Page 1
LANKA
Vol. 12 No. 15 December 1, 1989 Price Rs. 7.5
742 .
፳ጎ
— Mervy
7Ae 7a z get
efiant
Silindu S
 
 
 
 
 

O Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka OJ/32/NEWS/89
S.ytem ikes
zck
m de Silva 74e 4:n kozeez
The roots of JVPism
- S. Leelananda - گستر
- Reggie Siriwardena
yndrome
- Laksiri Fernando

Page 2
THE PREM
IN SOUT
A massive Port Expansion
Colombo into a modern Con' Transhipment Centre qualifying With the following additional
ald Commercial Port Users:
to Bulk-Handling facilities for
O Rebagging and Reprocessi
o A Streamlined Bonding Se
Any special requirernents coul
Enqui
SRI LANKA POR
19, Chu Tch Stra3
Colombo,
Telaphona: 2 5 5 5 9

ER PORT
TH ASIA
Project has transformed tainer Handling Port and for "Base Port" status Facilities to the Industria
Grain, Fert || ||zег апсi Cement.
ng facilities.
r Wi:Ce,
l' ble å irra figyed for or requesť
ries :
இது
RTS AUTHORITY
t, P. O. Box 595.
Sri Lanka.
Talax: 21805 PORTS CE

Page 3
RECRUITS FOR A THOUSA MOD RUPEES
They have moved frтѓo the
tohotarris foo, Mr T for 7 d'armar поfwithstand'їлgу. Vart-E:5 based Tari militarit organisatia fins fra ve 7) yw Frowed irrito the f7f// couлtry teа р/antations to гесглії шлелiployed Tari77 il youths "to agitate aard Cä Lysia cor fusio 7 for the goverrfert, Mr Samyanoorthy Thordana, Ministar for Fura industrial Development ang Textiles, and CWC boss, to/d a national daily.
The youths are being offered between five Lr. Cred and a thousand rupags to join up and are being tria irmied irii the il country: they a re not taker so ffs Works or East.
This posed a potential threäť of a Corpsete take ower of the plantations by the nil#F7F7 f5, il r}/'985 507e Eiffer:f we action Was taken without delay, ťah F MAWFiSfer. Saify.
The LTTE, "who are curff7f7fly â'r peace with (File govgглптелt“, were not fлvo/- Wed. Arr7ost every Offier Tar77* r77 ilita rit orgar) is at for fra f/ie Worth and East was frivostved.
5.
TO GO DEMOCRATIC
The LTTE was ready to for a new political party and go
CEL MESÊ WEEG k. Wys ffere SLW
f ks y! , алd the олg SitLarir I r tul East. The Tїgg to eriter the trearri'. A rari politică / parfy Éby LTTE supon Präb Väkäriär 7,
a refereric Ea a Siri77 far 7 : /Lars zäre fheir yw'r ffig i'r iawnw, packing lar vās pfrg v Warns Watsä/ gāW F77 i Willia Efesā
As for fif L tical party cont tion, Balas ir gyfri, would depend Vīriā ff7 is Cour fryn är for of the War Ç'fa' Čaji w fic: f/.
ENGLISH, Ti Af MP fro, PI vera su drara parfia/77 g/7ť ťfiať away from Eng. diu P77 of ironstruc was the beginir лтѓлatory treatл Tamis), which to violence. S, (aזהויוז" - שנrr???rיםF är 7 d' rwy ffase L15 gaf to using ,
derindcratic, Tiger ideologue (7 iWE therr) - up, Anton Ba/asing//harт, ал пошл- (Cantinued
Shanmuga ratr ham
Mr. N. Shanmugaratnam's article 7 days which appeared in Our November 1st issue, and W. earlier in the Island was originally published i GLASS, London edited by A. Siwanandan and E
LA FRA
GUARDAN
Wol. 12 No. 15 DECtamber T, 1 ggg
Porija RR TE
Published fortnightly by
Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
N. 246, LIion Pe.
Old Tibu – 2.
Editor : Meirw yn da Siwan Telephine:547534
Printed by Ananda Press
825, Wolfendha Street, Colombo 13.
Tûlüphorı: 435975
C. C. M. T
News i Background
The Rise of the WP Honouring a Heroine
Political Wiccince
The WFPhenomen
East Is Red
The Europeanisation
Իվ Ժոalignment
Libralism Agrarian Production Bank Reye y
WCT1 cm & Capitalist Development - W.

/fois, he 53 Fd. Öf fffSS rgL'rcss *7g GO WerY777gr7. larg frobleel ifj. MOrff ifjú rs. 3. CeCe political f'77 ġiras17eg for the rewliw WYY a decided *773 West-IJFKWarf
g to the IPKF. asi that the Soft-pedaling # W. W 75faff' jf jāgs tha WPKF ff a 50-Cä l'od A FY77 y, är f'Weif'F''' by Werf?. " "Es new po/F- ES?’ frigy F 7 EWECär 77 så fas' tfāť sť (717 a CÖFTıp Mete fé (FKF fro
of the diss{J/Ly*-East Prowin
HE CAUSE fr? L'affr) # 7. fah (EDF) told sie switchfrg is fi äis the 77eto in Schools ling of discri"gr7 (of thg ustrately ad Lights took to 5:fנErוזBr"ן טווח rIT who had got f3 Ff75 COLIl fût (S. 55 s.
bп page 4)
i Eff""
as published RACE. E. qbal Ahlad.
E N T S
3
ל Martyr
f
|
Relatics
3
Glass Houses
Mr. Neville Kanakaratne, who was probably not in the Country When the Jaffna public Library was burnt, is totally wrong when he implies that no intellectual protested and no organisation EVEn passed a resolution reagarding 'this act against the
entire intelligatsia". (L. G., Now, 15). I am aware of several organisations which
passed resolutions and issued State T1 ents, but non e of them appeared in the press under conditions of censorship. MOreover , MIRJE Sent an irlWestigating team to the North and their report on the events was published (the text appeared in your own journal). Many other groups and individuals in the South expressed their disapproval of the burning in the most tangible way by donating books and money for the rebuilding of the Library stock.
Apart from his ignorance of the facts, however' think Mr. Kanakaratne's assumption of the role of conscience -keper of thea mation is ope to questioning. If he Was SO COl Cern ed ab Out the burning of the Jaffna Library, why didn't he resign his ambassadorial post in protest, instead of staying on and probably defending the Government's action and policies in his official capacity?
Reggie Siriwardena DehiWela.

Page 4
A unified contributic diversi
The Browns Group of Compa of trade, industrial and agricul With the accent on Group Pro specialisation, each Member of to provide services and goods
Group, as a whole, is based (
which assures you of the ON
TES)
THE BROWNS GRC
481, Darley Road, Colombo 1
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY, TOURISM, EX
 

and unique on through fication
nies Cover am Ost every aspBCt tural development in Sri Lanka. gress through diversification and
Associate Company is equipped of the highest standard. Yet the om a concept of unified ser wice, eral benefits of its combined
UITGES,
DUP OF COMPANIES
O. P. O. Box 200, Tel. 697111
ENGINEERING, TRANSPORT, PORTS, TRADE.

Page 5
Premadasa Pre The Moving 1
Mervyn de Silva
Tಟ್ಗ Illust be something in this as trology business after all. The more things went downhill (law-and-order, econoIlly) and faster every hope collapsed (APC) the Inore assuredly did every prominent astrologer än 17 L1 ince that PTC sident PTC1134 dä5’5 fortul Illes Were II the up-and-up
But thc: Cassandras persisted. . . ''AID-CUT!" they predicted, and an IMFSQUEEZE''. But the IMF came up with the Second tra1 chic of the 255 million dollar SAF loan, and what's more the World Bank-sponsored Paris donor group pledged
US 173 Illillio Il dollTS III core than the previous year (LG Nov. 1).
Which of course doesn't IIlean much, interrupted the pundits pointing out correctly that there Was a "catch', what they call 'conditionality' the price the government Inlist pay and the burden that the regime, captive to the Fund's conditions, must pass Conto the peoplc. While the masses groan, working class a Tiger Will rise, thc tra de linions (the established and the genuine) Will agitate, and then the JWPcontrolled SATTAN PERAMUNA will strike, making Colombo a city under seige, and allowing the guerrillas to march into the capital. ... as they halwe ICW do I het in San Salva - dor. As the cliche goes, that W:15 the 5cenari.
Yet, when Prime Minister - Finance Minister D. B. Wijctunge presented his budget, he was all smiles, not because he Was Santa Claus bearing giveWay pre-Christ Illas gifts , Fair from it. (See: On the Brink) It was because his colleague, the Foreign Minister and Minister of State for Defente, had reported to the President and
(Cabinet lind "The Match is
The Enforce The ii Il TitյլIIlter a bit por cm Hitur tain, Wijeweer: and bowled, Minister's lic irresili Elc ill S |-class convers;
Could the s closed? That questico T1, Tha the central iss CI I I CITged als a the State in delt J. R., of all ders the Ilçıst
El Ty psycholo, knöwn thält. . Cxplained to if dents, he had close the ill Tather hand i IPKF.
President Pre militarist. He Wh) belewe than alled i of course the Sri La Ilka, the peaceful.
The war, a de Tilly erupted new "атImy". I National Army ENDLF, and Indian camps the IPKF. TE tainly not thc ter Force (C North-East Pr and its Chief Waratharaja Per Wered to estal CÇıld Lludertak tasks olce the of the island 1t t}} riigid, it looked that է 1111 FւյT tlit:

sidency: 'arget
told the press, ; () yer, . .!""
I had en for Ced.
11e Int h0 Weiwer was e. Only the capl, had been caught .0 stay with the aphor, the Ilost ri Lankan middle 1 t II) I1,
outh CTIl front be Was the Crucial had always been Lic Illic the JWP stri olls; thTeat to 1987, Blit Presi1 Sri La IlıkalılcäattlIIl cul to miligy, had always That was why, he o T cig In correspoilIl CD choice bult tið
rthern front or over to the
ma da 5: is Tota
is a populist il di Wine rather ] terwenti II. And Gods that guard wirtlu OLIS HIki the
1C W war, sudin the East. A } () — the Til II i 1 of the EPRLF, TELO, trained in 4. In di equipped by e T. N. A. is; ccTCivilia Il VoluIWF) which the OW incial Council Minister, Mr. uillal was empolishs so that it i.e. law-and-order IPKF pulls out The deadline, Was Dec. 31, and tille was running N-E Council,
and its Chief Minister. LTTE Illade characteristically brilliant and murderous attack on two incw TNA camps in Batticaloa. It Inassacred some 36 TNA cadres, and kidnapped over 100, and drove off with a huge haul of modern arins, Indian Ind Sy wiet-III de
SOWIET OPTION
Though compelled to withdraw llIlder U. S.-led i IltcTTational Pressu Te, the CCI 11 pulsions (of Gorbachew’s wide-ra. Tiging rcform program, the death toll in Afghanistan a Ind its impact on Soviet IIlorale, and the military successes of the Munja buddin, Moscow had a better range of options than Delhi.
Though beseiged, the Kabul regime had been long establishcd and despite rapid leadership changes in the ruling party, the g) ve TI ITrent did hawe so II le credibility, Not 50 Mr. Peru IIlal' ş Na)T th —E:St (Ca)LII1:i1.
Secondly, the Afghan resistance is bittcrly divided — ideologically, in the first instance, each has a different pay-Traster, the US being only the most gencTols; leaderSlate e a ch other as much they hate the Kabul communists. It is just the opposite of the disciplined wellkulit, nearly self-reliant LTTE, with one com Tina Inding personality as leader. Nobody challen
THc that clear in a
ges Welu pillai Prabhakaran.
The Soviet Ji häd dcadline. It picked a da te for
a phased pullout on its own,
and announced its own timetable. There is an agreement, ta Cit UT. informal, betWeen
Colombo and Delhi on the deadline - the end of the year. So til Inc’s Tun Ining out. The NorthEast council must have a Police Self-Defence Force. Quickly.

Page 6
DELHI DESIGN
Or, the second option, Creatic
conditions which can justify a postponement of the IPKF withdrawal. Events in the East, and the general pattern of developments there suggest a "mix" of Lhe two - build up Em EPRLF - ENDLF - TELO controlled "army' and de-stabilise the East for possible political gains e.g. scare the Sinhale se away from Amparai, the district from which the IPKF pulled out. The Muslims were a Inothcr target, Timore Muslinins and Musliili policemen dying in the TNA, IOcket-attacks con the police stations than any other co II1munity. Together, the MI5, limi5 El Ind the Sinhale5c Cän dccide the crucia 1 refcrcIndum on the extension of the present North-East II erger.
As the JWP c
its
armed with the possibil
peak, a violence
Ilal clashes, W. stabilise the PT: an Indiain obje LTTE and sc
Sectio 15 of UN all an India. In R. A. W. but th pathological wh Delhi. Oil the can be a conve Tests betWeen De ENDLFTELO c led by Perumal JWP; and Left Ol including sectio The only thing target - the P dency. But Pr as always, has moving tilrget.
TRENDS
{Cantirued frori page II)
THE DULLEST
MWYr Air Lurā Ba 7 där är 7 a fiska, MMP (SLFP), described this year's Budget de bate as the du West 5їгтса ће влtgгеої ра г/їamталг in 7977. According to his information this would be the last budget the present Finance Miser WC e resef and the Leader of the House was in for higher things, he said.
Tha UWP had coirne into power pledging to restore peace arid Order row they were saying that the Government diad mot have even a 77 ontsi of peace to sort things out. Ara ta cost of Wiwing 737 "gore through the roof; Dcas Were i ricreased before the Budget and after it. Mr Bandarang ka said that the Gowernment had to go on hended kriegs to the World Bark TÉcause of the тfsгтапаgement of the past 74 years. The Government got all that aid not because of 'a climate of
COfficile FCB" ́ ) GóWarriffer" | the terris of
är Y We MMF,
/r fss räfte * Erī frā if ffffffff fiker friff) je: viding fobs.
Mг Rалјал Stā rad fra 7' S.
Mr Badard
Mr. Wieratin (C)779 ft) - "L tha past. Tf} рел7 fп the f
PKF TRA S i Ill HAILE
Raports of , Ir7 a Clair dest ining Camp tr district are a/y in was fig: d'a//y sаѓаї. being traine part of CWF

ampaign reach
in eruption of
the East, ity of commuuld totally de: па ја за терime, ctive too. The ille influential IP believe it is plot hatched by LTTE can be
El it : les t) it her Hilalıd, Elı ere Igence of inteelhi, the EPRLF/ oilbine, whether Padmanabha, op osition g Tolups, | HC SLFP:
i
cIII.1 is the reni di sal Presicmadasa, clever
Iliade himself a
LIf bes:éFUSE the
ad agreed to a
he World Bank
he said,
r of ar 77 pd /) yr?Terit, ka said that Ecis should not be count when pro –
Wiefatna: "That
G'.
raka. "W".
e is Ce riot to talk of aί νν Μ. Παί ή έμ
Life".
1M MG FOR I YOUTHISP
Sinhalese youths fле л7 їїїїагy traHIEEוrTנrשלB , TrirלJ th ow being offic
ited a rational The youths are d ostensify as
operations, assis
Israelis: a decision soon?
Ainswering a question in-parliament, Mr. Ramjan Wijeratine, Foreign Minister and Minister of State for Defence, said that the Israelis had been brought into the country to assist in security work and also to help in certain spheres of agriculture and rehabilitation. A decision
on the continued presence of the Israeli Interests Section would be taken soon, he said.
Mr. His bulla (SLMC) who asked the question, said that the continued presence of the Israeli Interests section had
strained relations between Sri Lilika aid the Arab collint Tie5.
Mr. Wijeratine said that there had been no official expression of dissatisfaction but reports frill Sri Likās ("WICITSEC 3.43 missio Ins indicated that sibile Arab countries Were not saltisfied with the presence the Israelis.
of
fod by sorri gerrierr] hars of the / PKF, f hg report said.
Tha fra fr7ir7g Os fra Sir Slese yout/75 is umadaro the patroлаge of a feft-огfелted Ігасje шлfor), according to this герогї. War af fra recruffs FE WE EEE 7 a r rasta c! Éa y ʻsorrra arr7 7ed' r77 er7ʼʼ.
added.
AA TAW IL HAMD
Attacks on his courtry tea factories are fired or the JWP, are now suspected Ee the work of a riff-Gowerглелt Тагттії доїїtica/ огдапїsatio ris, EāSGW ir t'ia Wort Wı är 7 d' East. About 25 a factorias /hawe bear7 Castroyed.
Investigation of a Tarifican7 gcior? foWoWs trig är rest of three Tamil youths suspected of wolance and sa botage on FE esťafes, fr7 ffile. Så få rågyāmuwa province. The Suspects belong to an East-based Tamil political organisation, according to police sources.

Page 7
VVon't VValk into tra
resident Premada5a comPost 0 Ill the situatit). In in the Eastet Il Province said that Sri Laka would be cautious not to fall prey to any deliberate campaig II of provocation to create a situati QIl lo prolong the stay of the IPKF in Si'i. La lkl.
The President was speaking to Members of Parliament at the Gower Til et PT lilinen tary Group Ileeting - the members called for strong action against the illegal army formed by the NOTt 1 Ea.5 Le IIl Provincial Clucil Chief Minister, Wartharaja Pe Tillmall iIl Colläb Tati ol with th: 1PKF.
The President said that it was Ilot that the Sri Laikal security forces could It lill Inch all 11 out offensive against such illegal armies. It Could be construed by interested parties as an attempt again by the Sinhalese to persecute Tamils a Tid thus create a II i III pression justifying the continued presence of Indian troops in the country. The Sri Lankan security forces had be el selt to the Easter II Province to maintain peace. They will defend the GovernII e It institutions and the peo
ple,
The great difficulty with which agreement was reached With India L withdraw the Indian troops from the country
by the end of December this year was well known, Scwcal batches of troops had already
been withdTä WT1, he si cl.
''The Government for its part Ina de the Incccssary arra IngeIments als H. grced to provide security in the Easter In Province after the IPKF Start cd With dra Wing A Security MoniLoring Committee in which the Minister of State for Defence, the IPKF CIIIII de T S Wye || || § the Chief Miser" t: North-East and other officials
:Tc Tepresen tec has also been
lip the necessar for the provin people from t. ethnic populat
IL was i I til the Goverille that a n army in the North Without any leg the IPKF Com Willicit: ' tc. III a In y ii r mmy ii m 1 COIII] Elder a WIS 3. The F he told the it was wrong train an illega
The viole this illegal a TI is. A deliberal te wake till: Sri för ce5 i Ito a c
Civil War, Speaker
In parliamen Mohamed lirg: to get together thing soon ab (i. Il the Easte TI Wise, WalII ed N Will be iwi. W
MT, A5h Tiff, SLMC, Ill:1 dc the situation district. The TI police post, se li lil police Imem the 11, he said, Cribed the atta lute betrayal of L hic Muislil 1s ha pTiC5 Wicial gö ', situation, he grl We.

MEVMVS BACKG RO UMND
p — President
was set up. It plan med to setsecurity forces e by recruiting | tr {լr tEl Cl11 H I1 on ratio basis.'
is situation that t ciä me tid) k Il CO W was being raised -East Provinces sanction. When hander was al sked KF was training he province the Imitted that this resident said that on mander that for the IPKF to 1 army.
e unleashed by ny in the East attempt to proLankan security onfrontation,
WWE'S
it, Speaker M H ed all of u s'' and do 50 Illeut thic situati 01 Province. Other Mr. Speaker, there var Wery 5 C) :) T.
leader of the A, stEi tèeTT 1 tT1 t. OT1 In the Ampara NA attacked a gregated the Musand killed 43 of Mr Ashraff desck as an absoF the trust that di placed in the 'CTTI 1CT t. The said, Was WCIy
Treachery, says Deputy Speaker
An illegal television trans
mission was being operated in the North, Deputy Speaker Gamini Fonseka charged at a Government Parliamentary Group meeting last week. The TV service, beaming programs to India, was being operated with Indian connivance, Mr. F0II sekä Said, The Dcputy Speaker accused North-East Chief Minister Waratharaja PeruImal of treachery. Mr Perumal Mr Fonseka said, was trying to project with these transmissions beamed to India that all Tamil speaking people of the North want Indian intervention in Sri Lanka, and that they wish the IPKF to rei man indefinitely in Sri Lanka on the pretext of protecting the Tamil people.
The Chief MinistcI Was conDiving with a foreign countryIndia - to . Wage War against Sri Lanka, he said,
For this treachery he should be renoved, Mr Fonseka who has been a distinguished film actor, cast normally in heroic,
Toles said, And, if it were to be donc, how long would it takic, Mr Fons cka asked the
government group. In ceting presided by President Prema dasa.
COFRESPOWDFTVCE
Your correspondent Mr. E. M. C. Edirisinghe makes many good points but Illisses the main point and thrust of ply argument and
therefore criticises the Wrong person.
I am concerned in this in
stance only with anti-systemic move II nents, that pretend to be
revolutionary or liberationist. How could these be cruel or barbaric as oppressor states,
regimes or classes'
— Dayan Jaya tilleka
5

Page 8
BUDGET
Close to the Brink
M. de S.
Il CIIb O's Laxi di Wcr5 Were taking no chances. Anticipat
ing a steep rise in petrol prices, they pleaded their meters were out of action and bargained over the taxi fare.
But Mr D Bi Wijetunge, who is both Prille Minister and Finance Mimis Lero al nounced no increases in his budget. That does mot Imea. In the taxi drivers were w Tong.
These things are not done in budget speeches any more,' said Mr Bernard Soysa, a former deputy finance Iminister.
The Sri Lankırı Pctrole LIII Corporation has good reason to jack up prices. Recently, the opposition howled when it signed a contract for six cargoes of 120,000 tonnes of crude each Wylitlu tlic South Ko Tea. Il Daewoo corporation at a cost of Illore tam SI OOIT, The moral tender procedures had been ignored, The Industries minister explained why: the Corporation owed its traditional suppliers İı early 578 m. Those bills had to
be paid. If it defaulted, the word would get out the SriLanka was broke.
Rumours were already rise that Sri Lanka’s forcig ni TeScrwc5 Wcre down to less that II a week's import bill. If the
oil contract, guaranteed by the central bank, had not been signed, all transport on the island would have ground to a hält.
Sri Lanka, racked by years of ethnic warfare which has killed off tourism and stifled growth, is on the brink of economic collapse and its increasingly hard-pressed citizens are paying an increasingly heavy price. Petrol and kerosene prices will indeed go up following flour, sugar, rice, milk and electricity.
One by or being remove faires will ris board has thr Supply to def lectors from | cations depar Visiting the ho CS.
The runaw: 1988, an elec President Ran dasa's S400m tion programm nig policy, wcr of the good ti Ill Oncy which el rincid. Alrea alleviation pro scaled down, til 151 Other W A listerity lies a
Sri Lanka's a long taken a si of the countri this year's can nomic disruptic Violence by the allist Sinha la gi Compelled the postpone the a 1Ing,
The Internat Fund had alre the second vital loan.
Nevertheless,
Sri Lanka has Pect binding the IMF and || and promises I gTCllp was stj tionally tolera lly II net this S785m, an incre last year,
The IMF ey the delayed £8 de Imonstrate in fidence at a ti of capital and had dc moralis business comm

subsidies are Rail and bus The electricity
telled to cut off ilters; debit colle telecommuniEl L 3. T: T1 ("Y les of late pay
spending of on y el T, a tid singhe Pге паpoverty alleviee, his vote-wintle last gasp les of spending was not bei Ing y the poverty raille has been together with alfare polici e 5. head.
il dolors haiw: ympathetic wiew 's plight But paign of ecosn, sabotage and ext Tcm e In a tio inroup, the JWP,
World Balk to id group Ille-et
ional Monet :1 Ty ady held back stallent of a
considering that
failed to TesIII iliticInitsi t} 11e World Bank Co do nors, the lid ill being excepllt WH1 cil it fin illyear. It pledged alse of S1731 wer
intually released 7 III i 15 tillelt tið ternational conпe when a flight ikilled person nel cd the island's unity.
NEWS BACKGROUND
And even now the IMF coilditions for Sri Lanka remain for lic:55 ha Tsh than those imposed on many. Third World Count Ties.
The crisis is so deep however that collapse may be inevitalble, given the continuing terrorist activities. Several ministries have been closed, ånd many government departments and corpora lioms wound up,
Rumours were rife that the country's
foreign reserves had fallen to less than a week's import bill
Møre tham 4,000 Illarketing department workers lost their jobs last month. That Will be the pattern.
On Unc level the austere budget looks necessary and prudent: consuler subsidies hawe been slashed, together With the anti-poverty program IIle; the budget deficit has been reduc
ed from 14 per cent of GDP last year to 10 per cent.
Ai ling state enterprises will
be sold to foreigners. Privatisation failed When it was restricted to Sri Lankans but last weck a state-owned textile mill was sold to a South Korean company for $7 m. The devaluation of the rupce will be accelerated.
of the that in
But the great danger budget measures is already un settled population will encounter rising inflation and rising unemployment. Such a mixture would be explosive in the present climate.
It used to be the JWP which forced 'hartals' or strikes, Now the established trades unions are stirring. So far 17 unions hawe asked for a 40 per cent pay hike. Austerity may be the least of Siti Lanka’s pritble II15.
(This Trticle 14 af origi rrally
Published fro the F.T., Laridor.J

Page 9
The Rise of the JVP-A
S. Leelananda"
A 5 Ociological analysis of the rij se of thic JWP cal cÕIlWeniently begin with an overview of demographic changes in Sri La Inka during the last forty years. The demographic picture of the 1940s show both high IIortality rates (death ra le 20-21 per thousand) and high birth rates (35-39 per thousand). This phase is followed by two decades of continuously high birth rates and decreasing Im Ortality rates. As a result the latural increase climbs to an all time high (average 2,7 pe Cell). Thc rīc f incrc5 begins to drop in the mid seventies and by the 1980s it reaches 1.8 percent. Even so, one has to bear in mind that those born in the high natural increase period are also now гертоtiucing.
When this demographic data is converted to social reality what we sec is a dramatic increa se in numbers of each successive cohort (Defined as all those surviving persons born in El given year) of our population frt Ill about the 1950"s. Such rapid population together with severe adverse te III iš CF träde, the de clic of the plantation export sector the sluggish growth of non-traditional exports and chronic foreign exchange scarcities illustrate deep structural problems in o Lur economy for which no government since independence has bec al ble tij find effective solutions. The impact of diffeTent policy packages - offered by both welfarist and Economic liberal regimes which In a naged the country, - on the rise of the JWP will be analysed later in this essay. For the present let us note some clear patterns arising from this fast growing population.
(1) The increasing inability of administrations since Independence to continue its CornmitIlles its (), Il go till welfast. These
growth,
реп-татe of a leading 8 Lankan graffic.
are simply to bc täkeDı c:H.Te subsidics for government ha the people'.
Following t Tlubbe T boll i the UN P alli ted to redit Ice th ding to a Har the resignatio Milliste. The mcnt also beg pressure a few Fina T1CC Millis1 BandaraL II laike, similar cha Inge: wis Tcm) w cd if
The 1965-7 Tried differelt rice quotas – : Teduce Le fila this subsidy. (Ge) ET 1 Ele:LiC dära mai ke’s affi fTam1 the m1 (3co T puller, but on United Front ceeded to raise of rice, but al. IIloities in its lica di Ing to at T parliam cintary g IN MI PITI budgetary propi followed with : ** 8 pounds of Eftet will ni Ing party leaders : mind-boggli Ing :lv:Lila, ble for po fioi 5LoTe iT o moncy A1. Il Ja nasawiya Prog (W) basket including rice, föT 11ck of fl11
Thus, the polit of the lack of progressive inab incints to Co-Op of the people social welfare social stability. if this trade ( Mr. L S SěIlf Worked reasona his Tegine. Bu no w changed dı.

Sociological Perspective
many people to T. "Tik Tod example. Every stricid to “feeding
le ed of the In the early fifties nistration at tempe rice subsidy leatal and eventually 1 of the prime SLFP (Gyegam o feel Lhe years later and E — Felix Lis who proposed 5 in his budgct, TOT COffice.
} UNP regime Colbiti 15 "If ill attempting to Incia, 1 burdeill of II tBc 197] Il & = MTS. Ban:r to bring rice 1* ' ',' te lic: elected the Govern IT ent proprices not o Illy | can Slı mer C) Timvery first budget, ebelliol in the roup forcing Dr to alled his SLS. T. UNP offer to give ccTeals which, the election, - in nounced with cyn icism, Wcrc L'Ich a 5 e il : Ily inly one had the w we have the railine. With its f commodities, being reduced ids.
ical implications growth is the ility of Governit the majority by trading off Iesu Te5 foT The Architect ff" strategy was Lina yake and it bly well during : the picture has 1e tot de mogra
phic pressures and Governments are compelled to use moral imperatiwes like the filmous : 3 "C's - Consensus, Concillation and Cooperation.
(2) The bulge'' of post fifties cohorts il the population curve skewers Olur population pyramid in favour of the y colul Ing. According to thic ESEAP Monograph on Population in Sri Lanka (1976) Children under 15 years of age contribute 40% OT morc of the total population while the Tauge in die w cloped countTies is 20-30%. Since children (0-14 years) and youth (15-24 years) together form nearly 60% of the total population, the population of Sri Lanka pray he termed a yolling population'. (Page 96)
This preponderence of youth implications for all aspects of Sri Lankan Society and culture. Political scientists have poited out that levels of recruitinent of young cadres is a good test of the vitality and poplilarity of a political party, particularly a revolutionary party. By this test, the JWP's focussed appeal to youth was un precedented l'Ind highly successful. The traditional left the LSSP, CP, and NLSSP etc. Were WCe fully luncompetitive in this field. The exceptions to this JVP Illonopoly were the UNP, in the 1973-77 period, when it was able to mobilise both urban and rural youth against the SLFP. The real challenge on the youth front to the JWP however came from Wijaya Ku Inara tunge's piirty or II1 Core correctly Wijaya himself. If Rohana Wijeweera’s cha Tis Illa was based on his “anti-capitalist”* image Wijaya Ku Inaratunge could appeal to a wider audience both Coin his al Inticapitalist background as well as his media (film actor, sing cr) image, This was an image that Wijaya carefully nurtu red, even
to the cxtent of refusing to play ounsympathetico' rolcs in filIil5.

Page 10
It is clear that the JWP leadership did not brook any challenge to its youth base. Daya Pathirana a charismatic youth leader of the University Was murdered long before the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka accord. The decision to eliminate Wijaya, though fraught with risk in view of his personal popularity, was also taken presumably on the SH Il1 է: prcIIlise.
The nullerical preponderence of alienated youth in the population pyramid of Sri Lanka Creates special conditions in the country which, to their credit, the JWP was the only political party in Sri Lanka to grasp and firmly act upon.
Who can spear thead the Sri Lankan revolution'. Here, the real and only powerful proletariat is the Estate Labout largely of Indian origin. They halwe becil CLL Coff from Tallical politics from the early fifties indeed, due to the Silhala oriented parliamentary politics of the left le: de T5, la Ve ITOYEd LC) a virtual alliance with thic right tc) 5e cure political and social ädwintages. (In retrospect, it is clear that the colonial administrators fear of the LSSP in the pre-independence period stem II cd from their influence over the plantation sector rather th: thici T Fictivities i Il Si Ilhall a Te: S. Colonial Cice Teco Ti5 show the impact of LSSP strikes (Mooloya: Wavendon) and other events like the Bracegirdlc Affair on the thinking of the British - a fear cleverly exploited by D. S. Senama yake la Ind Oliwert" Goo Ile til Icke to cxtract concessions for the Sri Lankan bourgoise).
The rise of communalisII among the urban working class - first exploited by the rising
national elite represented by persons like Anagarika Dhar. Inapala, John Kotela wala Shr
and D R Wijewardene found Open expression in the politics of A E CIG co Colles in hal and hid Labour party which compaigles
for "Ceylonisat in the lirbu manufacturing industry and Cnterprise in th environs. This the ""Kochchi ya 1iatic of the c that were ramp urban Workers.
The consequi gra i Illed coIII1m1 cry from the T ted by the left the further disi shall Sri Lank: Another chi TH Si Lanka Lr is the Weightag service scctor manufacturing estatic laboLiT Čð till We art with ser wicc se Լի (15e ill the P Goyt, PTE:55, Hi Who: package pl for export. Th Ilon estä te pro the FTZ : Ind (Gi: have kept out politics as the group when th perks are coin wage rates and comes. While ;
it hesitated facturing sect see in the Wi plantation lab secto T has not riously, Presid II1:15ter 51I Like the CTB änd
allie mated the JWP. The JVP hi ve Tealised began to case 1 5ccLT while 5 talck 5 CT1 CC
T. S. L.; til Tid te is lui Ilsk w11 meTabl c. in rtimptint une II perceived as an by the rapidly bers if the vulnerability o letariat Wa5 fl
El TNP
L1Sed the terra

ion' of Workers r, toddy trade a indi construction
ST11lll bli Sinessä C Pettill äldig StrLiggle against i''' was sy'n plloimmlinal feelings Iant among the
2Inces of such inLI Inalism - li far (sy picture painist leâtlers – was Tiltilitic f the in Working class. storistic Of Llo : In Working class given to the Els : gainst the 5 to T. With the Llt of the equaessentially left Ct (XT WOTk.T. 5 1 kg: Ort, CTB, CGR 1spital 5 ånd those lantation produce e Only important ductive sector I ment industries, of Working class :::y are än i elite ei salaric5 Ind pared with local i per capitā ilall regimes have İı keep the ImanlıCT Saltis fick 15 age increases of CÖLIT, the 5 er Wicc: been til ke Il 5 elent Prelladasa's in not settling Hospital strikes poor from the itself seems to its Illistake a lid 1p on this service tepping up is ilt
Imic targets.
kan urban proleilled, weak and tle CTIltext Of ployment. It is advantaged group expanding Inu Ilrural poor. The f the urban proully exploited by Hic JWP. Both
r Welp Col t0 CÓW
it do w Im I i Ind hu Iiiiiliate leaders. Early in its administration tic UNP SIIlashed a general strike and threw 100,000 Werkers out of e Il pilo y llent. The UNP trade union, the SS mopped up the rennants of the Workforce. In 1988/89 the JWP al 50 Went over the heads of the organized working class and its leaders, killed Trade Union opponents and set about recruiting Ile In eers to its CorgaInizations. In the CTB, Port a Indi llospitals for example Wirkers who had cole ower TTC ble left al Ild SLFP to the JSS Whell the UNP că Ilic to power, now beca Ille busy aligning themselves with J WP "Satan Madyasthanayas''.
11 Ellip II
One of the consequences of the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s was the calling into question of the Yanguard Tole hitherto assigned unquestic Tingly to the working class. Conmunits particularly of developing countries who were diis en chanparty cadres and the anti-intellcctual Soviet culture exemplified by her Inediocre modern literature, theatre music and ciDe I11.
Led with Soviet dogma and social organization began to study (other approaches to Tevolution, particularly the Cuban and Chinese experiences,
It must be borne in mind that Wijeweera was the only STi Lanka 1 leftist leader who
had actual experience of living conditions in the USSR. Though Sri Lankan Cornmunist leaders regularly visited the USSR and gullible local journalists (including Martin Wickreina singhe) who were given ''Sullshine tours' came back and - wrote glo Wing reports - which now have distinct ironic glitter considering what the post Perestroika Russians the Imselves är c saying about repression in the USSR during this period - it was Wijewccra who came to know first hand of the miserable living conditions of ordinary Russia Il people the privileges and corruption of
(Continued in page 2)

Page 11
Honouring a Heroine
Reggie Siriwardena | Fr |dffin)
é le he was a heroine of
SRSi„M:; rights,' said martin Ennals, speaking at the Rajani Thira naga I Tha Commemoration Meeting in Jaffna, "and is no W al martyr.” The words didn't belong to the fulsome vocabulary of post-morte elulogies; they were nothing more than the simple truth, Rajani was an extraordinary woman, and her role in Jaffna during thc il go nies of her people in the post-1987 period was proof of her enor mous courage, total commitment and tireless activism in the human Tights causes she serve.
She choose to return to Jaffna Lfter ller
academic training abroad, at a time when scholars and professionals - not only
from the North but also from the South were flying away ils plentifully as migrating birds, with het brilliant inte) lect and distinguished academic record, she could easily have found a comfortable nest in one if the cities of Europe or America, but these PÖ 55ibilities she rejected.
During the last two years she single-handedly rin the Dep:Irment of Anatomy at the Jaffna University, and her students te stify that they found her not only an inspiring teacher but also a warm friend, a trusted counsellor and a source of Succur in Limes of distress. But her greatest service to the people of Jaffna, and indeed to the si i Indivisible cause of Peace, delchcracy and human rights in Sri Lanka, was in the fČundi Ing of UTHR (University Teil chers for Human Rights), ill Which she was the Principal activist. UTHR retained its independence of all political parties ånd groups, of the IPKF, and the Sri Lankan state. Jin its three reports so far issued as well as in the manuscript “The Broken Palmyrah" (stili
GARILAT
Na z refi, 5 of exile; , of deal They shor
I'll he re.
rig y
o be published) in partially and Violations of
irrespective of w Committed by t militant groups.
This however, 0f Rajani's ac y el TS. Shic inter" on behalf of po victims of inju. the help of wo been raped or h ber of the am defend the righ of speech, writi sation, as well of women, Her that rose above destructive natio reliance on col WHä L shc w citik the restoration Titic lific i I J the activity of it is for this th
Six days bef Rajini wrote in da y some gun w And it will not outsider, but by in the Wolb of ety — fra II : Who II i Iny hist ʻʻRlu n I1 iTng a way he T natutc, but Sustained her in tion of ler knowledge that 81 (20 Institill SI legg of people whi after her, perha blood would fer יון טוm t sh סודן E"ליטוח

and Martyr
to eat the horri reous and birter bread LLLLYLLLLL LSSL SLLLL LYY YT S SL TuLkLLL irsuing you, yet held your head high.
Voil like a dog in the street,
EL F Pia de af
1 erron beread as their thame, your pride. o reath, flowers as for a bride.
D FOR RAJANI
R. S.
it has recorded objectively all human rights, lether they werc the IPKF or by
was only part ivity in these vened personally :ople who were stice, came Lo imen Who had Eid lost a lil cmilllily, strove to Its Of Trice do Im Ing 21 n d orga Ini – as the rights vision was one fanatical and I hallis, I'm and thc Percive wiol ein ce. ld towards was of free democfina, based con the people. And at she died.
o Te het die atlı letter: “ + (O) Ille | 111 511e T1Ce IThe. I be held by an a son – börn this very sociwnan with ory is shared. wis alien to what must have this premoniIlc aith was the she had built and a nucleus gh WLud live Is that her yery til ise the Social ad begun,
And so it proved - in the impressive two-day comme Incration and peace march organised for the 60th day of her death by UTHR and the Jaffna
University Students, Union. MADAMS WALUES ARE NOT DEAD" said e f the
placards carried on the march, THEY LIVE ON IN THE HEARTS OF HERSTUDENTS."
Over 600 people - students, university teachers and representatives from thic South -
at Lended the seminar o In hul man rights and the commemoration Inectings on the two days. The international esteerin ild Tecespect that Rajani had won for her work was signified by the presence of several distinguished human rights and Women's rights activists - British, Dutch, Tanzanian, Indian and Pakistani. One of them, Nighat Khan from Pakistan, proposed the appointment of an independent three-member team from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to investigate the killing, and the com memoration IIlecting endorsed the proposal.
PEACE MARC
The peace march through the city was a moving experience in a city that had not known such an independent mobilisation for many years. The posters plastered on the city walls and the placards (in three languages) carried on the march testified to the firl collInitment of the participants to people's Tights and against vio
Continued on page II)

Page 12
Political Violence — TI
LakSiri Fernando
There is a special charac. teristic of Sri Lankan culture, to Iny understanding, which relates to anger, crile or violence. Perhaps this is common to many cultures and especially to agrarian societies. One of the Inost symbolic expressions of this special behavior is Sil indu in the celebrated novel ''Willage in the Jungle by Leonard Woolf Silindu Willis a po cor and in Inocent Willager who tolerates all the inhuman treatment of society without a word and finally bursts olut in a Tiger by killing the perpetrators, The long tole
rance and sudden burst into
WiiColece : Tc characteristic 5 til
be noted.
The abwe Ilecciotec Irelat c5
to crime and Violence in generall and not just to political violence. Political violence is generally considered as conscious, plan ned and premeditated behavior. Following Neieburg we can define political violence more precieu lly as:
'acts of disruption, destruction, injury whose purpose, choice of targets or victims, surrounding circumstances, iT1
plementation, and/or effects have political significance, that is tend to modify the behavior of Others in a bargaining situation that has consequences for the social system'.
* Associate Secretary for Asia/Pacific, World University Serviee (WUS), Geneva.
Historical Overview
Until the outbreak of youth ins l'ITection in 1971, STi La Inka was considered as El In OTIviolent and Il0Il-votatile nation compared to Illany other Asian, Africa in and Latin America II countries. There were only six
The II thor, a forer Serior Lecrrer iri Polirical Science, Uri". of Peradeniya, is Associate Secretary Asia Pacific of the P+''arse Urf versifry SerIIL'.
10
Imajor incide:I νiιο 1ς Πcε 51 Τις thרו 1971 until cvents during
include a wo
test (1953);
of a Prime two attempte and 1967);
munal riots ( HC 'w cwer, whis the y Couth jins these events bäck ground.
Wheп сопра tion to the Colle of the III: the gross violet aris today even the insurgents Overall civilian In in innal.
Although tl did Illot take i 1971 ill surrect ported early growth of a c Ilents i II Jä f| claimed to be lar to the N: in II dial. HCW, years for the resort to Wilt of achieving th tiwes. The la Wise 5 til Indardi sity entrance troduced ill 1. Illinated agai I1 the 1972 Rep. tion which f the Tamil asp tion to the
of the colul ItI other discrim like the lang the condition and the resor by the Tamil In ent attempts discontent by in the South Was a. Imajo: escalation of in the 1970s.
1983 IIlark
WS in the

he JVP Phenomenon
is of political 2 Independence Er tha T vicole:Il t electics. These Eers” violent prehe assassination
Minister (1959); | ctiլ1ps (1962 Ild tW0 CDI111956 and 1958).
In compal Ted tio) TrectiJI) in 1971 Tecede imit the
ing this insi Irrecresent insurgency, jor differences is ce against civilion the part of In 1971 the Casualties Were
1e Tamil youth ily part in the Til the police Tethat year the la Tides tille TC3 weFInä which Llı ey very much simixa lite Immo ve TicTL "c", "CIT it to Y (3k5) Illic Til mil youth to :11t: : 35 EL I ELIS, eir political objecIյguage mediumzation of univerexaminlitics in17? which distrist the Tamils and ublican Constituailed to address irations in relaolitical stTucture *y, 11 1110 mg 111:111y i natory meas 11 res guage policy, set s fir lisco Ilitct to Wiolent means youth. The governto suppress y luth finil force both and in the North It calul se of the political violence
a major landprocess of events
which led to the present situation, On the One hand antiTallil riots of July 1983 which resulted in over 1,500 deaths of 1llocent Tamils in Cold bCOd led the Tamil Illilitants ill Il un certilin Wäy taj tak e lup a TTT:s with whatever support they Could m11st er fra TIl Gutside. On the other hand the proscription of the JWP undcr the pretext of their complicity in thc said riots led th cm to organize clandestinely and resort again into violent methods when they considered the time was ripe. The two ty, tele WCCInts of the Simha lese - and Tamil youth the JWP and (LTTE Liberation
Tigers for Tamil Eela m), słW in easy symmetry when the Indial armies came into the
is la Ind in largc nu limbcrs, in 1987. It is important to note that the JWP functioned openly and within the frame-work of democratic system between 1977 and 1983.
Although there arc Islany divergelinccs bcLW cen the cu IrTent insurrectionary IIlowerlents 11 the North a пod tille South in respect of objectives and ideology there are apparent common features in relation to their social, ecc. The Illic Inc political backgrounds. Rapid population growth, unresolved unemployment, disÇTiminatory practiccs in respect of ethnicity, the dysfunctional educational system
and subverted political processes are some factors which led to these ICW crents.
There have been a good Imber of calci Illic studie:S conductcd oIl the 1971 il 18urTection. Hy wewer the less Comis dra Will in these studies were
Ilot followed up by the policy implementers. To cite one example A, J. Wilson, a pro I ini
inct Sri Lankan political scientist, stated in reference to the 1971 in surrection:
". . . . if Sri Lanka is to escape a far greater bloodbath

Page 13
than that which took place . . . 0 m of the first tasks of the existing political leadership must be to effect the socialization of the JWP.
It is good Lo see the Sri Lankan government coming out of what can be called its "international phobia'. The government has recently invited
the International Red Cross into the country. The international , co I Immunity should ask
both the state and all political parties in thic conflicts to adhere to all UN human rights inst
Tuments. Sri Lanka should sign |
the and
the Optional Protocol to lN Covenant on Civil
Political Rights. A proper international monitoriTg of human
Tights by the UN agencies
sild be cl5ured.
A lasting pel ce presup
p05es the self-disar III a Illent of
all para-military forces. Perhaps the government should take the lead in disa ming their own para-military forces and organizing the army and police forces to en su Te peace and security for everyone. Human rights education for the security forces, for university students and for the population as a whole is of pri ITnary impOrta nice,
There will be no las ting peace until the problems of the yi Luth of the country arc taddressed properly. The international donor agencies should consider special assistance Lo development programmes aimed at assisting income generating, educational and training projccts for y co Luth, both in the South
and in the North. The NGOs, both international and local, could play an Important Tole
in these efforts.
Footnotes:
1. Let Illa Tcl Wolf, Tre l'illa Fe i fler
Jerrigler. Hogarth Press Ltd., London
13
Behawiora. Proces, St. Martin's Press New York, p. 13.
A.J. Wilson, "Ceylon: The Peoples" Lib cration Front and the Revolution that failed', Pacific
nity, (January 1927), p. 371.
Te- ||
Third W.
Joel Kiba
Some of th. COLT tries stan a result of tl. single Euorpe: Accordi Ing to a Loday.
The report, Development M
H. Nieburg, Patrica -talerie. The
Commu- |
base di Third gir CL, ex III i III a Tket progra Sector ind lot t:#Eh $e:{{{T tTilde, aid, it
and (). I'm in Wc.5 till: Third Worldir
Countries W. were dependent tion of comm Slug: T arid bär 5;lys, Would he hard with the C0W er 100, C00 - 51 Mauritius and 10 sing their jol:
The report sa World countrie facing restrictic reality the mar
Honouring .
Continued
lence. **NC) HL NO LIBERAT W LIL POLITIC sa i d sJT11 e ) f tl: El Inc. Wspaper-li pi pers, htյTէլ Colombo-produc bal II ned by d appled for t the press. Sor placards forthri the practice of BARISM STRI ''MURDERERS THE UNIWER solight to reas Who Tesorted til cularly struck
om a city wall
fra Til the (Queel fied to its ill

MITTERMAATIONAL
'orld “threatened by 1992
O
World’s poor est i to los e out as CI: till of He 11 TI:Tket 111 1992
report published
from the World OWL til Ent, i UK. –
World pressure In es the single immle sector by ks at the impact Would hi'ye " dan he environment lent flows to the
those economics on the producCities such as |Illas, thic report hit particularly possibility of g:El T W Cirkers i II
the Caribbean S.
are already effectively closed to the lost profitable for Ills of trade from the least developed countries. For the II, Fortress Europe already exists.'
Export opportunities into the Single Markct are likely to be Won by thic newly industrialing countries (NICs) in South-East Asia rather than by the poorest coLInt: Ties - sluch as those - in Africa, the report Says.
The report calls for the positive assistance for the poorest countries to adjust to the single market special attention to the marketing of Sugar, ba na nas and textiles after 1992; greater consultation with po or countries ower the single market progril 111 me and the e-Stahlish IThe Ilt of a II it within the EC to monitor the effects of the single I Illa Tket C3 I the Third World.
lys many Third "Beyond 1992 - the effect of the s, Were already Europeari single marker of the ins. It says: 'In World's poor'. WDM, Bedford kets of Europe Charri Ebers, Londor JVC2 3 HA. É 2.
in student utter:lice. It reall: from pagច ? 'DEAR OUR MILITANT BROTHERS, WE SALUTE TO MSN RIGHTS. YoUR SACRIFICE, BUT WE ION STOP DISAGREE WITH YOUR \L KILLINGS`, METHODS, WHICH IS DEShell. Others - in TROYING BOTH YOURSELSS city. Where WES AND U.S. PLEASE THINK
Jaffna and CONSTRUCTIVELY. ed, had been ifferent groups, I came away from Jaffna hic fr Ccdon of with only one regret - that n: Posters and there was nobody from the
ghtly condemned violence (BARKES AGAIN!: HANDS OFF SITY!''); others + (}|11 With th{75e it. I was partiby one pasted Whose deviation l's English testithenticity as a
s Luther I camp Luses long the twenty-odd people who travelled Llp there. If they had come, they could at least like the Test Of 115, have learnt Sørnething. Would slich initiative Flindi such courage hawe been possible in any cam plus in the south two Iloths after the killing of a Inellber of university collin unity?
11

Page 14
EAST IS RED
IPKF's Foot-dragging departur
A. S. Abraham
'W. Were your best neighbours", the minister said, “but you fou led it up.’’ He was referring to India's
part in trying [C3 Te5 ve Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict by sen
ding in the IPKF. Now that the IPKF has begun to pull out in phases, it is no longer
a sire point. With Sri Lankans. But their apprehensions over what they believe to be I ndia's
game-plan are far from being a1 layed. Officially thesc misgivings are usually expressed
sotto voce, and they arc immediately balanced by declarations of trust in India's good faith.
Among Sri Lanka's articulate Imiddle-classics, the distrust of
Indian intentions is bluntly voiced. The argument is that India, having agreed to the
pull-out Oıly conditionally, hıs left itself with plenty of loopholes to delay leaving. It can say that the peace committee, set up at its initiative as a Ileans of settling intra-Tamil disputes, has been made impotent by the LTTE's boycott of it. It can say that the security of the Tamil people after the IPKF has left is far from being ensured. It caП say that the devolution of authority to the North-Eastern Provincial Coulcil (NEPC) has not been substantial or rapid enough.
The pull-out from Amparai and the preparations to withdraw from a second district, Batticaloa, do not impress these SCcptics. Ewell a total pull-out completed in schicidule will mot deI11 () lish their fears. They justify their suspicions by pointing to the irregular Tamil force which they allege the TPKF is cla ndestimely helping to recruit LIain and equip to act Els El proxy Indian force. A — seni ("T" IIiliän officiali Iı Sri Linka would say only that this is "a grey area'.
THE CWF. The Sri La Inkam gover Timent allowed the IPKF to recruit a Citizens' Wolunteer Force (CWF) which, along with
1.
(A staff writer of the Tries of ridia)
the local poli Illaintail law it the IPKF has TEii, boLhı the police a Tc | alire So far without ding to Indi: crities the CW panded stealthil With the accreti riously cstillate 10,000) actually Separatic militiä tion of Mr. F gWIII e Il L Wh als the instrume t:Tests. As Fair Cerned, howevel aware of any
lOtic the same tha in the CWF police.
While the S Indian governi pling to shed this "grey area' CCTC er med å bru T1C: Tit is Hic LT Illince no word the villain of all lege that thit army" is made kids who are
ld, who have Conscripted, an halwe since e sici A settlene. It conflict in the with complexit of the or the ргоviпces iп а subject to a re etst alOne. SE10 the Silial ese a :lle 511 T t. Irl II Cirge T which prefiguring the E em hit the demanding Fr Naturally, the Tal IInil groups eIl du III to be : naturally, the S. III het, backed 1 people and thc WELI It it to Hc
DecCollisati the Sil Halle 5 e another tricky LTTE is sud

Ce force is to ind order once left. In AmpaCWTF al Ind tE ldy doing this, incident. Accori’s Sri Lankan
is being exy by the IPKF, on of forces (wa2d at 8,000 to designed as a for the protec'eru 11:11'5 N EPC ich is perceived [ı [ {}f Irı dialı ilıEls India is comT, ““We al Te pt 3th cr force," to official - other, | id tillic Lirca 1
ri Lankan and 1ċents are grapsole light o
the group most this developTE whose leiders s in calling India the piece. They Secret “child lup, mainly of 13 Cor 14 years been forcibly d many of whom .tiשקו
of the ethnic els is fra Lught ies. The merger TT Find Caster.Il single unit is ferendum in the uld it be held, id Tamil Muslims le to LIII do the they wiew als separate Tamil LTTE Hä5 beel Im the SEET. LTTE and other Walt the refericTapped, equally Ti Lankan governby the Sil Hillesse : Til Illil Muslims
hield,
in of a reas whicre hawe settled is qLI estion, Thic iedly ambiguous
attaching til
MD AM WE WW
about it, saying that it is not än issue at the moment, and that it has not presented Colombo with any set of proposals on it.
Finally, there is the demand for Eelam. The LTTE is now softpedalling the issue. There is no point il bri Inging it hulp it says, when it is engaged in delicate peace negotiations With the Sri Lanka govern Illent. At the saime time, it will In tot fors wear it altogether. Eins CCIced on the eighth floor of a five-star hotel in Colomb (), with Coombo picking up the bill for a second time, the LTTE leil ders - A 1 ton Billa Singlıalı, Dilip Yagi, K. Kittlu, 31 nü3 Tlegendary figure among the Tamils after his defence of Jaffna in the two-year-long siege by the Sri Lankan army - give L1 o sig Iı of their I IL1ilita Int predisposition as they speak in II Lited accents of such unlikely subjects as comprollise, patieInce, peace and dialogue, Çif their a del Wish to have India acknowledge the reality that it Tust eventually deal With them if it truly wishes to secure Tamil interests in Sri Lanka,
The LTTE acknowledges it is in a dilemma. It desperately widts hic IPKF ut i 5 SC)l as possible. To make that happen, it must lie low, lest fresh turbulence give the IPKF El handle to prolong its pres cince. But the lenger it lites low, the greater the credibility Mr. Pt: 11 miliլ 1” է։ NEPC government elected in what the LTTE holds was a farcical poll because it was aaLLLLLLLaL LLL S LLLLS S aLaaLLLL S Laa S aLLS tracted even there a miserable til IT I COLlt of wates. The la We:T the LTTE profile, the moTe time, too, Mr. Perumal his to beef up his allegedly Indianbuilt II i liitil.
Mr. Balasingham is blunt. "We are not prepared to lie low forever, after Deccmber 31, We Will have tiy Teorient Cllr
policy." Also, well before then, a new government will have begun to function in New
Delhi.

Page 15
The Europeanisation o
A. W. Singham
When the non-aligned MoveIn eit selected its venue for the North Summit it did not reckon than Belgrade would open the door for a possible European realignment, Six of the seven Wars: W Pact IIle II br's tended along with five NATO countrics and two ANZUS states. In its twenty-eight year history, the move illent has been primarily an Afro-Asian Illwilent with increased membership from the Caribbean and Latin America in the last decade. Only three members are from Europe: Yugoslavia, Malta, and Cyprus. But Yugoslavia cljoys a special place as a socialist country led for decades by a charismatic leader of a national libera tion movement, Tito. It now appears that non-alignment could become an attractive alterative for a number of Eastern European countrics looking for a movement that represents a II on-bloc, independent force in world politics.
This large gathering of Europea is did disturb some older members of the “Bandung'' family who saw the possibility of losing the militant anti-coloInial and anti-racist postu Te Cof the 110 weiment if a number of these European countries Werc al dimitted. It should be reembered, Wever, that listorically Easte T11 European colul IItries were structurally the third
World Within Europe. Thus European realignment in the North, South and East gives
the Non-aligned Movement an opportunity to become a genuine uniwersal 110ycment in the Icar future.
III addition L3 Ea5 term European countries, several Nordic Statics, Camalıda, New Zeaları d a Tud Portllgal attended as guests Canal dall’s foreig II). Ilitlister Illa de it abundantly clear at a United Nations speech after the sunlimit that his country's presence at the non-aligned meeting should
I st b- IT i sunde ld that Calic devoted, loyal : be of NATO.
th. II went gel ter care wit list, [ In retrospi appropriate for
Political Clli
ice that those
could attend the but not particip al lized prival te mi aligned countrie
In previous su Filways aware of pre5 ence Lof Chin China’s in tc lä]] pecially the stu. Flmd the new C the USA and L. LC : L T - etxä II i Ilat policy. Clinil äs i ** fel W. LT alignment. It i: to Will be 1) foT II f’Toll whic: independent ni policy.
Regional Wars Non-aligned S
The effL I of the Beigrade tion essentially Second part of I eveals the now CCL1 cc 15: Icgion global economic gional Wars, th clear that while latio Ils a Tc imp WaT is a liwc a II Middle East, S. Southeast Asia, Horn of Africa, and throughout
cent Till issue is Wars are being a by the major
COn 5 lultations - W involved, especi contries. Furt is the grawe di: Im ents being c little regard for
ties in the re.

f Nonalignment
stood. He insisa reinained al ind proud mem
In this light, ill have to take חט ritaitiינן 1 1LS ו : ct, it was quite the chair of the LLE 5 LC) : 11011– with gu est status plenary meetings ate in the specieetings of nonS.
m mits, One Wals the powerful
a and its lobby.
situation e5
Lient rebellions
lete lite between FSSR could lead ion of its foreign 1 als 5 een hers clf y cller” of Indos likely that it king for a plath to conduct an on-bloc for cign
Revisited: olutions
educe the length final declara' failed. The the document ement's primary all Wars and the crisis. On re13 we memLטות ים. Elst-West Teowing, the Cold ld well in the 3 luthern Africa, Afghanistin, the Central America the globe. The that regional rbitrarily settled powers without ith the parties ally non-aligned her more, there inger of settle:onducted with particular countgion and thire
domestic consequences.
The so-called settlement in Southeast Asia at the end of the Wietnam Wat, for example, plunged the entire regio Il into chaos and no settle Illent appears in minent for Kampuchea. In fact, another war seems to be looming with the prospect of the notorious Pol Pot sharing power in that tragic country. in Afghanistan, the Withdrawal of Soviet troops has created lnternal anarchy and the prospects of a coalition government is nearly impossiblic. Ptesident Najib ullah left his capital to attend the summit in the midst of rocket fire and immedia licly called for another international conference. Lo resolve a conflict which includes india, Pakistan, Iran, China and both superpowers.
In Southern Africa, thic Namibian solution is very fragile and there is no guarantice that a free and fair election can be held. Savimbi has been unleashed again by South Africa and it seems likely that Angola will find itself in a permanent civil war. In South Africa itself, the newly elected President de Klerk appears to have read his mandate as giving him the right
t main tai El internal order through police brutality and violence.
In the Americas, the situa
tion in Nicaragua is explosive. In spite of the efforts of heads of state in Central America to bring about peace; Salvador, Guatemala, and the entire region face the prospect of a protracLed civil War. The so-called drug war can also lead to armed interventi on through out the continent beginning with Panama and Colombia.
In the Middle East, the Secretary General of the United Nations, Javier Perez de Cuellar, Was actively involved at the summit trying to keep together
13

Page 16
the peace between Iran and Iraq. The situation in Palestine is in a stalemate and the Tccorn Move däTCras cof the Non-aligned menment for an international peace Conference are becoming inC'easingly Te Illote. One inderlying fear of the movement is the possibility of many more nations facing the PTC spect of becoming dismembered like Lebanon, especially as Ctı Illic conflicts spill over boundaries and become regional Wars. Already the process of LebanizaLion seems to have begun in Sri La Inka, Sudan, Somalia, and Ill W. A. Ingola.
The resolution of regional cnnflicts by the superpowers within the framework of the United Nations has cause cnormous diplomatic and political difficulties for the movement. The Namibian question is a g3 0d case study. The United States, which recognizes neither Cuba II Angola and has no treaty obligations in the region, has become the principal actor in devising a settlement. This settleThe It also involves the Republic of South Africa which eljoys no legitimacy in the global community and is well known
for bla tantly Violating interTiational law. More importantly, South Africa has been given
Tesponsibility for impleIncinting transition arrangements for Namibian independence. The SoViet Union has been invited through the back door by the principal actor to be a silent witness and signatory for the settle Inent. Finally, and most pathetically, the people of Namibia and their representaLi Wes, SWAPO, as well as the UN Council for Namibia, were excluded from participating in this process. Yet, SWAPO is held Icsponsible for implemening Some aspects of the resolution. This entire comic opera of international relations is now to be implemented by a constrained and financially disabled Secretary General of the United Nations. To add irony to the insult, the gang of five in the Security Council has financially Crippled the implementation pro
SS
14
If this type tion is replicate the Non-Ali sh (Iluild i sist membership i Culcil. If In T1W II. It call victins of regi
The details Tällysis LI nde Sll 111 Immit yw Cre. I ting, Regional w ha WCC on dewel The debt crisis i the Sovereignty tries. Africa fa 115 S. Wet C. this century , f::I min te His part nent reality. Ellropean, and Wers sell i Lt. En LeT1{1||1. LHt: Ilegoliations.
A Condomini Superpowers
It was for the political Teason of state proce Yugoslavia's ori Iātin. Whiē ti Ile WEast-West We Cold War on the I Illic front had felt that the w threat: the Illa di Worlds wealth a CÜuld le:ld to : for global cont Centrati. Il af pWer El TCIlgst Il tit) is whicı ון הלוחba 1 PriviיE1C
One Illajor c politics since the Illovellent shift from a : Dinlıltipi olar sı српsisting tada USSR, the Eu nity, and Japa: cal realm, the ced recently th ing the Brezh In difficult to coi пеапiпy of thi especially sin cc nevet clearly a CCTS TTIs Whet Her tilk

of regional soll II:d i Tı other a Teas, gned Movement In El per I ll El Incint in the Security thing else, the represent the 0 Illi vya 5
if the economic *I taken by the 1C II (It colorIf a T5 I have wreilked pment prospects. s slowly croding Coif debtor couI - | Ce5 CT1C Of the Trinic crises of with hunger and of the permaYet Ailerical. p: Intše super1 110 m (60d ey'e IInotion of global
LII of
Se ecOT1 inic Ild is hit the leads eded to modify gin ill draft declaley Welcomed the relationship, they winced that the political econoended. They also Corld faccidi : Ine w listribution of the Inici resources that Il da Iligcr Colls war rol and the con
this economic
El few industrial ould destroy the .LוויEו
hange in world the founding of
in 1951 is thug bipola T w Corld Llo Iperpower World y of the USA, -נונחות נו1Il C:ט קל)r n. In the politi
USSR announat it was rejectW doctric. It is preche:Ilıd the Teal ,uIl CementטנIנa J $ the doctrine was Titicultici. Willit ligned countries
Soviet Unio
plans to extricate itself entirely from all regional conflicts in thc third World. During the summit a Soviet foreign policy spokesperson pronounced that the USSR was abandoning its policy of seeing the Noil-align ed Movement as a natural ally' and that it recognized the movement as an independent force in world politics. This was Seen at best as a gratuititous statciment because the II live Theilt has always seen itself as an independent force in world politics. It is hoped as the Yugoslaw theoretician of non-alignment, Ra nko Petkovic has proposed it would be best if the debate about 'natural ally' and 'equidistance' be put to rest and that the more concretc issues facing the II) ovement be äldressel.
One major underlying issue at the summit was the proper understanding of the consequences of the changes in the Sovict lUnion, both internally and externally, for the global community. lInternal lly, Teemergence of ethnic nationalism and new dellands for secession al Te se en as a dangerous warming to national sovereignty, not only for the Soviet Union, but many nonaligned countries with similar situations. Externally, ther c is the possibility of the Sowicit Union becomniug sto ob essed with its internal problems that it could become the weaker partner in the global power structure. In strategic terms, non-align did countrics have always understood that als long äs there are two powers with nuclear hegemony neither could dominate the globe.
What troubles the Ilmoyenle DL is the possibility of the Western World beco Tling a new condoIllinium of superpowers with the European Community, Japan, and the United States creating a fortress around themselves to protect their economic and political interests. A weakened USSR and China would become junior global partners with the new condominium as the only hegmonic power. This would
(Continued an page ľő)

Page 17
Can Liberalism accomm.
interventionism, nationi
Chanaka Amaratunga
f the 19th century expressed Lle lo st coherent for IIl lation of classical Liberalis II and the case for the Tпiпiпnal statci, which was to be powerfully restated in the 20th century, it also saw the development of an Othe T in Irly Wiew. In Lre social lly Tesponsible Libcralism, Which hås had as distinguished a Tedefinition in the 20th century. It was unsurprising that as Britain faced the härsh con3e qLICIl ces of the Industrill Revolution and the social deprivation that existed alongside the inn mense material prosperity of the second half of the 19th century, many Liberals recognized th: L the Libera li ideal of individual liberty must also be an enabling idea - that is to say that the social and economic conditions needed to be created to em 5 ure Iminimum stal dards of life for all so that all persons would be able to exercise thei T liberLies, The natural corTolary of such a recognition wis the Wit: W Lihat the state could not be maintained as a minimal presence but that rather, it must becco Inc än interwe IntiaIli st instruI11 cent which would help Imake freedom Timore real for the In: Ily.
The i Inter Weltico list or Te Wisionist school of Liberalistil was Ile L. Which Jil Start Mill belonged and Illuch in his writings, particularly his Principles of Political Economy makes this clica T., But the casc for state intervention and for the IIInitation of the liberty of the individual in the economic sphere so as to maximise the possibilitics for liberty for a greater number of individuals was most clearly made by the Oxford academic T. H. Green. Il llis Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation and in his Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract, Green argued that
the state had a inte:Tycle LCI e I SLA Ill:LTd Of | Wi derp Tiwilledged, i of justice and f the interests of real possibility 0f individ Lla 1 I w {}rk. Green a 15. notion of the
wholly autonom CLIn til i ned ill
Lh 111ght as bei
55 e Titel Llt W ! duāli Wis importa only exercise a existence in the ciety and that good a Ind socia needed there for Elized. CGT'e els
by those such a L. T. Hobhouse, i Interveitið Tists;
Liberal Party, le tion ofits Newc: At the :: Il af til and laid the phi dations for the Ting Liberal le
|ate || 9th and
LITies.
Despite his
interwention is a state, Gree. Tu vya the Liberal Tilai attitude lo priva rejected the cen of socialist declared ill his
Principies of Poli
We must bear
FLTElse weith Il Cat natu Tally Im Will Till think of Wellith Cf CCITI 1 Tlitics
klı TE CHL Tot fi taking from the alth, TLC i3. COISE, Illy" i II til 15, LH e C: Ilew wealth by
:) :: TIL ÇLI alreatly prtitltiւ: Eւ the acculatil
15 it iris:53 fro äDnyobrı c of th1e: pri from his beques

)date
lism
Thoral right to sure a better g for the unthe interests ir Iness and in increasing the if the exercise ghts. In his criticised the atomised and dus individual Inuch Liberal g | LIII reall and li le the indiwi - nt, he/she could ly meaningful co 11 text of sothe cũ TT1 TT10 m responsibility : to be recogideas developed s the Journalist inspired many in the British 2d to the adopListle Programmc he 19th century, losophical founsocially reforislation of the early 20th cen
support for an Ltitude by the s firmly within пStrea III in his Le proporty il nd tral assumption iconomics. He Lectures on the tical Obligation:
in Ilind that the
of oile IIIHT does ean the diminished 1: T. Wir Illus L. Ilit | :15 a giyen Stock
of which a larger II to Orle without
share that falls to ealth of the world Егеa5іпg in pгорогitant production of labOLIT exceeds the Jtion Of What is l. . . . Thereforcin
of wealth, so far In the saving by lict3 5 lbLI, I of this capital to
another who further adds to it by saving some of the profit which Lhe cipital yields, as employed i the payillent of labour or in trade cither by the capitalist himself or Sorleonic to whom he lends it, and from the cContinuation of this process through generations, there is nothing which tends to lessen for anyone else the opportunities of ownership, 15
The 9th century saw the development of other rival conceptions of Liberalism which are of interest. One of them. particular to continental Europe was Liberalism that had its inspiration in nationalism. Later in this paper, I propose to trgue that nationalism is an idea incompatible with Liberalism. Nevertheless in the 19th century, particularly in areas under forcign rule and seeking national cohesion and identity, Liberal is in was part of a nationalist moveIllent. This was true of the I move I ment in Poland against oppression of Czarist rule, the revolt of the Hungarian's against Austrial domination, the Illow cment for German unification which culminated in the Frankfurt Parlia Ilent of 1848 and the Italiain Risorgimento. Thug nationalist leaders Such als Louis K355, 11th CT (Count Calvoll T Cor. the figures of mid nineteenth
century German or Polish nationalism supported Liberal attitudes. However, as the cen
tury progressed the ultimate incompatibility of the two ideas were made evident by the ascendance in these nations of the Flats Cina list spirit at thc expense of the Liberal one,
Another significant school of 19th century Liberalism contained a strong anti-clerical se Intiment, This was particularly true of Liberalism in countries in which the dominance of the Ronal Catholic church was strong. In Britain Liberalism was not particularly hosti le to the clergy although many LibeTals opposed the idea of an established church and although there was a strong non-conformist i. e. dissident protestant, tradition in the British Liberal Party.
There was too, in Britain a sharp distinction on the Libe
15

Page 18
ral attitude to colonial policy leading to the distinct schools of thc Little Englanders and the Liberal Imperialists. Deriving some of their inspiration from the nationä list-liberal European tradition, the Little Englanders believed that the proper Lib cral course was to permit each nation to Order its own affairs in its own way. The Little Englanders were therefore critical of coloIlia is II and of inter Weition in the affairs of other states. The Liberal Imperialists among whom the . Lib eTa. I Priıe Minis teTS Lord Rosebery and Asquith were prominent believed that Liberals had a moral obligation to help ensure good government, freedom and justice Wherever possible. They developed even towards colonialism, the attitude that the justification of colonial tule lay in the interests of the governed. It was such attitudes that governed the drawing up of the Durhan Report which led to thic establish ment of Dominio Il s Lätil 15 for Canada and the enactmcnt by the Liberal Viceroy of India Lord Ripon of political reforms such as the Ilbert Bill, in the teeth of violent opposition from the British community in India at the tic.
foreign and
The seeds of controversy between classical and Tewisionist Liberalis Ill sown in the 19th century hawe blosso ined in the 20th century into two very powerful rival strands of Liberalism of great intellectual authority. Among the most distinguished classical Liberals of this century arc Friedrich Won Hayek, the greatest among them, Robert Nozick, John Gray and Milton Friedman. A mong the great revisionists are John Maynard Keynes (Lord Keynes) who more than anyone else was responsible for proposing the ideas that led the World out of the depression and into the productive era of the first two post-war decades, Lord Beveridge whose report led to the establishment of the Ill odern Welfate state in Britain : Ind has served to advance the fron
15
ticrs of sociall, enabling Libera so per John Rai In Comist John Ke But that both
visi Ilı ist coIIle together
Outlook which I Talls is evidelt ing passages:-
Libe
John Maynar ted:-
The political p is to coInbinic ti mic Efficiency, Irlividual Libe criticisell Priccia knowledge; he and enthusiasti the ordinary mr rance, breath, :Xqelli:5 Cf | dcnce which p1 thing, to give 1 Inity to the exc aspiriпg. . . Th combines these ral Parly, the Tridividualism al
Friedrich TI
the essential ch Libera l:-
To live all will Others. Tequires
I1:55 [I ) ..) 1ée "5;
requires an inte to a type of ol on issues which mental, others suc liferen el
It is for this liberal neither ideas are propi cion, while bot socialists recogir I som Cities - f Citi In Spicuous ai it that distinguish CONSCryEditi SI T1 is the view that m irg ma LLes CF Ilot directly in tecel sphere not justify coer explain why it časier for the find a new spi conser ya Live fol. T1 &
REFERENCES
13. Lord Acton
Fr., in Liherrillini. filens F, Brains 1980.
14. John Stuart
(PPT Représerfs)

y Tesponsible and lisrin, the philoWils and the eco:I) [1eth Gall braith. classical and rerais ultimately i) In the essein Lial Takes thern Libefrom the follow
i Keynes asser
roblem of mankind F1 Te things, Econo -
Sicial Justice and rty. The first Ileeds Li tio 1 1 | 3 | lgl tie : rial
s#Cond: #m LInsẹlfish"
spirit that lycs tali, I1: lill Le: Elliiri tibleApirticia Liori i f the "El Tiety and in de peri"crers, above everyInhindered upportueptional and to the alry hit best strėligt his is the LibeParty Lif EEցույtilit nd Social Libery.17
yek emphasised
El TF, Ct Cristic: F
Tk successfully with TIPIT I här fi HIFLIÇii:TfC i II. i lect LEal commitment "der in which, even () - Cirit, : , TEC CTIIldi.-- 1 e allowed to pur
5.
relson that to the 11tral nor religious :r objects of or 1 CD1ST "," Liyes. Il izČ To such I ir mig. eel that the most "ibute Cf I iberalism -și iL EL5, much Tron frûri socialism is Oral Beliefs concerncoil duct which do :Ife Te with the primOther persons do ill. This may also 3CCl3, L3 ble so much E tilla II i siçilist tj itual home in the i thia II in the Libe
- "The History of rigiர" in HTது;
Hfsfor“ iri Docead and Methish
Mill, Califier rigris ''" (fa 1'er Fırılerır.
SLIT WWC
15. T. H. Green, Lectures av rike PrinciE: Fair (Ari'
Of her Ffriting, edited Eby Paul Harris ind John Morrow, Carlbridge University Press, 1986, p. 17-75.
G. See Chris - Cook, s 5 har His rary
/ ste Liberal Far 1900-1ցքն, Lond, 1975,
Robert Rhodes James, Raebar Roy Jenkins, Asquith
17. John Maynard Kesnes Ея глуг їп
Persie Londrn, 1947 -34
The Europeanisation . . .
(Caritin Lied from perge F#)
turn Il-aligned countries int client states of the condonniini. This is particularly criticill for the large number of
Small states in the movement With Weak economíes. One Cf the issues that confronts the
novement internally is the grow. ing tension between lilrge and small states, particularly in the context of global economic negotiations. A Tortress mentality will have severe consequences for the movement, especially in the areas of security, cultural domination, development, and politi
cal s Covereignty. It should be noted, however, that will be difficult for Western condon
nium powers to live in isolation in the fortress as they are dependent on raw materias, labor, and markets from outside. Soon er Cr later, the dWellers inside the fortress will have to come O Some a CCCIII modation with barbarians outside.
This grim assessment of global conditions simply means that the Non-aligned Movement has an even greater role in protecting its populations than in previous decades. As a trade union of the poor and Tep Tesentative of the wretched of the earth, it has no alternative but to Ilaintain internal 1Inity and to look for new allies both inside and outside the fortress. It is for this reason that non aligned countries have come to the firm conclusion that the United Nations remains the only organ that can enable them to under conditions of international anarchy.

Page 19
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Page 20
፲፰፻፰ The philosophy
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with a heart 00 houses to be 82 and now Wards a arget. invites s to offer
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Page 21
SocIAL CHANGE (3)
Agrarian Production Re
Jayantha Perera
Size distribution of paddy holdings in Sri Lanka indicates that nearly one fifth (19%) of the holdings are less than acre cach and (44% are less than 1 acre each. In districts such as Kegalle and Kandy, 60% of the paddy holdings are less than one acre each in size. Two-third (67%) of all paddy holdings in Sri Lanka arc less than two 2 acres each in size which accounts for about 30% of the arca under paddy cultivation. The Agricultural Census of 1982 shows that two-third of the total paddy
area is culty Lenancy basis.
In A TCccIl til t)ւIt in Eight
LITIt Witc. Vy Un riu Tal liIi. scribus scenilir (Petera and T the cight stu chosen to repre zinc and dry 5h C WY5 i Taither land ownershi the national p, ship cstimates.
Table Paddy Land Ownership in Study-Willage
Percentage Distribution (n=588)
Sigë. Dis. I ri i turia ?!
(a cres) Il land less than 0.5 0.6 - 1.0 1.1 - 1.5 1.5 — 2.0 2.1 - 2.5 2.6 - 4.0
41 and I'm Ore
In the Wet zole Willages, Ilo household Owns more than One acrc or practically Illot more than half an acre of paddy. In the dry zone, only 27% of houseHolds Cow 1 I11-re thall Illic acre of paddy each.
The accelcrating rate of landlessness during the last few deca
FVeľ Žure
Percentage t Dry. 9 27 O2 OO OO O) O OO)
dics can be se below. I clim fathers, 81% of poor household Among the la process declini not so rapid a chiefs of house 0T èqlLIEal H II1 1o'LII fall the T5 diid.
Tabl: 3
Land Ownership of Household Chiefs Compare That of Their Fathers - Percentage Distribution of
FIťfier Ohrieď: Dry Zore
沮 III Tice la Ild 77 24 eqal land O7 67 less land 16 O9
a = land poor; b. = landed
في ينتمي لم تPP
S5 2. O9 05 14
Even a long thchaseholds of present generation, thi
ming land p 0q 0r is evident.
Table 4 Land Poor Houesholds which Operated Landi
Past - Percentage Distribution
Households Dry Zone õwned land 35 Il t o WWDC land 5
P'eľ Zgrte 35 5

elations
a Lled purcly on
cro survey carried Willages by the ith a Il eca Ilú пjst lless ne 55, a Illore ic was obseyed i laka ratne, 1988). dy-villages were is ent both the Wet zone. The study low level of paddy p compared with addy land owner
if Hullseholds
Afrie Jr 43 5) 19 3O 17 O O7 5 5 O2
O (), OG Ol
CI1 in the table parison with their
chiefs of laid is Will less land. lded group the
Ing o Winership is Lind still 75% of "holds own more ut of land as thicir
тү1t| Households
R Zare
а b 81 25 O8
| | 11
process of beco
Il te
E3a) i Zaires
35 65
Of the households which operated land in the past, 35% owned holdings of one acre or more each of which qualified thern as landed households according to the criteria of the study.
Given the extremely limited absorbive capacity in the industrial, commercial and service sectors of the economy, the majority of the working population in Tural areas is compelled to make a living out of land and other marginally productive activities. Thirty four percent of Working population (above ten years of age) in the study villages-excluding students and disabled - are employed in the agriculture and in casual Work; only a 18.5 have found work in the non-agricultural sector (in the dry zone, 9%, and in the Wet zone, 27%). The remaining majority is hous wives and those who can be regarded Els u Il cmployed.
Agrarian Production Relations: Patron Client Relations or Class Relations? Папdlords aпd Тепапts
The incidence of ande tenancies is not the result of the availability of large paddy holdings to let out to tenants Land Winers let out their small paddy holdings on ande tenancies für other reasons, Many land owners still think that they have an obligation to rent out some of their paddy lands to their kinsmen and friends. Second, renting li lands on Tride is a sure Way of recruiting dependents in the Villages. Third some of the land. owners, especially educated and those employed outside their Villages, rent out their land either because they hawe ieft the Willage or becausc they are engaged in more lucrative occupations other than agriculture. In all studyvillages, the biggest landowners are the salaried and some of the self-employed. Fourth, widows old and sick landlords rent out Inost, if not all, of their land. Fifth, Whenever a villager mortgages his paddy land to obtain Illoney for a household Cmergency the general practice, especially in
19

Page 22
the wet zone, is to allow the mortgage to cultivate on aride basis if he so desires. Finally, some tena Incy arrangements are linked with inheritance. When a son of young parcntis married and established his separate household, he could become a tenant of his parents. Although Hic is the hctj T ÖT One of the heirs to his parents property if is not formally divided among children, le cannot have absolute rights ever his sharc. If parents Wish, they can employ thcir som to cultiwa te his share, or more, and would take a share of his har west as their rcIt of land.
4"Trde tcntlncy is generally am agrement - whether Written or oral - between a landlord and his të I am L to share the cost of
production, cultivation risks and profits. A ride tenancies wary not only from region to
region but also from one landlord to another within a village. The 1:11 rent the land OWL er receives varics accoding to the
productivity of la indi rc inted, labour and other inputs provided by the landlord and
above all, the personal relationships between the landlord and his tenant.
The prevalent ratio of sharing the har west the landlord and tema It is 50 : 50. In the dry zone, 85% of tenants got 50% of the net har vest while the other 15% got 75% of the gross harvest. In the Wet Zone, 94% of tenants got 50%, while 6% of tenants got three-fourth of the gross har vest (Per era & Tilakaratne, 1988).
The relationship between the
landlord and his tenant is an easy one when the landlord does mot live in the willage. An abscntece la Ildlord cal L1 mot easily obtail cxtra-te:Illu rial services from his tenant. Some times absentee landlords find it difficult to get rent from their chants as the tenants often under report the harWest or try to postpone the payments of rent.
By contrast, the village resident landlord is often able to extract a higher share of the
2)
Crop from his absentec cou the villagere belongs to tht or a wealth. both, it is obtain noton the crop as CXL Tai-Leilurial
als help in ÖT the IIInn frỜI Til his lena landlords can
less than it u
C) T1 the othe tenants get from their la two percent of dry zone and ZOne reported ained help f lords on occ. family berea wer Ing5.
During the Several changes ing place in the landlord-t ship. Chief the frequent ch by landlords. El Way Of evad which provide LCI llure of i te Watts the sa consecutive yea of temants in t and 40% of te 7,0Tle TI eTti) regard to their Thus they are alts (I) Id. all legal purpo liters. All other by tenants (2. lords preferent laud parcels than on ande Tcas 0 Il for Li s urn of Imoney take into beginning of a TCason is tha risks associated vation of land Waitio II is that ble for tenan ing, as land 1 cultivate their Selwes or wi Wage worker difficult for a his land from is often al II el

tenant than his erpili Tt. When Elt la Ildlord domi Ill Tıt Caste
էltյլISth tild մr sy for him tc) a big share of Tent, but also services such hulschold cho TCS ng of errands ... But what the (Ilı III d i 5 cı () W
til to be.
hand, 21% of dditional help ld lords. Twenty tenants in the 17% in the wet that thcy obtcoll their landisions such as lent and Wedd
List thirty y cal, TS,
hawe bcc in takble chi TLC LČI )f in ant relatinalong the Ill is ange of te Ilants This is si I till ply ing ticinancy laws security of mant who cultie plot for two rs. Nearly 60% he wet zone and nants in the dry cd this with
te Iancy stillllls.
temporary telc basis and for sses, Wag lab0
change reported
1%) is the land:e to give their lest ather tenancy. Olc | is is the lumր a landlord can is land at the
season. Another he could a Woip | with the cultiAnother obserthe land awalillcies is diminish ords now try to holding by the Inth the help of 5. It is often landlord to get the tenant, who live or a friend
Of his household 50 con after
thic har wes Ling. The la Indlords dy circume this difficult situation, by getting the land back
to be cultivated by themselves for a scast). This alternative cultiwition of their la Inds för one season with tenants and the coth cr by themselves Cor with hired wage Workers als eases the risk the landlords have to bear in the dry zone villages, Where irrigation Water ofen be comes short for cultivation. When a holding is cultiwated by a landlord himself with the help of labourers het
has to bear all the risks, if L tenant is associated, the risk is sh1i Ircci.
Land Poor Wage Workers and Agricultural Operators
Wage workers can be divided into two groups: those who work in their own villages and i In the adjoini Ing willages, al 1 d those who scasonally migrate to othic districts seeking employment mainly in paddy cultivation. Wage workers who Work in their own Willagers and in the vicinity, usually find irregular day-labour. In peak periods of agricultu Te, III na Iny of the Il find work as casual agricultural labourers in paddy lands. Regular wage Workers in Willages are known to the landlords, who usually inform labourers in advance of their labout requirements. When a wage Worker agrees to Work in a field on a particular day, he does not violate the agreement cwen for a higher wage, as it is essential to keep good relations with the landlords in the
T.
In larger-scale Settlement scheTies, Seasonal Illigrant Wage labour plays an important role iTn agricultuI Tal production. It i5 a common phenome non in thic Mahlaw eli H ind C sy Stells that migrant wage workers from the countryside seeking temporary employment. The Wage work is on contract and with the payment for labout, the land owners sever relations vith their labules. Hove"e in many parts of the dry zone, landlords tend to invite the

Page 23
same workers in every season twork in their fields. On such occasions it is possible to Observe solle patron-client relationships between the land1rds and W1ge WTkeT5,
Wage workers differ from tenants in several ways: the Inost important is their lack
of employment Security. Tenants, oice they a Te Le Tha Tited il holdings on aride, are assured foi employment for at least one cultivation season. Further
more, they ofte cultural (PCTill tenante di holdin workers have ne bilities over the Trisks except phys exhaustic Il Il
such as a cheir When Working lands, they tirë
job they have co mot hilwelt 3 WE west to be colle their Wages.
Tale 5
Wage Workers in Agriculture The Basis of Their Rasis of Dry Zore F{'Eť Z771 g RFFFFF
Daily wages TO 92. Monthly wages Ol []n cũIltrac{5 (4 O Piece Work rate O) O5
As the table 5 shows practi- dage. However cally workers in the wet zone deference and b are recruitcd on a daily wage any Inore to basis. There is very little Village, extra Work relations between land operators and their wage Wage workers workers. However, it is custo- Wetzon, ten dit Illary to provide food and landlords, Els drink - breakfast, a mid-day compete with rice meal. morning and after- limited Wage noon tea also heddi (local in villages. As
cigars) and sometit mes toddy in addition to Wages.
Long-term tied labour supply by a few households to their masters were reported from two villages. In one willage, two landless households are full-time wage workers of a big landlord in the village. The workers attend to all h (115 ehob1dl äTnd land :A. (Cti"Witie5 such as security, plucking fruits marketing and tra Insporting ther to Colobo. The Workers are not paid fixed salaries or wages, but the landlord looks; . gifteTi theit Workers basic household requirements. Spouses and children of each Wrket household obtain food from the landlord. They live on a piece of land which belongs to the landlord. In such relations, one can observe some electment:5 (of feudal bon
land lords hil Wei Teti Illes El TCL I workers. This
reciprocal as la help such WCT priority to the IT workers, helping sick people to bailing out tht custody when all
In the dry z. personal relatio the landlord an
As ther is in work in villag households Wor
who offers Work, are few wage being employed 1 Tids. Il long=1 in such eWCInts ships between til the Worke IS b či personal. It is advantage of th

1 control agriOIls in their gs. But Wage it her responsioperations nor ical injury or angerous work lical spraying in agricultural : paid for the Impleted and do
it for the hal Ticted to obtain
Recruitment
Bor, Zories
Sl
15
O2
O2
castic-based søndage are not bc. seel il the
, particularly in to gather around
they hawe to each other for work wailable
a result, soille or illed informal d them. With relationship is ndlords usually kers by giving in recruiting tillem to takic lospital and by IL1 from policc l'est cd.
Ic, hardly any is exist between i wage workers. pt enough Wage es, land poor for anybody However, there orkers who a Te by the landErin basis and the relatione land lord and one close and crefore to the wage Workers
Laidlords
to hawe landlords as “pa trons" so that they could gct such ill ited work to themselves. are aware of this and attempt to stop such dependencC. As the crops fail often due to lack of irrigation facilities, wage workers tend to borrow money from the landlords, But if wage workers a Te recruited from outsjidic, this dependency could be minimised and ther cfore, landlords prefer
to recruit outsiders as Wage workers.
NEXT. Job Patterns
Thea Rise . . .
(Continued from page B)
In fact, reading the disclo
su Tes now coming out of Go Tbächcy's USSR one has to Credit Wijeweera with considerable perspicacily and maturity in relating his own life experience in the USSR to the growing crisis of Soviet communism. His deep seated hatred and contempt for the leaders of the old left seems to hawe stem med from their inability, or unwilling Tesi to make a proper a 55 es s II lent of the so vict position. It is interesting to specllla te why Wijew ecra, was not drawn to Trotsky's analysis of the degeneration of the bureaucratic Soviet State. I am told that Bala Tampoe had tried to do precisely that by providing Trotskist literature to Wijewecra when he was in prison after the 1971 decfcit. What can bic said however is that the only Sri Lankan left leader Who actually lived in the USSR began to attack its degeneration both inside that country and outside. In a true burea cratic style that Would have fascinated the young rebel was denied a recntry visa by the USSR authorities.'
(To be Continued)
2.

Page 24
B00 REVIEW by Tilak A. Gunaw:
George Keyt
A life in Art with a bio-bibiliography of the
1923-1988 by H. A. I. Gooneti lake
Published by the George Keyt. Foundation, Colombo 41 pages, 5 illustrations, Price Rs. 150
doubt very much if thcre is
El mi kore - Tejable ol 10) Tio capable guide to the art of Keyt than the author of the prcscint Work. He has an uncanny insight into the painter's moods, an unsur passed feel for his compositions, and above all a II i Inti Inate and factual knoWlcdge of the artist as he has devcloped over the years to become, internationally, the most recognised among the practitioners of art in this country, Unlike any other critic, here and abroad, Ian Goonetilake clocs, Ihot halwe to rcfresh his memory of the artist's work, fr Com1 time to tine, wisiting art galleries or dropping in at exhibitions, because he lies allost his entire life su TT ou Ilded by some of Keyt's most surprisingly good work which no gallery or private collector could boast of. From the day he came to know Keyt at Sirimalwatte in 1950., it has been El case of tweni, widi, wici”. He has been in constant touch. With the artist, corresponding With him regularly (besides making
visits) and since the death of
Lionel Wendt in 1944, has becom c his alter ego.
As such 'George Keyi - A Life ir Art' has a Boswellial authenticity, and is a na chievement by
itself. True, there was the “Felicitation” wolul Ille that Wäs published in 1977, but there
Ian Goonetilake could supply only the much valued bibiliography. In this small book, for the first ti IIle, hic has sensitively discussed the artist's Work and related it to the Wicissitudes of the artist's life and times. A great deal more could have been written, specially placing him in the context of modern art here and in Europe, and developing some of the criticisms he has only hinted
22
at, but then for such a work W expensive. He monograph, wi presents apart tilake's coller bibiliography a graphy of the tings, w Titings his work, and all the exhib been held lhelic addition there platēs (includi the cover).
Abrillit Ilän (GC) tion to the art question. How Let that blind ! few failings wh ration to obt; view of the Keyt like othe Group epitomis the impact of tendencies of, French painters part of the Blt ul like oth to capture Ein here, and deve wention (not q and develop a and fluency of in that conve Other T5, like Iwa Derini ya gala, failed to acco I work do not ractCristic " orie Keyt with con hibits. The cicl styles is strong instal Inc c that David Paynter, Chagal in M of Ce:za,Incʼ5 iDil in all of the with Keyt's wic firm individli: l. and currents of do not appea Keyt's genius ding the pri II1m £

ardhana
Artist
*WCIl a CCIl 10 j5e LII Flo Lill lawc b cem 1 ce this 41 page lich Iloicheless from la I Go one1 ts, :l complete nd a 5hort bio:II list's CW Wriby others about
a full list of itio Tis that laye
I di brid. Il TE: fiwc; colul T 1g the to me O I1
Tie Lilla kic's dilew blist the Te il 3 e Wer ble hals Tot i T1 Lo thic i Titist's Lich leed elabÀIII : b:11:ln Ced complete (ou Wre. is f the 3r
e im his Work the want garde particularly the of the early
IIICJ der II I. EF5 ile y ble oriental atmosplop his own conuite a language) Tc1 Tkaable. Ski II CXp.IT Cossion Withtil. This the In Peiris, Justin I Harry Peiris 1plish, and their oss css that chaı Lall" to Luch that late 5 kill exi() of European er il the I1, for of Gaugin in CT tilt af Mac 1 Tjlı siri. Traces ence a re fOLII di . It is not so rik. There is ty about them, foreign influence Over-powering. ies in transceinry influences that
he was subject to along with others of his generation.
Where Keyt has failed, if it can be called a failure, is in imprisoning himself in the excessively sensous, at o I e stage in his careeer. So Ile Inight call it even erotic, and point to particular paintings where this
is only too obvious. I feel it is this feature apart from his enormous skill with line and
colour that has brought him a great deall of international re
cognition. We respond not so much to colour as such, or curves änd lies thlt build
another World of harmony in the abstract, but to suggestions that they make, and suggestions that rela Le to our byl Sic eTictions of love, sex, anger, or distress. Keyt has exploited this suggestiwelless with alba Indon al produced large number of paintings in this gen Tc. This happen cd in the for ties, and fifties principally, and in the early seventies I Liūticed a LLIT T1 in His tendency, which I characterised as the "Saivitep Phase' in my article il tie * (GLETdial" in the December 15th issue of the journal. In this phase, Hindu Saivite symbolism relating to sex appeared as a principal feature. In some paintings of this period his old style and the new symbols did not quite blend, and Keyt betrayed a lack of finesse in the compositions,
Also lately Keyt's powers of draughts manship have shown a noticeable decline, and quite naturally. He is 88 years old, andit must be physically dificult fot him to get the tension and fluency that charaterised his ea Tlier work. Every artist must succlimb to the physical Tealities of advancing age and connected infirmities, and Keyt is no exception. It is surprisi Ing that he is still vigorous enough mentally to go on painting, and wanting to do so, I can only think of one other artist in this country who went on passed his nineties painting,
cwen though what he kept on producing later was not - of In lich worth, and that was
(Contfrie Ed om sidge 24)

Page 25
WOMEN AND CAPITALIST DEVELOPME
Sri Lankas bid to be the
Asoka Bandarage
hile toll rism was promoted
and was expanding prior to 1977, it receiwed a tre mi emdous bU Øst fra Ill the Economic liberalization policies of the current regime. Both direct and indirect cII ployment in the tourist inclustry was only 7,000 in 1966, but by 1982 an estimated 65,000 people were depending on tourism for their livelihood. Foreign cx cha Inge car Illings from tourism which were Rs. 6.
Tillion in 1966 rose o RS, 2,5 billion in 1982, Iaking Louris 11 the fourth lost important foreign exchange carner for the country. Although tourism ha5 virtually disappeared since the escalation of et linic wille Ice i Il 1983, it is still meccs a Ty to take a look at tourism in order to complete this il cicollint of wo IL1 en al Ind capitalist development in Sri Lanka in the 1977 to 1987 period.
Women were only about 19 percent of all employees in the tourist sector in the early 1980s, and lo st of these Wome Il Were coTi, centrated in typically in female jobs such as receptionists and secretaries in big hotels and travel agencies in the urban areas. En Tollment figure from the government's hotel training school för 1977-78 show that all femmälle stude Its were Itali Illed either to be receptionists or housekeepers. However, SliTec Sama Talsu riyal’s Plig Needs Torris FFP, a study of a tourist village on the southern coast, shows the Women are employed to a greater extent and in a Wider variety of roles than indicate by official statistics. Samara su riya las identified several new Categories of entrepreneurship among women related to touris Ill: operation of guesthouses - both legal and illegal: Cowning and II1 a Ilagi Ing Testaura Intsi; batik making and selling; and petty trading in the touris L. market. In the popular tourist village of Hikkaduwa
alone, the Te were ninety sinall hotels, 150 small restaurants, 250 shops and sixty-eight un
* C5 till til
graded guest hou 5 a local newspap the period of percentage of tol, il the foi Trill o T gory of hotels h 89%, to 61%, and further." These reveal predomi budget or “hip Sri Lallikal Hind of the il for Ill WOIllel's roles
As in Thailan La mika is L LI TIllin into scx to uris Il prostitution. W arc In OL als pr Bangkok, where IOC), () there is no doub si Il Caf IL S 5 til Li ilçTeils cd the Till II and the island i
Lan kill news. formation on p: and the Tange
Will ble il the local film stars
Women to the p WIllel. The guide to sexua Asia Il cities, des ser wicies availab and a survey by
11e WSpaper Te Wea
, . . LČ po f4šhin Ilariel Willer
rugby players we in many of C. ht Ic{5, Mill: 514 We grillel t . Rs... LOL 300
S11) . . . . Six clubs employcd y who becarine aw Aftet tidlight. Child prostitl the prostitution is a recelt dewi to the heavy II toll risit ttra lic Li 1985 théré wer 15,000 паle pr La Inka, with 1, aloIle. ECOIl'OITic factor ill the ris and als Samarast her 1982 study.
Tcf. that su. ing änd female :

:ՒՎT 1977 - B7
e “Sin Capital”
es. In 1984, AS er reported, “In 1979-1980 tiլ է: Irists who stayed approved cateas dropped from since the even facts and figures nance (ofilo W— ח1 וון 15 Tון רא1e" L ר the importance all sector ind
Il turism.
l, tourism in Sri g morc and morc or international hile prostitutes "eylel as iIl
L1 ET TE LT O) to 200,000, t that thic expanrism has greatly Inbcrs in Coloilbi In gcinerall. * * Sri apers give inlckage scx tours of prostitutics country, from and upper class o orest of willage *Blle B00k." : | attractiQ113, il cribes the many le in Sri Lanka, the Fl'Éekéréo Stir
led that Ilodels, high society 1, school boys aIll Te "Il Caill hLITs" lambo's top tourist I fenile prys || LI LI LES ::: frill Sri Llıkl. to 3,300 ($3.75 to Hiբll titish gamblinք
TIL I ''A i TTSS :: ilable for paid sex.
Ition, especially
of young boys, :lopment related La le ho IIl OSexua 1 the is la Ind. III
an estimated Ostitutes in Sri 5 OC) il Colomb
need is the Ilhajor c of prostitution, Iriya explains in
:h activities as pillpLind Imale prostitution
are increasing in spite of acutely felt moral degradatin proves that few other m:ans of livelihool :: Te opem to LLLLaLaL LLLLLaL a CCaaaaa LC L SLLLLLLSLHH advent of touristin, hetero-and honoLaLHHLLL HLLSLLLLLLLaS LLLLLSL LaLL KLLLL blished to II FL coiii. Tiercializēti bäsis. Prostit Li tibni was Il Ċ) Li the money . Ilaking business venture it is today. In a múте ГЕСепt study do ne in 1985, sociologist Nandase na Ratna pala observes a loosening of the attitudes towards prostitution. Apparently prostitution **has eatcn deep into the social fabric of society in the tourist areas . . . has gain cd a new respectability and acceptance which induct hլIsbands to tricourage their wives and parc Ints to collip cl their daughters into prosti t Lutica II.”’
Partly to collpensate for thic recent demise of tourism, gambling ca sinos and striptease lı) tels have been opened in Colobo. The city attempts to rival Bangkok is the "sil capital'' of Asia, and more of the plor Without til termiitives ilte driven to become “skim sellers." prowiders of direct bodily services. Pimping prostitution, trans westis In, drugs, and wene real diseases have sured, and pոnography has
bcc Illic highly poplula T even : Inong school children. As a result, an outbreak of AIDS
is greatly feared.
Yet another development relatled to tourism and the international traffic in Winch is the export of brides. It is a higly lu:arätive multilati näl Tht:T- prise, which for instance, allows males in rich Countries to buy Asia Infemale Sth Tc) Lugh Catalog Lles printed by bride-export agencies To what extent this mail-orderb Tikic busiess thalt flourishę5 il Southern Asia has penetrated Sri La Ilka is Llot Cleil T. But there is ample evidence of other forms of bride export from Sri LIlıkal to the West al In di til Japan. One such is the phenomeII of tourist brides."
Some Western males, prefersing innocent and subscrivient Asian stereotypes to their own
23

Page 26
supposedly libcrated and demainding women, come to the island seeking young wives. Many tourטp05חg me for this puט חָh/י' ists are older men, Local parents who al Te Other Wise Strict about the iT dalıghter 5' IllÖra 15 Often çıCourage and even arrange quick In arriages to tourists. They find
it impossible to pass up an opportunity that pro III isės to in prove the financial situation
of entire family.
Solle if the STi Linkil tourist brides are reported to be living i cCIT forti II Scandi Ilavia II ad cother Western countries they hawe be el Lake i to. Il ar Tival, others
discower that their husbands Te. Il Ct Tilli Caires buL Imerc factory workers who fic: W CWCT on cheap package tour5. Still
other Asia II, brides Illa y find themSelves teated asse Watso turn ing to prostitution ot the por nography busi Thess. They are absu elyn () protections cor guaran
es in marriages of poor local women to foreigners. Cut off
from the iT fil, millies : Tı d cultlı re', the women remain strangers in lands where the language, food weather, and people are utterly alien to them. This situation has been vividly portrayed in a recent expose of a bride inport-export business conducted by a Japanese Tlla ITI ge-El Tra Igement company, Tosi, la triT110 miāl Agency.
Japanese researcher Nakamura Hisashi points out that there is a growing shortage of single wo men in **feudialistically Imalledominated" farming communit-ies such as those in Nagano Prefecture in Japan. Women from these communities prefer to leave for the cities, leaving behind the oppTesive life of 'farin labor on top of home chores and tendi Ing elderly in-laws.” As a result, the men are seeking wives froll other Asian countries such as Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. While Filipina brides are still predominat, there is now Ilore demand for other Asian brides since a Filipina in Nagano was found to have AIDS. The system for recruiting and exporting women to Japan is
24
Well e Stablished. cle T ho W ITALI brides in total to Japan, it see: a few batches of
women have been of a bride from particularly loW, 11,000 yen. and t tial for thc : pl councilor" or mi Cordi il rily tĽTill
STi Lank:41 In e that while tw. five-year–gld wo lid iT the Elu port market, in lunder twe. Tuty al II Simhillest WOIllt Japan Tange fr nimeteen years ( El Te forcel to farmers i 11 the f. M05't Sti La İık: miserable lives Japanese familie to then and th in the fields all Worlen WHL 111 H ed sum II ed up + +Wici' di They'er sk-1 of poverty lint Japan."
Perhaps the d w cel Lu Tics in till: Ili ew business of € III the West who decreasing there deland for for IIIcel this de IIla. tells in Sri L. converticit exporting infa Tit Lirics, III 1987 E baby farm, a Western enterpI the guise of a cinc illit Ilāt P00I W01T1CI, aid aba Indoned the farm : Ind with propter for treatment and fa out their pregn: as the WICI1 infants are tak the and sold for anywhere f to 50,000 each. as to how mail Sri Lil ikli b3 b. foreigners in 19 baby farms. It

WE ti : IL y Sri Lankan ave been take
S thilt it le LISt twenty to fifty Selt. The Cist
Sri Linkä is aballt 27,()()() ČT he profit potennese “mı 1TTi:ıge dlem i 5. extraing:
wspapers report 'enty-to-twentymen airc in deopean bride imJapan woule I te Wanted. The on brought to 0 Ill sixtlicis: Il II i if age, but they m::TTy lapa Tese rties El Ill fifties. Llyn brides 1e-3
becall Isc tlcir is do not speak ey have to W ork day long. The isashi intcrviewtheir situation: 1 town thic pai 11 | WC ca Illic to
egriding of all Skin trade is the 2xporting babies. ETE HT til TåLe i s is a II i Increasi Ing eign infants To nd some of the a Inka hlave bečn a by farms' for s to the collinit le 15t : le 5 luch joint local and ise operating in IL1rist agency, i 01:11, a title ||1|tion. ofte il preg lint are brought to We maintained di allid Inledical cilities throughIl cics. As Son give birth, the e a Way fTOLI
to foreigners roII Rs 25,000 It is Illot CeTtail y of the 1,637 ics adopted by 86 cale froll is rumoured,
however, in some cases the breeder WOII e Il a Te T Taide to conceive children with Westerns because lighter-ski III led
babies are considered Imore desi Table a Ild hence III: TOfitable. The day. Whe poor
women in Sri Lanka will be used simply as rented Wombs to car Tyoffspring with no genetic relationship to themselves is not far in thic future; it is already happening els where, al Ildi. Als the Larka Guardia commented:
it is tha: Lunsa youry. Els CLT:s (of what is obliviously a florshing business LaL LLtaGL LLLLLLL L a KKLLaLa LLL LäFlkan – "baby firm5,“ m lnagers with political connections,'" (Tupi officials, foreigi “cClint:licts," etc,
Moncy may be the rotat of all evil but in import-export firill, located Llfsg | si || 11111-h Dublished Fre: Trade: Zoë se idis al letter Lo a West European Fage:Icy Coffering Sri Lanka II bäbie5 ECT Sile with El TE Le Card it tached, the cold callousness of the commercial approach hints of Som ething rotten deep down in our society today. One step more, and we could take our babies to thic weekly tea ALIctions and sell them along with OLIT
lost traditilill expartite II. In response to protests from feminist groups, the guvernment has banned the export of babies. However, it is unlikely that the skin tradic can be wiped out through mere ad Iministrative fiat, Sri Lankan feminist organizā. --. Lions have a!so exposed and denounced prostitution and the degradation of women that have accompanied and accelerated capitalist development. But, as they well recognize, these problcITs are rooted in the capitalist world economy and patriarchal culture and as such require international solutions in addition to local solutions. Several European and Southeast Asian feri li nist organizations like Gabriela hawe now colles cedinto networks campaigning against sex tourisTT1 and the exploitation CF WCT1c1.
George Keyt
(Continued frarr pigs 22) Mudiya Amarasketa. Kcytis 5 till Immo Tc invective thă Lihle Muld liyar ait al campar ble age, but the signs a Tc lı III mistal kable that the best period of his Work is over.

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nobacco Company Limited

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