Page 1
Dr. James T. Rutnam on
AND
THE
- Kethesh Loganathan
k Samudran replies
★
Income inequality
★ C. T. Blues -- The Oi
 
 
 
 

4 December 1, 1980 Price Rs. 3/50
to Reggie Siriwardena
- Sunil Bastian
utsider

Page 2
γ
ECONO REVIEW
Over the last five yea Economic Review has leading development jo read by wide sections strata in the country. three thousand copies (an estimated one in t LJ niWersity members — reading it regularly).
This monthly socio-eco aS a Serwice by the Pe to promote a knowled; economy and the econ by a many-sided presen reportage, facts and del succeeded in presenting the basic data and inte issues and has today be for economists, governm officials, business executi Co-operators, teachers a
THE THINKN TO DEVEL DEWEL
 

rs the People's Bank established itself as the urnal in Sri Lanka. It is of the decision making The Universities alone take direct every month 2 wery four
staff and students -
1Ornic review is pubished ople's Bank. It is intended ge of and interest in the pmic development process tation of views and
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Page 3
NORTH - SOUTH
DIALOGUE
Mrs. B. who trave ed to the deep South (Kataragang) having taken the Kandy road immediately after the fateful October 6 has also toured the Ratna pLura a reg. Lijst Week She WTS North-bound, her first such journey in Tony years,
After the TULF joined a cornmon opposition platform dt J Colombo meeting in June, chaired by the SLFP President, Tamil opfri for turned Lrtsal of the SLFP (yer I e disti COL ri'5 's Sje, Always prome to begt the Sinhala drums, the SLFP seerTed ready to stir racial feelings on this question. The Kula ratne —Amara kore "group" clase to the party had dane 50 ayer standardi sation ard (Iris versity adTission5 In '77-78. The trip to Jaffna at the TULF's Invitation suggest
that the North-South dialogue has been resuried. The TULF criticised the UNP on October
6th and October 7th when the
government IrTiposed disabilities or Mrs. B.
. . . . AND STATISTICS
Con the re be trade-offs between Scylla and Charybdis? Finance Minister Ron 1 je de Mel seu ned or classical imagery to portray filmself in his trying na y gational rose as he steered the nations economy between twin perils of Inflatian and unemployment. In the same budget speech he claimed that inflation was less than 25% as though other authoritati ye ("foreign) esti T1 a tes placed the figure at about 35%. Unemployment which stood at 20% of the workforce 3 years ago has been reduced, he said, to I5%. Since inflation was still high, his budget was defationary in sharp contfast to the two previous budgets. Wi || It
Work? Let's se are quoted in h speech.
Talking of sig big discrepancy Mel's staterfert per capita and Eby Maha yeli My Dissa FC yake. I speech Mr. de figure of Rs. 56.
Accordirig to ti fils colledgLe 5 Rs... 700-.
Politaris, tfie speckers should the title of one (, c) Lurm mis "hy W FT daars?" If a r |s permitted, rne friberg, our o. sufficiently sa y y question. The Inc for fristorice say gone up from R Ľa a ver Rs, č, ČČ how much is SJ rely, the ster of the Rupee, validity of ma 5 til II είίζ5 ή
DEATH S
Is the JTUA CMU's officia | pt the Ons Wyer is tf E. SLFF'5 Trac strongly Support tion, the SLFP had i 5 fert i 1 ded by the art, faction in the grid its alies I, bloc are keer whose con y en er Panditu. This L to ref the CTUO w. Lin der the 5tric| of the bloc,
This CPSL, t: M55P participal ber th Day separately. The to Lid the below. A top the ITUAC is wÍ|| be reacts Important work crops up again."

e widt
፲5 r1ዕጭጃ I
figures budget
ures, there is a between Mr. de
or foreign aid the figure givEn
Kisli ETTERS
Anagarika
don't think the thin wereer of 'sociological scholarship'
Miri ister Garim In I (footnotes to be more a Pt) rt his budget displayed by Ralph Pieris in Me! gave the his article cam conceal his real
motives - to den igrate not only
5/- (35 dollars). Anaga tika but als o, the Sinhala
e Daisy News crys . It | 5 o wer
Buddhist masses who continue to hold him
in high este en
and who se e great relavance in
this figure just now at this ': moment, (This year saw the
final corn fert The t of that much
f Art Buchwald's
| Wranged title 'Jaith i ye Piya" 1uch |: tr}(Tt III by te werend ဒိheဖွံfင်္ဂါး a cial stereo-type Saranan kara whose biography on only the TULF Anagarika bears that samą yw'r Scots riri, er care title. y to ask the Justres Mir Ister, But I am sure the tolerance
S (Je 3 || || || J108
and equan imity bequeathed by s. 20 rig
our culture would make them
Č) risin. But take up all these insults with it in dollars? a benign 5 mile. Anagarika, if I dy depreciation (Carif írt Heil gr. Page 2. )
questions the I ny Compara ti we
LMFA
ENTENCE GUARDAN
C dead? The per suggests that Wol. 3 No. 14 December 1, 1980 Prles 3/50 'yes'. Although Publisilled f} Thighly by L.L. iki i Lutiin
de Union Wing ed this organisa"eadership never the ITUAC. Pradi-CP (anti-Soviet)
LSSP, the SLFP
Publish ing (). LLtd. 825, Wolfed: SLreet, ԼւյlւյItil:L- 13
Editor: Meirw yn dwy Silwa
Telephone: 2O09, n the sive party a bury the ITUAC CONTENTS
| 5 the CFL's O T SSP faction wants News Background Jrganisation like Budget : Signalling a Crisis 5. fict will core Tra 15 Crt triva il 5 7 : polítical control Foreign News
Income inequality A nagirika Dharmapala 1. le CMU and the South Asia 15 od in the Nowem- || Blok, Christ, Red Guards דן of Protest, but Conteit, form, Marxist criticist 1. y are still anxious Sa tire
movement from Ai I like it L5SPer 5gid: "no,
not dead. Priited by A. EL Tıcı Press Wted when dan 825, Wolfendhat Street, ing class Issue | Il CTT 1. ". Telephone: 35975

Page 4
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Page 5
CTB cannibalism
generation
he shack Waves of
in bus and rail fares have sent the government reeling. Not a day Pa 55 es without the Transport Ministry announcing new concessions". Abrief conversation with any UNP back bencher brings instant confirmation of the state of agitation and alar T1 i arming Government supporters: "I didn't hay e to face s Ti år y Fifi gry je Stions and so much criticism from my people even when the food subsidies were taken away" said an hi II-country UMP'er who, in his second term, is not so easily rattled by dejected faces in his constituency or by the propagandist ons laughts of his local opponents. This is real.... Ty fellows are sullen. and that's always a
bad sign."
But propaganda was the UNP's defensive reflex action. No Surprise in that. While the reliance on the State propaganda machine has progressively increased with each administration (there's an important les son in that about the state of our politic 3, 5. Li rely?) this regime's faith is the magic of Tlass communications border 5 on a ch|dish nalwę tę. And So, we had those full-page advertiserients in the daily papers, courtesy Transport Board, Less said about official figures, the better. (See Trends).
The government employee, the wage earner in the private sector and the middle-income self-employed Sri Lankan have been at the receiving end of a double-double shock. In the past 3 years, he has watched the food subsidies go, and his budget to feed his family swell steadily, in the meantime, rcnts hawe soared, and many of them have joined the great exodus from the The tropolis. Since schooling is a high priority in the family's scheme of options, some have found a 'solution' in the car -pool system as a coy termove to rising petrol prices. For the
the hik e
muda
majority, the affords the only head of the far by tra in or bus contes the final the budget.
OPEC-beating any propagar da itself as a futi cist with the C tion which rhe de 5 tination. Pro
What will T think-tank is w to find remed it Com ing in of I Th"e to foLI" rT take bus and tra highly mobile t union need orga -move public if felt common Cau: ha'we C2, BLJg , ers, security me mot han de th, assume 5 h a forr tes
The World Bis dies” to State i World Bank is id tted to pril wate push Ing State or wall through "o E economic argume Ideological aim.
 

and second -
lalis
- -
bus services
3 Lugo ĉortin DB I Erik, Mirhu Fei. Tu II FILI CIL in ar yr ar ras from
1 "allee Prokeelon.
L LLYELkkK LLLLH aKK LLL CLTlT LSaLLLeK LLMLL S ST L LLLHHLLL LLLL LL LLLLL LLLL LL LHLLL H Yer ind conductor to get back to work. TS SLLLLLCCOCCLL CTTLG GHMLL LLLLLS LLLLLLLHHH
5 । Tuesday,
*3. Als cri
மிங்
CTE 5chool Eu5 relief. But the lily, has to travel
W. Th
blow - just before
if it did 5 erwe purpo 5e, exposed 3 and fa tuo 5 exerGreat (OPEC Petiwer reach ed its pagan da Won't do.
he government's
York Ing owettime is with reports bossible trouble. Li || i corn Sri Larika m 5 in daily, This is a : rowd. No Cråd
is this on-the it has a strongly se. And now they :ori ductors, checkn and police can. situation if it m of Silent pro
ink says 'ng subs|- corporations. The eologically to Timi
enterprise, and anisations to the jective, strictly rits" serves this ls a subsidy really
High tension over
LLLLLSLLLLLSLL LLLLLLLLS ordi bri:
Lhe Printi u r
\ 1 En
Lrded hul bu
a L. Tansk-i TE. Elönful rpm refused to irr
fall *
Hith H''
necessary? (This question is taken u p l m a informative article published in this issue of the L. G.)
The average commuter is prom. pted into supporting the private operators - the new bus Inudilla|lis -- S | mae rhai T fa Te5 5 tructure is mora "reas on able". Certainly, it is cheaper to travel by wan.
"It can be a tax gimmick like some of these gem auctions where "black money" is Iaundered through paper transactions and the ceremony of buying and selling one's own geriT w la an agent" observes an experienced business man. Pri "Wate van Operators have the advantage of 100%, Lump Sum Depreciation on the se vehicles.
A quarter century after the first ess ay in nationalisation (the CTB) are we to witness the rig turn of the bus mudalali, by the grace of Politicking, blatant featherbedding, JSS hegemonis T, ad Tnin istrative inefficiency, poor ou LP LIL ?ale"ן סוח וייסd l) חa
The Cãm mi ballsätigm Gf thg C.T. B. will put a second-generation of bus magmates on the h Igh roa d to super-profits.

Page 6
Troubled oil
E" heard of RIZA CO International Readers of the Daily News and Sun are far beter equipped to hazard a guess than the international press. Nearly two months ago, the CDN had a front page lead announcing an agreement between Sri Lanka and a 'New York-based Rizaco International" to start an refinery at China Bay. The project, said the CDN quoting Industries Ministry Secretary, Mr. Justin Dias, would be wholly financed by foreign capital ... about 750 million
US dollars. This would make Rizaco,
the largest single in wes Lor in this country. The government would give a lease of 2,500 acres in exchange for 20% of the shares of the local subsidiary. The refinery wi|| hawe a capacity of 200,000 barrels a day, way above the CPC's Sapugaskanda refinery. To start with, Riza Co wi|| decipem and modermise the Trinco harbour.
By any Sri Lankan standards, the story was 'big'. But Colombo corr
oil
in Tri
espondents of t were rude y sup principals fired b. Cre of the w newspapers faile Riza co from the York office. Ms. Turnkey. Se was difficult to traced, his lips other promoter, silan, wasn't talk The plot" th was found that know nothing Representatives Colombo and is week at the O word was publis In fact, the stol Tad åt screen of papers and t
But the oppo and the project a der torles. Trinco
Commenting c ning lJS preSen {
--
U
O R A N G |
F
REAL WRITI)
MANUFACTURED BY
DISTRIBUTED BY SHAW

world press sod when their k: ' ' Riaco Who' r|d"5 b5 km o WWII to get a line on journal's New he local agent. w |ces of M|31, 'wal:1 trace, and when were sealed. The a Chinese Malaymg either.
iki med Yy High it the about the deal. of Rizalo flee WW irti :ayed for over a be roi but not a hed in the pre55. y went off this the major news a word appeared.
sition took it up cquired siri i ster unis Trico, after all.
in the ewer-Widece in the Indian
US Eri1 bassy
Occan, Diego Garcia and the rafinery project eta, Mrs. Bandaramai ke told K. K. Sharma of the Statesman (L. G. Now ist) that US
would be happier with Trinco" It was significant that Mrs. B chose to speak on this to the
Indian press. Nobody knows better that although Sri Lanka floated the idea of a ridian Ocean Paa.ca Zone, the inspiration was India's and Indira "5. With Ma Luri i Luis demanding the return of Diego Garcia and the OAU backing this demand to the hilt, the US base will be a major issue at the UN-sponsorod Indian Ocean con ference in Colombo,
Playing up the military (and therefore, sinister) aspect of the story, the Opposition press noted not only the increas ing 1 number of "calls' at Colombo of various in awal wes sels (US, Soviet, British, Australian, French, West German) but the "courtesy calls" of US
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Page 7
Budget: Signallin
by Kethesh Loganathan
The 1981 Budget Speech is a far cry from the optimism and the ''revolutionary" fer your (a favourite term employed by the UMP Gowernment to refet to the |MF-oriented economic reforms) that characterized the 1978 Budget Speech, The following extract from the 1978 Budget Speech, which was the first official pronouncement by the UNP Government of its adoption of the IMF, IBRD sponsored Export-led Growth Model, highlights the spirit in which it was presented and the economic orient 3tion of the UNP. To quote: "To create a just and free economy, it has become necessary to carry almost a total economic and financial transformation in our and - almost a revolution in our financial and economic framework which has been completely restricted and hem med in by con - trols for 30 years...The Budget will initiate a complete change, almost a revolutionary change in this system. It will take some time for the people of this country and for the bureaucracy to get adapted to these changes both mentally and in actual implementation.. Foreign aid and foreign assistance both from international agencies and from aid giving countries will be necessary to finance this total transformation of our country."
The 1982 Budget Speech, on the other hand, is a manifestation of the contradictions that have begun to emerge out of the implementation of the "IMF Package' supported export-oriented development strategy and, therefore, is itself replete with contradictions. Further, it could be construed as signallIng an Impending economic Crisis, despite attempts to conceal the actual state of the economy and to present a distorted picture of the future.
(The arror is a Research Fellow
Hi'ihi the Social Seier fi FF, F fs Forfa
filo 77 of Sri Lirika)
The Budget th C. “achi Eve mg GowerTent since om two factors — and diversificatio Orm tha que 5 tion
it ha 5 TF1 i 5 to 5 place we hawe stability. It is pc
a rare order and It is not Politic flows from th gum. Cn this fi political stability oured to bring development an sentiments cxf Mjis LT of Fir new. In fact, th the rhetoric use ments of the pc. States. In Lr der real character stability" which a chie y es " "Politi short, is bas |: of Political regi T the sine quo for of the IF På Lunden ia ble fact. It me it of Sri Link bla tantly confrx policy aimed at El of the organiz in ovement and an
campaign direct Immobilization C ti'ye parties:
methods, they s the "political inst with the two-pa System, as a guar in we 5 tots am d tlh | alike, not to ment for its own survi in cffect trying tradi tional rolo alter mate bourge parties to being of the bourgeois | about micas, Luri: men Licin e di are ponent of the "ll" political pre-con export-oriented tegy which doma docile la bour foi

g a crisis?
'peech in trac|ng s' of the UNP 1977 lays emphasis – political stabi || Ly n of the economy. if political stability ay: "in the first ach le yed political litical stability of of a unique kind. all stability that a barrel of the in foundation of we have endeavabout economic | growth." The ressed by the ance are nothing cy merely repeat d by Tost go wernripheral capitalist to conceal the of "'political they are trying to cal stability", in ally a situation entation which is for the operation kage'. It is an hat the Gowera has launched a ntation ist labour reaking the back 2d working-class intense political ed Lowards the f othe: r a | terrha — through these :eek to un dermine ability' associated “ty parliamentary ante e to foreign local capitalists ion as a guarantee ya | The UNP || 5 to transcend its a 5 karne of the is parliamentary :he 'sole agency'
e. Tough anti... it must be in integral ComF Package' and a ili tiom for the levelopment 5 trad5 a cheap and
Further, there is also an element of economic necessity pertaining to budgetary allocations, which call for political repression. Since the current budgetary surplus is expected to finance 15% of the financial requirements of the Public
Investment Programme, the axe will inevitably have to fall on ""Era 15fers and subsides" which
traditionally accounted for roughly 60% of current expendi tute and
'wages and salaries" which accouts for roughly 22% of current expendi Iure, It is qui te clear,
therfore, that political will aside, the capacity of the Government to impose a stringent policy and Curtail consumption depends on the balance of power between the organized working-class movement and the State. Political stability which is a missioner, cannot, the - fore, but flow from the barrel of the gun, it appears that the political pre-condition for the “IMF Package' supported export-oriented development strategy ha 5, in fact,
been established. One is led to this conclusion by the deafen ing silence the vanguard of the working people and the sheer glee of the foreign investors as evidenced by the statement of the
Executive Wice-President, Bank of America, that without teasona ble assurance of political stability there would not have been an inflow of
foreign financial assistance at .un procedentė d lewel חh Aםsu (Ouoted by Mr. Upali WijeWard crg at a recert GCEC
sponsored serminar in New York, CDN 18/9780)
The second most significant "achie werTent" since 1977 claimed in the Budget Speech is the increasing diversification of the economy. To quote; ''Our Government's economic strategy
ha 5 emabled the country to mowe away from the precarious situation where the performance of a single sector determined the performance of the economy as a whole. For the first time in 1978, a pattern of balan ced growth beca me cwident'. While it is true that
5

Page 8
there has been an increased diversification of the economy led by construction, transport, barking, tourism and services, it certainly cannot be considered as synonymous with 'balanced growth" that is capable of laying the foundation for self-sustained growth and development. This is quite clear when one examines the performance of the agricultural and manufacturing sectors which essentially comprise the base and the leading sector of any Model
of growth and development, irrespective of their ideological
In the Sri Lankan context, both manufact. Li ring and agriculture hawe been declining. Thus, while manufacturing accounted for 4% of the Icore 55 es In GNF in | 78. Es contribution in 1979 was II% and is further expected to decline to 4.5% in 1980. Similarly agriculture
imports, rather
Impetus to indu merely led to a increas e In the r: the export-Impor further underri potential for 2x dL Clive capacity
manufacturing se been firmly est import liberaliza se ve rey afecte III ž, Ili ufacturi mig S € those firT5 eng; duction of hand loi and Papar proc chemical and m:
The cris is in t Sector catering Imarket has begr by the recent : Tarriff Commi55io from the Charb to look into Wa Providing adequa
has beer declining, both in relation local firms from to ra te of growth and its contri- dumping and fron bution Lo increas es in the GNF. in tha FTZ hay Further the liberalization of accest to the
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than giving an strialization, has disproportionato a te of growth of 't trade and the
'] ining of the panslan of proIn the domest |- cor. It has rawy ablished that the tion policy had d the domesti : ctor particularly
aged in the proom textiles, wood lucts, glass ware,
tal products.
he manufacturing to the Internal also confirmed ippointment of a n, under, Pressure er of Corinterce, y's and means of te protection to the effects of 1 first s registered e begi allowed iri tar" irlal ma rikot,
NEXT SSUE
(Fafl (). ''geir, s.s.Tacia's Prejfessor of Sociology, fiversity of California, 'ill rite of the ridiari political Sir la rior. If I he Left parties, iiri the 7 Text issa re. Her Fry'e y 7,5 hey! Vyrir fer excs. Fiye y for the Lanka Guardial.
Alsa, Parr : of the interviety 1 Looff R H. N. Ferr77 Préfa, Presiteorio Če ostri Teichers: L'Ilari gro FigJ VP.
In Short, tho immediato consequence of import-liberalization hs been shif in inves mants
stor man Lufacturing activitics to the Tore lucratiwe export-import trade, thus leading to a disproporticna te increase ir growth states in trade and commerce and a decline in the growth rate of the manufacturing sector-afat Cry from the export-led industrialization envisaged by bourgeois developmen Italists and the IMF technocrats.
PART ll: Inflation, un employment
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Page 9
TRANSPORT
by Anil Moonesinghe
hol attention of a Sri Lanka has been focussed on public transport with the massive fares hike - by nearly 80%. T increase is so incredible that a regular commuter who is a wage-earner will now have to pay between 12 to 3 of his wages for travelling. The daily traveller from beyond 25 miles has been dumb-struck by the utter impossibility of paying this
A II) U 1.
Sri Lankans hawa a very high propensity to travel. The bus es and the trains carry about 5 million passengers a day which is a very high proportion of the population. There is a reason for this, Our working population is really semi-urban and even rural. The cities are costly places to live in. And besides there are more amenities and a better environment living on your own land in your own village. The last four decades have provided cheap travelwhich more than compensated for the costly living in the cities even if housing was available, where very often, apart from shan ties, there was nothing else.
It is not an accident that road
passenger transport was nationalised by the government of S. W. R. D. Bandaranai ke - it
was one of the most popular actions of a regime brought about by a historic mass upsurge, Transport for Sri Lankans then is like free rice, and the ration book, a necessity of life.
The era of cheap and efficient transport came to an end in 1975. Two factors began to militate against it. One was the rise in Price of imported inputs - fuel, oil and lubricants. In 1974 OPEC raised prices by 400 per cent. The second was the
(The writer "a s Miris fer of Corrifica fioris i II e SLFP-LSSP coalition and Chairman of the Ceylon Transport Board between
1970-71.) r
TRAV
cost of the w road and rail.
necessary for the costs have be: rate of 12-145 average as part
Thus these tw. combined as par -South contrac transport in Si more and T1 or market prices travel in them increase in the mensurate with
However steps 1973 onwards planning to mlt gerous and cati One was the t trification - the the use of fossi | -electric power. was the electr existing track f Weyangoda. A en wisaged for til 5 Luburban electri Te Place the mairn 3
The other step the CTB and commercial enterp way to do this.
corruption, ineff bad administra cooperation fron
to b(2 eli ITn irna. t(! d
To judge wh happen ing or Indlceš. C]ng 5u: and lo55 - provi wete reas orna ble price of inputs. are number of bus, the proport due to enginee and other cause bus mile the Co mile, the rev cenu Cost per mile fo and each of t These are ebjec judging a transp Of course a pas differently as he so much about efficiency of the

ALS
thicles both for
and the spares r upkeep. These n rising at the , per year on 3f world Inflation, i elements hawe of the North iction to make i Lanka subject 2 to the World whilst those who
do not have an ir income Corinthese price rises.
were taken from 5 part of state igato these danstrophic trends. ilt towards elecreplace Tent of fuels by hydro The first phase ification of the rom Autgama to plan was also 1e expansion of c railways to rterial bus routes.
was to run both the railway as rises paying their Waste, theft, ciency and plain ion, lack of employees had
ether this was not there are h index is profit ded that faires in comparison to Cther indices employees per ion of lost miles ring operational the cost per 5t per pä55 enger e per mile the " administration e Sewices etc. iw c2 || Thethods of irti organisation. enger views It is not worried he costs as the 5 e Yié.
Since the UNP came to power in 1977 the objective indices have showed a marked deterioration - and in the recent months an alarming dislocation of the state transport systems. Whilst services are deteriorating the fares are climbing at rocket speeds! Thero have been three fares hikes within the last three years!
In defence, the government apologists, including the Minister of Finance have said that world
inflation and rising oil prices are the reasons. Is this really true? World inflation is taking place at the rate of about 10-12% per annum. Yet, the fare rises in Sri Lanka hawe recorded greater increases. Is it the oil price rise? But then under the United Front Govern Tent oil prices rose by 400%, in one year Fares did not increase at that time by that amount. In fact oil is only one of the inputs and do Es Not account for more than 25% of the costs per mile.
The inputs costs of road and rail transport hawe increasid fantastlcally for one reason alone - that the devaluation of the rupe e from around R5. || 4. per pound ster || Ing to Rs, 43. today! A bus costs only 50,000/- in 1970 a full page advertisement screams
out but today it is 370,000Yes, you the UNP government made it that price by your dewa luation. That was the price you paid to get loans from outside to finance the free imports which you talk so much
about. The lending authorities lay down conditions . Consume less, travel less, spend more to buy less, 2, Transport must run without subsidies.
To make matters worse theft of fuel and oil, spare parts, lack of discipline, inefficient workoutput, inefficient management, multiplying of the top heavy administration by having 10 boards of directors instead of on a hawe added heavily to the escalation of costs,

Page 10
The railway is running only 60% of the scheduled mileage of 1975 today. With all its experienced workers from the Ratmalina Workshop and the Running Shed sacked the railway is grinding towards partial extinction. The SLTB runs only 5000 odd buses and that Loo only for tha morning one-or-two trips) when projections showed a require Tent of 7000 running buses for 1980. The fleet requirements to run Lihat number is 850C) ou 5e 5. There too with the exit of imary skilled categories and middle mai 13 gement the situation is becoming chaotic.
The buses and trains are being heavily over-loaded and this coupled with the absence of proper maintenance is resulting in the further reduction of the units running at the mostlert.
The new buses being brought in (and many of these are already built up, unlike previously when only the bare chassis 譬击监 imported) will not compensate for the oLu I.fio’w of bu5es re2 rh d2 r e2 d Lunserviceable du to blad na intenance and the rocketing accide it TE
Let u 5 consider son 2 of the objective indices of 1974. There were 8.5 employees per blus, while In 1980. It 15 || 5,
(See table below)
During the United Front government incentive 5 were in traduced and production went up. The most startling improvement was in Engineering where prad Luc. tica fi of new buses went up from a day to 3 a day. Together with this ETployees Advisory Councils began to play an important part in the restructuring of the power relations between management and abour. All this was reflected in the balance 5 het which in dicated
KALAW
é b an the UN
(CRF, ty odd voices wi rauca Luis unison. E projection, 5uch is based of Pai SC metic re-worked 'new maths" of
As for by-elec on the old rule: Lake the field wi adw antages, espèc Contest S. First L chology, An op rarely results in parliamentary ba so many practical tc) a constituen C a Gw't M. P. Se organisational ES party with reac State machire. a wirtual it wasic de Puty ni i fillster:
*1 in i 5 te",
a profit for the 1984-85 when t government was
The magnitud hike ara not ju: Lhie de terian ratio! and services of No atte Tipt ha electrify both 5 erw i £25. Furth 2 of the rupee permitted to h hg fars. The budget of the | iwing om a raza awry. The pr will lean that a a dista rice Cif 5, to pay more th for travelling.
(NEXT: Some
TABLE
| 973 1፵W4 1975 197ë ! Buses operated (average) 4590 430 4469 4425
per day
Load factor
Profit/loss
E. E.38 3, 8,
-- 19,8-2 || .3 - 27-42.4-5
(Rs. million)

鸥辖A:
P be defeated?' hundred and for| 5 hou back im is sentially a 1983
JMP can fidem
a riէl1according to the
electoral
P. R.
tions still fought 5, rull | Ing parties th many in-built ially at mid-term 1ora is Woter psyposition wictory a change of the lance. Besid: 3, a dwa mtage S är: CrI2 y represented by condly, the sheer ources of a ruling
Lh
ly access
first tine 5 ince he first CO3, i tij
in power. e of the
Anarna diwa br by Ministers, and District
the last chance
farcs tified consider ing n of Imanagement public transport. S bei 2I. m3lde
road and r, the devaluation
&h Culd t awe an effect on carefully balanced
worker who
r's edge will go e5 ent faire 5 i periori tra Welling ) riigi Wi Wol är half li is wages
solutions
THלו 77ל
79
4583 5035 5.93
"... | 73. I
5. O-GOO.
75.||
til ||
be
Ti 3:2
Wi || the 58 two factors tarı çel out what the past voting pattern at Kala wa fi a 33 strongly suggests — that Sarath Muttę tu wwe.gama has an excellet chance of defeat ing the UNP in a straight contest. 'Rathu AF pic', that is, and not the CP of course. (If there are more than a hundred communists in Kala wana, it must be the best guarded secret of Cotta Road).
Kala 'Ya, na is ir:Cot merely the best chance to de feat the UMP. │t is the very last chance thanks to the new constitutic which II the Interests of "political stability and development'', eliminated the nuisance of by-elections and made Cro55-over5 5uicida unless che de fector could rely on a 2/3rds majority. (In introducing one-way traffic in parliament and in wenting the one-directional conscience, Sri Lanka has mil de a Lunique contribution to contitutional history).
A straight contest. There's the rub. The C. P. has invited th: SLIPP () r gf || the opp 35 |t|) F1 pārtie 5. Unless it is in a sici dal Tood, the WP will keep out, Anti-UNP politics rather that it. S turn happy fluctua ting relati || 5 with the CP will de terming Lhe LSSP decision. It is unlikely to deny the CP support merely to please a small faction identified with a leading figure who is conducting a permanent counter-revolution against the USSR all on his own, cheered lus tily by Peking, and Washington. The NSSP and "Vasu' personally will support Sa rath to.
This leaves the SLFP, the crucial factor, Relations with the CP are no means cordial, and in the Case of Some SLFP sta|wart:5, dewasta ting attacks in the ATHTHA hawe made matters un Pleasan II.
The manoeuvres of the 'Gang of Fourteen' which has poor repres 2n tia tion In the P. B. ar d the Ex, Co. but did fight a fierce rearguard action over Attanagalla, could de Serve nore serious notice, Their hopes are pinned on Nanda Ella
(CI) free Lr plge z)

Page 11
Trouble-shooter
Thondaman
Fer more than a quarter century, Mr. Thonda man's relationship with India (both Delhi and Madras) has been a very special link. No Indian wis It or to Sri Lanka of any political consequence has failed to hawe a pri wate pow-Wow with our Big (Indian) Chief. As a key figure in the protracted Indo-Ceylon negotiations, the CWC boss had political clout even when he was only a nominated MP.
While his ministerial iting rary in India last month was no doubt important, it was hi5 missio as trouble-shooter that was probably more significant. After his talks with the Indian premier, the press reported '1rs. Gandh1's re-assurances cf the "wery friendly relations" between India and Sri Lanka. The UNP now hopes that Mrs. Gandhi will not have occasion to repeat her charge that the Bandaranaike family has suffered the same sort of harassment she faced under the Janata, and the file is finally closed.
. . . and the "Gang'
awing Publicl5ed the IndiraSi TirTi a Parallel in the "7" ca Tpaign and found themselves later hoist with their own Petard, UNP
slogan-spinners have now discovered the Madamo Mao affair far more to their liking. Mao's
ambitious Widow Who Wanted to be an empress is being tried by a special tribunal for various abuses of power,
At a get-together to welcome the Chinese press delegation, a Sri Kotha "Ideas Than" was heard to say 'Mrs. Mao - Sirimavo, it even rhymes better than Indira."ם וחiח5i
The day after the delegation, led by the Deputy Editor of the "Peoples Daily", met President J. R. the SLBC made a big story of a Peoples Daily commentary on the theme of "Equality before the law", a favourite text for JR's public speeches. When an emergency was declared in India, it was said that Indira was following Sirima. Is Deng following Dicky?
Ovatio
hen Dr. Sal
Play, Wess on at the Lone November, there In the play (w many of the playw than in the atte
ce 5. For one th| had originally b the SLB.C. whi
forked out half it must have go and glitter of when Dr. Sarac appeared under number of ar. against the in disabilities on M Together with dowa. Nanda Ma dasa, the docto by the SLBC, w drew its support (The Eab was Ceylon Tobacco.
However, by tara opened, author that the play's music whi of the off-stage dCe W3 h3,5 n é Wer in the public mi ווה ,tוזם וחftוחוחםם had riigid thig se eing his name Lu Lester and S. rha T es excited a However, an Ol reported that di Teat" had to man he had sig Without underst the Sinhal Wor he had known cribed as a "Pe would hawe insi words be excise
Amaradewa, acc of State Anand had also backr the morning aft of We55 antara, he had gone ba si"ning the peti: of the letter appeared in Atht da ilias blacked probably not so for the play statement that

n for
Tach charlı dra"Ş; rigeY ianta Ita Wa Si put | WEmd. In IIId– I was less drara hich disappointed wright's admirers) dant circumstan. 1g, the production een financed by zh had already a lakh (most of ne on the tin 5 el the costumes), հthan dra's name a petition by a til 5t5 protesting 305ition of Civic rs. Bandara laike. mu5 lcları 5 Artı3 ra| Irħ I am d KherTmawas black listed which also withfor Wessantara. picked up by
the time Wessant Was le 55 the composer of the Was the centre drama. A Tartabeen associated nd with political d mamy people Ir eyebrows on nder the petition. PerE55 בחוithוחJ similar reaction. 55 erwar Columnist 'E b T|||at si Id a пowspape гned the petition anding some of dis irm it, and I f fr; B, was de 5erless guide', he ಕಲೆ that those
ording to Minister atissa de Alwis, 'Acked. However, er the Premiere
his denial that ck on Hj5 act in :ion and his text to the Minister ha (the "mational' ut). It wasס it
much his music as his dignified arried Amaradewa
Amaradeva
the big o Watiom he got when he. tock his curtain-call on the Second night of the play.
What made the SLBC's black|isting odder was that the Weekend Columnst Migara had hinted that the Ministor of State was unhappy about the situation - reminiscent as it was of Similar blacklists under the fa 5. regime. And a few hundred yards away from the SLBC, the Stata Film Corporation was apparently free to be more liberal-minded: one of the two official entrics chosen for the New Delhi Film Festival Wa5 Ganga Addara, whose director had also signed the petition,
is ITN nonaligned?
he PubllC PorfCrrThãm Ces Board
has often been wery strict about films which Were de rogatory to "friendly countries': for instance, it once refused to allow the screen ing of a highly-praised Kurosawa film shot in the Soviet Union because of Chinese protests. No such inhibitions seen to operate in the case of TW. This is not to say that censorship is a good thing: If there were a variety of contending wiewpoint 5 on TW, that would be something to be welcomed. But the reality is that because of the
5OLS froT which Tost of our TW program T es corne, the blas is
overwhelmingly on one side. Not only are the World News programmes heavily pro-Western (e. g. the coverage of the Jamaican elections); the slam tis are bla tantly there even in programmes which are ostensibly pure "entertainmԸnt”. On November 23, for instance, ITN put over a CBS thriller, Mission Impossible, in which the plot concerned a group of American agents who had to thwart the at Lermpt of the head of a Soviet film-studio to fake film footage of American war Crimes in Wietnam (for Screening to diplomats) by staging the scenes Er the 5 tudio!

Page 12
The Gulf War an
Hlė. Sri La ka hä5 Ct bee TI
included in the nonaligned mediation group despite the fact that its Moslem Foreign Minister might have been an ideal pick, the UNP government has sensibly refused to tak sides in this conflict between two of Sri Lanka's major oil supliers. Last Week, CPC Chairmarı, Daha T, Wimalasenâ left for Djakarta in Search of additional stocks a midist përsistent rumours of ration ing in Jan/Feb.
Probably for the first time in its history, the SLFP has been publicly accused of abandoning nomalignment by a non aligned state-Iran, a new but important member of the movement. Ignorc ing the customary diplomatiniceties, the Iranian Embassy statement was a blistering attack on
the SLFP leadership.
Whi e a 50 tor of th a LSSP has been strongly pro-Iraq recently, the party itself seems to hawe Te-exarT ined the whole issue In the light of the Gulf War and decided that silence was the wls est choice.
The JWP has been enthusiastcally pro-Iraq for a longtime.
The CP has not made any statement. Yet its "tilt" towards ran has been clear at least from the Anti-Baathis E article5 wh-h the CP press had been publishing even before the war. CP's attitudes to Iraq changed sharply with the rapid deterioration of relations between the ruling Baath istis and its "national progressive front" partner, the CP. The execution of about 30 CP leaders. the banning of the Iraq CP and the flight of many leaders to Eastern Europe heralded the open war between the Communists and the Baat hists
On Baghdad's side, this Internal development paralleledasteady cooling of relations with Moscow, with whom Iraq still has a 15-year Treaty of Friendship similar to that signed with Egypt and in August with Syria. Regionally, Iraq's condemnation of the USSR over Afghanistan, coincided with its increas ingly cordial relations with Saudi Arabia, Jordan, North remon
O
and the staller Economically, ol opening to the and technology, asser tiwely in the the regional i Tpl | Isolation, and th
The formation |5) of a "Natio Tocratic Front : fore of Interest, Left. The Front. Iraq | CP, diss Ide |ist5, the Kurd5h and other group objectives: (a) ar. Suddam Hussein and strong-man of links with th lution (c) active Palestinian strugg thening ties wit
Mean Wile Mosc Cold shoulder Premier Tariq A Wi5it there il SE urgently require Earlier Moscow the western Pres Iraq 5 trictly ur obligations and ment:5. Howey er Sadr and other including the Assembly have a55 urances that | been made. At Syria, Liberia, Si the PLC) have ing of the next Amman, wherea Iraq and others such a meeting. negative consequ for the Palestini: PLO man Làn 5 a but it does not that It is extrem Iraq started the
The formatio alliance, with the Kurdish an tions as the
Theans that the in line with CP (Tudeh) a
Left forces in question of th War. The Tudeh
reddin Karloui

d the Left
Gulf ki do Ths. |-rich Iraq was West for trade
as It thrust itself area, concious of tations of Sadat’s e Shah's do Wii fall.
n Damascus (Nov. inal Pan-Arab D2of Iraq' is the reespecially to the consists of the IL Bath ist Soc|- Democratic party 5. It ha5 four med overthrow of Iraq's President (b) consolidation е Ігапіап геvоsupport for the le and (d) 5 treng
the USSR.
CW o ha5; turried a с Ігаq's Deputу
Ariz on his Secord arch of a TTs and d S Pare Parts. was reported in s to be supplying der Its treaty past sale agree- President Bas|| Iranian leaders, Speaker of the accepted Soviet "no 5 upplies hawe the sa Tie til The outh Ye Tarı and pposed the holdArab League in is Saudi Arabia, have supported Aware of the em Ces of L his wat an struggle, the neutral position conceal the fact ely un happy that
War,
n of this new the Iraq CP, d Baathist SecІeadiпg group5, Iraqi CP falls the Iranian 1d. With other Iran on the e Iraqi-Irania in i Gen. Sec, Nu:Old Eric Rouleau,
Middle East editor of Le Monde that "Saddam Hu55 ein Is the new Sadat and the le W Shah.”"
Of couse the Tudeh is mot the nost powerful Left force in Iran. The Mujahaddin, the most important uphold the revolutilonary Content of Islam, argung that Islam is compatible with socialism. The Fedayeen, smaller in number, are secular Marxists, a break way from the Tudeh, Trotskistis hy e de 5 ribed the as 'Left Stalinists." Fred Hal|| |day say 5 they draw sa inspiration from Ho Chi Minh, Castro, Mao, Guewara, Carlos Marig hella, etc. Within is the powerful Cherikhaye faction (Peoples Sacrifice) which is legarded as pro-Soviet. The Fedayee n is following a policy of "unity and struggle' wis-a-vis the Ayatollah, at this stage of the Iranian revolution. Along with the Mujahaddin, they support the Ayatollah in his 'anti-imperialist' policies (hostages) but not on other issues. They give critical support to "liberal bourgeois' politicians like Bani Sadr on the grounds that their democratic policies afford the Left greater Copportunities for organisatiom and independent action. In this, they disagree with the Tudeh which tilts towards the Islamic clergy.
The Tudeh believes that "the realities of the 20th century" will prevent any real consolidation of power by the mullahs, whereas the liberal politicians can do so, With the help of the US and the West. The West, it feels, is still looking for a Chaktiar or a BarZagan, who can Tho ye towards a western-style democracy that would wipe out the gains of the Revolution, once Iran is again enmeshed in the US-EEC economic system a la Greece.
What is equally significant is that armed Left ist mi|ILias are all fighting alongside the Islamic Revolutionary guards in Abadan and Khorramshahr. Im Dezful. Amir Taheri, former editor of KAYHAN, Iran's leading paper re Ports That the Left ist militis 5 have borne the brunt of the fighting.

Page 13
Income inequalit
Sri Lanka
by Sunil Bastian
VSTy often Sri Lanka is described as a country that had managed to maintain a welfare system des. pite low economic growth. On this basis it is said that the Welfare system of Sri Lanka had helped to maintain the living standard of the majority of our people at a reasonable level. Physical quality of Life Index, for Sri Lanka is 83, although her per capita in come was around S 2.0 at the ond of the Seventies. At the same time, while many accept that there had been some improvernent of the living standards when the entire country is taken as a whole, there are pockets of abject poverty in some places. In addition those looking at this question from a Marxist point of view assert that the so welfare policies had benefitted only a section of our population and the refore the Te is a process of class differentiation taking place in our society, Finally questions
are asked now, about what is happening to the pattern of income distribution due to the
presently prevailing 'open" economic policies. These questions were at the centre of the discussion at one of the sessions of the recently concluded seminar series conducted by the Centre for Society & Religion. (The material pertaining to this discussion had been now published as a dossier by the Centre.)
Most of the con Crower 5 ile 5 arise when we corne to the question of the mair trends In Income distribution in our society during the past three decades. The staListical material for the discussiori had come from the Consumer Finance surveys carried out by the Central Bank in 1953, 1963 and 1973. In Lwo of the articles cof the dos sier, one by Dr. H. N. S. Karunathilake and the other by Dr. La | Jayawardena, a case
is made for a in income distri the post Inde Mr. Godfrey G. text of a speech is reproduced, i. this commonly h the years there tion if I Cor: addition Mr. Gun; con the policies th hay e led to th are: Cho rnissiv2 mme; the emph: lopment of the nationalisation tP centration of pri resulted in thi public sector: c and rate of Infla gressive taxatico Jayawardena discu under two held it policies and Socia According to him policies behind t those that gener for the 5 mai sca the Iriskilled wo important of the been 'the gen coll by the Successive import substitut for both paddy food crops". The been supplement tutional changes by the Paddy La and Land Reform that all these the rural sector w of our populatio Dr. Jayawarden 3 C1 C2 Dr" [5 ] affecting the ma ple in his contr
The opposite this question is an article by E. des questioning t the Consumer Fi pointing out the the sur wey data

y in
Favorable trend bution pattern in pendent period. 'mati lake, whose
at the gile sin in ar lso agree 5 with :ld win w that over had bem a reducinequality. In |nke glaborates at are supposed to is trend. They
welfare prograsiis or the devayeasent economy; at broke up conwate wealth and
3 growth of a ontrol of prices :ion and a pro
in system, Dr. 35 es the se policles ngs - Production welfare policies, the production hese trends are ated an income le producer and rker. The most sa policies had I ragement given governments to esוחווprograf חכ and subsidiary se policie 5 had !d by the instibrought about inds Act of 1958 of 97). Not policies concern here almost 80%, is concentrated, quite rightly these policies 1rity of Our peobution.
Hint of wlew On put forward in ... H. Lc 2. Besie Inethodology of ance Surveys and
discrepancies of tself which con
tradicts the favourable trend in incarne dlstribution, sor, Lee com centratos his altern Lion on the production policies in the peasant sector that is supposed to hawe led to an income distribution. He argues that many of the conclusions that the Incomes generated in the rural sector of Sri Lanka had accrued to the small farmer and the rural poor, had been based on the fact that in in Sri Lanka almost 95% of the paddy holdings are below 5 acres İnı siz 2, But "this ignores the fact Lihat size distribution of holdings is not the same thing as distribution of land ownership." Land tenure då ta of Paddy land in 1977 shows that around 28.2% of cultivators are Ande cultivators. During the same year there had been 73,74 acres of encroached land in the cJuntry covering || 11, á40 units. Although we do not have exact data on land less peasants and agricultural labourers, the high rates of Une inployment in the rural areas indirectly reflects the adverse situation in the rural sector. The sa data substantiate the view that production policies In the rural sector with the presently existing ownership patterns
do not automatically lead to an incre 35e In tho Income of the poorer sectors in the villages.
Many other studies on the Spread of the agricultural technologies associated with the "green rewolution' (High yielding varieties, fertilizers, agrochemicals) and tractors show the growth of a rich pea sent class in Sri Lanka. They are constituted of those who can afford to Take use of these tech
nologies, hire-in and hire-out tractors, own boutiques and be |enders in the willage 5. The sur
plus generated in the rural sector gets concentrated in the se layers. Therefore the production policies in the rural sector had resulted in a class differentiation rather

Page 14
than im är in come distrib Lition. With regard to the social welfare Policics there is si Tiple material given in the do 55 ler show Ing that the 'massive welfare" programmes had accrued to the benefit of certan layers of the society.
Although we se em to know something about the nature of the class differentiation in the peasant Sector of Sri Lanka o Lur ledge about the impact of other policies that had characterised development model on the same Process seem to be wanting. Some of the se policies are en Lumorated In the Introduction of the Centre's dossler. Of these, im Fort substtution (now export led) industrialisation, growth of state sector and the ever increas ing dependence on foreign finances are ques ions that has to be analysed with the aim of understanding the process of class differentiation brought about by them. It is a pity that these questions which have direct Political implications hawe mot reciewed the due atten tion of our Marxist scholars,
know
The changes taking place in our Society now un der the label of 'oper econo Ty' poses new challenges, whether this question is discussed in terms of income distribution (Developmentalist) or class differentiation (Marxist). In the Contro's dos sier this que sition Is taken up by Mr. Godfrey Gunatillake in the text of his speech. In the first Place he argues that the 1978 consumer finance survey data is too preliminary to come to the conclusion, that the open economy policles had led to a Tower 5 all of the fawourable incom, ef distribution trend, although the data of the first round (the surWey will have four rounds) shows this to be so. Secondly, he accepts the fact the open economic pol|- cies had led to a dismantling of
Sorne of the Earl had gms, Lurd the fa distribution trend
these are the r Subsidies, remova & Control on C
sumption of the
groups and the e private sector for But in his wie W other policies are nued but also The Tefo To the CIL pend on the b: An example of of policies is t Mahaweli Develop case too the Marxis that Mahaweli will
this process of cla in the peasant Se
In discu 55 ing t cies and the pas income distribu tior draws attention C. of the ques [iom Ewen tha a pologist: Ticode || || Sri L: un employment ha SLC that Lum dorm In °r. Gumati||ak Is no qui C. Sticon th ment Creation of which is planned five years will ch face of the e con pattern of inco and create a d whether you ca socialist or mix truth may ba In creation of emple
one of the pr Soften ing the Co appear In peri
development. Hi; unemployment m. soften ing will be poses newer ch Marxists. Attenti to these trends understand the ca. arising out of th
The DES far di 55, available far sic Society and Religion CoulaIIIıbQI 8]

er policies that wourablė || CT12 In his wiew 'enoval of the of price controls onspicuous conhigher income mphasis on the 2conomic growth. sole of the : not only Contistrengthened. ItCome will de|arca achlawC d. he latter type hs. 1-CEléralted ent. But in this it argument holds really accelerate 55 differentiation
CCT.
he present polisible impact оп 1 Mr. Grati lake i tha importance of Cmployment, for thin Welfar Anka agree that d been a crucial ined the system. e's will W. "There at rapid employthe magnitude for the next lange the en tire omny, alter the 115 - 15 tributiifferent society, II it capitalist, Ked." W"Wha te wer this prophecy, oyment had been incipal ways of In tradictions that heral capitalist gher the rate of ore effective this These changes
allenges to our 2n must be given ; III order to
55 differentiations
Ι Ε. Τ.
153 eid i r ii: air Lilli: is
I. T.
23
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Page 15
The enigma of
Dharmapala
by Dr. James T. Rutnam
he lives of most people when studied in depth generally reveal the enigmatic character of man. Professor Ralph Pieris's contribution on the Anagarika Dharmapala is no exception.
The historian's or biographer's task is ofton embarrassing when dealing with contemporary or near - contemporary events. Yet we must have the facts, though we may suspend our judgment or evaluation until Wo have examined the Col text:5. A roteworthy feature in Sri Lanka of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was the bitter feud between the Kara was and the Goigamas. Reginald Fernando was an inveterate exponent of Karawa causes. When the Jayewardenes ch Cse to support Ramanāthan against Dr, H. M. Fernando, the darling of the Karavas, Reginald Fernando did not hold back his venomous pen agains: the Jayewar den es.
It wins in this
society that Dharmapala moved although he himself was only half-Goligama, his mother being Durawa. Perhaps this was the reason for his differences with the Siam Nikaya who piously in sist on reserving their higher ordination for pure Golga mas only.
One of the Anagarika's misguided and even pathetic obsessions, as one would note on reading through Guruge's Return to Righteousne55, was that ho believed he was an Aryan (a cousin-brother of the European), and that the Sinhalese-speakers were all Aryans. B. C. Law, a great Pali scholar and translator of the Dipavamsa, had remarked that "the chroniclers", meaning the authors of the Dipavamsa and the Maha wa msa, "Yyho Wete Thad with this idea of Indo-Aryan rule did mot forte 522 thre difficul
ties to be met modern historia was no better t llers" and wher'] = have to give alle infirmity.
Professor Pieris ungracious toward by putting the t for what he calls "homosexual pric know more abou rino w... Mlati I r e – h LI the chif T i 5 crea needs identify it a
We are apt to work done by ch In fact we might A nagari ka withou phists. Olcott's Blavatsky's (to v care Dharmapala w place In the Budi in Sri Lanka is tha Madame" s 5 || e conjaring feats w even call fraud. raphy of the Ma Wel-de 5e rved ci profound wisdon the reported say "Masters' This r tragic Chatterton remarkable poem: Some others.
Professor Pieri: litter til to a an alleged Polic | 4 Jun ts | 925 1: Colonial Secretar H. Ludowici, th; Gurugo's book, F paragraph 5 in tha expurgatod. The is that of a doc original, without the expurgation that point to Surprisingly it h of the Ceylon Gow The paragraph. 5 Figris dealt with

Anagarika
with by the n”. Dharmapala in the "chronic: valuating him we Wace for this
has been rather 5 the Theosophists וחטh_ם חם eוחlaג the Anagarika's C||witigs". We 1 homosexuality at - is nt If One mu5t is a wrong-doer.
forget the good 12 Theosophists, mot have had
t the Teo 5oamd Mai danne whose motherly
35, (2wer beholdern) dh Ist Renaissarss
50 Cure, despite ight of hand and hich some may
A recent biogda me gives her "edit for the 1 Corti i med || m ngs of her faked minds us of the passing his own as belonging to
has drawn our 'photocopy' of
Report dated I dressed to the ', Colombo, by t appeared in eiris says that :: | etter had been ahotocopy really ored copy of the any indication of r the usual dots å fly Comission, s he imprimatur "Tim" erit Athi ye35. referred to by the Indian boy
Naresh, whose romantic episode had been totally blacked out. although a photograph of the
Cherubic lad has somehow found a place in Guruge's book, but the relevance is not disclosed.
This is not the only Instance where Guruge had suppressed the ipsissima verba. On paga XLIII of the book Guruga had recorded that the last Words of the Anagarika were, "Let ma be reborn I would like to be born
again twenty-five times to spread Lord Buddha's Dhamma". Wel and good. But why omit the other
words which formed part of the sentence, "Let me ba reborn in In dia a 5 a Brahmin'. The Ama garika had already announced that the rex: Buddha — Mıī treya Buddha -Would be born in Benares (India) in the Brahmin easte (Guruge, p. | 13). Why digmy tha Anagarika a noble aspiration 2.
it would appear that the Anagarika like many others had strong dislikes. Being a professin Buddhist he could not, of course hate, but he had ( 2. Lis say) love for the Christians, the Catholics particularly, the missi. onaries, the Muslims, the Kara was etc. etc., in Short all who were not (what he called) Aryan Sinhalese Buddhists, There is however one recorded instance Wwhere ha showed some consideration Tamil. In October 1915 he t to Ramanathan, "The day that you are taken away from Ceylon from that day there will be to defend the poor meglected Simhales 2, They are a doomed People with none to guide Protect them. "(The life of S. Pon nam balari Rannanthan b M. Waitilingarn, Wol. 2, E"Is
But his frantic outburst Fil II
list the white man (his own 蠶 cousin-brother), whom he had
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Page 17
SOUTH ASIA (2)
Political setting
by N. M. M. I.
erhaps the most significant
development in the sphere of South A5a in bilatoral relations is the success of India's good neighbour policy since 1977. The major factor in this development might be India's increased sense of security in relation to its neighbours after the establish ment of Bangladesh.
The South Asian region seems to be undergoing significant transformations in relation to the big powers. Afghanistan's special relations with the Soviet Union since April 1978 could be a development of enormous significance particularly as the North Western area of South Asia could be regarded as an extension of Soviet Central Asia. In the perception of some political analysts, Pakistan has become the buffer between India and the Sowet Union after April 1978. The opening of the Karakoram Highway linking Pakistan and China has important strategic implications which might have been noted by the Soviet Union and India.
After the Afghanistan revolution and the Iranian revolution, there have been further developments which give the impression of spreading instability in South Asia. It appears that South Asia as a whole has to be included in Brzezinski's "arc of instability', or perhaps the metaphor of the arc is inapposite as instability might come to be virtually ubiqui tous in the Third World. An area characterized by an un favourable ratio of population to resources. Consisting notoriously of Gunnar Myrdal's "soft states", could hawe difficulty in awolid Ing Instability in the context of the global impact of Western economic recesslon. The point about Instability is that it is commonly seen as facilitating great power in wolW 2 TIL
Hussein
Indiam the reported
South Asia consists of Ocean states and
increase in grea in tha Indian C to the questior relations with t It seems curiou Soviet Union c. dent missions
which accord Ing political theories that is assumed tance for rI walr) Ocean. It might is primarily coi o|||| Toute th Ocean, while th is primarily con Indian Ocean Dardanelle 5 to ' extent of great the Indian Ocea rated in popular
There is an
South Asia's p. with the grea possibility canпо that the regio an area characte fied great powe tha Tanner of for instance. BL lier, the great ргоvide extrai Tn portant for ac with in South Asi open-ended, sigr world of slain a options could m: relations easier. South Asian reg require the tota great powers frt
The analysis
relations indicati reasonable prosp Co-operation ... To lack of homogeni there ha5 been
regional Interact des and a con In "I'm Lula | km o phrase used by
in their study tiwe Proce 55"". TI of mutuality col. Curtou 5 foT 15 i shown by the (

for co-operation
: power rivalries cearl Is relevant of South A5 Ila's e Егеat powers' tt || LT te the US has resiIn the Maldives, to current geois in an area to be of imporin the Indian be that the US Corned With its rough the Indian e Soviet Union Cermed with tha "oute from the Yadiwostok. The power rivalry in might be exaggeperception5.
ambiguity about ossible relations powers. The be ruled out in could become irlzed by intensir Interaction after South East Asia t, as moted eartpowers could regional options hieving a balance a. The region is ificantly to the ld extra-regional ke intra-regional The growth of ionalism does not exclusion of the
the area.
of South Asian that there are ects for regional counteract the tity in the region, increasing intraor over the decasequent increase wedge" in the Jacob and Teune f "The Intergrahe consciousness ld sometimes take South Asia, as se of Sri Lanka
where, in the popular perception during the Seventies, it is anticipated that what happens in India will be duplicated in Sri Lanka. The consciousness of mutuality between the South Asian states has been promoting a regional C05Ci ou 5 1255.
There remains the problem of disparity between the potential power centre in the region and the other countries. As indicated
above, there has been a noteworthy success for over two years in India's good neighbour policy. It has been mentioned
that Sri Lanka managed to continue excellent relations with India and China while India and Chima were having unsatisfactory relations which might be explained on the hypothesis of India's security preoccupations in the north which did not apply to Sri Lanka. This could mean that India's relations with neighbours in South Asia have been influenced by pre-occupations regarding its security. India could feel secure enough in relation to its neighi bours, but could feel insecure because of its neighbours' relations with extra-regional powers.
A recognition of the insecurity in influencing Asian relations seems if the potential for is to be realized. There is no problem about recogni sing the sense of insecurity of small nations. The problem is about recognising the sense of insecurity of a potential power centre.
factor of
South necessary regionalism
It should help to recall that India's independent history in this century began with a break-up in the sub-continent, Since then, India has had problems over secelonist novements, a5 in TāThina du, and Nagaland. In recent months the Nagas and the Mizos hawe been " restive. The Te Is a significant divide between the Aryan north and the Dravidian south across the Windhya mounta
5

Page 18
| 15. At Yarious times there hawe been problems about centreState relation 5. IT) portance has also been attached to the fact that the Janata could not emerge as an authentic national party, since its support was mainly concentrated in the Hindi belt.
India and most of the other South A5ia Countre S a realike In having a "nationalist" problem. The "nationalist'' problem arises out of the fact that while the "nationalist" upsurge in 19th century Europe was based con linguistic homogeneity, with notable exception of Switzerland, there is no linguistic or other homogeneity in most of Afro-Asia, which consist5 of nation–State 5 based mainly on "territory'. The problem of lack of homogen el ty betweer the South Asiar States Is replicated by the lack of homogeneity with in most of the states which are multi-lingual, poly-ethnic, and which sometimi es hawe differences of religion etc. It should be possible for the extraordinary diversity of India to
be recognised by A5|al States W. ha Ye Problems of the US and the imse: I re ir relatio Mutual recogni tlo. in South As a 5 for the promotio
It should be pi small rations of establish regiona among themselves obvious economic co-operation and nations. Without t India, The enor India, with its developed heavy Stry and agricul could make for regional economi including China. In ration in other spF be accomo dated
| enT15 as the relat the small nations tia | South A5 Iar reed not be an ad ship.
tO meaSU precision
Union Platform We Counter Scales and are manufactured to international standar Suarantee of absolul
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other South 1ich LherTSEyes
diversity. Even Soviet Union feel to each other. n of insecurity eems necessary n of regionalism.
55 i ble for the South Asia to co-operation , The Te is an rationale for Jng the small he inclusion of hic strength of elatively highly and light indutural surpluses, difficultles in C co-operation regional co-opeeres India might with less prob
ionship between and the poteni power-centre versary relation
- a standard
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Tel: 33AI - 4.

Page 19
Blok, Christ anc
Red Guards
by Reggie Siriwardena
ok's The Twolvo is as Inno
wat i W e a po e T1 a 5 The Waste Land which it preceded by four years. Though Blok's Poem narrates the events of one night in Petrograd, while Elict's moves between many different times and places, Blok's Thode of Tarrative is also discontinuous. The opening section of the poem is a montage of images of the city in the storm that is cinematic in quality (though Blok was writing before Eisenstein and Pudovkin), while later there are abrupt shifts betwon different voices and different consciousne, 5 e5, articulated thraugh a dazzling variety of forms and styles.
Just as Eliot was to bring tog Cther fragments of other poets, snatches of jazz songs, working -class and middle-class conversation and echoes of the Buddha and the Upanisha ds, so Blok draws on the slang of the Petrograd streets, political slogans, popular song and Christian litany. (Not all these styles come throLigh in translation: Section 8, with the folk-quality and the music of the Russian diminutives, is, to my mirnd, LIntrarı sla table Into English.)
There is, however, a great disparity between Eliot's and Blok's uses of their medley of styles. The echoes of lower middle-class and working-class speech arid popular song in The Waste Land - the Woman talking in the pub, "Mrs. Porter and her daughter", the three Thames-daughters - are used by Eliot with mocking effect, te inforcing the puri tanical and snobbish revulsion against common life of a Boston brahmin. Blok's use of his sources in the life of Petrograd is very different: The Twelve gains its vitality from Blok's immersion in and sympathetic identification with the life of a people involved in the throes of a great revolution. (Eliot was
Le See in that nothing more t disintegration - cay of eastern obtus cly put it The Waste Llr riate that Eliot's should hawa ha destinies too: th
teria work pri: arın tators; the Blok's wife šH
composition to kers and Red A ls Blk's auf L M. A. Bake towa, usly welcomed a Luthor and th impression made ering, many we and Al. A I. (Blo! at the reading * Cirred."
Bolshevik c while gratified E ret of the revi greatest liwing p Lian 5. about som TW 2!we – especi vision of Christ dox Christian s t. clusion shocking Orthodox Marx: less disturbing th should la lod, by Christ. Both Trotsky in the the poem treate a 5. evidence of understanding of of the revolution giri ir an Article ries of Lem|m", p has left on record Having quoted t of the poem (th Lenin asked. 'D. Explain." And Shulgin answer, don't understand
It seems to me later, we are in to comprehend in the conclusior
 

the
rewolLI tion han collapse and "the present deEurope', as he in the notes to ld.) It is appropand Blok's poems i wery different 1e fогппег, апеѕоzed by academic latter, read by ortly after its crowds of Worrmy soldiers who and biographer, testi fes, 'rapturothe poem, the e Teader. TH
by it was 5 hatt"e moved to tears, {) himself, present was powerfully
3. ITI É
rcles, however, by the en dorseolution by Russia's oet, had reservae aspects of The ally, the climacticWhile Ortho. hought the conand blas Phemicus, Es form d It to at the Red Guards
g Wen UFIawa res, Lunco harsky and ir criticisms of
d its conclusion Blok's Imperfect the significance
A certain Shuentitel "solerT-- ub|shed in 1957 Lenin's reactions. his last two lines 2 Image of Christ), you understand without letting Lenin added, "I
that sixty years a better position Blok's in tentions I o F THigh Trwy gelwch
| This is the second part of |  article c) roT Fferror ing the birth-e :ri terary of the Russiari poet Aleksandr Blok.
and its profound historical meaning. The Christ of The Twelve was not the Christ of the Orthodox Church, which had buttressed the y ranu y of the Tsars and itself been Part of the serf-own ing economy - the Church typified in The Twelve by the priest glimpSed In th 2 first section of the poem:
"Why so unhappy now
Comrade priest?
Remember how you struttedYour belly going on before,
And the cross upon your belly Glearning - among the poor?'
Blok's Christ was the orginal Christ of the Gospels, the Christ also of several generations of religious dissenters and social and political rebels. Sergei Hackel in his study of the poem has drawn attem til to the significant fact that in the last line of the poem
the name Jesus is spielt mot, as customarily in modern Russian, lisus but Isus. The form that Blok uses was that adopted by
the Old Belie yer5, the ti i 55 after 5 who broke away from the Ortho
dox Church in the 59 w Him te e fith century, and were thereafter persecuted. The importance of
this detail is that many of the Old Beliewers were not only religious sectarians but also rebels against the established social order: from the it tarık 5 had cof The a number of the followers of Pugachew and Stenka Razin, the leader, of the eighteenth-century peasantre woltS. ( Pugache’w's man I fes to had promised both land to the peasants, and freedom of worship to the dissenters.) It seems to me that there are associations with Pugachev also in the images of the snow-stori in the first section of the poem: the twelve make their appearance together with the wiolence of the storil, just as Pugachey, in Pushkin's noye|| Tha Captain's Daughter, is first encountered by the Inārā -

Page 20
tor in a snow-stor T, which becones a symbol of the violence of the pe Sant te wolt to come.
Blok's Christ carries a flag which is described as "blood-red'-the colour both of revolution and of his sacrificial blood - he narches at the head of the revolutionary går d5, he beats a name used of him by the di 55 en ters and e woking the memories of peasant wars, and his apocalyptic Second Corning is identified with the Revolution, Thus Blok brought together, in a flash of poetic insight, the events of October and a historical tradition of religious and social rebellion. That he was fully conscious of what ha had dones Is confirmed by an centry in his diary for 10 March 1918.
"If there had existed in Russia a genuine Priesthood, and not merely a class of morally obtuse persons of ecclesiastical profession, they would long ago hawe Sensed this circumstance - that "Christ is with the Red Guards'. One can hardly dispute th| 5 trLith – simple one for people who have read the Gospels and thought about them.... only established a fact: if one looked into the snow-clouds of the storm on that road, one saw Jesus Christ (Isus Khristos.)
That last sentence indicates that the vision of Christ came as unbidden to Blok als "the wast i Thage out of Spiritus Mundi" did to Yeats in The Second Coming (Korrel Chukovsky his said that. Blok told him, "When I finished was surprised myself: Why Christ? Is it really Christ? But the more I looked into it, the clearer I saw Christ.") However, there is a profound divergence between the meaning of Blok’s Second Ccming of Christ and that of Yeats, ln an essay wrllten In 1923, Eliot described the use of myth as 'a way of controlling of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of fut ||- lity and anarchy, which is contemporary history, and he referred to Yeats as the first writer to hawe been conscious of this need. Eliot's view of contemporary history here may well reca || to us Yeat's words in The Second Coming: ،*
B
"Things fall ap:
Mete anarchy
Both Yeats in пyth a means a horror and despa sent and the reg hed order of the 5 har Ed. Yeats i Corning transfor Symbol in to al "ro god of an age of to be bort I. THE Second Coming us to the fact cry of fear and of any positive d temporacy histor abdication of the fnot it 5 great ap In telectual 5 due to the fact that an indulgence o' meaningle 55 less Yeats" s idealisata cratic past and F ory of history cc no de e per com Pr Press Int; and in Sp of violence exp Second Coming, em bracing the r
nated then in Christ-symbol, or Was created out
which brought to present — thi : dra grad streets, the the Christ of the LJ fi i fying and m LI Significarice. Sixt is possible to : na ither Marxist has left us a wo T10S IT ETT Eo Cure of these tw. thought.
NOTE O N TR
The translations fr and prose quo cd in Πηγ αν η.
Tho formidable dif. ing The Twelwe in de terrer severa trar The Wo most r cent read ara als thase most strongly: this In The Fet und Oxford and by Jo For er Franca in Scalected Pooms Pe
(Č) Fr fryrff dyr,

the Centre cannot hold;
is loos ed upon the World."
: Eir fourid il f express ing the ir with the preret för à wà n ispast which they I T|18 Se-Ond Ted his Christugh beast" - the anarchic violence a power of The should not blind hat It remans a despair, a denial | re (tior1 | In Cornwhich is an intelligence. (Is peal to literary at least partly it lends itself to f the serise of and impotence?) in of the aristois eccentric LheJud afford him elersion of the i ta of the li Corrigor ressed in The ha ended by ugh beast' incar. Fascism. Blok." 5 1 the other land, of an insight gether past and ma cf the PetroRussian past and Gospels — іп а tually er riching y years after, it ay that Blok, for Christian "k Which |5 the Linior i ri II të ri. traditions of
ANSLATIONIS
"O Ti Blok's poetra this article arte
siculties of rende y I Egli Shi ha ve not 1slators from trying ''peri) | L | Hal 'W' e d חheחוח נI tilm ruct by Sergei Hacket th. R. Wolution n Stalworthy and Aleksandr Bok r1 g'LI Ilm)
| Page ಪಿ)
WASA OPTICIANS
207 - 2nd CROSS STREET
COLOMBO - .
PHONE – ) | 6 3 |
For Appointens

Page 21
  

Page 22
content of literature not withstanding, does not seem to offer a better alternative. I am inclined to believe that he commits the Sa The er TCT that hė 5 elek, 5 to rect Ify, With all his emphasis on the organic unity of form and content and ther interdependence, Ywhich is well taken, he ha 5 not offered a method of criticism that does not creato a Techanical form-content dicho tomy. I think the basic flaw In Siri war dema's method, which is as pointed out already, the method of the very "socialist realists" he condemns, lies in not being able to define content Itself as a produce of artistic reflection of reality.
| Would think that all serious critics, bourgeois or marxist, abStract the sociological essence (which includes the ideological element) of literary works as a first step to ascertain their class bias. Perhaps many bourgeois Critics do it un consciously but their cla 55 conscio Lu Siness prompts them to do this. I consider this abstraction as a necessary practice. But I do not accept the wiew that the sociological essence abstracted this way alone is the content of a work of artistic praxis. It is more than that. For the content of a creative work is not a product of clinica politicaleconomic analysis pursued along scientific lines. It is the result of a consciously pursued process of artistic reflection of particular phenomena through the "prism of the inner world" of the artist. This process is dissimilar to the method of pure political economireproduction. Evaluation and agsc thetic interpretation in the context of the creative process are functions that pertain primarily to
it.
would like to explain my point by taking the dialectic of Typicality-Individuality relationship in literature. Any particular cha
racter of a novel is a type, in the sense that he or she represents a particular social group (class, caste, religion etc.) of Society. At the sa The time the character is an individual with a specific personality, the 'this
one". The character is an artistic Image in which the | iwing ind|-
O
vidual with his and peculiarities type. This is wh Call the combin; ral and the E dynamic unity. so called form: Progressive || te re5 Llt of in ader production of in di Y | dua |
The correct
tO tITa, e the 5 d Octs in the C. not an sy tas do. He can suc exercise only if a greater artisti Phenomena con Writer whose w to criticise. A to know his ow forte he under tal of a work. Un Marxist critics a ärd CXC ged the i they can not g they indulge ir "form' which is til C2 H5 th o oute ing the content.
As Marx said is to grasp thin the root of hunt man himself". Subject of the ai to the lewe of the attitude arid of the artist.
It is by giving broader Teaming that one could the dialectical, between content this unity there Correlation whic degree of perfect but also a hiera o Y er form.
| chink I owe nation of the m Form expresses tural or of the with the Organizat elements produc reflection. This organization may İrnı the Tı ild of he externa ||zes product. So th Primacy of con is not relegating

Jr het erTotlons fuses with the it Marxist critics tion of the geneirticular In to a Wery often the deficiencies in “ature arte th 2 Luate arti 5 til C T 2e specifics of the
itical approach is ficiencies to their
internt, But it i5 & for a critic to cold in such an
he himself had : mastery of the er ned than the
ork he atter T1 pt5 good critic ought rn || imitations bekes är ewa luation fortunately many re presumptuous r limits and when it to the roots, i criticis ing the
treated in pracr Shell en wel op
"to be radica" gs by the roots, anity however is This män i 5 the rtist and is raised content only by creative ability
to con erit the Il hawe given here really establish in separable unity ... and form. In is not only a h determines the ion of this unity Irchy of content
a short explaearning of Forn. the Inner struccontent. It de als ion of the various ed by artistic 3rocess of artistic go on evolving the artist before It as a final e assortion of tent over form form to a less
important place but identifying the more decisive of the two inseparables in determining
meaning and artistic quality. When Content - Form relationship is understood in this way
the mechanical dichotomy wanishes. However, bourgeois epistemology is such it leads to a di chotomy often giving the impression of an independent existence of form, "Formalism" a 5 a tendency aris e 5 out of this dichotomy. The debate Marxism W5 Fornalisrn
is the result of two contradictory epistemological positions, corresponding to two
antagonistic classes.
Siriwardena says that the opposition I na intain between Marxism and Formalism has been transcended half a century ago elsewhere. But the point to be faced is that the Thain conflict in thig Tamil literary context is Marxism vs. Formalism and currently some who claim to be Marxists hawe fallen into the formalist trap due to their inability to understand the Content-Form dialectic as a totality produced by artistic praxis.
A word on the invitation offered to me to apply my principle, to Shelley's celebrated "Song to the Men of England'. I would suggest to Siri wat de na to Lake a look at this piece in the light of my interpretation of Content-Form relationship. It offers a better method of seeing the "organic unity" and "the perfect fusion' of content and form in the Marxian dialectical way. What Siri war de ma wanted to || Ilustrate to me is better accomplished by my method than his,
Siri war de na has referred to Brecht's Epic theatre. My position is that Brecht was a great socialist realist. He had his disagreements with other leading Marxist thinkers like Lukacs. (Incidentally, Lukacs in his later writings had accepted Brecht as the 'greatest realist playwright of his time'. However, his struggle to create a new for IT of theatre was well with in the broad frame of Socialist realism. The credo of Brecht and of all other socialist realists may be expressed thus "we base our aesthetics, as
(Čel ffrir l'eff Jr. Fagge of )

Page 23
C. T. BLUES
the Advertiser Is God . and Ananda tissa, the genius who gawe us “Preethi" Is the
new Messiah,
"But the da ringer - sig mals are already flashing' warried Danny L . Welanda pola, treasurer of the Inner Wheel Club and a Big Wheel in the advertising world, dragging me by the arm furtively, at the Supper Club the other night. "What's wrong?' I asked, genuinely worried.
Look, Outsider. I thought you should be the first to know, seeing that I have admired your articles, especially when you writo under your own name and not under some ridiculously transparent
pseudonyms like K. K. Sharma or William Rees-Mogg.... we are in deep trouble. ... our I ald per
capita is the highest, our growth rates areo the biggest, our majority is a world record, our deficit an Afro-Asian record and our inflation is in training for the next Olympics, but all this has generated such optimism that the danger 15 r that our people will now start to relax. . . .''
"Good God' I said, shaken.
Yes, and that's why we in the advertising World are facing our greatest challern ge . . . . we hawe to " under-Sell the product, and project a negative image in order to undermin e the overwaen ing con- - 1 fidence that has saturated the market. ... In short, it is a deflationary exercise...."
"Sponsored by.... ?"
"By the well known Mad. Avenue outfit, tha: || ... M . F . ''
"Could I know something about it.... I mean your campaign it could be a scoop, you know."
"We are mounting a Campaign which will re-jig the most popular advertisements in the print media, radio and TW to give the audience a de-stabilising, shock effect. do hawe a Bristol. . . . "
"Why Bristol 2" | Inquired, disappointed that it wasn't a Dun
| quickły
F:
TF
hill or Benson, his Stan ,
"Because Briši world of today", a dding" whether. It will
" g3 zette. of tomo,
"Of course, t. brightly. . . .
"Precisely....
test. . . . mind you
Sketch . . . . o tur i -research boys
are now puttir touch as to othe
Please, pleas gve e ca of |" || Haye a " fra
"Remember,
Yery rough i 54
working on... , ,
. . . . you know
ad on TW. . . . a .
really of the Kl wiew at Schipo
Interviewer: prefer the r Peo
Client: "For first ||ock at ', th, rates. ... I get 2. but most of money is safe.
InterWieWer:
you look sode
Client : "Bec
row 50|- fram th
at 24% to pay'
the People's Ba
C) ne more för 'say, Wisecracked
ber the ad. labo
let . . . .'"
棒
Boy Friend: to the Gale Fact
in Girl Friend: Pushing her luck coaxing) " "Don't Galle Face. . . . Pr The for a b Lus ri
 

he Outsider
in keeping with
tol belongs to the . . . he arm curred, and who knows belong to the Troy '
if course' 'I said,
it was a little , It's just the rough deas-men, market. and copy-writers ng the finishing
. . . ." e'll begged "just ם תa בח סוח סיTw" " ntpage lead . . . .'
hese are etches. We are ckay here's one ..he People's Bank odoro Tinan's WerTis ion -M ad, the inter
airport.... "
crL del
"So why do you pler's Bänk . . . . ? "
marty reasons. . . .
eir new fire rest
2% on my savings
all,' I know my
"Then why do
ressed'
:ālu 5e I had to bore' Bank of America for a taxi to go to nk. 5 tupid.. ..."
" the road, so to Danny. L. "Rememut the trash hel
"Darling let's go a for a stroll . . . ."
(testing his love, and so flirtatiously
talk to me about 'omise, youl" taka de, today...."
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Page 24
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Page 25
New cinema an
audience
W has Han sa Wilak Weathered the box-office with some Success, and Para Dige failed? This pair of unsusual films by younger filmmakers, released simultaneously in the circuits, offers an interesting opportunity for a study of the tastes and responses of the Sinhala mass audience and the problems of the serious film - maker in communicating with it,
Hansa Wilak Tha de cxacting demands on the audience in the complexity of its technique, whose Innovations had no parallel in the Sinhala cinema. Yet the dari ng risks that Dharmasiri Bandarana yake took In his first film seem to have paid off. Even if some filmgoers were loft doubtful about what was happening at some points in the film or where 'reality' ended and "fantasy' began, that doesn't seem to hawe been a barrier to the film's popularity. But if this is a creditmark for the Sinhala film audience (for Hansa Vilak is a difficult film by any standards), the failure of Para Dige at the box - office raises a question about the limits of its taste. Para Dige would appear to be a simpler film than Hansa Vilak in technique and nattative form. Yet Dharmase na Pathiraja has failed to reach rapport with the greater part of his audience in this film. Why?
suggest that the answer seems to be that the popular audience today is capable of stretching its minds a good deal as far as technical complexities are concerned - as long as the situations, the experience and the emotions it is asked to respond to are within its range of comprehension and sympathy. In Han sa Wilak, in spilte of the difficulties of the form. this condition did obtain. A marital triangle, conflict between love and family obligations, the claims of Children, desire, hace and jealousy - these are within the familiar experience of the mass
audience, in s pli sophistication a moralistic ju dgn Dlha r-ras I r I Band them.
In Para Digo hand, the audi E fa | led to fi mid arm
onal contact. T ו-from many film yaknehe' ("There partly explainec Pathiraja was de away from the simple sense of greater contrast the tense ar Bambaru Awit Imagined — a si - maker's refusal Howe wer, what. the audience w; just of action bu drama into whic One can Imagini of people who having heard tha of a young man the money for ha we an a borti which 5 ti ||, in ( notes a major em crisis. But the in Pathiraja's fil who hawe sawer, Lraditional farni therefore take попchalanco (CH his village was, section of the fili with which it distance from the characters'
with which mo hawe found it c thise .
Audience - rest its effect on be is concerned, is for financiers, b who wants to . afford to be However, the film-Taker is E easy one. Om

the
e of the technical ld the absence of ents with which ranayake treated
on the other nice seems to hawe y point of ematie complaimt heard oers, "Kathandara's no story'), is by the fact that liberately working drar matic, in thc the word. (no with his last film, ld action-packed 1, could hawe been in of a good film to repeat himself) probably alienated is the absence not t of any emotional h they could enter. 2 the frustration went to the film, t it was the story who had to find his girl-friend to C1 – 5ita tiO1 2LIr society, tonotion il and na ital central characters m are "outsiders' d ther roots in y relations, and he problem with and a re's visit to for me, rhe finost in the branco brings out his is origins). But reaction is a t film-goers must ifficult to empa
anse, as far as x-office receipts a problem only t the film-maker mm un it āt different to it. problem of the | PO Thea II, Arl
the one hand,
:
there can be no growth in audionce-taste if the serious film - maker isn't constantly stimulating
his audience to enlarge their intellgence and imagination beyond
what they hawe been routinely accustomed to (where would we be today without the risks that the makers of Rekawa, Gampera
liya or Ahas Gawwa took in their time 2). On the other hand, the film-maker who los es touch
entirely with the consciousness of his audience must pay the price. I don't propose to offer answers to this dilemma, but I would like
to suggest that the film-maker's problems of communication are
by no means as simple as is
suggested by those critics who make a triparti te division of our
cinema into "commercial", "elitist' and 'socially conscious' films.
ls Para Dige elitist 2 suppose a cas can bo made out for calling it that, on the ground that its principal character-types
and their experience are 5 ti|| unusual in our society. But there
is no guarantee that a film whose content is concerned with thernes that are more socially immediate
will always and necessarily succeed in communication with the audi
enco. It will be interesting to see what wi|| be the responsa of the mass audience to Pathiraja's next film, Solda du Un nehe (just selected for the New Delhi festival) - his finest work yet and the most socially critical film
that any of our film-makers has made. It requires the audience to enter with humane ånd intelli
gent understanding into the exparience of a mad Tan, a drunk, a
prostitute. Will it be popular 2 | Yery much hope so.
23
Touchstone

Page 26
The enigma . . .
(Corrir Led frø fri page 3)
Scornfully described as a para sudda, is most de plorable. Professor Peris has quoted an
English translation of the offending passage that appeared in the Sinhala Bauddhaya in May 1914. It was certainly not se diciou 5, but | dare not re quote It for de cency's sake. It maligned the entire human race, for the general and exceptional behaviours of the para sudda are no better, no worse, than those of the rest of humanity.
There is na denying the fact that the Anāgarika, des pli te his little influence in Sri Lanka while hic was aliwe, has left for better or for worse an impress on our recent history. In this agree with Michael Roberts aud Kumari Jayewardana. In the euphoria of the aftermath of Colorial tule, Sri Lanka had looked out for suitable heroes among the buried colonial past, and had found one in the Anagarika. Now that he is placed in the nation's Walhalla, he will continue to be exposed
to the slings and arrows, nay the sledge-hammers and pickaxes of the devil's advocates.
The Anagarika was a vociferous Sinhalese Buddhist missionary of |ittle education and le 55 Culture (this is my own h. LurTn ble opinion, but what or who am I?), no different from a type of Christian
missionary whom the Anagarika had always (and often brutally) as sa ile d. But as a human being
prone to human frailties he is en titled to a di 5 passionate eyaluation of his life and services, and let mot the good be interted with his ashes.
Blok, Christ . . .
((red frர தg )ே
Hack's transla ir Is a schary rendering which stay as close as possble to the Original In farm and sense, LLL C La Ct LLK L LLL L LLLLaLLaS S aL coTi Tentary which makes up the Era = te part of the book is the Tot extensive and Illuminating study of the pce Ti to be found im English: it is by 3 writer who, 3 3 4 chı olar of Fu 3 sianı, Prics, and radical Christia ni is admirābly equipped to Write it. The book is, however, expensive. The Pengu in paper. back is cheaper and more easily accessible; it contains a free rendering of The Twelve by a student of Russian and an English poet working in collaboration,
교수
Anagarika . . .
(Car fued fri he were living
hawe |o|med the hawa probably
som | hawa hE many time2S b(2ʼl
is why apart fri to Narash as clude, I decided India in my in not here amids. as for you w change your na be Thore subtle research''
If Ralph Pieri read my bookle cular (cr at le: hawe do le 5 0 ; wardena) he w: spared the mi intense researcl into deciding : Anagarika was a schizophrenic show the te th the crafty old adwised a B LI ti gobble Lup his without making It How do es such acts in Scholarly rese: course bol ng Could not Corn: importa Anagarrika unea Pict" |5 – - || 2 || homosexual p regularity of h practices or th his nocturnal E na iwe enough { the historical dazzled by its erce on the this country.
Anyway my was meant f audience and drop outs" — ewi to be professo
CGL na dasa
Troubled oil
Ču FIF Tel
Admiral5, who doing their court is in their pa guns went in to

Fair r)
he too would m, but would added - "My ard all these ore, and that om being clo5e
you may conto be born in ext birth, and you folk But why don't you me, and try to In you scholarly
s had cared to t in the yer nä1st pretended to 35 Reggie Siriould hawe been any agonies of in that hawe gone 15 to whether a hypocrite or Hawe | Tot a E. Anਰrik. - fox had cric dhis t monk to har cf bcf g much a do of Ralph Pieris see terms of his TH But of
no scholar idor those other nt aspects of rthed by Ralph tensity of his rolivi ties, the is masturbatory le frequency of m i 55 fons! I was 2nly to look at figure and be continuing influwas masses of
ook let. En Sinhala or a different not for "social en if they happen rs of sociology.
Amarasekera
frpFrt Page }
were plainly over25y. Since Trinco ri 5h, the TULF Il CİC CO.
Rizaco, the project-finder, as well as the main investor, HARCO are not New York-based, althoLugh both hawe Americans at the top. They operate out of Cayman Islands, the British West Indies Lах haweп.
After protracted negotiations which included checking of Creden tials way back to Chicago, the deal is now ready for Mr. Ed. Harrison's signature. Mr. Harrison, a US engineer repre5 et 5 Riza co which h5 || Intere SCS in Honduras and Costa Rica. Some
changes hawe been made. The refinery's rated capacity will be |25,000 bd and the Companyn
capital is likely to be 600 million dollars.
Kalawana . . .
(Carrined fari page 3)
wala, formerly of the defunct PDP, who is ke en con re-join ing the SLFP despite the failure to have his application accepted the first time. Howo wor the Sarath-Wa. SuNanda Ratnapura axis will probably help frustrate these moves. If their fall-back position (Sarath as an "independent") also fails, this group will want the SLFP to stay out of the campaign altogether.
But the rapid build-up of antiUNP feelings among the SLFP'ers and Opposition supporters generally will strengthen the hand of these who argue for open SLFP backing for a single Opposition candidāts.
Content, form . . .
[[TưTTỉnhư1 frørn page or:}
we do our morality, or the necessities of our struggles". He was firmly committed to 'the inseparability of art and inst
ruction'. He attributed so much importance to the epic theatre because in it he could find a more
optimal correlation of form and content. His experiments were a good indication of the greater mobility of content than form and the demand the former makes on the latter in periods of struggle,

Page 27
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