Page 1
* Changing scene in
Vo. 1 2 No. 4 Սune 15, 1989 Price Rs. 5.(
LEE (UJAN VIEW: Prema
THE INDIAN AS DEMON -
BEYOND ANASAWIYA: W
INDIA AND THE TIGERs.
| P.K.F. Put-our DEB
Premadasa's anti-J.
Indian perspectives -
o Sirima's support O.
CHINA: Revolution from RAJIV - BENAZIR:
 
 
 
 
 

" Tamillnadu — s. Murari
O Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka O.J/32/NEWS/89
lasa's role model
— Laksiri Jayasuriya
- Re-examining Kapferer – R. S. Perinhanayagam Why poverty program now o — iunil Bastian - The failure of local
parties — Dayan Jayatilleke
SLSLSLSLS
W.P. move
Mervyn de Silva
- K. K. Katyal
Thomas Abraham
O Patriots rally
below — strobe Talbott
the budget
- Mikhil Chakralla i M. B. Mag
O INDO-PAK NUGLEAR PLANS

Page 2
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Page 3
STUDEMT UMRES
Sfra 7 fs f7 CW377 577 ElsewFere d'Error5ra ed agair75 τError gα πgς αείς πια η ά τα deaths of students. Major fraulife spots outside Colomo were Kard". BāVā, Bādārā vā. Matale, Kagalla, Anuradhapura, Mātārā ārā fā7ārtota.
/л Калdy, ола &гшdалt was kissed and seven were rured wћел polica opened fira.
Wr7 - Co/or 77 Eyo, po Wice used fear gass ta' break up derroristrations of Hawesock Road.
Ол JUле 9, frт!ег-илѓversity
5fter riors led arrass F77ęęfirg. 3' f/79 Wugègoda Tarket Suare, a place fr7LICs Lises fог до/fffca/ л7еeffлд75 fr7 recвг7ї Ifтes, to agitate for (according fo WPHE /SLAWD), "freedor77, the right to exist and other demoCràfic: rights.” The gat s'ha ring WAS 77 FT SS five a 77 ya WY77.
WHEN THE IPKF GOES
Five flığı/Sard Tore 50/ders är L KIF āde to fie 32, ČO ČOČ) поw in the Sгї Lалќа Army fл preparatio ir 7 for the fou MW out of ť F7é 45. ÚÚ0-77d 7 / 7 ďary Peace Kaesfrg Force fror ffe WortsEast Province. Outfitting these rra yw brigadies will cost 2,000 гтт////ол гидрғes, Army Commaryser Gerera W ar 77 i Wtor, Wä IF7F7 - sing he told the WEEKEND.
The beefg rmediately the (
BEGGIM
BAN
Bagging is fC WS Ēgirs ir
State MT ster f Sāmārìỉ"ã Kär[]. gs. Tf7 ) är 7 1 a rht טנוזrקlלCr) חו begin with. T/ scheduled for .
7f7gr. GrĖ ,tryחשטThe E וfr глfглistry sшгvв are fл the cїїу.
FOR UNC PORN S.
חiaזJrr:Brטמן, A. a porг7 гасќгї її fer frā ir 75 ferrĖ. ūātā fff".
ya fers W7a w 2 fu :לז פְrEpgrts laughter fwi) woman who hLisband for f ђевг7 5trїддесї. ал7d raдеої.
Officias Wer aga inst adust WFL Carrie für seletti r 7 55 report, rupting gators, C#
LA MFA
LSLSSS K SSLLLSSSK S SLLLLS S 0S000
PTC FREG. E.)
Published fortnightly by LDnka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
No. 246, Union Place.
COLCME ) -- 2.
Editor. Morwyn de Silva
Telephore: 547.584
C O M
fe wis Background Ja nisia Yiya
Premiadas. E, nd the post-color ill St.
India's Interests, L.
Local Left
Tht: Re: gicon Anthropology - I
Foreign News
Printed by
82/5, Wolfendhal
Telephor

up will start imGarı ara/ Safd.
G TO BE
NED
B(T, ftחנe barל ו - Est week. Elbe righ a briffd7f2.
or Social Welfara a rate was L.O- will a in posed fлттаог towл5 го a με ένη η γης, Μνας ffs WWEER.
50.000 Noeggars accordfray fo ? ty, and 10,000
COWER MIG EAMDAL P
ם?artיונr:rחrם נאלWWh P Fk FW F 55 ' ' , it i rri rrjePare resLirid, 3 r reww5 f. F 77 af fier - F7/ sisfers, a rari 3 cine with for םנקלו &tary IEWחדות וז дЛofод7гадherї
| CLTrrsffé Eyg e5 Go Its of girls "rstgrg W5“ for "ffar77 5tārs, ffe sJolige fra vests
T E MTS
TTE and
교5
Ananda Press
Street, Colombo. 13.
35575 :םך
1983 anti Tamil riots
C) In the Mlatio Tia | ILI estiori and Marxism appearing in the L. G. of May 1 st. Dayan Jaya tila ke slates that by the 1985 A pura massacre, the LTTE transformed the State WS Tami people contradiction in Lo a State plus - Simhala people wis the Tami | people one. Well, what about the anti-Tail riots of 1983? Was it only the State that was engaged in the logTOT? I might as well state, What was a State WS Tai gLIer il Cor tradictio Wad 5 transformed into a State plus Sinhala people vs Tamil guërillas plus Tami people 500m after the ki || img in Jaffna of 13 soldiers in July 1983.
Н. Јеyarajah Jaffna
Error
| wish to point out a factual error in Kumari Jaye.
Wärldenes ExCeller t article, "Feminis and the Left | SO Luth Asia.""
She cites Ali Shariati's book "" MarxisT) a Tid (Other WestET Fā||acies"". || 1 fact
this book Was naver vriften by Shariati. It was actually published by Savak without his authorisation and consistèd of selective excerpts from notes made by Ali Shariä ti as a studant a Mass had University.
en Close a Xerox of the relevant pages from Erwand Abrahamian's book ''The Ira
nian Mojahidim", Tauris, 1989.
M. Ra Cambridge, MA Miss USA

Page 4
S. S. SOCIAL SCIENTS
129/61. Nawala R וחטlםC)
Publications
The AlternativeS - SOCIALISM OT BARBA
Collected Writings of G. W. S. de Silva
A MEDITATION ON CONSCIENCE Ely C
CAPITAL AND PEASANT PRODUCTION Studies in the Continuity and Discontinuity Agrarian Structures in Sri Lanka
ESSAYS OM THE SRI LA MEKAN ECCOM
ETHMCITY AMD SOCIAL CHAMGE IM (Also in Sinhala and Tamil)
FACETS OF ETHMICITY IN SRI LANK
Reprint Series:
No. 1 Kinsmen of the Buddha: Myth as Po the Ancient and Medieval Kingdom () R.A. L. F. Gová e
2 A Forgotten Aspect of the Relations
Sinhales and the Tamils - A. Lyarag
3 Gajabah LI and the Gaja bahu Synchron into the Relationship between Myth Gала пар Среysekera
4 Ideology and the Interpretation of Ea
Forrissa "siapar
LLaLLL LaaLLLLLLLaLLLLLL S LaOOaLLLLL S LLaS 0 S 0HH L aLLLLLL History of Sri Lanlka (includes the f
Caste El Social Change in Ancient S
KErä|ä5 in Médiéval Sri Lankan Histo
Aspects of Social Change in S. W. S
Religion Ef Politics in Kandy 1814-32
A Nota on the Mata la Uprising of 1
The Caste Problent in Modern Sri La
LLLLSLLLLLLSKLLL SKLS LS LELLLL SLLLLL S SLLLL

A. TS ASS0CATTION
oad, Nara henpita, bo O 5
ARISM
Faлariat/h Obвуseќега
Լյf
(MV 1977-1983
SRI LAMIKA
litical Charter is f Sri Lanka
between the
EלagנBr7ל
lism: An Inquiry and History
ry Indian History
es in the Social blowing)
Ti Laka — P. W. B. KarL "7 as/alkā
ry — A. Liya n7aga r77age
Price
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— K. MM. P. KL Wasekara
B32 — Kā Virādārā
ikal History — P. D. Ka F7 r7ā ragara
OKSHOP OF WFNE TO THE SSA
2OO
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Page 5
PKF PULLOUT
Collision COurs
pressure move
Mervyn de Silva
P: Premadasa's preemptory "quit notice" to the IPKF with its two-thorith deadline has placed Sri Lanka on a diploTatic confrontation course with India where Mr. Gandhi's Congress preparing for an Un Certain polis battle has its own time-table. Not surprisingly, Delhi has spoken of "logistical problems", neaning that it is prepared for a phased pullout, the phase and timing mutually negotiated
In April Mr. Gandhi had told the annual Army top brass Conference he was plaining to withdra 'W' the "buk" of troo DS SOOT. Bringing the boys back home would Hawa Ebeg a wote - Wi Er. Wher Eas pulling them out on the quit Order" f the Sri Likā PSidīt would have been understood by tha | India i electorate as a slap in the face of the regional superpower", the flattering title recently
awarded by a western press, seized by a warm, lingering fascination for the Raj Super
powers, regional or global, are Tot ëxpected to DOW to the dictates of small neighbours.
India is a bustling democracy, with a strong Opposition and a wirit press. That makes a difference as Filarly an American President discovered during the Wietnam War.
And the increasingly self-confident Mr. W. P. Singh, and his National Front, issued a strongly worded Stätterlerint accusing Garidhi of bringing dishonour to the Indian army and to the country by his 'costly Tisadverture" which irn the wi aw of the four-party IliārCE WāS TO W ä "total fai || Lira".
Mr. Gandhi has another cause for anxiety. Sri Lanka is now a 'dead issue" in Tamilnadu, the large South Indian state Where a cocky Congress "l" got a thorough drubbing from the DMK of Mr.
Karu ārlidhi. K MGR., is tha Luth of Tā ir tērest: his party — actu originally — spei IPKF's With -and-east by the this year coincid ing of the elect dia, and there" the north (say, to EPRLF C be held respon. Widiari So Luth, A important for impregnable "Hir successfully sto Singh,
AAWER CAMP
Stյ Wt have a cament that is pe rater tail Br Wi5 = d = 'wis Afgha fashio na ble alla апаlogy is applic relation 01 |W te Totiv 35 for intrăr rations. For Bri of US iter wgTiti Revolution, and Out of Islamic fu the USSR's Cit Republics. For M was creeping U Sri Lanka dLIring Trico mainly, W course, the fear separatis Til spillir "traditional home thë birth pola çe SCE55i StDM
No, Rajiv's pl Amërica - Su and electoral Co politics of re-el
For President F elected, it is the wal. The JWP-D the final phase successful cam disruption, and d

Se O
2
är Lina lidhi, mot 1Britic Spokesman S. The ia me Of tחEוחWBם וח ally a aks for itself. If rthםח וחםחaWal fח 2 second half of es with the beginion caпmpaigп іп 5 a 0 || OCH Et ' IT the LTTE goes for ine) Gandhi will sible by the Drand that is wita|| y Ti silice the Ce di Belt" Flas EEE "med by Mr. W. P.
REDICAMENT
Gandhian predi: culiarly American gzhne wit ë SOViet mistan, another logy. The Soviet able, if at all, in io | Indira. Gandhi's ventionist prepaEzhlew, the threät after the raria the possible fa || - Tidamenta | is Ti. Co Tā Asian Moslem lrs, Gandhi, Liere S intervertiori ir
JRS first ter - OA, etc. Ald of " Of Ti|itat Tamil gover to the true land", Tamiladu, Of th 3 g:8
K.
ight is Tore t lan perpower pride, siderations, the 3 Ction.
Premadasa, newly : politics of SLIrwiJW has lowed to of its stunningly Daign of terror, a-stabilisation -
the anti-India phase, the holy war against the main enemy", and its "puppets". As usual, it was the cartoonist who said it best. In the SUNDAY TIMES, Premadasa was seen scrawling "I NDIAN GO HOME' in huge black letters on a street Wall. In the corner, studying the man who was trying to steal his most appealing slogan, was the JWP Leader, Mr. Rohala Wijeweera, wrapped in thought.
Ordinarily, Gandhi lay awe excused President Pranada Sa's somewhat unorthodox diplomatic Style – the quit Order Was is suéd at a temple ceremory - but now he has to weigh the matter most carefully. His own prima ministerial Office is it stake. The Bection is likely to be very closely contested, though the victors may prove a motley lot, a coalition which may collapse quickly,
MATIOM AL COMISEISUS
The growing national Consensus Supportive of Mr. Premadasa's a mno Lincemět presented problems mot only for Gandhi but for the JWP and its airs. There was litt le do L Eat that the Presidert was seeking to underming the JWP's most effective propagan dist-agitational campaign. He was trying to steal the JWP-DJW's "dashapremi' clothes. It is NOT as revoluti la ries or Goci | reforma TS that ta JWP is now appea ing to the widest section of the Sri Lankan electorata. It is as "patriots' who must unite in the Cormon struggle to free the Country of a foreign army - incidentally an army bigger than Co Lur Wri. That is the ""Iiberatio" that the JVP-DJW is low talking
about. And in that struggle, any patriotic Sri Lankām, including capitalists. UN Pers, Simhalese,
Tamil or Muslim, has the right to join. Thus the mass appeal of the 'anti-India' campaign.

Page 6
President Pre Thadd5E) Could Ilot let that campaign grow. The other political irriperative concerns the LTTE. The first ro Lund er ded. Contact was made mutual confidence slowly built. One important fact emerged. The LTTE would Hdvance to substantive issues if the growing trust was reinforced Ey symbolic gesture - say, a ca || for the IPKF's Wit Idrid, Wä |.
So President Fremadasa's "cuit Iotice" was both an anti-JWPWDJW tilitical move is Well as demonstration, a Symboli: gestur E. HE chose the templa, proper forum for the destrative reassertion of his Presidentia I I LI thiority, the authority of the leader of a nation that was still schwereign. In short, he was once again replying to the JWP's popular slogan of "puppet Fr BSidEnt.“
By this gesture Mr. Premadasa was also underlining the legitimacy of the Presidency. (The legality of his election is being challenged in the Supreme Court by Mrs. Bandaranaike, but legitimacy is Something else, and often more important), Mrs. Bandaranai ke was the first to support the President's unilateral move - a largo Step to Wards bipartisan Consen SLIS. Soon, Other Opposition parties joined the ranks of the widening COn San SLIal b|0C.
THE JWP - DJW o Wewer is tot impressed. The speeçhes at tha Nugegoda ra|| y confirmTed that Tuch. They will back up their anti-India slogans with action.
Whät 50 ft of action, thạy hawE made plain in Rohana Wijeweerä's statement, translation of Which was published in the I.G's last issua, and published, note, in the (Madras) HYWDU. How effective will this campaign prove 2
Will the targets be exclusively Indian 2 If so, what Will be Delhi's response. The campaign Will reach its climax on June 14, the JWP anniversary, as we go to press, (Sea Boycott campaign)
4
BOYC
(A SUN Con
A. to bt, y, accompanie along other
porting and S diä fi|TS is th сапmpaigп expet clirTax on June
The posters
Lբ throughout other area of
refer to the citizenship offs dians (5 mm Although it is
thes "Citizens' Wg|| be aing people of Ind WOTP Stripped ship in the I restosed their
Wati 1g Tighits b)
TF ETSנן
Tidia
to be about the po the i diaris E Lanka. Thë
d the Mist Defence Ranja assured full Indian people country and to
Ets
But what it S that te T goverПГПert ar ded to the la La Tikan for Ces to protect the living in the to protect the ad maintair in the South: : rity for the th ticiĦTIS artid thTE Ht.
SECURITY
Could the wide security t add to it the
Tets |liwig in Sri L
Foreign Mi told Parliame

NEWS BACKGROUND
OTT “NDANo
irrentory)
cott Indian goods d by banning things the imcreening of Inhe ther of the led to reach a
14.
that have sprung Coloribo and the Country also 'Distinguished F5 to tha: || - la Purwa Sikam). Tot i Clär WO are it may wery j ät tig Tali| an origin who of their citizenāte 1940 ārld citizenship and y recent || FWS,
government ap
leeply concerned is si Ele harm to |y living in Sri Foreign Minister er af Stata for n Wijeratne has rotection to the living in the India establish
ust be realised esources of the e already externxi Tui. TF13 Sri are expected Sinhala willagers East; they hawe key installations law and order and provide secuo usands of poli
officials Lidor
g0 Wernment proKJ || these and
Indian establishle Indian people
kā.
lister
tat
Wijeratme the gow
ܒ .
ernment WOLIEd recrUit five Ebalttalio 15 to fill la Wa CLILI I T O Ca th|| || PKF || Eä WEES. But that a lofE VL tāk f: Th.
C) ne d() e5 mût kr10 W What the definition of Idian establishments are, is it the big firls and hotels that are owned by Indian Companies? Or does it al5O Teä F1 the SmäII time Pattah businessman selling cloths and text ill £35? - and the food stores selling thosai, Wadai, cha pathi and 5 weet maats? if it is a II those the it is ā very wide definition.
And the government bly knows that it can't meet a threat of that proportion, and por o wide guard to each and
proba
everyone of these establish
E15.
Despite its promises to proWide SeCurity to indiam establishments, last Thursday a lone youth entered the State Bank of India building and started shouting anti Indian Slogans. That in the wery heart
of Fort, just a few yards away from the Presidents House.
Tragedy Tay face the country should any group attack and här ä5s the Go Indians änd the shops and establishments.
Ronnie charged
The Attorney-General has filed action in the High Court of Color:Tmbo, against formar Finance
Minister Ronnie de MB for criminal reach of trust. The SUT1 in WWEd i 5 2.3 T1ilio rupees. Mr. de Mel, it is al
leged, has put to persona I use foreign exchange granted to him for Overse a 5 tra Ve. Four documents have been listed as productions, and the AG has filed a list of Witlesses that includes top officials of the Ministries of Finance and Foreign Affairs,

Page 7
Indian fears over boyc
COLOMEC
ith a Week to go bogfore the
Jarinatha Wimukti Peram Luna's (JWP) call to boycott Indian goods takes effect, there's a great dea of Thürựnus fless am Qng busine55man and traders who deal in Indian goods, as well as among people of Indian origin setLLLLSLLLLLLaL0SS LLaL S L LL L S LLLLLLaLLL about the prospect of violence breaking out.
Th163 JWP 1 a5; C: I Igod| cr || "patriots" to stop buying Indian goods, withdraw their money from Indian banks and cease all economic dealings with India from June 14. Large, handWritten postars, the JWP"5 fa waurite melhg Of CITUnication, have sprung up throughout the
city declaring a war against did i gria || 5. Wealthy Indian usinessmen, who had
been granted distinguished citiZEnship hawe baeri asked to leave the country by June 14, or be regarded as "conspirators agaist the fat" ar ja treated as such by the DJW, the JWP's armë d wing.
"What precautions can we take? asked one prominent businessman of India origin, "If the threat Wd5 Only for a 5ort tirlig vg could go away and the come bäck. But now We hawe to stad and face this". The busiressman feared that factories belonging to people of Indiam Origin might Eje Ettäcked Crface labour problems''.
Govt. guiet: A noticeable feature of the current agitation is the Government's low key response. In earlier instances When the JWP has made threats" the Government has issued appeals to the public to ignora them. This time, there has been nothing from the Government side, Similarly, the police normally strip off JWP posters, or tar them, but in this case, the posters ār stud
Other than local businessmen, high profile Indian establishments are the most vulnerable targets
for tha JWP '5 three Indiä lä Errich Ess i CC| Airlil F25 år se obow India 5 econori Sri Lankas, and bij een äsked to Ca Liticions.
TE JWP"5 : ready begun to importers of Indi stopped opening for fresh credit, reports that Etiam willing at present of credit for im
,icallyוווסח ס:Er
3.HE IIן חר) וtfוחIB trade partners : Iridia mada Lupi LEIt Of Sri L31: in 1988. Sri Sri Laka R55, 23 Of goods from II total import bi Crores. The majo were vehicles ( buses of the India, and ridiar fίΠd a gταννίΠg
Tha Ceutical 5, filod
modities likt orii: Forty to 50 pg O iOS sold Cor. ES do 35 I SīZ3 Of the Cilies a
Political imp Economic boycott
Kaleel wa
Dr. M. C. M. K. recent deliostra ColorTıbo Eloy the T the resentlet against thé i||tre, bret hi rieri i r i the E The attacks on | and selt ing fire and property ci doned by anyon
BLit, to COII til Week after Week especially after the Preside it to

光t
agitation. The liks that hävib mbo, and || Indian ous symbols of c presence in
they have all kā Extri p
paign has alnāve efect, ās an goods have etters of Credit,
ind thera are S är al SÕ LI F1
to open letters 1)I13:T S.
dia is only of Sri Lanka's ind imports by опly 4.1 per a's total exports Lanka imported 9.3 crores Worth idia, OLIt Of d of Rs. 7032 r items of import the majority of fad S Fire frOIT a Litorickshaws market), phargššārttial CCITT113 and chilli ES, if Carlt of the me frofil India, able proportion nd dried fish.
icationS: An of Indian goods
NEWS BACKGROUND
is likely to hurt Sri Lanka more than India, since Sri Lanka is not a major market for India, but India is a cheap source of
imports for Sri Lanka. But the JWP's agitation has important political implications for both India and Sri Lanka.
As far as India is concerned, the JWP campaign will once
again bring to the surface the latent suspicions and distrust of India and Whip up a Wave of public opinion against the presence of the IPKF. Significantly there are people, who are generally supportive of India and the Indian presence, who now feel threatened by the JWP, and that a departure of the IPKF is the only Way to di fuse the danger they face.
As far as the Sri GO Werin Tim Bent
La Ika is Carl Gorned til 5 JWP as made it clear that its real target is the Prema dasa Administration, and the anti-Indian agitation could well snowball into an anti-Government agitation. The Government at present Seam S. CCitant to allo W antiIndiam feeling to swell Lup, since it complements the President's der and for an IPKF withdrawal. BLE If it i5 a 10 WE3d to Cotilu, it might grow to such proportions that the stability of the Government is threated.
Hindu)
"S
ale el said the tions staged in WLislims showed of the Muslims a tilent of their aster province. innocent people to their housas 1 IlrnO t b) 3 C 1
.
Je the proteste by the Muslims the decision of send back tha
Muslims
IPKF, is fraught with to peace and harmony.
"Mischief makers can make use of the se protests to create disturbances which might lead to ethnic conflicts. All Muslims should tberefor B des ist from acting in a way that can lead to communal disturbances", he said.
Dr. Kaleel was addressing the representatives of several паtional Muslim organisations at De mata go där
danger

Page 8
Pullout, boycott: Indian perspe 'Timeframe not realisti
K. K. Katyal
NEW DELH
India has firmly told Sri Lanka that the withdrawal of the Indian Peace-keeping FOICE (IPKF) from the island will not be possible by the end of July in view of the realities on the ground. At the same time it has reiterated its resolve to pull out the bulk of the forces at the earliest possible stage.
The Sri Lankan Foreign SGcreaty, Mr. Bernard Tilakaratna special envoy of the President, Mr. R. Premadasa, called on th B PiT Minister ሶሳ [ . Rajiv Gandhi, to convey his Government's latest thinking On the |PKF's Tole. Mr. Tilaka - rating gawa Mr. Gandhi a message from Mr. Prema dasa – obviously dealing with this very subject.
There was no official word om What transpired during Mr. Tila karatine's call on the Prime Minister but going by the trend of the former's discussions at other levels, since his arrival here on Saturday night, the Indian stand - that the July 29 deadline mentioned by Mr. Permadasa in his recent public speech was not realistic - Was cGrveyed til him GTCE Again.
Blood-bath feared: After MW. Premada sa's unilateral pronouncement, calling for the IPKF's withdrawal by July 29, the second anniversary of the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement, New Dei Hi had been at pains to stress three points. One, India had already made public its commitment to pu|| Out the PKF. Two, the withdrawal had to be effected ir Such a Tha TGr Gs to preserve the gains that had been achieved. Implied in it was the fear that a premature pullout of the type suggested by Mr. Premada sa COL Id lead to
a blood-bath ir er Provinces Uf wiew of the LTT pathy to the oth Three, the newlyled go WET ment Ilegded time to position, So as Inset til Challer Order. With the police force.
The ma in a rg Li Sri Läahlka 5idg Preladas as do SiOS = 1E C
Withdra W I Wä Counter the prot | WP'S ISL
Simhala - dominat e of the Country.
Liter MT. Til Exterial Affair: P. W. När Sillä
Mevлы епwoу: the day for the credentials by Lanka High CC F. S. C. P., Kal || C'essor of Mr. the President, M raman. Normally are marked by sions of friendsh But what the F
TE W BITWO W S: nificant even t no specific rei latest developme
'It is but a sa i the Presi happenings in affect the Cothi: stake in your you in ours. Si a staka in yo if uFS, Both1 Lā, kā hā we tri: shape their Břich othe3r in t logic. The Indo regment i5 a C mutua trList, The

lctives ?ح
til Not- EtSri Lākā i E's fier t1er Tamil groups instalied EPRLFin this province cosolidate its to be able to ges to law and help of a Tamil
I ment froT the rested on Mr. mestic ConTipul
for the speedy 5 intended to blems posed by Irgency in the d southern parts
Karatrië met the Minister, Mr. Rao.
It was also presentation of the low Sri mmissioner, Dr. page - the SLCTā kā rātē — ti Mr. R. WakataSuch occasioms formal expresip and cordiality. "resident and the iaid was sig - I o Lugh there Was Ea rece to tha
truis dent,
to say", "that thiց each country r. VVE 13 y8 a prosperity and Tilarly, we hawa ur security and |Пtiia and Sri ld to steer and olicies towards he light of this =Sri Lanka Aglear Staterilent of 2 implementation
MEWS BACKGROUND
of the agreement is an endoawdur to Which both o Lur COLI - tries are committed. It is a nomentous task to which We need to continue to bring great dedication, Lunderstanding, patienca and statesmanship".
Dr. Kalpage spoke of his firm
belief that 'a lasting solution to the problems that exist in olur. Society Could be reached through non-violent means - through consultation, compro
ise ad corse SLI5, We är confident that we have the goodwill and support of the
government and people of India in this crucia | EndeaWo LIs'. This was a reference to the Sri Lanka Government's talks with the LTTE as was evident from the High Commissioner's remark that "our people are seeking to a Triwe at a COinSCII Sus,
(Hidu)
Blast near Indian High Commission
A bomb explosion Tocked the USAID building adjoining the Indian High Commission and police fired in the air and teargassed Muslim demonstrators demanding withdrawal of the IPKF from Musli areas in the easterm porowi Ce.
Mea While, rČITI EW Ed Extremist violence left 17 perso[15 dead across the island, Sri Lanka security officials said.
Eyewitnessess said unidentifiВН ПBrl WhО ПUTEd thЕ DUmb
fror a passing vehicle had meant it for the Indian High Corrission but Tissed the
target. No casualty was reported.

Page 9
Ball now in Colombo's
(Reports from Thomas Abraham in Colombo)
di and Sri Lanka have agreed that "consultations will Continue so that conditions will be created as envisaged in the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement to facilitate an IPKF Withdrawal following the visit to New Delhi of the Sri Lalkan Foreign Secretary Mr. Bernard Tilakaridtslo.
Mr. Tilakaratne, dalivered a message from the Prosident, Mr. R. Premadasa, requesting the withdrawal of the Indial Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) by the end of July. Without saying so in so many words, tho Indian Go Wernment has Indicated that the time table indicated by Mr. Premada sa Was not om, and the presence of Indian troops was linked to the implementation of the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement. A statement issued by the Indian High Commission says that "on the question of With dräi Wa | India has repea - tedly reiterated its desire to withdraw the IPKF at an early date".
In Delhi, the Sri Lanka Foreign Secretary met besides the Prime Minister, the External Affairs Minister, Mr. P. W. Narasimha Rao, and officials of the exterial Affairs Ministry,
|Пglia's resparise to Mr. Premadasa's sudden appeal was expected, and the question now is t Sri Lākā Gvērtīrīt is going to present this to tha public. Just as Mr. Premadasa did not nina ke an outright demand that Indian troops should be withdrawwir, but ori IW red L I ested thi CA | Ildia Prile Minister to mäko every effort to do so, the Indian response has not been couched in tells of an outright rejection, EL Jt il ter T5, of furt Fier CCT15GLI I taltions to create conditions for a early withdrawwa II,
Domestic compulsion
The call for withdrawal, which W d5 Tdd2 ECCLUSE of the Wär i L5 domestic compulsions that the Sri Lankan President is facing, Was i potentially dan erCIS for
both sides. India tion of leaving t Lanka AgreerTent ted to its satisfac forces are in Sr request of the P Termina ii ii clefia Lankan Gower |lea we would la WE difficult and W CIL OLItcry Within Sri internationally.
Similarly, Mr. F te a TEJä T-55STET refuse his reques Would hawe prow { tantion that the F Cotro || OWE" til 3 that tilt Sri Ltirl was a puppet This II tur L. added impletLIS to tation to push th
THE LITTE HIS tg With TWEI U first step to any ad Mr. Premi Could also hawe to this compulsi
Tht: bā||_{s T}{}ự the Sri Lanka || C. to Wā it to 5ē WN, d:Sa'S Text T10. President feels is
Poice Sta
An af med gali LiforI held t on duty at the Pif Stti: quantity of arm іп a police jeёр side the police säild.
According to
to fifteen youth foris hid COIT jeep and told it table tյr duty a of the police s had arrested so ting posters a suspects held if police cell.

Court
ad O intenunti | ta Indo-Sri
was implementian. But Indian i Lanka at the resident, and to rigt of the Sri ent's Tequest to been extremely |d a w Ea raised a Lanka, India and
Prema das a risked t of having India t outright, which the JWF's coPresidet h5 10 |ridian for Ces and karl Go Werni That Indian hands. d have provided the JWP"'s a gie | PKF Out,
al 50 dêmarided f to IPKF as the peace settlement, tidasa's derland been in responsé O
" Once again in ]urt, and one has 1ät W. Fr ET5ya Willi || E. The trongly that the
ation raid
ng clad in Army e police officers
TiS55 Tahara Tha d removed a large S and drove off J. Stati Osled Jut
station, police
polica about teri 5 in army Unite in a Pajero he police Const the main gates tation that they met JWPers pasriti Waritati tՒig 1 Custody in tha
The Constible
News BACKGROUND
presence of the IPKF has become a domestic liability, and Wilgemerata antagonis This that Could eventually threaten his stability.
The Indian position is that for the IPKF to lew, the Provincia Gowere it of the North and East has to be strengthened, and more powers have to be devolved om it in order to make Tamil selfGovermerit a reality.
But, this stil leaves the question of how the LTTE is to be disärmed and brg Light inte Erncratic politics. The LTTE's conditions for peace are broadly Withdrawal of the IPKF, and a dissolution of the Provincial Gowe rimërit, India will not agree to to this, at east not until the LTTE lay down their arms.
Mr. Premada SH is thus in a bind, and has the difficult task of finding a solution acceptable to the warious parties involved in Sri Lanka's B tric Conflict. But What has onca agai belēm. Tāde apparent, is that any solution will have to be a result of cooperation and consultation betweg the Indian ā Si Lākā Gvert i the spirit of the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreemant.
"Hir Eyfi)
is then said to have opened the gjate and allowed the më 1 to enter the Statio.
SOLIrC35 Said the gar häd then |12|| the RGSEr Wg Police Officar and a fE W Others 0 duty at the point of a gun and locked them up in the cell and removed SLRs, short guns, rifles and automatic Weapons from the police station.
Later they had en tered the police barracks and threatening the policemen off duty removed their arms too, and sped off in a police jeep stationed outside tha Police Station. About 47
weapons had been robbed.
*-

Page 10
WAPAKF PLUVILLOLV7
Sirima welcomes, but blames
he leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Mrs. Sirimavo Bändäräffike, welcomed the de csici by the President to Califor լիt withdrawal of thit Indiam Peace-Keeping Force by the end of July.
The state. It said: We have always taken the view that interla problerins of Sri Lanka shÖLI. Id
3 so I wied ir terrial W.
LLLLLL S S LS S LaHLSLLLLL S LL L SLLLLLLL WFIS borought i to Sri Lärka i July 1987, we vehemently opposed it and continued to do so. However the then UNP government under tha leadership of President Jayewardene chose to ignore our demand for the with
NOI.G. Oth GT Presidit Mr, F LI porn himgolf, E and out- stede, thereby serious good relations
Lit. With dia (if IsfjE. H. f: tirada Ey the U prior to the 1977
The Eld resu tabilisation of S government be in party to an agre; only sacrificed our independer a I d territorial ir
It is now six MT. PreľTlada 5:1 a E of Executive Pri
dril Wal of the FK.F. At that tillig Mr. R. Premadasa who was We are happ' Prime Minister, also did not deem the Preside it's it necessary to call for the with- this at a stage drawal of the IPKF, publicly. Wit Fra Wā|
C.P: EISLIre Tamils ಲ್ಡmaley in the
É15 l. safety Effective de y
' Cטrmוחuחist Party of Sri Lanka welcomes the decision of the Government of Sri Lanka to request the Indian Government to reca || the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).
The IPKF was invited to Sri Lanka by the Sri Lankan governTerit to tha insiste Cf3 of the Tamil militant organisations, including the LTTE to disarm the Tamil militants and to keep peace in the North and the East.
Whatewar the motives be, the presence of a foreign army on our soil constitutes a threat to the sovereignty of our country. That is why the CPSL has always stated that the IPKF should complete its assignment and leave our shores as early as it could.
In seeking the withdrawal of the IPKF the Sri Lankan government should also satisfy the deepfelt security concerns of the people of the North and the East and ensure that it would not pose a threat to the unity and territorial integrity of our country. Steps must also be taken to prevent any escalation of terrorist wiolence and for the return to
8
powers to which cils are entitled CČistītu tiÕrn to tht elected administ Northern and East another urgent required of the
Professionals
The Organisati ii || ASSOC:iti (OPA) has welc by President Pre Withdrawi of t
'Tig C drio C dra Wäl of the F of July this President R. Pri timely and welco by the Organisat siona | Associatio
To OPA having carefully National Crisis, government to for the withdraw This WäS Orig ol posals of the OP ment te gase the and lay the sig peace and stabili try.

jNP too
ihan the present "rema dasa tak it oth in pariarilerit
to Ettack Tidia, ;ly strairning tlhe Sri Lika F3
d Uring my ten Lurë ttle 5 ti-di NF Was started general Electi Cn. It was the dig5rī kā d tie g forced to be a Titi WFC: Et
Lur unity boLIt als 0 ||
|ce, sovereignty ltegrity,
Tot 15 giCJ ||
;SUT1 ed the Office
Sidt, y and Welcome decisior Ewell ät t0 Ca II for the
North and the
olution of all Pro Wicia | CCLIITto under the he democratically tration of the Frn Provinces is measure that is נLוחEוITוחWBrם g
back move
On Of Profess5 of Sri Lāka : 13 d ʻtFB {:E|| radasa for the | || PKF.
a for to WitKF by the end ear, made by rādā5ā 5 st Im Erd Wit Tief i) of ProfCS5 of Sr Lk.
lowerber 1988,
studied the Called upon the pave the Way all of the IPKF
f the four pro
A to the govern
teise sität) | roundWork for ty in tha couri
MEWS BACKGROUND
The Morst flood in forty years
here was no day of rational
mouring for 300 dead in the worst flood in 40 years. There was however a day of national sna Lirsing deitlared by the Govern
of Si La kā for the det of a spiritual leader in another Country, the Ayat CG||ah Ruhollah KНОПeni of Iran, which was right and proper.
The tree Lildred dead were mot in Colombo, but in remote villages, where the por livā, Disasters, natural and otherwise,
LLLC SS LLLLLS LHLaHHHHLHH LLLLLaLLLL aa poor live. Fo Worty, it WOLI Ild seem, attracts disa ster, Those ded il the flod S är lä
Slides wBrg IIOstly the pOOr Erst of the poor. This was the Worst in forty years, but there have Edel floods and lidslides il these places almost every year.
The ai CCum Lulated effect of the relente Ss rape of forests contri
buted to this disastrous flood this year. After each major flood there is always talk of flood
protection measures, but nothing gets dorie; there is never any money for such schemes. Bigsides, these digasters do Tot occur in the cities where the ruIers liwa.
| Colombo, Foreign Minister Ramjan Wijerat në called in the heads of foreign missions and told the in that 300 persons had lost their lives up to then and 250,000 people had been displaced by floods and earth slips in th 3 Ratnap, Lira Kega le, Kal Lu - tid räd, Colombo, Ga || alid Gampři hla districts, He Soli Cited assistance from their countries in the form of food, medica| supplies and other forms of relief.
SëWE TË I ambassadorS Said that they were already in communication with their governments,

Page 11
UTסPKF PULLו TAWIL VIEWS
EPRLF, ENDLF oppose
he Eelam People's Rewolu
tionary Liberation Front and thē Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front hawe protestod against the "unilateral declaration" of the Sri Lankan Gowerment that the IPKF should pu||
out of the island before the end of July, and said 'this would not bind us in any manner".
In a joint statement here today,
the EPRLF and ENDLF said: "W3 wi|| || Tot area to the pull-out of the IPKF until wa feel that we are capable of protecting our people on our OW, with our own law and
order system and police set-up, under the power and control of the Provincia | Gowerment".
"We feel it is our duty to tell the Sri Lankan Government that this kind of approach on its part would only lead to the division of the country", thea Stätém BIt said, Thé do Lubts expor 25 sed by the EPRLF and ENDLF during the signing of the Indo-Sri Lankan Agreement that tha Sri La ka GowerT1ment Would not be sicere il іппpleптепting the Agreement had come true. Even the GowEr T1T1Crt of India, which was one of the signatories to the Agreement, had not be cosuited before Colombo took this decision, it said.
Powers not fully devolved
Though six months had passed since the formation of the elected. Provincial Government in the North-East, the powers had not been fully dowowed to it as agreed upon. Colombo was using delaying tactics and attempting to sabotage the effective function ing of the Gowerent. "Unass aid until the powers are fully devolved to the Provincia | Government, and proper arrangerTents are made under the direct control of the Provincial Government for en
Suring Tai
tha porco peepe, th not pull out": said. This was of the Tamils.
The joint state ned by the EPR general, Mr. K. F the ENDLF's ge| Mr. Gällä Skr:
he political
Liberation Eelam (LTTE) iSSILIËd foi its JLU TE 5 bräd Warted the III army to Stay ir IrditDr.5 to the t:: speaking people, pecting person, Tarm i I., MLIsIirT i r регmit a foreign
to occupy this state Tent declar
""TF || || has repeatedly Indian army w Lanka puroly on missi Corn at the GOW ETT T1 et of that the army dra Will if Sri La El rĒLIESt. Ad government has calling for thig Of the Indial tT India has no of withdrawing it strangely enoug g0 WCľ Tert See|| reluctant to put WB. W 151 t0 gro Linds Hindi Th= arm''' []m đl entire people O the Tamils, M. Si ha lese - v3 är my to Eg tot the LTTE's poli declared.

TOWE’
tection of the
| PKF 5 FIOL th: Stät:0 grt a So the di Sire
Im Bernt was sig -
LFS secretaryPadmanlabha and neral Secretary,
Ipports
Committee of the Tigers of Tamil in a statement headquarters on a II those who dian occupation tha isländ as ILISe of the Tali| "No self-resWhether he is a Jr. Sinha ese Will army to continue Country," the ed.
Prinle Minister stated that the as set to Sri a peace-keeping request of the
Sri Lanka and ||
would be with
kā māks Su
W Sri Laikā made the request total withdrawal OpS. Therefora, ltiam CJthar tham S troops. But h the IT dia nS to be very out its troops. know on what Wants to keep If soil when the f this islanduslims äldrid tha t the did ily withdrawn" tica COT1ittge
NEWS BACKGROUND
EROS Wants timeframe
he Eelam revolutionary or
garnisation (EROS) has said that a timefra The for an "irradiate' wirh drawal of the India Peace Keeping Force from Sri Lanka Can be fixed through discussions among tha Government of India, the Sri Lankan goverment and the raprasentatiwes of the Tamil groups.
In a statement recently EROS: said, "We don't have any contradictory opinion that the 1 PKF should pulI out of our areas. But the time fixed for the pullout of the IPKF should depend on the security of the Tamil speaking people. It is through discussions among the Government of India, the Sri Lankan Government and the representatives of the Tamil groups that a time-frame should be fixed for the immedia te withdrawal of the | PKF,"'
The IPKF and the statements in the Sri Lankan media for the withdrawal of the IPKF obscured the real problems of the Tamils and aimed at deriving political advantages, the EROS said.
The arrasts and the killing of innocent civilians and the destruction of their property should be immediately stopped. Hence, it was necessary that the forces interested in the welfare of the Tamil-speaking people should reach a joint solution based on the politico-military situation in the North and the East of the island, it said.
Th. mis ta kes by Colombo in handling the ethnic situation led
to the arrival of the IPKF on the island.

Page 12
ALT 7E 7TA ALAKS
LTTE the gainer
Thomas Abraham
hic first stage of talks bet
We the Sri Lanka Gowerment and the Liberation Tigers of Tami || Eelam has ended after it. Over three Weeks, With first date fixed for the next roi Lund of negotiations.
This recently concluded round - which began formally on May 3 when the Sri Lankan Air Force helicopter flew Mr. Yogi and his associates in from Vavuniya - has been very much to the LTTE's advantage. Without hawing to lay down Weapons or accept any other preconditions such as accepting the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement, the Tigers were given a forum in which to publicise their demand for the towal of Indian Forces from the Northern Ed Easter provinces, and present the IPKF as the "rCot Causa" of the or 0 - blems of the people of the North a Tid East.
Tigers detail "excesses'
According to Sri Lankan SourCes, the LTTE did Thost of the talking, while the Sri Lankan side confined itself to listerning and taking notes. The LTTE tabled a number of documents detailing what it described as human rights abuses by the IPKF and by the Eela People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) ed Provincial Government in support of its demand for a withdraw of the IPKF Ardi a dis5o | Lution of the provincial government. The other issue discussed during the threeweek-long session was Sinhalese colonisation of the Northern and Eastern Provinces. The LTTE once again produced a mass of do C: UTC tation and figur EG in support of its contention that the ethnic composition of the Eastern Province had shifted in favour of the Sinhales a due to years of State sponsored ColoniSation.
ThLUs far, the LTTE H1 a5 Laer elaborating on its perception of the situation in the North and East and the problems faced by
1 ()
the people of has argued that te || PKF i5, 5 C dition for any settlement. But discussions om ! a Welt Lā il pĘ hawe taken pläd C. believed to have for til text To
Balance shifts
The most sig ment in the tu negotiations is t balace of reli the four parties North ard East - dia, the LTTE
did other Ti|ital With II dia. A LTTE, with its in the jungle, of the defens pressure, while EPRLF G O Wig'r rhith be il Control. some justificatic id i ChiüWG di W, to do in impleme A Ti | Gower placa in the N
Massive p
A Croyd e Sti thronged the N. Square l'Est fi
to speakers at rally.
TIL 5ārds of dents, bhikkus activists were p the large gather armed policerne perimeter of the
Speaker afters tHE GOvBrñrtiert They maintained and condemned of what they t cities against th
speakers decid HntյոyT11ՃւIS.
Arlong the
were forer S riär S. D. Bar the GEEra S

the region. It a withdrawal of Ssential preCOneventual peace 10 SubStärtial the Coto US COf ac settlement e, and this is been reserved Ind of taks.
ificant de wel opret round of he shift in the Btions bet Ween
imwՃ|WEt im tliը —Sri Lankā, lEl to EPRLF nt groups allied th agD, thBחסוח eaders holed up appeared to be i'w B and um dor
Indië) 3ld the ent appeared to dia Could With state that it That It Set Out iting the accord. mment Was in rth-East, three
NEWS BACKGROUND
sets of elections had been held despite threats from the LTTE, pOwEr was gradually Jairig landed Overto the North-East Government, did the LTTE had been confined to the jungles.
But once the talks began, both the EPRLF Gowerlet and the India Government were pushed on the defensive. The LTTE's charges against the IPKF were reproduced in the COTT u liques issued after each negotiating session, and the Indian High Commission was forced formally to respond to these charges. THE LITTE É ISO WÈIt O SCOTT kind of "military offensive" against the PKF in Order to prowe that it was not negotiating from a position of Weakness.
The tigers also launched a successful attack against the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOT), which conce aga in acted as a morale booster for its cadre.
The futurg Of the EPRLF Government also began to come into question following the LTTE's derlands for fresh elections. Tha EPRLF has responded by threatering to take to arms again if t3 i Pro Wici: || GWEFTEt is dismissed without justification.
(27 eפקט דום uedנffrדוםC)
atriots' rally
1ä tråd at 30,000 ugegoda Tarket tida y to listen a mass politi Cal
uniwersity stuand trada - Lilion
rominent anong
*ing, While Lunskirted the i market Square. peaker lambasted for its policies. | ali W FILII [Et ät täck tle Gwering it Il fi5 ''atro= וlB"'''MHrקסEנg ed to TEmain
known speakers LFP parlimentaIdarana yake and ecretary of the
Eksath Lanka Janatha Party (ELP) Gamini Wijeysekera, Sewe
ral St Ludent leaders and trada unionists also addressed the gathering.
Organisers and other activists maintained tight security during the reeting frisking persons at random while eritering the markat Square. Press Photographers were restricted to taking a shot Cor LWC from pore plan med l:a - tis.
No close-up shots of the speakers were å| lowed: organisë ris, however, later apologised on these restrictions saying it was una voidable under the Prevailing circumstances.
The meeting commerced at 2.00 pm and proceeded beyond
W. COO pm.

Page 13
Janasaviya - A Structu
Sunil Bastia
Why poverty alleviation?
is important that in underStanding a powerty all eviation բrՃgrammÉ զLIastic fls should be asked beyond the fireme work of the prografion mia per Se... lin other Words it is possible to ask a basic question of 'why powerty alleviation now?", or why should a national law El programme for powerty alleviation emerge at this point of tire? What are the circulis Lāces and Conditions which had made this possible?
These cuestions could be als Wereld in Severà || Ways using different perspectives. Some of the answers are from a moral or a humanitarian perspective - suffering of a large section of Brty is'יסנ] וחסfrחסpulatiנur ptס not a condition that a society can morally accept, and therefore the need for a powerty alleviation program sne. The Secord af 15war is given from an economic point of view. Poor peoples hawe to be economically uplifted in order to bring the T in to the Comomic main stream, so that thay could be productive citizens. This argument is found in the Janasawiya (JSP) programme as it has been presented. Finally, there is a third argument from a class perspective which keeps the interests of the ruling sections in focus. The focus of analysis here is on reasons that drive th Ed ruling Class Eas to begin a powerty alleviation programme IOW. Moral and ecoloric arguments for a powerty a|3viation programme had been there all along. But what is crucial is its emergence precisely at this
Tole of time.
Keeping with in this last perspective, we would argue that the prevailing situation of social unrest is the most important reason for the emergence of this programme. The powerty allewiation programme is a product of the Socia ! -L rm rest por availing in the society now. It is dictated
primarily by the in the system.
Tālis Īi iltroduced il 1. political stability THIS WIS et i que non for E. irl gemiera l and t irħwest mart im
performance of during the last
|15 0Ut. | 15 WC the performan Cee during this perio The first perio 1983 II i to of The aggravation t:0; flitt, Gish, cé
Hä Wii är äffCt : in many Ways. tability that the liberalised C. feared came print tensions rather tensions as exi of ther. This for Lurd in tha a ir the ||aft as " Tiddle of 1987 wiolence has
southern part o' well. There ar: to believe that tability of the produced the pla: alleviation during election of 1988. the candidate o politically alert
for Ward With th
proposal Was C for it to be platform. It wa OW the candid which to a so responsible for powerty sit Latio
his is electio the main oppo responding to it of World Bank, Whorn they hav. along. Thus Ja of the political Pre nada sa to thi ation of Social
Ha Wing Stated || looking at the p

iral Approach (l)
need for stability
While the libeEt politie5 Werg 377, 5 ciai || Fälld
were key words, oned as a sine conomic growth o attract foreign particular. The ta' eCom Ormy aver years bears ry easy to divide of the economy di i to two parts. Was 1977 to I: fer 1983. Of the etic 1983 began to WוחנritטDm thB - BC Thn C SOCi3 || ingframers of the nomic policis arily from ethnic than from social ected by Soma Bxpectation was nalysis of those Well, Since tha thia Una St and spread to the f the country as
2. rT3 ir y rela SOS it was this ins: country that
atform of poverty the Presidential Mr. Prema dasa, if the UNP, was enough to come is proposal. The or Crete enough good election S. amazing to see a te of the party TE FETit 'W'S the prowailing , making this n slogan, while Siti C1. Ci didat
il tha language "IMF To Tetārist5 fe criticised all nasawiya Was one responses of Mr. a prevailing situ - Lurre St. the importance of roposed powerty
alleviation programme from a perspective of the need for social stability, it is also recessary to differentiate this approach from conspiracy theories and a nor: analysis of capitalism which it could de gènera te into. The In Deci for social stability is a requirement of any socia | Systeri, whether capitalist or otherwise, The important question to ask is
whether the structural dynamics of the system itself will allow it to succeed. In other Words,
if one dismisses these policies a5 , 5one scort Of al "glig ;tio gundu' of the rulers which they will lewer implement, we Would miss the main point in the analysis. This latter perspectiwa which concentrates or 'good" and "bai" ipiterations of the rullers tak35 Lus away fron understanding the structural dynamics of capitalism better and responding to it politically. Therefore, as far as this thinking goes, it is not possible to expect the representatives of this system to implement a ger Line' poverty alleviation programme. Even if they implement it, it should be a part of a conspiracy of the rulers to be something "evil." Very often capitalis II is aralysed as SCOTTE soft of an "evil" or a "demon", that is responsible for social injustice aid the conditions of the poor. It is not that capitalism is 10t responsible for them. However it produces it not because of any intrinsic negative qualities of it which could be understood in moral terms, but because of its structural characteristics. It is these structural chracteristics of Capitalism that have to be understood without depending on a "moral analysis of capitalistin.
This moral" approach influen
ced most critical writings on Sri Lanka since the implementation of liberalised economi:
Therefore many ended up with populist cliches rather than serious analysis, The cuestion here is not SO ITILIch the intentions of capitalism, if it
11
policies

Page 14
is possible to understand capitalism in such anthromorphic terms. But so much tha dynamics of its Structures and relatio 15. | other words What We hawe to sea is how much the structures of Capitalism itself will allow a powerty alleviation program me to succeed in the present context. This is different from saying that the ruling class has no intention of perception of the ruling classes it is quite possible that they hawe to implement this programme in their own interest. But the questi Orı is how much the nature of relationships in society will allow it to succeed, even if the intertions are genuine. This of course is not to deny the capacity of capitalism to raise the living standards of the poor even in developing societies. Its abilities in this regard can be demonstrated with ample empirical eviden Ce. But tha isse is to analyse this capacity concretely within the conditions of Sri Lanka.
Understanding “Poverty'
Before we go on to discuss tha poverty alleviation programme perse and how it emerges in a society like Sri Lanka it is important first to understand what we mean by "powerty". What is understood by planners and governmants under this terri is various dimensions of standards of Living. Whet her we ook at nutrition, education, health or housing, these are different dimensions of living standards of the population. These can be measured using various indicators and they constitute 'statistical facts' gf "poverty" used very often by most planners. There are many methodologica problems in determination of these, But in order to get an idea of the dimensions of the problem, thesa figuras are useful with certain limitations.
Of these different dimensions of power ty, nutrition has become the one that is most widely used to determine the So Caled "poverty line." This is mostly because it is possible to determine a certain minimum level in this dimension so as to arrive at a "cut of point". This is the minimum level of nutrition neces
12
sary to Carry metabolic functii body. That secti lation who di miniTLIT are : below tha "pov other diman Sior it is not easy Li minimum lowels. methodological tio has bog.com £ standard measure "powerty' and thi ired a normative indicator of d other Words hu are equated with a Tri if a CCU TIL nutritional proble is overcoming "poverty". This i in development
mhLJI St be C:a reful { trap associated titution,
"Poverty is m just nutrition or sion of living is
(a) A set of lationships Or Thailtain Cartain population in a p within the socie
(b) for thos "poverty line, t relationships or reproduced, so tion Within thée reproduced;
The groups thi "poverty line" ar. racterised by ti
Col dit iOS or r: produce and position in soc
these positions ir terised by wari low standards chances for mobi city for making their own lives lacking power in these are sympt mism found wit Sg5. M05t Of arriving at mir living standards with symptoms than the proces in the first plac Conventional ap

out the basic D 15 Of - a Humir on of the popu) lot get this considered to be erty line". The S är: Si Luchi that ) determine such Because of these problems, nutriSOT E Sort of a ! used to measure Preby has acqu3 value ās arī evelopппепt. Iп tri tion standards he term "poverty", tāk 5 cā f 2rin it is as if it the problem of S WÉTY COTT OF literatura. We if the ideological with this subs
luch mora thar ily Other dimertandards, it is,
Coditios, relaSt TLC turi tit groups of the articular position ty;
GE I below thig hese conditions,
SLCS that their posiSociety is also
it are below the tha refore cha1BSd Structures, lationships that eproduct their Œty. Qf Cour 5E
turi ar Charc3 LIS dimensio 15if liwig, fewer ity, le2SSer capadecisios about and most of a II, Society. However bms of a dynain Social proceshe attempts at imum levels of
are Concerned f powerty, rather i that Creates it 2. Most of the TO a Chas towards
powerty a lleviatian is basad om this more 'static" nation of 'powerty". They do not attempt to address the dynamic social processes that Create and recreatë it.
The structural processes which create and recreate powerty caп Operate at various Bves. Soma of them Could be more fundamental than the others. Therefore their breaking down car also take pola CE at Warious lewels and
in various spheres of society. It is a much more complex process than ole that Carl be
taken care of by a single event like a 'revolution." A "revolution" wi|| certainly Create possibilities of reordering some of the more
basic structural eller ments. But it does not män that it automatically takes care of all struc
tural relationships that confine Sections of the population in different Ways. This reductionist interpretation of "revolutionWhich hopes that al II "retrogressiwe structurers" of sociely wi|| be altered in "one big bang" is based on a reduction of all the problems of society into one or tWo so Called "fundamental" relationships. The One that is identified most often is "the relations of production. "It is not that this is not an important aspect which determines conditions in society. However it night not automati o cally take Cara of a the structures and relationships rèsponsible for "power ty" in tho wider mDäning of the tér T. This desira to look for a "fundarmental cause for Social problems is similar to the search for an "absolute truth". It has led to a fundamentalism of a left variety, If one can reduce the problems faced by the society to a "absolute ta Luth" (relation of production), then one only needs to take care of it, in order to take care of all the other problems as well... However human societies are much more complex than that. It is extremely difficult to reduce the problems of society t 01: OT tivo such "fundamenta causes". Such an approach can lead to a simplistic notion of society. But the bigger danger is it will lead to a type of politics si ilar to that see in othar

Page 15
fundamentalist CLIrrents, including religious fundamentalist.
C1 the Other ha d a loro pluralist approach can be adopted towards the structural analysis of society. In such a view it is accepted that structural relationships can hawe various levels. The reordering of them can also gp, 미m at Various levels, changing warious demensions of the society. Perhaps it is even difficult to look at these changes in a unilinear fashion - society going through stages of developsient, the stage followig being more progressive" than the one preceding it. It is well known for example that the Capitalist process of development does change 5fTLIctLIral Element in Society. T1B bTÊaking down of feudal relationships in the history of so many societis is one classica example. This is of Course an example of a mora basic socia | relationship. It could happen at
other Iawels äs ԵhtյլIIt bt to lt taking place m Order to Luder: fid th 1 : Bessa
In this Brticl lysing the poc programme of within a plura Wards struct Liral Words wa wiwi|| || H the programme Ilo W airBSSES 55 ha Crea "power ty' in the at or level of
The poverty gramme of the 3 that S taldumilart Capitä: It do CS Tot i i these, mor are til to change the pop u list jargor HOWCWër the SQ tle Society is f to address the
No call up charae with in City limits " Wehicle at Receipts issued on request Company credit avi
Cal 50150250 1503 c)
nother Aitken Spenc
S S S S S S S
 
 

; | W | | * Orta Sk. ok at the changes ore con Cretely in stand thET Frd to ry responses to it, We Will | b)B FI radwarty a Eleviation the government list approach toanalysis. In other it asking whether as it is envisaged the social proceste and I e Greate Sri Larika Society
the other.
al la via tion pro* government is ing plate Within 1 listor (3: lationship) 5. ar y Way I ÉSiti Ori here any at tëmpts 7. No ä molt of wi|| || aliter it. cial crisis faced by orcing the system i SSLIę Of "powerty"
in a qualitatively different Way. from the past. Therefore it is also not a going back to the situation prevailing before 1977. The Welfare package implemente d during that period serwedd capitalism then. The same approach is no longer waiid for the problems faced by the society nOW. So it is tot a case of "Premadas 3 going back to a pre-Jayewardena ideology". What is needed is a Tore concrete analysis of the programme, keeping in mind the dynamics of the social system in general. A more pluralist арртoach towards Structural change accepts the possibility of certain changes of structures that are responsible for powgirty within capitalism. This could happen at different levels, Our task is to see whether this is possible through the JSP as it is envisaged now.
Mext: Elements Of JSP.
Li r ( do O r5l21)
CS5 from Gelected Stads
ailablË
I ED11 E[]]
LtdE
e Ser WiCe
13

Page 16
BaII Point |
For Fine VN
Penpals Limited
545, Sri Sangaraja Mawatha, Colombo — 10.
TE!: NC5 54777 - 2668 - 59
 

Pens
Vriting instruments

Page 17
Premadasa and the po
Laksiri Jayasu riya
Earlier fis
month Radio Australia's
|PROGRAM featured China, Japan, and Sri La grar77 is conducted by the ABC's top 17 fer wie Wel
Mares interviewed Prof. laksiri Jayasiy of Wester Australia, and Marwyn de Silva L. G. The following are excerpts from the
Prof. Jaya Suriya:
MARES: Sinca Mr PreITadasa's victory in lāst Decembers presidential elections, many analysts have been surprised by the resoute manner im Which he has tackleci Sri Lanka's problËms. Professor Laksiri Jayasuriya, of the University of Wester AustraIlia, li is critical of the social and political philosophy of Mr PreПmadasa, and His United National Party. However, he believes by employing a mixture of coercion ad CC 15G ES L5, Mr Premada sa may hawe some chance of restoring stability to Sri Lankan politics, Professor Jayasu riya se es Mr. Prema dasa as a populist leader whose Election wä5 SyInbolic of a new alignment of class forces in the Country.
DLW: The old guard of the United National Party, the comprador elite, the English, educated, Westernised, middle classes who were in the seats of political power for a long time, especially during the UNP regime, have Certainly low begun to o CClupy a lĖSS ir in portant Csition. Now, the ellergence of President Premadasa sees this new alignment of class forces, represented by the new rural middle class combined with the commercial classes, the professions, and the bureaucracy; and it should be borne irl fiind that if you look at the electoral votes of Prema dasa in the general eligi tion, ne really has ridden home to power on i Very 5ubstartia | Thinority Wote. These adre not just the minority votes of th1e |[1dia 1 Tarhi || WtE3 i the Estadtes, the Moslem wote, the Catholic wote, but also wery significantly the minority caste wote of the Sinha lese. || Other words, the Lipper caste vote
which domial | omger was th dSS vict) to capitalise vote among thէ ity; and the ref represent this
of class forces that the shift { away from th: Tid - 3 W E3 kETİ race of the IT theo Colombo Sy biž15, wich TE of the dra Wof the earlier
PM: Apart frc thig GSSG 3 Td tation of the
We also seein of the change a West ministe SyStEleri ti 0, 21 WF Forg Side tiå | S"
pow ar wested rather than the
DJ 3d. elfaborate Cr t ning t co . Se8 t a new post-Col Lalka which
gence of Centre it is a strong The powers ( are väst änd : silEr'ht FrETT1:}idÉ abundently Cle it b 5 tri Im na Ints of thg tical system : gԱwarnment, a government. In the role mod Preadasa is it i 5 WEIE kl. always admired style of gover certainly wante kind of state tarian structure

st-colonia State
ASIA PACIFIC 'f7kā. Tiffs proPaler wara 5. ”
a, of the Univ. , editor of the irterwia LW Wwiit
E É UMP, Il
basis for Prery – he Was able
the CW er caste 2 Siri ha les e majorare he begins to
new realignment which suggests of the power base a comprador elite ing of the dorietropolitan Centre, indrome, the urban Illy has been опе.
backs of much political regimes.
Til this shift i
Cast Ed Tep TESEr 1go Werri ment, are g a confirmation from what was +r Parlia rintern ta riy 3ry much more a ystem with real in the Executive,
Fariartėti?
I just want to at. It is begin
ha emergelice of Ionia | Stätig in Sri shGWS the Storlised state power; ExECLI ti w power. if the Presidt ExtCSi w 5 & Tid PT5 H 5 die it | tt || || || ained by tha raWestminister poli5 Li rich T aS Cabirill gt nd par liar:19ntary da Ed. I think tha L. a for President LĖĒ KLIET YEW ; W tradit he |15 the Singaporean at ad he has d to EStåHigh the Control authorii Sri Läka.
His political credo is wery wividly expressed in on of his earlier speeches after assuming Office when he said that a was really interested in unity and discipline. Discipline was a wery key feature of much of his political speeches and certainly unity too is a Central slogan in Tuch his recent speeches and he seems to be working towards a model of consetsual politics and an accommodation of various interests groups. This I think, is significant in understanding the kind of a gotiations he is trying to establish not only with the Tamil minority groups but also with the rebel, the Sinhalese group5 in tha Sout. I think it is the now elite, both of the Tamil and the Sinha lese, who really Would hawe to b a CCOTO da ted ald President Premadasa Inay be the catalyst who can bring about the acco TTC) dation of this nie. W political elite. In this sense, it is significant that this is more likely to ocCur in a Presidential style of government with Centralised statë authority, than through the barga ining proCĒ255 of political accommodatio is the Parliaппепtary systeпп.
In this context, it is extremely - significant that one of the most interesting features of the Sri Ları kali political SC:t over the last few years has been the erTi argence of po War and inf| LJET CE) of the military, Sri Lanka newer used to spend much on the är med forces or the military but now it a pends roughly 15% of
its public expenditure on the
armed forces and the military Establisherit aid the 'militarisa
tion" of the country is an extremely significant force; so it is the coalitio of the State
and the military forces which may au Lur Well for the future of the political stability of the country. PM ISn't there though a real COICern that the Tilitarisation of Sri Lanka, the build up of military forces, as an organ of
(СолIїг7шаої ол даgв ї8)
15

Page 18
India's interests, LTTE
Dayan Jayatilleke
wen India's interests would
have been better served had it || ||O'Weed the Sri Länka & Trily to march on Jaffna, supplied the LTTE to hold it off (and the Others to ward off the LTTE), allowed the belligerents Lo CL.It Gäch other down to Size and then gold for a tripartite rather than bilateral accord, thus avoiding the major flaw of tha settlement eventually äTrived at, Indian policy however, was to permit the ower || Weakerlin of the LTTE. White it stiffered it to a degrga that it could launch Շոլոter strikes on the Sri Lankan Brmy (e.g. Nelliaddy). It was a policy of tactical stiffening but strategic weakering. The Whole exercise was designed to make the LTTE agree to a December 19th typ a Sgotiated Solutior, but much more importantly, to enhance the LTTE's (and the Tämis) dependence on Indià.
HOW e War, as - We krig W, the post-Wadamarachchi Indian deterrent Work ed ard COOTO backtracked. The flaws (perhaps fatal) of the AC Cord that erth 5 Libed Were the following:
1. The tithing was prompted primarily by the domestic political considerations of a Prime Minister-Rajiv Gandhi. Wilha Ele re-elected for a Second tea.
2. It was mediated by someOfl8 – W. G. Rääshändfär - who could hardly function physically, lét alone grasp the irtiricacies of the subject.
3. It was imposed on and therefore unsigned by the Tamil militants, most importantly W. Prätokra.
4. It was imposed even Tore harshly on the Sinha lese, by an unpopular President - J. R. Jayewardena - who was re-elected in 1982 chiefly because he wiolated the rules of intra-elite competition by depriving his main political opponent of her civic rights.
T dëmijra i C
5. It was ratifie ппепt perceive due to the frt duet F 1982; with Curfe WW and F in force and Hinchord Coff Gälle !
A II this result having the Worst unwa riquished T adrid al turi polā C åt til Lency Who SE I decisive kriqtko u plariting of the Li was frustrated, risas Will further
Looked at in less of the after Thath is pe
struggle of Oppi.
Ee Supre SSei allowed to go dialectic should WOrk itself Out conclusion,
State terroris
FS Håk til
of 1986, a student called " peared. He al
Kittus girlfrend, Olg Sti || Je: happened to h protested against oil de Ostrati sity student cc the Ill, arld that the attack on the When there art under abourgeoi Sri Laski Goya at least write to national There Of ACCOLI itali has, some ration: geois), some pr and restrait o' In just, like th in perative that Tirc Wé Orr Frol Potist extern terroris. A
բtյբԼ thāt Is farroûFE

and the local Left
!d by a Parliadas illegitimate, coercive and Referendum of arl Emergem CW, Press censorship Indian frigat ES * Colombo and
gd in the UNFP of both WOTsTarini I guerri las ad Sinhai CDFigexictation of a t Ow rid the on flag in Jaffma int whost arlger guerri lia strikes.
this way, the Accord and its rhaps that the յsittյ5 5ՒltյԼյlti mot and should be the limit. The be permitted to talentlessly to its
: In December affirma - LIri iwer sit w Wijit har an disaplegedly "ragged
medical student. mot km OW = What it. The EPRLF this, They went Tills, the LIIT i WerTimurity joined is what led to EPRLF || Jäff13. a disappearances is regime like the fict Oil Ca
Amnesty Interjs l somea Shiro Gil ity. The state ality (albeit bourOCE dures, Orms, y law (however o : PTA). It is this 3 or in paring the JWP's Ti Tim With Stadt Wid, demented, lism is a force 3* diffi Gujlt to GT
bat that is the State. Also to be borne in mind is that Ii Eberation forces are supposed to set higher standards of behaviour, because the morality is supposed to be qualitatively higher than f the oppressed.
In 1987 there was an attack of Kittu. It is common kilowledge that the attack on Kittu Was by the faction which was opposed to Kittu within the LTTE. Earlier, Mahat ta ya was in charge of Jaffna, He was senior in the movement to Kittu and he was trying to get back to Wawuniya and then som E of Mahatta ya's men killed some of Kittu's me. These things are well known in Jaffna. The EPRLF men takan into custody by the "liberation fighters" were executed. This reminds one of the Welikada massa CrB of 52 prisoners. There were 60 EPRLF activists in two rooms and after the attack om Kittu, Aruna, one of the LTTE officers killed almost all of them with an M-16. So, 60 people were killed in cold blood. would like to quote once again from tha article writte by lus which appeared in the EPRLF's "Eelam Spokesman" of 1985 in which the grim prognostication Was made:
"Historica || experienCes aS diwerse as the setting up of Israel in 1948 ad Pol Pot's Kampucha a teach Luis all that not every armed struggle for rmationÉhI liberätion :LI IrThir 1a tes in the setting up of people's democratic or socialist state. f tderīcēs: ft 50rt ti - fested in Kokiai, Naiaru and Anuradhapura are not checked we honestly doubt that a healthy socialist Eelam would result from the struggle. Rather, internecine warfare (of the sort Currently raging in Lebanon and in Zimbabwe Bët Wë en ZAPU and ZANU) would probably result, together with border clashes with Sri Lanka, be it capitalist or socialist (e. g. USSR-China, China-Vietnam,

Page 19
Vietnam-Kampuchea). We therefore honestly fear for the very lives of those belonging to the genuinely MarxistLeinst ranks of the Eelam national liberation movement."
Both the Sir Haa ad Tari left had be COfThe Tharginalised, Th[:Tg Was total deadlD'C'k, SLICh Situation of deadlock, is a situ— Eti Orl Where Igitigr thg Täsi | nor the Sinhala Left could give LLLLLL LLL LLLL0 LaL S S LLLLL LLLLC0LS through chauvinism. Chauvinism is a mass phenomenon. CELIwinism is not only what the EDO LIrge:Coisi: La Ses to manipulate and divide people - it is that too. But particularly in areas where the classes are in formation, and there are myriad links between th 3 WWorkir 1 g . class Ea rıd the rLIra | petite bourgeoisie, Chauvinismis particularly wicioLIS. It exists among the intelligentsia and even factions of the Left,
The Sinhala Left, parliamentary as well as extra-parliamentary, supported the Accord. We did mot do so becauso Wa Were im east happy about the intrusion or induction of a externa | force into the internal politics of Sri Lanka. In fact äs fär bäck as 1984, ir - a talk deliver god at thia Centre for Society 8 Religion in Colombo and later published in its journal 'Logos", in the Lanka GLārdi gāze, s vēl 5 in a book entitled Sr. irik's Ethnic Conflict: Myths, Realities and Prospects", produced by the Committee for Rational Development (CRD) and published in 1984 by Nawrang, Delhi. I had eplicitly predicted that if the Sinhala and Tami oppositions could not break through this log-jam then it is the feighbouring country that would propel some kind of settlement and Ilay even back up the Sri Lanka repressive forces with the physical presence of their own Coercive apparatus
"... Why don't the Forces just go in Seal off the peninsula and za po them? The fact that the Tamil issue has been interrationalised on the one had because of the Tamil diaspora and the ethnic and human rights nature of the conflict (it is not an overtly ideological conflict),
and OT the tot F beri i termati interna | politic regime Carnot earth tactics. " "strategic ha Etorbring En quasi-gan C Cid may regimes did adopt such
1971. Course, try, E Cu3SiO5 i TE such that Dell take extTË TI E : ''... | r1 = Other W have a aut F1 bUt One Whith Which wi|| Eff devolution a
did ki || off Whi it." (Pց. 239) "... I Condo imium Stats ari | Support the Ors Who pout äti), But || || els in thir work." (Pg. 2 "" ՏԼյ It Լlլն: sible that a the power Elo come up with a is an externally position of the | other word local actor, force capable the power Eo TITEIT ET S ti ethiric II Corfi
thnic conflic Such a pitch | Gräbe to o Lu|| dly neighbOL possible that friendly neigh Ed Som What | in the proce: EIII WEnt C-1E this external induced recor power block. Tin Luch plainer lational COI: by cracking : together. A fer C2 kild of forces and irTriplermier tard. needs a degr and if the to tus is incapa E

her hand has also inalised in India's is means that the adopt scorched It cannot adopt mlets", napalam other sorts of all methods that adopt. The SLFP methods to a degSomeone ca, of Sut then the repermil Nadu will be iWill be forced to ction'. (Pg. 238) Words could we oritaria regime, is a tola One 2C:t Som kill Of ld after that go oewer is opposing
Сап imagine, a of the United dia which would individu or sectthat into operave serious prob;ing that would '40) -sסכן וחt Seeטח S: "ecomposition of : Will be able to 5olution Linlass it propelled recom# բower blot, ds if there is no
no endogenous of refashioning
loc in such a O resolve this it, and if the
:t es Calates to that it is intogreat and frierI r the it is o Lur great and bour might Lake T1) TÉ active had dings. In such Could envisage ly propelled or mposition of the To put it in fashl ibnı ikind of SEITS Lus ä chie Wed I CCJ pole of hg d5 TOUrdd tā ble COof Constea | lation A rexurg ''C'' IппрІemвпtatioп ee of coercio cal state apparaole of providing
thht coercion, perhaps the element of coercion brought to bear Will Le exterra, SO that is one scenario that Would want Luis to bjär i Ti mind very clearly." (Pg.240/41) " Then one of two things ar possible — ieither am exterrally propellad solution of a challenge to the system itself. Ewen an exterrially propelled solution is not likely to be long lasting - Lebanon is a case in point." (Pg. 241) India's interwentionary and Fregemonistic role was not inevitable. but rather, was brought about primarily due to the faults of - 1. the UNP regime which refused to dialogue honestly With tha Tami | militants, and
2, the SLFP (and the Left), Who Se record and rhetoric rendered them a non-option S far as the Tarmis Wera concerned forcing the latter to ask for Indian guarante es and under Writing.
This the erosion of our national sovereignty, the invoment of an alien power, was primarily due to the Sinhala bourgeois and petite bourgeois
parties' approach and attitude to the Tamil national question. The atterrpt af Some of Lis
dubbed ultra-Left, adventurist and unpatriotic, was precisely to foresta | Such al CUICOT1, EG CELIS e We knew that Such i a thing is both undesirable and unviable - as was prowed in Lebanon. But our country's
Lragdy Was that the endogenous forces within the Sinhala and Tidli | Tätim | formāti TSG Werg 1 Cot (:apa bol3 of E) r3a kin g t Fh is historical deadlock. Like the rail - Iraq War, it had a Suffocating effect on class and democratic popular struggles on
Eboth sidas. It was cha uwi mism and xenophobia in command. So such a war had to stop.
We are mot pacifists, but peace was imperaative for tha resumption of the class and democratic struggles. There had to be peace for the appeal of hardIlirie CHILII willism or both sicles to be muted. So, we had to critically support that which WE WOLld hEVE Other W SP
17

Page 20
opposed. This was because the balance of forces had e wolVed in Such a. away that there Were 10 internal for Ces — Sinhala [Eft. Tani | Marxist or peace constituency - capable of stopping either the Sinhala military or the LTTE.
We never thought that the Accord would Take for a per ThaInter t5ou tio ni to th3 TianTi | T3 tiona I CLII Stio. We Were just |Ciolking foT är i tari Seattliet i. e. a respite, hopefully long term. In making decisions Marxists always remember what the 'key link' in the chain of politico
historical development in any given period. The "key link" in Sri Lankan politics at that
time was the critical support of the Stratt are r t alici tie battle for the hearts and inds of the Sinhala people - the battle to give peace, deep and popular O CIS: O popularis. E Erid defend devolution. That was the cutting edge in the fight against chauWim i SrTill which is the mail form of opportunism within the left and the main dan ger within the anti-systemic ranks, OspeCiã||ỵ armũng the wouth and students. It is in accordance with this, that we positioned ourselves with Wijaya Kumaratunga and Lhe rest of the left, Needless to add, When the Conjuncture changes, the key link
too, becomes a
Peace is a ment, a Sentime be respected. It which, if politi properly can ti Cary CLting È which is why the Bolsheviks the "land; peäCH War for TaTi | OLN t as a lation a beit Ot Orie sort which tak Codrial Or SETT text. This was ration struggle with ir a politic ptist-Colonial St: called Third W alta Cks OIl Civi tra SfOre i lity and i WOL between at War, which is phenomenа, аг War - Oc betw. tion HTy for C55. sive aspect a ta EET EGTE knew it had ted; had rea The Counter - rt pect of the LTT (had become 2) pect. One could be obliwic, Luis ti type of state t LIp, A democrati
Premada sa and. . .
Cyfffred fra fra page 75 y
StatĘ POWEF beca LJ55 in the past, it has been a lack of discipline on the part of the Sri Laka
military - Sore of the atrocities Committed that have really been SEE: tÓ Sid the Circle of Will C in the country into a spiral.
Dl. I. Yes, that is true; but it Certainly remains to be seon whether the political authority will be exercised over the military and the political control Wi|| prevail ower the military. NoW, this is, I think, the UnCertain part of the future. At the momenit, Cë Can't See añ y
'young Turks' emerging. Of Course it is a possibility that one Tust not exclude that if
there is a complete break-down of the political authority of the
18
State, then that wery real threat taking control. syster Ts of Tull understood is t T11 tary SYSTEIT hawa no W t)
and rainterprete stood in the CC sidential style
Prg Sident Prë 113 tainly committe. ru |g . Of la WW 3 and order EJ ut
Withim thĖ Gt TUC its of a P. and lot within systein. But WC member in this back-drop to a ceptance of realities; and is [slädä53 häs CÖf more than anyt

different опа, powerful sentiit that has to
is a sentifier cally deployed iāWE a rewoluadge as welltha slogars of
in 1917. We
bread". The Eglarri startgd
| || FTā til WäT Of the cla SSig es plaça i a i-colonial : O. : [id tiona | Iibetataking D la CE 1lly independent, 1 t iiri ta 5D - Od With t|13 lian 5, quantity :'self into qua= ind up half way i Ollä || |i| tratif
a progressive Id a reactionary Bէ:Il tlh | } EBC = The progres - ld potential of "Luggles AS Uue been exhallsChad an end. volutionary asE was becoming its primary as| Tot ad Cant to the Pol potist LTTE WW || || Sit C Solution, i. e.
e is always the of the military The convertional of 3 W ES WE terms of a parliaof government,
be rele gotiated 3rd Erid TaudierHf text of a Pro
of government. da SE SEEm 13 Ce= di to PorES. Er weithe rid Taintail law this is certainly
tures and cos
asidential syster
a Parliamentary Iu IT Lust alSO rg
COntGxt that tig | this is the di:- he go = politi Cäl om i Cally, Mr Pr3 = me to accept this body els E2 in ter T1s
one of structural reforms. Within the Capitalist Sri LFAT kan State, is profe: rable to such an outome, just Is it is preferable to JVP rule: in the rest of the Island. Hence the progressive Contant of the slogan for pBaCB.
Il the Sitä tiOT of a irl Cre:ISingly reactionary War, which was blocking the class and
popular democratic struggles on both sides, the peace is a Tust for social progress. And in a practical sense, peace is a very powerful phenomenon. It has a powerful magnetic effect. The Tamil people experienced a peaceful economic life for a few weeks after the Accord.
While II är Sure thar is significant sympathy and Support for the LTTE in Jaffna ream: Lat the PKF das not represent the traditional foe of Tamil people. The tra diLiCl3 | fots are the Sinha les — especially, the Sinha les e armed forcE5. In a armed Struggle, when you mobilise the people it is a problem ween the idemtity of the enemy keeps changing. I expect a shrinkage of the LTTE's support base - because the Indias are mot the traditional foe, and in fact are regårded as blood brothers Cor close relations.
(To be continued)
of accommodating Sri Lanka to a recognition of the fact that Sri Lanka belongs to the Indian sub continent in terms of its political influence. Now, it is Very clear that whatever happens, the question of geo-politics is going to occupү а сепtre stage in Sri Lanka Ti politics for the for eseeable futura, This is the morro doctrina of Rajiv Gandhi, that Sri Lanka belongs to the Indian sphere of influence, and
this has been accepted by a the Eastern po Wars. Consequenty, Pramadasa has really to
fight on two fronts really - one to gаіп acceptaпce of thв geo— political realities and then to work to Wards establishing som a kind of political accord between the compating interests groups Sri Lanka, both the ethic and the Sri Lankan youth,

Page 21
| THE REGION
AFTER THE BUDGET
Prime Ministers Gandhi and Benazi presented their budgets last month. political scene, post-budget two lead lysts, Indian and Pakistani comment.
RAJIWS NEW ELECTION SLOGAM Turning bad into wors
Nikhil Chakravartty
he budget session of Par
lia riment has ended with a bang, reaching its dramatic climax om the wery last day.
It was typical of the Rajiv Gandhi establishment that along with the tub-thumping demagoguery that aC Companied the introduction of the constitutional am Bridment mBant to L51èr in Panchayat Raj came the Gowerment's reluctance to present the report of the COlto e ad Auditor-General, who has reportedly passed strictures on the Go Warment for tha Bofors
deal. By sheer force of its Tajority in the Lok Sabha — a majority secured in abПотпа
circumstances - the government Unasha madly had back the CAG report as it knew that this would have exposed once again its iri Wollweriment i the kickback SiCa Ildal. In other Words, the image of the messiah delivering Panchayat Raj had to be desperately saved from being disgraced by one more (2xposure to do With the Bofors Scanda I.
VSCONDUCT
And to Crown it a II, the Primē Minister exposed his ill-temper WhÉT HE repu Elatedly Calleri är MP a liar - a blatant parliaméntary offence unworthy of of a holding the Office of the leader of Lok Sabha and conduct unthinkable under any of his predecessors in offic:a, including his other and grandfather, No other Speaker Would hawe permitted such miscond Ct. But Mr. Baran Jakhar, already bent Under the weight of the fodder scandal. failed pathetically to pull up Mr. Rajiv Gandhi. In the bargain
the standing of WES ET Lught | down.
HDWey er TUGF FiSi Crici 2,5 T Panchayat Raj an election girT acknowledged a arld Critics alikg C The high-pitches it is expected it t() the Congré TOT I SO that i can begin with and a no-holds. Can be mort Opposition, parti D.
EXPECTATION
A Senior Mili: standing confid "So long We W fersiwg, feebly off the Opposi Corruption. Now ith 3, Offerth Siwa W tangible promise
Realists within do not expect make TLC1 13 new slogari of States where parties have a Elä53 — il TarTi Drävida Muretri Bengal and KE froits, Adhra P Ta lugu DESän at Haryana Under - because thd b Raj will not we parties already Salion at the g It is only in th that the Congre make headway slogan of Panch

* B Hutto On the пg апа
e
Parliament itself ievèTal notchės
Mr. Gandhi and ay shout, the Bill is patently Thick Tid it i5 s such by friends if the Congress (1). d Campaign ower o give a boost iss(I)'s sagging its poll campaign a catchy slogan barred offensive ed against the cularly the Janata
Ster of fairly || Ong 3d to this writer: Vere On the , detrying to ward tion charge of V, VVе сап go оп “ith at leäst a i to the voter."
the Congress(I)
their party to dway with the Panchayat Raj in the Opposition strong well-knit Fladu under the a Kazhagam, West ra la Under left radesh und Er tha |d Kārl Fata kā and the Eata Dal uff of Panchayat }rk here à5 thESB have am OTga ni = ra SS-roots leWel. Hindi heartland ss (II) hopės to
with the new hayat Raj as it
thinks that the Janata Dal docs not have a well-knit party organisation in these places and the Tefc)TÉ Willi lot ba a ble 0 counter its campaign.
Apart from the Opposition onsia Light, Mr. Gandhi is concerned with the problem of shifting loyalties within his party. With the new slogan of Panchayat Raj, Congress(I) strategists expect that their regional bosses will hawe no option but to support the new line as they might find it very difficult to stay away from the campaign for grass-roots democracy. The calculation is that brisk propaganda for Panchayat Raj will force the recalcitrant provincial bosses to fa || II i line With the Ceritre, In short, this slogan of Panchayat Raj is meant not only to help in the poll campaign against the Opposition but also to reinforce Mr. Gandhi's personal standing vis-a-vis the provincial bosses and to avert their going over to the Opposition - a prospect which cannot be dismissed.
BASELESS
The claim that this new Bill on Panchayat Raj will eliminate power-brokers at the village level is totally unwarranted. Given tha present balance of forces in the countryside, particularly in the Gangetic basin, there is no question that most of the panchayats in this region will be captured by the powerful landed gentry - cum - moneylender-cumgull - toting — anti-Social elements. What happened during the recent municipal elections in Uttar Pradesh — Wher a local goondas With guns at Some places chased away al | th Ea prospective candidates arid got themselves elected unopposed – is bound to be repeated om a large scale allower the country.
It will no longer be boothcapturing but the turning of many panchayats into pocket
boroughs of local toughs. In an overwhelming number of Cases, such persons are the Tuscle Ten of the Congress(I). So, instead of eliminating power-brokers, Mr. Gandhi's new measure will
(Соглt/лtлед ол дад7е 21)
19

Page 22
E3 EMWAZWIRTS ABWIDGE 7 AWWID AFGFWA MW
Testing time a
M. B. Naqvi in Karachi
Wo significant events impend and political forces in Pakistan are manoeuvring themselves into positions to support Ms. Benazir Bhutto's Government suitably or attack it with maximum effect,
The budget presented before Ms. Bhutto embarked on a tour of the United States to meet President George Bush. Both these coming gwËnts a Tē. Se C a 5 make-Ostbreak ones for Ms. Butto's leadership and will affect the |епgth of her tenure in office.
The Opposition is nursing high hopes that the budget's severity will provide it with an opportunity to launch a broadside against the Government. The deficit has now reached crisis proportions. The latest known figure is for 1987-88. The figures for the year closing June 30 will be known only when the budget for 1989-90 is presented. In 1987-88, the deficit had climbed to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP), which is regarded by the International Monetary Fund as very high and requiring structural adjustments. According to the best estinates available, the current year's, deficit may be lower, but still way above 7 per cent, perhaps even close to 8 per cent, The balance of payments has been chronically in the red so that it forced the Govern Tent early last year to go to the IMF for not only normal facilities and stand-by credit but also for a 8 843-milion Ioan under the structural adjustment facility (SAF) over three years.
IMF CREDIT
Pakistan's financial troubles are a long somewhat sor did story, The IMF was unhappy with the profligacy of the Zia regima and was dragging its feet over giving Pakistan additional facilities. Negotiations that started in early 1988 dragged on and on.
20
BLI t We Ge Zi an air crash in it sat up. It the steps of the C ment ad Chose deal of the w election - just the polling on year. That, in t the Text êle Cte ( all the conditio With SAF Credit riots have broke after country tha loans.
The Pakistan Government, wh two weeks after faced with a it could either E tionalities in tot right. But in tE would hawe hac tantial foreign in on because it when monetary SLufficiant for col || imports. The C of payments was fully immediate.
MIEN PAOKAG
The PPP GOW fact, indicated the IMF ad Wica before it took W3S O Ea of thE clearly and wid tions on which Khan agreed te Bhutto as Prile accepted the II sha indicated t some renegotia happily compl offered additio that Pakistan q for SAF CITEdit is called the em adjustment faci additio la Con וly marginallחס in död it Was taken together, t What easier bec,

STAM head
a-ul-Haq died in August läst year Jegan to Watch arata ke T govern
to clich the ar y ewe of the Пe day before November 15 last heory committed
government to |alities that go 5 — ower which out in country has taken such
People's Party El it t00 k. ) WEF the polls, was fаїї accorпр/ї: it Iccept the condio or reject outig atter Case it | to find sub5longy to Carry assumed power Te:S É:TV É:S WC. TE y about a week's riss ir brīC s: thus wery pain
E
"Er 111Bnt HH d. in its acceptance of package a week ower and this Tore or i SSS lely known condi
President Ishaq Sw, går im MS, Ministër, Having
WMF tri in toto, Hat théy nBédgd
iting. The IMF ied a 'We a funds. It said
ualified it only EL I for Wat hanced Structural ity (ESAF). The | itig || Lies WETE w Tore String: Tt; pointed out that hey became som eaus of the longET
THE REGION
title-frate for carrying out the more stringent adjustment. The advantage to the Benazir Government, the IMF and its Pakistani ethusiasts pointed out, was that in the initial year tha incidence of total conditionalities would be lighter,
The Government has swallowed the bait, although the ESAF deal has not yet been signed, sealed and delivered. But the IMF 'concessions" have been publicised: Pakistan was to bring down its budget deficit in the current year to 5.6 per Cent of thg GDP a Tld CIlham Ce Te Wenue through higher user changes by a given percentage. The relaxation allowed in the deficit is 6 to 6.5 per cent. The effect for this and even the coming (1989-90) year of the relaxed percentages on most of the targets being insisted upon by
the IMF would be somewhat less severe. But the cost is going to be very considerable:
in subsequent years the imposts will have to be much heavier and more stringent targets will have to be fulfilled, apart from a steep rise in debt servicing liabilities. Experts think that Islamabad will face a far Worse crisis in 1991-92 and afterwards, though IMF experts argue that if the adjustments suggested by
it are imple IT ented in full, the
country will be in clower.
But a Pakistan is and Some
IMF axperts know wery well
that given the rigidities of the Country's economy, none of the expected benefits from adjustments can realistically be expected while the cost elementin the shape of almost continuous
dewa luation of tha Tupoeg ald galoping iriflation - Will make life wery hard for the Benazir Government. In fact, the Oppo
sitio al lia rice, the Islami JäTloori Ittehad, is already plannig a countrywide agitation against

Page 23
the new taxes now being expectad as a resulf of tha Clitments made to the IMF.
The Opposition is also appre
hesive of the June 6 meeting Ety e M.S. Bl Litto al di S President Bush. US support for MS. BHLItto Was at first Tot thought to be total though it is now know that the US administration prefers an elected civilial government that agrees to support its stance, Ms. But to has so far given the US no cause for complaint Despite Americans on Spot, e5pecially those who deal with Afghanistan matters, preferring the IJI, it is common knowledge that M5. Butto's rating with the US EFTiT i 5 tratio ad the Weste public is high enough to prevent the IJI from en tertain iring too many hopes of a US-supported change. However, the fear low is that things hawe become far more complicated than even in November, especially because of de welopmentis iri Afghariistan.
US SHIFT
Old Certainties about first US Support for the Mujahideen cause, as commonly understood by the
Pakistān i elite, hawe faded. Nobody knows where the Bush administration Stards or tha
CL estion of a politica | SettleFilent of the problem. It has so far apparently supported the interim government's stance of not talking to or accepting the participation of the people's Democratic Party of Afghanista in ar y Sol Lition. But after the fa il Lire of the Jalalabad offensive, Washington has been sending Q ut mixed Signals. No one now takes it for granted that the US will indefinitely continue to refuse t0 talk to the SC Wiets uti|| || Mujahideen are able to seize and hold sizable part of the Country. Since it has becote Wholly un certain Whether the Mujahideen can win and retain any Tajor Afghan city and operate from thero, US stadfastness too cannot be taken for granted.
It is now know that continu ing the Zia policy on Afghan
istaП Was JПe Of CIT yh MS dCWEdito 55 it was also a ment to her repr V tā Tādā W 5-7-1775 hër T dt Higor o W m in (liTi: PPP" S || 5 wEr B Wholly égé. preference for a Har äCCEpitan CE Was reluct at 5EEI1 as disc t0 d|Stä1CE H Er arbärä SETT t 5 thi frOT tB Jdli bii.
WISTERUST
The likes of Who, as Gower 10 West Frontier pr. years under Gén, mately associated Services intellig Schermes, da) not 1 ad the PPP, a with the IJI. TFt to say what me il the White HCL
But Pakista is dous pressure public opinion Swift 5 Gd thĒ: to agre) to a mart thält äCCC FDP i 1 same fashi tt || CSĖSĖ () i tives Gen. Zia had His legates are for an outrig victory and destr PDPA regime til Pakistan an Afgh i 5 HåHolder to it to it. The US, only a dream, affe Pakista and th BLIt low it looks Wi|| cd What sui interests.
TS āS ā ren paranoic The have to welt t fr LIStratio II är Ms. Butto for ԱS may stab the With the fictive Bhutto. He t tir ard the atta Governet will coming months.

Tā cidition
BhLitto was TE Offic. El ajor (marrass5E1 ted Clihier WL |Ingrdb|3 էural Supporters, til 5 d. the Ill of the issue Ist GEn. Zä5 tilitary solution. of this policy til 5 he i5 W reetely trying 5f from the at have resulted
fiasco,
Gen. Fazle Haq ir of the MNorthwirico for many , Zia, was inti -
with tha: || taren Ces Afghan TLJSt MS, BRUttlj 5 is the CaSe is it is difficult Iy be cooking Se con JL 6,
: Under trentienfrom doTestic and from the : Kabul regime political settlaTodates the ör. Tisakes all the objec
set for his F.
still hanka rig nt Mujahideen uction of the
hat will give a regime that and Wi || lister]
when this was Cted to support e Mujahideen, like LHE US Es its atija |
Jl backwoodsonly targets they i ti sple g r and
· ting PPP ad th[1ỵ fạar tha Ti il the back
help of Ms. hBir COris terra — cks the Berazir
face il ta
- Ε.Τ.Τ.Ε. . .
(CoritirTL er frarr pāga 70, Ground regained
TO. Surn Up the Sif Lation Efter th B. first TC und of tāks, 3 LTTE has managed to regain Some of the ground it lost by boycotting the Provincial CouriC'il and Farlia TGrotary e│gctions, Vi Šri Likā Gviment - besieged by an insurgency in thք south and separatism in the North - has gained some political mileage by holding out the prospects of Peace at least Of Ong front. But the next round is likely to be the difficult one. Then the outlines of an agreement which will satisfy Sri Lanka, the LTTE, India and the other militant groups
W|| || El to og Work CJUT.
[Hirldu, 3U|5]
Turning bad. . .
(Corikirius from page 19
virtually hand over the power of attorney to local powerbrokers, thereby making a mockery of grassroots democracy. AALV
The Congress (II) propaganda pitch is raised so high that any criticism of the Bill is promptly distorted and such Critics are da nounced as Copponents of the concepts of the Panchayat Raj. And in this game, Doordarshan seems to be one step ahead: it has virtually ceased to care for the facts of any case and has Li nashamedly reduced itself to Rajiwi- darsham.
An extraordinary anomaly is being foisted on the power structure by this panchayat measure, Centre-Stato relati) is hawe not been thrashed out even after the sub Tission of the Sarkaria CCTissio report. Instead of first settling this issue, Mr. Gandhi has pushed this new Bill to create mis understanding between State governments and panchayats. This amounts to accentuating the existing tension in the present set-up.
In the coming months all these issues will come up as the nation is bound to furiously discuss the new measure being pushed throLugh by the Prime Ministgir himn= self. But who can stop Mr. Gandhi from rushing in where wise people fear to tread P
21

Page 24
TAMMAL MA A
Shifting loyalties, char
S. Murari
1ARAS
it clections to the Lok
Sabba fast approaching, a realignment of political forces has begun in Tamil Nadu.
The in – fighting in the Tamil Nadu Congress (1) Committee, which care to the for a following the replacement of G. K. Moopanar by Mr. Wazha padi K. Rama murthi as President ast Abril, has intensified With the Moopanar group refusing to TECOC le itS3|If to the eadership change and the high Cornmand firmly ruling out any reversal of the decision. As a result, this group is getting increasingly isolated though it stil|| remains the domina fit faction.
The entire TNCC (1) Executive
under Mr. Moopanar resigned last February owning moral responsibility for the party's defeat in the Assembly elections. But the high command was in no hurry to change the leadership. Before announcing the change, it called Mr. MooDanar tc New Delhi and informed him, though it did not COISUlt hiri, about it.
The Moopanar group never expected that the choice would fall on Mr. Rarmamurthi, Who had advocated an alliance with the Jaya la litha faction of the All-India || Anna Drawida Munnetra Kazhagam in the Assemibly elections. Congress (1) President Rajiv Gandhi had not only accepted the Moopanar line that the party should go it alone but also taken the Un USual Step of projecting him as the party's candidate for Chief ministers hiip. With tha elections having proved him right, Mr. Flamaisil uirthi lost sid time in holding Mr. Moopanar and Union Ministers. P. ChidambaTā T1 and M. Ar Lula Chla läTT TCSponsible for thë fiasco and Calling for a leadsrship change,
22
He was backe trade uniorlist
Mr. P. Rangaraj gällanım, Who lo: ELS STEt-IE youth wing chie
Whe Mr.
elected as the 26-member - legis e the brew begang evident EJ e Tali wedi di presidentship be ground that off Only One post. who is cut out TlanageIII EIII, W in the Assembly he was expecte der to Shi W O1 leader, MS, J: pect he relished
FC ME 2 Assembly, he ci his Darty m wir AIADMK.
Wit til L. hardly a few Congress (1) hig tied to build standing react A IADMK to pā
för in cumstances, Mr to give way to |E3E3 der and the |Wills. REIs slitrillLirthi
UNHA PRIMES
One factor
With the Col. ciding oп ап, а AIADMK was it win Cing victory
sembly constit. electifs were
In grger of the , | alit ha factions. ir stad of Tlak TO TE CO Hessive.
Ile W. O'Wer e party. As a C. ger, Jatinä ki gr Mr. S. Raghaw: MacFEdwa ad
swamy hawe bot

THE REG OM
ging equations
d by a fellow and party MP, -|חaוחם arווKLII חia st the EBCtion, *wel leaders like f K. Thangabalu.
MOOpanar WaS leader of the |ature party de Swing revolt, it [[13 3 WOLud the TNCC (1) for 3 lorg On the * III: Il can hold Mr. Moopanar, Only for party as le War at Case f. On top of it, d to Work shoulwith the Oppositi1yala litha, a prosWan ISS. After il CidCats i te ould not por Went g close to the
Sabha Elections
noths a Way, the h Com Thanici WanOnı the LIIlder - Ted With ta we the way for ce. I these cir| MOOpanar had a pro-Jaya Elitha Tial | go -- fe || (f)
I.
S
which weighed gress ( 1 ) irii deilliance with the hë lätter's CgF|- in the two AsJericias to Which held after the Jaraki and JayaBut the merger, ing the AIADMK has only created quations in the Jrdition for mgr - ошp leaders lika radar, Mr. S. W. S. M|Lt2el give posts
they had held in the undivided party at the time of Mr. M. G. Ramachadran's death. As a result, old Jaya la litha loya Fists |ika Mr. S. Thiruna VLIkka raSL did Mr. K. K.S.S.R. Raghadral feel let dow, Mr. Thiruw Lukkara su has lost the post of Treasurer to Mr. Madhavan and Mr. Ramachadran has been replaced by Mr. M Luth Luswa Tiny as Propaganda Secretary.
The sudden entry of Mr. K. Kalimuthu, a witriotic critic of Ms. Jayala litha, into the AEADMK has added to the discomfiture of leaders who had even called []n CF1ft:f MimistäT. M. KäTUT1ā= idhi with a letter of support FIO 50 fo Wya S. But e WaS immediately after victed front the Government quarters which he continued to occupy ever aftar osing the election5. In pique, Mr. Kalimuthu sought refuge in the Poes Garden residence of Ms. Jaya la litha who made it a General Secretary,
Evan 55 these davelopmarts were taking place, Mr. Thirunāvkkārās and Mr. Miopina had a long meeting at Tiruchirapali giving rise to premature speculation that they were planning to float a new party. Tha two dOWT1-to-Barth politicians are, however, unlikely to take any such risks.
But the old guard of the AIADMK are certainly at the crossroads. Ditched by Mrs. Jaki Rachardral di frer Milisters like Mr. Kaith and Mr. N. Malus wa Thy, the опв tima strongman of the individed AIADMK, Mr. R. M. Wee rappan is now knocking at the doors Of the DMK. Mr. W.R. Nedunchezhiyan, the No. 2 in til El MGR Cabiflet, af 50 at DIFs time toyed with the idea of going back to the DMK. But prominent DMK leaders like Mr. K. Anbazhagan, Mr. K. Ma noa rail and Mr. Karunanidhi's

Page 25
nephew and Rajya Sabha member, Mr. "Murasoli" Marar, are against their admission.
WAC ILLATION
With the political situation in a state of flux, it is not clear What the Congress (1) opes to gair boy Wooing M5. Jaya la litha who is yet to mature into a politician despite mass backing. The pro-Jayala litha lobby in New Delhi feels that she will gladly give the Congress (1) a lio's share of the 39 Lok Sabha Seats in Tamil Nadu nov that she has burnt her fingers
in the Assembly elections. But Ms. Jaya la litha's recent pronouncements indicate that she
is keeping her options open.
When her party MP Mr. P. Kulandaiwelu demanded the dismissa of the Bommai Government in Karnataka, she promptly dis W ned nil, Sha HaShad a meeting with Janatha leader Subramaniart Swamy. She is now in Bangalore, ostensibly for treatment of her arthritis, but a meeting betwee her and Mr. Hedge is not unlikely. If any further proof is needed that Ms. Jaya la litha is prewariCa ting, it is the CCITIT EIt of her deputy, Mr. S. D. Sotasudarath, that the A||ADMK is 10t giving unqualified and total support to the Panchayat Raj Bill,
If Ms. Jaya la litha is playing hard to get, Mr. Kar Luna nidhi is Certainly going out of his way to Woo the Centre, and indirectly the Congress (1), despite his party being a member of the National Front. He has softe med his stämd om Sri Lanka so much in the last three Ionths as to say that the issue 'has gone out of our hands',
Mr. Ka TL laidh i Wās falso 11 Lited in his criticism of the Bonnai Government's dismissal, in fact, the DMK dissociated itself from a memorandu subTitted to the Governor by the State units of the Janata Party and the Janata Dal, protesting ägäis 15t the dismissal, And for the Tecent Chief Minister" con
ference Ol Parch Karuna nidhi dep Mister K. Mario the right contact
Bt 10W that : ween the Congre AIADMK | kg i Ms. Jäya |alitha's Kar Lunaidh i HS | ing the Centre, tha Panchayat Rd 5 |Sg Egg Tlakin to Cet the cer from thë tWO p: he lowed Mr.
iT1Wit8 MT, MOť t1g DMK. Si arranged for a m Tamizhaga Muni
|leader Siwa ji Garn
India may
Peritagon envisages the India may attack the US may mot much about it, a agai Et täck | Tid disputt:.
India, it says, on the future S. ment of the glic to destro y Pak ista | lations or | military action Pakistani prowoc
In the new Waris, the US ""| Se il thig Id Of 1971 WOU || ||
The Ilands of th) TETEJErs äre |a| to the public bu a commission th Secretary of State äld Ex-N tOrla Brzezi 15ki.
Noting that Chi military capital s jected to increas the Working grou military was aw formidable, lumb Ower 1.25 li illi Cr

hayat Raj, Mr. Lited ReWerus haran Who has 5 ir Dee|hii.
| a || iia : Eùtiss (1) and the (witable despite va (:illation, Mr. e SL 1 ed attackstarting with | issue. Ha has Wesטווther rםg ging challenge ties. Recently, March Tä t0) panar to join ultaneously, he eeting between nè tr3 MMLur1rha rni egär äld Jadrata
Da General Secretary George Fernandes. It is now being said that Mr. Ganasal will Tierge his TMM with the Janata Da ard take Over a Stle Sta. Lg unit President. Though the Dal i 5 an a lly of the DMK, the To we has met With Stiff resistance from seniors in the party like Mr. Era Sezhiyan and Mr. G. Kaliwa radh.
Mr. Karuraidhi, Who Sa D MK garnered only 35 per cent of the wote in the ASSembly Cl2C:- tions, i 5 a fra id that his Gowerment Tay be dismissed if the party fares badly in the Lok Sabha Elections. Herce his anxiety to be on the right side Of the fel CE).
attack Pak, says Pentagon
WASHINGTON
Working group possibility that Pakista ni and be a ble to do Irid China may ia Order
while focusing acurity environbe, may seek istan"s - nuclear Lundertake other in response to EtİCT.
t, itחm Bחסvirח: | ||t" tյf tՒlt kiTitl O-Pakistan War De in CffectiWë.
|E Working group 'gely unfamiliar t it reported to at included ex
Henry Kissinger Security Adviser
E353 5ād [dia tocks are " "proa quite rapidly', I) Said the India I äy S T U merically gring as it does 1 ITIEI1,
Nev tech Fologies
The Indian Army had also acquired a large range of nie W technologies (including a nuclear submarine from the Soviet Union), first line aircraft, aircraft carriers, and the where withal for longrange projection, it said.
India's inter Wghtion in Sri Lanka bespeaks a Willing ness to uso large force in battle to SeCLIre its own interests, the Working group said.
More Over India has, and Contim Las to develop, a solid militaryindustrial base of its own, which Carl manufacture Ilot only tanks but also the ingredients for a sério LuS Špa C2 programme.
"At the wery least, We expect India to play an increasingly
assertiwg Toe il the Iridian Ocean, its foreign policy drawing strength from the military means available to it", the Working group said,
"Nations that greatly increase their military power may becore less reluctant to apply military pressure directly against neighbours in longstanding border or other disputes.
23

Page 26
Part II
Kapferer's Demonology
R. S. Perinbanayagam
In this Cerer Tony the demori — the persCalification of Gwi|| — is presented in the form of warius "Indian-categories" - Punjabis, Brahmins, Tills, Malaya lees. Many Sinhalese oftel becarne possessed by these foreig II den orig i ard in thig exorcism ceremony, they area forCed to Hedwig the nabia Sinhalese and he or she. Të Covers front is da FF.
In the political arena, Kapferor
argué5, the Instilph Cirs involved if the Tyth F. Tid the Titula | area re-enacted with greater genera| ity and fera City. Tha Tarimis V10 a re-irldLIS all the Ciams becom 3 the de Tiris Who have pOSSBSS3d the Silla legg Buddhists and are ha rassing them ir many ways. These dailors object to Sinhalese dominition of the state Buddhist dimination of tha State, BLI did hist domination of the society and the Simhalëse-Buddhist domination of the culture. These Warious dominations, anifested in a Liber of political actions, are deemed tC É propar, at Lira | ad Corra c:t ärld Withi the terFS of Si ha CSCBuddhist COSTology and as such any resistance and denial Could only be demonic Hence, When the 5e dertials and resistance-weets reach a Certain pitch, the Sinha ese ga into an exorcist frenzy which leads into orgiastic rituals of violence against the demons i.e., thg Tailhi S.
Kapferer's argument has an in taria i Coh Caran Cie and a s; WEIGping narrative logic t) it. It has the strong aesthetic appeal of such narratives and does have the marit of addressing som E of the puzzling isSLI es of Sinhalse wing CE. On 3 of these is the extra limiti3,3s to Ww ii: rior Tall Sinhalese could go in their actions against the Tamils. The er motionality, hysteria and the extraordinary ruthlessness of the violence - particularly in the 1983 episode, has elicited comments from a number of obser
24
ver 5. Secondly, port for the wig Sil 15 legg e ad and Other Tid du Fig the vici justificatos prco W5 USLa. tims werd alway til identifigd "Täis" 5 ja That Hygr Sinha only happar Cid ITT EG. '' Violence against What may be Si Läti W FÈ ANC:t red Tails; we represētiv5 El educated Fit darin in tB 3. Community in for example tell wie war, that the aged becaust de T Coglied thë Simha BS 3 SCII CH til 5 til s did not colden Tallis Cig The Otwati Ënd the fundam ity and madness tillat gen Graited 3rg. Es is ir between current and the ces
Tyth and ritual. rÆTTI. Page WS ar arn | Orgy of Cex priffordia | ie Wil. Kapferer to gi Stilt US to Citi rituals and giv "Causa tive po WE (last a decisive i pi të Kapferer's dOE35 y 5eek "'Causa tiwe powe: si o i that is Crei Only are these significarit, but these myths, arc Călly sedimentat Wi resna in fore v to work at gr within the very person. Further. lese persons ac logic of the my

of Political Conflict
the tacit Supblence giver by r 3, ita | ::tLJE IS |(3- C lä5 S typ E5 etc., and tic Wided-after Wards Thirdly, the wic's "types' father individ U315 - är C:hetype SiC) izeri TaTi 13 www.hib to hi ya Talli | wig tirilizad, Tha t II E: Tari | | 3 was; termed "Représ" - the LIFE
SE. El ES ETE} if i group. Ewell respected mantltյtյment studies Colomb Could, :I B. B. C. interSinha | E5E3. W 3Fe -[i||titוחTg סח ? thË TUI der of diers. The impli| CE THE | 535 In the ki ling, ai I air game.
for this g acts Biltä | Ba Timotio, Itäof the attitudes them. Kapfarer the congruence Dolitical conflicts
represented
The ITT LIrda Tous 1 Exorcist ritual, piation of the This enables We a privileged lin myths and them, if it r" (p. 122) at Flfluence. DSSClădiri that Ing to give myths r' the impresa tè(d iS thf t ot myths singularly that isofar is ient and histori. | as they ära, 'Ë'r ärld Cortig Edat depth id F' Wit S of thig i Sofiar ES SHät 'through the th and rite, the
religion of nationalism can even
reco Tistitute the maan ing of onto.
logies in daily life, forcing a
consistency Lipon them, and ex
panding the contextual relevance of Contology" (p. 19) — tha Vico
|glc 'Wil | Continue for Few Gr. That the S3 Cold Tilly this tharise was dra resuscitated and used by One C355 Jf afloth9r and in d difi
Inite periodicity is being igno
Ted ||3 FEB. Yet ta häs thië Wide Ice Within the Coyers of his CW ICCk. El ar a the CC J Ft T Symbol to Dutu Gerin Lu F1 LI in til 3 Ver y texts in which they are: made into national symbols, undergoes a number of metamorphasis. In the Māfā, Vārr75ā Elara is a 'righteous king" but in the Fā "ā"ā cies arī - righteous ruler who destroyed To nasteries. In the Rajava/i ya he ble COITIES Cyan worsig and is Carlı pared to the Fordes of mara. It is necessary to explain these variations and such an attempt will also reveal whetor other factors contributed to these changeS. It Tay also contribute to an explanation of why the pri
mordial myths of Wijaya and Duttu Gerulu acquired a new urges Cy is the ate fiftig5 and We the other factors entered
to it.
The Politics of Demons
Kapferer, in common with many anthropologists, makes demons, gods and heroes and the theories and Tharratives about them, the first premise and economics and politics, the consequences
Bild results of 5 Luch dämon Cological ideology. This is in my Wie W, a mistake, it reverses
the process by which a historical Society is constructed and manages itself. PolitiCS and C Coro rimi Cs is ta first premise: how to manage the social relations of people and the production systems in such H. Way that they Imaxilize Order and sufficiency. Gods, demons a Tid heroes, the larrätiwas that
(Солtїгішеd ол даge 25)

Page 27
C. E. A. On indo-Pak in
he Central Intelligerica Ag
ency says Pakistan is 'engaged in developing a nuclear capability" while India had begun TEGär Chi that CL || E. JSed to make thermo-nuclear weapons,
India was seeking to separate and purify an isotope
Fium-E" Em "indicatio Of inter ES t'i thermo - Lu Clear HEWICC’S CIA, Director Willian Webster claimed before a Congressional рапе) геcently.
'Clearly Pakistan is engaged in developing a nuclear capability," the CIA chief is quoted in published press reports as having told the Senate government affairs corrittee in WashIngէ C m.
Mr. Wea b)S t C2 rʼS rerTn ark 5 rn th Ea Pakista ni Luclear programme about three weeks before Paki Stan Prima Minister Berlazir Bhutto visits Washington is seen as effort by the Bush administration to Linderscore its concern
E}OLI I it.
WWARMNINGS GMORED According to Congressman Stephen Solarz, the implication of Mr. Webster's testimony is that Pakistan has not responded to Washington's warnings that if it did not re-direct its nuclear progra TTle, the US President Would be unable to provide necessary certification to Congress for approvial of militar y and econo
nic aid to it.
Under US law, the President must certify to Congress anin Lually that Pakistam does mot possess a nuclear explosive device
to enable it to get American aid. President Regan had told Congress last November that
while Pakistan had not built a bomb, he was 'extremely troubled" by the prospect of a nuclear arms race in the sub-continent.
Mr. Solarz said he had heard from a senior American official that Pakistan was responding to Washington's warnings, but
Calid
the "implication : is that they have
added.
Mr. W. Ester t rssional pangl, problems for the ig Willittles thilt clear) capability point that it W:1ri0L 3 a mond ITIC to Other d53ista for Pist.'"
T CIA prompted Cor. Thill Scator John that Pakista's Was J Teady Suff a Cut-off in aid, JS Fläd QWEr|0! tions because it tare St5 il Fakisti port for Afghan
"WWE (f. 11 t willing to do this. We arg in O' teet irto it. TH clear or Wait is and yet we alw Ex cu SC Frid O'We HOW," hic Eddied
MISSILE FRA also expressed "growing missile India ad Pakist;
Ambassä d or R
Ital Director, l. and Distrate that II did
been seeking " Weapons capacit
missils.
US Under SCr for Security Ass and Technology, tholore W le Sti i Tri Edita proble: Bush administr persuade both lar to observe nuclear activitie: nical developm Over takt the ch lor Tatic progress.

clear plans
(לון טווis tBBtirוT IIם : not responded"
old tha Cong'what creates United States (Pakistan's riuhas reached a implicates the ints that apply Cea Fc relief
ief's testimony |tf 3 Chaila Selen to say nuclear activity icient to proTipt but that the kad tlВ wiЈаlad Other illa such as Sup
rebo 3G.
SEET to b c) anything about t willing to put 1e law is very hou li te dole, ays make some rook i Some
LCE The CIA
COrth Cerril about ===
rECE9"" bėtween
日11。
Orhald F. Le h– S. Arri SCO ntro t Agency, noted
Pakista had "somВ пшClear y and ba Ilistic
a tary of State istance, Scienco Reginald BarE that the im before the ation was to India and PakisTeStraft in thleif
Si So that techents did םחI ances for di p
FOREGN)
TF13 Ğ ICCtiO5 in Paki5th II:15 year and the resolution of the Afghan conflict light open new opportunities for better relations between India and Pakistan, inCluding the begin ming of a Seri Cous dialgu on Way's 10 Ta tensions, he said,
The State Department official described as a 'step forward" the Indo-Pakista ni Egreenmar to abstain from al tacks CIn each Other's clear facilities and said, "We hope it will pawa the way for fLIs the is measLIs as to remove the threat of a nuclear War."
The CiA Chief rota tillat "both Countries have Within the past 15 months, announced Successful test launches of the indigenously developed, shortrange ballistic Tissiles." India had also announced it was
preparing to launch an indigenously-produced The diu T1range missile.
Kapferer's. . .
Y Carnir7 Lued from:17 page 2
contain them and the rites by which they are realized are the mea T5 by which the maximization of order and sufficiency Tg a chiewed. Heri Ce, de ToT 15; do mot Cause political and Social conflict even as "ontologies": rather Exising political and a Cono= mic contradictions ära Expressad through the available metaphors of gods, demons and heroes. The demons that Kapferer identifies and the "legends of the people" that a Sri Lanka Chauvilist elite had sought to make the 'myth of the state" are expressions of a conflict that lies elsewhere.
25

Page 28
Ο Μπέη
Fighting the founders
Strobe Talbott
M states are giver to calling themselves "people's
republics." The largest repre5 g tS 1.1 billio Ter, WOTE: T1 and children, nearly a fifth of
humanity. The Chinese are Supposed to read the People's Daily, entrust their security to the People's Liberation Army and obcy laws passed by the National People's Congress, which convenes in the Great Hall of the People, situated, as it happens, on Tiaman men Square.
But Something quite extra Cordinaгy is hapрепing. Tha people who live under Communism are rising up and asserting them sel was gainst the party. In China they hawe do E SO ir defiance of their rulers. In the SøViệt LJPlion thay af C. doing SC with the help of their leader. While his Chinese counterparts were intriguing against one another last week, Mikhail Gorbachew officiated at the opening of a TiëW government bod y Ca!- led the Congress of People's Deputies. For once the name was not entirely a mockery of the political reality,
For thgSa two twents to ba occurring at the Sam E3 tiri B Was reriarkable. It Tot Clair Cideri Tal. Te it gräCtio bjet Weerm What has been happening in Beijing and Moscow may lead future Historiāls to Cook, bäck on May
000 S LLLL S SLaK S S LHHLaL SLLaHHLaaLLLLLLLa month in the second half of the 20th century. Forces of
apochal transformation are bubbling Lup) frontin below in Chinid, while they are being marshalled Trom 3 boʻWe i the So'Wiet Unin. BLIt i ri both cases these cila Ilges are driven by a recognition that Communism has failed its subjects, the people, and that the only solution is far-reaching reform of the entire syster T. | China st is the demonstrators in Tiaman mer Square who person ify that realization. In the Soviet Union it is Gorbacew himself.
모
No less an Karl Märx ä35 ErtE cal Order of a
TOT 't HE ECO among its citi Adam Smith had sama thing in th tury). The leat 5 ian a Tcl (Chiri imposed on the taria T form of pact: YcLI giwe and we'll Tak: decently. Bread C5, COTT101 Emers that the through the stre in 1917, and fod WāS iaith in the propagar
munists as the tory in China police state W
welfare state. the Sowiet UI
years in China fäied to déli WEr Hargain, It has
of police but ni
壹
At first, the G|Eit COLIII te Deng Xiaoping, the wasty ineff commumas. Fai over to famili E were is lost impressive. Gri sed 44% were i economists look e Imwy a mid Bin LI rich i pea samt S — יחסfוfa5f
Deng clinch as a witty aph thg value of idg mättgr WựfiBll1ỹ: or white as . i Cp." Calchi putting food meeting the the people. T cat meant the the Crity il Celtiv3 dT than subsidies E

authority than }d that the politicountry derives nomic relations zens (although figured out the |e pгеvious cenIers of the Rusese revolutions people a totalithe social comup your freedom, 2 sure you live WäS ore of the WựCrd5 CF1 thr: Workers carried ets of Petrograd the promise of important thema da of the Coy swept to wicil 1949. The Ouid also be a For 71 years in iOrl and for 40 , the Stad FG, h3S or its did of the provided plenty it much Welfare.
*
leader of the revolution was
He di Sfilata icient system of is Wr tried S. The results | m m edia tC . — and in output increaght years. Soviet 3d to China with lation. Kulāks — - Ca The back into
ld his reputation Orism dismissing logy: 'It doesn't a cat is back ng as it catches ng mice meant On thë table - lateria | Teeds of he color of the degree to which "elies on private arket forces rather id quotas — Adam
FOREGIN NEWS
mechami– Marx's,
Smith's recommended STT15. TdthẹT tham KäTl
But while Deng subordinated ideology to the goal of 'modernization," he did not downgrade tha role or diffuse the power of the Communist Party. Quite the contrary; he has remained an absolutist in defense of the institutior that Marx and Engels aptly called the 'dictatorship of the proletariat." Farmers could work their own plots and profit from the sale of their produce at market, but under Deng, the People's Daily remained very much an organ of instruction rather than information, to say nothing of debate. The doors of the Great Hall of the People were shut, figuratively and often literally as well, to the people themselves. Deng thought that China could have a closed Communist Party that would preside over än open economy.
He was wrong. In all Communist societies, the principal purpose of the party - and the only thing it does well - has always been the preservation and for certicit of its CW power, But that naked truth has traditionally been disguised with Marxist economics and idology. To the extant that he deCommunized the economy and discredited ideology, Deng dimilished the party's claim to legitiTacy. He left the party all the Torg Wulf efa boë to the flotyd Of riSCO tent lati a 5 SO St L - ned the world in recent days. An improvement in living standards is not enough to fleet the needs of the people. As a studen t bainner in Tianari men Square put it, WE LOVE RICE, BUT WE LOWE DEMOCRACY MORE.
Deng also made himself wulinerable to the supreme, and probably final, irony of his rollercoaster career. He carefully, pati ently, skill fully set the scena fCT GorbäChew to Visit Chima two weeks ago. The Soviet leader was coming on Deng's terms to end the 30-year schism between the Communist giants. Yet not only was this diplomatic triumph overshadowed by the more spectacular events in

Page 29
Tiaram nel Square, but the dêmonstrators there carried banners in Russian demanding GLASNOST and saying IN THE SOWIET UNION THEY HAWE GORBA
CHEW. IN CHINA, WE HAWE WHOM
Gorbachữự has not always
been a champion of the kind of peopla power om display in Tianan mean Squarea. Early in Fhis tenure as General Secretary, his LInc. erstanding of demokracy Was closer to Deng's concept of limited managerial and caп tтергеLIriä | | | iberalization, HOWE Wor, the Soviet leader grew to reallize that as long as the COT1munist Party maintains its grip) on all aspects of society, significant reform is nearly impossible. The party is too conservative, too resistant to change.
車 車
In a Word used by a number of his own a dwi Sers, Gorbachew was "radicalized" by the experience of trying to improva the system. The result, two months ago, Was a genuino choice for Voters in the election to the new Congress of People's Deplu ties... NJ LITero L 5 standard-bearers of the old order were defeated, including Some who ran unopposed (they gathered too few votes to qua
снімд
Li asks for probe
himesa Premier Li Perg had
asked for a probe in to whether any foreign power, in particu lar the United States, had played a part in China's current pro-democracy student mowcement, thea South China Morr7 ing Posť reported today.
In a front-page report oп what it said was a transcript circulated to party members at a meeting last week of "the Com= Tunist Party hierarchy," the English-language daily Uoted Mr. Li as saying the student movement was "the result of the iculcation of Western ideas about democracy and freedom."
"Is there any (foreign) background behind the student movement," the Post quoted Mr. Li
lify for a lection Soviet historian asserts that " Party lost as an i munist5 WO WE Te COTTUni being Communi gents suffered week's election
ment, or SLբrt Gorbachev still i Over time, to 5 terweight to tht pulling off an E um precedented, f of statesmanship ously the leader (
Gorbachew als factio of know, re-established til of the top ma i as the leader munism - but W, is now the ea munist reforma though Martin ned in triumph installed as Po
Derg Xiaopin Mao Zedong 5 chew's predecess Chew partly oil t KFIUS F1Chev. Wa: Gorbachew as toward healing by returning to has carried rewis
into US
as asking. We investigate this.
"For example the US is mot visit of Soviet F Gorbachew to C
""||S thre di ground behind t ment," He 5äi to PSI.
MT Li dik, li W deep-seated reë social turmoil the party, the F are black hands
The Conserwat attacked his a
Tunist Party's Zhao Zi yang, W. out of sight sin.

I). A բrբminent , Leco mid Batkin, the Communist Institution. Coot - beca LISee they sts, b'Luit despita tS." TH1 i SturSetback, il läst of a TE W parliaTle Soviet, Lt. tends that body, EWI F - CCLT1= he party. He is imazing, perhaps eat in the history : 1 S Sir Luta 13 if the opposition.
o has the Satisring that he has le prg-0 min 31 Ce to Kril Of World Cornrith a twist. He der Of the Ccmtion... | t is aS -Luther Had returto Rome to be
Ig's predecessor it with Goraor Nikita Khrushhe grounds that 5 a "revisiCrist." gone a long Way the rift, but mot orthodoxy. He ioni 5 to a level
FOREGIN NEWS
unimagined by either Mao or Kh TL15ht:h=ự, and #18 H TESUlt his picture and slogans are on the posters of Chinese demonstra
s The tumut in China can be used by both sides in the dobate taking place in the Soviet Urio. Reformers Carl dra W, the les som that pu arastrofka must ba accompanied by glasnost and de r7okratizatsiya or SC Oner Or låter the people will take to the streets. The Conservatives can argue that glasnost and demokratizatsiya unleash anarchy and are a threat to the powers that be, notably including the General Secretary of the party,
Despita its current troubles, China has ar i Time SB Edwantaga over the Soviet Uhion, and
it gives Chinese reformers an immenso advantage Over their Soviet counterparts. There really is a Chinese people; 94% belong to one ethnic group, Han Chi
nese. By contrast, Russians make
up only 51% of the population of the U.S.S.R.; they are on of more tha T 1 OC) et hic group)S. Those non-Russian nationalities - in the Caucasus, in Central Asia, along the Baltic, in the Ukraine - are already straining Bt thÐ tỉe:S thät Li Thti tham t[] MOSCOW,
role in student agitation
have to further
we know that happy over the President Mikhail էիima.
Allerical backHe studert mo Wa - d, according to
wledged that "tha ISIT E Hid the is a split within 'g5 gilid, ''These within the party."
iwe Premier also :Firiwa 1, the CorT
reformist chief ho has dropped :g Mr. Li decided
on May 19 to call troops into Beijing to quel the Unrest.
Many Mistakes
"Comrade Ziyang has done a lot of work (for reform in China), but he has also made Tarı y mistakes," the daily quoted him as saying. "We must ascertein who represents reform - is it Comrade (Deng) Xiaoping or Comrada Ziyarıg?.."
He was echoed by another participant at the meeting, former Prasident Li Xiaria, who said according to the Post: "Conventional Wisdor has it that Zhao Ziyang is the leader of the party's reformist faction. In reality, however, it is comTada Xiaoping."

Page 30
President Yang Shangkun, who Wa5 a t Mr. Li 's site Whor a military interwention Was ca| ed 10 days ago, also was strongly critical of Mr. Zhao, said the report,
Mr. Yang said Mr. Zhao had approved a number of decisions taken by the leadership, then went back on them, threatening to resign.
"I told him (Mr. Zhao): "How Can you resign? How can you justify your resignation to the people? How can you stop helping and protecting Comrade Xiao
"The Great Green
There are still many
largely the result
ping?" I asked the Wie W of th Yang Said.
ThD COTTU) Un expected pre հumgdrstrikimg s | En Squareוחחaח i fä; t, "" a Subot aling to the stu tradictions exist w Mr. Yang said.
The entire party ag feed tha gone out of said, and they " martia || || aw" i
MANDE LA WINS
Nelson Mandela, the father-figure of th the Tost barbaric form of institutionalised singular honour of receiving the newly esta Agency reports said that the Award was at Chart. Of Hull Ri Internationally known personalitics. Committee was Sri Lanka's opposition Lea however unable to be present at the cerem
One
The choice of Nelson Mandola at
roadblocks to the thwarted for decades by the combined effo patron, the United States. However now th: of the valiant struggle of of SWAPO, and the even braver battle wa
the African National Congress in South Af
In that struggle for human freedom a out like a titan - Nelson Mandala who jail. Such is his moral and physical courag
75 birthday he refused to allow his wife a
“special
perrimission" of the Botha fellow prisoners do not have as a right" ht
regimє
The Gaddafi Award is based on The announced by McGarmrtnar Gaddafi Al Gadda
BE. T. Cer
itself is an effort to aid
ta 1 human rights" as enunciated in the Un
era which Gaddafi
ca || 5 the cara of the Tha
"The problem of contemporary man r
traditional
if not archaic era, where societi
of government; a theory which acknowledge of masters and slaves, of bosses and wageone thing only: to regain possession of the wealth, to use it for the purpose of fulfilli freedom without being dependent on the
represntative whatsoever"
28

him to respect majority," Mr.
st Party chief's dawn visit to | Ludents on Tiain May 19 was, з way (of revedents) that conlithin the party,"
ierarchy of thea Mr. Zhao "had ime," Mr. Yang agreed to impose
Hasty Step
He acknowledged that the proclamation of martial law had been "somewhat hasty," but said 'serious things had happened" and there were leaks of "State secrets" from party and Government bodies.
He cited four tink-tanks that had issued a statement on the we of the proclamation of martial law, mentioning divisions between conservatives and Tefo Tmists within the party and War ning against the dangers of mili
Beijing. tary action.
GADDAFI PRZE
e courage ou 5 African resistance to apartheid, (white) racism, has been selected for the, blished Gaddafi Award for Human Rights, nounced by the Consultative Committee of. ights". The Committee consists of eminent of those invited to join the Consultative dar, Mrs. Sirimawa Bandara naike, who was onies last week in Libya.
this particular time was singularly fitting full achievement of Namibian Independence its of the apartheid state and its principal it Namibian independence is on the agenda is f the Namibian people under the leadership ged since the beginning of this century by rica itself,
ind African independence, one man stands
has spent more than quarter century in e, and devotion to his people that on his nd family to visit him in jail on the ... "I cannot enjoy a privilege that my 2 said,
Great Green Charter of Human Rights' di, the Libyan Leader in Tripoli on 15 Sept. apt the traditional concepts of fundamenliversal Declaration of the UN, to a new L55 es".
'esults from the fact that he is living a es are governed according to a classic theory 5 the existence of governors and governed, earners, while the masters are yearning for ir resources, to exercise their rights on this ng their needs, and to consolidate their favours of any benefactor, middleman or

Page 31
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