Page 1
O Shelton Kodikara on Mut
LANKA
Vo || || || No. 3 June 1, 1988 Price Rs. 5.(
re
South Th"
strikes admir
back ჭუs“
- Merwyn de Siwa
The campus as the
Social advances but poverty how the poor grow poorer -
AFGHA/V/STAW AND AAFTER
O Eyewitness in Kabul O The Islamic threat to
Jayadeva reviews Siriwar Harry Pieris and the ’43 g
 
 

thukumaru's Arms history O
O Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka QJ/84/NEWS/88
Second time of asking
UNIVERSITY OF RUHUNA
VICE CE ANC AL LOR
Council of the University of Ruhuna s applications from persons with a sound mic background for recommendation for post of Vice-Chancellor. Appropriate strative experience will be desirable. tants should be preferably below 62 years
submit a detailed CV before 26th 88.
Secretary to the Council.
rsity of Ruhuna.
3. a. R May 1988. What, no takers P
bye of the storm - W. R.
abides — Warnasema Rasaputra - NORAD Report
- Rifa Sebastian
Pakistan - Bhabani Sen Gupta
dena's “Bukharin”
{"0 0 – Tillak, Gunnawardena

Page 2
THE PREM
IN S() UT
A massive Port Expansion
Colombo into a modern Cont Transhipment Centre qualifying with the following additional f
a Cercial Port Users:
e Buk-Handling facilities for
9 Rebaqgqing and RF processin
e A Streamlined Bonding Se
Any sa Cia | requirerrier its coura
En qui
چچ\
SRI LANKA POR
19, Chri Stree
CIO.
Telephorie: 2 5 5 5 9

IER PORT
H ASIA
Project has transformed aimer Handling Port and for 'Base Port' status acilities to the Industrial
Grain, Fertilizer all Cement,
g facilities.
rwice,
| ba ar farged for (ur 7 request
ries :
TS AUTHORITY
t, P. O. Box 595, Sri Lanka.
TG|ex: 21805 PORTS CE

Page 3
THE WICIOUS SPIRAL
The number of habeas corpus applications pending before the Courts in connection with alleged Ilegal detentlon in the South exceeds 300, says the Civil Rights Movement In its latest report. There were angry and noisy excharges in the House when SLFP MP Arnard Siri Dodangoda took up the same matter and argued strongly for a Parliamentary Select Committee,
The CRM is not unmindful of the "very serious security problem' facing the Government and recognises fully the goverri ment's right and also the responsibility' to maintain law and order. But the government "may have largely brought this situation or itself by riding roughshod over dissenting views and acting oppressively against its opponents'.
The CRM concludes by warning the government "not to compound its errors by using repressive rethods which can be counterproductive'. The result of course w III be a wsc/o Lis spiral of violence.
BY-ELECTIONS
May 8 was the last day for the U.N. P. to nominate successors to the four party MP's who recently resigned their seats to become Chief Ministers of the NWP, NCP, Uva and Sabarugamuwa.
The UNP High Command however chose not to uygil itself of the apportunity created by the new Presidential Constitution of a Waiding by-elections. The UNP's failure to nominate four persons fo fr/ the vacancies passed the onus of responsibility to the Elections Cornmissioner. He hag duly performed his duty by fixing June 15 as Nominatori day for by-elections In Kat Lugar77 pola, Ratnapura, WelliTudu and Kekfrawa.
Interestingly, President JR told a UNP Ex-Co meeting in March
The SLFP grid demanding clecti a surfe of ele
He seems k his threat. Ex observers howeve his tdt 5. He the Opposition's What If he los elections? Wous voter interpret the future'? And is motoriously op patheta hollya. setting-off-steam cise CO 5 t the ge
LALITH'S
Perhaps UNP. c. foLunded on La liti Trade Minister, im Luch le 55 time a (National Security sed in various pre Opinion polis, co provincias yoter Since We Flow complicated PR incredibly high off point, not equipped to 'sci woter befo y sou system, Mr. Cory riced that besten. The SL field condidates tİ IL ertjes.
LAPRA
GUAR
Wol. 11 No. 3
PTICE
Pulised if
Lanka Guardian
No. 246,
COLOM
EGYof Mer Telephči

the Opposit san are ans. I'll give thern :ctions".
een to Carry Out berienced political !r Jre puzzled by In certainly exhaust : Te5 Courte 5. But es a four bydn't the average it as the "wave of since our electorate 3) "L" is fisc. — Waasi . . H. Wouldn't this pulse-testing exervernment dearly 2
THE OREM
onfidence is firmly h's Theorem. The who row spends his other ministry ") fs deepy Immer-election studies". 7TPL ter project on 5, 57 m pling etc etc. հdve a highly 5y5ľeľT1, WĽH a II 2: percent cutEvery Party is entifically predict' Lunder the revy Ilth Lulaithirilludd|| ig he UNP Car" e FP has decided to Ín al four cong
DAN
JLEF 1, 1, 1988
R5G. 5. O
քrtnightly by
"Liblish ing Co., Ltd.
Jiů. Patty,
|B) - 2.
I da Si
10th Anniversary Number
The Special 10th Anniversary Number of the Lanka Guardian has just reached me, living in Sabbatical exile in Finland. My first impulse was to take up my Pen and write this message, as. One Who possesses every Single number of the Lanka Guardian ever published.
The Star of Lanka Guardian is, of course, its Editor. have savoured everything he has written in the journal Without gwallowing a II his conclusions. I have admired his lively style, his pretty turn of wit, his occasional flashes of Irreverent and un 5 olemn flippancy, his skill in exposition and his eye for the significant detail. Above all, his sophistleated evaluation of local and international news has in War - ably commanded my serious attention. Merwy'n de Silva has created and nurtured a good journal; in fact, the bat of | t s k i n d in olur Country.
(Continued on page 8)
C O N T E M T. S.
News Background 3. The Region
Foreign News 5
Economy
Correspondence
Revolt in India (2) 고고
The Arts 고도
B : Fi, gigo
Prin3d by Anunda Press 825, Wolfandhal Street, Colombo 13. Telephone: 35975

Page 4
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AND DEVELOPMENT

Page 5
THE ROOTS SOUTHERN R
Mervyn de Silva
he JWP's answer to the bogus
UNP-JWP l'accord" announced at the National Security Minister's press conference was a furious burst of T-56 gunfire. Mr. Athulathmuda II himself called it "a killing spree' - the victims, predominently UNP stalwarts and candidates at the forthcoming P. C. polls. The climax of course was the assasination of UNP General Secretary Nandalal Fernando, a quasi-Commando operation a 5 spectacular as the gunning down of party chairman Harsha Abeywardena, al50 in broad daylight on a busy street in Colombo.
It really shook the UNP Establishment, and stunned the metropolitan middle-class suddenly awakened to the fact that the city was by no means immune, and "terror' was at its doorstep. The citizens of a Third World пation's capital have peculiar psychology. Even when their country 15 irm throats of liwi | war or revolution, they are protected by the comforting illusions of a special immunity. This, in turn breeds a smug complacency.
It is when the "terror" and the armed conflict advances and closes in on the capital that this smugness of Third World regimes and metropolitan elite is shattered, only to be replaced by a seige mentality. We had a fleeting glimpse of it, when Colombo was gripped by a sense of helplessness and fear, totally exaggerated as it proved to be, in the first week of JWP insurrection of April - | לי
For the first time, President LSEL L0LLLLL S LL S LL S S L0LLLLL S LLLS Rohana Wijeweera for roundtable talks. Also for the first time, there was a flicker of real hope when Mrs. Bandaranalike responded to the President's offer of alparty talks and said the SLFP would participate (See interview),
But very quick returned to his ristic posture O challenged Wijew combat om Galle
NEW PHASE
The JWP, mei into a new pha: struggle, with in for assassination ruption of the F and June 9) rem its main tactical broaden the popu of the struggle more social for into it, the W campaign on the School 5, and Identi thetically with t government outb middle-groups, Inc and hospital WC gow Crni ment daci politically but too, the JWP h; tho struggle. FI stronghold, its st en croach ing syste Uya province. Som hawe participated sit in demos in E wela etc. In ma
cs the LTTE's stronghold in the Once again, 5t advancing Column
In any case, both recruit Ing g field. By his university studen acquired through competition - th dent, and you the natural spoke: leaders of the Sirnhala or TalrTi i | not only the amb It con 5 of his o Senge of frUS Hopes have bee main un fulfilled.

|y, President JR
more charactef defiance, and cera to single
FC Geer,
nwhile, moved Se of the armed dividual targets and the dis'C polls (June 2 aining however objectives. To lar 5upport ba5e and draw in ces and group5 P extended the campuses to the ified itself sympa-|tחradic aסhe 5 p Lursts of other stably the nurses irkers, and the :ors. Not only geographically as expanded the "om its southern 1ain base, il is matically on the c. 30.000 students in walk-outs and Badulla, Bandarainy ways, parala dwa ce from its ! Jaffna peninsula. Lidents led the
S.
the university is :round and battlestanding as a it - 3 position sacrfice and fierce je university Stung teacher are חסlחplם-וחCu-ווט וח; new generation, He represents expectations and generation but ration and anger. In Italised but Te
It would be foolish to regard this young rebel or potential "subsversive" as an individualistic oner, and concentrate on his "mind-set" as many western political sociologists as well as counter-terrorism pundits do. He is not allenated", not soci
ety's drop-out or eccentric maverick. That again is the Weste T1 model.
REVOLUTION BETRAYED
The rebel" has roots in family, class, and place. By and large, sem 1-urban or rural lower-middle class. He has roots also in history, recent history. Their parents or elder brothers were perhaps
in the vanguard of the 1956 "Cu || Lura || Rewolution" Which He | out such great promise for the
rural lower-middle class and particularly its intelligentsia. A promise hardly fulfilled; 'Revoluton" betrayed !
Besides the socio-economic Im. pulses and demands - a fairer sharing of the material Tewards of 'development" with a narrowbased, entrenched Anglicised elite
there Was the powerful driving force of SinhalaBuddhist resurgence. The consequences of the new post-1987 growth model and the u Elly di 5tortions of this "'development' was accompanied by a new heightening of Sinhala consciousness, the direct outcome of the aggressive challenge of Tamil separatism. The typically Third Worldist distortions of "development" in a decade of global economic crisis, were paralleled by the authoritarian re-sha Ping of Sri Lanka’s democratic system and the attendant deformities. To put it crudelly, no Sri Lankan of 30 years and under (a large Segment of the population) has had the chance to Wote in a parliamentary election in a

Page 6
country which was known for the perverse persistance with which the electorate threw out the ruling rascal.
Stressing the truism that "growth" does not mean development" no less a person than the Finance Minister Mr. Ronnie de Me| told
a spinar in
"certainly powert since 1983, certain ha 5 in Cro a Sed. . . Si ין 5, חטוI|1רון 3.6 that a quarter of the
below the power Rasаршtra and th { in this issue).
M. de S interviews Mrs Bandarar
No evidence to justify
(O) You have responded positively to JR's invitation to the J.W. P. for round-tab
(A) Yes, I said we will participate if attends such a conference and hear its g and see what can be done to stop this Of Wiolen Cë in the South.
(O) is main grievance was that it wa дroscribed after the aпti—Tami/ riots of J and that is why it has adopted illegal methods. 57 "f that so?
(A) Ouite right. Two other parties w Scribed and later the ban was removed but not on the JWP,
(O) Do you think the grievance was
(A) Well, the government had more years to produce some evidence. ... even ir of the Naxalites, do you remember, they Tyrell Goonetilleka's report which was just gossip and of no value at al.
(O) What wї//a round tab/е сопfегелсе,
(A) Now that the so-called "agree Lalith Athulathmudali has been shown to Or a hoax but the proscription remains | JWP can use the opportunity to state before all other parties, if it so wishes.
(C2) but the JVWP may hawe qua/rms a bo Into the opem. . .
(A) Well, if the JWP doesn't trust the go then there is nothing we can do about it. a democratic party, I feel the SLFP sh other democratic parties in listening to JWP has to say. That is my personal view. the party Exco Will finally decide. . .

May last year y has increased tוymerסemplוy ur le thinkקסט ק ם וחב i Lankans (nearly population) live ty II ne'". (See 2 Norad Report,
laike
ban
Fressdenk a tasks?
the UWP grievances EW WWE
is unjustly 'uly 7983, and other
were prо - CT tham
ustified?
tham f0 LIT the case produced pawement
achfeve?
էmeTit' tif bo a farCE ifted, the its wiews
шt coming
W Grimmelt, ... but as ould join What the Naturally,
SINHALA MILITANCY
The intensification of the ethnic conflict and the brutal reach of Tamil separatism (massacres in Anura dhapura, borbs in Colombo) together with the re-appearance of the old spectre of the Dravldian orde, the invader froll the North (Jaffna, Tamilnadu, India) created the Cll Tate for the drarTät rise of Sinhala militancy. The student and youth are its shock-troops, the onk, and teacher are its ideologues, the deep South, Dutugemu nu country, the his torc matching reply to the historic enemy, Is the main base, and the Ruhuna University (see Cover) where the Wice Chanceller has fled, is it obvious symbol.
A new factor whose importance is rarely recognised is the economic consequence of soaring defence spending after 1983, and the social impact of the militarisation process. In his address, Ronnie de Mel traced the rising curve of the defence wote. Placing the 135ue In a wider budgetary context, he noted The combined effects of a rapid in Crease in population, and a steady decline in the terms of trade, and the increase. in defence expenditure rendered the welfare package unsustainable". Sri Lankan Welfarism, to Tanticised as "socialism" was po55 i ble with a population of 6 to 8 million When sur pluses from the plantation sector was adequate to malntain the social Welfare W OG
Militarisation did not merely lead to the diversion of funds from development projects or welfare and the rapid expansion of the armed services. It has produced the phenomenon of deserters, some 2000 - 3000 with weapons-training and combat experence. A fraction of this number may have been absorbed by the "underworld', and the new "mafias' that have been spawned by the "open economy'. But other groups, Which Served In the Thor Lh afld Saw their Carnrades blown to bits by land mines, may have been psychologica y disturbed (che Rambo mind-set) and also politicised,
(Cortin Lled or page 2)

Page 7
JR: Duel at Galle Face
hen one is a party leader W. President one has to have protection whether one likes It or not, This is the pattern all over the world. When one become 5 a President or Prime
Minister, the aim of 5 omne is to assassi na to hin.
The te a Te They Reagan.
lumatlc5 like that. attempted to assassinate Earlier they assassinated Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln. In England they tried to kill one Prime Minister |50 years ago. They made attempts on the life of Mrs. Thatcher. They killed Mahatma Gandhi, made an attempt on the life of Rajiv Gandhi. In Sri Lanka, they assassinated Mr. S. W. R. D. Banda a na ike, We should be careful.
These Lerrori dark ar in Hidir is what I regr Wije weera com say: Mr. Jayewa ki || you?
1 inw te him
Wi | Come to Gal I'll come alone. Ing. Ha can sel whether it sh a knife, sword, do not know h I'll cone. You to use it. Let face and see wi who would live.
people? That is
acted. He to We allow our a us fight each ot
Ace Radio Cab-the city's only
* Computerised meters " Can be summoned to y * No call up charqe with in city II mits " Wehicle a "... Receipts issued on request Company credit av
Call 501 502 50 1503 {
other Aitken Spenc
 

ts colle in the g and kill. That 2t. Why cannot e directly and “dere i Wyant to
:o fix a date. I e Face (applause). I'll come walkect the weapon, 5uld be a bomb,
gun or T-56. ow to use it but may know how us fight face to o would die and Why kill innocent how Dutugemunu d Elara why do
rmies to die, let ther.
our doorster)
ccess from selected Stands
ailable
|ր 501 504
NEWS BACKGROUND
The President drew 3 Lunds of applause from the massive crowd, when he threw this challenge to Wijeweer a at a provincial council election meeting.
He said: "I invite him to fix a date. I wi|| come to Galle Face. I'll come alone. I'll come walking''.
Crowds cheered as he offered to send Wijeweera his horoscope.
He said they should all be prepared to die one day, whether Wijeweera was there or not.
Concluding, he said "If I retreat, des tory me; If I am killed, avenge me; if I advance, follow me'.

Page 8
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Page 9
PANT WIST
INDO-LANKA DEFENGE TE - the Authentic Draft
When President Jayawardene visited guest at the Indian Republic Day celebri mentaries and speculative reports in bot and Sri Lankan press gave special at Indo-Sri Lankan Defence Treaty drafted official. There were in fact many drafts the Foreign Ministry and the govern advisers, both within the administration, This may explain the various versions, a reports of what was offered as the De For the record, we publish the followir have reason to believe is the full, authen remains to be signed, if at all.
The Indian Defence Minister Mr. K. returned to Delhi after a two-day visit t
AGREEMENT TO CONSOLIDATE AND FRIENDLY RELATIONS AND CO-OPERATION B DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SR THE REPUBLIC OF NDA.
The De Tocratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of India, (hereinafter referred to as the Contract ir
- Conscious of the friendship between the two States stretching over two millenia or
Recogni sing character of and resolver
more and recognising the independence importance of nurturing, inten- and so were sifying and strengthen ing the States; traditional ties of friendship; Recogni sing, - Believing that these tradi- the two SI tional bonds have been given ethוח &1 חu
multi-religio the need, th
a fresh meaning, importance and impetus by the fact that
the two States hawe ower condition in their four decades of inde- which all pendence and against threats |п equality,
y aridfחסוח rations ther
to the cherished system successfully upheld and promoted
the democratic political order; the forces the unity, – Aware that the Consolidat on territorial
of their State 5 as der Inocrati C societies and the further democratisation of these - societies are matters mutual to their notional interest;
two countri
Conscious
the process
Wolution 3

EATY
ndia as Chief tiOS, CO | tt= the Indian Gti OT tO a W Sri Lankam
prepared by ment's legal and outside. ld excerpted ence Treaty. g which vive tic draft that
C. Panthas o Sri Lапka.
EXTEND THE ETWEEN THE LANKA AND
and the Republic ng Parties).
the territorial their State Order i to protect the 2, unity integrity ignty of their
however that lates are multiti-linguistic and us societies and refore, to foster their States in E1 tizen 5 Çin ||'ye safety and ha ru fill their aspieby strengthening contributing to sovereignty and integrity of their
E도
of the fact that
es of democratic.
di national Consoli
MEWS BACKGROUND
dation in their States are complicated by cross-border links and sensitivities that have historical origin and determined to work together constructively to remove any impediments to these processes from this situation;
- Believing that the further development of their friend. ship, and particularly their constructive Co-operation lin promoting mutual goals, would be a contribution not only to national consolidation and democratic progress in their two states but also to regional Co-opera tion and regional Ism in South Asia;
– Reaffirming their firm commitment to the U.N. Charter and to the principles of Non Alignment, peaceful co-existence, sovereign equality of States, mutual co-operation, non interference in the Intermal affairs of States, non use of force or threat of force and respect for territorial integrity, political independence and Sovereignty;
- Declaring their resolve to promote a regional environment con du ciwe to the Security and progress of their two States.
HAWE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
Article ||
The Contracting Parties solemnly declare that enduring peace and friendship shall prevail between their two countries and peoples. Each Contracting Party will respect the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the other and refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of the other,
7

Page 10
The Contracting Parties will continue to develop and strengthen the relations of friendship, good neighbourliness and all-round co-operation existing between them on the basis of the Principles Stated above.
Article II
in this spirit, the Contracting Partles agree to work for the consolidation of mutual trust, confidence and good neighbourly
relations and co-operation by elimina ting any hindrances to acheving such relations and
Co-operation.
In particular, the
Contracting Parti 25 wi||I:
(1) ensure that all Ports within their respective territories will not be used for military purpose 5 to the Prejududice of the national interest of either Contracting Party;
(ii) deport any national of one Contracting Party who, within the territory of the other, engages in terrorist activities or advocates separatism or secessionism with respect to the other Country.
Article III
The Contracting Parties will also:
E
: I review the relevance and employment of foreign military and intelligence personnel with a view to ensuring that such Presences w III not prejudice Indo-Sri Lankan relations:
1:2 review any agreemets with foreign broadcating organisations to ensure that any facilities set up by them within the territory of either country are used solely as public broadcasting facilities purposes with respect to the other Contracting Party.
2. The Government of India in a spirit of friendship and
Co-operatior train ing fac|| supplies for S forces at th Government
Arī
The Contrattir ced that bilater only be resolve and dialogue dec ment and adher ali bila teral Pr discussion and mi basi 5 of their 5
Arts
The Contracti their commitmer dator and x friendly relation operation. Tow: they agree to co-operation in social, cultural, e. cal scientific and mutually agreed,
AFIJI,
This Agreemen to ratification חס to force upחi instrument of
Artist
The Agгеептеп forco until eit Party declares terminate it by six months writ
Article
The Contract|| consult each oth to any amendmer of this Agreen za mendment or mı be effected in w agreed.
Arts
Any difference ог аррIIcatӀоп о that may arise Countr i c5 sha | | E: 5 pli rit of mutual standing.

will provide lities and military iri Lanka's Security i el request of the
of Sri Lanka.
W
1g Parties, con wina problems could d by discussion Te the i T : Tiitence to solving 'oblems through טth - חם sחטtlatIם 38. overeign equality,
e W.
ng parties affirm t to the C15o: e15 on of their 5 and mutual coards this end, PTC10 II e act|W
the economic, ducation, techniother fields as
W.
shall be subject
and shall enter the exchange of
Ratification.
W.
t shall remain in her Contracting ES ir tentic to gi Wing the other Len roti CO,
W
ng Parties sha
er with a regard 1 t or modification ment and such "1odi fi c31 ton sha | | riting as mutually
IX
of interpretation f this Agreement bet Ween the two e settled in a
trust and under
Letters. . .
(Continued from page )
My fervent 10th anniversary wish for the journal is that the next decade will witness the realization of the potential inherent in the Lanka Guardian to become a great journal. A journal achieves greatness in Pro Portion to the degree that, in the public interest, it tells the truth and exposes lies and defends civilized values.
Carlo Fonseka
(Dept. of Physiology
ni Y., of Colorimbo)
Finland.
III
Congratulations on the tenth Anniversary issue of L. G.
The L G has the best inside Information on Sri Lanka politics and should be consulted in the chancelleries of the world.
Brevity and fairnes are two of its civilized wirtues.
Patrick Jayasuriya Colom 8.
III
I have been a reader of "Lanka Guardian' for quite some time although not regular.
I wish to congratulate you of the excellent materia published and your survival whilst giant journalistic efforts hawe crashed.
Major TIlak Ratinasekera Kandy.
Will regular reader Rohan de 5 Ekana yako of Gangodawl Ia kindly contact us 7 - Ed.

Page 11
CAMPUS UN REST
Revelations
|nce mld 1987 uniwersities
in Sri Lanka have been more or less closed, an invited audience was told at a seminar on ''The crisis in the universities', in Colombo recently. The reasons for Student un rest and closure had changed from problems to do with education, to problems of the nation, speakers at the seminar said.
The mode of protest had also changed from usually non violent demonstrations by statutorily constituted societies and students councils to violence and intimidation by highly organised non statutory action committees with inter university connections. There have been organised assaults, hostage taking, and also murder.
The speakers included three Vice Chancellors, university teachers, and representatives from
the Uniwers Ity Gran Is Commission and the MI5 tres of Education and Higher Education. As these participants saw it, the Un rest in universities in Sri Lanka differed from unrest in universities elsewhere. Here the agitation was
No dictators in our party
UNP Chairman Ranjan Wijeratne told a meeting of party branch officials in the Galle district on May 7 that he would resign if the UNP Working Committee did not inquire into valid complaints against Ministers and MPs.
The Chairman asked: "If we are to proceed on tha road to democracy we should do so unitedly, without fear or favour, and if there are faults on our side, we should correct them. If wrong-doers and others do not accept this, we should remove them because there should be no dictators in our party".
by a small grou involvement of ut in other count The neutra rmaj politicised by tiom and Wiolenco
Howeveг, tht! field of unive conceded that thi by this small gi reflected the so problems current problems result between the ric the urban and political right a
The demand: university stude the release of custody and th universities to the Indian Peac It is interesting rapporteur from Association for of Science at N the seminar w; of the demand: Walid, others are and so the are of the uniwers
Among other made it the si
* Although a been made to policies so as le 55 pri Willegeco policies have b who cannot col chologically un poorly motivat
* Drop-outs year, in englп goпe up to 38 it is not sur get involved activities'".
* The Proces of students by spilled over to
* A gap app Ween the 51 administrators: seem Io || 5 tc|| teachers than te and security p

, as against mass liversity students ries, they said, ority hero was heats, inti midae, they said.
se thinker5 il the Irsity education a problems seized oup of agitators cial and political in society. These ld from a conflict :h and the poor, the rural and the nd the lefէ.
made by the ints ranged from students in police e re-opening of
the removal of e Keeping Force, to note, said a the Sri Lanka
the Advancement whose headquarters As held, that som C: are no longer ! self-contradictory beyond the control ti 25.
edifying revelations erminar are these:
proposition has re Wise à drm i55|on to accormodate the students, such rought in students Je, who are psy
fit and who a te
ed.
In the current
2ering alone, has
per cent; "hence or is ing that they in non-academic
is of Indoctrination the radicals hawe secondary schools.
ears to exist betLudents and the
also the students i more to ther the administrators et som me I.
bornly refus ing to yield on
NEWS BACKGROUND
: The reluctance on the of teachers' associations to cordemm wiolence and ir-resporinsible remarks made by some lectuters have aggravated the problems.
Pai TE
Sri Lanka's literacy rate is 87 per cent, a commendable high for Asia. School attendance in the compulsory age group (6-12) is 84 per cent, which is not bad. But only one per cent of those who go to school finally enter university, which puts this country among the lowest in this respect for any part of the world.
And while the Government seems un perturbed about the crisis in the hospitals, leaving it to the government controlled media to dutifully rouse Public indignation against the doctors for ther trade Limir a tir (ignoring totally the fact that the trade union action is largely a result of the Government stubthe private medical college issue), another Statistic 5 not without relevance, according to official sources Sri Lanka has a total of 1,951 doctors for a population of more than sixteen million. This works out to a ratio which is among the lowest in the world.
Of this total, 750 doctors kept away from work in government hospitals, in the course of their trade union action. Four thousand nurses and 10,000 minor staff and laboratory technicians joined therT1.
True, medical services personnel should think of
the sick too before they resort to trade union action, especially because those in government hospitals are mostly the Por est of the poor, as The Island said in a
recent editorial: ''The only way the authorities know to tackle situation seems to be to preach homilies to the doctors. While it is true that doctors have to act with a greater sense of responsibility, the Government would do well to take note of the restlessness which has now become manifest within the medcal prefession". N. R.
9.

Page 12
Abu Jihad Assasination
Disscussion
(Mr. Anura Bandaranalike)
What Is the att itu de of the Government on the death of Mr. Abujihad, the number two man of the PLO. The Gowerlinent ћа: гласа по statement on that.
(Mr. Lalith Athulath mudai)
I will refer that to tha Ministër of Foreign Affairs. I do mot Want to answer for hlm.
(Mr. Lakshman Jayakody)
Also relating to a UN Resolution in the Security Council which was debated, Membership of 15 Was there. I do not know what the Government viewpoint Is. think the Government should come out very clearly on this matter. I hope you will take this up with your colleagues or have a joint session with your colleagues and then make a stat Om en t.
(Mr. Lalith Athulathmudali)
| will convey that to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
(Mr. Anura Bandaranaike) ls he around or is he away?
(Mr.A.C.S. Hameed - Minister of Forcign Affairs)
Sir, it has been brought to my notica that the hon. Me Tibert fort Attarna galla had given notice of a question regarding the murder of Mr. Khali Al Wazir who is also known as Jihad, the Deputy Commander of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and also about the present state of affairs In Ghaza and the West Bank,
I would like to inform this House that the Deputy commander of the Palestine Armed Forces, Mr. KF1a || || A | Waziri wa 5 5555 - nated in Tun, la con the 6th of April. We condemned this killing. We also su P Port the Resolution that was adopted by the UN Security Council on the 25th of April condemning the aggression committed against the sovereignty of Tunisia." As the hon. Members
O
in Parliament
are a'are, Sl member of the : Therefore, we di in th: 15 debatte.
Then, with reg
sent situation, destressed at wh now, about the
taking place in t tories of Ghaza
Bank. In fact W envoy of the PLI ago here, to tha the President and for al the Su extended to the Palestin Iam peopl happening in Gh Bank is not a si be met by law an The problem of
OUR days b FE. was assassinated do 5. In the Palest ni nisation bastion C end, Yasser Ar warn Ing to all F after he had b. report in an 5r
The report, da Ily, Dawar, cla Minister Yitzhak urged to carry ki | Iings of PLO Colone | Egal Pri a dw i 5 cer.
Arafat 11 edia copies of the D 5ent to PLC) öft world. But al-W de-guerre was notoriously slack nal security. Hi that he rarely one bodyguard many travels. F relatively well a start suburb f. ciwi I ser Wants w quite in keeping that Allah takes
se es fit.

Lanka is not a Security Council. d not participate
;ard to the pre
W. It is at is happening events that are ne occupied terriand the West e had a special O three weeks nk His Excellency the Government P Port we hawe cause of the e. What is now a za and the West tuation which can order approach, Palesting is far
News Background
more fundamental and only a political settlement of the problem In all its aspects can bring peace to this unhappy region. We have therefore, welcomed the recent initiatives that have been taken. There had been an initiative to promote an international conference and from the very beginning we have supported this Initiative to hold an international conference at a very early date to find a lasting solution to this problem.
May I repeat that, Sir. We, therefore, welcome the recent In Itiat I we that has been taken
with a view to holding an international conference at a very early date to find a las ting solution to this unhappy problem. We a II want a solution as early as possible.
efore his secondKhali || al-Wazir, -חaוחוחסy Israell cכ e Lliberation Orgaf Tun Islast weekafat circulated a 1 is senior officers !en alerted by a aeli newspaper.
in the Hebrew i med that Primo Shamir had been out selective leaders by Ltslo, his security
tely ordered that ayar article be icos all ower the –וחסח seסazir, wh/ Ab Lu Jihad, was
about his perso5 fatalism meant
çok more than with him on his is death at his
חme Iסuarded h Youred by senior
ould have been with his belief you when He
Elimination
There is now no doubt that the Israel is killed Abu Jihad, a quietly spoken man in his early fiftes whose mild man mered exterior belied an Iron determination to reclaim the land his parents were driven out of In 1948. In Jerusalem it is thought that the only reason the Government has not officially admitted responsibility was because it did not want to embarrass Its frends, especially the United States, which values Tunisia as a pro-Western moderate in the Arab world. It also hopes that its reticence might stave off a unanimous condermanation by the UN Security
Council.
Mossad, the Israeli sectet service, is thought to have put up a plan for the elimination of Abu Jihad last month after Pales
tinian guerrillas hijacked a bus taking unarmed civilian workers to the Dimon a nuclear research
centre in the Negev desert. Three Israeli civilians, a man and two women, and the three Palestinians were killed when the bus was Stormed. — TIrnes

Page 13
THE REGION
"Regional conflicts" is a ferm introdu | Reagan administration to the superpower a
Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict was dramatically when over a 7 OOOOO refugees fled the isla 7983 rios. But We LTTE rebe/s fra fined' & by India, enjoyed the open patronage of Tami, and had their rear-bases in the south India
The armed conflict between the Sri Lan the separatist insurgents came periously Co. a/isation when Sri Lanka invited Pakistan I7structors here, tra ring facilities in Pakista were the more overt forms of this assistance. of grateful appreciation. President JR vis, where on the border with Afghanistan he slogan 'Free Afghanistan Zindabad" and departure from traditiona/ Sгі Lankaл роIї support to Pakistan's claims on divided Ka.
The Red Army is pulling out of Afgha time when Indo-Pak tensions have been aggravated by the latest eruption of Sikh e. violence in the Punjab, accompanied by āccusation 7s of active Pakistar 7 i asid to the Sik Feelings have run so high that another I. military encounter on the border has bear Wic in the Indian media. Top-level talks in Delhi a appear to have helped cool passions. . . for M’Mear Whi/e, Pakistan) has assured MMOSCOW not permit Afghan rebels to operate from Pakistal soil. But Moscow fears that continue to help the mujahideen, via Pakist corm rmn Lu n ist reg fir 77 e ir 7 Kabu / is ou sted.
APFGHAWWSTAW Najubulah's visit - ar
Indian move
Bhaba ni Sen Gupta (Special to th
Th principal significance of the paid a state wi. first state wis it of president the Sowiet mil Naju bullah to India a little more in Afghans Lan.
than a week before the beginn Ing forge a Politiça of front-loaded withdrawal of with Afghanista Soviet troops from Afghanistan which existed lies in the visit itself. No Afghan before, and in
head of state or government had the Saur revolt

sced by the јепаa.
''externalised
rid after the алd supplied
7 ad LV Meaders ||
Se
kan State ar 7 d' || se to "regionrmilitary a fad. гт, алd arтs
Wr a gesture rted Pakista
shouted the " in a bold cy, extended .r) וזshr är fStar) at al dangerously Ktremi,5m and jublic India 7 "h separatists. do-Pakistan fely predicted ra/, /s/arma bad' || the топепт. . that it wil// | "bases" on "he US WIN ar, until the
е L. G.)
sit to India sinc itary Inter went to
India is seeking t |-strategic linkag n similar to that between the two the first phase of, J tot 1.
This, in itself, is an event of unusual importance for South Asia. Delhi has not been deterred by the widespread western speculation about the poor longevity of the Najibullah regime. The Indian government appears to be persuaded that the regime. In Kabul wil || Surwiwg If the Gene Wa accord is not openly and cynically violated by Pakistan and the U.S.
The central emphasis in the talks was on non-interference and non-inter wention in Afghanistan during and after the withdrawal of Soviet troops. The agreement clearly forbids Pakistan and the United State 5 to Inter wene in Afghanistan after the Soviet troops have begun to withdraw on May 5. At no point in the long agreement is there the slight est tacit recognition of the right of Pakis Lan to act as a channe | of American arms to the Afghar rebels after the accord. Nor can the U.S. supply arms to the mujah God in either directly or indirectly without violating the |ctter and Spirit of the Genewa agreement of which it is one of the two guarantors, along With the USSR.
India has now put its not inconsiderable weight in support of the faithful implementation of the accord. Unfortunately, the accord has been grossly distorted by political leaders and the mass media both in the West, in the Middle East and in Pakistan. The core of the Genewa accord is the bilateral agreement signed between Pakistan and Afghanistan on the principles of mutual telations, "in particular on Non-Interference and Non-Interwention.'" With this agreement two other bilateral documents are closely LLLKS S LaK SS K L LLHHLL LLLLLL agree silent "on the voluntary return of the refugees". The other is an agreement, also between Pakistan and Afghanistan, "on the Inter relationship for the Settlement of the Situation Relating to Afghanı istianlı..."
The agreement that was concluded between the Soviet Union and the United States, the shortest of the docurrents, is a "'Declaration

Page 14
on International Guarantees." Under it, the two superpowers "Undertake to invariably refrain from any form of interference and interwention in the internal affairs of the Republic of Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and to respect the commitments contained in the bilateral agreement between (them) on the principles of Mutual Relations, in particular on Non-Interference and NonInter Wentior.""
If the te was an understanding between the two superpowers on the "symmetry" of arms supplies to their respective clients in Afghanistan after May 15, it was reached outside the framework of the Geneva agreements of which it is not a documented part. The bilateral Afghan-Pakistan agreements nowhere recognise Pakistan's right to mainta In a Trmed Afghan rebels on its soil after May 5, to supply arms to them, let them use Pakistan; territory to violate the border of Afghanistan or Intervene in Afghanistan's internal affairs, The Genewa accord does not recognlse the mujaheedin as a legitimate actor in the Afghanistan drama.
India's firm commitment to faithful implementation of the Geneva accord, negotiated over a period of four years by a special representativa of the UN Secretary General, is unexceptionable. The UN has recognised the government in Kabul as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. The UNI has worked out the modalities of Afghanistan returning to its non -- aligned status as a Sovereign nation with untrammeed right to fashion its relations with the external world. After the Soviet troops Pull out, indeed as the withdrawal operations begin, any foreign interference and Interwention in Afghan affairs will be in violation not only of the Geneva accord but also of international law. A civil War may rage in Afghanistan between or a mongst contending Afghan elements. Interference or intervention occurs only when one or the other side in the civil war get external armed assistacne.
|교
India will be any of the several the UN Secreta set up before M implementation acCord. Th|5 is E makes i Clear ti be chogen fos U must hawe the : Pakistan and Afgh w III definitely India Play a rol implementation agreement. How adheres strictly t schedule agreed percent of the be taken back and the rest months - internal be increasingly ag Interference and Afghan affairs. In the US preside the end of the itself may not by the world cort the agreement guarantor.
A great deal, ייםn hם Entd upקlEם forceg fare i Soviet pullout. N Will of course Afghanistan an "government'. go Wernment Wi diplomatic reco: where, not even
The Kabul regi the serious cleava to exist bet. Weer groups located in of these groups among therset' certain limitatic support to the United States is the Soviet forces, The withdrawalp: Will meet that is not Ine Cessar interest to see da mentalist regi Kabul, That ki па у поlt be f Palki 5 tarı alt II. al liance has alire) merger of Afgha tan or at East Ironically, a bri in Kahu of Whi

חם Bat 5 סח חEiWE 'watchdog bodies' tary-General will lay 15 to oversee of the Grenawa ieca u 5c: the accord s tCחסa[iחt thaנiך N watchdog roles approval of both inistan. Pakistan rot w | h c sic e in watch ing the of the Genewa. zwer, as Gorbachew o the Wirhidrawa
3t Genewa – 50 Soviet troops to in three months in the next six :ional opinion will ainst US-Pakistan i 1 t I" "W' th t|ori I With the change incy coming before year, America W|sh to be seen 1 munity to wiolate of Which it is a
of course, will v the mujaheedin Ehe Wilke of the Mujaheedin forces eter Liter d set up their However that | mot receive rtion from anyfrom Islamabad.
nic is banking on ges that are known 1 the Afghan rebըl Pakistan, Leaders may well fall out There:
- on to American se groups. The
commited to see cut of Afghanistan. olicy of Gorabchev
Committent. It ily in American an Islamic funime installed in nd of a regime riendly towards
The mujaheedin :a dy called for a mistan ind Pakis a confederation. Jadbased regime Ich the Marxists
are an important partner may adopt a more friendly attitude towards Pakistan than a fundamentalist Islamic regime dominated by militant Pushtun nationalists. Also, Washington cannot b 2 Certain that a funda. mentalist Islamic regime in Kabul will not be friendly towards the Khomeini regime In Iran.
In Delhi's calculation, if the Kabul regi The can with stand the first rush of Mujaheedin wrath in the Time di te wake of the Sowiet pullout, and if its programme of national reconciliation picks up gradual momentum, its survival WIII be more ensured from 1989
onward. The significant factor is that Delhi has deter Tined to do whatever lies within the reach of
its diplomatic resources to make the Kabul regime's survival more
possible than it may otherwise ha PP en to be. And Delhi dipomatic clout is not insignificant.
Though there will be no dearth of people in Pakistan, the US and elsewhere, who will see in Rajiv Gandhi's Afghan diplomacy an explicit helping hand to Gorbachev, in the Indian government's own perception, what India is trying to do is nothing
more than protect its own geopolitical interests. A friendly Afghanistan has always been a
foreign policy priority for India,
Especially in view of India's unfriendly relations with Pakistan. There is absolutely no scope for the two countries at least for the til mo being, to work together for Afghanistan's smooth and peacefu | trans III on to its post-Sowiet intervention Phase. This muth became quite clear during the foreign secretary, K. P. S. Menon's recent wist to Islamabad. The Pakistanı block adığı || cends an additional impetus to working with Gorbachev and the regime in Kabul. The combined weight of Moscow, Delhi and Kabul for strict implementation of the Geneva accord under UN supervision w| || go a long way to Isolate Pakistan. If Islamabad is found lacking in will or power or both to cooperate in the accord's faithful implementa EO.

Page 15
India gets involved
Salamat Ali
fghan President. Najib ullah's
3-6 May visit to New Delhi has signalled India's open involvement In the Afghan i mbroglio on the side of his communist regime. The visit produced implicit Indian promises of pressure on Pakistan to constrain its in Wolvement in the widely anticipated drive by mujahideen rebels on Kabul. India Hindicated to Najib ullah that it would use its considerable prestige among the non-aligned nat |øns to break his current isolation In the non-communist World and will participate in the USS 300million annual foreign-aid package he wants to help rehabilitate the Afghan economy.
New Delhi was responding to fears - shared by Najibullah's patrons in Moscow - that a mujahideen success could eventually result in the setting up of a fundamentalist Islamic regime in Kabul, India also is concerned that Pakistan will redeploy military forces to their joint border and that the flow of Afghan weapons reaching Sikh separatists in the Punjab could increase.
At his press conference, Najibullah argued for an Indian role in the Afghan national reconcillatlon process. Taking no te of the Corn tacts Indian diplomats hawe been making with some prominent Afghan refugees, he said New
India rolls out the
Melinda LiU
is country is in the throes
of ci wil war, his Russian protectors are preparing to withdraw and there is no telling how long he can hang on as Afghanistan's leader. So what was. Najib Lullah do ng away from home in India last week Searching for what he now needs most : a friend. Which is exactly what he appears to have found in Railw Gandhi.
Delhi could play persuading forme Zahir Shah and moderate Afghan home.
However, he
fo Filmer kling an should join a ge Çonciliatior hea
and w|th his to ! Democratic Part forming the Core
Tent. He en wisa ment including "s groups."
摩
India for its pi the temptation the fray for bo current political the background relationship wit partition, New D usly cultivated K with Islamabad ow res" Joint bori not recogrılse the border inherited which Put5 sor areas in si de Pak
Afghanistan's Pik 15 al ha Ye a l' hostile of indiffe a brief period the end of former Mohammad Dau he was murdered
red carp
enthus
surprised pract especially the U perhaps it shoul cow's decision to troops out of Af this Week has
for a redefinition power and influ Asia. And it has
India's

a major role in r Afghan monarch 5) TE COW" E "CE grO LIPS TO return
insted that the d the moderates Wernment of reded by himself mmunist People's iy of Afghanistan of such a govenged this governecond-rank armed
率
dr. La IlI-l re55. of jumping into th historical and reasons. Against of Its hostile h Pakistan since elhi has assiduoabul in t5 dispute er the tvo countder. Kabul does Durand Line – a from the British - The Pathan tribal | 5 tan.
relations with ways been either rent, except for of warmth near Afghan president d's era, before i 3 COITII Illus
et for Najibullah
iastic and highof Najibullah cally everyone, Inted States, but dn't hawe. Mosbegin pulling its ghanistan starting leared the way of the balance of ence in Central spurred a whirl
HE REGION
coup of 1978. Alarmed by Soviet penetration of Afghan state appar
atus, Daud had negotia C c d with Iran and Pakistan an agreement to break the Soviet hold over the Afghan army, bureaucracy
and economy. Part of the accord was to be Daud's recognition of the Durand Line.
India is concerned also because of reports that Pakistan is looking forward to cashing in on the long years of its association with the Afghan national resistance to Soviet occupation. Some of the fundamentalists among the Afghan guerilla groups are fighting for nothing short of an Islamic revolution in Afghanistan, and these groups have gone to the extent of proposing an eventual confederation between an Islamic Afghanistan and Islamic Pakistan.
Fears have been expressed in India as well that Pakistan, relieved On the western front, Could shift a large number of troops and a considerable array of weapons to the eas torn border. Also the current trickle of Afghan guerilla weapons into Sikh separatists' hands in the Punjab could turn into a torrent, confronting India with a formidable army on its border an an impossible domestic sItuation In Punjab.
- For Eastern Econoid Review
wind of diplomatic activity among old frlends and enem les alike, all of whom intend to make sure that their governments don't get left behind.
American officials were per Plexed at why Gandhi would so openly ally himself with the Afghan leader, whose ability to rule the country
(Continued on page 24)
3

Page 16
The other side of Kab|
Rita Sebastian
reminded Ine of sparklers on Christmas ewe. But they were no sparklers, nor was it ChristT고도 E E. They were flares thrown out by Soviet aircraft flying over Afghanistan, meant to deflect the attack by heat-seekIng Stinger anti-aircraft mis 51 le 5 rargetted by the Mujahideen from behind the montains,
Once you fly into high-security Kabul airport and gradually get accustomed to the constant drone of aircraft, armed soldiers and security checks on every Kabul roadway, Soviet trucks and armoured tanks trundling along, and the occasional burst of gunfire and bomb explosion, you begin to see the other side of this "war-torn" city.
lt was Spring in Kabul, and the winds from across the snowbitingly 5וtalrחuסוח חaוחped paghקca cold. And the arid har shness of the desert climate nowhere evident as in the clayey du st-laden soil. But Apricot and apple blos som were just beginning to appear on the skeletal remains of winterdead trees, and the grass was turning green again.
Kabul is a city of fascinating contrasts. The old and the new. the traditional and the modern rub shoulders with seeming unconCEIF), Desert dewellings of mud-Wall enclosures that house home and garden and animal, is just as familia a 5 high rise housing blocks arm d fiat roofed moderni residermes.
Women in Western dress, in lacy stockings and spiked heels Walk alongside women in the traditional cha dari, the long, flowing tent-like robe that covers them from head to toe, Men in three plece su its and youth den m-clad and leather jacketed, a contrast to the turbaned men. In their Peran Thomban, the baggy
|
(Former Editor, Sunday Times, (
trou525 and Le
owershirts,
CafTi els climb Thuntain roads Toyotas, parted y the city's taxis cr: the large networ
In the old cl legendary orienti: finely woven c carpets are piled where mounds and nuts, for w is well known sidewalks, where embroidered in gli Sten as they c the artificial lig Afghan trader w hard across his and invite you II
And it is hero that you find market, the city where a hundred Ee I featur times til
Iri al g la 5 5 ! Ranjit Singh, 34 with his two bro his family has be the money marke hundred years. 30,000 to AO, OOC of business is yearly turnover is irm the Eb II li Wads of notes he rubber bands inside the cubicle is conducted in t as well. Young r ես5y buying and 5, peaks one day
ext.
You literally of Afs, as the CL when you go out a pound of tort anything from abot Afs and a kio of

ul
Colombo.)
loose and long
the narrow while Japanese white and yellow o 55 mld cri 55 cross k of city roads.
y you find the bazaar where otton and silk high inside shops, of dried fruits, hich Afghani, tam s heaped on the welvets and silks gold and silwer :atch the sum cor hts, where the ill put his right hest. In greeting side.
in the old city Kabul's money 's unofficial Bank dico||lar bIII || wi|| hic officia | Tate.
fronted cubicle
is il busine5: thers. He claims : еп operating in L for over eight On a good day ) dolars worth conductgd. The
in the market 15. Wads and aid together by 1e atop tables :5. BLI L. bu r;Irı e55 he outside square nem and old, a re alling. The rate and drops the
carry thousands irrency is called, marketing for atoes will cost ut three hundred mutton 500 Ass.
THE REG OM
The shops are flooded with imported goods. You can get anything from Bally shoes to a Marks and Spens er shirt, from Russian Caviar to canned fruit from Bulgaria, from electrical goods from Japan to the finest china and crystal. There is a large market in second hand goods as well, from clothes to footwear from both East and West.
Thursday and Friday is the official weekend in Afghanistan and its on Thursday that the Sovets come out in drow es to do their weekly shopping, the day the International community is warned to keep out of the busy shopping area like chicken street for fear that the Mujahi
de ens will trigger off one of their bombs,
The international Community also obser was a self-imposed curfew. UN missions hawe made
ten pm. the curfew deadline. Its not a pleasant experience though driving on the Kabul streets at right. In the dark and near deserted streets the only people
you encounter are the Afghan soldiers checking vehicles and people and after II pm you will
find that the Soviets have positioned themselves as well in the city streets. The nine year war has taken heavy toll of both life and property. Tra wel outside Kabul to the provinces are arduous journeys according to reports Ina inly because the roads have been either da maged or dies troyed in the fighting. Sa lang Pass is the only main trunk route through which goods and equipment comes in to Kabul from the West routed through the Soviet Union.
Foreigners are warned not to trave outs de Kabul except to Garga, 20 kilometres from the clty centre.
(Continued on page 6)

Page 17
Pakistan denies
Afghan-Soviet
akis Lami Pri The Minister Junejo flatly denied the Soviet backed Afghan charge that Pakistan is violating the Geneva Accords in the very first week
of the Soviet pull-out. Mr. Junejo who said there was "no substance what 5 cewer"" in the a legations made against his government flew to Beijing the
same day. Along with Pakistan and the US, China was a major backer of the anti-Kabul mujahideen.
The Pakista was react Ing to a which said:
Prime Minist
TASS report
Soviet officials on Friday back
charge
that Pakista ; rebels with arr UN-mediated
TE W Agency 雯蔷
"The shippi ammunition fr: the territory c Afghanis tan is al of the Gondwa quoted a Sovie 5 1 3 5
The Swit . public of Afgh: their obligation Agreements an do so as Will''
The Soviet-b:
ed Afghan Government charges ment complain
Pakistan must match
ISLAMABAD, May 72 as India has bou akistan's armed forces rust ဖူး"n Weapon meet an increasing military 로 11 .
threat from India, Pakistan President Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq said on Sunday.
'"We Trust match a sword with a sword, a tank with a tank, a destroу ег γνiς η 骷 das troyer. Not es sarily in quantitative but in qualita tive terms," he said to applause from his audience at a speech to introduce a new back on the armed forces.
Pakistan, which has fought three wars with its large neighbour to the east, has watched with alarm
"India, witho integrity, is 5. amounts of Inc
via said.
"'But how it nuclear Submari rier, the latest modern tanks sticks," he sai
Pakistan's ai around 500,00 total cof ab O Lit.

; supplying Afghan
ms in violation of
agreements, Tass id.
ng of arms and Pakistan into
if the Rupublic of ob w II ou 5 wilation
Agreements' Tass it. Foreign Ministry
aying
Uri i om and the RCministan arte fulfilling 5 Lr der the Genewa d urge Pakistan to the statement sald.
cked Kabul Gower
di to the United
India
— Zia
ght more and more ry from its Sowjet
ut any threat to its pending incredible ney on defence,'
lo you counter a re, an aircraft carfighter aircraft and Not with bamboo
H.
med forces total
0 against India's
|.3 million.
Forest NEWS
Nations on Thursday that Pakistan was supplying Afghan rebels with L LLLLSS S LLLLLLLH S LLLS SLLL LLLLLL signed in Geneva on April 14.
It was the second Afghan com
this week alleging violations of the Genewa Accord and followed Pakistani press reports that lorres continued to move arms to rebels in Afghanistan.
On Afghan bases
MOSCOW May 7
al 15ta '5 inter of Stato
for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Zain Noorami has stressed that there are no training camps or bases of the Afghan Mujahidin on Pā territory.
MT. NIC Tam || || 5 d. Säid Pakistar would not want its territory to be used a for del vering arms intended for hostile actions against a neighbouring State, a communque issued after his meeting w | th the Soviet Foreign Minister, Mr. Eduard She Werradze here said. The two mgt à th= 5owiéL Foreign Office y esterday.
Mr. Noorani was replying to his counterpart who said the Soviet Union would strictly cornply with the Geneva accords, but nated that Pakistän Was also under an obligation not to allow on its territory "the presence, refuge, training and arms supply to political and other groups waging subversion against Afghanista."
Mr. Noorari i stressed that Pakstan 'strictly' intended to a bide by its Geneva commitment not to interfeite in the in terria | affairs of Afghanistan. He agreed with Mr. She werdnadze that the Interna|| problems, including the formation of governments, was the exclusive prerogative of the Afghan people themselves, the communique added.
5

Page 18
FORE
Pakistan aided Sikh r
NEW DELHI May 8,
D: made by captured extremists in the course of
their interrogation confirm the involvement of Pakistan. In the anti-India activities of the protaECrists of Khalistan. One such extremist-Amrik Singh, son of gian Singh, a Jat Sikh of Shahpur Goraya in Gurdaspur district - revealed after his arrest on December || || , |986, that a Pakistani Intelligence officer na mad Malik had Conveyed to hirm n June 1984 that Sikh youths fearing arrest in Punjab should cross over to Pakistan where they would be giyen every help including Supply of arms.
Arnrik Singh sent more than 100 Sikh youths to Pakistan and he himself, along with. Wassan Singh Zafarwal, a member of the Panthic Committee, went across to Pakistan. Under the instruction
of Pakistani intelligence officers Malik and Wakar sahib) Amrik Singh and Bhai Kanwar ՏIngh,
president of the Akal Federation notivated 375 Sikh youths including NEWar Singh (who later opene a Khalistan office in the Golden Temple complex) in Faisalabad ja II to fight for their rights.
Meetings in Lahore
At meetings held in Lahore on April 1-2, 1985, under the aegis of Pakistan security officers - Malik Asif and Bharlı — Bhal Amrik Singh, Bhai Kanwar Singh, Bhai Gurjit Singh and A tinderpal. Slogh (of the AISSF). Ajaib Singh Damdami Taksal) and Balbir Singh Sandhu discussed measures to coordinate the activities of various terrorist groups in Punjab,
Amrik Singh confirmed that Sikh youths were trained in subversion and sabotage techniques at carps located in Falsalabad jail, Civil Lines in Lahore, Dalla Koth In Slalkot di strict, Lala Musa, Jalalpur Ja than and a
building at Sheikhupura in Lahore.
At the Da Isla + traille wa 5 Skif Intelligence offic Sikh youths how handlė explosiwe: for de storying r bridges, co|| tanke
t
Between Febr 1985, Pakistan in headed by Malik than 100 trained in 2 batches in a Cross the borde each team was Tnoney for m 2eti
Arms consign
According to Singh Sachdow a Singh alias Ton; Walt Singh of House, Amritsar, Sikh Youth Feder (ISYF) sent a arms Worth S. 250 for on Ward transhi under the guidan Singh Gill of the In der Singh himse of the SYF and January 5, 1987.
He disclosed t based in Pakistan the procurement to give directions |sts in Punjab. the || SYF, hic said Weapons worth at from Abdul Rahim of the NorthProvince, through of one Shari S a Pakistan Sikh Pakistani intelliger Jalaluddin of Lahor tant lirik between and Pakistan who with Dr. Arjinder based top extrem

IGN NEWS
"ebels
& oth camp, the
Sufi, a Pakistan er, who taught to make and 5, and us to them alway tracks and rs, power houses,
uary and July telligence officers Infiltrated more Sikh young men to Punjab from !r. The head of g|Yen sufficient пg expenses.
ment:
solchan Inder Ilias Pushpinder y, Son of KanDelight Fashion the International ation of Canada consignment of ,000 to Pakistan Prment to Punjab Ce of Satin derpa ! |SYF. Moham if was a member was rabbed on
le Gill had been to coordinate of Weapons and to Sikh terrorAnother plan of Was to procure Jout RS. 20 lakhs 1 a gun runn er Weat Front lar the assistance Ingh Sindh, a Working for the Ce ser wice. (Ormo e Ywas an i rimporSikh extremists Was in touch a Singh, U.S. SE.
- HIndu
The other side...
(Continued from page II 2)
On a Friday when the Mujaihe. deen guns are said to be stilled you climb into the mountains and Cof Te Upon a resor Woir and down below an abandoned golf course that has known better times.
The clubhouse near the dam that spans the reservoir is bullet
riddled and windowless, and a part of its concrete roof has caүed Iп.
It is also on a Friday that in the large open spaces just outside the town that the Afghans indulge in all forms of gambling, from betting on trained fighting dogs to cocks to playing with dice and cards.
Something that strikes you very forcibly as you travel around Kabul is that be it the factory floor or labour gangs digging ditches to lay pipes, the workforce
is ei ther qui te old or very youпg.
The young men have either
joined the rebel groups, got killed in the fighting, conscripted into the army, or walked over the mountains into Iran and Peshawar as refugees.
And as Afgham is tan awalits. Its
fate with the witdrawal of the estimated 115,00 Soviet troops there is a growing optimism
among the Afghans that ewen If the Soviet withdrawal spurns a virtual bloodbath trne will effect the compromis es that Will end the war and bring peace to this 'wmflar" -to: Th Frid ,

Page 19
ЕсоNoмү
Poverty alleviation
Warnasena Ra5aputra
in |978, Robert Mc Na snara
predicted that by the year 2000, those living in abject poverty in the world will be reduced from 770 million in 1985 to 600 million due to economic growth. He was hopeful that as economic growth takes place, it will make wis I ble Impact on the poolt, and that assault on poverty has to be made in an environment that is conducive to rapid economic growth,
Today, there are nearly one bI 1 Ilon people in the world who are living on the margins of survival. Among these nearly 80% are absolutely poor, living under condtions of severo mail nutrition and ser TI-5 tar wat lor lewels, condemning them to endless prospects of powertү.
When Gunnar Myrdal Published
the "Asian Drama" ha created a greater awareness among the policy makers, researchers and
others in the developing countries of Asia, about the urgency, that
had to be placed on a poverty alle w lation Progra Time for Asia, Lot of Work has beer) donc |
this respect but Poverty is still with LS. Ewery nation has done go fliuch tif work. If this conslettion but the results achieved hawe not been in proportion to the efforts put in Sri Lanka, perhaps has done more than most developing countries to alleviate powerty among the lower incomẽ groups. Accordingly, it had its successes as well as failures. There are several questions that remain unanswered. Why does poverty pers Ist despite long years of experience In powerty alle wiation
Dr Rasaputra is Centra| Bank
Grot of the
programmes? Do th lag behind desplt Why does poverty What steps can eliminate power ty? to find su table år and related ques
TE
FOÉ W
Selves.
to Wor
lack of
Inter Wills of trile
ולסrם חב.at1ןallew rewie wyed. Te Wisco intensified.
Despite vario by government ment organ lisat| still with us,
problem which ch: and magnitude frc Powerty in Sri wieweld in the wast strides it social sphere. In had a reas omab of living than m countries. If" | had a life expect literacy rate of infant le mortalit thousand. Corr. for most South were low Ėr tha by Sri Lanka.
Lanka's econom 10 ments were fa | most South and countries. By

esוחוח25e prograו c efforts made remain elusive
ba taken to It is necessary is Wors to these ions at regular
achieved a life expectancy of 69 years, literacy rate of 86.5 per cent and an infantile mortality ra te of 29.5 per thousand. More womcn hawe entered the labour force. The average income per In coma Tecei wer. In rural area 5
poorest of the poor have to find fork in order to maintain themBut poverty reduces capacity k due to ill-health, malnutrition,
initiative and self confidence.
so that poverty rammes cal be d, improved and
5 fot re and non governɔns, Powerty is It is am els i w c Inges its character . טוחLI נ}i tם וח t1 וח Lanka ha 5 to be
context of the as made in the
1950, Sri Lanka y high standard yst of the Asian 950, Sri Lanka incy of 50 years, 58 per cent, and i rate of 92 per sропdiпg figures
Asian countries those achieved 1960, too, Sri nd 50cial achley c
above those of jouth East Asiam 984, Sri Lanka
has increased to 82% between 1973 and 1981/82.
Despite these achievements, the incidence of poverty has abated very little. Thus, the incidence of poverty declined from 27.6% In 1973 to 22% in 19882. The per capita da ily calori e consumption declined from 2,572 in 1969/70 to 2,290 in 1981/82. The worst affected were the two lowest deci les where the calor la con - sumption dropped by nearly 400 calories over the same period.
This apparent deterioration of certain indicators of poverty could be attributed to changes in tha character of poverty itself. The world has gone through several economic crises and the environment that emerges soon after takes a different shape with new requirements and new problema. The breakdown of the traditional social organisations can add a further dimens I on to exist Ing
7

Page 20
problems. The causes of poverty are many but can be identified. What is essential the reford, is a multi-pronged assault on poverty. This has to be backed by Institutional support from the public and private scCtors,
The poor est of the Poor hawe to find some work in order to maintain themselves. But power ty reduces capacity to work due to | | |-health, malnutri tiom, lack of Initiative and self confidence. The ir termitten må ture of their labour force participation is further restricted by lack of opportunities. Productivity con Straints are further aggravated by inertia and even bad luck. As incomes decline their indebtedness increases. In 19882, the lowest income group receiving less than Rs. 400/- a month had negative savings of nearly 40% of income. Any poverty alleviation programme must raise the job opportunities for the poor, raise food availability and provide shelter for the homeLe 55.
One of the greatest achievements in this respect is the sharp increase in paddy production and the yield per hectare. In 1984, the paddy yield per hectare in Sri Lanka was 3,000 kg and was higher than the yield obtained in India, Pakistan, Malay
sia or Tha i la Ind. This in Creago is WILa for it has laid the Easic foundation for increased supply of food to the poor and an
in Crea 5 e in per capita Income of the poor in the future.
Increases in productivity can lead to redundancy of labour in a particular area and this requires a re-allocation of resources to increase job opportunities. Economic growth and employment expansion must go together. Creation of job opportunit es to
the targetted group requires i mirTed late attention and this ha,5 to be reconciled with policies leading to long term growth. This would not only give short term benefits to the poor who In turn will work for greater progress within the framework of economic development, but also, would provide greater stabi
B
lity than prowid la 55 he wher consumption,
There is of national dimensit ity of incorne a problem. Incom WEET ČLJI I i E5 i the Outlook se el more gloomy. policies are not ower this proble term. It is not ower all the tors to work against Supplies must ra 15e IncorTe5 bi done in the shc required is to : those areas that the new derlift Would rean th; adjust the econc situations. The gram mes howe', solutions to exi Without inflictin on the more Wu of the people. At hawe often led unemployment it mainly because rigiditles that smooth function market forces.
Most of the P. They possess of Their Incores increasing emplo real wages. Th some land, own acre - per i famil: economically viab be able to benc intrease | r the as they carn mot g table surplus. E turns to this pri reducing input productivity can duction of powe be supported by cing policy. A against agricultu in Creased rura || L. Given the domi activities in the L migrants into suffet mot ärīd ir of poverty allew
tחcרחםwסImpr prices need to With the devel

ing a privileged e withal of high
OUTSe. En in te T
in to the instabind to the poverty = differences bet1 re in Circa sing aחid T5 to be even Trade and aid a de qua te to get rim iri the rmiedi u rimi possible to get traits that tend early solutions. he increased to it this cannot be Irt tun. What i 5 ihift resources to are favoured by structure. This it we hawe to my to meet new
adjustment profet, must fird sting imbalances
g severe burdens Inerable sections ljustment policies
t) ir-r" este r um trlesסy cחaוח וי of the existing tend to obstruct ing of the free
oort are landless. ily their labour. an be raised by y ment or raising e pоог who owп
le55 than half an y, and are not le. They will not sfit from a direct
price of paddy Enerate a markeinhari cing the reaductive asset by :osts and tais ing
|ed to Go Te re
rty. This has to appropriate por IAny policy bias
re can result in urban migration.
rance Of Service Ir bär area5, these urban areas will tensify problems iåtion,
in agricultural be supplemented opment of rura
Infrastructure and supporting services. A poor country by itself cami mot meer the SC requirement:5 to increase the supplies. This ca || 5 for FT1Cre Fc5 Cources and their productive utilisation assisted by the international community with Concessional aid. This is af the more necessary because poor farmers are food producers who on Lin-economical plots. They hawe to be wean cd a way to the production of commercial crops. Given the necessary assistance, the small farmers can be expected to participate and benefit fully by switching over to produ CIS that will give them a high rate of return. Whether the Poor hawe Il title or no colla teral, they should be able to get credit on the basis of their productive capacity.
There is no doubt that success in poverty a lleviation progrrmmes largely hinges on the ability to main tain sustained economic growith. The benefits of such growth should seep down to all levels. In addition, this requires a direct assault on poverty to protect the poorest of the pcor from any possible social deterioration. The resources, whether they are human, physical or financial must be used to the fullest extent by increasing their productivity, efficiency and reducing costs. A reduction of the opportunity gap will enable the poor to get more jobs, higher incomes and higher labour force participation and provide the incentives to display their initiatives whilst becoming involved in development activities. This will also enable local aspirations to be reviewed by constant inter-actions with the poor. The central planning organisations will no doubt provide the leadership, but to Tuch of central can be counter productive. Too much of central control will lead to paternalism. Self relance cannot be fostered under paternalis T1. There is an inexorable need to foster professional confidence of youth in rural a reas by scientific farming. Without efforts of youths, without instilling confidence into ther and without self reliance, the future of agricultural farming can Lurn out to be bleak.
What is required is total approach for poverty alleviation.

Page 21
Growth strategy and
(WORAD REPORT)
or a range of reasons Sri
Lanka's experience of the relationship between economic growth and welfare in a broader sense have been very closely examined by cconomists and quoted in Internation of debates. Until recently it had been almost conventional wis don that Sri Lanka was an example - perhaps an admirabic example - of a country which had managed through a wide range of redistributi wist and wel fare po||cies to maintain an un usually high quality of life for the majority of its poor citizens despite a very mediocre rate of economic growth. It is not surprising that this conventional wisdom has recently been challenged. For it would seem to constitute an endorsement of the policies of the previous more statist - inclined government of 1970-77, and a de facto critique of the more growth-oriented and private sector-oriented policies of the present government. A major research study on ''The Evolution of Living Standards
in Sri Lanka", financed inte afia by NORAD, has recently been completed by the World Bank
and the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. som C of the research papers ralse major questions about the accuracy of the "conventional wisdom" as defined above. Equally importantly this research has produced some wery penetrating critiques of the quality and accuracy of the data series bearing on powerty and income distribution.
In comparison with many other developing countries, Sri Lanka produces abundant social and economic statistics which haya a reputation for relative reliability.
There are a range of statistical series which bear directly on questions about the levels and
distribution of materia I welfaste: the national accounts; sample surveys of consumer Income and
1. P. Isenman. “Basic Needs: the caso of Sri Lanka", World Development, Wol. B, INc. 3, 1980.
expenditure (and possession of co access to hous and food consun by the Central 1963, 1973, 97 (Consumero Finan the Department Statisti C5 II i95 (Socio-Economic national food
morality statist range of data f, Population cens U
It is surpris light of the app the statistical ri availability of th rc Cont World Bar research project,
dificulties. In re about the evic standards, comm bution of incon
and of the nate the poor er secti lation. Part of the way tha W tra Bank resea conducted. A n mic researchers simultaneousy b con similar sets using different almost always methods of ad imperfections o different statist tric techniques appears to hay consolidate and points of agreet to identify and points of disag available paper researchers rar another's conclu: outsider, theref by mapping O The thods used a conclusions rea Is it possible t and evaluating t
Ings. This exar help in clarifyin useful products
research project: tion of the

ECONOMY
Sri Lanka's poor
less consistently insumer durables, :hold amenities, Ption) conducted Bank in 1953, B779 and 1981/82 te Sureys) and by of Census, and 70 and 1980/8 Surveys); annual ba artig 5 h 30t5; s; and a Wariablo or the deconna |
s
ng that in the ar ent slithness of alterial and the results of the k - Central Bank there should be hich Ing Conclusion: lution of living on of the distriand Welfare, rial conditions of ons of the PoP LIthe reason lies in orld Bank — Cen"ch project was umber of C Comoset to Work ut Independently pf questions, often sets of data and
using different justing for the f the data and
=aוחם חםם l Bם חal alם No attempt re been made to summar|5e their ment; much le55 reconcile their rement. In the is the different ely address one ions directly. The re, has to begin
ut the different nd the different hed. Only then
o begin comparing :he differen L fidcise did however g one of the most
of the original
a 5 trong Indicainadequacles and
incom SIG Iecies of the existing statistical data and of the dangers of attempting to draw refined conclusions from a crude data bā,
The ITiըim attempting
faced II O draw Conclusions about the evolution of living standards are explained below. It was, however, possible to build con sorme of the resu | ts of the World Bank Central Bank research project and draw some conclusions of varying degrees of firmness but, un fortunately, wery little quantitative Precision. Taking the period since 1970 the three main conclusions are:
(1) It is virtually certain that a large fraction of the poorer population have experienced stagnation or deterioration
problem
in their standard of living since 1970.
(II) Correspondingly, s ince per capita national income has increased considerably since |970, it follows that tha degree of inequality in the distribution of In come and Welfare must have Increased considerably,
(iii) Leaving aside the adverse
r Peopleס סם yחaוח חס Impact of the changes since 1979 in the value and coverage of food subsidies (see section 1.3.3.) it is not possible to make a comparative judgement about the effect on the Welfare of the poor est of the different economic strategies pursued by the present government (1977 onwards) and its predecessor (1970-77),
Data Problems
The main problems a rise with the main data 5 er les which hawe been used to assess long run changes in living standards in Sri Lanka.
The first problem is that there is simply no reliable consumer
9.

Page 22
price index for Sri Lanka for any long period of time. The only official series of any depth, the Colombo Consumers Price Index, 15 based on an out-dated Weigh ing system, has been substantially influenced by official wiews om what Price should be as opposed to what they actually are, severely understates inflation, and simply cannot
be taken seriously, in recent years a number of new price indices have been constructed.
But no amount of price data for recent years can remedy its absence for previous years. And even for recent years there are cases of wilde divergence betwë en different surces of information on what should be fairly straightforward facts, such as the prices prevalent in Colombo markets for individual commodities.
If one is obliged to be a little sceptical about the accuracy of recent price indices apparently conducted in a correct manner but nonetheless inconsistent with ono another, how much Thore sceptical must one ble of the results of attempts to reconstruct historical price indi ces on the basis of various fragmentary data and considerable statistical ingenuity Ingenuity, unfortunately, tends to be very personal and subjective. The kinds of assumptions and adjusts ments made to construct long-term consumer price indices vary widely. One of the adjusted indices indicates an owera || consumero pri Ces increa, se of just over 100% between 1975 and 1982, while another points to more than 200%.
This problem is compounded by the fact that inflation has been far from neutra | between different
Categories of communo di ties. In particular, food prices increased espec|ally fast in relation to
other consumero pri ces both aro Lund 974-1975 and in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Real per capita food expenditure is in Principle a very good measure of the welfare of the poor in a country like Sri Lanka where the poor are under-nourished and spend on food most of any additional income they receive. But no trustworthy measurements of real food expenditure can be made
O
on the basis of set. finance studies W. consumer price
The only safe to be that, t: studies based on in real food ex poorest between sumer finance su trusted.
The 5econd Tha equally severe wider range of da attempts to d about trends f poin twise data handful of indiwi of the very usef World Bark-Cer project is clear major impact standards of the of the populatio f|ut Lātiers in
manca artid e Com particular, the relatively well w brings a good h a good ricc ha the prospect of brings in un Lu Sua of imported addit|cm, scirme regular fluctua the Sri Lankan such as major tea prices, may short ter Til eff and distribution
EC010IT115 t5 Car do — attempt ti individual years of special varia however, elicii range of quest HOW IN TE : trends" from 's What statistic One u5 e to Ca and thus adjus! method of a dj. be disputed.
accepted are
2. E. g. unlike
| 582 || Lior bg ; ET E
of basic for Do wye 5 till
the SET sagd con thic premi tians, "Tend that year W Wer thir it

uential Consumer thout a reliable ridex.
conclusion seems aken alone, the apparent changes Endture of the success. We Corveys, cannot be
jor data problem, but affecting a La scrics, Concer"|15 raw conclusions rom a series of relating to a dua | years. One products of the tral Bank research widence of the on the living : poorer sections n of year-to-year economic perforomic policy. In poor tend to eat "hen good weather arwest (especialily rwest) and when general elections ly large quantitles basic foods,
of the other tions to which economy 1s prone, changes in world " hawe substant la acts on the level
of welfare.
1 - ald 50 met 11125 a adjust data from to take account ble factors. Th | 5 is a whole new ions and doubts. separate out "basic mort term factor"5"? a methods does cula te basic trends raw data. The stment will always What cannot be conclusions about
in 1970 and 1977, the 5 5 ET TICE to ha Ye
Of LunĻI 3 Lull abu dari CC ds (see Table A. 9),
make adjustments to
ayai lability data based ise that, without elec' facd availability in ould have been Wei
was
"trends' based solely on assessing
change between two individual years. One can only draw reliable conclusions about trends from any set of point w I se
observations When, Inter alla (a) substantial number of individual years are covered by a similar survey; and (b) different (acceptable) methods of analyzing the da La 3 || Indica te similar conclusions. Unfortunately, among the the Sri Larikan data ser 25 Ywe are considering here, the only area meeting conditions (a) are those on consumier food expendi ture (Nationa | nutri|tional status data, for example, are available only for two separate years). These data are however, adversely affected by the price index problem mentloned above. To some degree Condition (b) is met in this case, especially, if one : gives positive weight to those studies which make fewer adjustments to the raw survey data. The general
picture from the studies, which is pessimistic about the living standards of the poor, is taken
below as supplementing evidence to support a conclusion drawn by more direct methods.
The third problem with the data is fairly obvious but easily Ignored. This is that there is too high a margin of error in many of the data series for one to draw any reliable conclusions about trends from comparling two
of three Sets of Obserwat Ion 5. Reliable indications of ever the direction of trends would be
derivable only if there had been large real changes over a fairly short period of time. And this seems not to hawe happen cd in Sri Larık'a 5ince | 970, There h35 been no sudden major shift in welfare levels of individual large Population categories or in the distribution of income,
Figures on the distribution of income for vari cu5 years Selected from among 1953, 1963, 1973, 1978/79, 1980/81, 1981/82 have frequently been quoted to prove that the distribution of Income had gradually become more equal in the period before the early 1970s, and has since consistently become more um equal The raw

Page 23
data to Indeed appear to support such a conclusion. The data are, however, simply not reliable. Careful comparisons show that consumer expenditure is reported morte completely than income, and that proportion of actual income which is reported in сопsumer fiпапce surveys ha5 varied widely between one consumer finance survey and another, very much along the lines that one would predict given the reporting incentives created by government policy. The high degree of Equality of Iпсапne distribution reported for the early 1970s could plausibly be explained by the incentives which the "socialist" policies of the 1970-77 government gawe to the rich to under-report incomes. While the actual trends in incorre distribution are probably accurately captured by these data on the te are too many ,5טוחםCחI doubts about the data to accept them as useful in their own right, perhaps even for them to be acceptable as supplementary e Widence,
Doubt about questionna re-based data on personal inco T1 es area predictable. What is more surprising is that there should be contra dictions between data series In other cases where I should be fairly easy to establish the facts. A good example is provided by the contra dictory results of clase y comparable sets of Infornation on housing standards. According to the decennial census es of population and housing, housing standards Improved between 1971 and 1981. The proportion of hoLIS es constructed of entirely permanent materials (brick, stone, tile, cement etc.) increased from 35% to 42%. The average number of rooms per house increased by 19%, and the number of occupants per house fel 1 by 7%. A study based on data from consumer finance surveys in 1973 and 1981/82 Indicates similar improvements for all income groups. Yet according to Consumer finance surveys conducted in 1969/70 and 1980/81 average floor area per household remained almost the same and the dwellings of the poorest 25% of the population declined in average area. Even for relatively
eas || 1y measured i rather Tarked chi can be separated Statistica error.
The Ewidance
The basis of th: above - that the of large sections hawe not improve is a rathet sinn had the poor real off, then per cap would hawe incr in fact they hawe
Let us explain
detall. According accounts; real pe consumption incr between 1970 and same ti me, a suE tion of the po
from under"-n LIS supply of calories has generally be recortırı ended miral period, averaging 2.200 per day ( column a). And ם סח ם ur5םf Cס 15 buted, leaving m: calorie Intakes W
Tended ewels. surveys indicated 40% of the pop -75% of their Ir On the basis information on of Income and different in Come some plausible assumptions about of extra income W group will spend
art W. at . estimates of hi Calorie in take Wol. batwa em 1970 a 45% recorded was both genuine equally distribul in come group population ranke other Words, or a simple and Cri the less powerful
And the result |Ing. The Calcu that had this 4. increate been cq the national awer Calorem tak E. WOL very substantially,

ndicators, only nges over til The out from Irırla
first conclusion | iwing 5 tandards of the poor di Sirice || 970 — ple calculation: y become better ita food in takes
eased, whereas
.
reסוח חו 15 וhם
to the nat|Dnl| " Ĉapita pri Wate cased by 45%
1985. At the stantial proporpulation suffers
hment. The total for the nation 2en below the imum during this around 2,00e Tab A.9, this total supply equally distгіany people with el balo W recom. Consumoro financa that the poorest lation spend 70 come on food. if (a) avallable Liha distribution
food bot We groups and (b) (conservative) t the proportion hich each income ם חם וםםםf וrם Om ee || || LI 5 triw o o W rm Luch total ild hava lm cercased d 1985 it this or lease 2 and had been led among all (daciles of the i by income). In he is conducting Ide but neverlausibility check.
5 are qui te startlators indicate 5%; real iпсоппе ually distributed, "age per Capita |d hawe increased by a minimum
of 5% and possibly considerably more. (The uncertainty lies in the lack of direct information on the proportion of extra income spent on calories by each income group. It has been assumed here that this is 50% for the poorest 40% of the population). Yet the actual figures in Table A.9 indcate a very different picture. With the exception of 1984 and 1985, per capita calori e intake hawe remained wirtually un changed since 1970, moving up and down a little in short cycles of a few years, but with no sign of any trend Increase (see es Paclally column c.). The only period of sustained increase was the late
O.
The T-56. . .
(Continued from page 4)
the politics of nationalistic counter-attack, of Sinhala resistance, It is not well-knit not directed by disillusioned senior officers like the anti da Gaulla O. A. S. after the "betrayal" or "amputation' of Algeria. Yet It may hawe a strong political character, ant!-JR, anti-government and nationalistic.
Tha acclimi tisation to violence, access to and miliarisation with sophisticated weaponry, the brutalisation of Society and a les5 traditional respect for the Sanct|ty of life are all part of the pattern of social, psychological change,
And these changes mark the stormy passage from the '56 to the T-5, Revolution.
As in the North, the governIn ent's response has been a tough millitary STF Crackdown. Again, the students, usually the more radical groups, have been the first casualties. The CRM notes:
University students are a group particularly disaffected. There has been a pattern of large scale arrests accompanied by prolonged detention, not merely without charge or trial, but at times even Without prompt basic investigation to see whether there is any justification for arrest".
교|

Page 24
CORRESPO VIDENCE
Harry Pieris
lan Goonet lake's tribute to the to the memory of the late Harry Pieris, a painter the writer had known, apparently, from the very inception of the 43rd Group, cannot possibly be rivalled or excelled by any other critic in the way he has captured for us in literary terms his complex visual response to the artist's complete ouvre. He has traced the trajectory of the artist's development, his key role in the formatlon and susta inance of the group that triggered the most significant development in painting in this country in modern times, with the skill of a true historian of art. How cwer there are a couple of points about the artist's creative work that I felt would be worth discussing and which had not been touched upon by Ian Goonet lake.
Evaluating Harry's work against the background not only of the kind of art his first teacher Mudiyar Amarsekera, represented, but also against the background of the work of his own awant garde colleagues of the forty's, one notices that he was the least 'revolutionary'. To the end he remained a skilled draughtsman, and if he deviated from the jejune academism of the local pract Ioners, it was least noticeable in the por traits... True they had a kind of freshness and an incis Iweness, that his first teacher's portraits lacked, But the element of dari ng that George Keyt or Iwan Pieris exhibited in their work was copletely absent in Harry's work. Stanley Abeysinghe, and J.D.A. Per era were, in my opinion, equally stimulating portrait pan
es
In a social sense, Harry was not a commoner, having belonged to family that could boast of great wealth that had lasted more than a generation. Why I have to mention this fact is that, Harry carried over his bourgeois aestheti
Cism and elit|Cism to his art. He lived the life of a wealthy leis Lurely gentleman, tendling his
22
as most English off from the ol шпorganised, јшп tropical capital. house in Barne enter a complete and the artist
lost European | met h| m late | tham ||k ẽ an artls through the horr Ing A5 | an existe
He was a rep Cosmopolitan wo Tot hawe looked an artist's garre or in a baser Tent Thero was not of the 'Ceylones par lance of the " be he had tropi his cottage, an neatly mown in kept lawn, or c flowers adorning room, but he him of ultimate de successfully carri English colonial local elite of th believe he spoke Simha le 5e at a European to his accident taking a in a poor little and its - att || ke administ Tators di
had to pain' Un important lite the artist, wer though" to brin, of Hi 5 tota | a || || physical milieu ed and live di opinion, a rathi on his art. Th from being an a ed to a specific tire and place. letely divorced and wis joms o people of this doubt if a trul afford to cut sh ordinary fello' Un Pre POSSessing may be,

rden totally cut side, screaming, le of a pocr To enter his Place was to y different world appeared like a k-colonial (when | h | 5 || fe) rather who was going ors of a n Cener yat
ešel titi We of a ld, and he would out of place in t in "önt matre flat in Bayswater. a trace. In him e' or in modern Sri Lankan". May cal Plants around id tropical grass his impeccably olourful tropical his cos y sitting self was a product ra Ĉina tion mogt ed out by the Tasers on the e day. I do not or felt like a II. He was a finger tips, by 1 abiding in terest іпрег1а] ошtpost so many colonial | in their leisure.
this otherwise ary portrait of in pression is tic home the fact nation from the which he workhis had, in my o di sabling effect prevented him tist who belong. and a particular He was comp. rom the feelings the ordinary country, and
great artist can In self off from his Ten however run inspiring they
His sojun in India after his return from Europe was, in my opinion, completely fruitless, and failed to produce the fantastic effects such a trip produced on George Keyt for example. Uniike Keyt audi Manjusri, he never got "Indianised". How could a person who behaved and wed like a European in Ceylon suddenly don a dhoti, speak Hind of Bengali, eat chapathi with ones fingers smearing gravy all over one's face, and sleep on a bare reed mat? But this is what Keyt. Manjusri, and a host of others, who lived in India for some time, did, and they exhibited unmistakable signs of "Indianness in their art, But in Harry's paintings, one is hard put to find an Indianness" that he had worked into his artistic personality. His colonial European upbringing had insulated him so completely from being part of India, that hi5 yisit there would hawe, for all practical purposes, not taken place.
must has ten to add that this was not due to any arrogance or insensitivity on Harry's part. The fault lay. In his background,
which no other artist Sri Lanka shared with him. Other Ceyloness artists were from what we may call the
'middle class", and even though they had an alienating education in their schools, they were not all that far from the degrading social conditions of the large mass of the country's population, and ugliness add disorder that existed side by side w|th unsur passed natural beauty of the country Untouched by colonia rapacity and commercial greed. If he was born to a family less affluent than the one he was born 1 c, perhaps he would have made a more stimulating and a more technically worthwhile contri bution to the art of Sri Lanka. May be in that case the 43rd Group would have had to wind up its activities at a fairly early stage in its life, and many young artists would have gone without the generous assistance of an understanding and a sensitive artist.
— Tillak: A. Gunawardhana

Page 25
REVOLT IN IN DIA (2)
Ethnicity and regionali Jharkhand resurgence
Arawind Das
A storm is building up in the geographical heartland of
India-2 tribal districts in south Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. The Ali Jhark. hand Students Union (AJSU) and the Jharkhand Saman way Sami ti (JSS) have given notice of the revival of the popular movement for carving out a new state. Typically reacting to the storm signals, the government or what passes for government in Bihar, the epicentre of the storm, has
In Its a II too familiar os trich style, buried its head in the un certain sands of the law and
order machinery, hoping that like the earlier ones, this storm too .assק wIII
The Jharkhand movement has Indeed 5een its ups and downs, The Jharkhand Party, founded in 1937 by Jaipal Singh, has gone through so many twists and turns and factions and fragments that even its golden jubilee has passed un noticed. But today a 5 ituation has a risen where in the Jharkhand movement the Jharkhand Party has become irrelevant. The movement and the || 55 Lues that give it momentum transcend party formations and have acquired the vitality of an autonomous, spontaneous upsurge which cannot be Wisked away.
The 5ues behind the resurgent H LLHHH LHHLLH LLLL KLL CK CLL aLLES C0W er cern turies, the native population of the districts included with in Jharkhand has been oppresed by others. In the last two centuries, the oppression has been compounded by the exploitation of mineral, forest and human resources of the region. The immense mineral wealth of Jharkhand has been used by outsiders
without adequate compensation to the people of the region, Coal Iron Tanga e 5e TCa uranium and a variety of other
minerals and r India's economy ted from lհ: proportionate be men hawling Ti ecological balanc has been shatte from heavy indust and hydro-electr commercial exple resources. And, Indigenous Ped subjected to OPP humiliation. FC transportation til industries Outs chaln-ganging int in mines and fac քf land and t the tribals in to
slave agricultura hawe been featu|| economy of Jha begin matched
sault on the 2. of their way of that it is " subordination, O neglect, of th tradition, dom | religious and soc |rmy idiou 5 extern Caled Great Tra hawe representĘ cultural conques
The sub juga til has been mo si monstrated by position vis-a-v or dikus who the area li influence and W. physical terror economic exploi cultura 1 o PPTe of the mines notorious AB Chapra-districts backward ne55 brashness. The li migrant5 li u workers and Pe; hold sway not ment in industr;

sm the
metals w 1 tal for hawe been extrac:- ırkhand Without inefits of developeached it. The ‘e of the region red by emissions :ry, massive dams icity projects and itation of forest worst of all, tha les have been ession and cultural 3 rced nil gra tion, D plantations and ide the region, o hazardous Work tori e 5, allenation he converson of borded of semi| labourers, etc., res of the political rkhand. This has by a cultural asdiwass. Der 15 Ion |ife on the ground rtitive", active r at best callous :ir languages and na til of over the | ali mores through son of the sodition - all these d the attempted of the adivasis.
bin of the adiwasis
dramatically detheir subordinate s the "outsiders' e Cursor to isition of power. alth has un leased which compounds :ation and socioilon. The mafia
drawn from the
C-Arrah, Balli a, where cultural matches junker
ggression of these leashed on tribal ants. The dikus ily over employ
but also pract
cally monopolise trade and commerce. Till recently, even such middle class as existed in the region was essentially non-tribal.
It is significant that it is the emergence of an enlightened middle class among the adivas is that has qualitatively altered the Jharkhand movement. Indeed whic tribal resistance to domination and exploitation is legendary and peasant Insurrection among them
against landlordsm and usury have taken the form of great upsurges like the ulqulan led
by Birsa Munda, the first political organisation of adivasis in a modern polity was begun by the Cambridge-educated Jai Pia! Singh who had led the Indian hockey team to its golden trail in the 1928 Olympic games. In 1937, exactly fifty years ago, Jaipal Singh founded the Jharkhand Party.
It is perhaps not only coinci.
dental that It was a round the same time the 'untouchables" (later called scheduled castes)
and the "primitive' forest-dwellers (later classified as scheduled tribes) started asserting themselves under Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Jalpa Singh, respectively. The attempt of both to articulate the grievances of their particular constituencies got in evitably Interwined with the issues of the general polity of the age. Babasaheb Ambedkar's role in the evolution of the Indian constitution was not divorced from his concerns about the social, political and cultural resurgence of the "backward class' and Jalpal Singh's association with the processes of industrialisation, in particular his closeness with the Tatas, did not stop him from organising the tribals of Jharkhand,
The difference between Ambedkar and Jalpa Singh however was that while the former saw through the deleterious effect on the scheduled castes position exercised by the politics of the Congress and thus disassociated himself from it, Jaipal Singh led the Jharkhand Party into the embrace of the Congress. The result of these different courses was that while the Towerment of the scheduled " castes reta | ned sufficient autonomy to allow selfexpression of its people to go
3.

Page 26
through the stages of achhoot to harijan to dalit, the selfconsciousness of the tribals under Jaipal Singh remained passive. The noted administrator-anthroPologist, K. Su resh, Singh, quotes the perceptive British civil servant, Sir John Hubback, as remarking "Jaipal Singh's prowess on the hockey field was not necessarily combined with sound political judgement''. And, the tribal novement 5 tagnated, with the Jharkhand Party drifting between the Scylla of Congress politics and the Charybdis of the easy wenality of its leaders.
The original phase of the Jhark
had moyenner I had developed on account of se Yeral in trinsic and contextual factors. The poli
Lical and ethnic asser. I en of the tribals, in particular that of the Mundas, had been facilitated by the politics of the Muslim League which hoped to car we out a tribal corridor between the two segments of Pakistan, the Bengal-Bihari tensions which made Bengal is seek security and 5 Li periority among
tribals and the attempt by a section of capital to car we out a rela Ill Wely autonomous "steel
state' whose boundaries by and large corresponded with the Jharkhand region. With Independence and consolidation of Congress rule, much of the context changed. In order to regain vitality the movement had to respond to altered circumstances,
In the 1960 it was precisely a new general situation which injected vitality into the otherW 155 Toribund Iharkhand Troyement. K. Suresh Singh has sumTari 5 ed elements of the changed
LLLHHLL S S S LL LL LLL L SS L SS LLLLLLLLS radicalisation of the polity expressed in the form of political extremism, agrarian radicalism and cultural revivalism of the subaltern groups, rise of urban and industrial pressure groups occasioned by economic recession, natioma lisation of to al Tines etc. and growth o of the Ti || tant trade union movement in response to the Inst|Lutonalisation of the mafia.
This new situation significantly affected the fragmented and sactionalised Jharkhand movement and centered it on concerns like the rights of workers and peasants.
교
A new leadership outs i de Muida ra Santhals, Kunormi non-tribals who the cause of the ir ca. Te to the fo phase of the symbolised by it creatly e Jhark har led by Shibu Sor by the legendar) coa | TiiTi e 5, A invigorated move succe 55 e5 | Dhai Pargarias and i III a. diku money.lende and Tafia hoodu about social refc
resurgence a Ton transcended eth
However, the :
of the - Tb | ures of electo to the decline
phase of the leadership fel p Ties ied gu rent and for a that the story was being repE the present re Jharkhand mower trated that cor been premature. Now a third Jharkhand mow This Limo it i: tribal but it is non-tribal work to co. It has a di : motiva Ed e ad sophistication ar not the archety dwellers but sti In LIT-bar and Much has chan cal есопопny of lai pa || Singh fou hand Party and reflected in the from issues of et 15 to 55 5 en 5e of the te ment wi|| also of politica eci
India rolls c
(Continued f
once the Soviets 5ш5Pect. Арраг Is betting tha figure prominent Soviet politics,

this time from nks, and including Mahatos and even empathised with digenous peoples Te. The Second
WT 5 he mi || || || tant and Id Mukti Morcha en and supported leader of the ... K. Roy. The 2 ment had signal bad and Santhal dition to fighting ers, and grabbers ms it also brought T1 and cultural g the tribals. It
icity, simplistic policies leaders and the ral politics led of even this Towerment. The rey to blandishby the establishwhile, it seemed of Jaipal Singh :ated. However, surgence of the ment has demons1 lusjon to hawe
I phase of the ment has begun. поt only pan— cludes within it ers and peasants itinct ideologically ership of great ld its cadre are Pa|| s | m pla forestudents and youth industrial area 5. ged in the Politithe region since inded the Jharkthe changes are moyement shifting ninic| ty to regionain the broad est
rm. Its de Ouebe in the domain эпопmy. D
· utי rom page 13)
are gone is widely ently New Delhi t Najibullah will :ly in Kabul's postdespite the mujahe
din's repeated insistence that he must go. But Gandhi has other reasons to befriend" Najibullah. India is İncirca singly worried that the Soviet pullout will give new life to Moscow's efforts to improve its ties not only with Pakistan, but China as well, two countries whose support of the 'mujahed in have kept them at a distance from the Kremlin. That prospect frightens India, which wants nothing to interfere with its cozy relationship with Moscow.
Final obstacle : Morgower. Gandhi could point to concerns closer to home to justify taking the diplomatic gamble. Najibullhah, weak though he may be represents what may be the final obstacle to the rise of ML5 li m fundammern tal| sm in Afghanistam, That prospect is a bleak one for Gandhi, who with his myriad of other social problems, can ill afford to allow radical Islanic teniets to takehold in India's own disaffected Muslim minority.
But Pakistan didn't like what it saw. "'Unfortunate and regrettable' was the way one Islamabad government spokesman described Najibullah's officia I wist, his first ever outside of the Soviet bloc. Pak 5 tri ha 5 other warries, to C. A blood bath in Afghanistan could delay the return of 3.5 million Afghan refugees now living in Pakistan" 5 Eborder ar citās. And om Ce the RI 55 i ans are out of Afghanistan, Washington may not place such a high priority on aiding and arming
Pakistan, current y se en 15 a "frontline' state against Soviet in roads. Recently the Reagan
adlinistration reiterated its commitment to Islamabad and unweiled a six-year S4 billion aid package to Pakistan. But some U.S. officials doubt that Congress, which must approve ald allotments, will look a 5 favorably Lupon Pakis Lan Once the eléctora [te tiu rom 5 1 5 : atten tion away from the cause of the mujahed in and the plight of the Afghan refugees.
Unifying role : Najibullah undoubtedly viewed his trip as a boost to his efforts to win a measure of International legitimacy. In India he treated New Delhi officials to a run down on his plan to create a "pluralistic, multiparty state".

Page 27
BUKHARIN’S TESTAMENT
Re-enacting the Revolt
The Long Day's Task'
քldy, Soviet politics, Siriwardena's Were included in di Collection
is Reggie
Sri Lanka's Jeading authority on Russian Lite
translations of Anna
of verse published
5 Yr Wydir.
He has written extensively on Tokstoy, Pushkin, Dostoe
and Blok.
Inspired by Bukharin's "memorised letter' to his
before leaving home
to the Krerin,
|al trlர சா
The Long Day's Task" was preceded by comment LHLLLLHHLL L LLLLLLLLS LLLLLLLHLL S aL LLLLLL C LLL LLLLCLL
Octobert Siriwardena's essay anniversary number.
Revolution's heroic edders,
on BUKHARIN was published
ther rose Irld
This comment on The Long Day's Task" is by
ISLAND columnist, JAYADEVA,
66. ... the long day's task is done
And we must sleep".
Some tasks are still undone when sleep comes upon us; some take much longer than we artcipate. The task that Anna Mikhayalovna Larina wife of the great Russlan revolutionary Nikola i lwanovich Bukharin, undertook In 1937 was accomplished only in 1988. On receiving the final summons to the Kremlin to face h 15 actus er 5 - a journey which he knew was to be his last - Bukharin entrustnd Larina with the sacred "rewolutionary' duty of redeeming his name. He ma de La rima Themorise a lettet "" to the future, to posterity, windicating' himself. It was too dangerous to corn mit such a message to writing; so Larina had to learn it by heart, and "'save" it in the tablets of her memory, unt II time was ripe to release it to the leaders and the people of Russia. For fifty long years she carried this unique document in the her meric security of her head, the privations and
humiliations she suffered in the Stalin era helped to etch the "writing' ever more deeply. And
when she Judged the circumstances to be prop i tlous, La rinn "coPied" Bukharin's letter on paper, and
submitted it to dead ran's Wor thetic ears. In F.
Bukharin (a long sed at the Irfaro of 1938) was e
charges and ful
"Larna and LeLL: "" — a mai
tale at the co Woman's U5 Wer man and to the 1 : It is a tale that y corne of Lus, wh2 of Russia and th For Russia. Watc. | fres Istible, bec: takable political Reggie Siri War poet, liberated as exceptional Russia-watcher, a source of it H His Witte story of Bukhar goes without title of the pl; Day's Task". A reads: '' IT -- Tmiel |wanowich Bukha year of his bir til year since his honour of the forti Ludo of A. Larina".

Jtion
Hera's first erature and
Akfıra toya Iri [Fe - 7)"5. vsky Chekov
wife, Lariпа, d = execLIť son, dres on the ation of the contribution, In Eur IDլի
ܕ°
the regular
Gorbechew. The ds fell on sympaebruary this year, With his co-accuU5 Moscovy Tras xonerated of the ly rehabilitated.
the Methorsed wellously human re, telling of a Ing devotion to a leial the em bod | sed. will touch everyLEWET UT W WYG e Russian system. hers, it will be u5 e of Its un T115= "E515. FOI" dele, humanist, Marxist, as well |y we||-informed it has proved to be erary inspiration. a play on the In and Larina. It saying that the ay is 'The Long Wild the dedication mory of Nikolai rin the centenary and the fiftieth execution, and in love, fidelity and nna Mikhay allowina
Act
Plainly, The Long Day's Task ls an act of homage; it is in praise of Bukharin and Larina, their in destructible faith. In each other and in praise of the values they stand for. The characters are as emblematic as they are indiwiduali 5 Lt. Mr. Sir Warde In wests both Bukha rin and Larina with a shining moral purity; he is rather less interested in their I ndiwiduating Personal tral. Es than in their representative function, whether as principal figures in the affairs of a ratior at a w Itali point in its socio-political evolution, oro a 5 partners 1 n la pri Wate, domestic relationship based on mutual trust and afection. What Informs the play is a steady historical sense which sees the flow of events in their larger connecting sequences and patterns. Mr. Siri war dene rem inds us of his dramatic focus In the opening paragraph of his "Afterward" to
the play. He writes:
Ekecution
Fifty years after his execution,
Nikolia Bukharin has tisen froni
the grawe. It's not just the fact of his exoneration and rehabilitation that is significant. As the
Soviet Union struggles to Cast off the Incubu; of Stali nism, Bukharin and what he stood for
constantly surface in current discussions and controversies. The fundamental question the Soviet experience - from the era of Sta||m to the er of Brezhnicy - raises is whether total certraised state control of the economy is compatible with political freedom. Bukharin's great importance for the liberal is rig Soviet Union today - and for socialists everywhere - Is that he answered
that question with a decisive "no"
Stated | other te TT5, MT
Siri war dene's perspective i 5 deeply
고도

Page 28
and unambiguously humanistic. And it is this quality that attracts me most to the play.
Unfortunately, however, I am not qualified to comment upon the theoretical and philosophical implications of the rhetorical position adopted by the playWright, partieu larly In respect of Bukharin. I simply don't know enough. But I must confess to a gut feeling whIch tellls me that Bukharin was right in his opposition to the policies of Stalin. In the course of a highly revealing exchange with his old 'antagonist' Kamenew, Bukharin arguesi: "And we don't war the soglist industrial revolution pushed forward at such a pace that it comes into the World - as Marx said of capitalism - bleeding from head to foot at every pore'
Lived
Fe'W Sri Lankams who hawe lived through the past five years in this country would disagree With Bukharin — no rewolution, however desirable, is worth the cost if it arrives bleeding from head to foot at every pore.
A Long Day's Task is a play of modest length. Within its brief Compass, however, touches major bases. Primarily, I think, it awakem, and animates the humanistic impulsa in us, in a manner that is affirmative but never naively optimistic. At the same time, the play alerts us to the uses of history in comprehending the por cas en I and guiding the future. This historical orientation ends special interest to the play, if only because i s Pells an approach quite alien to local dramaturgy,
"Nearly all the events of the play, both public and personal, arc based on historical fact", Mr. Si riWarde e states in his preface to the printed text. For instance e vem a minor. Incident like Bukharin's encounter with a for tune-teller in the streets of Berlin is true. That is to say, A Long Day's Task conforms to a dramatic genre of recent origin which draws upon authenticated, documented fact confin ing invention la gely to the area of
6
structure and cha Tacite T r d b, history as dra to a frequency fidelity.
History
Now, of cou always been th
CÒr, shall we sa: amenable to th Full of heroes, wi sundry shady ch frequently, ewen fictional imagi na superb hun ting
play Wright.
"For God's sk
the ground
Arndt ei 507d stori
krigs:
Hoy Sortle hal we b ,rםץץ mו חld Iצ
$оппе Пашпted b) have deposed;
Same poisoned by
sleeping killed;
A murdered: for
fil WWII
That rounds the
a kIпg
Keeps Death his
Thus Shake pe punctions about
ille for hi r
Continues
Death contini court everywher have changed si day, and not and style of go torical awarenЕ: transformed. Si death of kings without howeve yearning to kno the present. Ine the dramatist I. temporary evеп li wling and othe out immediate day's dramatist than his predece

o the detail of usiness. In short, ma, but uned which offers high
rse history has e stuff of drama. , history is very e dramatic form. illa Ins, 5 trum pets, aracters and wery ts that rock the icn, history offers
ground to the
, [et L 5 s t u pori
es cif the death of
een deposed, some
the ghosts they
* het WWE 5. Sorre
within the hollow
mortgs temples of
CaLIrt. . .. ""
are had no comraiding the Chro. a W material.
Les to keep his e, but other things nce Shakespeare's only in the form "ernance; lour hils.- is too has been ld stories of the still fascinate us, : satisfying our w and understand vitably, therefore, atches on to Cont, to figure 5 5 Li | | rs who reside in
recollection. To
is better placed ssors. Shakespeare
had to do with a-not-always-dependa ble Hol Inshed; we, on the other hard Hawe acce 55 to an un told Weath of archiva materla consisting of reportage, official record and personal reminiscence. A II we hawe to do || 5 dig, Lunearth choose and thern fashion o Lur content to suit the medium, and our point of view,
Easy
Actually, it is not as easy as | hawe made it sound, especially if we are concerned with fidelity to fact. Nor is documentary stage dra. Ta as y et a significant. part of the mainstream in most Parts of the world. But it indi
cates an important tendercy, which has to be related to kindred developments in other media - developments such as "new journalism', 'non-fiction'
novel, documentary and semidocumentary drama in television and cinema. Miss sing, The Kling Fields, Gandhi, The Last Erperor in film Mountbattan, The End of Empire, Holocaust on television; In Cold Blood, Of a Fire on the Moon. The Armies of the Night in the 'nonfiction' novel, The Deputy and A Linng Day's Task in drama, all denote to an emergent thrust in the narray e use of contemporary or recent history. The television product in this category is naturally the best known, followed closely by film.
History
The deployment of contemporary recorded history on the stage is unusual and for a very good
reason. The stage is a tricky place to impersonate the living or the dead, if they are to
receive er iLial or un converlLand interpretation. The cens or ing hand can fa I heavily on Such controversial enterprise; besides, there are the laws of defamation and libel. Ultimately, therefore the leeway for 'non-fiction' drama depends on the openness of a given society, and on the maturity of its historical consciou sm 255.
(Солtiпшеd оп page 28)

Page 29
BOOK REVIEW
Major-General Anton Muttukumaru, The
tory of Ceylon - An Outline.
Foreward by Pi
Dehiwela, Sri Lanka, 1987.
Ramdhara B 0
Jayewardene, 227 pp. Rs 525.00
Shelton Kodikara
first Sri Lankan Army ללחך Commander has written a Military History of Sri Lanka
from the time of the Anura dhapura monarchy right down to the contemporary ethnic conflict in the Island. It is an ambitious, but commendable exercise. It is essentially an account of the army in Sri Lanka through the ages, sketchy, no doubt, in a book covering nearly twenty-five centuries, but it is a pioneering work, the author makes no claims that It is anything more than an outline, and hic concludes express Ing the hope that "someone will emerge who will pick up the threads where | hawe left off and weawe the continuation of this study".
The author has based his study on the standard texts, ranging from the ancient chronicles, Queroz and Ribeiro, Tennent and the early British Commentators on Ceylon, down to G. C. Mendis and Wriggins. But hic also pursued research into his subject during visits abroad as Army Commander and later a 5 a diplomat, in numerous Archives in London, Lisbon and the Hague.
If one were to ignore the blandly un critical adoption of military heroes in the ancLent and medieva period which the author depicts In Part I of the book, which he has subtitled ''The Indian Period', several interesting insights emerge from it.
One relates to the wat like qualities of the Sinhalese. The author makes reference to Tennent's comment about the "ascertained inaptitude of the Sinha lese to bear arms", which led Sinha lese Kings "to take into their pay a body of Malabars (or Damilos as the Mahawams a calls them). In order
(The writer is Professor, International Relatioлs, Uліүегsity of Coloлbo).
to protect the terior" (p.7). Ret context, to the ' rents of the A mercenaries and author says of ('the Damilos, Kernatas"), tha Wariko communit was such that important part | (p.3.1). The milli hand, was drawr rists, from pe of Geiger described til ling and wate and waiting for perpetual fear might an nihil late t It was Gelger's "the Sinhalese WE people, and the n fore, of no great In his "Army and Ceylon', which cited, Geiger quoted the auth who found the na ble to mi || ta Well as the a Mahawa T5a, "w|| ce5 of Sold Ier 5 r exposed to an un
(P.3).
Now the auth cribe to this wis tude" of the Sir fighting. At an did not find "consistently tr found that ther Sri Lanka's hi aptitude of the for fighting was The crucia | wa rial was that "'" su manifested wher the influence of of our military
And the auth these military

ilitary His: ks (Pvt) Ltd, sident J. R.
Ճast and the inarring, L n 2 la tero -סטוחסם חalוח סw: tha י .my", I.G * the militia, the the met Canaries
Keralas, and "they were a y whose efficiency they played an n Ceylon affairs' la, on the other from agricultu"" is Wilhelm then who Were ring their fields the har West, li םWh 5חסוחf deם he whole work'. wiew, too, that re not a warlike ni litia was, the remilitary value". War in Medieval the author has is said to ha We ority of Cordiner, Siրին lest unamery discipline, as uthority of the hich gives instanunning away when expected danger"
or does not subsw of the "ineptiha les e soldier for y rate, the author this wiew to be tue' (p.209). He e Vere L1 The5 il itory when "the (Sinhalese) soldier i unquestionable". ble, for the author, chaptitude i was they came under
the great captains history" (p.209).
dentified numbe
or has ha Te5 25
in the entre "Indian
ring six
of Sri Lanka's history:
period."
During that period (BC 16 to AD 1505) one hundred and sixtyfive sovereigns passed through our history. can, however, single out only six of them as having made any wofthwhile contribution to the development of military affar', They are Duttagamini, Gajába.hu, Dhatusena, Wijaya bahu I, Parakramabahu the great and Parakramabahu W, all'i ölf whom contributed in some way or another to the creation of martial tradition which might have been passed on to posterity" (P.53).
A connected issue is that relating to the role of mercenaries in Sri Lanka's army in ancient and medlewall times. Were mercenaries made necessary because of the militia's military ineptitude, as is implied in the book? Or was it not rather the accepted practice of the day. The author states:
""I have been critical of Sinhale se Kings for not having taken steps to Create a 'standing army' even though they were under constant pressure from the South Indian region. Such moves would have enriched military history and helped to create military tradition".
(P.213)
The author asks himself whether the concept of the "standing army" is so essentially modern as to absolve the kings for their omisson. The fact is, that it is. Even Europe did not know of standing armies until the early 19th century. Even the British in their contest of Sri Lanka, profited from the crossing over to their side of the
27

Page 30
Swiss regiment de mercenary regiment, from the ser wice of the Dutch. The author has noted the fact but appears to hawe mis sed its significarice for his argument about standing armies.
Meuron, a.
In Part II of the book, which is devoted to "The Colonial Period', assessments by foreign commentators of the fighting qualities of the Sinha les e soldiers hawe changed. Farian Y Sousa, cited in Tennant, is quoted to the effect that "at the close of Portuguese dominion, the Sinha les a made the best firelocks for the East' the author comments that Geiger himself, who "did not have a word of commendation for the Sinhale se soldier In the pre-Portuguese period has by contrast nothing but praise for fight Ing spirit of the Sinha les e soldier in confrontation with the Portuguese" (p. 83). One would have expected a fuller treatment of the guerilla resistance offered by the Kandyan Sinhalese against successive invasions by Portuguese, Dutch, and British invading armies, though the author does allude to the adaptability of the Sinhalese in devising an art of defensive warfare suited to the terrain climate and "the wooded nature of the country'. By the time of the Uwa Rebellion in the British Per cd, according to the author, the Sinhale se soldier had "Come into his own", and encomiums in support of this view are clted from John Davy as well as from Cordiner, the latter's comment being that "there are few countries in the World where the rude and undisciplined peasant is so nearly on a level with the trained soldier' (p. 108).
Part III of the book, dealing with "The Modern Period', that is, period after independence is, not unexpectedly, the most useful part of the author's military history. He was personally invos. ved for ten years, frem 949 to 1959, with the organisation and developinent of Ceylon Army, first as Chief of Staff to two British Army Commanders, then in his capacity as Army Commander. He looks back with pride and also
B
With a sense o army he left beh nurt Lr Ed in t military tradit. Ic withhold a tin, dissillusionment of Particular seg at particular ri Crisis in Sri Lank | נ:"" סhaם חם.1 זם וו can apply to : опс іп үwhich With am externi he is character give the benefi TTO rer BC51L |15 sion of army di Who hawe owerst of army propriet TECO Units, the and trained to gericias – in L units engaged ir activities, in the required to del II Satyagrahis and dea, in the se called upon to in Surgency, and deal with its Inc a II, a Tarmi I In 5 U5 LETIETCC and Cut5 ide the cou
In a 1979 re. army, its role only in terms o to diferid Sri L exterial or it Titā Civil au thortie essen tial ser wic Lupon to do so, T1Clpate in nate Projects.
After his reti army, Major-Ge TU SÉrved WITH di Plomatic reprɛ Lanka abroad fo years, and for 5. that kept up his r13 (10113 || affaro : with the Ceyl World Affairs This book is Continuing inter of Sri Lanka eye shores to take another country, nu ing feel ing for

nostalgia at the nd. Having been le best British I, he can scarcely e of regret and | wer tha beHawIour ments of the army onents of social He rejects the 15 faj r in War" ny situation but army is engaged | enemy, though stically prone to of any doubt in inces of transgrescipline, to those epped the bounds f. As the author
\rmy was armed ne et local contine fifties army
antitrade union sixties they were with non-violent an abortive coup venties they were quell a Sinha les e in the eighties to st difficult task of s urgency de riving support from ntry.
rganisation of the was redefined not f its responsibility anka against a in ernal threat, to d order in ald of
to ātā ir es when called
but also to parinal development
rement from the nera | Muttukumadistinction as a sertātive of St r a period of ten everal years after in Le T55 t in Interby his connection on Institute of is its President. evidence of his st in the affairs after he left its up residence in And his contithis country and
its institutions are sincerely expressed at the end of the book "in the fervent hope that the Gods, who hawe | ayished so much elegance and beauty on this lovely land of ours, will make it ther divine Purpose not to su lly that beauty by the continued shedding of precious blood and will instead endow our leader 5 with the wisdom to arrive at a lasting and equitable solution of the issues. which now threaten the integrity of this country'.
Re-enacting. . .
(Continued from page 26)
Represents
A Long Day's Task represents kind of a drama which is still
taboo in our country
- ܩ܂
Our contemporary history we enact in the form of parable. And our parables for the theatre (no Brechtian parallels intended) are peopled by gross caricatures
of persons in public life. They are meant to provoke humour, not to bring a clearer view of Then, rima [[ters or historica ! process.
Which is fine - a good laugh
has a cathaistic effett, I t Exorcis: eg
demons. Sadly, though, we get no closer to confronting the bleaker realities of our Country.
A Long Day's Task performs this necessaary duty for a land far away. Obviously, there are degrees of glasnost.

Page 31

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