Page 1
Exclusive AUTHORTARAN TRE
(പ്പബ്ധ-് ക്ലൈ
THE H.
New
ALSO : Army. and politics
Jayanth Buddhism and history
Paul C
 
 

ight on the Anagarika
- Prof. Ralph Pieris
W.
Somas underam -

Page 2
It's.
(2.
to be both ಟ್ಗploye
shareholder
To know We have a stake in our OWr Curit pamay and that w Es belorg. کمحمو
سمتی To know we are contributing --~~~~ to Research, Devel op Tepubf 55
... and Industrial Expa iri
i T W HILI SLPhrif SS.
5' can CIWITI Ընmբյam w = firi iritiuidual or family in Old more thain 59... of
Hur shift:5.
It's great... to watch the Саппpпапү түшүү and helf in ur : Country's del C) For T142).
We cown the CorTop a ry,
work for at Cង្សgrងកex.
فيه
-
Chепmanex -the spearhead for development
- ཟླ་བ་ 로:
it."
ملا"۔
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Page 3
left the buildings
ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT
The WEEKEND says that the estimated expenditure on housing in the 1980-81 PL Blic / n westment Program has been Cut by nearly RS. (200 m s II form — from:1 Rs. 6,398 million to Rs. 5,440 r1 jan. The SUNDA Y OBSERWER, Im arlother Jead Story, told us that the pruning process has program for | 98, R5, s-f) ni ifjarı sess.
The DAILY NEWS which gave its frant page to Prime Minister (Housing Minister) Prema dasa" s UN speech with the dramatic fec] die "Porcermior 5 tri ke 5 a blow for the World"5 ho IIngless millions' spotlighted this telling remark:
''The replacement of sharities with de cerit hOLIS I ng is mot a peripheral part of development. It is the yery core. It is (7ri In westrlert III mankin d'.
Surely this was also a direct blow at the philosophy of the |MF and its proteges. It would haye received three cheers from color j55 Mike D) . Čím rif Čorec and organis C7 tioms like the Marga Institute, proponents of what is called "Another Development". Politi cally, it is an interes ting development too.
AT HOME AND ABROAD
Like the British Prime Minister who said that he was Corsevative at home and a libera abroad mory d. Third World politiċi am adopts a sa u l-isti rri ring radical posture at International meetings while pract sing a differ ert philosophy (It horrie. EduCT ted Sri Ları karı redders would the refore ha we fou red thi 5 passige: in the Prire Mir i ster's UN speech a refresh ing ch«) inge.
"I am not talking of a new order which T1,5 t exist bétwe:n nditions und nations only. Wo hin we to i ristit Lite this order llrn
Lur awyr cu u F1 tries,
"Before we ask for restraint from others, we mu practice restr dirt and control selves. We cannot have u New Internu
tional Economic
ard Old Econor Exploitation at ho rask for the ter|1 to tior and ine: rld titյոs, dnd d. oppression and
flourish within a
"The emancpai from exploitator եoth nationally II ally. The struct and inequalities are linked toget! tre for the SQL i the North. There hg LJ 525, Let Lu5 houses. Let us stories".
NO SIN
Is the Pettah Grindsay's fire 5 dest theories ir everybody claims krig Wy". The Wild the Old Soldier's Ľe 5ť7ľ1emť ťa Tfie Old wiring fr os.
5 to sends Cold 5 fivers of businessmen It could produce of the Towering
And what oft Were III the fi raw recruits, g Tore 5 erses than job bark? Unio Fiat ] tfič: ex
have left the
gye been sai
5 trike. 9
LA MERA
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19.
TENTS
Tamil Literary Scene
Samudran's attempt (L. G. Sept. 15, 1980 to shore Lup crumbling images can't go uncha| lenged, if only for the reason that sit a n-Tamil is eaders are likely to get a distorted pictute of the Tamil literary scene,
His black-and-white scenario bears little relation to reality, The current non-debate is not between Marxists and Forma|lists, 35 he would hawe it, but between a vulgar, reductive Marxism and an um dogma EIC approach based on what the
Founding Fathers of Marxism and their ideological heirs really said.
The current controwersy was sparked Off by à book co-authored by some young academics belonging to the progressive camp: in this concise history of 20th century Ceylon Tamil literature, the authors dared to prick some of the bubble reputations sedulously fostered by some "pioneers of the Marxist tradition of Tam || literary Criticism'. Thi5 irrevere attitu de to Saced it wis Ywas, of course, heresy: though no exco
mmunications ha ve yet taken place, Papal bulls have been issued to all the faithful and ex cathedra pronouncements
more emphatically re-affirmed.
A Timed forces in politics T Foreign News Religious instruction in Schools 1. Buddhistl and politics Anagarika Dharmapala I É. I pisition's decline Development Councis
Pa:II Tilli 1 ra S: 3լ) As I like 31
Print Cd by Arlanda Pri:55 82.5, Wolfendhal Street, Colombo 13.
Telephone: 35975

Page 4
Since Samudran himself silewhat grudgingly concedes that " "it is true Lihat many Tamil revolutionary creative Yorks (sic) suffer from genuire aesthetic deficiencies' (emphasis mine) and that "not all those who claimed to be progressive and revolutionary writers produced works worthy of their claim" One wonders what all the fu SS is about. When a Defender of the Faith himself thus sells the pass, corne can only 5 LI Spect that it's the hurt pride of dented egos rather than fundamen tal principles which is really at Issue. That's why I say the current controwersy is a nonid:ba te.
Samudran nostalgically harks back to the "stirring sixtics'. | || gawe it to the ft Liro || C.2 Tary
historian to separate myth and legend from the facts. But if after all the 'deep
oratica debates and di SCU55 o 15 and 'the qualitative leap forward", many Tam|| rewolutionary creative works suffer from
'genuine a Estheti: and "t task . Tare comprehens tical system is yet plished', one is
'What the dew Pioneers of the tion of TaTi i I li ter bean doing for years or more?" another two de ress their minds tion of the appro tic standards fo är ård literaturĘ wait to the Sri La So all the diale bU5 Lle cf the : helped the move gress very much one, it see Ths.
This kind of of the indefensib Kaspar's Teply t: kins' pertinent what good ca Tie "Why that I can he "But "twa 5 a f;
Instead of ab
SOCIAL SCE
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N. Shanm Lugara tnnm ;
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Emerging Agrarian Tren
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Book Rey Jews;
S. A. Shah ;
viet Studies ir Šri Larkā.
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: deficer cies" if evolving a We theoreto be accom - forced to ask I have "the Marxist tradi“ary criticismo
the last 20 Do they need a des to "addto the circapriate aesthicr. progr03. SIWE : that are releInkam context"? tical stir and i ix. Il 5 h 15 "t orient LO probeyond square
lame defence le racalls cld
|| || Peter - query ("But of it at last?)": 1ot tel' said amous victory.'
ouring under a
delusion and indulging in premature victory celebrations far from the scene of battle, Samu. dran would do better to rush to the aid of his imperilled mentors in the real battle-field (which is not the pages of the L. G. ) - armed with real guns and live ammunition this time.
Jaffna, A. J. Canaga ratna
IRAN - a reply
The self proclaimed "CommitLee for sol i dari Ly with the Iranian people" seems to have taken on itself the responsibi || ty of "del |yering Iran from the Khomeini Leadership and | Es; shackles", which in to to i 5 against the aspiration of those very 35 million Iranian Muslims who hawe submitted themselv e5 faithfully and absolutely to the leadership and the guidance of the mail.
The Islamic Road is not at a de ad end now", as stipula, tcd
(Carrier fra Jr, Prige ສ.)
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Page 5
October
6th a
emerging alliance
s the L. G. predicted from
June 1st onwards, the Opposition partles, a ne by oпe, have lined up behind the SLFP. The immediate rallying Point was the resolution to expel Mrs. B. from parliament on Oct. 16.
Eelamites joined Euro-Trotskyists and "militant' Trotskyists, Muscovites and Maoists and Dengists in condemning the move as "antidemocratic',
The notable exception to this emerging (de facto) Opposition aliance was of course the maverick Mr. Wijeweera who had his say at Hyde Park on Oct. 9, just a day before all political meetings in Colombo were refused police permission for the duration. Since that catastrophic nuck-up. In April '7|, Mr. Wijeweera's Sense of timing has shown remarkable improvement. He knows where to be, and when to hit, and is resourceful enough to get his permit5 too.
The day before the Hyde Park meeting he had his New Town Hal conference of JWP unions. In August he had a rude shock when his brother-in-law, Mr. H. N. Fernando led away the well-orga5ed Thers" UT || 1 from the JWP fo | The May Town Ha || conference which was quite well attended was also conspicuous by Its heawy se curity. . . . JWP's own unifor Ted Security menooking Suspiciously like deserters from the Imperial Guard at Republic Square.
Will the Te be de TT 5 trations in Colombo on the fateful day? Will the пor ks, taka to the streets? This was the question upper most in the minds of political observers. Will the SLFP party branches send sizeable contingents to Colombo? And if they do, will the dedistration be dramatic
A SUN report (Oct. 9) made it obvious that the Defence Ministry was concerned with the se vẹry same questløns. Thế govern
"It Wa5 TE| tingency plan" to Aug. 8.
A,5 the LG go discussion o ther these succi
Tore 3rd Thore
Mr. B. Who Strikas, satyagr guerrilla combat Lugh to associate July-August prot the band waggon protest.... itself of the tigh tening tion and the T1 pressed wage TTre 3, HFd fror" From that point was CEvious - ti expulsion issue emerging Opposit banner of the 5 W 1 1)"ET
In the past few ädcrassé d Inörg rall is across the thor hiwo be (ew en lawighly : drawn large cric
T. Kira a t Temandotus s Lu build-up of part
public foeling v Clict. I é.
The governm
Fre gjor L. J. R.’s back the worke been lockedcalculated mowe alignment of SLF partie חסsltiסopp identification of : --Lun i Carn i 55u 82 yw ll B.'s civic rights
EI the this wat 5 "W315 F. k. B r" | LJ5 rThb' back-up, no qu Implementation form leder Warrikoan Fhay that the re-inst Lures are del Ibra

hd the
to hava a "conavoid a replay of
25 to pre55, the
he tactics (whe2 ed or mot) gets interesting.
has na taste for 1. O 5 tret was shrewd erohorself with the estis, By climbing of working class 3 | Tot ou ECF The economic situabod of the Hard: F CF — Mrs. B. leadership role. the next step 5 Take hCT CDwi'n a slogan of the tion and a symbolic breading anti-goהדוחםך
thin a dog country. A of n Well-organised 5o) and al| hawe i'w ds.
a moting Was cca 55. Plainly, tha y, Opposition and was targeted for
ent's offer or
birthday to take rs who have now LIt appeared a Ia disrupt the new P and the other s, and the gradual the e como Tic-Tand th that of MI5.
a feInt cor, if it We, there was na ick and gen Luine of the decision, like Mr. Batty ! publicly stated atement proceedtely restrictlye.
F THE SILFP fel W. Wilt H His but h-packet and blue (50-) note has no storiach for street de IIloistrations.... he takes in the city sights and goes home...." says a a Pro-WP llawyer somewhat contemptuously.
Making a fine distinction, a veit=rar Old Last tHSarst|c|ar| Clb5 erve d: "TF 252 newtatics Cole froT a dwem Cu Tars, and a dye turi 5t 5 ..., the adventurors are already sharing the spoils of the SLFP victory in 1983... while the adventurists from the so-called new Loft are testing out their crazy, confrontationist tactics... which will
only play into UNP hands".
Interestingly enough at the last All-island Committee meeting of the SLFP, a Gang of Four did proPose the establish ment of a new 'action grou Do" which would be entrusted with the task of mapping out a program of direct action to da Tatige this Issue. But Politburc men bers (including Mr. Arnura Bandaranaike) shot this idea down F5, an at te Tıpt to supercede the elected bodies of the party.
Meanwhile, the government launched its propaganda counterattack through the press and its sharpshooters, notably columnists like Chanakya who specialise in dredging up the past. With all his professional brilliance, Dr. Cowin R. de Silva played the part of Public Prosecutor in thic no-confidence motion on Mrs. B. in 1975. That speech has become a Tuch-walued weapon in the hands of the UNP propagandists, and an oficial publication containing the LSSP leader's speech has just come off the press.
"They are masters in sowing discord in our party" remarked a founder Tember of the SLFP now enjoying his retirement but still close to the High Command. He was commerting on two matters. Firstly, the Foreign Ministry press release of Indian newspaper reports on W, mura's rocerit Delhi yisit.
கொமம்பு தமிழ்ச் சங்கந்3

Page 6
Anura was tipped as "hot favourite" for party leadership with Mr. Mai trfpala Senanayake and Mr. Stanley Tille keratne as can tënders. The other was a poster in blue urg ng Maitripala to lead the party and the country. Some saw the heavy hand of anti-Sirima party dissidents, while others felt it was some clumsy elephantine footwork.
WIll Aura move to his father's seat, a pocket-borough which gwgi sur wiwed the 9WW de bacle? If so, who will be nominated fo T Nuwara Eliya? Since the party's representation in the NSA is so weak the chances of a "man from the area" are Slim. A. Stal wart i 5 likely to take the place. Obviously, Mr. T. B. Ilangaratne, a founder of the party from Kandy who was airlifted to Kolonnawa to en 5 LI re that he is in parliament, has the strongest claims.
"No... no-it'll be a family man" said a UNP frontliner, smacking his lips in mischievous expectatiO ,
As for the emerging Copposition
al liance, Kalawama is certain to be the first critical test, now that the CPSL has edged nearer the
Tail StrealIT.
Protest fast
he Organisation for cbtain ing justice for strikers has called for a nationwide protest on October 5 in support of the disconti
nued strikers from last July's strike. The protest for today takes the form of a fast when sympathis ers will fore go their
mid-day mea | and contribute the proceeds towards relief for the strikers,
The Organisation the observance of the fast in public with the congregation of sympathisers during their lunch hour at places of Worship, offices, factories, schools and Colleges.
The Organisation was initiated by the Reverend Gnana bhiwansa, Beruwela Sanga this Sa, Kalamula Su gathadhira, Lakshman Wilck rema
en CCUrages
Singhe Leo Nanayakkara, Tissa Balasuriya, Paul CasperSZ, Yohan Devananda, , Carlo Fonseka, S.
Nadesan and Reggie Siriwardena.
4.
“Conspir says Wi
rı Coctober {
Pk. Tee owed by the police tion, the JWP lea: Wijeweera accuse ters of trying to in a 's awe Sirima said that the WP widespread repor ta create disturban sabotage and disri ser wice5. He al SC hand-bamb explos man had been k which was always opponents of man bombs may becC target of violenc that thora may be implicate the JWP. i 5 mot afraid to faC. ats and plots sinci of MI5. B. to exter had failed.
From a working view the issue of civic rights was a t pared to the righ thousand worke lost their Jobs, an who were now suf he said had not Tal||les all over th { a great deal of mo the cause of the W it was exploiting struggle to SY'E opportunists of 1 supporting this ture of martryd The 5e Left opp political crutches SLFP is hoping to power. These L were mot thin klim but of Cabinet pc.
The economic
get worse will c. downfall, The U. out by the People that the governme honout its el: CC ctitical question
replace the UNP
(Солтiнitted t

acy” jeweera
3th at his Hyde ng the last all: un til thë duraEr or. Rohana :d SLFP supporcreate trouble " campaign. He had picked up ts of attempts ces. He spoke of uption of utility rafe Tred to a or in which a | led. The WP accused by its յfacturing handme the next 2. He also said a conspiracy to The JWP he said all these threall the efforts Tinate the WP
class point of Mrs. B and her rfie when cam - ts of a hundred who hawe + thir famili 25 fering. The SLFP organised mass 2 country Costing ney to Support orker 5, But 10 W the workers' Mrs. B. The he Left were hypocritical posom by Mrs. B. Ortunist.5 y : Te
on which the hobble along to eft opportunists of the people ISS,
crisis which will nsurg the UNP'5 MP will be pushed - who now know nt has failed to ion pledges. The was who will The capitalist
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Page 7
Corma mu nisť Party of Sri Lanka
F| Corninunist Party of Sriهه Lanka cons! ders thcartempts that are being Tade to deprive Mrs. Sir ima Barı dararı ike of her civic rights and expel her from Parliament as yet another sin Ister moye to fetter the democratic process in the country. It deplores all extraordinary methods adopted by the U. N. P. ta disable its political adversaries by various means including resort to special perial legislation outside the existing legal framework.
''Previous documents of our Party show that the C. P. S. L. Itself has pointed out that glaring Instances of abuse of power did take place un der the previous regime, some of which witally affected the working class. We consider that such matters which are not culpable un der the ordinary law of the land are best left for judgement of the masses. Means of public exposure of such instances are Possible un der the democratic process.
'The magnitude of the crisis of the capitalist system to which the U.N. P. has so blatantly wedded itself with its policies has already motivated the government to take recourse to measures eroding democratic freedoms. By using their absolute majority in ParliaTnent they pas Sed a new Constitution paving the way for authoritasian sule. They adopted draconian legislation of the type of the Prevention of Terrorism Act, the Essential Services Act etc. The most rocent and glar ing example of repression was the way in which it dealt with the general strike and de Pri ved tens of thou 5ands of people of their jobs and their means of livelihood.
"It would be putting it midly to say that the record of U. N. P. rule in the last three years is full of abuse and misuse of power for which they seek to punish others. This, together with corrution which is rampant in the N. P's hierarchy makes it clear
that this act of t is aimed not so
public life as a des troying its pol "The U. N. P.g
tried to use thi dealing with the this country has latest act that t nothing in mown, democratic path. considers it the inely democratic all acts of the
Tert which curb democratic process
D.
Actiпg C CornTLr ist
Lanka Sarri, Sатаја Ра
he anti-de of politic set going by the
Government from ption teaches ont with the resoluti the Prime Minist propos ing that M ranaike be depriv rights for seven
deprived of het
li amern L. The ra for Ward the atta itself which has
Government's poli
"The resolutior be adopted by Where the Gower İS 5. O oye Welli opposition in parli: But the people y ved by this. No deceived by the attempt to find
Tachia Willia air dings and conclu: dential Commissiç creation was part the Government to attr its antiIt is impossible f ment successfully the world that been political aп ugh, and through character and ob

:he government much at cleansing t systematically litical opропепts.
ovornment which 5. mailed fisk in working class of shown by this ley will stop at g along an antiTE (C. P. S. Lduty of all genuforces to resist J. N. P. governand distort the in the country.
W. Suba singhe eneral Secretary, *arty of Sri Lanka,
크
rѓу
imocratic process all victimisation : present UNP
İt5 very Ince2 of its peaks on presented by 2 to Parliament r5, Sirima Banda"ed of het ci wig y 2 års and also Seat In this parsolution carries ck on democracy Iharacterised this cies and actions.
will of course this Parliament ment's majority 1g as to render ment in:ffective. will not be deceiwill they be : Government's Co'W' Er" for" i IIS o'Wr1 i in the proceeirs of a Presin whose very : of the process had conceived democratic ends. or the Governto Conceall ft II t5 2Ction15 h3"we d Pa Lisan, throand victim is ing in jective.
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Page 8
"The LSSP does not doubt that the masses in their overwhelming majority condemn this resolution
and will support every effort to render it nugatory. The LSSP will support that effort, which
Will necessarily merge in the steadily widening opposition to the poverty-and-hunger-creating economic policies and the oppressive anti-democratic measures of this Gavern IT = ft. Á5 Qn other frants, om his front to to the Government, w II || E. e increasingly resisted by the masses."
Anii Moonesinghe Acting Secretary, LSSP.
Ceylor Teachers
Αντίση
|r ce the 9505 two factions of the bourgeoisie, the
UNP and the SLFP, have fought each other to govern this country.
The at tempt to de pri wo Mrs. Bandaranaike of her civic rights is a continuation Cf this Inter
capitalist feud. Let us not forget that there were several attempts by the last regime against Mr. J. R. Jayewardene personally - the Colombo South by-election affair, and the passport fiasco. Furthermore there was an attempt to postpore the General Elections Ir || FWIW. The UNP has been following an economic policy benefical to foreign investors. Tho main motive behind its authoritarian Coristitution was to safeguard the Interests which were served by these economic changes. A II the efforts to curb and surpress the Trade Union Movement was part and parcel of this strategy, The hundred thousand workers, who are still locked out by this regime is the best evidence of this.
"The UNP is those policies Lied to усаг5.
only continuing which the SLFP
introduce in its last
"Our Union opposes capital punishment. Similarly we oppose any Tove by any capitalist governTent to dF sem fra Ichige a citizem. While we stand by this principle We must State that to give un due importance to this Cuss le between
é
two bourgeoise p leaders can only h anti-capitalist stru. government.
"All the refgrn already capitālised tion to rally rou ang ther electoral
"The workers great opportunity
"So far howev class organisation mobilise the peop situation. The JW | 15 | lt F1 ( reveals that it his this. We cal upa tio 15 DJ LJ 1 |te: against both the SLFP. We carna again by allowing to lead to anoth
by the SLFP."
Ceylon
Vasudevas
--he UNP
functions a borator of interna is trying desperat Commission to p of itself as a del cracy. A political directed a death rights of the Peap right to speak of d le 55 pa55 judgerme democracy. The di 5 cortent that h to inflation, une bankrupt econom it. be covered up by of the Gow. Ind gust Will increase and 5 pi | lower.
" "If the SLIFP ta mass struggle on removal of Civic r ment and other We are du ty br | וחס with It We DDC Bill should İM Sİ) ä5 to simi k || thC: Thorass of ra
Wa Sud e Y:
United Fede

arties and their arm the peoples Iggle against the
mist parties hawe
on this situal
rid Mrs. B for
.83יל | חt iוחסfr
struggle is our
er the working 5 ha wa failed to ble by using this P's Lr Lach Drol; eneral Str|ks not understood in all organisafor a struggle UNP and the che at the people such a struggle !r coalition led
- N. Fernando Teachers Union
vѓелу
overnment which .S a direct Collational capitalism, ely to utilize the roject an image en der of demogang Which has blow at all the le have no moral enocracy, much rt on behalf of massive popular as aris en owing !rTployrInent and Policies, cannot these actions eed popular disa thousand fold
kes the path of the questions of ights, Unemploymass issues, then ld to join hands y ask that the not be dragged :he struggle in cialism."
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Page 9
THE ARMED FOR
SR
by Jayantha Soma sundaram
was her strategic importance that led Brita in at the height of imperialist Competition to seize Sri Lanka. Sri Larika's strategic importance was once again demonstrated in April 1942, when she stopped the westward advance of Japan. Yet when they granted Independence in 1948, the British hal such faith in Lha Qä| rulers that they did not create a significant military force to protect imperial interests in south Asia.
The limited in west mit III är TS and the miniscule size of the armed for Ces gawe them no role in the in diate after math of independence. The Army, Navy and Air Foce were set up in 1949/50 around Ceylonese who had ser yed with the Ceylcn Defence
Force during the war and were commanded by British officers secorded to Ceylon. In 1962 the
RCyAF was still commanded by am RAF officer Air Crdre Barker.
The social background from which they came, their education which was in variably in public
schools, their training which was given at Sandhurst, Darmouth or Crã n well and their elite Statu 5, helped to create a conservative officer corp, such a 5 that which most third world countries arte heirs to. The British practice of staffing the police and later the Ceylon Defence Force with minorities: Tails, Christians, Muslims and Malays; meant that while Sinhala-Buddhist revi walism was at its height in the late 50s, the Armed Forces were hardly likely to be in sympathy with it.
The UMP and later the SLFP were not reluctant to use the Police and Armed Forces to combat extra parliamentary opposition. This began in 1953 when troops were used to crush the Hartal, Later Bandaranai ke was to use troops to over Come s tri kes and to work essential civiliarf services.
LANKA”S PO
In 1958 troops v used in the fac riots.
Beyond Parliam
Mrs. Bandarana mentary Secreta Felix Dias were their use of thi only were they Strikos but they ruthlessness to E Satyagraha in 9
The rimi i rh o rities
the relatively priv Christian comm. increasingly alarn 1956 reforms. take over the schoals was se em to disarm these strip them of inf had also succum hala Buddhist tİç they adopted 1956, but also pragmatic leaders war dari e the y so hala the SLFP go, naike-Chelwanaya Tamil Language. S Act of 58. Du election campaign he spoke about split the countr articulate among that they must |iament to proti Et
By January | Wolunteer Force w Salt OF TE || || were being used taln puble Service | T. the Ard F the Police and , arid A, ir- Forca, E. plotted to takes cover of their in When the office Corp went to Contre 5 t0 lear

(CES IN
TICS
were extensively :2 of com Lima |
t
1 kg arı d her Pir||3-
ry for Defence mara liberal I 1
e military. Not deployed against were used with reak up the FP's 6.
particularly from illeged Tamil and Inities had been ned by the Post The attempt to denom i rational 5 the final rn Cye minor I ties and Li geleë. The JNP bgd to the Sila, merely wher
Sinhala-only in when under the hip of J. R. Jayeught to out-Sinver the Bandırıkill Pact and the pecial Provisions dley Senama yake's in 1950 when SLFP-FP plots to y - convinced the the minorities look bayond ParEct their Inter
962 the Ceylon was in a per Tha Tent tion and troops Fill Over to Thain5. Senior officers orces, particularly Army, the Navy
eing in 5 ignifican til ta te power under crea sed activities. rs of the Signal elecommunication in how to take
control of them, they aroused no suspicions, Felix Dias' threats against the opposition, particularly the Left, meant that junior police officers calmly accepted detention orders for the opposition, leaders In fact LSSP, MP Neal de Alwis, was arrested by the Galle S. P.
It is significant that all suspects, civilian aid military Christian. And that the officer responsible for tip-off S. P. Stanley Senanayake, was a Buddhist, and he together with Maj. W. Rajapakse, another Buddhist were principal witnessess for the crown in the subsequent case.
Ceylonised
Gwen the high rank and Influonce of the plotters, their alleged connections. With the most conservative section of the UNP ther led by Colcrel Kotelawala, a successful coup would have completely alterced the tred of ci w certs that had begun in 1956 and had rigy teached their Zenith.
In the after Tath of the there was a public outcry for reform in th : Armed Forces. Sensitive to the fact that politi - cal loyalties seemed to be deterпiпеј by religious identities, Mrs. Bandaranaike b e g a n a set of reforms which were implemented by N. Q. Dias, a Civil Servant who had played a Crucial part in mobilising support for the SLFP.
coup
The Armed Forces were Ceylonised. New units were set up which appealed to Sinhala cultural Consciousness.
The Sinha Regiment and che Geminu Watch. An academy was set up in Diya talawa and advanced training imparted in India and Pakistan. Mrs. Bandaranniko" s relative Richard Udugama who had headed operations in Jaffna became the first Buddhist Commander of
7

Page 10
the Army. There after there was a systematic purge of minorities from the Armed Forces. Soon the Armed Forces began to take on a new complexion.
In 1966 when faced with opposition demonstrations the UNP Government declared a state of emergency and called out troops. By now an influential Sinhala-Buddhist Tho wement had developed With in the Army. It was suspicious of the UNP which was in aliance with the FP and had been making promises to the Christians.
The Government claimed that an underground Sinhala-Buddhist TWE TEnt Of Iower rankers with the Army were plotting a coup and a trest 5 were made. Pro-SLFP officers including the Army Commander Maj. Gen. Richard Udugama were arrosted and tried. But conviCtions were mot obtained.
Unlimited power
In 1971 began the phenomenal expansion of the Army. The Apri
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insurrection gawe nse power throl The failure of th the JWP Tea Int t the police has E militarily depen The poorly arme pline d and un p people, often ; stations and tow Army and the Al tablished milita control over the The AET Force, au helicopters, Sow transporters flew to bomb JWP str NCP, the Sabar Southern Pro will equipped with a and armoured p fought their wa
Military cers took Contra
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y in to JWP held coordinating offi
of Em tire distri
cts. The relaxation of normal laws gave the Armed Forces un limited power in a reas occupled by them.
Meanwhile the Army and Police were used throughout the Norther Province to meet the threat of Tamil secession. Here too the Armed Forces and Police acquired an identity of their own, distinct from the civilian government.
The Police and Armed Forces have been powerful enough with both the United Front Government and the JNP (Government to hawe special legislation, like the Criminal Justice Commision Act and the Proscription of Tamil Tigers of Ealarm Act passed. Over the last two decades the Armed Forces have become an important pressure group in Sri Lanka.
Yet thirty one years after their founding little attention has been paid to the role, Influence and futur of the armed forces i Sri Lanka.
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Page 11
INDIA - (2)
Authoritarian tre
by Gail Omvedt
f Kashmir is a trouble spot, the entre northeast region has appeared to be almost a volcano
for the last year. The seven months long agitation for the expulsion of foreign nationals
from the state of Assam has been suspended for negotiations with the Indian government, but the problems represented by this and the marxist-led and revolutionary national Tovements among tribal national in inorities are incapable of being permanently solved or repressed by tha Present State,
The "AssarT Movement" is the biggest and only Hinduized state of the region had a risen out of fears of the Assamese speaking people of being swamped by an Influx of outsiders, mainly Bengalispeaking poor peasants and Tiddle class. The influx had begun du ring the un even development Imposed by British colonial rule wherı ma5595 of land-hungry Berigali Muslim peasants and central Indian tea plantation labourers moved in. Following independence and especially after the Bangladesh war and Contin Luing Impoverishment In that country, the Bengali "invasion" has, if anything, worsened, and the Assamese-speakers are wery likely now a minority in their own st
The demand of the current movement has been to stop Immigration, remove the names of "foreigners' (that is, all the post-195 mainly Bengali-speaking Immigrant5 from East PakistanBangladesh) from the electoral rols and settle the elsewhere. For 3.2 Yeni Thon this the owermet, supported massively by almost all sections of the Assamese-speaking population, has included massive strikes, disciplined and peaceful demonstrations, and boycotts Of In ovements of oil and essential exports from the state -- as well
as occasional in beatings of non A nomic boycotts ( refuse to suppor
Besides Assam other states. In habited mainly b ties living in regions who ha Hinduized or on duized. one c which was form ba | but ha 5 m Bengali as a ré influx, bloody r| mid-June when LIrnd(2r th (2 |ca de mist organisatio Upjati Juba Sam acred Bengalis Ir town. Resulting massacres and p an estimated 40 and ters of tho camps,
The Tripura 5 ill rates starkly the
CPI (M), India's Tentary comm finding a way
lutionary militan lia mentary path. dence years the Tripur a had buil leading militant of the tribals. flux of Bengal is been elected to of the state lar gali wotes in |9 has ried to so tigh trope of pso gali and tribal In prowed impossib bourgeois fram E tribals, pushed Targinal areas ol tory and stimu outs Ider" agitatic ted. SiF1Cẹ th! government, its c before the stor red and particip om both sides,

| EXCLUSIVE
nds
idents of riots, ssa These and ecoof Assa These who the Towerment.
, there are six
the region, iny tribal minorithe TC un taim u 5 :'we r13 wer been ly partially Hinif these, Tripura, rly majority triw become 70%, :sult of refugee 3.ts broko OLIt in desperate tribals rship of an extren, the i Tripura iti (TUJS) massa small market
TIOCS, Counterolice firing, left ) to 4000 idad usands in refugee
L3 t|0 a 50 ilust: di le Tra of the leading parliainist party, in tÇ Liri i te Taylo:y with the ParIn pre-IndepenCommunists in t their base by pea Sant Scruggle S But with the inthe CPI(M) had the government gely through BenWW and sin :: the † Chow waik he tecting both Ben
to rests. But this withi || || dia " 5 2 Work, and the
back into the if their own terrilated by "anti
yn elsewhere er up2n the CPI(M) »wn cadres falling Til of thmic hatlating in the riots has been able to
do little but cal con
che Cetra government for support.
In the border states of Nagaland, Mizoram and Maml pur a different kind of rewolt has been going on. The Nagas have been carrying on armed struggle for independance from India since 1947, the Nizos for about two de cadas. The most significant recent de welopment is the Supersession of the bourgeois nationalist leadership of Phizo in Nagaland, by a Section of Nagas led by T. Mu | wa Hi yw ha e Marxist im Ideology and have strong links to the Communist Party of Burma, which itself controls a significant and perhaps growing section of Burmese territory. In the partially Hinduized state of Manipur also two new Marxist-Leninist guerrilla organizations hawe emerged and one, the People's Liberation Army, also has links with the BCP id the Clios,
The political situation. In the area is thus extremely complicated. The Assam rower ent itself not only has undertones of simple anti-Bengali-ism but has been Under the leadership primarily of studen Lis operating Lunder a Gandhian and anti-communist ideology, and the largest Communist party in the state, the CPI(M), has been under attack throughout the region is a spoke 5man of Bengali interests. The TUS in Tripura also emerged as an anti-communist force among the tribals, and there is some good evidence of foreign missionairy involvement through Baptist organizations. Concurrently, the big parliamentary communist parties, the CPI and CP (M), have opposed the Assam movement and hawa ben more w cifero Luši than ||n dira Gandhi || Flegrosef Iron protesting against the 'breakup of India' and charging that the whole turn oil is a result of foreign and reactionary conspira
9

Page 12
cies. Thus CPI the (M) joined with its supposed main enemy, the Indira Congress, in Bengal
in a "counter-bandh' to protest oppression of Bengal is in Assam
On the Other hånd, not only a growing force on the eastern borders of the region, with tenuous but growing links with the student groups leading the anti-foreign struggle in various northeastern states, but the whole situation raises the issue of the self-determination of minority nationalities in a stark form. It is clear that the main dynamic for the region's movements is not coming from o Luts i de Interests, but from the un even de welopment of capitalism in India, and that whatever the wat ia tions of its leadership, the A55am and related movements have posed the biggest political challenge to the Indian state in the last year. In contrast to the CPI and CPI(M), almost all Naxalite groups, various independent Marxists and most socialists now give qualified support to the Assam movement and full support to the Naga, Mizo and Manipuri Struggles,
there is COTI I Uni St
The Drive towards Authoritarianism
In the face of all this, Mrs. Gandhi's government is moving to consolidate its powers of repression. Recently it has promulgated new measures for prewen tiwa detention ("to curb religious riots") and has given the central government the right to declara certain regions as "disturbed areas", which gives police the authority to shoot on sight. Up to now the state governments have had this right; and currently area 5 defined as "disturbed" Include A55am, Nagaland, Mizoram, some parts of Andhra where the Naxalites have been organising Struggles among agricultural labourers and poor peasants, and Some parts of Kashmir.
Indira Gandhi Is also snowing at the constitutional level. She is asking for two basic changes in the Indian constitution, one to give the Lok Sabha (Parliament) the right to amend it by a two thirds majority, the other to
O
ܕ . Tillä ke the "Di Teo
superior to the Rights."
Both of these
towards dictator fact Amendment die 5 them was f the Emergency, by the Janata th 2m te 5 torted in newly elected C. ELIL at the same changes that can "democratic''. A5: וחthe right cf a make the "peop tives" superior te Court. Similarly, Principles are th the Constitution social justice, the for a II. abolishing wealth, etc. whi mental Rights in the freedoms of si organization but to property, Inc clearly resting h; for these changes that the right to no longer be a lic as an obstacle to and that a group mon" (ie the : Juš Elčės) should ni to block the will representati wes of
At present the has struck downt
ment once again conflict with nature of the C
Mrs. Gandhi is cl move to supersed som C2 way. But f issue poses a auth Ottarian dire for all to see, oppose the arenc Calling into questi nature of a bourge would mean only on the basis oft listic bourgeois superiority of the legislature; the individual rights
Welfaro).
Meanwhile Sanja cal position in th of power remain had been essential
IC FIFTed u

tive principles' 2. "" Fundamental
in Wolwe moves al powers, and in 42 which emboirst passed during later reversad government and 1980 by tho Ingress (Indira). time they are be said to be iuring parliament endment is to les” representathe Supreme the Direct Iwe ose sections of which mandate right of work inequalities of le the Funda. clude not only Jeech, assembly, also the right dira Gandhi is =r popular case arguments property should JWed to Stand Social justice, of "wise old Supreme Court ot be allowed of the elected the people.
Supreme Court he 42nd Amend
as being in e funda Tental Cr 15 titutio 1 and early going to e the Court irn or the left this dilemma: the tion is present but simply to iments withքա է on the entire d5. Constitution taking a stand he most forma. principles { the COLIrt ower the Superiority of
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Page 15
RELIGIOUS INSTRU
IN SCHOOLS
by Selv i Thiruchandran
fully agree with Mr. Francis Perera (LG Aug. 15) when he says that the idea of secularism be extended to the state school in their attitude towards teaching of Religion. In my opinion, teaching of Religion in schools and making it a compulsary study doesn't seem to achieve its objective or aim. The objective as should be expo Cted from the decision Imakers of this scheme is to make better citizens of the Sri Lankans How far are we going to achieve ito The Religious instruccion further di wildes the class room into religio L 5 group 5, in addi tiom tio the divisions, we already have on linguistic grounds according to the media of instruction. A class room for example can be divided into 5 religious groups, Buddhists, Hindu 5, Christians, Catholics and Pluslims. Should we go on dividing those young minds? is so much specialised knowledge on Religion revealed in these class rooms?
A child falling into the age group of 7-5 is often confused at this type of separatism. Seeds of dissension are sown very unconciously. The idea of a common he Titage and the idea of belonging to One nation are being shattered at a very early age,
Further more, Religion for the small one, is a way of life for which the elders and parents set an example. Each community has a set ethnic sociological. pattern of which Religion is the most important component. Custo TS habits and mannerism of a society invariably has at its bottom a religious sanction which the child picks up with Tuch eas e and de dication, Religious instruction here becomes superfluous. Its a case of acquiring it from the atmosphere preWalent at hones,
But the argument that our indigenous culture is being infiltrated by Western influences and the re
fore instruction
TA 'WAT IT 55 values is necessa WE Half a ing Religion with of a class room forceful to stop influencas that oi where outside tE class room. O. and face it. In F its effects good ety absorbs. It w Illingly. This is a tion. A Sociolog analyse the cause tell Is the a dwe he or anybody e a satisfactory re ir15 t f'Lulti bih is remedy. It does Problem ewen h
What do yol teach ing of Relig
W Te the wariol Sophies, the do ta Light In school beyond the coi young student. you teach as Re dilemma faced eq chers and the ti The text books Pout these warlou sophies in to : The child is not c disbelief, loss t Confusion arte t religions have a legends which is by a young In Ind
| hawe a few
ples to illustrate con Hinduismo for story of how Lc consort Uma T person and give sambandan (at tF Because he drar acquired the wis used to illustrate is “Gпапарpal"

JCTION
In Religion with
ones own social ry, doesn't hold 1 hour of teachin the four walls is not sufficiently the so called alien he acquires every1e four walls of a
he has to live it |Luences will hawe and bad, Soci
willingly and unwi. pattern in evolu
ist can sie and }s for it and also rse effects, But se cannot suggest ! medy. Religious ertainly not the not solve the alf way.
U understand by ion?
is Religious Philogmas and theories No these are mprehension of a Then what can igion. This is a ually by the teaext book writers. are supposed to 5 religious philoimplified forms. :onvinced. Doubt, of interest and he results. A
lot of myths and open to criticisms
interesting exammy point. A book
Grade I has a ird Siwa and his hevy appear in
tha Saint Gmanahe age of 3) milk. ik this m||k he dom. The term this complex idea (Gnana - wisdom,
Pal — milik) the Goddess is supposed to have given him the milk of knowledge. The Knowledge here meaning the knowledge of soul and universe. (Atma and Brahma). The saint to be, because he was fed with the Gnanappal became a salint. When I asked my daughter to relate this story, she very confidentaly told me that Goddess. Uma Thewy gave the "Baby" yanaippal" (yanai - Elephant, Palimilk). A child of seven can easily comprehend milk. But not the milk of wisdom. Elephant to her is more realistic and more practcal in her mind,
| hawe been often told by my
daughter that "Lord Buddha no good. He left his child and the mother and ran away.
She feels sorry for the child and her mother. The idea of renuncition was not conveyed at all. It didn't appeal to her or rather its beyond her at the age of 7. "'Satya Sai Ba Ba' is even better than Lord Siva. He can perform better magic than Siwa, is yet another mis under Stood Statement of hers.
Are we not making a mockery of religion in attempting to teach it in schools? Will this not produce a generation of rni5guid ed and confused youth in whose hands the future of our country lies
Are we preparing our children to engage in bloody battles on grounds of Religion when we are busy trying to prevent them fighting on language issues.
I have come to the conclusion that teach ing of Religion has not
done anything better now than when we were small, when no religion was taught at all. But
contrary to expectations it can have adverse results.
B

Page 16
BUDDHSM POLTCS
by Paul Caspersz S. J.
he Mahayat15a, or The Great Chronicle of Ceylon, unique for its early origin in the historiography of South Asian lands and written probably earlier than the comparable Chronicles of England and France, was composed by a Buddhist monk called Mahanama in the sixth century after Christ. It is a history - conceived, like parts of the Old Testament, in religious terms - that has profourdy influenced not only all the subsequent interpretation of the centuries that went before it, but also all the future evolution of the Country.
The first Chapter, concerning the visits of the Buddha to Ceylon, ends as follows:
Thus the Master of boundless wisdom, looking to the salvation of Lanka in time to come, and knowing in that time the highest gcod for the hosts of asLuras and nagas and so forth in Lankā, wsted this island thrag times, - he, the Compassionate Enlightener of the world; therefore this isle, radiant with the light of truth came to high honour among faithful believer 5
Here ends the visit to Kalyani.
Here ends the first Chapter called The wis it of the Tathāgata, in the Mahavamsa, compiled for tha Seren e joy and emotion of the pious.
The Mahavamsa is history, but history in the manner of the Bible. Hence it is not relevant to discount its value by saying that the visit of the Buddha to Ceylon in fact ng Wer took place, for it is history composed, as the conclusion of every chapter pleasingly confesses, "for the serone joy and emotion of the pious". Today's historian holds that the Buddha did not wis it Ceylon, Maha nama, using another historical li terary form, held that he did.
14
AND
(As
e Cirro
The MahawarTsa: tradition it recew o Sri Larikā, the had to be a Sinha try. The origins people are placed of a band of Indo-. from North India ship of Wijaya (the 1 i 1 E5 tu UE UiO) sister, Who Were t North Indian pri Wijaya's father kil hence was a parr| self was a wide finally punished being put forth fateful voyage wh to Ceylon) in th century B. C. W premonition of the its entire future tifying race with r Mahanama places Wijaya on Ceylor wery day that the attalig nrwäre. It is almost as i Wijaya is to maini race hic founded Umbroken continul of the Buddha on
It is largely th pa per that Buddh the past 2300 yea history of Ceylon and the bane, the des pair of this his paper has also to form, a guideling hope to influence tion, then the suggests is that the Island's poli must be made w Lihat Buddhism, s tinue o b2. Shou not the blight an the bli55 and the and the salvator religos, mult – multi-cultural p Call themsel wes СеуӀоп.

SRI LANKAN
* se en by a Zono-Buddhisto in the context of "ent dialogue bet weer? Religion and Marxism)
strengthened the ed that Ceylon, island of light, la Buddhist Cou Tof the Sinhala with the at riwal Aryan colonizers under the leadera princely son of of brother and he offspring of a "ite 5.5, and a lia N; !ed the ligon and icide Wijaya him E man who was By his father by τα 5 αa απ thα Ich brought him e fifth or sixth With an un canry importance for history of ideneligion in Ceylon, the arrival of 1e Se soil on the Buddha died and COS, LI TIL İÇi. If the mig 5 icon of Iain through the in Ceylon the ty of the presence
this island.
e thes i 5 - of this is T is the key to rs of the political It is the biss ecstasy and the tory. And if this агесепt, in some for those who its future evoluprogramme it every move on tical chessboard 'ith an aware negg in C2 il Will Conld be made to be d the bale, but ecstasy, the hope of the multi- linguistic and eople who today the citizens of
For Ceylon is today just such a plural society. According to the last official Census (1971) the Sinha lese were W2 per cent of the population, the Tamils 20.5 pet cent, the Moors and Malays 7.2 Per cent, the Burghers and the
Eurasians 0.3 per cent. The Buddhists were 67.3 per cent of the population, the Hindus 17.6
per cent, the Christian 5 7.9 per cent, the Muslims 7.1 per cent. It is to the credit of Budd is that though ours is only a small island of 35,000 square miles, four major World religions coexist with in it, each safeguarding its own authenticity and vitality.
The Sinha lese, heir5 to the Mahawamsa, clair for Ceylon a SinhalaBLI didh ist identity. It is a claim which is Sectarian and non-A sokan and today is most hotly contested by the Tamils. Who first left their footprints on this island, the "Aryan" Immigrants from North India (who later became Buddhists em masse), or the "Drawdan" Tamils (who remained Hindus), It is impossible in the present state of evidence to say.
for the racial origins of the modern Ceylonese people lie obscured in the pre-Christian, indeed in the pre-recorded, history of the advent to India of the Negrolds, the Austrolloids, tho Mongoloids, the Drawl dan 5, the Mohenjo-darans and the Harappans, and the Aryans. From India, already probably as mixed as a fruit cocktail, the descendants of these various races found their way to Ceylon when Ceylon was yet joined to India by land. Each Immigrant wave brought into the
island its own cultural contribution of symbols and artefacts em bodying the symbols. The
definitions of the symbols - whether of implements used for agriculture and hunting or objects of ornament and art or of patterns

Page 17
of social organization - were handed down to successive generations, forming cultural traditions which came to be jealously guarded down the Centu Ti25.
What Cannot be den led is that about the time the Sinhala language religion - culture identity began to be established, there was a parallel,
perhaps consequential, assertion and development of the Tamil language-religion-culture identity If the Island. Buddhism was officially introduced into Ceylon by in wited emissaries from the Emperor Asoka in India in the
third century B. C. The myriad forms of Hinduism ranging from
animism and solar worship to intellectual Brahmanism ante drited the official irint rod Luction of
Buddhism. It is probable that the two identi Lies Would haw) morged but for como factor. This Was the proximity of Southern India which served to keep distinct from each Other the two identities of the Sinhala and the Tamil peoples.
The case for separateness however must not be over-stated. Until well into the Christian Era there seems to have been fundamentally harmonious cultural Interchange. Even Wijaya is said
In the Mäha wa Tisa to hawe sent - for a wife and for his followers' wives to the Pandu King of Madura In Southern (not Northern India.
The Introduction of Buddhism in the 3rd century was not by any Tlear 5 a rm att a irmied at and
against the followers of the older Hindu religion but was, in all probability, a bid on the part of the centralizing Sinhalese Kings to introduce, and then to patronize, a new religion (already authenticated and patronized in India by no less a person than the great Emperor Asoka himself) which would legitimize and strengthen their own authority in the island. The Kings could forget only at their own risk that other prefeudal or feudal princes and chiefs Were always potental con testa nts for central power,
In the light of what was said before, and in the context of the Current dialogue between Marxism and Religion, this is a point which calls for further clarification, That Buddhism is the key to the entire
political history
already been put
chief thesis of t how can it now Buddhism itself W the need of a r tion for the enim E economic and 50c tures of society assertion impliest the Marxis princi Taterialism, whic Tinco: , basic formul economic systell
cor the infra-5 Tuct the other social superstructures, 2 But the fir 5 353 deny what the se then religion : would probably li the economic 5' Marxists would hawe it, thig key history of Ceylon
I would seek superficially da Lun Tıa in tairning th3 t t nic is nearly : determinant stru in Ceylon the do has been Buddhis introduced to pr justification for til the e mer syste T1. Hencefory the dominart el |ng, but newer de Lerminar L e-o base. It would own organization the changes ow economic bage b abdicate its role
The political h from the introdui to the end of t A. 0. com tres To which had its seat in that is now t Powice of the centralized autho the king and Buddhist was maintenance and the Corin plex hi yc of the period. Th however, - thoug recently the comm
that the cxcae: |n tricat networ nected artific:
resper woirs of mmon
was begun by

of the Island has forward as the 1 is paper. Then be stated that as the answer to eligious justifica:rging naw socioio-political StrLuc2 The second he acceptance of pe of historical h reduced to its ation, is that the is the structure, u Te, or which all St TLU LI TĘS II" Te constructed. Sertion Seems to cond asserts. Ils as the Buddhists ke to have it, cor ystem, as the ertainly want to
to the political
to resolve this ting problem by hough the econoilways the basic cture of society, Tina flt 5 L FLIC.LITO II. Buddhism was ovide ideological he monarchy and socio-political Ward. It would be e Tet, il fluencsupers Eding, the homic structural S. C. Theti TE:5 | 1 | 5 be influenced by : F | eo | LH LI LI Would riewer
of dominance.
istory of Ceylon tion of Buddhism he 10th century und the kingship im An Lura d lhapura, le North Central Island. A strong rity exercised by sanctioned by Iecessary for the development of Ita uiic civilization | 5 does not meam, h It wa 5 un til ver
only held beliefingly clever and k of inter-conal tanks and 5ral rain water the Indo-Aryans.
Today there is increasing evidence that the beginnings of the tank ciwilization ante dated tha a Triya|| of the Aryans. That it was continued and intensely developed by the Sinhala kings who promoted Interse links between the tank and the temple is only another testimony to the continuity and creative fusion of pur-cultura traditions in the country.
Next: Sinhala - Buddhist
Identity
The Enigma . . .
(Carr" i "IrrE' fra 777 page rg)
descredit hiri). 17. Diary 17/4/1919, 18. el CGP's Rigo por 1 of 28 May — 3 J Limc 1915. 19. Diary 4, 4, 1918, 20. Diary 13, 1920 21. Diary 13, 1920 2. iIL GLITLıge el, 23, Diary 18 || || 19 I 8. 24. Cilt:! in G14 na m:th Othey sekar, Personal Iden Lity il Hill Cullurlı! Crisis. Thiç Case of Alagarika harma pala of Sri Latını ki, IIrı "Thı Gi il:Biograpılı icııılı Process. ed, Reynolds a nti Cip. 1976, 25, Leer from W. R. Ca35 |G: Lof the Department of State, Washington, to H. Charlton of the British embassy 3, 12, 1925. 25, Letter I. Governor Anderson 7997, fr cyrill Culical (22. 27. Leter to the Gowermur 24/11/1917. голт СвCuttil 28. Letter
1 he Governor 2I/10/I97 29. ihic 30. Letter to the Guvernor II" I 917 1. Letter to the Governor. 3, 1918
32. Letter to the Governor 30 (). Igli, 3. Letter is f4, 1915. 34. Letter of 1819, 1917. 5, ibid 36. Diary 195192) "maiden" refers to the Calcutta esplanacle. 3. Letter to Mrs. Foster 22, 1930, at hour's italics. 38. Obeysekrra, op.cit. 39. Diary 14, 1920 40. bid 236, 1920 41. () beysek eril, Cop. cit., Carlo Fonseku LG 15/8/1980) 42. of Marco Palis. I}) Clot les Mak: the Man! The significance of Human Attire (in The Way and the Mountain, London 1960.)
1. Birndl, ranaike equated politics with opportunism and coil promisc. Addressing the University Union Society in Colombo, during the War, on Local Government hic disElissed El question on Llı çthicall aspect of local politics with his sinister grit: “Ai (I ther tim: when I çoi: () speak Jr. Emor als " Morality and politics LLLH aLLaGHS LaaalL LL LLLLLLaS K0S LLL tlıç ext:n siwe , discussion of the inte prelation of Buddhist texts designed to create tim immler-Würldly H5Ceticis Ill, in thị: Tokugawa period in Ralph Pieris. Studies in the Sociology of Develop tent. Rotterdam University Pre55, 1959: pp 157.If 45. Per Clintra M. W. Roberts. CollecLive Identities, Nitionalisins und Protest in Sri La Iuka. Colombe ( 55, and () beyselkeria, op. cit. t buat in 1905 Amagirik 24 was "thL:: LIndis III tecil Buddhist caller." This is arguabl:, He had to contend with rival factics. including the klTa'wil grČILI 10, s. Letter to the GoverLLHHL KE0 SS SS LLLLLLLLL S S LL S LL Governor, 1917 in Gurugemp, ci p. 1xl, 48. Tor L 5 t de: ed amplication No. ĞĐ5 No. d. 15 of 29, 1930.
5

Page 18
THE
by Prof. Ralph Pieris
his note is an attempt to
clarify some issues raised in the debate on whether Anagarika Dharmapala was a solarxst or racist (L. G. 5 August), making Luse of Some of his le 55 known writing5. My argument is that no purpose is served by categorizing Arnāgarika in terms of lunana ly 5ed general , categories such as "race'. His writings bristle with contradictions. While there is na doubt that ruch of his, |fe W35 spent in espousing the cause of the Sinhala Buddhists, he was disillusioned by his own people, and had scant respect for the clergy and the Theosophists, Writing to the Governor from Calcutta in 1917 he Says: "I know the treache tous nature of the Sinhalese, Rest assured Your Excellency, newer again wil|| || criticize the 'foreign whites'. Againt "the tum pleasant friends | had were all Buddhists'. In 920 he was reflecting on the bankruptcy of the Buddha Sangha: "The Bhikkus of Ceylon are of no use to the world. They eat and sleep", while the Theosophists, with whom he had been closely associated as a youth, he described as "perfect fools".3
His attitude to the British was completely contradictory. Having inherited three lakhs from his father, he used the попеy for charitable purposes and for a number of scholarships "in your Excellency's name, with your Permission". While bitterly complaining of persecution by the British, he had a sneaking admiration fOF the foreign whites. This basic contradiction remained throughout his life. After all, his "onio be getter", as he himself repeatedly said, was Mrs. Foster of Honolulu and
Formerly Professor of Sociologijo, Ur sversity of Čeylor, Dr. Pieris hs 5 fer ved (75 a cons!!!- Yar Y fo y'a rios L. N. fager cies. Air preserITT he Iris Consular , Marga My Fflife. r="
ENGMA
his enigmatic re deser y e some at
They appeare: met on 7 July the SS Oceanic HC Oltulu Harbo Lu|| that she read ol the Parliament previous month. impressed by although she w his beliefs, as charity. In fact associatiom irii B Im a letter ta 1930, addressing Sister', he refe donation to cre "to deposit the bodies ara cr hallowed Sito Bernarė 5":
Dear Sister | trouble you structures of Wihara must rare will live thousand years great sanctity spot.
Again :
Our previou: brought us (M ga rika, arid his 2||9, 1844, 1719) respectively) t the good h October 7th. * ճԼI.
The letter is si tionate bro Ler"
According to t of Honolulu, Mrs. US S. 4 Tillion left an estate of An obituary notic she was w fidely kr thropist, her int 'as far as India , to hawe helped : Cultist who as tabl Institution there" Cultist" had are Mahabod hi i Societ In her will Mrs. Fo to the Revered Al

Ο Ρ
lations with her Le ħ tilloli.
d to hawa first 893 on board z, anchored in r. It is possible f his Speeches In of Religions the She was obviously his personality 'as wague about he was by her he idealized the uddhistic terms. Mrs. Foster of her as "Dear rs to an earlier !ct a Mausoleum a 5 h es after our serated at the called Isipathana
do not wish to put the finishing the beautiful be given. Your for at least a because of the of the hallowed
i katma hawe 5. Foster, Ana
Thother Earl on |864, and 48, 1847 together, and all a we done si rice
1893 belongs to
gned "your effec
h 2 5Sta. r BLu IIetir
Foster disposed to charities, and ower i 3 millicon. 7 ... mée ni tion 5 that hown as a philanerests extending where she is said 1 noted Hindu Ished a religious 8. The ''Hindu a dy founded the y in Calcutta, ster left S50,000 la glirika Dhär Tha
A NA GARII
pala for schools and hospitals in India. "The schools and hospitals opened by the Rev. Dharmapala in Calcutta and on the island of Ceylon are known as the Mrs. T. R. Foster schools and hospital."
The British persecuted him be cause they mistakenly supposed him to be a communist. He was in fact innocent of Marxism, and the only evidence of radicalism in his thinking is his comment that Bertrand Russel's Principles of Social Reconstruction "is Buddhism." The garbled police report which states that he was suspected to have beer in touch with "a m Qt Crigus | m diam Bọlshevik" ol. N. Roy, is totally false. But he did write to the Governor of inequitable distribution of wealth. "“There is excessive wealth and appalling Po wetty in the Island. The few have welth and the majority are sunk in powerty, im morality and ignorance". He did not however seek to change the economic order, and thought of founding a Buddhist mission for the Indiam cooli e 5, "for without the Cooly the rubbar and te a e5 taites can't be worked.'10 These are not the musings of a racist. An en try in h is diary reveals that hie was no Marxist either and reflects rather his bourgeois notions: "Christianity was intended for the low. Paul mixed himself with arti. sans where wer he went''...ll. This is another contradictor. In his thinking. Far he sent youths as far as Japan for training in textile weaving, and founded a number of industrial Schools for the production of artisans. He justified the caste system, 12. He writes of a "spy" in Calcutta, one Bodhi pala, "a Sinhalese Catholic of the fisher caste" 13
It is likely that his animus against the Sinhalese was directed A gå im SC the activities of the karawa Christians, who launched a campaign against him bringing to the attention of the Governor allegedly seditious articles in his journal Sinhala Bauddhaya, especially in the issue of 30 May 1914. It was sent by the Managing Editor of

Page 19
KA D H A R M AP AL
Lakimi na, a k a r a y a nı arTığid Fermızını do through the Freudenbergs. A major dispute was on the translation of para sudda, which the government translator correctly rendered as "foreign white man", while others had different interpretations (white pariah, dirty Englishman, white devils). The Feudenbeng translation submitted to the Governor Was:
The white pariah is a shameless simmer. It is a characteristic of the European to give his wife to others to for purposes of cohabitation. Dancing by holding the waist and rubbing bodies together is the cause of women los Ing their wirginity. The white pa riahs cohabit adopting the same fashions and styles as dogs and pigs. The white pariah does not Tind his wife cohabit. Ing with other people and what happens after he has finished his job. . . Roman Catholic nuns are excellent matchmakers. These nuns are not virgins. The evil deeds perpetuated in the European convents arc terrible.
Despite the opinion of the Attorney General that it would not be Judicious to prosecute Anagarika for articles which werg "the language of religious fanaticism rather than sedition", he was convicted, and the conviction upheld in appeal by Walter Pereira, Puisne Judge, who however agreed that the official translator's version of Para Sudda as "foreign white T " " " WW15 to Tret,
Anagarika had few friends, but many enemies, who were responsible for his martyrdom and exile in Callucta. Attempts were even made to deprive him of the Foster legacy by the executor of the Foster estate, who w roto to the Governor's Secretary:
A friend of mine in England with whom I had more than once discussed the situation, ascertained from a gentleman named Alexander who had been in the Civil Service in Ceylon that in his -opinion the Anagarika
Dharmapala was Foster thought beliewed that appropriating fo considerable pe money which h Mr. Foi ar supposed to be benefit of the | which he was corrected.
Such allegation priation, and th Anagarika was un reliable feco", and based on mort bodies en wied the f Angārika, and a , C. K. Ratwatte and representing the Sa Kulag ama appealed for funds for a College. But she w;
Anagarika was when he was at during his last y Calcutta. Accounts Immoral" conduc were Erossly exag suspected not wir making use of boys of carna | Intercou order of nature'. pective Anagarika homosexual Procl modern epigones tendencies proba origin in his early certain Theosophis a "scanda' which when ha and E. C. W. Lead beate together at 6 Colomb O. Hg kld da så and had the Jinara jadasa's fathe | posta ir 5 with a loa. shoot Lead beater. calmed him. I s. life". Anagarika diatics Came into pi led them to "'un natura|| practic. that Leadbeater "" in Ioadras", änd Priests wisited him, Anaga rik å himself '''Since 1908 my

. A
mot a|| that Mrs. he was, and he
Dharmapa was ir his own u se a rtion of the Be received fror
rid which was utilized for the ristil ILI tiiors with
alleged to be
s of misapprocharge that "a thoroughly werie groundless : Hearsay. Riwa|| unds received by the end of 93), Sarah C. Soyza, dä cha na Ba Luddha
L or5. FC L.“ Buddhist Girls' as already dead.
closely watched ) road, and own års of exile im of his "grossly t by the polico gerated. "He is :hout reason, of for the purpose rise against the The introsdid no hide his wities, as his hawe. Il si The 5e bly had their association with sts. He reco LInts occured in 1889 he Theosophist :r werie li wing Maliban Street, napped Jimarajaboy concealed. r carine rushing led revolver to | reasoned and 1'ed C. W. L'5 's introspective lice hands, and investigate his es". They found got into trouble that Buddhist but little else. 15 confesses that: ife has been a
mixed one. I began to live with Naranath since January 1907. Since then it has been impure.' 19
There were a few Buddhist families in Bengal, chief among them being the Baruas and the Mookerjees. Naranath, al las Naresh Kumar was apparently an Intelligent youth, who later became Mayor of Calcutta. It is clear that Anagarika was era moured of him and was Sorely disappointed when the boy did not wis it him. There are many entries. In his diaries about wisits of "dear Na resh"". Again, " "Narash did not come (O See me. Such is Life". Whel Naresh marid I was a major psychological crisis for Anagarika.
The prolonged persecution of Anagarika by the British is remarkable, being on the most slender evidence that he was involved in the 95 rios, and had associatioms with foreign te you tiomaries. On the one hand he roundly condemned British rule.
The British in Ceylon for over a hundred years did nothing to the people except to exploit the T. (They) introduced opium, gawe in toxica ting drinks, destroyed the morality of the people opened roads and railways for the benefit of the British planters, alienated the land from the Peeple, de Stroyed their industries and agriculture, made slaves of the people and today they are 5. tarwing. A few Sinhales e made money by trading in liquor.21
He main taimed that ro ration can be great unless it was independent, and cited examples of small countries which were towereign. "A5 slaves no economic ar social progress is possible". Se | f reliance and import-substitution were essential. While advocating political independence, he newer suggested willent or non-violent methods of achiewing home rule, escept to state that military disCipline Ywas ne Cessary for the progress of a nation, that indolence comes when there is no military discipline. "The nation that lacks
W

Page 20
military discipline is dead."23 As to how a militia, could be organized he was silent, but in a witriotic attack on the British he suggested a mode of symbolic
StarCe: You should assault the lawless British wherever you see him.
in front of every house make a scare crow of the White Than with banana trunks, deck the scarecrow with a pair of trou5ęrs, and beat It in front of your children. Then when your children grow up they will as a sult the alian British.“
His many letters to the Gower nor reveal his mental and physical anguish when exiled in Calcutta, for alleged seditious activity. He was even watched when he was abroad. The British Embassy in Washington was contacted and there is a report from W. R. Castle of the Department of State that Anagarika "has his luncheons and teas at Mr. Kira's restuarant, where he holds forth to an admiring audience.' Anagarika pointed to the power of agitation, citing the case of Mrs. Besant who though interned with a flourish of bureaucratic trumpets, was released, "such is the power of agitation." He did not seek notoriety, and observed absolute silence, although for a few hundred tu pees he could have moved the Indian press to set up an agitation on his behalf.
It is a commonplace saying that the British sensa is blunt, and the only way to provoke it is by continuous agitation and that is the method the British themselves adopt in England.
But he trusted the Truth and the sense.
power of Governor's good
Hic claimed that the punish ment metod out to him for articles written before the 195 riots was Unjustified
Is the British na tute so ha rden ed as not to feel the suffering of others who are not British. What harr hawa | done that I have been so crucily treated 227
For several months in the year 1915 was so closely watched that I shut myself up in a room
and never w
wetandah,28
Two years close confinem constitution an an in Ya|| d.
| I || 3 |7 he Wr: pointing to the assessilent of F
Rest assured am incapable to the mig ower which tl' whose existen will of nearly People.8 in the follow why he was 5 til while all others riots had be there no freed. you still believe a revolution?"3
On Anagarika' curious schizoph |ence towards t attacking the c article5 in his advocating home to the Governo plete loyalty. It for he well kno would convey a ments to the Sinhala Buddhist the cor," "W a dream wish should leave the wish that the E tect the historic The point of di "the Buddhist egolstic, the Eu is individualistic "Excellency, giv tu n i ty, and | sha loyalty to the W. "34. On heari of His Excelle. a diga Puja at a I had a пар | and dreamt tiffin wtih the and he com pavillion was I told him th wis its India, 3 erected on th
It is not the no te to te concile confronting Ana colonialism and

nt out aven to the
ind four months fL shättered His he was practically
te to the Governor absurdity of their Iš influence:
racious Sir, that of doing any injury ty British Empire e Su We sets, Ce de pends on the
400 millions of
ng year he asked without freedom,
implicated in the n released. "ls ril for ma? . . . . Do that I could create
s part, the rc. Is a renic-like ambiwahe British. While olonial rulers in Sin hala paper, and tule, in | etter 5 r he claimed comwas not hypocrisy, w that his enem i es y seditions sentiauthorities. The s were "loyal to reye ewe i å that the British island, but we kritish should proSimha le 5 a race.'3* : parture was that ciw i lization is unTopean Clw|lization "33 He appealed, ! me the opporI show my intense ood King George ng of the illness y. he even planned Calcutta shrine,35
the afternoon that I was taking late King Edward lained chat the not properly built.
It when his son Pavilion will be է maidan. if
purpose of this the contradictions arika; his antiis admiration of
"the foreign whites", his asceticism and his carnal desires. In 1930, the year of his higher ordination, and just three years before his death he claimed that Buddha preached that "eternal happiness can be secured here in perfect consciousness, by leading the holy perfect life.''37 By here he obviously meant 'in this life." It has been suggested that Anagarika was a modern analogue of the early Calvinist type of reformer, motivated by a this-wordly ascetici5rn. He eschewed politics and did not even join the Ceylon National Congres5. But latterly he was disillusioned. "Buddhism has no friends today. All are after Mammon and pleasure"39, including the 'bioscope people".40 S. W. R. D., Bandarana i ke is alleged to hawe in herited Anagarika's mantle, 41 This is arguable, literally and otherwise. In a sense Anagarika was an individualist. He scorned the Buddhist laity and clergy, and adopted a unique togalike dress to distingulsh himself from the monk, as did Targore and Ananda Colom araswamy. This is significant, as the dress one chooses is a touchstone of one's personality. 1 * Bandaramai ke adopted the der SS worn by tha rural
bourgeoisie, and by those who purported to be their leaders, He was prepared to join the
Ceylon National Congreas, while heading the Sinhala Maha Sabha, and finally agreed to a pact with the traditional left, as well as to make concessions to the Tamils. His failure in these tactics was proved in the 1958 racial riots and by his own assassination.3 His contradictions beset even the presen government. The pursuit of Inatorial pleasure by the 'bioscope and TV People' can not easily be reconciled with spiritual renunciation, The thiswordly asceticism, which succeeded in Europe through the Protes tart: Ethmic, and in japan in the Toku
gawa period, has not succeeded in Sri Lanka.
A final comment on his great
'influence" in Sri Sanka-45 Ai though he was eugolized after independence, hic did not desire to hawe a mass following, as did the Bandara naikes. After the riots of 1915 he was persecuted, and prac

Page 21
tically the last two decades of his life were spent in exile in India. In | 9 |7 ha claimEd that unlkg sors. Besant “li hawe obserwed absolute silence.... and did not seek notoriety."45 Si P. Rarla natha's assessment is Tore to the point, at least for the post-1915 period:
have known him from the days of his youth. He is an ascetic but caustic also, not sparing even his own country Tien and priests. They have refused for the last twenty years to hear him and his influence counts for the nothing in Ceylon. . . . Mr. Dharmapala's return to Ceylon appears to have being objected to by the Police Department, who do not appear to know that in Ceylon he had been a negligible factor.'"
Anagarika lacked the support of the armed forces and the burealucratic machinery which the Bandaranaikes had after Independance, to quell racial riots and coups against them, the populist movements they created, but could not contain. A National Planning councili produced a massive Ten Year Plan. In 1959, but it could not
be implemented, answer the Populis
rated in the Pro ti we wrote-bl iddirı Anagā rika was
more realistic. In f | Bid I LI for a nationalist. to prin C in dewan and pamphlets or and morality; "tc rate people In di hygiene and hom Tew i we - anciern t BLI crafts', to found | colleges; to reviw the antlent ideal o a Ife of self—a bin Interested service of the many and Buddhayoga; the c |ly of the birthc Elizabeth Foster, his parents, the to exceed a thi year,
Fotnotę 5:
1. Letter a the 2. Diary, 3, 1920
4. Le Ler cif 2[]||1|1 from II: ILL 5. Il MT5, Fair tcrt. 5.
BOARD ROOMS
g PANTRES
LNNG OF STAIRWAYS
. . .
to Mrs. Foster, 7.
Mosaic Luxury
O RECEPTIONS
e EXTERIOR WALLS O.BATHS or
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POOLS
Mosaic tile walls & floors are easy to lay
siniple & low cost to maintain Give your OLD building some Mosaic luxury and see it corne to life - Don't miss if in
your NEW building.

locause it did not t pressures genecess of competig åt elections. less ambitious, a Trust Deed is up his ideas revival:-A press agar type, books physical science Educa || || || LCOThe stic science, e Industries'; to ddhist arts and Buddhist medical e and carry on f Brahmacharyaega til of and disfor the welfare the science of elebration annulalays of Mrs. Mary the settler and expenditure not ou 5 and ruptges a
g: Vernar, 24/11/1917 3. ibil 29/5/1920 917 Ein Lille (G., Wcrnynt. Letter of 2.12 1930 Le 1er of 2/12/1930 29' 12, 1930, 8. Mrs.
LLLLCLSS LLLLLL S S LCHLH S SS LL LLLLHa L 1820, just in advance of the Missionaries, as a carpenter aboad the Hermes. He was from London and took to shipbuilding, first building a vessel out of materials fra T1 a ship Wr:Cck. Hicr husband was also a shipbuilder, and died at the age of 34. She acquired a considerable LLLLH GG aHaaaaa C LaLL LLL 0LaL LLLLLLLL0 (in Windward Oah L. (Honolulu Archives, "History from our Files"). To the city L Lithurities sht: left the Festër Botanical garder: :ind a legacy of 10,000) (A Advertiser. Holulu 2012, 1930). To local LLLLLaa SLLLa S SLLLL K0La LLC C LC LL LLTL homic, She diel in PO Çguber 1903) Lt the thic age if 85, 9. Diary, 159, 1920 10, Diary, 151) 1920-11. Diary, 255/1920 00S LLL LL LHHLLLLLLL aS LLLLaCSS aLLLLLLL Return to Righteousness. Colombo 960, [... 128 and passiml. 13. Diary 20I'll 1918. 14. Letter frø In the Axecutor of the Foster : ,Laug, srca II. Honolulu, da til 24/3/1931, to the Secretary to II. E. the Governor. 15. Actg. I. G. P. CID to Llı aldri | Secret To", il 5, 1973
16. In the valurne: cidited by Gurugt a photocopy of the police report expurgaltes para 5. It repicts the "re Woolting ard Eyes tial bych H wit] LIT" (of [])h:LT111 på laL towards the Indian boy Naresh, als na Trated in his diary which fell into police hands In 1915, two boys from Kandy and MiiLara, tiged 11 and I acciriparied DharIIlaiyala to India (DIG, IO 5192). There is no trace if Elly besial behayiyur in the tiiris, Emil the lillegiä tiLjili s were obviously fabricated in order to
(CuffffIrred LIF page r:5)
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Page 22
Sri LankB, gur island hamia, is the traint : 2.E.g. yeart gif Linique, cantin Luis cultural da YalçFilment.
LLLLLL LLLLttHLLLLHLHGGO L MMLL H LLLLLlLLLLL LLLLLL GLLL TBaMLLLSS K iha glarious pagasntry which still Eurvivr:: can be tund Ec:
in the cultural triangle farmed by Anuradhapura, Fairnru,
Rery,
But samo of this pricelese monuments of cirrhile nro LMMOO L LLLL LLL LMLLLLLLS LLLLLL0 LGGL LaL manufrients part at the cultural wealth of the world and spicnioring the Sri Lanka Cultural Triangle Project to call: furt's and carTimonica urgent conservation,
We, the til at Sri Lankas, FIIust c:n Tribul R.5, 60 million as i oLur sharn. Ta Irini ot this, LCLLLeHLLL HH TTLLLLLL LLLLLS LL LLLLLL b. Di Lu,
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Pay for rattling ORq.m. Df Stan Fu ing
Bur. 1,000 Birlek
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ry that is
ETT LLLLLLLLSLLLkESGLaLkL MHLHS HLHSLSzL aLL atH ance and for all, cir step b step, raises the Fund rarer
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t LLeHLLSLLLLCCL LlHLLLLLLLLH LHHLL Lt KLL LLLS CULTURALTRIANGLE FUND K0KS LLLLLLLKLHaELEL LLLLLLLLSS LLL0LLLLLLLLH S
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EH och brick CMN 8 stanti pod With your
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Page 23
The role of the opposition - (3)
HHeSSSSSSSSTSSSTLSSTTSTTSLT LSLLLSLSLSSTLSLSLeTSTTSTAS S LSLAS SMSSSMMSqqq
THE OPPOSITION
by Dr. W. A. Wiswa Warnapala
hen the Speaker, Sir Francis Malamura di ed in July 1951 Dr. N. M. Perera informed the Prime Minister of
"the desirability of setting up a healthy convention with regard to the appointment of a Speaker. Though the Opposition took the Initiative there was no response from the Government. The Speaker of the 1956 Parliament was elected with the approval of the Opposition. H. S. Ismail attended the first meeting of the Opposition and his permission was sought by the Leader of the Opposition to propose his name for the office of the Speaker. Such factors as party rivalry, the lack of homogeneity in the Opposition and the failure to maintain a dialogue between the Government and the oppoalition on conventions relating to parliamentary institutions Interfered with the recognition of the need to establish this Cor wention
Increase in the volume of parliamentary business during the past. three decades demanded an understanding between the Government and the Opposition, and the Leader of the House and the Leader of the Opposition consulted each other on major issues such as the Budget Debate, Throne Speach
Debate and Wotes of No-Confi dence in the Government. The selection of speakers and the
allocation of time created problems for the Leader of the Opposition. In the selection of the frontbench speakers there was this problem because an Opposition frontbencher replies to a Government from t — bencher. The Leaders of the parties and the former Ministers were given precedence cower co thers in the C. Suntha ral Ingar, a forrier Minister contended that he as an ex- Minister, was entitled to be heard before anybody else in the Opposition except the Leader of the Opposition. Certain members of the Opposition, therefore, disagreed with the decision of
Cpposition.
the Leader of th metters relating ment of the bo Lusine Conduct of the E Opposition suffer absence of 'official organise the Opp words, it referre for staff a 55 is tarth Ce, speaking on this ined that the Opp given a 5 tenog ra F for the purpose both corresponde bars of the Opp organisation of it bu5 in Ess.
He wanted a
be assigned to t udartake Thatter organisation of business. The C cially during the had to fight a E to get its status e the arena of t parliamentary sys party character largely interferre ent role vis-a-vis
' וזa51wayarוחNa the weaknesses Parlia Tentary sy weakness has bee in the case of the and has bean W. the fact that, un Ion has never Cabinet" ready Government whe popularity. The si tion orto the por ting groups of against the rec principle of the With the org: Opposition, a 5 Opposition lead direct and coord of the Oppositic the 52 m em We their meetings . cribed as "ex-C Cabingt", This of the beginning I Britain. The

'S DECLINE
= Opposition оп to the arrange55 of the House. usiness of the : d owing to the assistill C2 to osition' In other d to the need Dr. N.M. Perera subject, complaIosition had been her and a peor of attending to nce of the ITham – osition and the is parliamentary
senior officer to he Opposition to 's relating to the its parliamentary Öpposition. e SPC
initial phas a. attle in order stablished with in :Һ Е Sri Lankam tem. The Thult – if the Opposition d with its efficithe Government,
while e numera ting
of the Stern 5. ay5
Opposition groups ell illustrated by like Britain. Ceyhad a "Shadow to replace the it has lost its multi-party Oppoesence of Conflitparties Tilitates ognition of the Shadow Cabinet, in sation of the i pecific groti P * of 2rs emerged to Ina te the actiwities in. Since most of re ex-Ministers are to be desabirint" or "|||atė was the nature of the institutior
development of
Islam d'5.
"this in particularly so I
the Shadow Cabinet, therefore, was a direct result of the emergence of 'the organised Opposition', which in effect was a by-product of the two-party system. The
Briti ish experience was that the emergence of "the organised Opposition' demanded the selection of a potential Cabinet and they, with general agreement, began "shadowing' specific offices. The
purpose is to ensure that there is an alternative team ready to take office which team ha 5 had the opportunity of working together in the Opposition. Prevalence of this arrangement eliminates haggling ower the distribution of offices. It helps in the appointment of men whose Contribution from the
Opposition was on subjects closely related to their subsequent ministerial portfolios. The Shadow Cabinet, which includes a body of
men who specialisc in and take responsibility in Opposition for particular subjects, established
some principle of collective unity, and this, in the Working of the Cabinet, provides the basis for collective responsibility. Normally the prominent members of the Opposition are included i the Shadow Cabinet, There is some relationship between the final appointment and the organised pattern of 'shadowing' of specific subjects. Tht existence of a Shadow Cabinet 15 certain to give Considerable trouble to the leaders of parties. The invitation to serve in the Cabinet is regarded as sure inclusion in a future Cabinet. The principle of 'shadowing also demanded that the particular person speak frequently on the subject and this specialisation wirtually guar antglied him of his place in the Cabinet.
A II these consideratioms are applicable in the context of a twoparty system, the main feature of which is the preparedness of a party to take office. An Opposition consisting of a multiplicity of parties with conflict Ing Ideolo
|

Page 24
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Page 25
gies, cannot give birth to a Shadow Cabinet. It was this character of the party system which prevented the recognition of this institution in Sri Lanka. In addition, the fluidity of the party system does not support the emergence of a team with in the ranks of the Opposition. The composition of the Opposition made the recognition of the principle of shadowing impossible and Opposition spokesmem, instead of Speaking on Specific subjects, concentrated on the enti Te Cabim 2 of Minis L2T5. The absence of 'shadowing' by the leading members of the Opposition resulted in the conversion of Questär Time into a front - bgch exercise in Sri Lanka. The Gowerment, the refore, adopted the attitude that responsibility resided with the individual Minister and this, according to Jennings, was the infiluence of the Donough more tradition. Though the nature of the party system and the fluidity within the ranks of the Opposition discouraged the formation of a Shadow Cabinet, the L.S.S.P.
which emerged as the main party of the Opposition in 1956, wanted to experiment with the principle of 'shadowing' specific subjects. The leadership of the L.S.S. P. appointed its "Shadow Ministers' without consulting the other parties in the opposition, The parlia Ten tarians of the L.S.S.P. constitud themsel wes in to a "Shadow Cabinet" and this "informal' arrangement was short - ved beca Lise the Shadow Cabinet Ministers the Tselves tres passed their a reas of responsibility. Edmund Sama rakkody was the "Shadow Minister' who spoke un foreign affairs. He and the others successfully kept to their allotted fields for some tima, Robert Gunaward era wiolated the Principle of "Shadowing' and this, coupled with such factors as the
need to keep to constituency grievances, interfered with the continuance of the arrangement.
The role of 'shadowing" was not recognised by the Government and often Ministers of the Government Were not in their seats to issten to the particular "Shadow Minister" f r o Ti the Opposition, The energence of party coalitions as 'alternative governments', though
it brought no "SF il to existe rice, Cre: in the minds of th Constituent parti would be members of Ministars: PE In the course сапmpaigп In 1970 s; Government mee Cabinet. In other that the leaders need to be inc Cabine, The coa|| though it wanted unity of the Indivic
TO "WAT I Ö Ö "Shadow Cabing L' hawa im Larfa Ted wi tion of portfolios. of the majority coalition is expect party and other sideration, he w; to encourage "clair portfolios. The ex UF Coalition in Ministry of Final example,
The leaders of fore, leave root tion of the princip
tion", which ne with the full be type of portfol
parties, which in represented an al m2n Li did mot | rh. wing" because the the strength fo The 5 iZg of the
La mkal increa 5 e5
reshuffle of the
it impossible for team to play the Cabinet. The alloc within the Cabine the Eā5 is of urn|| specialisation anc coordination. Th turc of 1 with 'shadowing which is special is
The compositio U.N. P. Cabinet, types of Mini Minister5, non - and District M 'shadowing an largely because C tha Gizce of the Ca of the Ministi i trational di wision the mum bort of || the charge of a

adow Cabinets' ted confidence 1e leaders of the es that they of the Cabinet tert Keturnerimarı, of his election aid that the UF ded a strong words. It meant of the parties luded in the li tion of parties, to Ti Ti i r h iual parties, did mit Loglf La a becaus 2 iL. Wo uld th the distribuSin CC che Cador party in the 2d to take both factor 5 in to coras not prepared ns" for respective perience of the relation to the Yce was a good
coalitions, the refor the recognile ofaccorn Tadalither interferes - mort with the io. The single the popular eye ternative governHulge in 's ha do2 y did not have
r the purpose, Coit i Sri with every
Cabinet, making the Oppositi om Ole of a Shidow ation of functions E i5 not dome on | ty of purpose, the need for e , heterogeneous inistry interferes , the basis of
LİOT
n of the present with its three sters – Cabinet Jabirgt “1inisters inisters - makes impossible task if such factors as binet, the nature 3rial hierarchy, of subjects and “1inistrie ur der Cabinet Minister.
Such factors militate against the development of the principle of specialisation by members of the Opposition. Above all, the system of proportional representation which gives rise to both political instability and coalit lons, i 5 certain to discourage the emergence of a Shadow Cabinet. The authors of the proportional representation 5 cheme, con the other hand, arte certain to argue that the parties which operate under such a scheme could obtain sizeable support which could potentially become the alternative government. Froportional representation, unlike the "first - past - the - post" systern, will not allow one party to obtain 'far sin oire fhan its ghare of seats" and thereby weaken the Opposition and make it ineffective. In other words, the exaggerations of majorities lead to weak oppositions, Sri Lanka experienced this after July 1977.
The electoral victory of the UNP in July 1977 though i tre sul ted in the establish I ent of a stablo government, failed to create the prerequisites for the effective functioning of the parliamentary system. The UNP was able to win 40 seats in a legislature of 68, and the SLFP, which had 90 seats in the previous Parliament, was able to win only 8 seats. The Marxist parties, which successfully Tha in taired some representation ir the national legislature from the
wery inception of the parliamentary system, lost it altogether. These two factors, in effect, explain the absence of an effecW Parliamentary Opposition
representative of the national trends in politics. The parliamentary Opposition, came to be formed by the TULF and the SLFP and the main platform of the TULF is the Creation of a separa te State in the North and Eastern Prowinces of the Island, t, therefore, |acks the perspective of an alternative government and it is the SLFP, with its national base and experience, which is expected to play the role of an alternative government. A political party representing the in II: rests of a minority, forms the main force of the Opposition for the first time in the history of parliamentary government in Sri Lanka. A
3

Page 26
Amirthalingam, the Leader of the Opposition, has said that he does
not consider himself as an alternative Prime Minister. The Opposition, demonstrated
during the past three years, has been ineffective because its major segment advocates a separate
state. This together with the absence of Marxists, who now concentrate on extra parliamen
tary modes of struggle, has created a vacuum in the arena of parliamentary politics. The present composition ol parliamont does not provide encouragement to the Opposition to play an effective role and the preponderant majority of the party in power Is an obstacle. The un lique character of the present Parliament is that It has 105 me Tibers who hawe entered Parliament for the first time. This means that 62.5% of the membership comes with in the category of "freshers' in Parliament. Another significant feature is that 46.5% of the membership of Parlament l's Under 35 years of age. Such wital changes in the composition of Parliament are certain to affect the role of parliamentary government and this is reflected in the proceedings. Perusal of speeches made during Important debates shows that the quality has deteriorated. This is partly due to the ineffective nature of the Opposition.
The constitutional changes introduced in February, 1978 brought about a decline in the role of the Opposition. Article 16 of the Constitution, which prevented defections from one party to tha other, was amended in February, 1979 to allow Thembers of the Opposition to cross over to the Government. Article 16 of the Constitution was introduced as a means of de terring defections by members of the party in power, and it, in fact, became an opportun listic method of protecting the majority of the party in power. The abolition of by-elections and the adoption of the method of appointment by the respective political party had an impact on the Opposition. Yet another factor is that the scheme of proportional representation has been weighted In favour of the major political parties. Section 39 (5) spécifies
교과
that parties pc. one - eighth of polled will not
seats in Parliamen off point favours parties and goes very objective
because the mi certain to be elin parliamentary pr political parties, w to played a role association with will now be ex process of parlia
The Marxist maintained their in the Island's le debacle of 1977, in parliamentary the vocal segmen tion, utilised awa tary opportunitie: making the offic Opposition effect Perera, writing ol the 42nd annivers in Decem bogt, | 97 absence from political activity vacuum in the a The reference ab 5 enco of Mar Parliament. Ques Adjournment Mot and Wotes of No. such convention opportunitjes wel effect we weapons tion. The Adjou was erTiployed in of another ques Marxist partles, N. M. Percera, as "an effect Iwe ргopaganda", so utilisation of par Recognition of employed at W largely due to the the Marxist pa parliamentany poll of the parliament: with the participat sts in the system. of an effective Op on the nature oft Although the e parties believe I r tary form of gove ls lacking of th provid Ing the requisites for th effective parliam

ling less than 1e total wote 5 be allotted any . This high cut he major political counter to the of the schering or partles are inated from the Ica: S. The Small hich hawe hithergovernment in ne major partie5, uded fra Tl the hentary politics.
partles, which representation islature till the played a key role politics and as t of f he Opposiilable parlamenas a means of al Parliamentary iwe. Dr. N. M. the occasion of ary of the LSSP 7, said that "our the centre of has created a rena of politics". was to the x ist protie5 in tion Tire, the on the Debates - Confidence and all parliamentary coverted into of the Opposirnment Motion re in the form to time. The according to Dr. used Parliament forum for mass wid: r t in their а пепtагу time. the techniques estminster was key role which tles played in ics. The maturity ry system grew on of the MarxThe emergence osition depends e Party system. tisting political the parliamenm riment ewlenco ir capability of ecessary basic growth of an ntary Opposi
tion. The social and economic cleavages in Sri Lankan society do not encourage the development of a two-party system based on clear cut principles and are certain to give birth to a multiparty system, from which coaltions of parties can emerge to provide stability in the system.
Improvement in the efficiency of the Opposition Cannot be confined to the effective utilisation of parliamentary opportunities traditionally recognised as techniques available at Westminster. Members of the Opposition do not get enough information to enable them to praticipala effectively in the parliamentary process. This question was discussed at the 20th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference held in Calarmbo in | 974. The nature of the party composition and the lack of agreement on fundamentals do not encourage the bureaucracy to respond with information and this, in my view, is a factor which interferes with the proper functloning of the Opposition, The national Press can effectively assist the Oppositlon in its parlamentary role. Sri Lanka's experience in regard to this Is unique, The national Press, though it now remains largely state - controlled playad a partisan role and it suppressed or distorted news relating to the Opposition. This weakness of the national Press resulted in the emergence of an equally effective party Press which includes both da i lies and weeklies. The partisan character of the national Press militatos against the emergence of the Opposition aa an
alternative government. The national Press, in the eyes of critics, does not make an effort
to help the Opposition in the Improvement of its efficiency and effectiveness. The Opposition should be allowed to make use of all the available parliamentary opportunities to express itself and failure to provide it with the basic requirements is certar to interfere with its 'responsible' role. Any at tempt to limit its legitimate parliamentary role is certain to push the Opposition towards confrontation and it is potentially dangerous to the very stability of the parliamentary system, (Concluded)

Page 27
Development Councils Act (2)
ܗܗܗܡ ■
--காமா
CONTROLLED CO
by G. G. Ponnambalam (Jnr.)
hat the Councils have to dance
to the tune of the Minister of Local Government is again shown by the fact that the Minister can call for proceedings of the Council or its Committees, call for figures regarding the administration and the accounts, and Woe be unto any Council that tarries in giving this information (Sections 62 and 63). The Minister cari cause am inquiry to be held if he feels that the Council is shirik ing in its duties (Section 64) and Can give a directive to Councils, on receipt
of the report, to perform its duties within a specified time (Section 65), and if the Council
still does not carry out his Direc
tives, the Minister will direct the District Minister, or some other person of his choice to
carry out that duty (Section 66).
No By-law made by the Council has the force of the Law unless confirmed by Parliament, (Section 68) and only the Minister of Local Government has power to make
regulations, which in turn hawa to be approved by Parliament (Section 69). In respect of Bye-Laws, it would seem that the Councils have less cffect than Municipal, Urban, Town or Willage Councils, because the bye-laws made by the latter
hawe to be approwed by the Minister of Local Government whereas the bye-laws made by the Development Councils hawa to be confirmed by Parliament before they become effective.
The head of the Council Is its Chairman, an "elected member", and the District Minister is un der hirin. But when it comes to the Executive Committee, the all important and implementing body, the head is the District Ministar, a direct representative of the Government and an appointee, of the President, and the Cha Irman is under him (Section 30 (2) and 3 || ). The reason ing here Is beyond comprehension. It would
seem that thin is all important Committee (Sec President's conc to determine th tions that are each Melber of and its the Dis formally assigns (Sections 30 () shows that the Members of the are all ultimatel People at the ( Counci | Electior on the pleasure o in that the Pr
District Ministe
Say.
This Act the
detract from t
provision that the of the people sha the President. " District Minist appgintee of th District Secreta appointee of th: District service the Super wis i com Secretary. As expect the Presid influence over The a55 erotion, t Council will be autono Tous is a see in the Act where the Presi of Local Govern priate Minister”, externt, the Min having direct c Councils.
These provis| permit of decent strālci, bet Councils are coi by Parliament a Decentralisation opportunities fr the various dist participate in ti beter | if the IT perity both econ!

JINCILS
Di Lit 1i i5 in the Executive tion 30 (I). The Irrence is needed : nature and func2 be assigned to the Coir i'r Tittee rit Millister who the se function 5 ind 34 (e), which power of the Committee who elected by the eneral or District depend solely f the Government esident and the have a great
efore, does not he constitutional : executive power || be exercised by We see that the
1r Is a direct a President. The ry is also an
: President. The is directly under of the District such, one could ent to wield some the officials also. herefore that the independent and myth. For, we many provisions dem t, the Mimister ment, the "approand to a lesser ister of Finance, :ontrol ower the
2ns also do not .ralisation of admise it is clear that1pletely controlled d the Cabinet. The ans greater r the people in ricts to actively 1e fashioning of a selves and prosolic and social.
Are the Development Councils local bodi es? Generally, Local Authorities are entrusted with functions for the protection and promotion of the comforts, convenience and wel fare of the people. They are mainly concerned with public utility services and prowSion of civic amenities. They also enter into an aggreement with any other Local Authority for the joint execution of any Work or administration of any public service. The Presidential CC mm.155 lc: m a m De Welopment CoLI rn cils seerins to think that these Councils carnot be wiewed as local bodies, as they are only concend with the promotion of the execution of individual items of work.
But Development Councils are supposed to take the place of Town and Willage Councils. Who takes over the functions performed by
these sin aller Councils? There were over 630 such Councils. These Councils elected וזוaחy thousands of members. These
members were humble rural people who hitherto had played a constructive role in the adminis
tration of their own areas. Today, at the most, we will hawa |es; than a || 60 such 'elected
members' ower the en tire island. Thus, far from making the people partners of the Government in the development process and achie
wing a clear link between the people and the administrative machinery, these councils would
place them at a greater distance from government, administration and development thiar i bgfoire. People in the rural areas are going to have a sense of gridwance and to be more frustrated today because they will not be able to play even the part they
hawe played ti || row in the administration of their a reas, through the smaller Town and Willage
Councils, and their opportunities for participating in the administrative structure Will be more
25

Page 28
limited now by the Development Councils. In fact the small Councils did not have the wast constraints by which the Development Councils are curbed in their activities by this Act. How then can one say that the sic Counci || 5 will extend the concept of participatory democracy? If the Development Councils do not hawe the powers of even the smaller councils, as has been said by the President, how are the Development Councils an im"prowerTent on the smaller councils? The people in the w||lage would be deprived of the opportunity they so far enjoyed through these smaller councils to focus local opinon that affected the wall being of the village community and to bring It to bear on the responsible higher authorities, and represent the wishes of the in habitant:5 om any matter affecting them. They also would not have an opportunity to comment or a right to be consulted on any proposed development of significance.
Willage level priorities must be
taken into account at a lower level than the district level. It is said that the whole district
would hereafter participate in the election som o cof those who would
serve in the Council. Surely this was 50 when the people in a District elected their Town and
Willage Council members of that District. So this is nothing new. If the Development Councils are intended to cover whole districts, one cannot understand why the Government has permitted other local bodies like Municipal and Urban Councils with in each District to exist side by side, with Development Councils and also allow duties and functions
to overlap.
How would these Development Councils affect the Tamil speaking pe cople ? Would they result in greater discrimination 2
Education is one of the subjects left to the Council. At the most,
there will be about four or five Councils covering the Tamil speaking areas. What will happen to the Tamil schools in the other 9 or 20 Districts? There
is a likelihood of those schools being closed for political reasons.
* 2Ꭶ
Again, because instruction COL | the national Speaking persor districts with Ywhile to hawe t In the Sin hala to obtain jobs further affecting Tamil Schools WoLuId Ta25;LIIt. |r Councils readil Tami schools,
Are the peop
to be employed
only 2 If this is Tani I speaking side the Mort going to be gr; theso Concis. their jobs and as well.
One of the factors that is economic deweg Tel5 of mu silitation is a GL. In Ct CCr The Witt|| these Councils. cils open up agriculture, 西门 irrigation works opment witho roads, let alone
Again, electri, that vital y con in those areas frequent power f
the voltage chan,
it leads to oth this subject is cils, thosa argas
inadequacy of ele
do So Thething te
Water supply important subjec been left to Councils. Water problem ir wery
What is the la nication between Councils? What th language c between, say, th ment Council on and the Presider of Local Govern priate Minister', Cof Finar te on t This Act dogs

the medium of d be in any one of languages, Tam|| is in those other irn k i t worth the I r heir children study medium in order more easily, thus the existence of adversely. This 1 tose O y clos ing the se
lg of each district in that district 5 so, the 60% of people living outh and East are avely affected by They wi|| ||osc will be displaced
more important i Cos du ciwe to pment is effectivo lication. ColuIbject that does In the purview of How could Coun2W areas for imal husbandry, and rural deveLit first having
railways?
city is a subject. Cerns the people where there are a illu T25, ar 1 d where: ges so often, that iër Problems. If eft to the Coun
afflicted by the Crical supply will rectify matters.
is again an It that has mot he Development
supply is a
many rural areas.
ngage of ciruthose different is going to be f CCT munication e Jaffna Developthe one hand, it, the Minister ment, a Fly "approand the Minister :he other hand? 10 t a H5 'W' Ber" tF iğ;
effect, à chieves the
question. In what language would the proceedings of the Councils be if such Councils have members of more than one racial group 2
No two or more Councils can join hands in order to deve|op some scheme which will be of common benefit to thern a II, and which could lead to greater economy of expenditure. This is explicit in Section 7. Each Council, the refore, wi|| hawe to be wery parochial and work with blinkers. In this respect it would be better to have tha present set up, where the Government will be able to undertake some meaningful development of a major project covering a number of districts. To make matters Worse, the Councils are further curbed in their activities by the existence of the Municipal and Urban Councils, and the duties and functions assigned to them, as is shown by Section 7.
It is argued that these Councils will enable the Tamil speaking people to safeguard their trad - tional homelands from furthor erosion. Nowhere if the Act 15 there provision regarding Colonization. If the TULF is referring to one of the subjects in the First Schedule namely, land use and land settlemenէ, surely does not this also depend on the 'appropriate Minister" 2
Will each Council be given the same amount of money by the Government? If the Councils in the Tamil speaking areas receives
Step motherly creatment, to whom
Coud they turn to Whether the TULF will I yote with the Government on the budget will perhaps depend largely on this Tatter".
It must not be forgotten that the Regional Councils Bill, 1957,
and the District Councils. White Paper, 1968, were both attempts at a political solution, to the ethnic problem, whilst this Deve
"lopment Councils Act puts forWard only a scheme for economic development of the various districts. If any one were to say that the Development Councils Act gives more power to the
Tamil speaking people or that its
purposes of

Page 29
the Regional Councils Bill or the District Councils Bill, that would be the height of dishonesty.
As this Act puts forward a scheme that is in conformity with
the unitary character of the Republic and for the economic development of the Island as a
whole, the TULF, which is irrawocably committed to the establishment of a sic Parate State, can have nothing to do with this Act. More so because, during the last General Election and the Local Bodies Election they cried from roof tops that they were mot in the least interested ewen in the e como Tic development of the Tamil speaking a reas before achieving the separate State, and further that any meaningful development of these areas can only be achiewed after Tamil Eelam i5 established. This high faluted stand was taken as an answer to the All Ceylon Tamil Congress. Why then this early and complete capitulation ?
The only reason that could be given is that the TULF wants the present parliamentary hegemony perpetuated even in these Councils. It must be remembered that the "elected membris" WYi || hawe to be less than the number of parliamentarians of that District (Section 2 () (c)). The significance of this reas corning as 5 LI T1 e 5 some proportion when it is realised that the only two political parties that have supported this legislation are the J. N. P. and the TULF, the only two parties that stand to gain at the Dawelopment Councils Elections; Could orie say that packing the Councils with "ex officia The Tibers" like the Members of Parliaert is democratic No doubt even these members were elected by the People åt some Stage. But why d|d not tha framars of this legislation give a chance for a completely new set of people to be elected to these Councils? What is the rationale in making the Members of Parliatent. The 1bers of these Councils
The argument that the Members of Parliament will hawe wider interest than the "elected
members' who would recessarily
have only provinc mot hold water, поt vегу Іопg METEbers of Par|| elected by the y Who will now el The Tibers' envisag
What a spect of else, the Devel Act, ha 5 a chie w 2 i That is, that thic is today nothing Party) has apprec tgd, at long la5 principlo the Sta Ceylon Tamil Cor course of the las that emphasis IT first ön the irttır mic upl | ft ment Speak Ing People al Terit of theit är support for the legislation has be and total windical |L is a rule t dawns on thenr This Act ha 5 als U. N. P. and together, emphas TULF withdrawal party front again In er E Gr Ehe str reason that only lectually crooked
then is this
walid. Homicforth no reference 5 fr quarters that
Tam il Congress i : the UNP or that parcel of the UN of the wiew hät only recognis ing My opinion has today e Wern to the accepted by a la their own support by for the day w before the Gene TULF will say been "played out rent" and break in order to face
The All Ceylon is a party that I committed to th goal lic pg.ople, AS 5 Luch, more than anybo only too quick measure that will and a better EC

ial In tre 5 de 5 becausa: || E. Wiwas ago that the SQ älert were alsQ вгу. same people act the 'elected 2d by this Act.
the positive
Act 2 If nothing pment Councils d two thing 5.
TULF (which but the Federal iated and accepE, at least in Tid of the AI ngress ower the t three decads lust be placed п ediate есопоof the Tatii "Id the advanceeas. The TULF purposes of this en a complete tion of our stand. :ihat realisiä ț|| 1 rather late o brought the the T. J. L. F. ised further by frc Th the fiya st the Gowerike issue for a 50 The One Intelwill clair Til to be Lhee will be on to TULF the All Ceylon 5 an agent of it is part and P. I was always the TULF was i self III other 5. been confirTed 2 point of being rge majority of teirg. Now Ig taifid hen, six months ral Elections, the
that they hawe by the Governwith the UNP
the hustings.
| Tam || Congre55 has always been political and ipation of its We as a party, dy else, will be to Erasp апy lead to greater onomic position
of the F2 ople à rnd their areas. But will the Development Coun
Cils as ConstiLLI [2d Lunder this Act, lead to a better economic standing of the Tamil speaking people? The foregoing analysis w| || show that the Councils will be so stutified by constraints, lacking in initiative, so dependant con certain Minister 5 im the Cabinet, and watched ower mena
cingly by the President, that they can new er do justice to the purposes for which they will be established.
Speech delivered at the Centra for Society and Religion on th a seminår om "LIEPENDEPT CAPITALIS & DSMOCRATIC SOCIALISM" on the 3rd of September 1980
"Conspiracy'. . .
(Corrified friar Plag )
SLFP has na solution to the econo
mic crisis. Yet, the Left oppor
tunists are once again trying to deceive the people.
In order to win sympathy from the people and support abroad, Mr. Anura Bandaranai ke had said in Delhi that the CIA was responsible for plots against Mrs. Gandhi, Mr. Bhutto and Mrs. B. Referring to reports in the Lanka Guardian and other papers. Mr. Wijeweera said that it was the US Ambassador Prof. Wriggins who had pleaded on behalf of Mrs. B.
LANKA GUARDIAN
Sark 5 crip riroir rares
([[1:lusive of postage)
On i Y EL T Six mot h Local RS. 95- Rs... 50/- Asia Rs. 300- Rs. 50
USSR). USS O.
O. 5. Foreign Rs. 450- Rs. 300
USS 3D USS O
5 O
Cheques and honey orders to be
1124 til o Lut in favour af Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
The CU111 CTCial Mill läger, Lanka (Gua Tidia, 1 Publishing Co. Ltd.
No, 8, N. H. M. A bei LIl Calder FR od (Ricclamation Road) Collib 11.
27

Page 30
ART CINC LCM P
- A PERMAOF SELECT
BYARTISTS
Fէ:
JAYAARS
sZx/} ANANDA (CICO.MW
COL Среп Meекdays
 
 

NENT GALLITERTY EL) o PANTENCIS
OF SRI LANKA
lluring
SATYEMBRA Ճt
4ýð077 elezez
RASWAM 'Y MAWI HA CME).
9 a. T. to 12noon
FHCEF|

Page 31
POLOWWARWWA
In the caricient fores Monkeys Warch Pith Pise ejes, A Warr self of grass and SCW siero:E rifer ffe CFA frees = Aη ίητήηΩίίο η αν επιilες, ιεέμ, ČIPY fire fra 'frig f7 'Eos ir gy” Flowing through the cent tries Post ir la présert (l'Irl efer]]ry.
In this glade Tirre is fat fES, SEF7CEE, is
Car werd in the rock's face, clriffs II cloud shadows from a in visible horizon.
la 14° k spirals is la 14'lly, — viriad y Wls Dry leaves, and through the trees Gl'irripses of Water, a flock of hirds Skitling the Sur-glaizel orface. Their reflection dar keras tlie vast 5 777 oorli s'hi reress
Were flere is ' e '"siri: TW
which has been done or I of dole.
The firtility of dreans and passion, Lo ye giver or wir rheolad. Lo resine F S
Arid 'earning. Aware less of
T Whe final milystery: This a r r here is (27ily', 71014
This re rig o' fire. Os fritages – transient Like bird in fight.
A interriglig
4 солfголгагіол:
The roharri ing's Sparking inicardes cerce At the the Org rely high.
- Anne Ran
Letters . . .
(CorI fred fra fri pagf 2)
by the self styled cominittee for solidarity whereas all other roads - Capitalist, Communist, Socialist. Marxist, Baathist and other nefarious roads origina ting from the haunted house of Zionism that at one time penetrated into Iran have certainly come to their de ad ed and hawe since been demolished beyond identity.
The Iranian people had two broad aims, wery, lofty which were, destroying Shah and all that he stood for-Capitalism, Imperialism (of the USA) and Communist Imperialis II (of the USSR) etc., con one hand and establshing Islam in its pristine purity
totally in all walks of life, from the individual to the 5tatЕ, СП the oth gr. Persian chauvinism and Shi'a do min
ance a te but the Puerile ima - gination 5 of the so-called soll - darity committee. True facts 교「日 un equivocally erns krim ed in
the Constitution ot Republic.
The Arab, Kurds, Azerbaijans, Bulu. safe now under Republic.
"Gap between t Regime and the M ups', is a pitiable origina ting from mlnd.
The solidarity
oplines that the lir; are oppressed, Impo C are den led Self de The way the worne their enthusiasm in hind a leader h 35 m the contemporary h world.
The Solidarity Co regret to observe, mmed on Islam. I rari
M. C.
Crganizat the Islamic Rew

asinghe
f the Isla Tie.
Turkcomans his are only the Islamic
it Khorii:Iml linority Gra
assumption a confused
Committeo a Wol swerished and Le TT | i - m express ed
rallying beo parallel in istory of the
3 Ti Tittee, We is ill infor| is for Islam.
I. M. RIZW| Secretary,
:lorn t.0 Support
olution in lrırı
YOUR SELECTION FOR A PROTEIN RICH MEAL
ATTA FOUR
IT IS MOST NOU IRISHIN NG
AND
HEALTHY
PREPARE A PALATABLE
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R U LA N G (Semolina)
FOR SWEETS
MAKE OUT OF HIGH QUALITY WHEAT
Rs. 376– PER BAG OF 55 Kg.
Pese Corter
Sri Lanka State Flour Milling Corporation
No. 7, Station Road,
Colombo - 3.
Telephone: 2300, 23152, 28008
29

Page 32
TAMIL CULTURAL SCENE Arts and polemi
by K. S. Siwa kumaran
O. of the fuldmem til flaws
of the local Marxist critics of Tamil literature Is their dog
Tit Lc 15 iste ce that Polemics debates on literature and the arts can easily be reduced to a confrontation between formalists and socialist realists. This idea of antipathy towards formalism is prevalent only in the Sri Lankan Tam || cultural scene. The Idea itself has become outdated. "Marxists fight formalists with outdated theoretical we Pons! (to exchange SAMLJDRAN" is words).
As an observer and participant of the indigenous literary movements, I can un hesitatingly Say that Samudran (LG-Vol: 3, No: 9) has overtly misrepresented the case of the real students of the arts and literature who may or may not be sympath sers of Marxist ideologies. Sumudran accuses that those who claim aesthetic elemants added to socialist or social protests In order to avoid blatant Propaganda, are all formalists and that the formalists or genuine artists overemphas se form and beauty. This is not true. Further while art and li toratura can be an instrument of the m:155 TowerTnent to promote an idea it should also give aesthetic satisfaction. Otherwise lowers of art and literature need not go for them: they can pretty well attend a public meeting for Marxist approach to life. After al || Marxist appraoch is not infalli ble and it is not the only correct view of life. There are other views too, which enable one to see life In complete or different perspectives. Samudran wants "creation of appropriate aesthetic standards for progressive art and litera tyre that are relevant to the Sri (an
BO
kan con text”. Bu Iladu, the flarx| ar Iry Ing to ev prehensive th ld Lāk Tā går benefit fra T
I agree with S that it is not "marry bourgeous arian Corntent''. devica would be || tarian art as su: a Tt as such. T| only when attem bring ideologica the mai 15 t Teamı and literature an Ist yardsticks to the other hand suggested is held art and bourgeo grow side by si they should - to of the picture ( third wiew on the It gives The as : ature and arts, delwe in to di ! philosophy or th Existentialism, Fr emerge enriched at things only fr of view, because Is subject to chan los ing Its Yigou | tself into diffe losing its original Maois T1, new le Euro-com runs that I cannot debo;
as ST coil it Would kic. As mation, dan st an attempt by So literary critics t Yię Yws on IE terati

ics
already in Tamilst critics thro alve a Thore com20 retal system, Til Marxist critics
the I.
amudran, howewer really correct to form with proletBut a Con Weriant to call a proteh and a bourgeois i e Corfusion arisa5 pts are made to art form into of uniwersal art d using the Marxmeasura || C. If the position both proletarian is art forms can de (and feel that sea the other side ar to have the subject). At least a student of litergreat pleasure to fferemt å reas of ought (Marxism, "Odism etc.) and Tathor that ook om klarxist point Marxist itself ge and It is elther r or diverting rën t a Teas, thus form —re'w Islorn Ism „dership In Chima, etc. I must adını it 1te on this subject Led Cheroeticians a piece of inforte that there is Luth Indian Marxist explain Marxist ure and arts in a
more broader and universal way
tham thg |

Page 33
Notes
ter the first
being wrenched from one's normal existence to a hospital bed, being warded is a condition to rich Cre beco Te5 500 m habituated. Iness Takes the roi t l me of hospital life a rea SS LIring and comforting cocoon: even the unusual hours of waking, eating and sleeping cease to be strange. One gradually sinks into a state of oblomovshchina - Lihat of the hier C of a nime C:n Ch century Russian novel, "Oblomov' for whorl the horizontal was the normal and preferred position.
trauma of
Since my last experience of a non-paying ward of the General Hospital eleven years aga, things seem to have improved. This is, of course, a particularly good ward since It is a teaching one ;
its reasonably clean, the quality of medical skills is high, most of the murge 5 arte eficient as we|| as kindly, and there a te troops of medical students who prod you and listen to your
insides through their s te thoscopes and ask you the sa The questions.
Each student has a particular patient whose case he or she fallows with special atten Lion ;
my student is a charming Tamil
girl with a marvellous pair of eyes. Even the toilets, which was dreading after my last ex
perience of them, turned out to be mot impossible ; Is this because they are cleaned Tore often, or have the sanitary habits of the generality of patients IIIproved over a decade? One improvement I would suggest is a hand-rail to help infirm patients to lower themselves to and rise
from a squatting position, its true that if you are really helple SS, you are Supposed to be dependent on bedpan and urinator, but getting these, when you want them, from an atten dat is one of the less happy ex
periences of hospitalization, since
there aten't enough a terdants to go round. However the strength of our family system
does help partly to make up for this: most patients who are very
of A Hor
i || hawe a Termb standing by.
Wisiting hours the fàcil that co L is still thriwing: Health ministry on its Tule of t patient at a time sirable this migh medical grounds, might have lost it. Wisi ting pati di Tig5, furi erals, Seeing people of part of the ratic Örne in this wä. 22 people who c 5ce a single N perhaps a whol from Berliwela.
rl:55, iike de a great leveller har is m o disc rally between F quality of med there are points tells, in the hos
But Since Lha yi Timarks of cla55 : language, "LinaCC
stripped of thes covered 'a bare
The day I enti was roo ill ti trousers and saw so I went ag
sa rong. I was arti from the doctor
viously se en me clinic and expecte: to his ward.
(I am we|| awa privilege enjoyed ti welly affituent; o (C) PD) clin || || chance.) The a spoke to The ir answered likewis found myself an a different wat d where I had e and It tok hal my sister, with friend, got me II

izontal
:r of their family
also te stify to r family systein TC won der the had to go back owo w Is Lors per 3. However de
t ha're beerl o
the U. N. P. 1 electio o ents, like wed
pilgrirTages arid f at airports, is 2nal way of life. rd there were ame together to шslim patient –
minibus load
at should be but although riTmima, Li do ni geneJa Lieri Lis irm Lilha cal DIT LITT EL
at which class pital as outside,
si ble and a Ludible ric clothes and como dated man" e, is, as I disforked animal". ered hospital, I struggle into וםt וז ס5ה rE טוI
| Was, in my med with a lettet who had pre
at al har meld to be admitted
Te that this i 5 a i by the relathers go to the |d tako their dmitting officer Sinhala. So I i.e. ultimately the wera ndah of frc Til the cine xpected to go, f a day before the help of a ansferred to the
Man
Touchstone
other ward. Of course; the admitting officer was within his rights in sending me where he chose, but it rarely happens so. My sister, who accorn panied The was sure that it was because went in a sarong, with my hair overgrown and my board unkempt after twelve days in bed, so that I was taken to be her cook, who would "nt be choosy.......
As it happened, I was able to test this hypothesis two weeks | ater. I was sent home for two days, and asked to get myself admitted to the ward to have an X" ray, since the diagnosis was still uncertain. This time was feeling much better, so I arrived in trousers, with my hair and beard triri med. As I got off the taxi at the entrance to the O. P. D., an attendant started for Ward to a 5k whether was a patient and proferred a wheel chair. (Nobody had paid any atten tion tro m 2 at tha er1 troturne the first time, although I was much møre ill than, and I had walked to the admissions office,
and from there to the ward.) This time I was wheeled to the admissions officer (a different
One), who spoke to Ti e in English, asked me not to get out of the Wheel chair when I tried to and admitted me without any difficulty to my ward where was duly wheeled by the attendant
In the next bed there is a boy of ten or eleven who has difficulty in breathing. I earn Lihat his problem is that as an aftornath of theumatic fevr, che of the valves. In his heart has contracted. (His growth is also apparently stunted by this ; he has scabies, too, by the way.) The hospital has done what it could for hill, and he low seeins Tuch better, but I heard one of the doctors say the only
3|


Page 34
certain cure is to perform an Operation on Hir and in Sere an
artificial valve. It can be done here, but the walve costs. Rs |4,C00. One Taak at hlm and his parents is encugh to toll
y CU that would be a su Tı beyond their dream S. Klor dog 5 OLr frgs health ser wice rush to such luxurices, although I see from the headline in an Opposition newspaper, which patiem is rgāding on the bed of the Other si de cf mc2, that We have su nk I, 50 miliar rupees In the mud at Kotte.
量
There are se 'yeral British me di. cal students working in the ward, Carlo tells Tie they come hero because the classical diseases in their full florid wigour can now be observed Cry II, the Third World. According to him, half the beds in British hospitals are set apart for psychiatric medicine, because of the stresses arising from the breakdown of the family.
However, even these cases, ha says, are often trivia| — || ke a girl swallowing six aspirins as a suicidal gesture because she has had a quarrel with her boy friend and has nobody's shoulder to cry on ; whereas in Sri Lanka we had 2.500 suicides la 5t year — a higher rate than western countries. He repeats one of his On 5 mots: "The difference betweer West and east is that the re they have sanitation Without sanity, and here we have insanity vy i thout sanitation".
ଝ;
To all the differences between
Tolstoy and Do 5 toyevsky 35 movelists, pointed out by Merezhkovsky,
Berdyaev. & George Steier, should like to add one that I have just discovered. If you read
Dostoyevsky when you are ill, he makes you feel worse, because you get the impression that Lot only you, but the whole world is sick, while regarding Tolstoy
SLU:Stains you when you arte III, because he convinces you that life is endlessly rich and in exha Lustible. Whil: || wwäs ill, a home ro-read "The Brothers Karamazow', and it depressed
3.
me intensely, W reading in the
And Peace'' th for hospitals, as f. not only because
but because by density and fu || Compensa Les you
5 iom from the W.
The amiable intelligent) med fic: talk to me in because of our nar System of educati any thing concern Le 5. Whe orie āśks me a b Cut thi they are out o Some of then loo text of "War a TC: CL titus: r2 whether the langu mot knowing, the look of ChisIE get th; יסח say it is a 1 the name means in | supposo a сопр 1rt5 Studen Le wblank if one sa to them.
One of my fel c has spent five yea Union, says this possible there. Siti u demts read cre and humanities s grounding in the have, of course, British separation two cultures'.) that every docto Chukhov's "Ward
率
J. Comes to 5e of the medical pri: cling the patiert : which he argues sin, ce any comotior with the patient with the detach Scientific approa disagreĖ, not bg em Cloria involver patient, but be treating the pation though it seems de tached and nou ideologically loade cular way of Ic

at I had been ward is "War a perfect book desert islands, it is so long. its marvellous | ess of life it for your exclurld outside,
and no doubt | students who Lhe wärd arg, owly specialised om, ignorant of ing the humaniof the doctors Sinhala cirhea, f their depth. c at my Russian ld Peace' and
of them asks age is Chinese, refore, ewen the 1 ractors. When vel of Tolstoy, othing to them. arable group of uld look qually |d "Men de leey"
Iw patients, who Its in the Soviet would be imwhere medical a tiwe | iterature, tu dan t5 hawa a sciences. (We inherited the between "the -e also remarks I r should read No (i " True.
2 me, and talks ctice of regaris an "object",
is necessary, al involvement would interfere ment that the th requires. cause I am for ment with the cause I think tas an "object', wery Scientific, tral, is in fact d with a partiFoking at the
functions of medicine in society.
By and large our approach to national health is to set up a network of hospitals, staff them
with tra imed doctors and mur 5.e5, stock them with a variety of drugs (on all of which the bill goes up year by year), and when people fa || ill, we isolate chom as objects, soften isolating just that part of them that has gone wrong), tinker with them like a machine that has come to a repair-shop and send them back in working order. It is arguable that this method works with patients of Thy class; but on a
national scale, it is obvious that the enormous expenditure on health services yields no com
mensurate gains in the elimination of di 5 ease. For the mass of court patients, disease is the result of malnutrition, bad sanitation, bad housing and lack of industrial health regulation, so that our priorities should really be preventive rather than Curative medicine, and such an approach would require treating the patient not just as an 'object', but as a human being interacting with his social environment,
Authoritarian . . .
(Corfiried frn page )
of reshaping the Congress Party froT a factionalised, boss-ridden structure to a tightly disciplined
machine, pragmatic, blindly loyal to its leaders and capable of appealing for popular support even over the heads of local power holders. At the time of his death over half of the party members of Parliament and the
majority of chief ministers in Congress (I) - ruled states were Sanjay men.'' Now renewed faction fighting has broken out in the party, especially between the Old Guard and Youth Congress people, and it will not be easy for Mrs. Gandhi to control this. Pressures to bring in Rajiv, "Sanjay's brother, as a replacement,
simply show the need for the Tulling class in the tumul tous India of today to have a party
with clear, ruthless lines of control to supplement Indira Gandhi's Populist appeal.


Page 35
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