva import cf technological
hard wate may give the impression of modernity, the fact remains that beneath this facade lies a hollow base which will sooner or later redite these Symbols to bārtern hu | ks. It does not rinä ter whether one calls it "appropriate', Or "Low Cost" or 'intermediate"' technology, but the central focus sho L.Ild b}{: to e'wolWe arı d In rno 'w 3 te: within thԸ social structure. Indeed, it can be argued that self-reliance is impossible without innovation and adaptation. It would gladden me if we in India who hawe 5 or T1 e considerable experience in this field could exchange views with you. It is no secret that Gandhiji believed that if the willages perish, India perishes, and that Rablindranath Tagore established a "Shilpa Bhavan' where artisan 5 were trained in TO TE productivo techniques, adapted to Indian mee ds. Thoso early attempts have been developed and strengthe ned and in 50rtē tase5 have estālished inks with the intermediate echnology Development Group in London.
Cf låta, the re concern wery re trial Society, th; ga ining tha focus our part of the anxiety about our ent. This is today, even in a and beautiul a Islands, one car
"“for rec',
caridiť forieď hy of the west, cariat ha derai y troit 275 FF/aferg the resigration ar y florie:ITF of first rate | 14'oriders l'heth
alised life FFI tir ars rrare? / Ylığı to be featured | da. Vyrty of | Ayrc! (?,'p?YI r77 da re
fact fra 7 ey'er: 'Fix servi 'čia''' Iroig, ille le. ligfore they at puhlic cor surpi yerY fag), rife
AsiaTri Legalero 1oa, foday the pl
MlfllllII'”.
the bobbing, emi Cola floating aw the Indian ocea any doubt that of an industrial, society ecological balanc not ide ed i5 that the growth our part of the into natural p wario Us species to the point of to transplaո է wholesale, and
Lu“ främe -- WC|| would be to mistake as graft siwe těchnology sive Society.
Such an appr that the non-w They er fet de e questions but h ta the Ti, Bi F t Mir1 is t.ger SIT1 t. poisted ut at J. N., som fgr

is yet another le vent to indusat is increasingly i of a tte t|C in World. It is the pollLiced environ - no doubt that place as idyllic 5 the Maldive 1 Tot fail to see
fil cre The Ie is varie.5 & Fel y'i ile fif g th T I ei eri Is gere leeding fo for ஐரிசே (f Pre, rice re irriparra vice, Lyle
large!'
gr thg dis Orgtyles of Pop Lr frg ers
Li'iliya fleiri herve with Prurilence Kort erilarrior. frr:#fcfady it is file ľs fri f e Filare filtered !ris of the Hog.fr e refracted for ''io. Sorre fisi yo phrase for ai T"Naked Fuk fr"– rise is "fair
pty cans of Cocaay as debris into n. Mort is thre the toxic Wastes high consumer je tapi tid is ing the :e of our earth; there any doubt חו חסulatiקםנן fם World is eating astures so that are endangered extiriction. But these concerns mplant them into *k thoughtlessly com Tit. He Sarme i ring Capital ir tento a labour inter
oach pre-Supposes esten world has ply about these ä5 beri ir different as my Prime | rn dira. Gandhi Skholm āt the nca on Environ
Til et i |1972, and | qu toe: Through-out India, edicts car wedi on rocks and iron pillars are
reminders that 22 Centuries ago, the Emperor Asoka defined a King's dụty as not merely ta Protect citizens and punish wrong doers, but also to preserve a Talfinal life and forest trees.
Quite obviously, science is not
the same thing as technology. It has been said that science is the systematic knowledge of
na turc, and whather the irTipulse to study nature came from the desire to know God and His design for the World, or whether it was merely to seek enlighten. ment as to the "why" of things, from his earliest days, Man has had a curious and inquisitive mind.
Today, we in Asia lock to the west for scientific knowledge, Yet, it was not always so, as recently as 1000 A. D., Europe was an area of darkness compared
to the Scientific adwar ces mada by then in the Islamic world, the Sinic World, and an Indic world. In India, Arya Bhatta, Warahamira and Bhaskara made solid contributions in the field of Mathematics while Charaka
ård S5 ruta were pre-eminent in the fields of Medicine and Surgery. It is well known that China was an advanced country with a technology which included the Seismograph, the mechanical clock and various types of equipment for hydraulic engineering, but all these advances were left far behind by Europe which Over took che science and technology of an earlier Asian period, and today Europe is so wastly superior in these fields that we im W 5 la must learn from tha west.
Our intellectual environment is thus heavily oriented towards the West, and our patterns of thought and Jur view of tha world i5 angled to a Western perspective. In the field of Internationä| relations which is the special subject of interest to the students of this institute, it may be of inter est to note that ewen befor: India became free, the concept of looking at international affairs through our own eyes and not through the eyes of one power bloc or the other, had been accepted as a fundamental postnla te of Indian foreign Policy.

Page 12
U. S. - CHINA (2)
America's four
by Dr. Harry Harding
he events since normalizatlоп of U.S.-China relations add up to a U.S.-China policy that goes far beyond "Normalization,' in even the broadest definition of the term. The question, of course,
is whether this is what the United States wants, What the Administration has not yet fully
articulated - but what is a crucial component of American foreign policy - is the long-term relationship that the United states seeks to create with China in the 1980's. An assessment of this relationship depends not only on bilateral considerations, but also on the regional and global contexts in
which American policy toward China must be placed.
The United States faces four
fundamental options in this regard. They are not however, mutually exclusive.
The four Options, in Increasing order of friendliness, are to treat China:
I. As a potential adversary. Because of remaining differences in social systems, ideologies, and national interests, the United States could choose to have only a cool and distant relationship with China, avoiding any assistance to Chinese economic development, let alone any military cooperation with Beijing. China would, un der this option, be subject to the same restraints on trade that are imposed by the United States on the Soviet Union.
2. As a diplomatic colleague. Because of china's growing role in Asia and in international forums, the United States might seeks actively to draw China into contructive dialogue in global and regional issues. The two would not always expect to agree, but they might hope to narrow their differences so that solutions might be reached.
3. As an economic partner. Because a prosperous and podern China is more likely to act in
O
ways that parall terests tham is remains poor a United States provide substanti material and t development oi есопопту.
4. As a tilit ally). Because Chinese strategi Come in Creasing especially vis-a Union, the Unit decide to forge relationship wi might involve intelligence, mi or arms to B also involve the policy, in war "parallel action: to joint military to a formal Sino
American China policy ha combination Ճ f (3), with increa the directian c this what the Un what might be priate mix of th
First, it is wi States has mow malization, and and correct'' China describe. Chinese and A. in Asia now other in enoug relatively closer Washington anc the differences 2nd national goal seek to preven ower Asia as a namese dominat East Asiä. To agree on the Japoln that is se a United States tively involved and an associal. Asiāli nations | and stable.

options
| Ailerical ill
Chira that d backward, the night decide to
all assistance, both chnical, to the China's civiliar
ary ally (or quasi
American and : intercistt ha'ye ly to Colmcide, -wis the Soviet ed States might a closer military h CH || m3, This the transfer of |Itary technology, sijing. It might coordination of 5 ranging fra Tl i' I third areas, exercises, or eWer -American alliance.
host-normalization s clearly been a Options (2) and sing Towerment in f Option (4), ls ited States wants
the most approese four Options?
se that the lunited ed beyond nobeyond the "cool relationship with i in Option (). Ther i Carl Intert{25 t5 io parallel each a h ways to warrant lationship between | Beijing, des PiLe in social systems 5. Both outries L. So wiet. Hege finomy
whole, or Wiet: [or1 o 'wer" SoLu th — this end, they
desirability of a cure and confident, that remair 5 actin Asian affairs, ion of South-East :hat is prosperous
Moyegyer, to treat China als a potential adversary might become
a self-full fill Ing prophecy. It would remove China's incenci w es co redute it5 differ Conces With Chico
United States where the possibility of Conflict st|| Cxist5, als in Kora a
ad Taiwan. Ewen mo Te it would itle Beijing's El ti'W reach some kind of accomodation
with the Soviet Union. To be sure, the United Stal te 5 ca do nothing to guarante e that a con
flict with China will be avoided, or to prevent a Sino-Soviet rapprochment. But the United
States can act in ways that reduce the possibility that either development will occur.
Mot can there be much disagreement with the proposition that China should be treated, under Option (2), as a Tajor diplomatic colleague. Indeed, this is perhaps the least contro versia of all the Options Linder consideration here. It is already clear that a whole series of regional and global issues — from the situal tion in Korea to the Inter iha tiona ! energy crisis - cannot be resolved without China's participation and support. And China's stake in and Influen C2 o WCT, 9; Luch mitters w III only increase in the decade ahead, as China develops its economy and modernizes its armed forces.
For the remaining Options, the balance sheet is much more mixed. As a result, Options (3) and (+) deser ves omg What fuller Conside ration.
There are, for example, so The arguments that can be raised against actually a 55 isting e Yen the civilian modernization of China. So The concern the future role that Beijing Tight play once its economy is more highly developed. It may be, for example, that Chinese goods would come to compete with American manufactres o T, in the more immediate future, with the exports of some of court Asiam a Ilies. It may also be that a morte modern Chira

Page 13
would be a more A 53 ert|we China,
and might act in ways that do
mot always parallel American
i te të St.
While those dangers may be
real, there is relatively little that the United States could do to prevent them. As Dwight H. Perkins of Harvard University has recently argued, China is likely to develop its industrial plant rapidly Im Ch - || 980's whether for Tot the United States ch cc) 5 es to help. What China is una blå to pLrchase from American suppliers can be obtained elsewhere with relative casc. A policy of partnership is more likely to enable the United States to resolve, through negotiation, whatever economic and diplomatic problems emerge, than is a policy of economic aloofness,
Nonetheless, there are grounds for cau tio ni im devigi mE the specific tactics with which the United States attempts to assist in China's modernization. Crte of the lessons of the past hundred years h35. Ele em that China ard the West - and perhaps China and the United States in parti.Lular - hawe tended to form an explosive "pupil-missionary" relationship. The relationship operates in cyclical fashion, first pulling the two sides together, and then driving them apart.
The Problem with this "Pup||- missionary" relationship is that it is inherently unstable, largely because both partic:s en ter it with un realisable expectation 5. The Chinese "pupil' expects panaceas, but finds that the "solutions' offered by the foreigner often provide one-sided benefits and are poorly suited to Chinese condi. tions. The American "missionary' expects gratitude, but finds that the reaction is more Laften ambiwallence, uncertainly, and even anger. Both sides feel betrayed. W Tid å relationship conce characterized by eagerness and euphoria
now throws the two sides apart with Ersat forcë.
Thus it is wital that, to
the greatest extent Possible, ArTe - ricam ass, İstanıcı: be appropriate to CF ; & conditions, that it be within China's ability Ep absorb, that it te affered in i spirit of
friendship and re the distributin
be just and equitat for their part, m change, yet able t technology selecti' it to their own
Finally, let u desirability of a U.S. military-strat with china — pro controversial of 1 facing the Unites. vio fa' 5uch tially make th First, that Chima and is eager to equipment and the West; Secon and Wa 5tar Int e55 entially equiv Western military is the refore full TH i di F13L W: to Ciria would 5 trong counterwẽ
55 iwe and exp;
Jinion,
Such arı argu
errarius. A clç
tionship with this point at lea: This is because b::refit5 of 5LJch Linertain, while considerable,
First, a strong at th: it reaped whateve likely to follow relationship with Soviet dispute h Moscow to di portions of its strategic forces with China, a The improvement
relations sin : 2 has already reduc of Americal in w in A5 jal, Furth E cocpcration with rei for C: these b not significantly
This calculus r if Chira were encourage a Sow |t 5 fror tiet . BLu military balance, is role the less A retent Per tag

spact, and that af benefits, bo 2 ula, The Chinese, List be open to o choose foreign vely and to adapt
om ditions.
is consider the
or extesie legic relationship bably the Tha 5 t
che four Options States. Those -וe3$grוrכptiס וar TĚ ru | is rTnilitary Weak, purchase military
technology from di Iha Chine ge
roo D5: 31" : "C''' alont, and that
aid to Chila y justified; and : 521 353 i 5 til TCE help create a ight to an aggreIl 15 io i 5t Swiet
ment is largely a ser militar y relaChina would, at it, be premature. the additional relationship arte the risks are
case can be made States has already T E e fit 5 år"
from a strategic China. The Simo— as already forced a ploy substantial land, Air, and along its frontier
ld in Mongolia. of Sid - ATT i 1 the late 1960's
ed the probability Collwë let | T | Wär" art U. S. military 1 China. Would enefits, but would increase them.
night be different so weak as to et attack across t the Siria-Soviet Wyhl i 2 L T 2 qual, relatively stable. or study, leaked
slamic movement
The test Islamabad
CE to the general impres
sion given by the Wester news agencies which covered the ls | armic conference in Islamabad (the second of its kind in six months), the speephei and the resolutions marked a major defeat for the US, reports Dawid Housego, Asia Editor of the Financial Tim e5. I am arti li head li ried
Soviet Union wins the popularity test in is arihabad', he wrote: "Western diplomats tended to see it as a ga Lige of the 5 trength of U. S. and Swiet influen 2 il the Middle East and South-West A5 iä.
According to that view, the scorecard has been 'firmly in the
in
Russians' favour."
Giving two reasons for this result, Housego observes "the Gulf States and Pakistan have colle to shar a common Wiew that the US is either unwilling
or unable to challenge the Soviet Jnan im South WEST A5il. For Faiki 5 tari, Lh2 from Il-ling 5 tā te for Afghanistan, the failure to extract from the US the funds or guarantees which it considered necessary for its security has meant it feels it că n no langer confront its neighbour,"
The second reason was given by no less a person than Prince Bin Faisal, Foreign Minister cof Sa Idi Arabia, a s taunch ( US ally. Pointing to the forcible occupation of Arab lands by Israel for sa
many years, Princa Bin Faisal remarked: "Lh er 2 will als E 2 | imit 5 to US infiltri c2 i Lhig
Middle-East tri til th 2 li min its of It 5 israel."
th 2 LJ3 defines C. fil fili. LTI CTL L.
to the New York Times reportedly indicated that China already has the capability to deny the Soviet Union any "desiwo victory in 3 coli'ye itional War", "3" da the Ch| 725 : appeal tc.) foir, or expect, a Soviet attack,
(To be concluded)

Page 14
SOUTH ASIA - SMALL NATIONS (2)
POWER CENTRES
by Godfrey Gunatilleke
hic Te is är other dirim 21 sic to the forms of cooperation within the region. First, the exercise which was undertaken
was intended to examine specifically the rationale for cooperation among the small countries in the emerging configuration of power in the region. This cannot however imply that the cooperation
among the small nations has to be developed in opposition to the emerging power centres.
What is envisaged and what is required is a framework of regional cooperation which includes the big powers in positive and equitable relations with the small powers. Within such a framework the forms of cooperation among small nations become a decisive factor. On the other hand, the close linkages between the Small developing countries and the major developing powers are of
fundamental importance for the process of development in the region as a whole. The paper
prepared for the South Asian region emphasises that the "Process of cultural chango and reinvigoration of static Societies has depended throughout history on their interaction with developed centres". If one substitutes for developed centres "major growth centres', one would have to assign a central place to the role of India and China in the social and economic transformation of che developing nations in the region. The concept of collective self-reliance becomes meaninful and dynamic only Within such a context. If one is to consider collective self-reliance at subregional level, then cooperation within the South Asian and South -East Asian regions as a whole in which the economic in this area exploit to the full the interdependencies and complementarities of development, would become extremely important. This then requires, for example, that small countries of the South
2.
^ sian region ent tive e con 1i India and profic Program mes for e tion in the reg The major dev hawe a crucial the whole proce: countries of the their bargaining in cl'Istriali5:d No dependence on cxpand and inter Zontal III kages wi ing world itself. is i Tiportant I n the present studi which the comf relatio f1 ship betw, nations and the of growing power ing Asia are go ir in achieving the IT of reducing Mart den ce con the Creating a new relations among tries on the oth
| rn ha case of South-East Asian other fictors e Situation and rer of relations Inc. First, Chima's o development and frame which gov a policy which is and directed tow: If this is accepte that the growth
Iot Te5ult in
thrusts and effor tration of econ CCUlties. F would follow th ships in the S region are not the major proble economic penetr inance of a big the Socialist blo is enacting its
'small nation''
was observed Yugoslavia after t Wır, El Hg

ir into cooperarelations with La vide-ranging Onori CCraion als a whole, slaping powers "ole to play in s in which the South ginhance power with the "th rgdLice their the North, and sify their har I - thin the de velopTherefore what the context of is the way in gxities of the " cel the small|| 55 is is * Wiwit Hii ini dgey e cp = ng to be resolved ultiple objectives :h-So Luth de PenՃne hand, and :et of a quitable de Wielo ping COLI In
Chiria and the I äitioris, 3.2 Yeral rter into the der the pattern 3 r. Camilitate d. wn strategy of the ideological err 15 i ti, farw Courg ; in Ward Q2king Lrds self-reliance. !d, it would seem of China would ou tward la voki rig ts at the pang
Ciri its of Cth er his was so, it it the relationouth-East Asian
ikely to lead to ms aris ing from ation and do IT -
power. Within c it5self Wiet, rızı Tı
oʻwrı Wg2rsion of autonomy which In the rast of he Secorial World 5 trä tegic checks,
balances and countervailing power
that emerge from such a situation,
the pattern in South-East Asia may favour conditions which
en ble small nation 5 to establish
links among the Tselves tó en hance
their own capacity for autonomolus decision-making and de velopment. The nature of the problems in the region is likely to remain more specifically political and related primarily to that of evolving
a set of relationships which
Pro Totes the co-existence of different socio-economic systems
and enables the processes of in terma| change to work, them
5 s|vg 5 aut within such A fram =- work of co-existerce and non
iri [crow 3om tio 1.
The studies briefly examine the economic, political and cultural fa un dations of cooperation among Small nations. The study on South-East Asian countries strongly emphasised the impediments to cooperation resulting from the internal structures of power in the se countries. It is argu 2 Id that the rulling glites would hawa little interest in strengthening the ties of regional cooperation.
The pattern of development promoted by them is highly dependent upon foreign in wast
Tinent and the consequerit linkages
w|th the capitlist ceri tres of the
industrialised world. Such a patterm rainforces and promote 5
Wertical linkages with the Narth
whichi would mi ili [ili. [2 again 5t.
regional cooperation. Therefore
It has been argued that without fundamental structural changes in these societ|85, it is Tot possible to expect these Countries to Pursue development strategies which cold become the basis of an effective programme of regional cooperation. This limi e. of a grat de al of discussion at at the meeting. First, a contrary point of view contended that it would not be correct to regard
in terrial structural chal nges as being an indispensable precord
tion for any form of regional cooperation. The two proce SS es wi|| take place si multa T1 e C3'. Sly, each interacting with the other and thereby both facilitating the Process of internal change as well as fostering and stregthen i TE

Page 15
regional coopcration. Teeting drew attention to new roles, which multimational en terprise might play in the region within the existing system. With the growth of internal markets, multinational enterprises themselves may plan investments and expansion of facilitics in a manner which establishes links between the economies of the region and creates the economic base for greater exchange and interdependence. This developitself may not be in the national interests and may not contributa to the forms of interdependence
Second, the
and regional cooperation which are in the long-term interests of the so countries. Nevertheless,
it is an a spect which needs to be considered, particularly as this type of multinational activity is different from the conventional par term which establishes and expands the North-South links.
The consult.atians dealt with some of the cultural dimensions of the problems of cooperation,
In South Asia underlying the diversity the te are important Cultura affinities. The northern
states of India would have more in ccommon culturally and linguistically with Pakist and Bangladesh than with the southern states. The linguistic and ethnic diversity of India itself imparts to India a non-monolithic character which is a positive factor in regional cooperation. The subcontinent also shows many institutional features in the governmental as well as commercia structures derived from British systems. The geography of religion in the region als 0 Thakes an interesting pattern, While in India the majority religion is ower whelmingly Hinduism, the majority of the population in the small nations is Muslim or lslamic. This group incluecs Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh ane |-13 || dives, Buddhists corne second with Burma and Sri Lanka. The Hindu population which is lerst in number among the small nations is in Nepal and Bhutan. On the other hand, there is a cansiderable minority of Muslims in India, The Subcontifient ha 5 baen scarred by deep religious con flicts, which ha'w be em come of
the main 5 ou Tc25 hostility in th period. But on Political dgwelo prT to the indo per di dicsh hawe introd inta Lha. SiLUais) across the relig This mosaic of ligious affinitias the region wol have some inf pattern of re group ing of CC region. The cult factors point to of coil Tunication national limit5 at levels of collecti in the region. is in the region parts of Nepal a that Buddha we his doctrine. pilgrims from all world and evoke van eration as the places of great South-East Asia cultural diversity different pattern culturo playing a Islam being the majority in son: of a significant m A Fother il tert E. 5 ti Chine 50 athnic
urber of So contries occup positions and oft: roles in the e cor could produce i a type which c relations of co region. Therefo aspects and t forms of cooper, small nations, relations betw: and the big pow Would reed to closely.
The discussion. briefly examinec for economic c studies had not depth the eta Cooperation a To It was agreed be done in the the Work. As ri nations, althoug been slow, highare being under

of division Tid post-colonial the other hand, 1ert5 which ed a rice of BanglaJced new alliances | wich have gut
ious boundaries. :Lutural and Te - am d ta' Tli Flicts ir
ld Lindoub ted y
lLenca on the lationships and I un ric, im Ilha
ural and religious possible forms which transcond id reach dee per
For example, it Which include 5 ind West Bengal d än id preached t is visited by wer the Buddhist s the Sarme dese P : ct.hr bith -
religions, r the religious and has a somewhat With tho M.
important rolig, religion of thig Countries and inority in others, rig feature is the groups in a Luth-East Asian ying important in playing leading lomy. This again Informa || || Erik 5 of ln influg 1.2 the untries. In the re the cultural heir bearing on ttion among the as well as the tF5. it is "Crs in the region, 2 examined fore
at the meeting the potential operation. The examined in any 10 m į ES for" g small nations. hit this would next phase of gards the ASEAN progress has e 'wę| 12 gotiations :äke II to greate
the
necessary framework of polities in order to accelerate economic cooperation, It is
difficult to predict at this stage the pace at which such cooperation Would
expand. The prospects however appear to be satisfactory if we take into account the relatively rapid expam5ion of 2 como IT1 ies in this
regior which hawe the Effect of creating markets and expanding da mand, all of yh Ich gan begårne the basis for a dynamic pragramme of economic Cooperation.
|r SOL Lh–East Asian and East Asia among the Smal nations themselves there is a significant
structure of technology and know -how - e. g. Singapore and Korea - which can become an important factor in promoting technological Self-rellance among the smaller hati CT5. Th 5 må|| rations in SoLI th - EaSt. A,5ia Ili kg wise hayg rich natural endowments which can bring them together for collective strategies of economic development, These countries also have among them con troIII ng shares of the world Ilarket in several primary commoditics - e.g. tin, natural rubber, coconut oil, plam oli. Taken together, it ha 5 a Surplus in food; i t; resources of energy and other minerals are quiet substantial. South Asia, on the other hand, has bem considered the hard core of world powerty; its rates of growth ha ve been low, it 5 per capita income is a mong the lowest in the world, it is cosidered to be relatively popri In regard to natural endowments. The history of Internal conflict5 within the region has militated against effective action for regionall cooperation. The small nations in the South Asian region, with the exception of Iran, do not hawe the rie:Sources which are in any way compar ble to thCge2 cof the small na Lions in the South — East Asian region. The economic disparities between the small nations of South Asia and the
growing Centre of power - India
indeed very large. In Carlı pari SCT), Lhe: Si Luth-Ea5t Asiam region in relation to China is batter situate di
H
(To be continued)

Page 16
Protest Day...
(Continued front page 4)
from government and party) emerge. Of course these skeletal ideas have to grow and acquire flesh and blood. But already one
can see the outlines of two seriou 5 di lemmas—the e CcmC Tnic. (taming the unions, industrial un rest, fall in production and
efficiency) and the political (State power and the Party apparatus).
THE FUNERAL
In sum, then, the JTUAC
leaders under-estimated rankand-file morale, while the JSS over-estimated its strength, and by so doing may have in is led the ultimate decision -makers in the matter of tactiC5.
The death of Mr. Som a pala overshadowed the fact that about 40 others were injured, some seriously. The result could be a rise in trade union militancy and a stiffen ing of morale. The massive show of solidarity on Monday afternoon when thousands and thousards Walked out from their offices is surely evidence of this.
Pressure from below may also force the opposition parties to come together at least on major
issues. A grievously fragmented opposition has so far been the UNP's greatest as Sct. Already talks have begun at a political
lewe | Egt weer the SLFP, LSSP, MEF and CPC. Soon the CPSL, NSSP and the RMP may join the talks.
lt || 5 said that o werture 5 ha. W e been made to the TULF tao, The com mori platform wi || be liwing
costs and democratic rights,
The shte w d | eaders of the UMP made every effort to see that the opposition did not get itself a
martyr. The shooting of student Weerasuriya was one of the last rails in the SLFP coffin. Every party, including the UNP capitalised on this event, The death of
Sonapala may start a train of events bcth in the trade Union and political field which nei théf the UNF if the SS for 2: W.
| 수
SLFP —
e first item rexit electio II be a pledge to r
rights of a thic those by the Since the ICxt is in 1983, the T by the all-island mittee of the
considered a bit not if the circuri this and other p made at ki o Wri
For some st: daily press, incli enterprising "Sl port these matt surely of mor Political | Tl Le Te5 urgency.
Orl II të ELIr. Mrs. B. called a P. B. to ex pola r:H| LIt i State Presidential Cort 5aid 5 he was i WW the proceedings. the all-island ,Ed חסוח וחוו$
“Pah" sported of the past "mo |''t krhif)''W. W. a. bout. . , . !'' . BLu'
aundiced wiew time stalwart place in any making bodies,
Anyway, the bers who gather headquarters list a long-winded T. B. II larng2r2t 5 |mc3 | t5 |rh C(2p tir storms the part
Second, the resolutions pass Speech on a 5 |Tangara Eric mo" w Fili.|| rc-affirm F K. "'F || 3: 1 fieri. ability to lead People forward struggle agains opprc:5510 n a T1d
The All-island pledged support

preparatory moves
of the SLFP's manifes to will e sore the Civic se deprived of present regime. general election “esolution pas sed exe-Li's CCparty may be premature. But stances in which arty moves were and understood.
3 mgle reason the ding the usually No did not re:ers which were = tham passing . First the
from Belgrade,
meeting of the in why she had ment before the mission and then lithdrawing from
Soon afterwards C: Titte 2 WIS
a party big-wig st of the follows hat it was a|| t this could be a because the oneailed to get a if the decision
250-to-300 me T1ed at the party (2med patierntly to account by Mr. Ile of the SLFP n, and the many e had to weather.
content of the :d. Ending his irring mote, Mr. ed a resolution Lle Committee's in their loader's he party and the in their just a for 115 of Intinidation."
Collittee also to Mrs. B. on
"the courageous stand she has taken against all attempts to eliminate her from the political scene."
The motion was seconded by Mr. Maitripala Senanayake the party's newly elected Deputy
President, yw h i gen initiated thc mowe to inscri bę as item No. 1 in the next manifesto a pledge about all those deprived of their civic rights.
When the news appeared in the SLFP's daily paper “ “ DIN AKARA”, a clique of front-rank UNP'ers discussing the report informally, agreed that it was best to ignore the matter entirely. But one of the bright young sparks - a "rising Star" in Sri Kotha — mapped out a propoganda line: "Why should Mrs. B. get the party to re-affirm its confidence, ur less she ha 5 some doubts about It?"
But Mrs. B. knows na itors is not what the UNP Would like SILFP' ers to feel but what they really feel about the fu turc.
These Mrs. B. the
grirT)
If she loses her civic rights and is no longer an M. P., can she continue to function effectively as party leader, participating fully in all public activities of the party? The Toment the question is raised the long shadow of Mrs. Indira. Gandhi falls on the inner-party discussion. (Mrs. B. me. The Indian leader in Belgrade).
that what
decisions indicate that is preparing herself and party to face up to the
|me vitable.
"As the law stands' a leading lawyer-politician told thc L. G. "she cannot do a MI's, Gandhi because she will not be able to com est a Seat if she los e 5 her rights, but she can certainly
carry on as party president . . . . that's entirely an SLFP matter. . . . of course, these days, laws are as unpredictable as the monsoon weathst . . . . . . "

Page 17
LEN IN Blog RAPHY (3)
Bolsheviks and
by G. B. Keerawela
he significant feature of the
second congress of the R. S. D. L. P was the break up of the party into two scetions, the Bolşİı e'wİlk 5 5ımı d the *1ğrı şh ğ il || 11:5. The Te Were 5 com a fumid mar || reasons for the difference of opinion between the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, and the Men she wiks, led by Martow. The difference of opinion centred on what form the party should take. Lenin said that the membership of the party was open to all those who accepted the party programme, rendered the party financial assistance and belonged to one of the party organisations. This formula conceived of the part as a tightly-knit organised party. But Martow, backed by Axelrod and others, opposed Lanin's line. Marrow's formulation regarding membership provided for the acceptance of the programme and the rendering of financial support to the party, but did not Take membership of a definite party organisation obligatory. This interpretation of the party membership conceived of the party as a diffuse and amorpho Lus mass, Lenin's group, since it had a majority of the followers, was called the Bolsheviks, and the other group was called the Menshi : 'wik 5, because it had the support of a smaller number. However, after a comparatively short time, the Mensheviks were able to gain control over the more important party apparatus, 5 Luch a 5 the Party organ-ISKRA.
After capturing the party organ, ISKRA, the Menshawk 5 launched a campaign against the Bolsheviks and particularly against Lenin. In these circumstances, Menshevik opportunism on questions of organisation had to be exposed and a comprehensive exposition of the theoretical basis of the Crganisational principles of tha Bolsheviks had to be given. In Or der to do this task Lenin began writing his WORK, "Gific Step
Forward Two S January 1904. May 6, 1904.
In the summer the Mesheviks Capturing the Ce the situation in extre mely strairiac galled control bodies of the pa necessary congress of the to Settle the als |-lens helyik 5. In conference Cf delegates was he und: r Lerlin's Çor'ı feren ce issu addressed "To t became the Bo tor the Cor W3Cat congress. At the 904 the first new Bolshe wik ne y (Forward) appear editorialship.
After the Blood revolution broke January I905. Lon!
in St. Petersburg the revolutionary first Issue of
artitled entitled
and the Proletaro to the inpendin to the rewori already started
February 1905, Tasks and New F |r his article the main strate the Bolsheviks -democratic rewo
The third cong in London. It Congress for the away and held the in Genewa, The the Bolshevik c wery antithesis c tactic of suppor bourgeoisie as bourgeois revolut a brilliant expos

Mensheviks
teps Back' in it appeared on
of 1904 whe
succeeded in stral CCT mittee, the party was . Thı I5 *13ı5ı e 'wik of all central rty. Now it was or were another party in order Colum II will the: July 1904, a 2. Bash a y İk. ld In Switzgrland di Tactior. The ed |1 appeal he Party" which lshevik platform ion of the third erd of DC Comber fu Tibet of the wspaper "Wpery o d' ed under La nin's
Sunday incident ош t in Russia in g before the events Lenin forçosaw 5 torn, l che "Wperyod' Lenin's "The Aristocracy i åt" refertid not g revolution, but or which had ir Russia. r1 lis irti. "Nevy orces' appeared. enim formula Led gical slogan of in the Bourgeois lution.
ress was opened was a Boshe wik
Mensheviks kept ir own conference
line adopted by ngress was the *f the Merse wijk ting the liberal
|Eäder in Lhe :İ3 m. licnim gawe ition of Bolsh wik
tactics in his extremely important
work, "Two tactics of SicialDemocratic Revolution', which appeared in July 1905. It was
also a sewore critique of Menshevik
tactics, Here he explains the fundamental difference between the Bolshevik and Meushevik
conceptions of the character, the driving forces, the prospects of the revolution, and of the functions and airs of
te proletaria t. *Meanwhile, the revolutionary struggle of the workers and peasants began to assume a
sharply defined political charactor. The political strika s af the workers to used the whole country. T government took measures to suppress the workers and peasants, but at the same adopted a policy, of In citing the different nationalities against each other and promising to set up a representative rody etc. Lenin, who was in Genewa. closely watched the developments
titi 5 t
til Te it
of ongoing revolution and he directed all cha actiwities of the Bolshe wiks. His slogans of armad
i 1 Sutrė C Ciro", formation of Tg woutionary army and a provisional revolutionary government were a clear formulation of the Bolshevik party's aims, and of its methods of achieving them.
In carly November 1905, Lenin arrived in St. Petersburg with the tide af revolution - On his Arrival in St. Petersburg. Lenin attended a meeting of the Bolshevik section
of the editorial board of the legal daily newspaper 'Novaya Zhizn'. Later Lenin attended a
Teeting of the central Committee of the party. Lenin took control
of "Nawo ya Zhizm'. Hi 5 first article for that paper appeared on November 10. entitled "Re
E

Page 18
of the called for a
-organisation Party' in ựựhịch h g Tadical reorganization of party work to suit the changed conditions, Two days later his second article appeared, entitled "The Proletariat and the Peasantry" in which he formulated the airls of the working class and the peasantry in the revolution.
At the baginn ing of December 1905 Lenin Yent to Finland to attend the first Bolshevik conferÖnce. At this Lamin deli wered two reports, One on the current situation the other on agrarian question.
conference
and
While the conference wäs in progress, the armed in surrection took placo in Moscow. The conference at once brought its Proceedings to a close and the delegates dispersod to tako part if the Insurrection.
The December in Surrection sus taIned defeat. The rewolutionary tide gradually receded. summed up the experience of the October and December battles II his well-known work "The victory of the Cadets and the Tasks of the Workers' "Party' which was Written in "arch | 706,
Lenin
At the Finland conference, the Bolsheviks in compliance with the demands of the Workers for United Leadership in the mass struggle, adopted a resolution in favour of restoring party unity and affe red to convene a unity Congress with the Mensheviks. In preparation for the Congress Lenin wrote a pamphlet entitled "The Revision of the Agrarian Program The of the Workers 'Party' in which he formulated and explained the demand for the confiscation of the estates of landlords and the nationalisations of all the land. Before leaving for Stockhol in
I é
where the cong hold, Lenin Call of the Bolshevik ( Petersburg.
Even though th called the Unity Bolshe'wik5 aid it each kept to their retained their sef tons. After the returned to St. lived there un til Ja
The fifth congre L. P Wās hald || | and May 1907. A Le 11 del wered a party's attitude to parties. The by the congress contained a Bolshe all these parties the Bosho Wik 1 them. The fifth an Important wie Bolsheviks.
In August 1907 Stuttgart to atten tional Socialist ( Stuttgart he return in Finland. As thi increasingly unsafe central body decic
must lea wa Russi:
not an easy matt of Fİrılırı d. Lerİrı
at night to an is to board the sh was the beginning period of exile.
Comparatively,
period of exile w; trying tham the first period of ex 1 Π atmosphore rewolution - But during the early Se cond period completely differen had Susta i nad defe
was ramբan I,
(To be co

e55 was to be = d i corri france i elegates in St.
is congress was cougress the he Mensheviks o wyrn wie wys är id a rate organisacongress Lenin Petersburg. He nuary 1927.
ss of the R. S. D, london in April t this congress report on the Wards bourgeois olution adopted on this report wik appraisal of and formulated
actics towards congress marked ctory for the
Lenin Went to d the InternalCorlig re55. From ed to Kuokkola, 5 place becaf The : the Bolshevik led that Lenin L. But it was
ge: C. Cut Crossed the ice and in the Gulf p there. This of the second
Le mir'5 second 1.5 m Li chi riTi ofte first rm the ile he |i w2d |r1 of impending the situation years of the if exile was
t. The revolution at and reaction
rnti n u ed)
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Page 19
Anniversary
lgnasio Silone – humanist rebel
by Ranjit Goonewardene
EBRIN in May 1900, in a poor Italian village called Pescina,
Silone was involved by the age of fourteen in political activity in defence of the oppressed Pe 5 antry. He records his early experiences with the poor peasants In an autobiographical story called "Poluku 5 ka".
The experiences he records show a sensitive, intelligent young boy responding spontaneously against injustice and a keen social awareress which is indeed rare for a boy of fourteen.
His te bellion against the socia" order in his powerty striken village came out of sharp obserwation and a warm hearted instinctive love for the oppressed. it was not the kind of rebellion which is actuated by an ideology
or a pro-contiewed belief: this probably explains the simple, direct and hor) est Thanner he
treated the theme of social and political Injustice in his novels.
His passionate identification with the poor peasants gave him the Taterial for his great novels. "Fontanara", "Bread and Wine", "Secret of Luca", "Handful of Blackberries', and for his short stories "Journey of Paris", "Painful Return", "Wisit to a Prison".
Silone also wrote two plays, "And He did Hide Himself" and "The Story of a Humble Christian", Ywhich was his last creati we work. Silone's instinctive rebellion against
political repression and his preparedness to fight against it is shown in the struggle against Mussolini's Facist regime. His Writing and his å čLion 5 hawe shown that incorporated these values into his life style. It is for this reason that Albert Camus referred to him as "one of the
greatest among us",
The term comr1 gagem em L is now q This term was made known by Sa These writers ar. carriot withdraw tower or a priva OW. Moder st fied its pressures a A writer, the refc has to respond t of his age and be against forces Wh destroy the libert dignity of man. writing find a wordy, often rhe tions on the can ment, They are h and also abstract
Sartre fai || 5 to liri terms of li wied experience, Fu sa Tous statement people' precludes of an invalvernen Condi lor. In the does realize the ment through th Dr Rieux, yet there is a distance and the wictims The character of the level of a than a fully conc
But in Silone of Simple, spon tamɛ which is very Sartre and Camus of "Fontamira" are the Facist regime the use of humo. that tyranny cann inn er strength and forces inherent in
"So it is cont and months. In th g) Lisgid to moo Century had elaps moonlight era, a era a century

The
itment Gr enuite fashianable. formulated and rtre and Camus. gue that a Writer into and wory te Yworld of his :|ety has İntemsili m the irid iwidual. ire by necessity, o the pressures : actively engaged ich threaten and y, freedom and BLt. In Sartre'5 good deal of Lorical proclamaCept of Engagoighly intellectual
State Telts,
realise this idea felt and shared thermore, his "He is other the possibility in the human "Plague", Camus ideal of engagee character of one feels that between Rleux of the plague. Rieux moves at symbol rather aiwed character.
there is a kind : ou 5 in wolwer Terit different from . The peasants a terrorised by But through I r Silon 2 shows ot destroy the the irrepressible
| If e.
inued for days e cind Foi amara In light again. A Ed be two the ld the electric which included
the age of oil and that of petrol, but on evening was sufficient to plunge us back from electric light to the light of the moon."
Pietro Spina, the central character of Bread and Wine is looked upon as a dangerous political criminal. His friends abandoned him. Pietro's former school-mate Dr. Nancia Sacca, Is summoned to the sick bed of Pietro: "He has nothing to lose. He is alone. I have a family. Our political ideas are not the 53 me. " tha: Dr 5 idi. "This || 5 not a matter of political ideas,' Cardile said "He is a dying man. They made me learn a catechism by heart when I was a boy. The catechism says: Works of mercy are these: to give drink to the thirsty, to clotha the naked, to give shelter to pilgrims, and to succur the sick. The catechism does not say to sucCour the sick who are of the same way of thinking as you. All the catechism says is to succour the sick. But in those days the church was for the people and not for the government. But perhaps they hawe changed the catechism now, too." Petro thus newer loses faith in life because therë åre simple man and wonen who are prepared to protect him and make him feel that he too has human dignity. Again, Silone Shows LhaL |ifa can survive. In the face of naked terror and the absolute brutalisation of society.
Andrea, the central character of "Secret of Lucca' is determined to prove the innocence of his old friend Lucca. LUCCA is a criminal in the eyes of the public.
He is condemned to life impresonment because he refuses to involve the girl he lowed in a public scandal. Lucca is pre
pared to suffer incarceration.
(Carl illed 7 page :)
|7

Page 20
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Page 21
RELIGION
Something
by Jayantha Somasundaram
R Runcic recently assumed office as 102nd Archbishop of Canterbury and head of the Church of England. In an age when ecumenism is Lh C Watchword, in a society that is secular, the memorie:5 that the "el throm mant" In wolwe are largely obscured AW, I'd yet the historic drama that saw the birth of the Anglican Church
is significant even in our day, not because of the theological hairsplitting, or the church-state conflict that it recalls; but because of its exposition of hur Tian nature. It laid bare issues that were Thore than spiritual or
political-issues that are central to our comprehension of oursel wes as humans,
Sixteenth century England is our stage and the regal figure adorning it is King Henry Will. The King Edwaning in years is anxious for his kingdom because he has no male heir. Cathering his Spanish que en Was originally the Wife of hi5 e der boto the T A Thu T, BLE I obliging Pope had permitted Henry to marry his brother's widow.
Now England returns to the Pope asking for a divorce-for state reasons - in order that he might marry Anne Boleyn, who just might give him a male heir. But the Pope could not oblige Henry a Second timo, since Queen
Catherine's Spanish nephew had
the Pope at the wrong end of
a sword.
It was on to this explosive
stage that Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor of England, stepped. More was a scholar who corresponded with the finest minds of his day. He was a thinker who was respected throughout Europe; an apostle of the New Learning.
"God made the angels to show him splendour - as he made animals for innocence and plants for their simplicity," he said.
"But man he made to ser we him
wittily, in the tangle of his Tidi."" g
splenc
War om the Po
The politicians England preparec King Henry to get Parliament passe Supremacy makin of th E. Church in Er who had been DEferd Er of th E Pope in apprecinti A Defelle. O Sacraments, Thr35 (Crimer Canterbury, The then granted hi i'r marrigad hirith to Haye Annë,' the "even if it splits two like an appl
Parlia Tert pā5: Succession Tnakin children heirs to England.
"This 5' " is war against explained Moro, decla, Ted Wat because the Pop that our Queen is
Yet the rest officers and dy i opposition. Som of Morfolk, England, were cithers | i ke The Secretary to the were fore's er King valued Mor above all.
"Because you ; explained to Mor you're known to are those like N me becauso II w and the Te are the who follow me jackalls with shar their lior, d that follows rel anything that II
The King prat Anglican Church Thomas Morg re. || tor: but yet mo

did for God
ре
and priests of | the way for what he wanted.
d the Act of Ig Henry, head gland. The King given the title:
Faith by the on of his book f the Sewe
appointed , Archbishop of Anglican Church his divorce and A meg. "| yayi i 2 King had said,
the universe II
sed the Act of g Queen Anne's
the throne of
eformation", this the Church' "Our King has on the Pope - * Will not declare
mot his Wife."
of the King's sors afforded no lika the Duke Er"|—M5 f More's friends, mas Cromwell, King's Council, 1emies. But th g "e's endorsement
1re honest," he g, "What's morg be honest. There orfolk, who fo W ear the crown, 35g Tiko Cromwell because they are p teeth and I am there is a mass because it follows owes.'
Ceded to make his in truments; signed as chancemale heir was
born. Seeking further justify himself, the king had attached a ri der to the Act of Succession.
This was an oath of alliegence to the offspring of Queen Anne, and an endorse mert of the machinations of King Parliament and the Anglican Church. Because 12 refused to take the oath More was confined to prision and his family rendered destitute.
Hi5 daughter Margaret wisits him in pri5on to pursuade him to take the oath: "God more regards the thoughts of the heart than the words of the mouth', or so you've always told me. Then say the words of oath and In your heart think otherwise.
"What is an oath but words We say to God," hic corrects hor. "When a Than takes an oath he's holding his own self in his hands, And if he opens his fingers - then he needn't hope to find himself again."
Morte. I 5 Here he is
Finally Sir Thomas brought to trial. fra med by a false witness and condemned to death. In his statement from the dock ha explain 5 why he did not take the oath.
"The indictment is granted in an Act of Par||a FIl ent which is directly repugnant to the Law of God and His holy Church,
the supreme government of which no temporal person may by any law presume to take upon him,
This was granted by the mouth of our Saviour to St. Peter and the Bishops of Rome whilst he
lived and was personally present here Cin Carth. It is therefore insufficient in law to charge any Christian to obey it.
"Meyer the le 55, it is not for the Supremnicy that you hawe 5 o Lught iny blood - but because I would mot bend to the marriage!"
At his da capitation Sir Thomas Cold rel55 urte his 2x3 :: tir er: Be not afraid of your office. You send Ile to God.

Page 22
And yet no male heir was born to Queen Anne, They call her Anne of a thousand days - at thg end of it. sh(2 t0 Q 'Wa 5 beheaded. Thomas Cromwell was found guilty of treason and exeCuted, Five years later Archbishop Cranmer was burned alive at the stake. The Duke of Norfolk should have been executed for high trea SC but his Warrant Was no signed as the King died of sy Philis the night before.
Ignasio Silone . . .
(Cearr ritreal frarr; Page F7)
Through the characters of Lucca and Andrea, Silone shows that involve Irent in another's condition demands an exacting sacrifice. A famous American critic, R. W. B. Lewis, rightly called this novel "the best image of sacrificial human heroism that contemporary fiction offers."
I wish to end this tribute to one of the greatest novelist of the century with a quotation from his play "And He Did Hide
Himself": "I can tell you this: the little I know, I did not learn at the University; I learnt it in
the company of men like you, And If my life has a purpose, found it through contact with men like you. My whole beling has now come to need that Contact as witally as my lungs need alr: || am also convinced, howewer, that this fre and Woluntary Way of standing by each other in darger is most nece 55 ary for you too. No one can completely be a man if he is all alone, or in unwilling company, because brotherhood is a sacred truth of man. That has come to be a forbidden fruit in this country of Ours nowa days; the other that's being imposed is based on utter contempt for man. But if you Tale a man by depriving him of brotherhood, he becoTnes a treg without fruits or branches, a sterilo plant. A people of despised, distrustful, hu Ti iliated men and women is a pestilent swamp. Cowardice, envy, suspicion, selfishness and treachery flourish in it as mosquitoes do in Swamps, Eith or we re-discover the bLeth Grhood of we perish."
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Page 23
Letters . . .
(con freed fra FP7 pia Fe )
(5) In 'socialist" Yugoslawia, there are ower o ng million unemployed. Over 3 million economic immigrants are selling their labour power in Federal Germany, Belgium, France etc. Un der the Yugoslaw model of "stia Iisri", lärd häs not be er nationalised. After 35 years of "socialism", and is still privately owned in Yugoslavia.
(6) I do mot Ywart to expa- || tiate on Tito's non-alignment,
No CorTirymu'r 15 It can be in Qin -aligned. It is sheer hypocrisy - as has been proved by Castro's support for Soviet aggression in Afghanistan.
Nothing can change my opinion that Tito renegade.
N. Sanmugatha san Colombo 3.
Vittachi and Trotsky
It figures that W. P. Wittachi, conservative critic of Social Welfare, scourge of university SIL de rits (c.f. debate wich E. H. de Alwis on Higher Education in early issues of L. G.) UNP intellectual (a Cotta dictio i terms?) and prominent contribu tort to the UMP "JOURNAL" should.
(a) equate Hitler and Stalin ("c.f. "Cannibalism: Black Of White")
(b) consider Trotsky to have possessed "brilliant empirical perspicacity' and'asure grasp of the trend of forces and events of his day" (L. G. May Ist 1980)
Wittachi claims to speak with the "benefit of hind sight'. Here we are celebrating the 35th anniversary of the victory C y el Hitleri Le fasti 5 mm ad To version of the history of that period that I have read tells me that Trotsky had anything to do with it, while Ho Chi Minh, for one, assures us that "Owing to the епог пој forces
of the Red Air Soviet people,
Stratę gy, Germany was ciri August 1945 Japa The democratic complete wictory,
T. W. Prog
We haye had
Television. The to the newspapers c. this event show relations. The programmes to E the rear futu te F do with Sri Lanka: culture.
The biggest h language barrie prografT1nes arc except for a few th: FI T15 divisio of Television has the blank faces is a leärt Iridi: language barrier mot Lunderstand Y and Television F reach the mass Telewisio is SorTi microscopic mino
Another week
shows a typical it's way of life. is foreign. Life Lankan.
There is a weal which can be g the cartoons and our newspapers joined together typical Sri Lanka its way of life. Cor The here to SE and listen to ou
The competent corne out with will say that the Studos are um de and nothing can cultural programs a stage arid the
suitabic sound they conduct pr
Wites.
S.

"my and the
and Stalin's in May 1945 ushed and in surrendered. Cartıp worı
Chitaka
a 25
on 2 year cof ||
cent splash in Omm territorat iring d good Public
line-up of 30 to le cast in has nothing to or Sri Lankam
urdle is the
". All the in English produced by n. The novelty Worn off and of the wic wors ation of the
People do what they see his failed to ES, AS it i5, ething for the rity.
ly programme family and But this too i 5 mot Siti
h of material athered from
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t TE n Family and Many tourists !e our dances
Ilusic.
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Page 24
Uthumaneni —
crisis in the
by W. Jayasiri
here is a village: a village
boutique: a temple: a poor famillly: a rich family: the Police: the Courts. The poor family consists of "dharmishtas', full to the brin with every righteous attribute; they would never sin, not even in
their dreams; they live quietly, min ding their own business. In the rich family you find people
who spend every minute in doing wrong; they are corrupt, decadent, barbarcus -in short, 'adharmishtas". The Police and hic Courts arte, as always, Partis an institutions that oppress the weak. The temple is the domain of a Priest who preaches the value of doing good. This formula would suffice not for one film but for literally thousands!
|tt was Sirise na Wii Talawgera’s firm "POD PUTHA' that took the first step towards directing the Sinhala film away from the superficial features of the South Indian cinema-songs, dances, fights, love scenes, the hero/heroine villain triangle, romancing in flower laden parks etc. - that had attended it at birth, and on to a new path. Yet this film too was based on the South Indian cinematic style and technique.
Lestet James Pieris” "REKAWA",
made in 195ó, cari be referred to as the coronation of the Sinhala film. Even though this film too was stylistically close to the South
Indian tradition, it was full of outdoor locations, away from the
artificialities of studio shooting and
contained a fow charcters who breathed the air of genuine Sri Lanka pastorality into the film. "REKAWA' is especially remarkable for its departure from the crudity and unrealistic style of the Sinhala cine må up to this time, as we || as for its independent theme and cinematic for T. Sinhala film critics, overwhemed by 'REKAWA, then began to hail, as true works of art, films which contained characters that glorified the splendatirs of rural living, or else that were full
22
The cr Sinhala
of good and righteo ding the films In The village, the thatched hut, the "thovil' - all becar signalled the 'art'
F|15 Such a 5 "SA
BADDA', 'SI KUR "HULAWALI", "C KOHDA" and 'SA
be seen as the un founded critical in between the r of the film "mud ha Tra 55 met Cau5 ei abandom the aver|| in a world of lowe esposes prince never a care In t tre South Indian s ing un shaken abo' placed in their pat ship practices of the we can proudly an record films such as NI DHANAYA", PA "SATH SAMUDUR HANDIYA, HAN WA". AHAS GAW" HARA", HAARA L
BARU AWITH". and " KAN CHANA points in the
Sir ha la cing Ta.
The in termedia ceived our critic decade were alsa this journey to neaningful Sri Lar less and alignate "GEHENU LAM MALAK", "SK R SHA wer2 Seen of art according and und erstandin These film critic to examin e thes if they had, I discovered that t mentality and irSouth Indian cin the Ilinds and wie wers, was ver "intermediate" fil most significant

itics
and the
cinema
use 55, disregartheir totality.
addy field, the
bullock cart, the
a features that si.
AMA”, “KURULU J THARUWA', EWIYAN CBA RUM GALE" | victims of such acclaim. Caught upes and celts alalis, and tha d by films that age cinema-goer hat Lriumph an rly to gypsy with a world, irm the tyle, and emergwe the obs, CaCl C2S h by the censora bourgeois state, d unha sitatingly "GAMPERALI YA", RASATHU |-|AL', ' "THUMIG MAN |TANE KATHAWA", "WELKATAKSAYA" BA M"PALANETYO" ," as highwater history of the
te films that de5 cayer the las
an obstacle con wards a truly ka cine T. Rootd films such as A'. "DUHULU JLIYA", and "APEK5 waluablo Works t thing ir criteria of film criticism. si did not bothr a films in depth; hey would have he clo ying Sentimmaturity of the ema, which di Lilled
the ille. It of ewid erit, in these r15 is Wall. The stumbling block
of all, howe Wêr, was the borgeois government's policy regarding. censorship. It fettered those artistes who sought the growth of an adult Sisilhalla cinem 1.
According to Marxism, the supreme achievement of the human
intellect up to da L2, what is proclaimed in each era is the ideology of those in power. Be it in a wark of art, a piere gf
legislation or a religious observance, it is the will of the ruling group or class that prevails. In these cirumstances, the role of the artiste is to utilise his medium of expression, within the limitations of that medi :Im and taking due advantage of its various developments, to reflect and reproduce the reality of the driving forces behind the existing 5 çocial for Tha Tim. In a Thore modern and complex sense, art is not a reflection of reality; rather, it is the reality of what is reflected.
Contrary to the opinion of those Critics who hai "UTHU AMENI" as a masterpiece or "realistic cinema', "reality' is not something which is hiding somewhere, in a drain, an allirah or under the surface of this earth, waiting to be discovered,
waiting to be exposed. Reality is intangible; we can not touch it, ydy e cannot seg i II. It is for 2 weer
changing. It is the people who decide what reality is; it is the ruler, the politican, the Sociologist the Historian. It is the force 5 of produ -- tiom that prewai | lin e werty Society chat govern reality, moc the Artiste. The artiste is come who, falt: ringly, follows reality. He uses his medium to comprehend and reproduce a mere drop of what he comprehemds,
The reality of modern Sri Lanka is not, as "UTHUMAN EN" tries to say, the paucity of "good' people: it is not the lack of honest police men good landlords or tradition bound priests. In short, it is not a problem regarding humani tarianism, or the |ack of it, it i5, in Lr Luth the terrifying result of the collapse of the bankrupt capitalist economic

Page 25
system. In order to protect and preserve the Capitalist economy and entrepren eurs, draconian la w5 arg imposed which repress the workers, the peasants, the toiling Tasses of this country. This is our reality. The armed forces are being strengthe red. The penal system is being modernis ed. Struggles for liberatid #1 a rę being Suppres 5.cd. The victories achieved by people through years of struggle are being snatched away from them, one by one.
Each person views this reality in accordance with the manner which is Tost advantageous to him, or her, class. Yet, the true artiste does not reproduce reality merely ww'r 2ak, vengeance express a personal protest. He sees it as a concept common to all, the heritage of all. This is the truth. It is both bitter and hard. The artiste who sees this bitterness and hardnessis filled with sympathy, and records this sympathy through his medium. Realistic cinema was born through such a situation The artiste does not become a social reformer or a person who exposes society's ills, That is not the Lask of the artiste. The artiste can become a combatant in the mass struggle only if he participates In a tr Lully rewolutionary mowement that is closely linked to the people. He cannot continue to produce propagan distar as a mere individual, It would be a complete falsehood if someone were to say that this is possible. He would only be someone totally ignorant of the existing social system or the relations of production. Propagandlst art serves, not the ends of art, but the ends of the ideology or commodity it promotes. An artiste can only serve the cause of art 25 a F1 at:5 te.
Why do some critics see "UTHUMANEN | 15 realis tic cinema: 5 it because it exposes the partis an nature of the law and the injustice of the powerful? It is not the artiste who created corruption. It is that Capitalist system that has done so - the capitalist system and its offshoot, the repressive |egislation that rulers and entrepreneurs uso in order to Swell their coffer5. "UTHUMANENI' may expose corruption and revenge. Yet it cannot e radicate, creven loosen, ese hold
of these evils or is not the artist Who come forwa revolutionary lea. actually cxpose, solutions to, the by the capitalist s; can participato struggle by using Weapon in this st can be done by we lopments and te artistic T1 : dia ргopaganda.
"UTH JANEN gotten all the ciri that WWE ha'ye systematically use no night, no day not relatčd to of shots are withou direction. Ther the editing. The of the | lght Ing. E for a noment, Sentiferical and intidents in the fi. Critis Ct CISE in its totality? W question the lac knowledge of fill displayed in this
No doubt We many incredible experiences in o Yet how can a wo |ng that is especial
incideris that incredi blg? A gre be logical. The
be linked to one the prosecuting co lays bare all the In a most intelli do not need to
Not ong of th is the major rea MAN EN I*, which accolades fron Critics, beccines a ing block for all | th a te engaged in the and search for a In "JTHL MANJE" | tempt to tighter So Luth Indian stylɛ Din the Sinhala ir in a most danger T111 mer, Ewell in traditional South is facing challerg Yet, in the main

our society. It but the people d under a truly ership who will nd give lasting roblems created ; term. The artiste
the people's his Tedium ag A 'uggle. And this
dding the devehniques of the o the art of
has totally formatic t2.hniques developed and d, so far. It has The scenes are g another. The t form, without is na rhythm in ra is no controll v en if one forgets, the extremely un real Stream of in, why do these der it a 5 a film, "ho do they not c of elementary m-making that is
f|1
can go through and even wierd Lur everyday lives, rk of art, son ethу created contain are un real and ative work should incidents should
another. Since unsel in the film un natural ewents gent manner, we repeat it hеге ,
e above factors son why UT'HUhas received various delu ded principal stum blhose artistes Who arduous strugglic eaningful cinema, is a singular atthe hold of the 2 of film-making тепna опce agaiп, ou 5 and Cowert India today, the Indian cinema es on all sides, for example in
the films of M. G. Ramachändran, there is no day, no night. The poor are brave and honourable, The rich a te mi Carn and despicable. The hero quietly stands at the centre of this two forces; ultimately, he takes the side of the weak and destroys the mighty, The films, which are the only form of entertainment for a population that spends its days in a desperate Struggle for su rwiwal, are full of sentlmental and extremely immature the mes. The weaking $5ẹ5 Cf the viewers and the tragedy of their lives, lead them to identify with such themes. Ultimately, it is not Baby Mahattaya or his cohorts who enn erge triumphant; the real victor 5 are the film's producers and all those who get a share of the film's takings,
Why is it that those critics who praise "UTHUMAN EN" because it has no fights, songs and dances, do not see this crisis within the film? Don't they see that the hard-won triumphs of those few artistes who 5truggle for a relevant Sri Lankam cinema are in danger of being submerged by this wave which is giving new life to the seeds of South Indian cinema within the Sinhala cinema? By re-introducing, with a wengeance, the South Indian tradition, loaded with an extremely dis hon est and corrupting sense of wallues, film 5 liko: "U THU
MANENI" destroy at one blow what we hay el tried to nurture with great difficulty over a long
period. Why are the critics silent?
This is indeed a rallying call for ewery honest artiste. To try to rejuvenate a dying tradition is to place obstacles in the path of social progress. This is why it is so dangerous, At a time when every artistic medium is facing a critical point in its struggle for survival, this crisis in the cinema, which is the foremost media of
( (o ? ?" iri ifa etdi (JI page ?!!! )
Ω3

Page 26
Cinderella of the cinema
he State Film Corporation has
given Sunil Ariyaratne's new film, Siribo Aiyya, special publicity as the Sri Lankan entry for the Berlin Film Festiwal, but One glance at the centres where it is being released reveals the plight to which the Sinhala film has been reduced. One good result of the cutting off of American films under the last regime (whatever the deprivation to sophisticated filmgoers) was that the better cinemas Wore compelled part of the time to show Sinhala films. This brought with it the benefits that tha Simhala filmgoert ya 5 ble fort Ch C, fiir 5 t | T12 t) see at least a few films of higher quality under proper conditions of projection and sound reproduction and in air-conditioned comfort and enjoy the facilities of booking which are unavailable in the normal circuit cinemas for Sinhala films. These attractions, coupled with the dearth of foreign films, also drew some Westernised middle-class filmgoers to the Sirihala film, and some of them discowered, to their surprise, that they could even enjoy it.
Now Cinderella is back in the kitchen. The national film has once Tore been relegated to the flea-pits to make way for Star Wars, Exorcist II and Jaws.
In the flood of critical praise that Siribo Aiyya has received
hawan't noticed that much attention has been devoted to what I think is the most significant feature of film - the fact that the hero's relationship with the ITUdalali's wife at the gaala is trealted with an absence of moralistic disapproval, an understanding of the quality of such an un demanding and um possessive sexual relationship which shows a maturity of treatment thats has been rare in the Sinhala cinema. It also brought out the fact that 9eeta Kumarasinghe, given the opportu
4.
rity, can be a w
indeed.
Contempt of co
A few years a the Ceylon Dail Thion th:5" |ail for a was held to be judges. Recently judgement of Lor Court of Appeal journalists could b to disc:logie theiro That fin dr i'w a S in Erish Pr: Observer heade
ticis ing the Jiji
DENNING IS AN
Clerihew
for his
to addicts of the
Galileo Galilei
Was Imprisione gloriam De
Bruno's was a c
He was burned greater go
Uthumaneni .
(ட்பriாE fr
communication, op. directo T5, with o to artistes With busines 5 rT er who fatten their pur point to make to hi I "UTH J MA, MJE cop en ing to a neW C well that you Eighties with a f genuine Sinhala back into a gloor sounded a death few artists who independent cine a film that gawe
of |ife to the and harmful feat. li di är cinema in Will have cause t. with regret.
 

auch Stone
gry good 3ctre,55
Lut
go an editor of y News got six m article which dis respectful of Eriti d Denning in the which ruled that e le gally required Source 5 of im fertorm of criticism 2S5. The London | its article cr | - idgement: WHY
ASS
riginal clerihew
:וןrין נfc
ti ad majorem i.
lifferent story:
for God's гу,
(?א ugeלץ r/Jל
ging tho door to creative ability, t15 te to only seek to 525 Che fra
all those who NI" as a fitting acado-rim climber comm en C2d th : ilm that pushed
iemā fr Thy dungeon and ke || ft thO5E fight for an ratic tradition, ! a new | ea 55 |most dari gerçus res of the South our fills. We remember this,
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