Page 1
Vol. 12 No. 11 October 1, 1989 Price Rs. 7.
India's changing role
MDA'S REG
O Sri Lanka's Dist
O Marxist Rethink
O MahaWamsa, Exc
O Women and the
 
 

50 Registered at the GPO Sri Lanka OJ/32/NEWS/89
IONAL REACH
Orted Democracy
- W. M. M. I. Hussain
ing On Capitalism
- Bhabani Sen Gupta
orcism and Terror — Bruce Kapferer
Open Economy
— Asoka Bandarage

Page 2
THE PREM
IN SOUT
A massive Port Expansion
Colombo into a modern Con
Transhipment Centre qualifying with the following additional and Commercial Port Users:
o Bulk-Handling facilities for
o Rebagging and Reprocessir
O A Streamlined Bonding Se
Апy special requirements cош/
Enqui
SRI LANKA POR
19, Church Stres
, סם וחסIםC
Telephone: 25.559

ER PORT
TH ASIA
Project has transformed tainer Handling Port and for 'Base Port' status facilities to the Industrial
Grain, Fertilizer and Cement,
1g facilities.
rwice,
ї be a rranged fо г ол! request.
iries:
శ్రీక్షా
RTS AUTHORITY
it, P. O. Box 595,
Sri Lankä.
TéléX: 21805 PORTS CE

Page 3
TRE
—
THE KILLING FIELDS tion on Oct. I
Between Aug. 5 and Sept. been chosensin 15, there were 865 murders World Habitat committed in different parts bairtHil annovers of the island, but mainly in Gadhi. It wil the South. Of these, 54 were 28 A. G. A..., dw i
described as "political" by ceremonies will the Parliamentary Affairs and key" in view of Justice Minister, Mr. Vincent situation, a spo Perera. He said that these NO DSAG
figures included 'subversives' 25 police officers and 2 security personnel. The most publicised killings were those of Wen. We llatota. Pan nada 55 i
Thero of Matara, Dr. Mrs.
Gladys Jayewardena, Chair
man of the Stato Pharr naceuticals Corporation and sisterin-law of former President
Mr. Ranjan " reign Ministe
On acc Jaye wardena, Prof. C. Pathu- үлгe have { wathawitana, Moratuwa Uniw. past, the Vice Chancellor, Mr. Merril to annoLIn Kariyawasam, former Deputy Will be prit Minister, Ms. Daya Sepali tion rates Senadeera, former MP, and TV artiste Sagarika Gomes. The joi Іашпched i speaker's AppEAL from Rs.4
"The statements made here should not in any way inter- SS fere with the progress of the FRA
A, P. C.” appealed Hon. M. H. | GUJAR Mohammed, the Speaker when
Parliament debated the Emergency last month. Urging restraint, Speaker Mohammed said that members should bear Price R: in mind the importance of the Ali-party conference,and speak With a se resропsibility. PLEblished fo Linka GLErdian PL
Vol. 12 No. 11
JA MASAVIYA
The JANASAWIYA Program, Prime Minister Premadasa's Vote-winning promise in the Presidential polls campaign Error: Marvy will have its formal inaugura- Telephu IT
Ng- :46, ԼII
COLOMB

WDS
The date has :e it is also the
Day and the y of Mahatma be started in sions but the be on a low the prevailing (esman said.
REEMENT
Wijeratne, Foand State
Minister of Defence blamed “media reports” for the con
fusion about the recent Indo
Sri Lankan agreement on the IPKF pull-out time-table. He was replying to a question in the House. The reports said that the pull-out was condtional - Sri Lanka must guarantee the safety and security of the Tamils of the North. There were no such links' said the Minister.
PIBE IBREASE
ount of rising production costs which andeavoured to absorb in the recent anka Guardian is reluctantly compelled ce that from Oct. 1st, the magazine ced at Rs. 7.50. The foreign subscripwill be announced on Jan. 1st.
Irnal was priced at Rs. 2.50 when We it on May Day 1978. It was increased
to Rs. 5 on July 1st, 1987.
C O N T E MTS
DAN
News Background 3. October 1, 1989
Foreign Reports 5
Sri Lanka's "Conquest Democracy' 6 . . People's Conference B
Letters 9. rtnightly by The Region 3 ublishing Co. Ltd. Tha Culture of Nationalism 23
2 חטlחIקO 10 FIC, Women and Capitalist Development 25 0, -2.
Books
Printed by Ananda Pross 825, Wolford his Street, Colombo 13. Telephong: 435975
1 da Silva
: 547534

Page 4
A unified contributic diversi
The Browns Group of Compa of trade, industrial and agricul With the accent on Group Pro
specialisation, each Member of to provide services and goods ( Group, as a Whole, is based O which assures you of the ow
TESO|
THE BROWNS GRO
481, Darley Road, Colombo 1 (
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY,
TOURISM, EXF
 

and unique in through fication
hies cover almost every aspect tural development in Sri Lanka. gress through diwersification and Associate Company is equipped if the highest standard. Yet the in a concept of unified service, erall benefits of its combined
LCES.
UP OF COMPANIES
J. P. O. Box 200, Tel. 697111
ENGINEERING, TRANSPORT, ORTS, TRADE.

Page 5
A flicker of ligh end of the tunr
Mervyn de Silva
uddenly peace breaks out?
Not quite. A little light at tha end of the dark, Winding tunnel Perhaps.
An AH-pārties conference attended by 21 political parties and groups including the LTTE as observer is the closest we have come to internalise the search for a solution to an in escapably deepening domestic Crisis which was 'externa lised" in the 1980'S by the Indian involvement. (L.G. Sept. 15). But now the major Cor domina mti aspect of an allperwaciva conflict - or multiple conflicts - is the violence in the Sinhala South, represented
by the J.W. P., and a direct, powerful threat to more than the UNP regime, It is more
than a threat to the State too, It has greatly undermined the social order with the prospect of Sri Lāka Sipping int Chrnic anarchy.
Nonetheless, it was heartering to see the ferocious 'Tigers", One of the most fgared gLIBrilla Organisations in the World Sefid two delegates in pleasing white tro Luser ad tu TiC instead Of their customary battle fatigugs. The Tigers' and all the Tamil groups Were there to Suggest that tha Torth 3r 3 thic isSLE is perhaps less resistant to negotiato SEttlgmEnt than the WP problem, the cutting edge of the Tā tiro T | Conflict. Thus, the ISLAND editorial was right when
it said that the absence of the JWP Wä5 || kg Hart"|Eat With Out the Prince of Danmark, though
Exacting bardo la tors may hawe äd their doubts about the accuracy of the analogy,
On the principle that jaw-jaw is bitter thai War-War, President Premada sa has put his own maxi Tn of " "Consultation,
Compromiso, into practice 9ffort to r | iĖWE pressure or b. SyStGIT.
The mirthi- lO wEre lik Ely to B. Mr. Prefinada sa lated, and to S has prowed Corre middle-class Eo more freely a confidence is survival of t middle-class W urage or resili Or loss given LI på ble of Coping Businees Corifid collapsed. The business änd prO' li tits Wire 3 r raised that a and skills had : improvement in ket Soo after was the first 5
CONE. M.
RECOWERW P
The TECOWB" strength ened bo' fires - ceasefi
between the IF ård a Cessatior the South. The a big differenc in the North-Ea
CLICO vernmental agr Sri Larika, With !
Tent ready | PKF by De ce Certail Conditi THa. Conditi C15 a firrin, direct the pullout an process, a dipli the President negotia tors, For jan Wijeratine, with Mr. Gard апсH Mr. Prema

ht at the
nel
and Consens Lus''" in a desperate : the mounting oth regime and
ng Consultations ase the press Lre, obviously calcuCome Externt, he Ct. At | EH5t tha r Cathed ä, litt | Tid Tiddle-ci HSS wital to the he system. A TC LT ITILIC CDence had more p, totally incawith the Crisis. erce had quickly pa ni C — Strick 5 fessional || Comil Lueady so demolight of capital started. The slight the SETE Tärthe APC opened ign of slight re
ROCESS
y proCESS Was * the two CE a SCE is the North KF and the LTTE, of hostilitics in "I Was of Corse c. The ceasefire Ist wä3 the diof an inter-goaement, lindia and he Indian governto pull-o LIt the 11 boE3r 31, () [1 CB Ols Were Tet.
did MOT include linkage between d tha dewolution amatic victory for and his two top eign Minister Ran
W o had ti || k 5 Ihi in Belgrad E, dasa's special ad
viser, Mr. Bradman Weera koon in Delhi, who conducted nego tiations with top Indian officials, mainly Mr. Gandhi's key aide, his secretary Mr. Ronen Sen,
The most significant development however was the ceasefire in the South. In the first place, it was 3 unilaterä| CëSSation of hostilities by the government, a decision taken by the President himself. But it was limited to 3 days, time to test thie J WP's will and its t3Ctics. Secondy, it was fixed for Sept. 27, a week after the announcement - time for the security forces to continue their operations. These details reflected the regime's dilemma, a regime caught between its desirea for a political settlement ard the need mot to undermine the army's offensive. It is the classi C dilemma of a civilian regime, particularly one led by a popuist President, who has beder criticised by influential sections in his own party for taking too 'soft" a line on the JWP. The di lemma has everything to do with a development that this journal has highlighted in the recent past-the emergence Of the army as an increasingly auto
nomous actor on the national stage; a typical Third World phenomenon, and the logical
consequence of the militarisation process in the 1980's.
The LTTE, we have argued strongly, needed a breather, and the IPKF off its back. Hence, its diplomatic initiative - an opening to the Premadasa government, more decidedly antiDelhi than its predecesor. It is of course a tactical TOWe. Whether the LTTE will return to its Eelam, separatist platform after tha || PKF pulls out or Will be content in battling the North
3.

Page 6
East pro-Delhi EPRLF administration for the recovery of its Once un challenged political= military dominance is of course the big, wide-open question.
JWP TACTICS
It is equally clear that the JWP too needed time to repair the damage caused by the tough military onslaught since July 29, the deadline the JWP - DJW gawe the army, Rosign or face the music - not soldiers only but their families. The army took up the cha | lenge to protect not just the lives of its men but to preserve its institutional image, another contributor y factor in the steady emergence of the military establishment as an autonomous player.
The appeal of tha Mahamayakes, initiated by the chief prelate of the Rammanya nikaya, was the major move in the fast-changing scena. Then carne the appeal of the five Opposition parties, led by Mrs. Banda ranaike. Nobody missed the significance of the timing. The Presidential Secretariat announCement of the Unilateral Cessation of hostilities, for three days, Carne soon after Mrs. Bandaranaike and the Opposition alliance met Mr. Prernadasa. While the ceasefire in the North was not conditional in the sense of a specified 'trial" period, the ceasefire in the South was for an initial three days after which it will be extended F the 'armed militants' responded.
On Oct. 1st, we will know what that responsa will be. The LTTE has a CCL55ed tha: || PKF of 'violations", an allegation summarily dismissed by the Indian High Commission. Instead, firefights will continue but it is unlikely that the ceasefire will be called off. In the south, the situation is radically different. The balance of forces Will determine the JWP's decisions, based on its own tactics and strategy. lin my wiew, it wi | | be a surprise if the three-day ceasefire matures into a prolonged cessation of hostilities.
4.
E COMO MW
100 M
ri Lanka
to 100 from tea du ply at the C. and the te feels that th et frO 11 hi prevalent wiwi production i in certain a and Souther
A leading L. the City' that ward price witnessed in tids this wee
"Tea prices We've lower price mowering broker said,
He said that rage which W Week went up Week. The më price improven buying by the , South Africa.
The Soviet for nearly 50 tea oil sale.
The broker buying was du of teа ѕшpply c ced in the Everybody is t whatever tea i. Tärket.
He said that taken to sett tea production
He pointed quality of tea the pipeline. million kilograp been Catalogue On October 1 that there is sale from now
Mea While, Report of Foi for the sale said that there lati ir te c decisions Indi: circumvent the

MEVMVS BACKGRO U MID
illion weekly loss
is losing Rs. 90 til lion a week } to short Suplomb) O A Luctions
export trade e profits earnsh prices now Il ba Offset if i not resu Inned eas in the Uva
provinces.
a broker told 'In In precedented upTOW lets Were he Colombo auck.
are going Crazy. ; een the Tike) of rnts beforeʼ" Orne
the weekly awewas R5, 67 läst to Rs. 75 this in reason for the ent was strong Sowiet Jorn and
Jnion accounted per cent of the
said that active a to the shortage Lurrently eXperienColombo Tärket. ying to smap up available in the
actio must be the strikes in SECLC).
Out that a fair is available in A total of 3.5
Is of tea hawe for the auction which means нnough tөa fог ti || October 10.
he Tea Market les and Walker F September 13 is much specucles as to what
would take to
problem facing
their domestic sector today. Tea is a sensitive commodity in India and with the general ElecLior rould the Cormer the ITdian government will have to take a firm decision to stablise tea poria:Fs at reasona ble l Ewels in the local market.
It also said the sharp increase in prices is attributed to a shortfall in the exportable quantities caused by a dramatic increase in domestic consumption. Growth in the domestic usage of this bewerage has increased tremendously over the past decade or so when compared to increase in production'.
""The home market alone absorb about 66 per Cent of the total crop leaving only approximately 34 per cent for export, This situatio seems to hawa got compounded during this Critical election due to the drought that prevailed during the first
quarter' it said.
— Sшл
Privatisation project scrapped
The government has decided to Cornwert the TeleCoTi municä - tion Department into a corporation instead of going ahead with the previous privatisation proposal, a senior Post and Teacommunications ministry official said.
Ha said a directive to this effect has been received from the government and discussicos on the proposal are now being held With the Warious telecommunication Unions.
'The question of absorbing present tela Communication enployees in to the new corporation has been a matter of primary importance in these discussions", the official said.
The new corporation will be formed after the necessary legislation is adopted by parliament.
- Daily News

Page 7
Ceasefire: why the
long notice
Yesterday's big news, that a unilateral three day ceasefire from 6 am on September 27, under Which the security forces will hält their àrti–5 Libversiv E offersive, raised the inevitable questions: Why Sept. 27? Why should it take so long to get the ceasefire started.
Autho Titā tiwe Sources Sā id thre Was Tore than o ng reason. First, the government and the oppositio wished the JWP and other är Ted groups to hawe en ough time to meet and Consider their response.
Then there was the need for Security forces to get the word do Wml ewe to thë most fa Tflung outpost - not merely by press, radio and TW, but through the "proper Channels".
Finally, there was also the need to have the necessary facilities in plate to receive those rebels who may choose to give themSelwes up. These arrangements are already being made, an Officia | Spoke Srilar said.
- ify Wes.
Special team questions
A special Pice team nās
bean detailed to question sewaral Tamil youths arrested with arms and ammunitior of Talawakella last weak. Police suspect that youths hawe T1 Cowed into the area to recruit estate youth's to undergo Weapons training in the North-Easteran regio T.
Police believe that the youths in custody belonged to a certair political group carrying out a forced conscription drive in the North-East.
Senior police officials remained tight-Lipped about the arrests which 'The Island" earns had been made by a joint PolicaArTy team. Several sophisticated weapons had also been seized during the operation,
- said
A.P.C.
h3 5e werth T
ing part in party conferenc Sri Lanka Were rity guards at to eawg their " Meekly, they were so easy i large,
The day afte Sri L3|| k || 3 || T. agreerTent was India would wi rėmaining pĖa. from the islan Year. There snags, but India it does, the Co gely peaceful sig sitting down Eflerties Of the Revolutionary (EPRLF) and ex more deadly SLITĚ - Čit [0 ) E TE a fratricidal W break Out irl. and east of th the Si Th1 ESSE SI of today's Eloo in relative pear
The Idians panning to le Their 3ü dier 5 impossible task in à ck Il 1 to di Sarr the exterminate the who had to i up the certain for the wagari: imħall tal irl Lo the to be : hased if Indian army. I Indian soldiers Morale among lo W, ad indis its Way in Ti missa Crea of 5 irm the Torter om August 2nd F. ed how far the
India's plari withdrawal was impetuous spee La rikas; Presi Per di S3 i he told the II by the end of

FOREIGN REPORTS
: Fragile Peace 2
rni groups tak
this Week's "" 8 || e" on peace iп told by the secuthe meeting ha|| Weapons outside, did. If only it In the country at
the conference, unced that an near under which thdraw its 40,000 ekeeping troops by early next ay be lastminute will go. When nference's stran - ht - Tamil Tigers with their arch+ Eelam People’s Liberation Front changing nothing han Words — is !peated. Instead, iar is likely to the Tamil north e island, leaving o Luth, WherĖ much d is being shed, :总,
ha long been ave by January. ad be el Set arh when they went
387. They were Tigers but not am. The Tigers,
Interest in giving ties of the gun as of the ballot, northern-jungles ruit Iessly by the MCre tham 1.000 hawe been killed. the Indians is cipline is eating he Indian army's 3 Tamil Civilians Jaffna peninsula orrifyingly showз rot has goпе.
for a dignified wrecked by the ch given by Sri det - Rāmasing he Juné, in Which iians to get out uly, India natu
rally dug its heels in, Mr. Premada sa naturally had to back down, and now, after a lot of haggling, the two countries are back to the original timetable.
Although he did not accornplish what he set out to do, Mr Rajiv Gandhi, India's prime minister, is ready to withdraw because of the general election he faces late this year. Provided he is not seen to be forced out, he wants to leave: his opposition is getting enough mileage out of 'India's great Inisadventure" that he will be happy to be rid of it. For his part, President Premadasa stirred up the dispute with India in June to seize the nationalist Initiative from the Simhal (25e 8Xtremists known as the Janatha Wimukthi Param una (People's Liberation Front). Now he realises the JVP will seize on any old issue to Continue its calpaign - so why not let the In
dians leave in the way they want?
The Indians will refect bit
terly on their experience. They came in, at Sri Lanka's request, to bring peace. They leave behind not only their own corpses and those of the many Tigers they hawe killed, but thousands more Civilĩans tham Combatants dead. The political solution has solved little. The north-eastern provincial Council to which power was dBWO|Wed hä8 been boycotted by the Tigers and their backers, and though it was elected in a freeish ballot it has never seemed to win legi
timacy. India is resigned to a Contest of force: it has been arming the Tigers' rivals and
allowing them to conscript fighters in the north-east.
The withdrawal agreement between lndia and Sri Lanka, which was expected to be signed over the weekend, will probably set up "peace committees' compri5 ing representatives of the Tami|| groups and Sri Lanka's security
(Continued om page 23)

Page 8
Sri Lanka’s “Conquest
Zeth Hussain
t is known that when är in
stitution is transplanted from one country to another it acquires a local coloration, and sometimes is even transmogrified into Something quita different. A striking illustration was provided by an East European country which in the inter-war years tried to practise democracy. The Government in power, fin ding that it had lost its Parliamentary majority after elections, proceeded to re-establish it by the simple device of assassinating the requisite number of Opposition members. That was a highly original form of transplanted democracy.
We too have practised a highly original form of democracy, quite un like anything preva iling in the West Or awer i ad Third World Country Such as II dia, In the West it is clearly understood that a democratic Government has to be a CCO Todative of the Opposition and Consensual İrnı it's approach to problems, Cor it is mot de To Crati C. || || Britair, for istä ICE, a Parlia Tentary Bill quite often undergoes transformations before it reaches final form as the suggestions and Criti Cism of the Opposition a re takean in to a CČ0|LInt. Arld, of Course, O É) lewer hears of Opposition complaints that insufficient time has been lowed for debates over legislation of the most momento us mational irTimportance. The Opposition is regardEd as Har Majasty's Opposition and the "alternative government'. It will be agreed that in the Sri Lankan version of democracy the Government is not gxpected to give any quarter to the Opposition.
A democratic Government has also to respect institutions that ara essential for the functioning Of derTiOCTECW Such a San independent judiciary, and a free
The writer, a retired Foreign Service Officer was Sri Lankan . Ar 7 Ebassådor ir Manila.
press by which just an un ceris 01 E UTICO Stri sorship arti di the witholding a GOWEarn marit a dwE ппосгасү wherв
perly is a high tical reality, no of having supp tic Constitution.
Éd that o Lur G not regarded the press, which the propter funct Cr3C y, a S Sa Cros
The gasol 135 to bg Coris pact democratic that the ruling gets far less th Wota S. The delT, tent has there IT) ind that it de the majority of іп fact are reprt opposition partie | Sri Lanka o which came to proximately 36% straigh ta 'waw ass had the backing rity of the peo after conducted Out too mamy d ples. In 1977 | Care to power the votes End started shouting siwa manda ta'", a lost if the against it, and could reasonably pected to rega | пепt with Hatre tainly true in "Politics is orga
It appears th Some sort of Gower mTits Ti people. Under ( tem of woting, defunct, a Gow by far less than or just a fractio 90% and more Parliament. The majority of seats

Democracy
1 is meant not O rei press, but ed by Self-centwices such as frewsprint and !rtiStiments. Dëit functi OS proy Complex poliit just a matter Së dy democra
It will be agreWETT TIĠIts hawe fredol of til S ES Santia | for icon ing of demoEl L.
Why democracy Eers Lual and Te5istitutions i5 party usually an 50% of the Ocratic Gowerfor to be är in es not represent the people, who 3 sented by the S in Parliate it. If Governients power with apof the Wotes umed that they g of the Tajiople, and the reIhemselves wither 10 Cratic scruthe Government with 51% of straight-away about its "'Tas
forgetting that ! OË Ople were What is more
ha we bigan ex"d the Gover!d as it is cerSri Lanka that nized ha trgid".
at because of allucination Our stook seats for 1 LIr former sysnow happily ar net backed half the Wotes in over half got of the seats is
ower whelming On the Gower
led Our believe that
ment side apparently Governments to
they had the support of tha overwhelming majority of the people. Westerners, who have been non a to o respectful of
our achievements, observing the behaviour of our 1977 Gowerment in particular might have concluded that we, by confusing seats with people, had instituted "posterior democracy".
Our Governments used to come to power through dørshocratic elections the legitimacy of which WBS in ë w8r doubtad, but in between elections they tended to behave undemocratically. All the Same, our Governments prior to 1977 Could hawe ba en ragarded as at the least quasi-democratic, and their basic needs Strategy certainly showed a concern for the mass of the people. After 1977 a II that changed with the Government displaying What many regarded as an obsessional ha tred of democracy. The facts are known, so that mention might be made at this point only of the deprivation of Mrs Bandaranaike's civic rights, the infamous referendum of 1983. and howling hooligans threatening Supreme Court Judges. Those hooligans were reagarded in high quarters as exercising their fundamental right to demonstrate. The disrespectful Westermer would hawa concluded that ours was a "hooligan demoCτεία γ .
Perhaps ou T Governments hawe really been practising what might be called "conquest democracy", Which could explain some peculiar aspects of our political life. Thå analogy of Conquest might explain, for instance, our peculiar institution of post-elections violence which seems to exist nowhere els 5 in tha World. When a foreign army conquered a city, the soldiers were Lusually allowed to loot, rapa, burn, thrash and kill, the only Constraint being that palaces and holy places, with the pre

Page 9
cious objects therein, were reServed for the Conquering king or General and his top brass. In our post-elections violence, party brawos have exercised some of the time-honoured privileg Eas of Conquerers by looting, burning, thrashing and sometimes killing. The aftermath of the last elections proved to be exceptional only because the ruling party continued in power.
The analogy of conquest might also explain what happens to Co Lur Stät Sector after E TIE W Government comes to power. The foreign conquerers, entitled as thay were by time-honoured practice to the 'spoils of war", helped themselves to the resourCes of the conquered Country, while our Governments have helped themselves through the "spoils system' to the resourcas of our wast state sector. They forgot that the resources for running the state sector are provided by the productive actiwities of all the people, not just the supporters of the Govern
ment, and they pro Caeded to provide the wary best to their relations, friends, and political supporters. Our 'spoils system'
was astonishing even by Asian standards and, as if that was not enough, our 1977 Government put itself in a class apart by exercising the privileges of the conqueror to an extent that was astonishing even by Sri Lankan standards,
The analogy of conquest could perhaps also prowide some illumination about the JWP, which in some ways seems to be an Oddity. It regards itself as leftwing but no Marxist party in Sri Lanka or anywhere els a in the World can accept it as left-wing because of its hard line the TaTi | дшestiоп. Perhaps it should be regarded not so much as a party of the Left as a party of the left-out.
CAMBODA
It is worth looking briefly at what happened in Cambodia. In that country there were always two peoples, the Cambodians of the rice-growing areas who were
With is the fra dian Civilization Whil O. We're alw What happene Pot, leng Sary and others, a sidered themsel Some of whom trained, got to left-out of Cal a CCOrding to
EC Luliar, Wengef ror of the PC Cor munism. It be absurd to r of the south E the left-out they hawe alwa if the framew Civilisation an themselves as tors of the nat of the Ruh UI Lankan brand Certa ir lly be e; H SEI15E ämon) tion of tha : are the conque out, and they to hit out, murderously, w da Til for ideoli It appears that Conquest have C tiCs of tha gft. south where been left out both of the | ibi and the Maha w
SEWER, NOT
We now ha options are op the Crisis il OurSË wes |eäädi The JWP has join the politica it might seem mainstream is Military action Carl at best than a tempo practically ever recognize. Wha ed about the - violarit young tra terresti al 5 bLu produced them, thing Lutterly rc of Sri Lanka. be done to st will disintegra It Would the TE to give way to

a Work of Camboand the others ays tha left-Lut. i Was that PO
Khieu Samphang of whom coWES Marxists; ad Were Sorbonegether with the bodia and hence, one theory, the Lul, genocidal horIl Pot brand of Would of course egard our people |5 Comparabola to of Cambodia as y's EE || Oged withDirk of Sinha | esė d indeed regard the proud inheriioralist traditions E. But the Sri Hf democracy, can Kpected to bread å sizeable saceople that they red and the aft. сап be expected On Wulsively and without giving a og y cof any sort. I the politics of atalysed the poli-0ut in the deep the people hawg if the splendours eralized economy ,yוחם חסBli BC
STREAM
we to ask what an to US to stop which we find ing to Cataclysm. been invited to | пHinstreап, HLIt to them that tha really a sewer, å gå inst the JWP provide по пmora rary respite, as wbody seems to t has to be grasplWP is that thosg TGT 3 fe 10t Bxt that our society revealing somelitte il the State Something has to p the rot or we t3 a 5 a nation. fore be suicida ) a mood of Eup
horia should military action against the JWP appear to succeed, änd the reaftar desist from takіпg ппеапіпgfш1 action agaiпst te rotte ISS Wich in the fir St place led to the JWP rebellion.
There seems to be a national consensus for a constitutional change making the leader Continuously responsible to the representatives of the people in Parliamant. This consensus is easily unders tam dable as so many feel that Presidential power S un - der the present Constitution amount to an abortion of democracy. However, as argued in this article democracy is far more that a matter of constitutional arrangerients.
(C) Lur po Toblem really i S to make Sri Lakan dem CCTa C y demo Cratic, and for that practice is what matters not just constitutional tinkering and rhetoric about democracy. The Goyern Tient must flow show that it is willing in practice to abandon the malpractiCes Of Conquest de mocracy by a nouncing that herCe forth no politi Ciam Will hEwe any say whatever in appointments, promotions, and transfers in the public sector. That Certainly will be backed by a widespread national consensus though not perhaps by all the politicians, for obvious reasons,
It might seem to the Western observer that in aping the West by first adopting Westminsterstyle and then Presidential-style democracy We ha w proceded from a joke to a farce. Whatgwer it might ba Callgd, otur democracy has in fact been characterized by the un con stra ined u See ad ab Use of power, just as in the dictatorships. And un constra ined power has of course to lead in eluctably, Sooner or later, to disa ster as shown by the fact that the 1977 Gowerment left this Country in a T1, TE distra Strous situation thā T is få CGd by any othar Country in thÊ Third World. Wa law to lear that unless power is constrained no civilized existence is possible, something that was wery clearly understood by the scholar-monk who wrote Sri Lanka's first Constitution, the Mahavamsa.
7

Page 10
International People's Confe
In respect of the People of Sri Lanka it Was Resolved:
That in the col text of the steadily dateriorating situation in Sri Lanka (the root cause which lay in denying the right to self-determination of the Tamil people) in Which both Sin ha |esea and Tamil people - mostly inno Cent people — are being sinselessly killed almost daily by the Sri Lankan stato's security forces, thé ||ndian Peace-Keeping Forces, the 5 av gral Tarii ind Sinhalles e a riffined Organizations involved in internecine conflict and by unidentified but we|| funded and heavily armed assassination Squads:-
(a) That the Sri Lankan Government act expeditiously to implement the provisions of the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord of July 29, 1987, which provides
for internal autonomy for the Tamil people in their traditional areas of habitation, as a first step towards restoring peace
with justice.
(b) That the Sri Lankan Gowernment and its security forces, the Government of India and the Indian Peace-Keeping Forces (IPKF), the Liberation Tigers of Tami || Eelam (LTTE), the Eelam people's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF), the Eelam Revolutionary Organization (EROS), the Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF), the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), The peoples Liberation Organization of Tamil Egliam (PLOTE), and other Tamil armüd Organizations, and among the Sinhalese the Janata Vimukti Pera muina (JWP or People's Liberation Front), arrive at a ceasefire, and begin negotiations together with the political parties represented in parliament to Work towards a solution that would guarantee territorial rights, human and democratic rights, and prowide the institutional framework that guarant ges the right to selfdetermination of the Sinha lese, Tamil and Muslim peoples, so
8
Peод/e’s !
INTERNATIO
Sapp Oro, Mi
that these peop unity with dive and developing lang Lages, relig and pursue thei social Welfare, i. the way for an Of thg Indian Forces. We Ca peace, With jus people of Sri L the poor, the d fugees, and thE
ance.
Participants i tional Indigenou ference include: A LIStralia, E Canada, East GaLIt2 Inala, Hi Pab La Me WW G pines, Tahiti, and the Sovie dition obser wers Lanka and Ja This COIlfgrence пеarly twenty c nizei ir Aug Coalition of pe. and organizati con Cerried with to peace, Justi democratic righ fra E from explg nation by the i loped Countries dents of Peop. Century (PP21 known Japrese human rights alds of Ja barıE hu Idred in witges tries participate Іопg proceeding fert pārts of Torth Earl Tost to CD kia wa i is al at tempat Wision of the

"ence calls for negotiations
Plan for the 21st Century - Alliance of Hope
Japan, August 1989.
| MAL WDIGEMO US PEOPLES COMFEREMICE butani, Kushiro in Ainu- Moshiri (Hokkaido) -Japan, August 7th -- 14th, 1989
Jle 5 Can TiVo in }rsity, preserving their respective
ions and Cultures ecoloric and and ther abo'y pawe early withdrawal
PE a CE-KEEpig
| for a lasting tic for a the - anka, especially
is placed, the rewictims of vio
tha: || Inter - S People's Cod pE2 pol from iеalu, Brazil, Timor, Guam, awaii, Malaysia i u inea, PhilipTaiwan Tonga it Union liri adfrol dia i Sri baп Were presant. WIS OITĘ a FTCrigg :Onferon Ces orgast 1989, by a bple's moyements опs in Japan ad CCT mitted Ce, human and its and a world ilitatior and do TiIndustrially deve- The Co-Presile's Plan 21st ) include well intellectuals and activists. Thousse and Cover three fra Til ther Could in the oth is held is difJapan from the is and Hokkaido the SOLIth, PP21
to 'produce a future society
which is Worth winning together." It is an Alliance of Hope, and is an attempt to challenge the conscience of the Japanese people as Japan takes its place as a global Economit, suբ ërpower having become lot only the largest door of Offical Development Assistance, but also a major exploiter of the world's resources and a leading partner together with the industria|| y developed Countries Of the West in perpetua ting än international system that impowerishes two-thirds of mankind and persists in strategies for 'deveopment" that destroys the en.LוBf וחוזנtחוW
PP21 was conceived and initiated by the Pacific-Asia Resource Center (PARC) ärı aCtic-oriented research, education and documentation Centre operating since 1973 to promote people-to-people solidarity mainly with the Pacific-Asia region. its 1983 International Solidarity Manifesto PARC declared that 'the existing relationship between Japan and the rest of the Asia-Pacific people, and Third World people in general, are making compatibility increasingly
difficult. The existing relationship) Tests on Japan's dominamce in tha ragion, and deeper
Commitment to a world strategy that attempts by coercion and other means to stem the growing People's ässar tion of Selfdet Titi T," THE Täl i fast also stated in the Comtext of ''OLI counters" With Asia brothers and Sist (3rs, ''We2 (Japahne:S 6) diSCO Wereld the degree EO Which WWE Hä WG bagi robbad of rich a SS il the trug SelS e of the Word. We haw CO to

Page 11
strongly wish for the recovery of a life and culture which permits a greater quietness, simpolicity, Wariety, and fulfi||mant of mind and body."
The initial PARC proposal was sent to a spectrum of Japanese people's movements early in 1988. The response was positive and enthusiastic. More then 300 individuals, including move
ment leaders, activists, movement-related a Cade Tic5, and church leaders agreed to take
on the Work from PARC. The PP21 program was organized not as a centrally plan ned Tokyobased Campaign. It was an undertaking engendered by the the initiatives of communitybased and other grassroots action groups and movements.
Indigen OLIS
The Internatical People's Conference was held in Ainu Moshiri (land of the
Ainu in Hokkaido), from August 7th to i 4th, The Airu, the indigenous people of this archipelago, whose territory was inwaded by the Wajin majority (the majority Japanese race), are Commemorating iTլ 198Ց լիE 200th anniversary of the KunashirMenashi uprising, their last organized armed resistance against tha Wajin in wasion. Depriwed of their land and resources, suffering from discrimination and officially denied the rights of an independent national minority by the government, the Ainu people hawe long struggled for dignity, equality, and recognition as a people. Their movement has recently been Vitalisad and has developed numerous international ties with indigenous people's movements throughout the World, and hawe derhard Ead th B right to representation in tĒ D ft.
The PP21 program Moshiri (Hokkaido) was built around th1t: CCTFTET Orti ewents of thea Ainu movement and included traditional Ainu Coremonies commemorating the exe Cuted martyrs, presentation and sharing of cultural performances and sharing of Ainu life-style.
Airu -
The high poin nies was the Ching of a trai followed by th Air LI Moshiri ( ration, August final planary CCT) för Erice. THE the disc LISSig ri5 of an afternate for Hokkaido as Lurgent Con Cerri
and thin (3 EDU ā Wär EFTIËss of Society in Jap
Ception of the
Other Countries OT majority Jag proceedings si a SSLmuption il that Japan is
nā, tior. As Mr.
an Air LU || Gädder Plrt gram mEtյո8 situatico Wher, together with y nese majority).
tog Beth Er, är i Search for way: Wajiri (majority Okina WaT 15; to I
TH a Sri Lank Ճnd among thց tions relating t peoples particip fĖor El Ce, ad the final pleni presenting the ads ption of H.E. ting Committee, Jf the filä | 55 Terence, Lopeti Plator, MILIClear pBrident Facific particials at Wéré LëSly sa Situation in Sri it was a matte CET1. Liberti W Efe Critte rights of the E beCOT e perpetri agair 1st ordinary engaged in b Com flict... TF1 a III for a cessation emd to the sla people aпd a r:
Fց:
Santasi ai

of the ceremoColourful la Lunitional Ai!1u boat adoption of the Hokkaido) Decla1 4th 1989 at thë essions of the main focus of was the designing people's fLI ture an immediate and for the people lding-up of an a multi-ethnic 11. Il the perparticipants fron and the Wajin a rese present the ttered the false Japan and abroad a li D mogenED LIS TNarita Tokuhei, said, "for US the a search for a a we can five ou all (the JapaWe have to live f so, we have to s enābing Ainu ), Koreans and iwe together."
a resolution was se Vera | resO ILIto the rights of ating in the conwas adopted at Fly sessions. llm resolutions for Half of the drafthe chairperson ssions of the ConSenituli, CoordiFrag and Indosaid that the the conference dide nad about the
Lanka and that r for grave ConOWG ments that to defend the People have now ators of Violern Cea people and are it ter interne Cine red at lead is of hostilities, an ighter of innocent egotiated peace.
Jort ly
Kadirgamar
LETTERS
Shah's We11 Oirs
Tilak Gunawardhana's review of Shan's Memoirs, under the appropriate title of "Thoughts of Shan" made entertaining reading in your last issue. If Comrade Shan had actually played the role of Sri Lanka's Chairman Mao can be a source of much speculative wanderings and I certainly did enjoy your reviewer's references to the State Publishing House, Red Book and Prof. Kurlāri JayaWardana as official historian. That approach, must howewer, remind GL na Wardena, had denied the reader a starious critiCal Comment on the Termoirs
of a trade Union and Left piO ոEBr.
S。平。 Co|0 Tib0 5.
Brilliant Analyses
I have been reading with rapt attention the brilliant analys Els Of Dayan Jaya til leka. | h0pe ha Will continua to address his ind to similar problem5.
(Prof) Jayarathan Wilson
Political Science Dept. Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada.
CORRECTION
In the sentence "I define ethnicity as a cross-class, primordial collective identity, relating to horizontal changes in a stitial freisirriatitir1. . . .' appearing in Dayan Jayatilis ka's concluding article on Unfinished Wars" (page 10, LG Sept. 15) the word "changes" should have read ""cleaVaggs."

Page 12
The philosoph whileh enabled 1
proceeding
1 million hous
completed by
 
 

ny with a heart 50,000 houses to be
1982 and now towards a se target. invites
us to offer : сүeryone.
། ځ تهږي. آلي: §,(3)');.3% $(ኗፍኯይ፰፥ P፨&x............ )

Page 13
NEW THINKING
Modern Capitalism
New Theories
Bhabani Sen Gupta
tartingly new perceptions Vof modern capitalism are articula tad by a cadernic:s of social
science centres in China and the Soviet Union. The 'new thinking' fuels perestroika and glasnost in the USSR, and the
e Colonic reform5 in the Chiesa People's Republic. If there are nuances of differeces in the two giant communist states' current perceptions of modern capitalism, these relate more to accents than to basic theory and practice,
The na W. Sino-Soviet appraisal
of capitalism sharply changes the nature of the contest be tWeen the socialist and capitaist international systems. It Explains why the international class War doctrine of what is now described in the Soviet Union as the 'Stalin-Brezhnev period" has yielded to the Gorbachevian paradigm of "the integrated interdependent world" where socialism and capitalism must coexist and compete for humanity's acceptence by resolwing socioeconomic and cultural-spiritual problems of the world. The new thinking on capitalism opens doors and windows in both words to one another for what is likely to develop into an envigorating engagement of the two ideologies the mutually antogonistic relationship between whom has been responsible for much of the revolutionary changes Engraved om the great hulk of the 20th century.
The Chinese view of today's capitalism COrmes from Professor LL Congmin, of the Party school attached to the Centrā Committee of the Cornmunist Party. In its 300-year history. Prof. Lu sees capitalism passing through three stages. The first stage was of liberal Capitalism, It er du Ted till the end of the 19th century. Then came the second stage of imperialism. It spawned an
in Mos
ew Ont – packad
for the end C middle of the p Contemporary St is described by capitalisпп", a { not entirely acc S : ht | är 5 ad th the pressure of post-Tienin Emai
Prof. L.Lu fird; tia ii fg a Lures" stage of Capi funda Tentally d imperialistic sta lism has at its material and tai It is distinguish precedented lew, achieved by the logies in Cluding lear energy and Secondly, the Capital has regä( as a result of
opment of oil nies. Capital has isgd and privat rated from the du Ctito ad fro hire and exploi Copa nies have Capital.
The third Bass modern capita is the micro rei economy, makin the State to S of simple regulat wention is now ket regulation, i iwe monopolis ar Far Chy in porodi economic crises stable developm normy,
The class 51 modern capitalist changed profoul past the structu of the rich and the shape of a is a pris I'm beca rich and poor pe

cow and Beijing
half-a-century, if the last to the resert. The third, äge of Capitalism LL as 'public concept that is :epted by CPSU hat may be under re-thinking in Child.
s certain 'essenof the present talism that are ifferer for the ge. First, Capita
disposal a solid chnologica base.
Sed boy a i LInall of production 3 ia tEast te : HTIO -
tomputar 5, muc:- bio-թngineering, socialisation of shed a high lewal the great devet Stock COrilpabet deceltracapital sepamCarls of prom the right to t. Translational iterationalised
feature of Sm, Says LU is gulation of the g it possible for ofte In the rigours iori, Stato - inter
aimed at marchecking excessation, reducing Luction, soften ing and se curing el t of the e Co
entia |
Iructure of tha society has also ldly. "If in the
re of the society
the poor took pyramid, now it L5 e t HE TE är 55 ople than people
with a We ragg in Core Workers of intellectual labour occupy an important place in Society. Both real wages and grants in the social Security has grown". The for Sign policy Of capitalist Countrigs has also changed. "In the präst, forces ani War Were used to exploit developing countries and for consolidation of capitalism's worldwide hegemony. And today, to achieve the same results, the support is taken of modern science and technology and also of the superiority of the market economy". Finally, writes the Chinese party Scholar, "the internal policy of a number of capitalist Countries is becCorming Timore democratic, legislation more perfect and pubiC and CLI|tura life ever Tore libera",
He then explains why he sees modern capitalist as "public Capitalist". Modern capitalism has not totally given up exploitation, put an end to monopolies and resolved internal conflicts. However, it has "laid a firm foundation for a transfer from capitalist to a socialist society and offers more possibilities of this transfer". The transfer (by which Lu evidently means evolution) is an "obvio Lis historical process" fue lled by dia |actics of changing realities. The "public" character of moder CapitalisII is manifested in public ownership, workers' participation in management, new distribution of incomes the social security system, and the State's "macro-control of the economy', which is "nothing else than a beginning of planned economy". These: Td ni f35 tia tions Chafah:teris the general Condition of a dwanced post-industrial capitalism with many local variations. The tran Sfero of Capitalism to Socia — liSmiS a ""pr0longe9d, natura hist Ori Cal TOCESS, which, taken as a whole, will help promota pcace, mot war and wiol an c".
11

Page 14
The Soviet VfBy of Todar
capitalism comes from Yuri Krasin, rector of the Institute of Social Sciences attached to the CPSU CEtra | Comitta.
He begins with a quotation from Marx: bourgeois society "is no Solid Crystal but an organism capable of change, and is constantly changing". Two self-serwing Walls - the delusions of revolutionary romanticism" and the "dogmatic funda metalism of the difficult years of Stalinism and of stagnation"- prewented Marxist-Leninist social scientists from having clear views Of the historical evolution of Capitālism.
Capitalism faced a profound Crisis om the ewe of the Octobër Revolution in 1917 which opened "a new trend for world history". Death throes of capitalism Were built into the theory of the general Crisis of capitalism. However, while correctly identifying the beginning of a new era, "primitive ideas" were spread about 'capitalism as a Centre of stagnation and regress". These ideas took support "mot So much in reality as in ideological myths".
Yuri Krasnin agrees with much of the Chinese party's current perception of capitalism's great inherent problem-solving strength and its contin Luing Evolution as a living organist, though he Ote S, un like his Chiese Collequo, that the evolutionar y dewaopment of capitalism on Welfare lings is the a chie Woment of centuries of struggle by toiling people. Krasin underlines capitalism's capacity to adapt itself to change and Summon the latest fruits of Science and technology to solve productive and Societal
problems. Ha notes capitalism's LI se of 'neo-libera | policies'' t) liit direct interfere of
the State in production, stimu|a te market relations, competition mechanisms, and the activities of er terpreneurs.
The CPSU Central Committee Scholar sees a good deal of merit in the Chiese vie Wy of modern capitalism as 'public capitalism," though he finds that it "lacks something"; there" is
2
aft| וחםנrt טח" and political struggling for evolution of ca. seen in the W the victory of tiO n s in a rhum and the strugg people for so developed and talist natior15.
() W Eräi || ho W: Corjun (:tion ol pulls capitalist of trä Sfer Stät found reorder and Sociopoliti CF O 1 in the m World. 'gener quality gets a C "transfer" to s. Cortle from Clas lution, but "quit qualititativa trar Within. If capit about its "selfbe because of CC
“India goi
S:: da il charged Ind tiwa" attitude
différer. Ces With Siachel issue.
O Lating 'dip petent' and ''ci Ces they Said back-tracked Cor ding reached W Јшnв.
-Lahore פחT daily Wafio r7 säi '' Calcula tad I talk press conveyed that || India WES gla out of thi reached betwe t secretaries of t regarding a pe E the Siach en pr
EE'OM O MIA
The daily si 8sidE F13 i faiig

for the Social forces that are Scis, Ti bitalism must be ider Cortext of SC), Cialist rE WOLber of countrigS | Els of Working Ciallissil חו tfו B de wel oping Capi
Wr, the Complex World realitics m into Some sort "". AS i prog of aconomic il structures goES Oder Il Capitalist its of socialist :Illu | trd", TE
Cili Sm Will Tot is Wär and row C) - E possibly', from
Sform til fTC) Ialism dos bring negation," it will intinuing strugg
THE REG OM
les for qualitative transformation Waged by progressive Social forces.
The profound, often searing dBbätS thät Il OW gQ ES Qn in the major communist countries tյm the changed and thanging lature of Capitalism is not, at this time, matched by a Comparab la debate in the advanced capitalist countries on the changing nature of Marxist-Leninist socialism. However, a furious debate tain be seen in the New Left circles is the West spilling over to the think tanks of European and American social de
mocracy. The debate which will probably lead to a confluence of Marxist-Leninist and Social
democratic paradigms in the 1999s and profoundly influence human development in the 21st century, is, unfortunately, still to tra wel to the third World's la rgest non-socialist piece, India.
ng back on
ISLAMAE.A.D
es here häWE la with ti I'm agato 0 Vercoming Pakist O tie
-וחםatic ,"" " "CוחםI Ol Cered" sourNew Delhi had
the understal"ith | S | Fällä Jädd i
- bis Ed English d on Friday that S" in thg Indian tha impression trying to wrige understanding Til the diferica he two countries Ceful solution to blem.
WOATE
a id tha India
O COCEtto
Siachen agreement'
on "identifying" positions held at the time of the Simla Agreement to facilitate redeployment of forces. Instead, the Indian delegations were briging up issues which were beyond their
Tandate, it said,
During the five rounds of talks at different levels, the | dia sida Sered to il sist
that 'present realities' on the ground at Siachel be accepted
in a 'realistic maller," the daily said. India also brought Lp iSSU e S like e Stablishing a
regime in the area after redeployment, it said.
According to the daily, the Indian military delegation which Carme herë Con August 17 adopted a regative attituda by insisting that existing realities be authenticated and, pending Establish ment of line of control, a "zone" be agreed upon.
Corfiries of age 7

Page 15
Escaping from the spel
David Housego
WE from mESSY Overseas operations are always painful. The US found this out in Wiata and the Russians discovered it in Afghanistan. The search for an hono Lurable exit from Sri Lånı ka proses India with its most difficult foreign policy Challenge in a de Cade.
The problem is not just pulling Lt from the north-east of the island 40,000 troops who are increii singly demoralised by a 'dirty" guerrilla war and who are tempted to carry out brutal repris als ag airnst the local Tami|| Civil population, The risk of a collapse in the authority of President R. Prema dasa" s eight – lonthi old (Goverilat il tha south now also raises the questil of Whether India should take a further step into the quagmire by supporting a nationä | government which Could emerga should Mr. Pramadasa fall from power.
The prevailing view in Delhi is that India carot afford to See a fractured Sri Lanka and that it therefore should extend all the help it can, though prior to general election senior officials believe it cannot commit more troops. Yet given the Wolatility of the situation in SriLanka, Indian support Could big the kiss of death for any new administration seeking popular recognition.
Sri Lanka is rapidly becoming the first important test of India's ability, as the largest power in its region, to assume a greater peacekeeping role there. In part, India has been pushed into this role by the increasing disengagement of the Soviet Union and the US from South Asia. Russian troops have beer withdrawn from Afghanistan and last year the US was willing to colum tema Cee the LI Se Of Il ridias troops to thwart a coup il the Maldives Which fa || LI Tcomfortably close to the Atlerican naval base at Diego Garcia in the India. Occa.
Indias rapid awal aid air recent years - in Offshore bil li tal a sign of the
TESS LO S SLUTTE Cieke apaing roig that leads a 'f pacity. Indian with good rea was sucked it. Wortex by the Lanka's harid liri Tamil problem India's large T: But it is also c entanglgment th result of errors intelligence appr
The Sri Likā dy Cost India si ghbours' goodw to the postpor a II I U 3 || 5 uit due in Moveml Asian - nations 3S SAARC, w hi. importart Corf пеа8штез апопg and the coil of resor Ce5.
More damagin has garned Indi of an 'imperiali talining OCCup yin Lälkä tät to ther : a II not Eji täti 01 -- Which fai of India's wery in dealing With
or obstrea pero LIS II bjeg e receirin forted b: Indiċi has b LI Ilie dispute ove r tra rights.
The Crisis in also make do problems for Rajiv Gandi, whi tha islāmid are Indian algCtion does not Wish ti māking a Lili advacci of the
Siпce iпdepв. Pri The Will i St E15; benefited at cer Hi :) TSEITS IS DIT

ctres of
build-up of its orne power in tarded to protect latios - is also country's eager
a regioпа| pва
aid its belief ire-fighting" cadiplomats argue son that India
ti Si Lākā Eff3C that Sri g of its minority vas having on
Thil population. Bär that India's ere now is the
of policy and āsā.
Crisis has alreaOne of its neiwill. It has led ement of the conference, low iber. Of South
a forum, known his increasingly idence building | TË Tiber states in development
gly, the Crisis a the reputation st power raing forces in SriI a governmer1t 2ct. This repuls to take accout
real difficulties
politically weak eighbours - has by the belief that di Mepal in their de Hild tra Sil
Sri Lanka Could Testic political Pri IT - Mi , I5t3r 05 e Qptis on limited by the tire table. He 0 bJe Së en to be a ting retreat in elections.
nd[inte, Isidias. law generally tion-time from foreign Policy.
THE REGION
the past
Mrs Gandhi did so most strikingly in the "" khiä ki' election that preceded the Indo-Pakistan
War of 1971. Sri Lāka Hä5 already begun to groda thE Current COSELIS. SJ has tha
Indian parliamentary opposition. which has been abwocating nationalist right5 in Tibet and thereby under mining Mr. Gandhi's policy om China. Thara is little doubt the oposition will further exploit the Sri Lanka issue if Mr. Gärdhi gi was it the Chalce.
By no means east important, the Sri Lanka issue is embarrassing India international | y, and damaging its status in the nonaligned mo Wemerit || 1 dia wallus its repLItation as a loader of the non-aligned-a cause traditionally championed by the Nehru familyand is equally valued by deveoping countries for the pressure it can bring to bHar don is s Les SUC1 a 5 race relations il South Africa. One former Indian diplomat says: "You can't go around preaching discussion and dialogue and not practise it in your own backyard. This is a fact of life We must face."
Some officials and diplomats think that India should get out
of Sri Lanka quickly so that opportunities being opened by shifts in the World's political
and Colomi C reä lities are tot
i 55 fd,
India no longer faces the re
gional threats to its security that clouded the horizon in the early 1980s. Its fear then was
that the Russian invasion of Afghanistan had been the cause of an alliance representing the Worst possible threat to its seCurity: a militar y regim im Pakistan backed by China and är med by the US as part of its confict with the Soviet Union.
India's fears on this account halip Bxplain tha Substantial Indi F1 arris build-up of the 1980s and the stronger influence of the military in the making of foreign policy.
13

Page 16
Since the India has welcoTed the advent of a civilian regime in Pakistan under Ms. Benazir Bhutto. Ties with China have improved after Mr. Gandhi's visit to Peking at the end of 1988 and the signing of an agreement that the two sides would pursue normal political relations not withstanding their border disputes.
Tensions have been reduced by the Russians' withdrawal from Afghanistan. Many Indians believe this will be followed by an increasing disengagement of the US from the Afghan conflict. Early in 1989, the stage seemed set for further regional detente, India cut its defence spending. There was talk of SAARC making headway in re
gional co-operation. India was going to relate to its neighbours respectfully, rather than resentfully.
Much of this improvement has since evoporated because of the disputes over Sri Lanka and Nepal, Ms Bhuto's political Weakening in Pakistan and the crackdown in China. But the longTerm opportunities remain,
The second area Where the global context has changed in a way crucial to India is in the improvement of East-West rela
tions in the Gorbachev era, Mr Jagat Mehta, a former Indian Foreign Secretary, says India's
post-independence security prob| Ems "'turned Wicibus be CH LISE thea | India-Pä kiistä issues became enmeshed in East-West rivalry and the global strat egy of Containment and competition." As a result of detente, India's own Telations with the US hawe rin Luch improved, mot With standing such thorns as differences over nuclear policy, the launching of an Indian II edium-range missile this year, and India's selection as a targot for poten
tial US retaliation under the
'Super 301" provisions of the
trade a Ct.
Relations with the Soviet
Union are also changing. India no longer looks to it for security and political support in the way it did during the 1971 IndoPakistan war or in its border quarrels with China. The emp
14
hasis is shifting economic ConCerr
The third area tions in India Chi importance attach mic power. Indi itself to slip boleh mic growth of e. because of its self-sufficiency, in tion and resis tan technology. Over years, policy has with a recognitic to open the econ Para el With leen a Shift i towards Japan, cially West Germ US. It would be say that India W ponded more ra challenges if thi o Sri Lanka Criș tions. India is a hed down by ir spring from the t tition at tha time dence, the humi by China in 196 interference by t 'foreign hands'
sense of the f Indian Union. Se Cials are "bastet
says one diplom In Such a Con kers put a prem taining Indian m and projecting p the risk of provi a Tiong neighbou are treated as ' By contrast, an threatened by th its past and mor is likely to be make the risks to with its neighbo even footing. It hapo pier about { resources, partic potential of the
Confidence d economy contin Tor E qLickly th; past. It will ( strength or the go w Ermat tha the e la Ctiori BL depend on how dhi handlas the between now a — Firi

much more to
S
nged is in the ed to e Comohad allowed ind the EconoIst Asia Party חס phasisוחB dustrial protec*e to foreign the last few begun to shift I of the lead :yווו () his there has iplomatic focus Europe (espeany), and the misleading to Ould hawe rasidly to these ere had been ;is ad mo el PCCountry weig1 Securities that ra umas of par} of indepenliation of defeat 12, the fears of he US or other and an abiding ragility of the nior Iridian offiby spectres,"
text, policy ma-חaiוח nם וחiuן ilitary O "WET WEI AL king resentment rs who feel they 'client' states. India that feels e spectres of self-confident more ready to put its relations ITS II) I TO TÉ Would also be ë wel oping joint larly the water
Himalayas. |pends on the Jing to grow
it has in the epend on the Weakness of the emerged after it also will deftly Mr GarnSri Lanka crisis d then. 1; ciall Times (Londan)
where percep
strength
India. . .
(Cantinued fram page | 2)
BACK-TRACKI MIG
The Islamabad-based English daily Musiri said reports in the Indian press accusing Pakistä of 'misconstruing" the understanding on Siachen were apparently meant to justify New Delhi's own "back-tracking'' on the issue.
Ouoting diplomatic sources, it said that at the Islamabad Teeting it was clear that while Pakista wanted a resolution of the dispute, India's intentions for disengaging the two armies Were essentially aimed at reducing the cost of its "military This adventure."
With the military-level talks having failed to produce any results, Islamabad now felt that there was need for rea Conwen ing the defence secretaries' meeting to take stock of the latest development, it said.
POLL FACTOR
Th9 Päki Stali Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, "fearing" the for thcoming elections, had given in to tha "hawkish' demands of the military establishment.
reports said
They said the militar y establish ment seemed to hawe Conwinced the political leadership in India that they had occupied a reas on the glacier "with tremen dous military effort, from where they could monitor and repulse any Chinese or Pakistani ITIC \! ES,
All the dailies struck a similar rote towards the end saying that the two countries should discuss this issue when they get opportunities to Teet, like the NAM Summit the UN General Assembly and the periodic SAARC meetings, and make a strong effort to break the CLIrrent impasse.

Page 17
India's Widening Embra
une 5, 1987 Five Soviet
built An-32 transports of the Indian Air Force Limber into the sky over Bangalore and bank southeast, heading for the northern tip of Sri Lanka. As their radars pick up the Jaffna coastline, two Mirage-2000 fighters sweep into escort formation ahead of them The Jaffna peninsula below is aflame, puffs of smoke dot the landscape, The An-32s release their cargoes of relief supplies and swing homeward.
July 28, 1989. The eve of the second anniversary of the IndoLanka accord, under which an Indian peacekeeping force took charge or the island's Tamildominated north and east. Sri Lankan President Ramasinghe Prema dasa" s call for a withdrawal of the IPKF hes been frostily received in New Delhi. A stalemate looms. At 6 p.m., an aide charges into the office of Foreign Secretary S. K. Singh, excitedy brandshing a cable message Premadasa hes agreed to send a ministerial delegation to New Delhi. Singh buzzes for Kuldip Sahdew, the top desk official for Sri Lanka. "Be gentle and generous," he orders Sahdew, ''Treat tham as the most impørtant visitors you've ever had, Give them the longest limo Lusines you can find."
Iron fist, Velvet glove: the hallmark of India's actions in tha region it dominates, Consider a clockwise sweep of the Compass Pakistan. Three wars; Kashmir. 1947 ad 1965; tha creation of Bangladesh, 1971, And one continuing semi-war, on the Siachen Glacier, over tha undefin ad morthern boundary of Kashmir. The Aksai Chiri, A Himalayan plateau captured by China in 1962. Nepal A treaty dispute, a trade embargo, and a warning not to ti || too closely to China. The McMahon line Another disputed border, trans gressed by Chinese troops in a formidable 1962 advance, Bargadesh. More refugees, from a land threatened with watery oblivion by rivers shared with India Sri Lanka. Tho Ultimata field laboratory of India's role as guarantor
of regi rial SEC distinction belw and sovereigntly acid test. The " ning aCtiqo n ti attempt against moon Abdul GE ber,
'India is the region," says a Ministry official 'So the region is our job to outsida influen C Nghru: "'We ha sovereignties, b are bound toge tient was jolte ness by China's the McMahon Chinese troops defences and a hailing distan Ce plains. They fe! frontier Within di had been made borders were defined not in W Today, as Indi of Independence tiveness has mi its defenca po largely by three Krisha Rao, M. L. Chibbor. army chief for 1981 and unde fication of the the frontier wiwit in the West, Ari in the east. the high-altituc Sia che Glacier in the winter of is ad te "Brā5 near the Pakista a fifth of Indi armoured Streng the Rajasthan ( gest military ax ted in peaceat Pakistar Tobiti confrontation w it was muscleste Tim Order. "" P military strengt ised to make it retired Lt-Gen. ""The policy ha With both Chi
Because ea C | bours shares a

C
: U rity, where the EdEl Confederaticorn is receiving its Maldives. A light 0 stifle a coup
President Mauiyoom last Nowell
Centre of the Senior Foreign in New Delhi. is || 1 dia, and it protect it from :es." He quotes W8 ifferet i ut our frigados ther." That signdi into WakefullS SWeep across Lire in 1962. routed Indian lwanced to within of tha Gangetic treated across the ays, but the point . India's northern neither entirely iՃlate. a marks 42 years 2, 3 (1HW SSETlifested itself in licy, spearheaded 3 TT1 y strä tegists
&. Sundarji and Rao serwald as two years from
rtook the fortitwin wings of h China. Ladakh Jr la Cha | Pridesh Chibber oversaw e grab of the in 1984. Sundarji 1986/87, orga3 Tacks"" exercista liborder in which a's infantry and ith roared across eserts in the lararcise ewer mounme. A shocked sed defences. A as avoided, but |3 x ing of a w Ery liti CF i ai T15 and Were synchroPossible," reca || s Matheiw ThomäS. paid dividends i Erld Pakista.""
of India's neighlanguage with at
THE REGION
least one Indian state, it has newer been easy for New Delhi to see where dotestic policy ends and foreign policy begins. Four million Nepalese live ad Work il India. Recent strife in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh tās leashed a darbirst of tribal refugees into northeastern India. At the height of Sri Lanka's ethic conflict, some 130,000 Tamil refugees flocked across the Palk Strait into Tamil Nadu, Such Connections hawa madą it do Lubly awkward for New Deli to deal with the tendency of soma neighbours to call up the India bogy in search of internal unity,
Sri Lanka is the prime example As Tamil disaffection in the island's northeast began to boil over in the early 80s, the government of then president J. R. Jayewarden B cast abroad for support. Is– rael was invited in, and Colombo W35 said to hawe Consida rad offring facilities to U.S. forces. 'We had the impression that India was a bit jealous of our economic growth," says a diplomat close to Jayewardane. "But I admit that J. R. provided som a na edless irritants. There was no reason to grant the (Woice of America radio Station) such a powerful transInitter, or to get the (Israeli intelligence service) Mossad in.
率 率
But the part aption among Sri Lankans is that India's own intelligence Unit, the Research and Analysis Wing, was already wellEr tre 1 : hed i t 3 ir Himalām. RAW's hand was sa en in the Tamil separatist movement that flared in 1983. And the spectre is aliwe aud well; in la te July the Federation of Buddhist Moks accused the agency of attempting to subvert Sri Lankan cabimet officials, security chiefs and intellectuals. The upshot has been a widespread antipathy among Sri Lankans towards their giant neighbour a sad happenstance for an Island which in the Words of informatio Minister Arthur Ranasinghe, "has its culture and the very existence of its people deeply enmeshed with India." Adds a senior diplomat 'Most of us in Sri Lanka grew up on (Mahatma) Gandhi and Nehru. |Indian heroes were o Lur heroes too, ""
15

Page 18
One reaction among neighbours troubled by indias higher regional profile has been to balance it Wit Chia, Sri Läks PreTodas a las done so, and Nepal's courtship of Chinese trade and is regarded as the principal cause of New Delhi's umbridge. B Lt China is chary of involvement Premier Rajiv Gandhi's visit to Peking late last year set the seal on the Sino-Indian relationship,
New dėl hi has since re Thaired silent or the Tibetan problem and the Ti3 13 Ilmen massa Cre.
A 5 e ior Official r(COgnises a 1 'obligation" to China. 'They could hawe played mis Chief With either Nepal or Sri Lanka. We were idful of that. ''ELIt Oil Foreign Ministry source sounds a note of caution. Peking he says
has only kept quiet, "By doing that it gains a lot of leverage with India without losing any
influence with its neighbours."
寧 :-
One Chinese link India has been umable to sever through diplomacy is that with Pakistan. The subcontinent's Tost fractious Siblings continue to pursue distinct lines in foreign policy. But the ascent of Benazir Bhuttu to the premiership of Pakistan openad doors to rapprochement. Gandhi was quick to step through, asking Bhutto to address |med5 Luras that would hea | " "irritats that hawe meedlessly witİätod relation 15 betweer OLr two. toLIs itsites.' But the Siachen issue retails hot.
The equation is less military with Nepal, but a crimony is, if anything, greater. Some Nepalese parliamentarians are now Calling for an abrogation of the 1950 peace and friendship treaty with India, while others Criticise Premier Marich Mansingh Shresta for the breakdown in relations, BLIt Kathmandu has broached negotiations even as it has taken its protest to wider forums, Indeed, Asia week has learned that ministerial-leg Wel talks are shortly to begin. In diam Foreign Minister Narasimha Rao Was to lead a delegation to Kathmandu by the end of August, a head of a meeting between Gandhi. and King Birerndra a t the Mlon-A,| igned
16
SuITImit in Belgr in early Septemb Ti f 'WAT I is threatering it bilateral bunds. bargo is driving already depleted Wood, and til at for Bangladesh:
the foothills of t been linked to
of thält dėl täiC problems,
Dhaka's initial
la tidas With I'NI been soured by dia's Sport
Bangladeshi sace ments: a tribali southeastern hill Hild Lu Tiationalist West. The Indiani pura and Mizora sad's of tribal
Whom are milita
Biä hii i resistan C believes they re. ct Luary in Indi:
tra in ing as Well urB Of Bangla that environmel ower riding COCE waters of the biggest problem lations. A Joint ision has so far an y = long - teTrm S
Dr. Iftekhar Luz research fellow |adesh Ir15 titLu te
and Strategic thing in his app "" || 1 dia Would || unturned in exp grabilities of il bours. 'Such of ire of intelectu D8|Hli. "If India hegemon," says di 5t S. D. MI Prelada sa mign today. In dia war the Countries ot it requires the 50Te Of its bas
:::
Still, tha regi ITU || Over thea d lidia's Cid pobiliti November, whe action Was tak E the Mäldiw ES E President Abdul

ade, Yugoslavia er. Both COLInthat thair dispute o spill beyond | dia "S fu || ETe paese to Strip forasts for firSpells tro Luble le forestatio ii ii r the Himalaya has
the WorS: Tiring
country's flood
lly ärmicable re 3 w Delhi ha WE
perceptions of of two separale assionist low|Surgency in the
tra Ets, ad a uprising in the states of Tri
Im harbour thourefugees, a Tong ints of the Shanti a group. Dhaka Ceiwe just san1 but arms and . It is in the hatdesh, however, tal issues are of "n. Managing the Ganges is the in bilatéral reRivers Commisfailed to broach O uti C15.
zaman, a Senior with the Bangif tg Täti13 ||
Studies, is scaraisal. Says he: St.
loiting the Wu|- Is sriTaller eighilirls drä W the a circles in New
were a bloody
political Scienumi, " "President t mot bĖ aliwe
its to carry along F South Asia, but otr S to et iC · CO in Carth 5.
率
I continues to lemonstration of es presented las
swift military in in defence of administration of
Gayoom. With
in hours of Gayoom's plea for help äga inst a Coup attempt by Sri Lankan mercenaries, Indian commandos backed by a naval task force were despatched to the coral archipelago, Says LlGān. Thomas; + ''Both the SDựi Bt UjOI äd the - LJ. S... häW2 - (GC) i = cluded that India is capable of settling problems arising in its neighbourhood. However, South Asian (country) Wants to acknowledge this." Foreign Secretary Singh agrees: 'Perhaps our neighbours haven't reconcil|ed themselves to the basic change in the situation. I don't think India has changed, but perceptions about us may have."
Analyst Bharat Waria WWalla points out, however, that 'the forth largest military establishriment in the World rests on är economy slightly larger than Spain's." India's combined Interal and external debt now totals some S160 bilion, Income dispa - rities are rising, and there is a growing perception in the rural his literland - hossie to more thais 70% of the populace - that the government is un responsive to the common man. But governTent economists dismiss Suggestions that India is ill-equipped to cope with an annual defence budget of the order of S10 bilion citing an annual 8% growth in manufacturing since 1980. Yet the balance of payments does not look good, and India's share of global trade is now isss than a quarter of what it was two decades ago, Result: a rollback in defence acquisitions.
There is a growing sentient
in New Delhi that the military buildup needs to be tied to India's emergence as a major
economic player as Well, Says og Samir Cyfficial: ""Wher you pass a certain stage of industrialisation, War ceases to be at effective tool of policy," The key question is whether the region will continue to be bogged down in bilateral disputes, or whether there is hope for a workable aliance of states led by India's military and technological strengths. Most agree that wider co-operation is
f'Corfiry Las of pagal 2F)

Page 19
Indo-US defence ties to be strengthened
WASHINGTON
Indian Ambassador to the US Dr. Karan Singh has discussed with US Defence Secretary Richard B. Cheney, ways to expand Indo US Cooperation in the defence fied which had begun on a modest scale only recently,
During his 45-minute meeting last night, he renewed the invitation, extended earlier by Defence Minister K.C. Pant, to Mr. Cheney to visit India "at an early date."
Dr. Karan Singh also called on US Deputy Secretary of Defence D. J. Atwood to review the existing a raas of bilateral Co-operation including the light combat aircraft (LCA) project and its extension to new fields identified during Mr. Pant's wisit here last June.
Dr. Karan Singh also discussed with the US defence officials the
changing geo-political environII ET .
Prospects of joint efforts in
various defence-related fields are rated high. An indication to this effect was available from the speech of US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Triesta C. Schaffer at the first global convention of people of Indian origin at New York last week.
Mrs Schaffer said: "Both goWernments are en COLI raging greater exchangs between the military SET W CE5.
The senior State Department official dealing with South Asia, made it a point to refer to the visit last year to India by US Army Chief of Staff, General Wuono, followed by Mr. Pant's visit - the first by an Indian Defence Minister in 25 years.
Mrs Schaffer, US technicians and engineers were working with India on the design and development of the LCA — || 1 dia’s first indigenously produced fighter airGraft. "This Cooperation is stillin its early phases but the United States is committed to finding areas where we can assist India's efforts to achieve greater selfreliance in military arms production", she added.
US debate
ha US a Congress internal debat
Afghan war is despite the US וW חסS 2 biIII Bouipment into of Pakistani of rab al groups
:Igainst Najibu
A senior ad told the W75 the Weekend ft is thair failuri the US misc: GOTHächt;"S in T1istä1 FiftLr t the Swift troc
|listead of |ti Government c Ar Tierica ris; had C. J. W. Conductod of arms and S far successful tfält (G) WETTI said.
The Official C arms shipments since January S 2OO mh|| | idor
it.
CA BLMGLI
However, R TesSrmar Bill Heads a Reput nal task for CE Lul Convertico Illa|| tad the fai u Te
Iп а пеvvsр SLIr1 daʼy, McCL CIA, (which is reel War. With tan), has sec Wrong-headed years. That
:LulrT1i1a tBd ir1 incompetent pr [[OCL TOTIE F H II Worse yet, if of the fato of th to Pakista's inteligence se
McCullu, W. inteligence da Pakistan's supp rebels began f the Soviet troo lista in 1979

THE REGION
s reason for Afghan policy failure
WASHINGTON
dministration and
have begun an e O why the Still un Wirable
S ha wing poured orth of military it and the role ficers who assist in their battle Ilah's troops.
linistration officiä Y77 för ? Posť o war that the reason 3 til Wir Was that aculated Mikhail tentions in Afgha9 withdrawal of pS théré,
ing the Najibullah ollapse, as the expected, Mosa massive airlift upplies in a so effort to keep it in power, he
aimed that Soviet to Afghanistan had boga Worth to $ 300 million
WG.
epublican CongMcCullur, wo
bli Can Congressioor terroris ad Warfare, attributo CIA bungling.
Ja për article on Juu Sädid "T3 in charga of tha | help from Pakisretly pursuad i Afghan policy for policy has now tallyחB וחuחסוחר a Ogra i Ile of arms distribution, and he handing over e Afghan people bumbling military rvice",
ho has access to ta, disclosed that Jort to the Afghan our years before ps en tered Afgha
Pakistani agents trained Afghan Muslim activists eager to overthrow Kabul's then pro-Soviet President Mohammed Daoud. In 1976, they recruited Gulbuddin Hak Tatyar, "a fire bränd frida - The Italist student leader at Kabul University, who is now - apart from Najib ullah's Government — the lost dangerous threat to the aims of the rebels."
The paper points out that after 1979, Hekmatyar's party received the majority of weapons, money and other support from Pakistan's Interservice intelligence (ISI).
"Afghans wanting refugee statԼ18 got quicker registration if they moved into Hematyar-run refugee camps. Refugees wanting licences for their trucks Were stalled six months or more unless they joined Hekmat yar's party. And for the next line years, roughly half of all weaPJOTI S provided by Americ, Europa or the Saudi Government went to Hekmatyar."
The paper quoted McCullom
as saying "while it is the largest re5istā grup ir teris of Weapons received, Hekmat
yar's faction remains small inside Afghanistan."
Unlike tha six other reba groups, the paper says, he has no ethnic, tribal or regional base, The paper also sa y's Hekmatyar seeks to "Smash Afghanistan's trial-family structure and introduce a so-called democratic
On E-party fundarmer talist state With his f at the hell." LOYALTY
The reason Hekmatyar gets ISI support, said McCullum, "is his unflinching loyalty to ISI, still manned chiefly by army
officers installed by former Pakistan President Zia-ul-Haq.''
MC: CLu IILI11 Said: ""What is required is a strong decision from the White House to back the Afghan interim Government and to include the former king. The CIA and the | S | hawe had their turn running the Afghan War, and thay have failed. It might be Worthwhile giving tha Afghans a chance to win it themselves.'
17

Page 20
New Afghanistan Crisi
Policy dilemma for
Fred Halliday
ore than six months after So wiat forces with TE W from Kabul. Western policy-making towards that Country is in grave difficulty, and there is a serious danger of a new international Crisis ower Afghanistan. The U.S. and Britain, together with China, Egpyt, Saudi Arabia and others, provided substantial Cowert aid to the Afghan resistance during Thine - year - Sowiet presence in Afghanistan. When, under the UN agreement of April 1988, Soviet forces finally left on February 15 last, it was confidently expected in Washington and London that the governmet in Kabul would soon fall. It was so experts and officials predicted, a latter of months, if not weeks. There was much talks of an imminent army coup in Kabul, and of members of the ruling People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) fleeing with false pa pers, or clinging to the underbellies of helicopters, In an attempt to unnerve the Afghan government, and so hasten its dermise, all western diplomats left Kabul in early February.
Post-war Epoch
This policy turned out to rest upon one of the major in talligence miscalculations of the post-war epoch. Kabul did not fall. The guerilla attempts to seize Jalalabad, mear the Pakistan frontier, failed partly as a result of guerilla disunity, but also because the government forces held firm.
The sewer guerilla groups in
Pakista formed a coalition government, but held only one token meeting inside Afghan
territory. Within weeks of the Jala
Fred Ha //liday is the author of Cod War. Third World. An Essay or Soviet-American Relations (Radius, Hutchirтsогт, Долdon).
18
the West
|abad debacle, were fighting, other. The fig Afghanistam las ber, and so far n field command E the Coffers of til Tent for negotia citly many || OC agreed to the they will be le their är Tms and tions, provided t gove Tm Tnent for C
This unexpect faced the Wes dilemma, one it To this to Work the setback at Ji support, routed Continu ES. Wa:S accept that a gu possible, but the of a war of attri three years, a ric short-term effor goals. One is st the guari | las W means to knoC Upon which the forces rely. S disaba arstrip. the ground, a Afghanistam. TT rest of the year attacks' in ord government fr its for CCS at Oli ed in Jalalabad, political: US ex forge the Sew alliance intO ; whole, and so that beset th { The appointme! Tepresentative Peter TOTSI, i one hand, he is guerillas to War tive and unit other U.S. h. follow Saudi Ar of some of its reccognising t legitimate gove tā .

guerilla groups ind killing each ting Season in s until Novemmajor group or has accepted e Kabul governions. But implial leaders hawe regime's dea – it in peace, with |OCH I äldrministraley do not attack
S.
Ed situation has With a policy will probably take through. Despite lalabad, western through Pakistan, hington officials fick Victory is not by are talking now tion, Over two or are placing their ts of two related ilitary: to provide fith the technical k out the airfields Kabul government pecial mortars, to s and planes on fa being sent to a strategy for the is for 'dispersed er to prevent the om Concentrating * point, as happenTha Other froit is erts are trying to in-group guerilla more Coherent void the disunity Jalalabad siege. It of a US officia | to the al lian Ce, s two-eged: on the there to push the is a more effect}d policy; or the s refused so far to bia and tha adwice own persoппвl in a aliance as the 'n ment of Afganis
THE REGION
Policy Failure
Neither of these policies appears to stand much chance of success. AS British Cofficials hawe bean telling their US counterparts, there is a simple, traditional antidote to attacks on air strips: the bulldozer. It is almost impossible to put an airfield permanently out of action, The prospects of unifying the guerillas are made all the more difficult by the new round of intra-rebel fighting in the north of Afghanistan, in which over 20 members on one group were killed in June by the forces of the fundamentalists, Gulbuddin Heckratyar, while returning to their base areas. The history of other gerilla mo waments — Palestine, Eritrea, Cambodia, Angola - suggests that disunity may be em demic to such situations, a product of current rivalries ower political alignment, arms and territor y compoLunding mora longStanding ones of leadership personality, tribe and ethnic identity.
The Bush administration's abiity to persist in this policy is, Thoreover, being undermined by changes in al least three othe relevant areas. The first is Pakistan. Ms Benazir Bhutto has been in power for nearly a year and has begun to distance herself from the policies of her predecessor, General Zia. She realises that a guerilla victory in Afghanistan Would reinforce Islamic fundamentalism within her own country and strengthen the hand of the military which wants to oust her. She also realises that there can be no solution to the major problems besetting Pskistan, including the flood of narcotics, as long as the Afghan War Continues. She has dismissed the man who rai the guarilla support systern in Pakistan, the heäd of tha | Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate, Hamid (GLJI, and om her wisits to Washington and London, sought to get Western support for a new, Tore conciliatory, approach to the Soviet Union, Her proposal, for an 'interim" government, i.e., for an interim administration İrı Kabul to prepare for a broadly-based transition, was not accepted by the

Page 21
Bush administration. Washington still wants to pursue the military option for the moment. But despite Continued Pakistani Suppo Cort for the guerillas, a definite gap has opened up between Washington and Islamabad,
The second change has been in
an actor present in a secondary War on the Afghan front, namely Iran. Iran supported the guerillas against the Soviet forces, but has since February begun to push the claims of its own, smaller, eight guerilla groups against the alliance's seven, Iran does not want to See the triumph of what it terms 'American Islam" in Kabul, and belie wes that now that Soviet forCes have withdrawn, the time has come for a coalition government in Kabul, Teheran is also alarmed
at the growing influence of its Islamic rival, Saudi Arabia, within
the Afghan resistance,
Iran is willing, as Pakistan is sti|| mot, to give the PDPA a role. Iran also helped Kabul by persuading its forces to stop attacks on the government, and by stopping arms supplies into Afghanistan. Iran sees this in terms of its Wider improver ment of relations with the USSR. It needs Soviet support to help with economic reConstruction and to put pressure on Iraq to move forward with peace negotiations. While ran Cälilot overrida Pakista or the US-backed groups, it Can increasingly play a blocking role in any Afghan settlement.
Key Element
The final area of opinion shift is in Washington itself. Support for the Afghan guerillas was long a key element in US bipartisan politics. But with tha Soviet forces out of Afghanistan, and Jalalabad holding out, senior Senate and House of Representative members have begun to Call for a 'reassessment" of US-Afghan policy. The administration may have bought time till the end of this year, but there are signs that, failing a
major guerilla advance, Congress
Will then question the Continuation of aid.
(Cortinued or page 27)
Dhaka next SA
C. P. 51HH
he unstable S
has had yet On the South A for Regional ( ewer more serir earlier drama of t Ministers' meet Colombo.
Now, this wer SAAFC SLIII mit
1 ed il NO' I ti Ori – th [ Ligh, Likā Črm Cot Colom E30 Whi of wenLB but tf gחטוחl: חנitחוט נ) rations. What is the rapidy dgte Ordet sit Läti i the adili Stratif | 85 STI É:55.
Terrorist Wio│el low rocks Color the security that as a primary conc à SLIII mit Carin granted. Securit in relatitյm to th1E hawe bee Linde time both in is for through diplomati Cong the Thember the SAARC Së: mandu,
It Håd Carlier Eo Si 1 C. the Sri La SEEппесі k agon оп mit, à gradua the Country's law tion Would enable SO On timë. Tha: been belied. || Intifications afạ thị frontation betwe Wim Likt hi Peramur rity forces is om th apart from the Tam il-majority a and the East.
Preparations f mit usually take ahead of the act With tha time at F cally short, the la

THE REGION
may have to foot AARG summit bill
erwal
ri Lankan scenario
another fall-out sian Association cooperation, an Jus Come that the ne SA ARC Foreign 1 tot being held at
ILIE Of thв Пext Scheduled to be r itself is in questo give the Sri Int its due, it i 5 ch seeks a change 1e COr15275 US Of
other SAARC as prompted this 3riorating law and i Sri Lanka and h's apparent help
C ir Sri Lēkā mbro as Will and has ti bëj ensur ed lition for hosting it be taken for y Considerations + SAARC Sumit r review for SomE |13|| Consultatios it: Cha | Ingls arT* # tills, ard at ratiridt at Kath
ean expected that I kä G0 w Ermgit 5 ting the Surn
іппprovвгmвпt iп
and tarder situa2. Colombo to do I hope has поw in fact, present t a shärper CorEl the Jatha la and the secLIle Cards. This is wijlence in the eas of the North
} r 3 SAARC SLIToff three molts Jal summit dates, land being critiESt revi. W of tlg
security parameters for the summit has resulted in the conclusion that the wenue will ha we to be changed, With Colombo's reluctant concurre TCë. the possibility of an a ||- ternative Wel U e for the Summit is
low being examired.
Dhaka appears to be the inevit. able choice and it has already made it known that it will be glad to host the summit and make necesSary preparations in the short time: available. Technical assis|ance will have to be rendered by Islalabad and New Delhi, and this has already been promised.
MOne Of the Other member nations segm tio fit the bill. Islamabad is willing to host the summit. In fact, as tha current SA ARC Chairman, Pakistan should hawa been the natural choice for hosting the summit in the event of an emergan Cly shift of Weitl Lle. But the la St summit was held at Islamabad, and it is felt that it would look a bit out of pola Ce to hold two Consecutive summits in the same country.
As for India, New Delhi's reluctance to host the SLT mit is mainfestly in the interests of SAARC itself. Taking into cognisance the present state of India's relations with its neighbours, especially Nepal and Sri Lanka, New Delhi has
thought it apt not to offer to host the summit.
This leaves only Kathmandu and at one time it seemed to be a possible choice. But the Nepalese Government was reluctant to plaү host at such short notice - an understandable stand he cause of the country's economic and other difficulties. However, it would hawe been possible if Indian technical and material help were sought by Kathmandu. But in the present situation, that is not possible. What happens after the Belgrade Rajiv Gandhi-King Birendra summit is yet in the realm of conjecture - and the decision on the SAARC summit cannot be put off any |Onger.
19

Page 22
I. MIDIAM VIEW
DELH AND NEIGHBORS:
Hopeful phase
K. K. Katyal
i: ties with the neighbours and its neighbourhood policy are again the focus of close interest. This is partly because of the developments Of the gro Lund, with most of the problems Lur Esgol wedi and partly De C3 LIS3 of the contacts at Belgrade bet vyf gell the Fritle Minister, Mr Rajiv Gandhi, and the leaders of these countries. The outcome Of the Consultaticos do Es not admit of a generalisation, except that the attention paid to the tick list, complicated issues with emotive overtories, at the SLI milit or fairly high level promises Systematic follow-up - and ConCrete results.
Agreed approach
This is particularly so as regards the liwa problems with Sri Lanka and Nepal white Pakistan and Bangladesh fall in different catego ries. The Sri Länkarn Foreign Minister, Mr. Ranjan Wijera ties taks With the Friis Minister ser V Gd to finë-tung the for mulations evolved during the forTher's discussions in New Delhi sewen Weeks Hg) with his Opposite number here. Mr. P. W. Narasimha Rao, and modified during the Sri Lankan President, Mr. R. Premadasa's special envoy, Mr. Brad Ian Weerakoon's trip
to India later. That the agreement Teached at Belgrade is being subjected to another
protracted round of hair-splitting in Colombo (with Indian High Comissier, Mr. L. L, Mehrtra, Engaged in hectic long-distance Consultations With NEW Delhi) does not detract from the sigificance of the results achieved ti8re.
Te two sides harmered Lt an agreed approach to most of the contentious issues. TE Indian Peace Keeping Force is to pull out by year end - which
20
larked a end on the deadling. earlier fa Wourig | India Febru är y r ndiän troops är femisiwe militäry Sri Lankan Gow'; its insistence barra ck:S i period and Indi, bility in giving phas 5 pola II. UT was to S. LISpEa mid 15 days in the to be Exterld 8 d joined the p proposed to be
With the has achieved talks ruith its
at: t. "g CEn riti teet ir h Belg E"; - ar 2 Trig War.
With issues Tails aid to
bCtyed II the T La käl (GCWETIT Tittee a Tid : 1 rewie w arti addi, for tha safety
Wario L 5 Tamil g be the main
mai täiti 1 g p E during the pull
Mutu a Lunde
The Belgrade quent discussi ground for a
he || dia - Sri after some six |11 arked by fHar
tation. The he did exchanges mutual underst
with the earli New Delhi ris:

{}f diffarell CES with Sri Lanka September and ext year. The e to cease ofoperations. The зramепt dropped In their going to the inter wen ing a slowed flexi| up the twodBr it the PKF operations for, first is tace, Once the LTTE еace сопmпnittee set up to deal
gains India * rol it:SG
mgigh Ebo Li rs non - aligned a de ?
of Concer lo promote dialogue
and the Sri Tent. This coilut hër pari El to
"išË GJIT TESLUTEGS and security of TOLips, Were to TigChallisir Til for ace and Order out period.
irstanding
"OLInd Hild SubSEis a wed the break-through in
Lanka imbroglio
To this of drift 5 ) f ä C:o froW phase of Canand the resultant är ding Contra sted Er period Wahl Em El tid Colombo's
THE REGION
Unilateralism, illustrated by Mr. Prema dasa" s public damand of an IPKF pullout by July 29, the second anniversary of the Indo-Sri La Tika Agree EITTI Elt. TO say that all is well in the ilter field is to COSE eyes to the harsh realities, but the End of the tune do es no l appear as distant as in the past, A new set of problems will need to be tackled in the postIPKF period, with Sri Lanka kHen on a "balanced" treaty of peace, friendship and Cooperation to replace the "onesided" propositions Contained in the letters exchanged between Mr. Gandhi and the former Sri Laikal President, Mr. J. R.
Jaye Wardere.
Indo-Nepalese relations were exami Ted at length at Belgrade for nearly four hours, by Mr. Gandhi and King Birendra, the first summit-level contact after the row over the lapsed trade and transit agreements induced uncertainty in bilateral relations. The very fact of their meeting was significant. At Islamabad, last year, in the occasion of tET E South Asia Associä til fČr Regional Cooperaton (SAARC) suririt, the plans for their gettogether went awry, following an uns avour y épisode. The discussions at Belgrade were Comprehensive - this much was evident from the title they spent together and the bits of information trickling from the two camps. What transpired in the Corle=t=on:) 17e et i gS WES not known, though an intelligent guess will not be off the
ärk.
Poser to Nepai
The two heads could not but hawe discussed the basic: question posed by India - whether Kathmandu wants a special

Page 23
reationship, as had been the Case So far in Kegping With the letter and spirit of the 1950
treaty or to refashion the ties or thi El basis of Strict integritird || Torms. Il dia do BS Tot
appar to ha WÊ: received a ClarCL t a SWT. Häid that mot begr the case, the two Governments WOLuld hawe hurried With the plans for Consultations by offiCials and Ministers for Extra Affairs and Commerce, Nepal, it appears Wats a mixture of Booth — special de lings i Sol 3 fields and not in others. India regards the 1950 treaty as a Sound, Stable basis für a mutu = ally bem eficiāli relationship är i is Sora about the a barrations that hawe C fapt into its Working - which it would like to bë
reviewed. Napal, however, wants
the review to Cover the treaty ir self and mot be confirmed to its Working.
Hints of new thinking
They certainly would hawe taken Up to security issue - the bedrock of bilateral ties,
according to India. The assumption beneath the treaty and the letters exchanged at the time of its signing have been questioned, of late, in Kathmandu. Nepal, no longer, shares India's Concern - that the Security of the tw ) Countries is inter-relatëd and that, the Himalayas are the boundary for the purposes of their defence. The Officia Kathmandu has thrown ample hints of the new thinking - through statements of senior Ministers, the writings in the pro-Gowernment press. Shortly before Mr. Narasimha Rao's visit to Nepal towards the end of August . . for preparing the ground for the Belgrade summit - a widelypublicised statement by 857 Luniversity and Campus teachers demanded abrogation of the treaty while biaming India for the drift. In Kathmandu, as was evident during the recent visit of this writer, thare is little doubt about where the inspiration for the statement came from, Nepal, in turn, wants its proposal for a zone of peace to be taken up, as part of the discussions on security matters,
Tha summit not ha ve skirti perceptions, as reCent public ut tWÖ Sid FS, M however, is th followed in th Thg rmandate frt follow-up discu a promise of a a patch-up. As it, Nepal has t{ two points. Y, Conduct its rela ! in the Sart 18 WWE antina, Spain o and Japan? W tle: elet: tiris ir belief that a : WCTF II 181t aSS UIT 1 Delhi
As regards P. ningful di HOg Lie
sible in the a Prie Millise Bhut. The Wii
Er debisi ol t) have a la
Orn-going CC). I'm fidēs Cesses, that leg låst year. The
by her political Of | Edte, il St:3|É stridency, what sition, led by t Minister, Mr.
cashing in Om mo wes of the getting respectat sympathy, if no of the President Ishaq KhFH , a apparing Fribiwi tud to Wards IF plank of the op allag Bri apբ Base A rapprocheme Delhi - gwen thi favoured by her with Har door ageпda.
A new, drama bilateral field st. be ruled out, not Ca Lisë pa nic. period ahead co to Consolidating gains already ac But to callot initiatives, it do to force the pi add to har diffi HE LITr Ei|istic

dialogue could sd the differing reflected in the tran Cas of the More important, C CO Lur See to be e near future. in the top for 5 SİCS Cortis dwar :e - if riot NIE W Delhi sees be clear ol Wil | it || k to tions with India, iy as with Argr West Germany i || it Wä it for India, in the Syrti pathetic G coes offica ir New
äkistan, à mBäWas not possal of the Mis. Berna zir Bry rel Sons for stay at home Euleåring om the | Ce-building pro|ali Dictimber challenge to her foËS, has gro Win, }, strength and with the Oppo| El Punjab Chief Ni Waz Sharif. the ill-advised Prime Minister, bility from the t 0 pel support, ... Mr. Ghula rid the
Army alent in İt5 atti1er. The mai position is her Therit of India. Tilt With New
ough personally - does not fit nestic political
ti C 110 WE2 in the ould, therefore
but this led
Thg Th0-adwar) Ce LI lid boa daw Coted the rodest hidwad, If MS. fford to tika 2S CISL it di 51Ce 3T1 (d thus, ulties. It will tČ) i ex på c:t i Now
Delhi to bend over backwards in Tending fences with Pakistan on the ewe of election. ThĖ slow-down in the afforts to sort Out the Siachen problem illustrates the point. An eloquent commentary
Tipifying the Pakista ni Compulsions was their Foreign Minister, Sahib) Za da Yakub's referer Ce to the Jim u Frnd Kashimir at the NAM Conférence. India prompty protested against it - it Was Odd, as the Milister of State, Mr. Matwar Singh, told the Sahib Zada, "that om the or he land, you extend the hand of love and friendship to Lus and, on the other, you choose to administer blows. The fire of protest Would spread in the length and breadth of Pakistan had we not done so", was his reply. An eloquent m Islamabad'sט yחtaחBוחוחם:t domestic Compulsions impinging con Indo-Pakistan ties. In the fast-changing situation, the prospects of Ms. Bhutto's wisit to | rn dia hawe ba come un Certain. Sometime back Pakistan rooted the idea of a New Delhi stopover by her, om her Way bask from the Commonwealth summit in Kaula Lumbur next month. The Earlier anthusias T for tha suggestion has now Warned perceptibly.
Positive signals
By contrast, the Outlook for the Indo-Bangladesh daal lings appears brighter. Tha Belgrade talks between Mr. Gandhi and the Bangladesh President, Lt. Gen. Ers had were, from | a || a CCounts, fruitful. This was corroborated by the positiwa signa is received in Dhaka subsequently by the Minister of State for CO mm Grce, Mr. F. R. Das Munshi. Bangladesh, he was told, would Stick to its secular policies and there would be no discrimination against the minorities. New Delhi do es u tot see any cause to d'OLIb. Lt. Gen. Ershad's sincarity, any reason to believe that he is doing Zia to India,
at a time when i Bang a ladesh's needs for river waters during the lear season is its Tain [:C|T[: EFT',
(Hindu)
21

Page 24
Rep/y to R. S. Регiлbaпаyagагт
The Culture of Nation
Bruce Kapferer (Professor of Arthropology at the Univer
LÑ: is Witally concern ed with both how nationalist idgologiëS COri19 to do Tira T Ce and with the problem of how they can grip the imagination, explain some of this, in comto with a great many other scholars, by reference to modern historical social and economic changes. I add to these understandings that nationalist ideology or the "culture of nationalism" is mot a mere reflection of such changes, an ideological superstructure floating over a material base as it were ... What stress is that the new interpretations about the past, ideas ab Out identity, the wi8w that Sirh ale5e area LI rhited boE3(:a Luse they have a common Cultura, were INTEGRAL within the transfortations and he care ingrained as part of the process whereby social and political relations were generated and reproduced. This kind of argument has been developed by arxists and others to Ower COITE the crudity of earlier materialist
approaches and to approach more satisfactorily the theoretically and practically Wexing issue of how it is that some ideologies seem to have such power in indiwidual and group action.
Solutions of the kind that
human beings are just not being rational or are simply ignorant or are psychologically overdetermined seem to me to avoid understanding and even to block it. There is a wiew abroad in Sri Lanka today that the population is gripped in a fear psychosis, People are certainly consumed and dictated by fear but I think that the label "psychosis", implying some mass mental disorder, does little to ėxtend understanding which may be crucial to overcoming some aspects of the distressing situation' which Sri Lanka presents.
22
| daw gloped, i distinction betWE Ըmtology, The analytical distin examing the rat tinuitits let Wei Overty consci and state me its political life (id E logic Constituting the being or exis individuals (orl är ray of routinie Ideology, in TY about values, be pretations about realities. That believe themselw Cgended from Wij have always foll throughout their ideological beliet tations. Ontal 1. is lot Wall LÊ la Cid inпвr logic or o ction which is composure of ic and their practit my analytic* | LIS to do with mor
These are the ideologies w wä lue withi Ontology.
| stress that
Gonflicting ideol the Ole Ontol IILITerous and logies of Budd yet it is conce may involve thi orientation, ME i Sri Lanka WF to the moder if|Jericed do Buddhist rawiwa rika Dharma pa l; rarama (Amarap ma rakita Nikaya il Colombo W their practice do with what superstitious e in the south But I think it

alism
'sity College of Londo")
in Legends, a ten ideology and point of this til W3S tO ur of the Combroad and Jus reflections on social and }ology), and the and orienting itence of human tology) in an social practices, usage, is all liefs and interpast and present Simha les a may "es to be de 5aya or that they ight with Tamils history comprise is and interprey, in contrast, en. It is the rientational direintegral to the Heological beliefs : E. Ontology in age has nothing 'ality or ethics, properties of li: Constitute the logic of
different and Ogies Carl engage gy, There are competing ideolist in Sri Lanka TwäL}|{ã that thay a same logic of iny middle class 10 are comitted often Western tries of the of the Araga3 or of the WaiLud Siri Dar Il) Buddhist cbn tra would den y that has anything to th BW || TB gã f{d to ba xorcism practice of the is laid. can be demons
trated that exorcism and middle Class Buddhism Whila distinct ideological interpretations involve the sama do Titologic (See Kapfarter 1983). An ontology can link a great variety and continually
changing ideological interpretations on reality.
What | suggest in Legends
is that a dominant ideology or interprétation Can gain Wide acceptance not merely because
of its overt statements but because of the Ըntological ground within which it works.
| also suggest that Certain distorted wisions of the world and new interpretations of past history (like modern nationalist interpretations of the Masha ya msa legends) can hawe the ring of fact or truth because of the ontologic they ingrain and not
because of the 'validity" of the statements in themselves. in this way interpretations can achiạwẹ thẹir fat:tuality of a quality of in contestability, and human beings can thus be given to defend that with all the fira and passion at their disposal. A II of Lus as human beings are a wara that o Lur
Commitments to action or interpretation are not born so much of contemplative abstract reasoning reflection (recorTn Thanded boy scien CE and by so Te religion) but by the chord it strikes in the energy of our being which Orients us to Cour experience,
My focus on ontology also indicated ho W carta in idological wa | UES or interpretations — those nationalist ones, for example, developed by гuling class fractio 15 in Sri Lanka — Could lirik up with other interpretations and eventually swamp them or flood tham out. I indicat ad how Thetaphors or beliefs in one агва of регsonal exрегіепсв could be made to link up with Values i oth är årėjas.

Page 25
My discussion of the Maha - was a legends and of sorcery was to demonstrate their unity in ontology and not necessarily in value or Teaningful understanding There was additional point. Sorcery, exorcism, and healing rituals in general are ontological par excellence. They are practices in which not only ideological statements are made but in which the being or Orientation of the person to the experience is formed or reconstiluted. I trifid to show that those parts of the Maha wamsa selected by nationalists embedded a logic which was part of the ontology of diverse everyday practices. These averyday practices could unconsciously shore up some of the interpretations on the Mahavarisa and gain new value along nationalist ideological lines. Much of the present violence, as I will later reemphasise, resonates with the metaphors of the healing rites and gathers its intensity of personal fear and terror accordingly,
Incidentally I did argue that modern Sri Lanka has other ontologies produced, among other ways, in its colonia I and post-Colonial capitalist transforrations. But I cautioned that apparently modern practices
could in grain an ontology which on the surface may not appear appropriate to outside observers, for example, from Western industrialized contexts. In Sri Lanka class relations and the Orders of bureaucracy can engage an ontology similar to that found in traditional caste practice, religious Worship at a Buddhist shrine, or in the dynamics of an exorcism. No statea mant is made here that they possess the same ideological value. Sorcery in the urbanized Centres
of Sri Lanka is a modern class practice, frequently engaged in by members of the middle
class and political elite. As a modern class practice sorcery raw 8 als a particular class ideo
logy (not reducible to the class ideology in England or other western Countries) which grounds some distinct logical elements
Orientations to ex can assist Some of current crisis. interested in th the State pre-Sei practice and the up with ideologi and of the mā areas of practice,
Let the make points clear in off What ar lika terpretations of am argu ing th interpretation C through periods historical chang this does mot meaning or ide once developed logic Continues. pretations of th are likely to ba
from those of Corriffittes for Få ment 1984). Wh
that the continui can create the
Consciousness thi is like the past. tion of ontology ion in the produ marxists Call
of false consci continuation of wastly different is nings and circu influence person: avents of the pa passion of the indeed, to confla
| give ontolog' or determining f 13sa are not det violant by their is the message seems to draw Tha das truction i driven through it pretations ground historical and pc. tances. The on explored can giv Basily to ideolog sion and paa Cė.
increases the
historical analy detailed investi kinds of practi directed to mo
standing the pow and how they world-destroying

perience which understanding
| Was T1 Ost ideology of t in sorcery way it linked
s of the state ion in other
a few other roder to head |y to be misinny position. I at logics of Continue of massive However, say that the ological value through the Present interе Малауалпsa very different the past (see tñor 7 a/ MDelwß?/opJ – at I do say is ty of the logic impression in it the present Tha Continuais a dimensction of what mystification LSTBSS. The ontology in deological mea - ff18tāT1[:BS TT13 W S. to rect to st with all the present and, te the t W0,
no necessary inction. Sinhaarmined to be ontology which Perinbarayagam rom my work. ind violence is leological inter
led in specific litical Circumsology 1 have wat just as
ies of Compas
My approach importance of is and of a lation of all b. But it is a fully underer of ideologies an emarge into totalizing form.
Most generally, the perspective I - hawe developed is conCarned to Over come the dangers, common in sociology or anthro
pology or political science, of structural abost action Cor of a descent into psychologism.
In the former all sight of human agency seems to be lost. Human
beings become mere ciphers and pawns. In the latter, Complex Socio-historical pro Casses
are reduced to the inner Workings of the psyche. The psychological dispositions of human, beings are made determining. Fault is too easily found in the person and not in the social world in which human psychologias are continually being formed and reformed and outside of which they hawe 1o existence. The stress On ontology is to establish the connections between wider structural processes and individual agency and experience,
(To be continued)
A.P.C. . .
(Continued from pdge 5)
men. They are supposed to substitute for the Indians in preserving order in the north-east. Some peace Committee: the Tigers have sworn not to cooperate with "Indian quislings' ||kg the EPRLF.
President Premada sa Will be left with the hopeless task of trying to persuade the Tigers to lay down their arms when he restarts the Tamil peace talks that hawe been sta||ėd for more thar two smior ithis. For the sinoment, though, he is fa eling less beleagLIérad than hé was during the massacre-ridden days of August. The JVP guerrillas look a little sicker after a ruthless crackdown by the security forces and he now has new IMF money under his belt. His cornfort promises to be brief: this is a phoney peace.
— Есолог7)ѓsi
23

Page 26
(PIWOW
For the AWomaligned, cl brings an identity cris
Flora Lewis
BELGRADE
oa Timar Gadhafi of Libya
provides the only flashy show and firebrand talk of the Ilirt nomaligned summit meeting. He sent five CarTnels a Head to Eje milked for him and two horses for moLimited guards åt the tent pitchad in his embassy's garden, and pro- claimed he had come "to sawe tle ovement."
It is another sign of changing times. The Yugoslay hosts hawe made än inten siwe effort to deradicalize, to lower the pitch - in short, what they call "modernize" the triennial meeting Revolutionary exhortations and dia tribes against "imperialists' no longer win stormy applause.
Fidel Castro of Cuba, who used to thunder for hours, apparently realized it would not be his type of scene anymore and did not show Up, sending his brother Rau | i1 StEG d.
The non aligned nations are facing an identity problem now that they do not really hawe any = body to be nomaligned with, and the enemy is more likely to be a neighbor than a superpower. Most of the leaders here are more con
corned about economics than about os tentatious Third World politics. They realize, as one
moderate Arab said, that if you Want to talk busines you have to talk to somebody, mot just shout at your would-be partner.
It is a striking change from the founding summit session here in 1961. There were 25 Tembers and an extraordinary cast of characters, including Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia in his resplendent white-and-gold uniform, India's Nehru with a pink rose con his tunic, Egypt's Nasser, Indonesia's Sukarno, Ghana's Nkrumah, Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus. Emperor Haile Selassie, of Ethiopia was eclipsed by the huge display of asser tiwe CharisT1a.
24
the midd speeches agains atomic weapor shchgw erded til uCleaוr חס וחriu of a 50-mega atmosphere, at bigger than the Radioactive fa | lingers around
But you coul drop in Belgradi of criticizing Keila II, the U. Yugoslavia, was only sharpened a ling's tone of
Теп үеагs agс sixth summit se. sisted that the matura | ally of
NOW therg & and they are their rimo w Erat Some Fre showy algia for the go when they coul abOLE 1.1B E endangering t do not quite but they evi chance to W imporlance by off against th
Others, the that major te and ideology
big issue. Bt about being m and West grc dation. They Squeezed Out 9 аппе — eyeП
The Corg || CC: Ted Lihat Will be Corme atträC tỉ CT1 thã be interested their develop

ange fs
of the strident Colonialism and , Mikita KhruP: Sowiet moratotesting and set in bomb in the last 2,500 times Hiroshimā bombo. ut probably sti|| Ea World.
| hawe heard a pin ... Nobody thought Moscow. George S. a bassador to furious, and that the Sumit rineanti-Americanism.
i in Hawa na, at the ssion, Fidel Castro ! Soviets Were tha
the nomaligneds,
are 120 letters,
Wondering what
0Jght to be ab C3 Lt. ing an ironic nostod old Cold War, d work Lup a steam st-West COI fict he world. They S3y SO Out || Jud, ently regret the in Benefits and
playing one side
Otler.
1ajority, are reliewd isions are easing is no longer the
they are worried irginalized as East pe for accommoCù Tot Wä Tiit to be
of the political lawns play a role.
-|חס:LIghtful are tט "ie opening East Luch ai economic the West will not In contributing to *rit asid tradB.
All the Serio US Wars and Conflicts är E a mong the rimselves no W. It is getting hard to blame the big powers for keeping them going. Their own arms races show up their pious talk about the urgency of disarmament. The st battle ones feel a risk of losing attention for their causes.
One effort to sustain some purpose for a movement that confers a sense of participation is to shift the focus from non alignment betW3 en East and West to North-South engagement, and to latch on to the new issue of the en wirom ment, which does Te= quire these countries concern.
The Yugoslaws have taker a clear official position, trying har to Cut tout the Westbashing and to focus on 'practical, realistic recommendations. ""But they will| hawe to comprorise to reach Consensus. There is now a sharp debate in Yugoslavia about whether the prestige of being nomaligned Chairman for three years is more tro Luole that it is Worth.
Tito came Up with the nonalignment idea as a Way of Creag ting a foreign policy and som - importance in the World out of the vacum left by quitting the So wiet bloc but rela ining a Communist-ruled Country. It gawe Yugoslavia support when there were real security fears of Sowict intentions. Now, one tendoncy here is to Say Yugoslavia should look to Western Europe and cast off the Third World bias that the movement imposes, The issue is not settled,
The whole world is having to move into a new era because of the changes in the East, in ways that had not been foreseen. The ripples of disintegrating communism are spreading
fad T,
- The Wew York Trias

Page 27
Women and Capitalist
Asoka Bandarage
introduction
The ethnic crisis in Sri Lanka has diverted attention from many of the other major soitial issues facing the island today. Among these are the rapid changes in Women's rol e5 and the ättendant contradictions of gender subordination. This article surveys these Changes äld contra dictions, focusing on the incorporation of women into the processes of Capitālist de velopment in Sri Lanka in the 1977-87 period. The article begins, however, with an examination of the plan taion or estate sector. Even though this sector is not a product of the new economic liberalization, it Warants our consideration here due to its continued preemimence in the lational Beconomy and in the proletarianization of
Worther in Sri Lanka. After discussing women's work on plantations the article moves
on to studying Women in the Mahaveli Development Program,
the Free Trade Zone, labor export to the Middle East, to Lirism, and import liberalization.
These separate sectoral analyses are followed by a brief consideration of risin militar y expenditutes and cutbacks in statė Welfare provisions and their effects on the survival of women and the poor. The article ends by pointing out some of the major dilemmas of peripheral Capitalist development and gender subordination, stressing the need for an alternative model of development that empowers father tham Victimizås WCIT1B m.
The 1977 - 87 period covered in this article has been a time of rapid economic growth in Sri Länka. The present Sri Lankan government came into office in 1977 with a commitment to opening the economy to greater foreign investment and ir Ti ports and - to "privatizing"" hither to state-owned sectors such as transport and to le comTunications, Through economic growth and diversification, it
promised to cur employment, an tages, which Wi the autarkic poli cessor. The goi Sri Lanka H0 case of exportAsia, similar to
Korea, although
state of Singap. often cited as etulation. How Tot represent a | from the island's cies and pattern: Rather, it marks
of capitalist de' began with the
the Colonial pola | 1830s. The Mah version Scherme,
5i, and labi
Middle East wer years prior to 1: Free Trade Zona chpin of the cur nomy, Was Lunde before 1977. It
in abstription int development moc manting of the State Welfare, UI World Bäk är tiona | Monetary that Takes 1977 in the economi history of the is
Population
Eť Wi Fisc
Sihales
Sri Lak
Is idias. '
Moors Malays Burgher Others
Total
* $2ặựrt:#: 5fã

Development I977-87
i inflation, um
import shorre attributed to :ies of its predewas to make her Successful led growth in Taiwan or South it was the city
ore that was he model for war, 1977 dQ85
adical departure previou s poliof evolution. am a CCC: || Gration elopment that introduction of tations in the a Welli River Ditourist expanexport to the e begun se veral 377. Ewell the another inrent Open Ecor Consideration is the speedup Co the We5 tarn |lel and the dis: traditions of "ged on by the the InternaFund (IMF), a turning point and political land.
Women's in abor economic production is nothing new in Sri Lanka. From the earliest
timas Sri Lanka Wonnen hawe been coproducers in dry grain and Wet rice agriculture, and they have served capitalist from its inception in the plantations factories, and service establish-, ments. HOWEWer. Women are absolutely central to every one of the economic straegies of the post-1977 accelerated developгment program. They are its cheapast labor force and, in several sectors such as the Free Trade Zone and labor export in the Middle East, its predominant labor force as well. It is clear that although Women hawe been an important part of the Sri Lankan labor force for a long time, their role has expandad dramatically since 1977, often, it wi|| be seen, With dire) Conséquences for the Women therselves,
While all social groups in the island have felt the cataclysmic changes of the 1977-87 period, this article is restricted to the effects of economic development programs on the poorer classes of women, Except for a discussion of Indian Tamil Wormen on the tea plantations
Table. T
of Sri Lanka by Ethnic Groups - 1981:
Ο Γουμς Population Paret If soff/
10,985,666 73.98 Tarmi lis 1871,535 12.6O "ari|| s 825,233 5.56 1,056,972 7.12 43,378 O.29 WEurasiāns 38.236 O.26 28,981 O2O
14,850,001 1.D0.00
f5fc;& W AS fra C J f' Sirf y 7 ki,
I EB:7
25

Page 28
Tall
Employed Population by Indust
953 distries
Per of Farra
Agriculture, hunting,
forestry, and fisheries 1584,141. 27.6 1,681 Mining and quarrying 13,790 12.7 9 Manufacturing 289,245 31.2 29. Electricity, gas, and water 3,264 5.1 Construction 56,686 5.7 8.
Wholesale and retail trada,
resta Lura rits, hotels 282,852 10.4 34
Transport, storage, and
CCITTLInicati OTS 104.292 5.1 3
Finance, insurance, and
business service 65, O70 12.2
Community and
personal services
A Citiwiti ES ) t Classified
TTO
2,993,349 24.2
396.204 27.8
197815, 2O.O. 17
3, 18
S LCCLCLHHS LLLCLCLL S LLCCHLL SL000SS0000S S GGH LCLmLmGOLLSS GGGLLGmGTG S LLCL CCCCakCCCLLCH S LSLS S LLSGGGLLHH GGLGH TLGLLaLCHmHLL CLGCCGGGaa SS
73, May 1985), , ,
and reference to Sin Halease Cath - olic Women in the Free Trade Zone and Muslim women leaving for work in the Middle East, the study is largely confined to the experiences of Sinha lese Buddhist Wor|The from the island’s majority ethnic and religious group. This bias in the analysis reflects the Univean and Lin Bqual nature of Capitaist development in the island, especially tha Conceritratif of statesponsored development programs within the majority ethnic group and in the urban southwestern region. Due to the ethnic politi CS in thi : COLII try aid to som: Extērt the Cultura | Conserwatis T1 of their communities, Sri Lanka Tamil and Muslin ryOITlen hav: mot ble Earn in Corporated into the Maha weli Program, the Free Trade Zorie, tourism, and other new or expanded sectors of the economy in a significant Way.
26
However, if a movements is ti multicultural at field society SUC the separate Hf periences of W. boundaries of S Cath nicity, religio so o 1 1 E ed får tigation.
The lilitatio the currently a also need to | Sri Lāli ka & the 'Third W labor is mostly household agric so-called infor this Work, lika stic labor the almost lever ir calculatioris Su national product biases also a fting of such

в 2
ries (Percentage of Females)
33 1977 79.57
Per Cg Pgris: eff Fer:Eff tāW Ffr77ä Me Total Forge Tgtä Ferrale
937 24.9 1828,977 27.4 1,363,844 23.7 ,412 10].1 13,079 7.9 38,642 7.4 2,275 21.6 339,405 28.5 416,829 23.0 7,842 1.6 9,567 2.6 15,169. 6.9 5,131 6 103,561 1.2 124,763. 3.9
9,108 6.8 343,768, 6.8 433,307 8.6
7,59 B 1.8 178876. 1.9 198,794 4.3
5,599 5.3 24,945 6.9 45,476. 19.6
0,859 28.0 492,780 26.7 96,708 33.2 5,355 13.2 313,917, 15.1 365,832 13.2
15, 125 20.5 3,648.875 22.2 4,119.556 20.7
Y HHaS aTLGHCLY SLLGLCLHCLKS S LLLLLLGGT HHH LL LLLLLGCLS SS LLLGLLS
Cor 77 ha, Sir ārkā:
Unified Women's be built in a i highly startias Sri Lanka id un equal exmEr äCross the ocial class, Caste, n, region, and
greater in Wes
s and biases of vailable statistics be pointed out. s elsewhere in old", women's concentrated in ulture and the nal Sector, YBt Women's domeWorld Ower, is cluded in officia | in has the gross (GNP). Cultural d to un de Treporphenomena as
Wortler's Education CË r) { re, Soria: No
erale-Caded LIS e Olds violence against women in workplace and in the home. For now, one must make the best use of available data. In the future however, data collection must be ricore Sensitiwe to gender dynamics. It is only through such considerations that the complex and fast-changing lives of worther can be coprehended adequately.
äld the
The Plantations
Given the availability of land, attachment to subsistence agriculture, and abhorrence of wage iabor, Sinhalese peasants refused
to become the regular labor for Cg required on the Britishowned plantations. Instead, they became a shifting labor force
performing specialized tasks the estates, WL)Ill EI1
DT Wery few Sinha lese Wernt to Work Coll tha

Page 29
plantations at first. They were about 6 percent of the estate female labor force in 1891, but dua to increasing un employment and land lessness their numbers steadily rose during the twentieth
century. A great proportion of Sinha lese labor, both male and Female, Works or the Smaller TLubber and CO,COILIt estates rather than or the larger tea plantations.
Beginning in the 1820s,
British planters began to import laborers from neighboring South India. At first these povertystricken and less laborers Cama as migrants. Nevertheless, when the island's primary plantation crop shifted from coffee to tea in the 1880s (due to a coffeeleaf disease), a year-round labor
for(:ea Carin e to be required. During the earlier coffee era, most Tale laborers CFI m. Ea a Coia, ld the numbers of female and Child labøft:TS []m the ostã tBS then were small. With the shift to tea, however, entire families were brought and settled on
the estates, The result was that by 1911 thore were nearly as Tary Women om the taa asta tas as mer1: 222,639 women and 247,559 men. Of the tota | formally employed female populatiom in Sri Lanka, 351,521 oro 43.4 percent were in the plantation sector in 1971. According to data for the early 1980s 93.3 percent of the tea pluckers On the Esstates Were WOffer,
and of all officially Counted laborers under eighteen years, 62 percent worked on the tea estates and of them 60 percent were females.
The British adapted preexisting caste, ethnic, age, and gender hierarchies for purposes of labor procurement and control. For example, the routinely hired South Indian Hindu headlier of higher caste to recruit and superwise their Indian laborers, The 59 headsinen, the kar7gar7*5. exercised their Semmifeudal patri
archal a Luthority ower the lowcaste, downtrodden ābrrs through such means as debt
bondage and sexual harassment of the worthen."
(To bo continued)
India's Wide
Y Coff irred f. dt:hĩa"ựable . ""lt Says Nepal's F S. K. Upadhyay pulled off if gi India is tha ke The South A for Regional
Tā5 t ir 28 a new order. T tio is well ad fields as iriformi' culture. But S helped build |link5 tĖet WEET) forum partners, trade is with C the region. Pol HidraПCE: Ind been barried ir të 1960s. Suc go against the sentiment, how ritsar të levisit popular Hindi ago, virtualya range of its trå For a couple ( melodrama and borders were such incidents fgars of "cultu HOWever, T1:II ruling elites ar the idea that C India Cal do r orie serior Sol. 'Our governme at:CCTT) da ta t is indisputably in the region". that Eä sier tO Bhuta. Foreign Da Wa Tsering, der 5 it al '''Emr path. India mu role for the pr Ásia,' SayS country has lo Cable relations 'Wg Sga SAAR Tadg mechanis Furthar a fiel. Cērns ar risi expressed anxie naval buildup, Sopiag of Mal of Strategic : Studies Obser In an Islands be used as control shippin Straits". Some

iling . . . "алт да,gун Т6)
Will takg time,'
Foreign Minister ' ' but it can be odwill prewails. y to SAARC.'
sian Association Cooperation Feminent forum for achnical coорегаwated is such a tio r1 1 1 d a gri - SAARC 135 Ilot any new trada | dia and its Six 95% of whose ountries outside iti CS är än äidd ian films have 1 Pakist sic:
moves often grain of Public War. Whe AlSCregeri a film some years II activity in the T1Smitters Cela SEd. ]f Th) L.I TS () f S0 Tl g, dance, national ima trial, BLI LI th3m5E WES TE İSE ral imperialism". Iy of South Asia's e ii Wakenig to Ompromising with much gՃՃd. Says Ith Asia II SCHÖll är: Its Wi || FiF WE ti') Ha f är: t t Fiat || fidia the leading force Somma wwii | | fiid do til others. Minister Lyonpo =siחםB, Cחס for linently sensible' st pola y a lead ogress of South Tsering, whose ng enjoyed amiwith New Delhi. KC as a ready".ךח
l, flowever, Cong. Indonesia has ty ower the Indian and Dr. Noordin ayasia's Institute 3rd literrational 3G that the Ard'can obviously a 'stopper" to g in the Malacca analysts, he notes,
see that India's nawal Capability has 'expanded beyond what i 5, Cornsidered a dec| Latfia for Tair1 = taining a local (or) regional presence." India, he concludes, is "a proud nation in the good and bad senses of the Word. in the long term, there can be doubt that I dia Wants tot be regarded as a great regional քD WEr,
== 津 That belief echoes down the length of the eastern Indian Ocean rim. South Asian diplomats have perceived for so the time that India is less concerned with world opinion as its self-assertiveness grows. 'The Hardest part of growing Lup) is the courage to be un popular," muses Foreign Ministry official Kuldip Sahdew. "We realise that, without being bumptious blunder Ers, we have to bé à wäre of our size and needs. If Criticismi is İrine witable, so be it."
— A5 ia wafak
New Afghanistan. . .
(Continued from pages 9) The USSR has provided massiwa gconomic and military aid to Kab Lu | since February, and it is the lewe of this a id Which US officials cite as the reas Jr for refusing 'positive symmetry
î. e. the mutual agreement by Washington and Moscow mot to send in aid. The fact that Soviet aid to Kabul is allo Wed and US-Pakistan aid to the guerilias disa llowed, under the April 1988 Geneva accords receives little attention in the
West. Moscow appears committed tt contin Lied aid and is urging
the PDPA to find i SC Lition With the guerillas. But tha government in Kabul is coming
its id:
under pressure from within raks to tak: d to Lughter rocket atta CkS Orl Kabul ContiLue to takE LITEr OL 5 civilia lives and elements in the Afghan army are calling for missile and hot-pours uit dit täcks on gli Erilla positions within Pakistan. The West of course, might not be unhappy at all overt AfghanPakistan Crisis, since this would provide a pretext for renewed im wolwe marit in the Conflict and si ece doubtgr5 il Washingto and Islamabad.
27

Page 30
B00MS
Georges Simenon, Auti
Eric PCE
GÑ Simeon, 86, Creator of the Inspector Mai - gret and one of the most widely read authors of the 20th (:E: siltury, died Monday at his Ortle near Lausanne.
The Belgian-born writer had been ai ling for som til E. HE owed his fame largely to the el ormo US SUCCess of his book,5 Starring Maigret.
Turning out novels in 10 days or so, he wrote, un der his own name, 84 Maigrets and 1:36 other novels, in addition to 200 novellas Written under pseudonyms early in his career. Over the years, his fiction was rimade into dozers of mo wigs and television series.
Mr. Simeo also won critiGä| 3CC|alism for 10 Welshe Wrote out-side the detective genre - what he called 'non-Maigrets." His writing was particularly praised for its psychological insights.
Mr. Sieron's crime novels esche Wed the intrica te problems and the ingenious deductions employed by many detectivestory writers, and his sleuth Was sleith er brilliant Ihor eCCer|- tric — such as Sherlock Hornes or HTCLE - Poirot.
Ouite the contrary, Maigret was a rather ordinary man, domestic, happily married, fond of a pipe and a glass. In working on a case, he absorbed all tha i for Tation he could, the
L'edit Over unti e arrived at a solution, in which he relied chiefly on his knowledge of hul al Character.
Mr. Si Therior liked to keep his novels relatively short and focused on a few characters. He wrote in a terse French and was skilled at using a few words to describe things seen or falt.
28
He wrote to of volLITés of tions and remir ding his autob moires Intinës.’’ title to writer articles and sh
His admirers
sa las of his b passed 50 millic he is said to
the World's mo lated à Luth Crs, V lated into 55
published in 39
The first Mai Efter Mir, Sil tad home, Pari went on a long European Cån Äls
While the boi rily laid up in Mr, Siren on on a portable t ed C a WCd titled in Frenc ton," and, in . tion, o' Maigret tic, Lätt.”"
Mr. Siled out other Maig taristic speed, pector's exploi read all over E kврt appeariпg
Many of Mr. S ters W 3rd läshiË. of Cil kil de or himself, Mr. Sit litted that he Compulsior to secluding inse the Words pou
Other Compu |ife as well. F he was a tire and he provoke ses froT) : Critics **||till: të MEIT):
He Said hi ha wo miem, som til of three a day. 'The goal of r

mor, is dead at 86
re than a score journals, reflecis Cerīcēs, inclubiography 'MeHe also found Tore than 1, C)C)C)
rt stories.
lost track of the ooks after they by 1969, but lä WC ben ble of st widely transwith books translanguages and COLIntTiës.
gret Was Written con left his adop5, in 1929 and cruise through
at was terti porathe Netherlands. wrote the book ypewriter perch
Crate. It was El "Pietr-le-Lett) neL. English Bdi – and the Enigma
began turning rets with Chiaracaid soon the insts were being Europe. Maigrets for five decades.
isTien Disn's tharaitI by Compulsions another. As for menon freely adwas driven by a Work āS ha did, If for days while "ed out of him.
isions ruled his or many years ess phila moderer, |d wari Ed rĖSponby saying so in bir3.''
di Sex With 10000 mas at the pace
He once Wrote; my endless quest,
after a II, was not a W0 m3 r., but 'the' Woman, the real one, lowing and maternal at the same time, Without artifices."
Another compulsion made him something of a nomad. All told, he livẹd more thăm 30 TåsidenCes during his life, because, he said, again and again he would get a feeling of emptiness, look at his surroundings, ask himself, 'Why am I here?" - and move
In the 1940s and 1950s, he spent 10 years in the United States, iving variousy in Con necticut, Florida, California and Arizona.
From 1953 Lilti | he arri OLCed is retirement as a nowlist in 1973 because of ill health, he lived in a hilltop in Epalin
ges, Switzerland, abowe Lau53 ITTB.
Among his more highly pra
ised novels were 'Act of Passion," in which a physician strangles his mistress under the illusion that he is thus killing her sluttish nature while freeing her frightened-child aspect, and The Snow Was Black," about a young man immersed in corruption who attracts a virginal young woman with the aim Of corrupting her.
Mr. Simenon was the first f two children born to Henriette Brull Simenon and Desire Simenon in the industrial city of Liege in eastern Belgium.
After military service, he moved to Paris and the Welt tO Work for two years as se Cretary to a peripatetic French marquis.
He began writing pulp stories, which he said were ''not literaturg but litt le stories for the risque Weeklies.”
Way York Torres Serviců

Page 31

Na
in Tobacco Company Limited

Page 32
WE ARE A DIFFERENT KIN
(7here are a multitude of g
O They who guard the free
O They who protect the ba
O They who guard the dem
of us are entitled to as
Each of us is a guardian to
dependency in
BUT THE DIFFERENCE RESTS ON OUR DEEP Cor
WE ARE TRUSTED GUARDIA
MONEY, GUIDING YOU ON HOW FOR YOU AND YOUR DE
SO REACH
FOR YOUR LIFE.
A Different Kind O,
 

D OF GUARDIAN TO YOU!
uardians during your lifetime
dom of speech & expression
sic human rights of mankind
ocratic freedoms to which each citizens
others who view us for their
day to day life
IN OUR GUARDIANSHIP
NCERN FOR YOUR FUTURE
NS OF YOUR HARD - EARNED
TO SPEND AND HOW TO SAVE
PENDENTS” TOMORROWS
OUT TODAY
LONG GUARDAN
PLE’S BA NK
r Guardian For You