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ol. 13 No. 3 Սune 1, 1990 Price Rs. 7.5C
THE INTERNATIONAL ALERT REPORT
Western Donors
Peter Schalk on “Dharn
S.W.R.D. and
Gorbachev on Le
Mervyn de Silv
La litha Gumawardena
 
 

) Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka OD/79/NEWS/90
Exclusive
- Eduardo Marino - Martin Ennals
on Human Rights
Mahasangha and macracy”
Ethnic Conflict
- Reggie Siriwardena
nin and Socialism
a on the 'Tigers'
on Goonetilleke's Keyt

Page 2
A selected list of
Sri Lanka Mosaic — Environment, m:
and change HWC Sy C
Seasonality and Health : A Study of
enwir Qom right of 1 || - health in fi we by Godfrey Gunat ileke. P. D. A. Fernando, Eardley Fernando
A Colonia | Administrative System II)
by Dr. B. S. Wijeweera
Sepala Ekanayake and Ex Post Fact Hil a cking of International Aircraf Sri Lanka Domestic Law incorpo literationa || La W by David S, Awerbuck
The Pilgrim Kama mita -- A Legendary
by Karl Gelle rupi
Stories from the Mahavamsa
by Lucien de Zolysia
Stories from the Culawamsa and oth
Tales by Lucier de Zoysa
Conservation Farming Systems, Te
Tools (For small farmers in the by Ray Wijewardene & Parakrama
Marga
61 || sipat harmā Colombo 5,

Marga Publications
n, continuity
the socio economic U Cations Perera, Joel
Transition
Legislation:
t
Tät ES
" Rond Cei
er Histor Cal
thniques and -Humid Tropics) . Wai dy antha
Publications
Mayyatha Ii Lanka.
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6.00 150 ()C)
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Page 3
TRENDS
YOUTH CAND DATES
BY LAW
An arriendment to the Local Authoriries Elections Ordin (Irice, gazer red by the gover 71 777 erit, takes it rapidatory for polisial parties To Fior77 Érı are 40 per cert you this as candida tess irn future elections. Youth has been defined as those in the 18-35 dge Α. Γι Ι. Π.
The arret ridnrrrieri t mlso rerro ves the one-eighth cut off point, aid also perits voters to cast all their preferences for orie Carr (ditil f”.
LTTE WORK
A Goverraunierir court Fra. Lurri: Le sid ta e sirteeri ele 5 found killed in the Kuriana jungle was the work of the LTTE to profect Tree feller there. The corrifiique said ffigwr a Fyour 200 lb | llock ('rirtf 5= and three Fulldozers are being used in the illicir felling, TV7 di added that virild buffalo es a P7 dl deer Tre also being killed for riff,
MO MORE BREAD
Foot Mister Veera si righe Ms Ilirrierrachelf rold the "P'EEKEN D' f har ea ing bread Will come fa ai ed in Sri Lanka is flour irripur Ts Tre gradually stopped. Breed ήνήίrή yas i ri traducted by the ParrugIIe se i ri 1505 prill be dorë (711'a1' virih aster methodica replačemerif by ľacal food SL či uy C011'pea, greengrarı ard milk rice, the rin is er SGI id. He dial no give a tiene table.
BRIEF
MI Ranj
Minister of P stries and Sta Defence, Walk chamber foll tion ques Lior LTTE. He W
wer thern, the Mr Nima. Si I (SLFP) prote minister's acti cly of privileg med, the Spe:
that par lia III) en
i Trelevant if I
til L l l 'y','T
The questit) dcl. Silwil, Wils duction and il policemen of Police by the Eilstern Provi
9 Elections August for Councils, 39 ai 273. Pra. ab titlt 3(), ՌՈ() expected to
Forty per didates are yoուths, in a a proposed Lhe løCal ilt
W.
President le Third I r Illic Semi Illir Sri Lankā " do anything
LARA
GUARDA
ugլ, 13 No. 3 Junt 1 19:յt)
Price Rs. 7.5
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
NE. 245, Աmitri Platt, Calumb. – 2.
Editor: Merw yn die Silva Tigaphong; 4.47584
CO
NS Backgro Lr Hull Rights Editorial Opinio
s Tamil Nadu Civil War Dharma Cragy a m Bandar Finaik E HI
Conflict Lenin'5 Socialis Book ReWie W
Printed by E25, Sir Rall Māwiyathi Telaրr

LY. . .
än Wije: Ta trie, lantation III dillte Ministcr for ;ed out of the -51 0 wing Oppג is about the bill di Ilot i Ii Sminister said. ipala de Silva sted that the om was a breae MT Moh. Flker, commentel t would bect, Inc ministers refus
ւլլItstions.
n, asked by Mr tabolit the abssault or twelve the Sri La Ilıka LTTE, in the
are dule in 12 Municipal Urban Councils leshiya Sabhas: candidates are : , 11tէ:5Լ.
Ce Ill of the Call
xpected to be ccordance with :lineId me 11t TC)
larities elections
PreInada sa told Iternational Islain Colto Illbọ th{11
was prepared to :ıl eylery't İı ing
TENTS
d 3. 7
1Լ}
13 Scity 22 di CarTiT 1 Li rial
3.
ATF di P'E 55 ajathi Sarawa na muttu 3. Calami a 13.
orna: 435975
l
to achieve the goal of the
Arabs to establish Palestinian statehood. The President said: 'I know What is
central to Arab and Musli Tı aspirations today. It is the dismantling of Israeli aggression and occupation of Arab territories and the establishment of Palestinian stillehood. We are prepared to do anything and everything to achieve that goal. We follow this policy mot because We would like to get applause from the Arab and Muslim countries but because We think that is the right pclicy”.
An undergraduate of the Sri Jaya war de napura Uniwersity arrested as a suspected subwersiwer in the Wella way a area had been trained in the use of firearms by EPRLF instructors, a gi Wern TTlCl communique Said, M. M. Goon a ratne, the Sluspect, is reported to have told the secu rity forces that the pistol ammunition in his possession were bought from the EPRLF.
The Education Services Commission has ordered the suspension of 350 Tecently appointed primary Schel t2 = hers in the North-East PTCvince after an investigation revealed that their appointments had been fraudule:II.
6 While a storm of protest aged over his embracing Mahayanism, the Wenerable
Pel pola Vipas si Thera, Directo General of the Jill på IlSri Lanka. Friendship Association invited "anybody to discuss the issue openly at any place, There is no diference between Mahayanism and Therawa di ST1', hle 5:iii,
All leading Buddhist Prelates hawe den Coll T Ced the Fltempt, as they described it, to introduce Mahayanism to Sri Lanka, a Therava da Buddhist colli try.

Page 4
The philosophy S which enabled 15C
completed by
ኳmSነ.. proceeding
3S 1 million house
3.
. ፭፭ል you to join
a roof for
R
ጽm
"," كم You and S 竿乡彦、 Together
స్ట్'£్క 3-*
 
 
 

y with a heart 1,000 houses to be 1982 and now towards a : target, invites us to offer everyone.

Page 5
Wii UNIP-LITTE bor mean bash-up
Mervyn de Silva
F. Colomb, it was the LTTEOrganised hartill that did it. Testing the UNP’s borra fides was fair enough and und cristood. But trying the patience of a governImient already L11 der Ill Clu. Il ting 'Si Ilhala Opposition pressure, Went too far . . . almost the breaking-point, For the LTTE, talking to the EPRLF was the flashpoint. The Tigers were talking only to the UNP, Ilobody else. The implied ground-rule was "You are the government, we talk only to you, . . . We are the sole all thentic sp okes IIıaTn of the TaIIıil people alıd vrplılıqlı-b e:) North-- East adlı iinistration and you must speak Inly to u s”, Sa In Tha Iimbi II luttu, EPRILF MIP lill the los L .) litspoken anti-LTTE "moderate' was killed. (SEE LG May 15). It was the first un equivocal, mesSage-cum-Warning to Collibo. Don't play for title: don't try to divide tlı e Tamilis ald streing the Inı your negotiating position.
But Sa II. Tila IIl bilnut (u Was killed in broad daylight in the quietest, most secure residential area of Colombo, and on the doorstep of a foreign Embassy, the Canadian High Coll mission - UNP Government's territory in disputably, and therefore El stunning blow to the credibility of any government. It was the LTTE that had broken the unwrittel understa Il di Ing Il tetritorial jurisdiction and "limited sovereignty".
The hartal in the North-East boro Light al li normal Facti Woities to a standstill in the region. It did more. All transport, state-owned and private, was stopped at the “border" - aglin llnilalteTal imposition of territorial demarcatio T. Ewell that hy Weyer Wild have been winked at if only the issile Concerned Sri Lanka I TaIl 1115 (f the North-East, Th15 Flag to lo With Indian Tallis - India I passport-holde"s ii fact
El Williting repat tr b) Elsed on El I grce Inlet (the Si its follow-up Sir under which t voluntarily decl ferred choice of . of tille who chill zenship are deal. spring say that Te Ilij Il here, i Indian High Con ing to support ()| pretation of thi tary").
The LTTE" 5 || issue outside its àTeil sof interests Besi dics, it was " co II flict betweel and MI. Chad country Tamil II he UNP and one-to-one talk: the li tter Wa5 , L1 party with had of | 0,000 tera F therefore in will dispute with the least, temporari. trying to Te write into a 1 tc) 1. Wւյ11ld be that it ing the UNP s t Will the EPRLF ing H. new eluat Government-Tal But Llle LTT than strengthen was trying to IT nial force - plantation lab who had opted zenship. Direc it dici Illo Te. all inter-stated I 11 en t-L0-ga Werin - Delhi dialogue or un wittingly ground rules.
Not Scı, if yol PT":a bhak:T:1[1ʼ5 thinking in whi til il cludes

iation to II) dil Ili - Sri Lili Inka, 11 itima-Shast Ti a Ind ima — II diiriä PACLs) hic “ “ State-less” arcil their precitizenship. (Some tist Irldiilm citil, and their off
they prefer to
wish that the Imiss to Im is seekn its own interc Lerm + + v colul II
tal Was on own 'legitimate' — i Il Colomb's. intervening in it the government rasega ram's UpWellent. While LT TE We Te Ol with the LTTE, pporting a third called a strike luckers and was ved i III a II open göwer II. The Int. At ly, the LTTE was : the 1:1 equation The LTTE's reply I was only matchactic of dealing and thus, Writidarı iTı Sri Lil:Ilk alı rmi 1 dialogue E was doing more ing its hand. It 1Cibilise in Exlerille Indian Tali lil Jr, Indian Tamils | f Indi Elı cititly or indirectly, I Interwie: Ille in isբնte, a griver nI'll eitilt all Citilt is mhill i . There, wittingly it Wilfited the
1 : CC0 mod:lte Mr.
lager fra me af c1 the Tali IITillisi Sri
Lanka and Tamils in Тап 11паđu. After all, ewen if the plal Tı tation
Workers a Te repatriated they would cnd up across the Palk Straits in Talilladu, Part of the * “Greater Tamil holeland' " The Tallil w crisi C1 if Eret 7. Israel, which Golda Meir interpreted Els 'Is Titel's border is wherewer El Jew has his hillc.
Although the advent of Mr. Katılı ila T11 d lıli 15 MGR'5 5uccc 550 T i 1 Tal T1 i 1 Tial du has see 1 ia much stronger LTTE-Madras understanding, Prabhakaran's "Eelam" borders have been drawn firmly, La LLLLSLK aa LLL aHHLHHH SaaaaHHaS date the Colombo Tamils, let : One the 'stä teless" or the "Would bic-repatriates' and the plantation W IT ke T5.
For the rest, the past fortnight has sec political pressures expose the increasing lack of trust om both sides cof thc 11ego Lia ting table. The LTTE leadership has repeatedly said it has 'trust' in President Pricadasa but such expressions of confidence publicly We Te 1100Tc in ewid cince While the IPKF was still here. In any cilse, there seems to be deep, underlying distrust of the Sinhala political Establishment based in the experience of thirty years, from the BC Pact to the pre-polls UNP -FP agreement.
So while jaw-jaw went on, this deep Tutual distrust also kept wa T-war aliye. Each side preparcd T " Wa T" Il a Worst-case: Sceli Tid). The LTTE's preparedness, according til i Titelligence Teports, w:als mea, T-total || — clearing forests il 11 di killing clephants to establish new camps for a large batch of teenaige recruits; jungle: hide outs a Tid bunkers: arms caches, commlinication channels, self-defe Ice classes for the populace, taking contol and patrolling the Palk Straits, and fortifications a Elephant Pass, the vita 1 point of entry to the Peninsula, and pla

Page 6
cing land-mines, no doubt, tilfe LTTE's speciality,
Eelam War 2
The LTTE of course claills the S. L. Armed forces are going through the same exercise, particularly in Titi Inca, and the EaListern province. To sum up, Eclan War II. The Tigers' have even accused the governiilent of training EPRLF cadres. Tamils and Muslims are being trained to mięet the Thew Cthmic ratio scheme, expla ined state Minister of Defence Ranjan Wijeratine, who played a key role in past fortnight's developments, representing as he does an subjectiveobjective factor. A first-class planter who earned complinents fill Platatin Minister Dr. Colvin R. de Silva, Mr. Wijeratne was Pern. Sec. of the Ministry ifter 1978. He Is nu W. Minister. But ble is also State Minister of Defence, and Very Inlich the lawand-orde T man. (On the 5 trike, he cracked the Whip.
When the Opposition which has been ha rassing him with questions On the UNP-LTTE talk5 Wheretile UNP's negotiator is the Justice Minister, Mr. Shaul Hameed, he walked out of the chamber. The strike was settled, unior leader Chandrasegaram granted hill, when released from custody. Two days later, Mr. Wijeratne announced the UNP's tough new line on Tegotiations With the "Tigers'. Elections to the North-EastCouncil, he said, I must be open to all parties if it is to be free and fair. For that, the LTTE must lay down arls - the lain de Ilani of the Opposition. The North-East Council Which his It met Tor almost three months will stand dissolved soon to make way for a polls date to be fixed.
Will the LTTE cũ mtest alũ. The QT i 1 En al li al Ince ' Wii 11 i L [m] eeL the UNP's basic condition to ensure a cleIlla cratic clectio II '' Or Will it form a 'grand alliance' and present a single slate Will it disrupt the polls, after making sure that nobody - certainly nobody who wa lules life — will pTesent himself as a candidate
Those Sinhalese, and the many Tamils and Muslims, who are convinced that the LTTE wishes
A.
to establish CTC. North-East will free election is
The pressure O has been builtreports of LTTE North-east im taxes and pe ab illiction, the policemen, al iir, mitte Of Immel LTTE I6 years old. M EROS group, El the with dra W:ll ( Inent. (See Edit
But the LTTE ter complaints. was presented Balasirlıghığımı, ti spokes man, HC
PT e5 i det PT. Lihat the Illi:il tified their stay of supressing t stay here for a krew that the II L10 L defeat the
years. Therefol send the Indi: cost. This resu
us for talks with
Because of the in Sri Lanka, til a war-like Silla | east of the coll Tinationalist Tewiv, ern part of the c
These are the 1PTem1:1 dasEl c:II Therefore the both parties at send away thic
To achieve t agreed to take p This was thc between the LW Huis basis the til
Ceasefire
The talks haw cessful froll the cause of these ti ceasefire – at LTTE : Lld the then between t aid the LTTE finally led to dit forces from our
After soliwi Ing lem, that is the the Indian forc

-party rule in the be surprised if å led
the governmelt Ip by regular press : : ÇtiVities in the position of Id he alties; ex tortion, : Test of Silla: d even an Arily general behaviour cadres, some 14ea II, while the proDF, has proposed of the 5th A II e Idorial Comment).
Ilias its own bitThe LTTE yiew by Dr. Anton he official Tiger" : Says: :Imada sa thought forces which jusLIn der the pretext he Tigers would long tine. He ldiil. Il forces could Tigers for two Te He decided to 11S : Way at a Iny lted in his calli Ing 1 the g|Wei III ent.
: Indian presence here was not only tito, Il i Ill the siad rithintry but also a 'al in the southColuntry.
easons that made Ll; for tilks, main objective of these tills, Wils t
Indial Ti i rl wilders. his objective we Tt il thic tillk5, untiטgr 11 טווIוון ט: C 5ides II di I Iks et Iլ է iTiլյtd.
be e El wery sucbeginning. Belks there was a rst Helweel the glower'ılığıt : Tı d le II dia. Il forçes, - all the talks partu Te of Indial. Il land.
LIT mai probending ilway of 5, we started to
talk about other problems of the Tamil speaking people,
Wic continued these talks not to El chic W. El per ill:11 cilt sellitic II to Tamil problems but a ternporary solution.
We kle: 'w the Provincial Col IIcils do Tot ha we cnough power. However We accepted them its a temporary solution and continued Cur talks in orde to pTo vide Telief to the affected people of the north-east and to create a peacefull atmosphere in the arca.
The government also promised Li 5 that if the Pro WiiCiil COLI C:i ! was dissolved illd elections were held, the 6th a mendment Would be repealed. Becali se of this we tra IlsforITed olIs political Wing to a democratic party. We registered it and tk yok olur message to the villages and won the people's 5ւյբբt} rլ,
Hej. W e Wet, of late, thıc go wernIIlẽ nt's approach, that it can hữld talks with the Tigers and solve the problems peacefully, has chinged.
The Sinhalese chauvinist parties do not like the idea of the LTTE eventually controlling the north-east through governmentTiger talks.
The Tefo Te when ever there w 5 a debate regarding the Tani| proble II i II parliament these Sinhala cha lluvinistic parties voiced their opposition.
They said in parliament that the LTTE should be disa mcd. That Llle north- elst Should II It He in the hands of the Tigers and th:1t President Premada sa was bet Taying the Sinha lese people, Because of this opposition, PreITadasa started to Waver.
The 6th El Intendiment deprived Ta mills of representation in parlia Ille Int... - HC We wcro because of Indian pressure some Tamil groups including the TULF, took oaths in parliament accepting the Sixth Amendment and the integrity of Sri Lanka, thus giving up their Tarınil Eela, rı1 strLuggle.
From the beginning only the LTTE said that the 6th a lend
ment was not acceptable. We arc still of this view.

Page 7
Countdown to
he 6th Amendment Wa5 Tush
ed through Parliament by a panic-stricken regime determined to appease Sinhala opinion at fewer-pitch after the July 1983 inti-Tallil riots. The aleidiment didn’t save a single Sillhala life. It aggravated the conflict, and the War.
On June 10th Parliament will take up the 6th Allendment. The pro-EIROS E.D.F. has Ilovcld the resolution a Ind all Tal IInill parties will join the UNP government in voting 'Yes'. It is possible that the SLMC will do the same. Perhaps the U.S.A. too.. Therc is a small ques Lio In Inark before the MEP. In any case, the SLFP con its own can deny the mover of the Imotion the required two-thirds majority. This will be the signal for the LTTE leader to say what Dr. Balasingham, the LTTE's spokesIn an has already said in a speech made in Jaffna on May 18, about Sinhala chauvinis III als the main obstacle to a negotia led
settlement of clh nic conflict, As hic says, the LTTE will NOT en ter the democrative mains
tream als long als the 6th Amendiment is the Tc. In the paralysing hartal on May 20, We had a fleeting glimpse of a physically divided island, Was it a glim pse of the future?
TARAKI; the Surday Issard columnist, one of the best infor Inted on Tamil affairs wrote:
The SLFP in particular, has to communica tc their stand III the way the problem should be settled or be approached, to the people in the north and east. They have to decide soon, before the notion to repeal the Sixth Allendment by the EROS comes up in Parliament. W. Prialıblı akar :ını alılıqlı "W". Balıkımıl" hawe discu 55 cl the Imalt LeT IN May 19.
The Tigers are doing it thrugh the EROS to see What Will be the at titude of suthern poli
Separat
tical parties incl towards the rept Anmeld II e Int. If
deficiated the LT Tamil people, th cinct be trilist: hiyc to filci o L1
Their ow li w analysis means gers have said who had prom the North Eas Council and Tep endiment withou" gun to prewa Tic: of pressu Te exer position pilrties i5 till: Qr 1101 has been done SLFP going to
The EPRLF I to wirds the SL Tal effect of W Arc sayi Ing alba) north and cast pear that the S willai II i InteInt C) solutil to the
the opposition consider. If a tated in the goveTri me Int. Cili the coholic : 1c1 that turcial ti the system Ol South. The op be in a posit these probleIns their strength ment is Waging I'101'th.
The opposit should know thi is afflicted by beset by econ becomic yery E the role of a mentary opposi planted by a ground, once F
The rise of als al mea Ils Of ticili T11 : 0 C claim the II i Od position i Il til

O
uding the UNP
all of the Sixth the Titico II is
TE cäIn te 11 the
Lat the Silhales c
ld therefore we T. I. Wrth WELly.
ay in the final WIT, The Tithat Presla diaga is cd to dissolve term Pro Wicial ea I thic fth a Illt delay had belite äter biciclise ted by the opWhitler this thic propaga Indial What is the stly?
may be friendly FP blt the Werhat the Tigers in the - וון שt thנן can make it apLFP is the Teal I sabot Elging El Ily ethnic problem, I ET II: [tET Llat hıs to Seri (iusly War is precipiTallil areas the in easily control ind social probc 15 to II dČITIT i Ilo ce again in the position will not Lil ml t C tike LI
and build up while the goveTIna war in the
ion politicians at a regime which
civil War and Illic Crisis Cali uthoritariil I and Inoderate parliation Can he SLI = 1 ar II ed under = Igain.
armęi rebellic II o advancing poliil 1 intere & Ls Will erate political ople country as its
MEWS BACKGROUND
first Victi IT, The SLFP hlas to formulate: its future as a Ilha ti Clall party. It is time that they work out a convenient strategy to de:ill with the ethnic problem 11i Tale it kIl WI t the Tamils in the north east, Muslims and the Lup colul Il try Tallils.
On the Other h3Ild the UNP lcad crship should review the wisdom of carrying on with thic machiavellian success story even i Tito the IT familia T tcrrain T the wary Tiger.
6th Amerndment EDF to move repeal
Imotion to remove the Sixth
A Illin el diment to the C3 Institution is to be lowed in parliament by the Eelawar Dermocratic Front (the political wi Ing of EROS). A two-third Imajority is needed to repeal the all endIII L.
EDF parliamentary group leader MT Siwapragasam Ratna rajah told the "Island that they were confident of Opposition support for the Ilyę, The TULF. EPRLF, NSSP and LSSP had already pledged support, he said.
The EDF is represented in parliament by eleven members. They are: Messrs S. Ratnarajah, T. Puwa na sundararajah, E, Para rajasinghain, S. Edward SebasLian Pillai, A. BasheT Aimeer, A. Guila Seela III, K. Sekwa Ilayagarn, M. Ramalingan, K. Kaila sa pathy, Basheer Saigo Dawchod a1d K. Thilayanatlıa II. Two IL1 Cre: Ile IL1 bers, Nlessrs S. Siwa Iri:Ahl: Tas a Tid (G. SELLI I dT:i- rajah Tesig med ea Tlier,
The LTTE Which is Tō) yw holl diing talks with the Govern Illent has as called for Lhe repeal of the Sixth Alic Idle 1.

Page 8
Anura on LTTE/UNP
In Parliament, Mr Anura Banda ramaike, Acting Leader of the Opposition, said that he did not wish to doubt the sincerity of the Government, in its dialogue with the LTTE, but the honeyIn on seemed to be colling to a n end; it was naive to expcct the LTTE to give up their main objective of fighting for al se parat e Ta IInil state.
The LTTE had been building up buffer stocks of food, maki Ing trenches to fight and cycn building underground hospitals in the North and East to wage El 'y','LT
MT Bill dara lai ke slid thalt the Government always offered a convenient exclusic that the ethnic problem was caused in 1956 by the SLFP when the Sinhala
Only bill was UNP, Illa lifest giye il the samle Ia ke Sinhalla || llage but the cie We Lillilt implement it,
However, af Tulade the Cof S. W. R. D. B. ed into a pa Chelya nayagam of the Tamil again the UNP
ed that pact
people's right
to them.
After the U.
T ill 977 Will ed on the T again in 1983.
prisoners were in the prisons.
* Computerised meters Can be summoned to wo
No call up charge within city limits. "
Vehicle a C
"Receipts issued on request Company credit awa Cal 5015025O1503 ot
Another Aitken Spenci
 

introduced. The of 1956 had also promise, i. e., to th official langpc) pole dici mot h1 :: UNP y Luld
ter Si Lihula was ficial language ndaranalikc e Interct with S. J. W. t0 gi WĊ the rights people. It was that had oppos: Id the Tamil 3 yw{cite de Illied
NP came 1 pel WCT1CC W:15 un le:15hallil peoplc and Further, 53 Tani I
d'Ille Lily death
MEWS BACKGROUND
The Jaffna public library was burnt down illd ballot boxes stolen during the DDC polls.
It was the UNP that llai i Ilvited the IPKF, which had gone or the Talin på ge H gainst thic Tamils. The JNP lid instillel the EPRLF in the provincia | Col. Incil with the assistance of the IPKF, and once again the Ta mil pc ople had to suffer the atrocitics committed by the TNA.
Mr Bill dranaike said that hic Wished to Temind the Gove Tin ment that the SLFP presidential candidates in 1982 and 1989 had polled more votes in the Jaffna district than the UNP. The Tamil people were not opposed to the SLFP.
| d'Or) raš, LIBE)
:ess ir 0rt selected stands
al
501 504

Page 9
PHILLVILMA VW FIGHTS
Premadasa takes on h
In a wide-ranging interview -
the longest, on-the-record interview he has given - President Premada sa placed the probleIn of human rights violations ill the immediate mid-1989 context and the Wider frame of post-independence politics. The interviewer was Neville Jayaw ceri, a Sri Lankan civil serwant who served as Chairman and Director-General of the SLBC. He is now a consultant to many international NGO's. Mr. Jaya weera presented the report on Sri La Inka at the recent seminar held in OSLO,
You reme Imber schools and universities had to be closed down for long periods. People
were denied the right to speak. They were denied the right to express contrary political views. Writers, schola Ts, intellectuals who even pleaded for reconciliation and peace were threatened
I killed,
Public servants lost the right to work. Citizens lost the right to travel, to run a business and the right to worship freely. Refinember both in the North and the South innocent civilia This engaged in worship were gunned do Wil,
Stability
People even lost the right to bury their dead. By August/September of 1989 all that we kil OW to be society was rapidly disintegrating. All the institutions that make up society had been silenced, Temple, church, kovil, IIn os que, school, people's organisations and tra de unions. Finally, the cruellest ble W, even hospitals had to close down. Patients had to be evacuated from hospitals with saline drip bottles dangling Trığı hlığı ols of 3 whıc tele-T 5.
Warious political parties accused Ile of inaction, of inability to govern, and of being afraid. Solic even said that I was supporting some of these political groups, The international community spoke of the breakdown of govETIlIielt.
I was told by s. other parties "go They asked me 11 Siing fo mergenco violatit. In Cf || 1 certain political 5uch proportiko In. was the survival 11 e Tit 34 t stake, bl. Lle Stilte itself wiwall of society illestion.
IL y El 5 uilder th that I re-imp) EIL ergency and enforce I ent ag. di di Sorel Luctintl l'Of Violence. Il tiently for month til Te il fter ve T believe I list115. and Cosells 115. wery limit of rea
Y011 vil sti WithdTä WIl the ! gency in the fi Presidency, rclt. We Te in licte: Li the troops bat Y COLI Ilust alls i at ti e tille thë Ver to the Cliff been sitting i Im Unths, WithÜ1 act. While thei being kill cd of
YolI Will 415 at this time military and Were Flls bein tally and milit: I under gre:ät str: the circumsting the militäry i II Went Out t{) (le
I III",
What el 5les
gency, especi: circul II istFilçesi,
lil 1, B11 t those Sls who ch1C) weapon and ap sly in di system ed i Gewere Teo Sely'e 5. Yolu Til any police or
tills, when thre Were il C1r C ti) Teil I SE VET:

his critics
O ime membčT5 3f verin or get Cəlilıt". why I wil s II Cot y powers. The 11:11 righ L5 by groups reached s, that not only of min y gorwerinthe survivalt nd the Very surwas seriously in
ese ciru mistances sed a State of Fiske the la W : Incies to act. I y because I abhad waited pil15, Inaking CWerlute, because I sin, comprollise I had gone to the So I'll ble le 5 s.
inclber 1 had State of EIllerrst week of Illy ised those who CI a Ild Ordere
k to blacks. remether Lihat : Inilitary went ensive, they had Tı b::Arrack5 fc)T It the power to I Illebes were f one by One.
1 refll Elber thlt the families of (lice personnel kill cd off brilly personnel Were ii. Tils it tes under which d police finally al Will thl e Ler
11 İlder il. İl EIT'ler|ly under 5 Luch is regretted by misguilled Per; : t 2 TT) I ELS :
plied it Til Ithlesa tically, provokiction upon thenI 5 t r e Ilember thilt military appTi
litened, is they Su intry, is bound ly.
cal III, the ad W0cateş çif hul Imam rights advise me, whit I, is the Head Ulf State, should hi ve do Ille Whi:Il human rights were bei Ing Wil:A- ted systematically by those who Tcs - Tit to Wii polic Ilce &ı ild terror as a Tatter of idealgy. Let li: look at the problem from the point of view of gewernán Cc. How do I govern under such circIII lista lices?
Blit ell me,
I had been elected as the President of the Republic, and those who elected Inc expected III e to govern. I havC to protect the rights of the lŁ W abiding citizens before I protect the rights of law breakers. The responsibilities of gover Iance are of LeT coil plex and trilgic.
think We must õt lõkät the question of human rights only from il legalistic point of view. We 1ve L |OÖk at 111– man rights in the context of particular societies.
Developing countries arc more prote to these problems the Il rich countries. On the other hand, how many rich countrics call bic::15 t af 3 totally Cli: T1 huma In rights record'? You hallwe been living in the West for the past fifteen years, Can you Lell me i II which democratic CT SCHcialist country in the West Would political move Ilents, such as We have had II Sri Link El ill the recent past, been allowed even a fraction of the liberties they have enjoyed here?
How Illary of those govern Illents Would have a Bid wedi dissident groups within their countries to express dissen L in tlie way we lillowed here? Would they not have used the full Weight of the police and II military to suppres5 such II love III e Iltis in the bLudi'? When El State is challenged Illilitarily by it faction within the State itself. where in the World would a lead of State act with the restraint and patience I have shown. Then why sit in judgement on us, after we had secured democracy?
{{Султлүг гал лүг 8)

Page 10
HUMAN RIGHTS : DOWORS DEм
Remove Remaining Eme
gnoring the usual practice of
not contesting after serving the UNHCR for one year, Sri Lanka made an unexpected bid to retain its seat and fared rather poorly. It could muster only 14 votes while Japan, China, Indonesia received 39, 35 and 39 votes respectively.
Sri Lanka should hawc known it would fare badly because the E. E. C., fellow Commonwealth members, the Scandinavians and the US have expressing concern over Human Rights since late March. The last occasion was when Prime Minister Toshio Kaifu took up the matter to the pained surprise of the Sri Lankan authorities (May 5). The question was not raised in Delhi, Isla na bald or Dacca.
On 293 the Embassy of Italy, acting for the Irish Presidency, on behalf of 12 EEC countries, submited a 3 para statencnt.
It recognis cd to the scrious dificulties faced by the SLG', and the intentions of President Prema das al as declared to the APC to (a) restore an adequate lewel of discipline " 'in the
security forces, to chd unlawful possesion and use of El IT IS, including such use by illegal 'death squads"; (b) Welcomed President's insistence that the security forces prevent crime
and violence, and that no one should escape the due process of law. The 12 then conveyed their 'serious concern about continuing H.R. violations' and “the activitics of so-called death squads". They also urged the removal of the "remaining emcrgency regulations as soon as possible”.
In late April, the US covered the same ground. appreciating “the serious dificulties” face by SLG, confronted by a "sewere threat to its institutions and governing system'. It well comed the withdrawal of some
S.
sections of Em tions, and the F LO AT I lei Forc end to illegal
Illing of Wictims It urged the S TCaining regu continued to b 'continuing wi S LA LITEIT IS III ard de Zoy sa k
AUSTRALIA. N. SWEDEN
The Govern lia, Canada, li a Tid Swelcı reç difficultics con. er in IL1c Int of Sri forts to restore Inality. They licly Stated con sident Premada al dcqua te lewel thic Art II led Forc to end unlawful LIS: COf A TITS ET ու ոnt tscapes of law,
Not with standi reduced level (Go We"I1rmeThts " | gida, Finland, T dCI wish to ck: crnment of Srij TiOLIS concer D15 ntling violations the activitics death squads, ponding erosio 1 law in Sri LH
the Gover III cn
maining e TTierg to pursue wigor ries into x, LTH :l 11 l to make
bring the perp cTimes to just Celerate its ei bring to trial detallied III er Teguı latib T1s. Th Government to
Armed Forces
respect the rig thereby setting
ple for other g il Sri Lanka,

ANVDs
'gency Rules ergency. Regula- SWISS MEMO
resident's appeal
:5 to 'bring an The Government of Switzerkillings and bur- land is concerned about the genby all groups. eral human rights situation in I.G to lift the Sri Lanka. It is aware of the ations. The US very difficult political situation : concerned over in this country, however, the olations' Both continous violations of human tioned the Rich- rights is alarming. In particul
illing. ar, the widespread activities of the so-called death-squads, the ORWAYANILO disappearance of persons and
the ill-treatment of prisoners
are not consistent with Sri Lanments of Austra- ka’s international obligations. inland, Norway ignize the serious - fronting thic Gow- The Swiss
Lanka, in its ef. peace and IlorVelcome the pub1 11itILleIn [ cof PreS. t.) T:s to Te l l
Government Wellcomes the ameliorations innoll T1ced by President PreInada sa at the Opening of the Second Session of the Second Parliament on 4th of April, 1990, and exf discipli presses its hope that these will Ot (1s Cip ់ actually bear fruit, and that the es and the Po SS state of emergency will be abopossession ind das early as possible, as
ld to ensure that announced by the President.
the due process
ng the current SS of violence, the PREMADASA TAKES . . . . f Australia, Can
Norway and Swe- ("Сол тілшғd frrып page 7) invey to the Gow
Lanka th cir se. My appeal to the internation
about the conti. al community is that they should of human rights, try to appreciate the complex of the so-called nature of the terrible titles from and the corres- which We are only just emer| of the rule of ging. We are a democratic nka. They urge Society. We are trying to build t to lift the re- up and strengthen the institu2ncy regulations, tions which cnable dell Ocracy ously the enqui- to function. We have hladl Llo judicial killings take extreme measures to deal
every effort to with an extreme situation. etrators of these ice, and to ac- Wc do not have to make apoforts either to logics to anyone for the steps ir to release those we took to protect democracy, the emergency What the international commuey call on the nity can do to stengthen human ensure that the rights in Sri Lanka is to enaand the Police ble us to overcome poverty. hts of civilians, The underlying problem is powa positive exam - erty. The problem of human rights cannot be resolved merely roups and forces at the level of rules and regula
t115.

Page 11
ЕртоRIAL оP/мӀом
War or Peace
wo issues dominated public attention and debate in the past fortnight - the 6th AmendIment in the context G F "Wa T or Pecco" and thic Thera va da - Mahaya na Buddhist debate a Iising from the reported ordinaltion of the Wen. Palpola Wipaissi in the Japanese Shingon Sect,
The following is from a SUN editorial:
6th Amendment & SLFP
The SLFP it has been reported has appointed a committee to inquire into the whole issue before it mikes its fial decision. This is wise. For careful thought must be given to the question whether this a mendment should be TcLained o T mot, This time the question must be approached objectively without letting prejudicc cloud the is slie.
The sixth alled let Wils : piece of legislation that was rushed through ParliaT ent iList two weeks after the July riots broke out in 1983 it was a bill Imainly brought to pacify Illajority frclings when the War to establish a se pärite state 0 T Tamil Ecl. III had jų 15t begu I.
Any legislatio Tl, especially OTnc which all ends the Suprefine guiding law of the land, rushed through Parliament without proper debate solely due to the dictates of emotion is primal facie suspect and should be viewed with caution.
The Sixth Amendment also tramples upon the fuuda Illenta right to free expression, and suppresses a grup from Til aking what thcy consider to be a just delland
years of its
Sixth Ame: Tid
Today after six introduction the
ment has not been successful in ending the call for Eela II. On the other hand it can be
argued, it may have effectively closed the floodgates.
The lations
approach this rationally and r the I1:itir III'5 i11 The illestion L. one of party pc besi L to : I 15. Li T: wHl Lf Linki as Much will dep:
St.
Political Budi
The Mahay: 1: to be already LILLITI. III bibel voices raised and higեւ բrith: prophets one fi to detect II: Ily oI sa nity. A Seels to hii we publicised and a, t ter1 l edi mi1eeti I1; Borella, last W. as its slogan "l te TrioT".
Speaking at Hi Tischild Tål Attorney-at-law Editor-in-Chief
Encyclopediil, hill we said thait t the CCLIII try Way
Collisti Liuti. Il W the freeji II of freed (111 til fil and safeguard which had ex immemorial. Lihat Sri La Ilk:L the Sinhalose to Simbıalil Billi domina Int reli. something else ethnig grollp5 would not have It wis the ti Buddhists that ple of other fi: amity and pe:
Quitic a part уy hether there much vaulted in recent years unfortunate th; shգլIld iւtlծ բt āni TIS oist which is

e des nu%L complex is sluit: esponsibly with Le Test at hicili Tt. hey face is mot litics. It is TOW the fu turc survia unit: Ty stillë, and upon their
dhism
cicbalte sce: IIS tilking it WTւ՝ Ilg: cof self-Tigh telus the dignitaries Ls, plund its and lds it difficult
v. Cices CIf Teils On
case i pilt been the Illuchreportedly Wellg at the YMBA, ck which had Resist Mahayana
his meeting Mr. Wijetunga, an a di Consult: Tit. of the Sinhala is reported to He choice befo Te "as betweel the hich guarantees worship and the low any religion
|ing Buldı ism isted Fr tile He had added
vya 5 the la Ild of and it belonged tid hist5. Tf the gico II had been people of other and other faiths beel tolerated. ılerı 1ce of the per Initted peouit h5 to live in
莺已。
from the fact häls; böce: This a mily and peace ; it is si Tigularly it Mr. Wijetunge the tone, style if a gunք-հ () lingJuite, alien to the
Buddhist Way of life. The overWh el Illing Inumbers of Sri Liinka's population are certainly Si Lilles - but Illicht all of them are Buddhists. To say the refore: Lihat this is the lind if Si Illalla BuddhisE 5 even if it Wette Illi III erica, lly Ci, horrect smilcks of a majoritarian a rrogance which does not reflect well either om the Sinha les e o T the Bill dell
hists. To sa y als () that if some other religion had been the LLHHLLLaLLLLL S LL aaS S LLLLL S aLLLL HLLLLHHLLS
Inities and religious groups would LLLLaa La S LLLLLLaLLLL LLLLLL tS tLLaLuLS t a sincering self-righteousness which is foreign to the spirit cof a letak Ice which Buddhismı up holds alıd p:ı Tadioxically einough Mr. Wijetunge hill self ext015.
Surida y Yard)
DIABETRGIKA
(То Јагтаѓсал Рор)
Sorth of the Border Blo145 flg. Ne 11 Ir ferraritionel
Iyyar 77 a fiori Order „War Ies Eers fra Cic: Ir isrif for Fre l'hich Caie our of NAM O ar agi prop prir These a 14' ki' ya kely Sport Carri hea snorkels And de precure Havana As 110 gretır hha yarıyla Tiey Fray r h VIII] Ses With bare birzurieries in poses
Third 'ri lite PWith CIA greče III News Net Works they learn Liries /or Early Birds, worin FTViri ar offer of fra ir irg
A la Goebbels Trid Gaerf rg.
Chorш5
H'ho killed Joe Still I Fifi Sicerir,
Vir / fa75 ihre Eder fissior I er der his fission,
J. Karl Initiale

Page 12
Why my party oppos
am happy to join you, the All Ceylon Moors Association, the sponsor of this meeting, to express Cur solidarity with thc Palestinian people's cause and to commend the government for the decision to close down the Israel Interest Section, though Til the T lite,
Isr: el is a sta Le created by the United Nations. That is a hı isti Tical Tact Hrı d we hıllıst
accept it. However, facts some. times do not give us the whole tr Luth. The JIliited Natio 5 Ft the time was less than half what it is today. In any case, it was totally dominated by the Western countries which had won thic war by defeating Hitler. The persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazis had shocked the conscience of the world there was great sympathy for the Jewish people who had been thrown into the gas chambers, who had been tortured and forced to become refugees,
When the Zionist leaders raised the cry for an independent Jewish state, the western World, especiEl lly the United States where there was a large and influential Jewish community, supported the idea. Since this new state of Israel was going to be established in Palestine. Even American leaders like President Roosvelt expressed concern about the future. President roos welt wat Ted that such a state (I quote) "can Only be installed and Innintuin! by for ce and we should not be a part to it".
However, Mr. Truman had been elected the new president and he was under great pressure from the powerful Jewish lobby in America. As I said, at that time, the United Nations, was dominated by the U. S. and the western powers, and it was ca sy
('e', offeech gr a fy neering organrifired by the All Ceylon Moors Af Friariari.
O
für the Aneric get Tlajority sui
But that, Iny th: mai in issue the U. N. Tcs i Indeed many ni tries have subs
BLL the U. N. also a partition part of Palesti State of Israel. thc begin ning, force: Tı pre; Ilıd the Palesti Ilian admitted even trians. As Ar COf the Israelis: f observes the 'pi partition and the guilt of Hit was paid for b. habita Its of Pill
"The Arts bility' he goes the centuries . . . jews in Europe; tlı e A Talı s vyere
of i L. The pri« heavy; it is imp it in terrns of
and suffering
BLI I that is I story. Israel is Israel created by Step by step, Lh Il LicX ed IIl Te from the flative Els L1 - WEST EB
The Story doe either. After ea force, Israel has ritory (If Jorda and Lebanon in
SS
ATOther inst II årticle OIII, the Israt
Mill fiբբԸar III սլII
i-m-m-

es israel
- Sirima Bandaranalike
:ł Il dic legation tc; pport.
friends, is not Let us accept olution . . . As
Il-aligned counequently done.
I, resolution was pla. In — to giwe me li the new But Israel, from has seized by more land from A ribs. This is by Israeli hism (5 Eloi, author Dunders and sons" 'ice' of the U.N. the "price' for ler's cruel crimes y the "Arab II. |estile".
PCD Te no responsion to say 'for Ing Suffering of the Yet, in the end, p Li Inished heca use *(? , extracted Wyrfa 5. 5 sible to leasure hшпап hittЕТпе85
it the end of the dily is not the the U. N. plan. e Israelies 1ive El 1 di Talibre lid Plles tinians such Ink ta Ind Galiza.
:S t end the Te ch war, by brute ; 5 : i 7 : il the tert: Syriaם FHy - ח take control
of Izeth Hussain's li Interess Section
next issue.
Hmmmmmmmmm
of others' territory by Inilitary ã CtỉCT1.
Let me put it very plainlythere is no other country in the
world that has occupied the territory of all its neighbours. Israel is unique. I emphasise
this point for a simple reason. There are in our country, highly placed Sri Lankans, some of them politicians and leaders of political parties - persons who claim to be very well educated Who. Speak absolu te rubbish in public in defence of 1srael.
I Can Only invite you, as flir-In indicci persons, With commonsense, to ask for a map of Israel today, and compare it with the U. N. partition plan. Then you will sce: how Israel is the greatest violator of the fundamental principles of soverignty and territorial integrity.
This is the county which was invited to help us fight Tamil SEPEl Til tists. Il a III proud of the fact that as soon as that government decision was announced — that is, Lo Invite so-Called Israeli experts - I issued a press statement warning that the Israelis Will make matters worse. They did, especially in the castern province, where there is a big Muslim Community. The Israelis consider all Muslims as enemies
because they themselves are
fighting the Arabs.
As for my party, you are
fully aware of the stand we
have taken. I am proud to Sily that We closed down the Israeli Mission in Colombo in 1960, It because we have :: | ny lillwill towards the Jewish pic Cople. No, not at all. We have the highest admiration for the Jewish people who have made great contributions in every field — Science, culture and ideas.
(Confired or page 2)

Page 13
TAWI. WAW Karunanidhi -
S. Murari
m indignant, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi has told the State Assembly that the Te is no ne cd for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam LC) set up camps in the State because they are virtually ruling Sri Lanka's North-castern ProWi:Ince,
The tide has turned so much in favour of thc Tigers in the last one year that they can, in Mr. Karu na Inidhi's wiew, dic) no Wr Long,
An Eclam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front member of Parliament and a vitriolic critic of the Tigers, Mr. Sam Ta Inboim ut tu, was gunned down in Colombo on May 7 and the LTTE's denial of involvement Was given prominence in proDMK pa pers. And Mr. Karunanidhi, who boycotted the reception given to the last contingent of the IPKF on the plea that it had "massacred" 5,000 Tamils chose 110L te take Ilote of the liquidation of yet anoLihler :: Illil leder.
In February, a Tamil Nadu policeman and a bystander were killed by a group of militants
running through a chicckpoint at Ramanathapuram. The Police Depa TL, mic Int : L first 5 id til Hit
the gull men were Tigers but Mr. Kı Tlım: Tidh i Ilmaintains to this day that the identity of the group is not known. The police force took the cle and slowed down the investigation,
When it comes to other groLips, bith Mr. Kar LT1 a Tidhi and the police : ct with ala crity. III. JE1 In ulry, a huge cache of : IIIs Wils seized from it coastill village in Rama Ila thapuram. The Very I. cxt day, the Chief Minister informed the Assembly that the arms belonged to the Elcim Natio Illil Democratic Liberation Front ind Wonder ed al0ud whether the Reserarch and Analysis Wing (RAW) was still at its old garne of gun runIl II g.
a firm
The Tigers a of all they sur th-Easter Il Pow is no place it for other grou Itlilita, [1 Li al li ke, Illy wice of be en sile Iced. ups like the EPF Lind the Tal II il ti. Il Organisati after their pro collapsed With IPKF while L1 tionary Studen prefers to lie
It was only ships carrying fTLm ST1 Lilmk. to () ris; sl. N kew that the like hii il giving fuge Eventli told the refuge fTee to g0 i 1y if they found (Ori 55 a unsulitab ed if the II
Tliet u who had I State were pick police. The In alige, Were bränt and put in jail
A CCCardim g t
S 1 1cl1 Im1 eIı ii Ie II is in iddition of the Eelam cratic Party | EPRLF mind: Who We I Tills. The EPI
ally presence it
It is hardly Mr. Kal Tim &midł 11 Ori: El Ih Ii Ilire Tamil Nåd i the LTTE for gTessing ito S. It is only afte became all to Lhe Chief Mir with an cquis 4. divising fisherr bicy II il blir Illä El Indi turging til: thise who elic kill Wilters off

LTTE friend
TE: the monarchs Wey in the Norince ind ther the Ell 5, moderli teaId The TULF, the Tilderation has Pri-п dian groRLF, the ENDLF
Eelam Liberal31 TC il exile pped-up regime
the exit of the e EellIm Revolul5 (ganisati
W.
mitlu Tall that tiwa 1,600 refugees El WT : iiivcrted MT, KHT1lma midhi Tigers would not g their rivals really the Centre es that they were Where il II dia conditions in le. Eight hund TCF1 [1] : El Til IIi | Til fortul Inä te colles tatives in the led up by the en, regardless of led als militants
the EPR LIF, IL I 1 low in jail. This LC) 70 The Imbers People's Democd by former Douglas Devil* C: TT estic di With OP has new cr Inici
the island.
Surprising, given li's Litude, that fisiller Illic from re abducted by allegedly transri Lankan waters. ir the abi Luctions 21 frequent thilt Lister came alıt roc: 1 5 Latement 11:11 11't 1U ge) Iitine boundary LTTE to let Dach Đn Sri LanWith a Warning.
Every ti T1c Collir fisher me n : re abducted, the issue is faithfully raised in the Assembly. But it has not occurred to tiny member to ask Mr. Karunanidhi whether hic can concede to the LTTE a luthority to detain ur threaten olar fislıcrmen Who may have transgress cd into Sri La T
kill Waters.
Last December, when the IPKF was very Inuch in the
island, a customs inspector and six guards in Wedara Iyall who crossed the LTTE's path were abducted ind taken to Welwettituri i vlere they were detailed For 2 days. They were released on the personal intervention of Mr. Karun a lidhi tund the i 5sue was effectively suppressed. There have been more such instances of inti midi tion of customs and in migration officials.
MT. Karunlnidhi häs time and Again that no militanti group Will be allí) y cd to carry arms or set up camps in Tamil Nadu Yet, he tur ned away I, fi OO Ta Imiils, who registered themselves as refugees and
Հiliti
ca. The iT tW vessels chiltered by the Government of India. A Tid II 0 W he has not only ar
rested 111 men but also sugested that the Centre send them all to the Andamans so that they will not be able to corne tq T:l mil Nil dlu a n d create proble 11s. He defendis his action C) Til the ground that the maija - rity of them are not refugees but militants. But the question is whether they were carrying
S.
The fact claims that in :
single Tiger has been arrested though it is an open secret, corrobirated by Customs and Coast Guard ufficials, that they
keep III. Owing ill and cut of Tämil Nildu with 11ter CCItempt for it migration laws.
Mr. KaTTaiTridhi hilself hals admitted that the Centre has alerted the State Goyerrilent to infiltration by the Tigers.

Page 14
He eve:11 clairls. El t it is becillus e his (GC) ve TI Tierit is al live to the possibility of the Tigers infiltrating into Tamil Nadu. in the event of their falling aut with Colo IImbo, that he has requested that the Coast Guard be permanently station ed in the
State and it is tie Celtic which Eh:45, Ihot taken any actio I:1,
Cul to the quick by the chatge tlıat DM K and Drawida Kazhaga Imı yolunteers a Te being trained by the LTTE in the use if arms, MT. Kiirunanidhi said that the cili mpaign is one inspired by the RAW to drive a wedge between his Govern Illent a lid the Centre. Il T H dra IIa - Lic gesture, he even offered to lead a delegation of MLAs and pressic to coastal areas like WedlaraIny:1Im :1T1 d RaI11e:s Wara II1 to Tind out whether the Tigers have pitched camp.
It Wä5 Vice Presidelt Of Llle
State unit of the Bharatiya Ja ma ta Party, Mr. Jamal KrishTIELI 11 LI Tthi, who first Ille the
chil Ige that training camps have conic lip in a dozen places in the State, Since then, the Congress (I) has Els pitched in With complaints about camps in Udu målpet, Courtal lan and so do I, II B LI L Illi do o me hlas beer1 able to prove the charge. EPRILF SOLICEc5 the ||150|Yes, dis;- count the possibility of the Tigers Tunning câmp5 in Tamil
Nadu. But they allege that a band if youths from Tallil Nadill, Wh C) are followers OT the
Tigers' mouthpiece in the State, Mr. P. Nedumal ran, El re being täied iIl PadarithäTippu on the Wavuniya-Mullaitivu border III DOTLE1cr II Sri Lanką,
Incensed by the Congress (I)'s attack on his GoverП пепL in Paljallet, Mr. Ka Tu Ila Ilidhi We:Tit to the extent of exposi Ing Mrs. Indir: Gali Iidh i by pointi ng, Cill it thit evesi as she sna i Il1tained that there were no camps, 36 such camps existed in Talil Nadill and me II bers of the EPRLF, the EROS, the TELO and the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam underwent tra in ing in them Hc
SilId that even Tigers never h; T:1i NEL 1: policy.
H. WYET, M kes clift i public Intellory SHTE. Dravida Tal Secretary K. self Illas calced pre-accord peri IEL I1 3:1 (''El Ilin po 0, 11 ging LO i DK Lhur Ica, T. Madrä III i dh i ciliuld Illint gotten the SWC by the Tallil N Najwc IIIber 1986 If IIIs y orth that tille, it w; Ehe Ilitxi I L1 u Til II including a c. Ilissiles, were S Tigers,
Yc1 Mr. KEL Tu 11lt 1L \, . Government ga. TT: t till: LT the 1131 ney to It is the Clief that lither the the All India A accuse hiIrl of whic in their t) yw'n thing but clean. ciscly because I clean Tecord th: nichi is able his blind suppo
MT. Kirllflin tlle fi r ii ii id fi TIL NA LI CIL 175, CIOC) Ta' mills wholl Collibi. St: nd ()լII, լIIllէ Sri Lilli Ikl Il Tali ock, TIE TE:TI to ga hick and the gli II. Sole KF Tun: Elidhi wi ask the Tigers their guns so t Will ca. Els c It to
With the chill if (CCIIIb 3 a : the at titlu de tov alıd that of Li both swung fro to a lother. A treated like pa: years, the Tiger

:lt th: t time, the id i cal II po iT II: Let Of
II. Kil, I'll II;IIIidhi I the fict that is proverbially Kazhagil in GeneWeera III: Ti li Iliied thitt i Ill the ld thc Tigers i li Ild held Пleia de T il Koll5. Mr. Karl Tähälye: il 5 føTop ion milit a nt5 la du police il and the seizure Risi. I C Tore. A E as reported that Lil IlbeT of . Tills, uple of SAM eized from the
1:1 ni dı il Teccil 11:41 , Rallachard rail we away Rs.4 TE and it used acquire a TITIs. Minister's case Congress (I) nor Ili ili: l) MI K ca. Ili bcing pro-LTTE record is anyBut it is pre10 party has a Lt MT. KAITLI 14get away with rt to the Tigers.
idhi his take Il ght stand that Int åbsorb tile of Indiam origin El Taitems to ss the IOOOOO "mil reTLIgee s i go) gees do not wanL
be ruled by I or later, Mr. Il be forced to
hat the refugees
go home.
Inge of regi Illes ld New Delhi, ilrds the LTTE le LTTE h:lye
DIE ETTET ter having been til his for three s are now being
complained.
gant attitude he adopted to the t g e 15y With genuine feelings of an important
LLLLLL S SaLS LLLLLLLLtLaLS LLLLLL at HHHHH H foT Lhı II tee yeir5, they, hı:Avic 13 W beçOIIle the hırı ters. The Ccıtre does not scem to b c aliwe to the dangers the present situilt in holds and Mr. KarunaInidhi diocs not li tok like he could ca. Te le 55.
(Jofroi Heroll)
Why rηγ. . .
(Cyrilled friri Page'
C) I T decisi Ill Willis c) Il diti Lill. We called on Israel to recognise the P. L. O as the fill the Intic represcintative of the Palestinia Til people, to respect U. N. resoll. tions and to negotiate a peaceful settlement in accordance with U. N. Tesolutio Is That step Wic to ok is i litlic with toill T III i i n-alligned foreign policy and oli T recognition of 3 lur close, ties with the Arab world, El 1 d. 3 LIT sincere respect for the aspiraltions of the Arab people. My party, government and I also Hi pprecial tcd the sentiment:5 staðf the Mos le III Cill Il Tru Illity in this Island. We also recognised the economic interests of Sri Lankal, specially in the field of trade, and more recently in employment for ill workers ill skilled person incl.
What did the U.N. P. gover Ilment and it's leaders do? They invited the Israelis and created an Israeli interests section in the America Il EIII bassy. A. Tcl when the Muslims protested – tle Musliil MPs of their WI party - president treated their protests, with utter contempt. That was the attitude of the the President When the M15 lills Tlt Wils the T
C4.) mimli Tity.
Perhaps you would know that S. L., F. P. hild 5th tlcd in its IT1 : I1ifesto that if we got the opp Cortunity we would close down the Israel II terest Section.
believe the U.N. P. lifest too had it. I all glad it has been implemented.

Page 15
Civil VWar : (l) Eduardo M.
PREFACE
by Martin Ennals
his report contains many pages of names of individulals who have beteil killed in
Southern Sri Lanka since mid1987 whic the II dia P cacciKeeping Force (IPKF) came to the North and East of the country in fulfilment of the IndoSTi Lankan Accord. The kiilings are the result of a deliberinte policy of the Sinha lese militanıt5 kilo Yı as the Janatha Wirin Lukthi Peram Luna (People’s Liberation Front - JWP) and their associates. Thcy Fire als o the result of an cqually deliberatic policy of repris als by the gower III ent 5ccurity forces, including the police. Dcs criptions of those killed are given in order to help explain the reasons for their selection by their killers. It is not, however, always posisible to know who was responsible. There are daily reports in the international and Sri Lankan press of assassinations, but comparatively little attention has been paid to the virtual Civil war betwee the Silla lese Which is going on in the Deep South, but reaching ever more frequently into Colombo and the Centre of thc 1513 Dd
In reporting on events in Sri Lanka much attention has been paid LC) thic TEL III il at tempts to establish Tamil Eelam, in ildependent state within Sri La Inka Initing the North a 1d East of
L hic Island, where there: is a predominance of Tallil and Tamil-speaking peoples. The
internal and ethnic struggle has caused the deaths of countless soldiers, milita. Its a Tid civilia. Is over the past decade or more. The 1987. Accord between II dia and STi Lanka, whereby the Indian Peace-Keeping Force came LC) the North and East of Sri Lāk lis: IT lic Till Inili tant groups, LC) gua. TāT LČČ al non-violent devolution of pe o Wer to the two predomina ntly Ta Tnili territories, changed the political
The author is Colombian "PFTF LFr:! FYr ar Rig firs" researcher, II, CIW in the Philipp i T5.)
and military d conflicts. Op | ACC) I'd CLIIIe Some Tili mil i gr Tejected the II. and from the SLuff.:Ted Elit til "Occupying irrit Alert alone Tec a Tid:lits if hl tions by India rl Sihle:5 the Slith illd land, including governing par National Party largest oppositi |-31 kil FTecdÇı
While the pol and protes.ed, to a IIIs. The Simhillege Tпагх group since 1 ki, Will as the halve changed, Temi in those fel With til J in the leaders Were IIIa Iny y. active, il di Will Sinhala youth sy IL1 pathies wit Eı Tıd whırı Tetair political sympa lateilt support the Imajor polit have do Ili mated
tics since ili before.
Intermitin Til
to try to ident ethnic conflicts sult in maggiv i willti C15, ma: even genocide, a 11 dest ad I tc.) Facilit:1Le: ${1lutích T15 thT[ht di i TitēTTLICHT
טון 1 ;t itsטון 81 Intern:ltional A oil the problem in con Ll cland virtl ally Hill gi complexities of the North and ation held im Ii ill Norway, people reflectin

arino
i I 11censions of the osition to the In tot only from oups who quickly dia II intervention
thousands whi e hands of thic iyʼ (Ir1 [e:Tnational :eived nearly 2000 1 IThai Il rights wilatroops) but also : nationalists in West of the sInally froil the ty, the United (UNP), and the In party, the Sri m Party (SLFP).
iticians grumbled
extrem ist 5 to ok "le hac cxistical i ist insurrectionist
he carly 1970s, JWP. Its leaders although there
vil We Tc i cicliWP alle 5 till ip in 1989. There bung, politically „uals :1 n11)ng the I Wii thic JWP the 1 cmtı tip mı :ıl Hildi thies still. Such extends into both ical parties which
Sri LHnkan polile pendence and
Alert Wils created ify internal and which could re2 human rights is killings and and to try, in ion-partisan way, and recommend Igh consultation 1A1 Supp DTL.
eption in 1985, Il crit h5, Wirke is of Sri Liimkl, to-operation with oups within the I The Situati in
Elst. A cris illlid-still Timmer 1988, brought together Ig diverse points
Qf Wiew, fron Buddhist mOnks to Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) apologists, politicia. Ens, other Tamil groups, Scholars, and development exPerts. () Ine of the recommenda - ti ÖIS ,WA5, thalt seri37 115 i 1 d. i 11In edi:4 te attention should be paid to the Worsening human rights violations in the South, where Selective and arbitary killings Were taking place at all accelera ting Tate.
This report by Eduardo Mariin C, under LakeT at the request cof International Alert, is the Tcs lull of that recom. Ille-India tig) In. In the changing and contradictory currents of Sri Lanka it is not easy to carry out objective research whilst people are killed in large numbers a поl in many places for a variety of reas als and pretexts. II, the South, is Marino indicates, there 15 Fl, Virtull Civil War, but the blittle li les al Te far fra Ill cleLT and the methods of the protagonists in Wolve collective threats and targeted killi Ings of Sinha lese people by Sinha les e opp 31 ents. The Feth Ilic" conflict between Sinha les e a Ind Tai Tills Imay have its roots in ethnicity, religion and language but it currently finds its expression in a complex variety of very violent alter Cations Where Til Illis ilte als) killing Tallils, Si Ilha les e kill also Sinha lese, the security forces are killing with ğlu tl re
strai nt of pu: Irishment in the South, :ını d the IP KF, the Estelalınmı People's Revolutionary Front
(EPRLF) and the LTTE are often killing individuals and groups in the North and East,
A state: The Tit by Suriya Wickremasinghe in behalf of the Civil Right|5, Move Tinent, issued on 13 September 1989, su IIIInarises i Ti a few paragraphs the tragedy Elıd the Inced for" sözlu = tions involving independent outSide auth Crities such als the I11
LLLLLLLLLL S LLLLLLLLC S tLSLLLLLL Red Cross.
**NCTIIns of civilisation and
humanity today see Ill assailed

Page 16
from all quarters leaving one Sicke[1 cci, be:Wild:red and despairing as never before. The actors in this grill scenari i Ilclude the Forces of the state, violent forces coppicos el to the Stäte, shäd Wy Vigill TilL gr_11P5, the warious il rm cci grups ballsed in the North and East, and the India Il Peace Keeping Force (IPKF). Hopes raised at thic time of the lifting of the emergency oil Il January proved short lived. Violence continլled, and tIn քrgency rule was reintroduced on 20 Julic. The grut:50 tile tally of killings mounts daily.
"Those killed during the past three Tionths include Kandy District MP Anura. Daniel, shot in his office by men in military type u Iliforms. General Secretary of the LSSP Trade Union Federatio II, P D WillalaiseTia, shot by gunminen who stormed his headquarters
and set fire to its press. Lawyer Chariti Lankapura shot ill his residence. TULF
leaders A Amirthalinga. In and W. Yogeswaran shot by visitors apparently received into their home for" peace talks". PLOTE lei dcro LJ Thäll Mi:ilhe5 Wärä Il shot on thc street iT Bamb:lla pitiya Chairmam ämd DirectoT Ge The Tal Lif the ST i Lanka Broadcasting Corpo Tation and Competent Authority of the Independent Televisio Ti Network, Thevis Guruge, shot o I his morning Willk. Television and Tadio announcer Premakecirthi de Alwis, Hbducted fTUI his home and killed. The We I Kotik:iv:itte Saddhatissa Nayake Thera killed in his Lemple at Kolonnawa. Clı News Editor of Rupawalhini, Kulasiri Amera tillinga, shot in his hole by uniderLified gunnel. The Wen Soragu IIe Panna tissa Thera, taken out of his temple in Haputale and shot. Young lawyer Kancha na Abhayapala shot at his home by a unidentific gunman. Seventy-five-year-old Welletota Pannadas.5i Nayake Thera shot when returning to his temple in Kamburupitiya, and burnt. SLFP organister in Kurumegala, HP Wijesekera,
shot in Domps selrch Board former Deputy Kariyal Wasi TT si at Ral, trilai ll T. year oli Kal: Thera shot by gang in his Oya, Anuradh: University PIF CC. PLL 'W' Chief Security Rā Ill Weera, Sil: plus premises St:# Le Ph:LIII13 ch ation Chilip II i Jaye w:i'de Ille, s lt Slä WĘ I 5 || home fra II I E
""These ac s 3 til at nihil de the: 1
lilles i Il Tece flict aid må deaths is a 1.
additio il LeTe ing eyewitnes: LLIlide Il Lified ci less bodies Water Ways, of I - Sileti Illes si in Smill heaps, Il till ted — bil Toad Sides. Frt Prowice we li of a Ilass actic Welvetti thurai, ald, Ea, E3 t = {};f" | tion of young groups inclue the PTC Wiji From the pl we hawe Hladi T killings of est ets and of pri Waitio Ins & Lu public over t to disruption 3 Ild educatio I prices, took for the Worse siis Of the : services wille health person lic and priva prevailed upil violence, to c. ing the sick
mitterded it situation I un precedented World, where of hok Lilitics ing forces tł illedical 5 wi

it, Rubber ReCh:HiTiTları ald Miste Merril ho i jr) his office Seventy-fiveWe Willillä5 i Ti :i] Li ridel Ejified temple alt Kala li tal- Mira tul wa Wice-Chalce || r i tha withana lind Office PAK Lin o 1 the cam1Et Katledde. euticals Corporan DT Gladys ihot in her cır ind on her way FT LFF lice,
ille if the Inamics newspaper headTIL LI T1 e 5, The Iller if these east known. In are the increisi ai CCCL rits of Jrpses, of headfloating down ur1:rus bodies iTigly, 50 metimes often hideously Irning on the II the Northern lave had reports Of civilja TS ELL from the North orced conscripsters by militant iing those of Administration. 3T11:111 O1 are: S. 2 ports of further atc superintendläb LITET 5. The ffered by the h1 : 111th 3 til II e of transport 1, and soaring a drastic turn with the pil Tillypital and health medical and el in the pubLoo 5 CC 715, We T2 1, by threats of ase work, leavand the dying thu c yw H. Tolis. Such must sur cly be anywhere in the at the height between opposng sa Inctity of ces is usually
respected. Amid this, was the grotesque ultimatum to пепbers of the illed services to desert their posts by a given date or their faililies would be killed. And as grotesque the riposte, for each family thus destroyed the forces of law and order would wipe out so many families of the cinemy. The provocation offcred to thic armed forces could scarcely be more grave, or more horrific. Newertheless, ten cycs for an eye, ten teeth for a tooth, remains a bizarre formula for defending demoCIT: Icy inci preser wing civilized välill: 5.
"... Arrests and detentions by LInknown a TIned perso Is trawelling in vehicles without Turnb er plates is just one practice that Inceds immediate eledy. Their families it nut know by who Tl or where they hay e bee In take II. Thlt: state should ensure that vehicles without number plates a Tc. Tot 11 sed; detali Inc.:s should be informed who is taking them, and where they will be kept.
"Another Ligent need in the disbanding of vigilante groups. Military and police operations Нgainst th:5 c who have takеп Lip firms agilinst the State Illust be conducted by the regular security forces of the state, or by identifiable auxiliary forces under their direct CCL trol, and by 10 on te člse. Such forces alone are accountable to Luthority, a Te Susceptible to discipline, and distinguish the state politically, Ilorally, ethically and legally from the opponents against whom it defelds itself. Just as it is the responsibility of the state to protect its cities Trill wine ICC and in timidatioT perpetrated by opposition groups, so also Illust the state discharge its responsibility of preventing illict pro-government or other armed groups from operating. CRM is aware if the terror some people are subjected to, and the total helplessness Created where there is än 15

Page 17
sumption that the threat comes from some section of the guardians of law and Order the ITselves, or from groups acting with their connivance, at times u nder cover of clITfew. Wictii is of threats by Sub w tT5 i'w cs cai tur to the security forces for protection. Wh.cTc aTc victi Ins of th relts
from other groups to turn? How is any human being to rcspond to such a cry för help?...
". . .One step the govern Ilent can no longer afford to delay is to in witc the International Committct of the Red Cross (ICRC) to perform its traditional humanitarian functions in Sri Lanka. We say this not only boccatusc the ICRC is a unique body with u imparall cled experience in the alleviation of suffering caused by violent conflicts through its relief and rehabilitation programmes, provision of mgdical services, system of tilliDg disappeared persons, and confidential reports to the government on conditions of detained persons. On this Occasion. We wish to stress the particular role of the ICRC in seeking to humanise the conflict or, as any conflict tends to be in human, tc) les 5 en the civils and cruelties of fratricidal strife. The ICRC seeks to persuade all parties to a conflict including armed anti-state groups to obserwe certai I li hu Ilia Ii ital Til Il norms. For instance, not to kill prisoners, not to ha Tm ICI-climba tants, mot to tarture, not to take hos tages, I Otto interfere With II edici services, Ilot to terrorise the civili: in population. It has achieved considerable success in situations quite as horrific as our WIl. Where successfull Such II ; chieve II et d3 e5 r1ot. or lily lead to a II iII1 II1edi - ate alle wiation of the grosser suffering caused by the colflict. By breaking through the wicious spiral of rewe ng e and retaliation, it also lays the foundation or peace, creating an atmosphere in
which negotiat place. . .''
This report by no iš specifical So Lithu. In add i 1 ing a death TC those killed, it Cxplain, i In theo principal actors events, the ba motivation for
tragedy. There quotations from tinguished schol
Illel tators. It is Sri LaLıkLı s I Illich Schol: Tilly thinking alid W. able for the Tes
Therc Holyc E hop c during thc this report. Th the President : Wcre observed by teams, and ext reports are incl pendices. The b: was a period
this: o Lutside : to believe that In ent would be
discussi CI5, with protagonists, to {}T :it le:15t : longer appears The departure o the remaining and the early p; Ilt in itself is: Inajor proble Ins. S3 Ille of the il Sovereignty blt Vincing indicatio i Ing Will stop i inigel in the The closing Te port seeks to sit which night be El titic Impt to stop process of dest T can solve the p STi La mikills t il ter I til Illi | Ç however, be exp not (Oliy it's Cr. its availability whatever way a chieve the e nd security, develo man rights.
There are Imma II mental Organisa

ions might take
Eduardo Marilly about the lion to providof lines of a titem1 pts. Lo Words of the in the tragic ckground änd the continuing are extensive works by disArs and coma tribute to ciety that so and political "riting is availearcher to use.
cen periods of preparation of c elections for In di Parliä Ilment y international racts of their dded in the ap2ginning of 1989 When at least Sri Lanka tried the new governable, through all the diverse achieve peace, truce. This no til be the case. f the IPKF over Lilo Iths of 1989) art of 1990 may lve any of the It IIlay remove Igu IncInts about ther c is T1 Co conin that the fight1 the South or North and East.
chapter of this Iggest directions
f. || Cowel il al II and Teverse lle Liction. No Ole oblems but the e Il selv e5. The Il T1 I rity calı, acted to express In Ceri but also C0 C0 | lt Tibul te il is possible to
goals of peace, I illent a Tindi hu
W II Orl-go Weii01s in Sri Lain
ka which are working, often with great courage and all real risk, and which a Te en titled to expect recognition from all sides as to the importance of their potential conciliatory and unifying role. The government itself can do more to encourage this popular participation in the peace process. So can the international Com IIn unity. But the government apparently persists in underplaying the dangcTs a II di di Gastrol Is course of cwelts in the South. This is well-illustrated by the fact that in August 1989, in reporting to the UN sub-Commission On Prevention of Discrimination a Il di Protection of Minorities, tle Sri Lankan Ambassado T made () substill Live reference to them at all.
The present Sri Lankan crises continue to deepen. International Alert hals worked with in the UN Human Rights procedures to reach agree iment on the proper involvement of the Interlation Illa | Co III littee of the Red Cross. It has submitted laterials to the World Bank CIsortium of Don Cors to use their influence to link aid and inWestment to policies related to peace. In 1989, two approaches hawe: beel midic to the office of the Secretary General of the United Nations to use his 'good offices' to send a representative to Sri Lanka and to report on the role which the internationa coIII unity can play in peace making as well as peace keeping.
In the present circumstances of an Island where arms are in the ha Inds of wirtually all parties and ceasefires, even if agreed Cor declared, are not longla Sting, an early Teaslire Would be the withdrawal of arms from all the private protection groups which Hla We been created in a II atmosphere where, in the name of self-defence, lethal capacity is provided to allost all who Walt it.
An il ternational observer force provided by the UN or other recognised and acceptable agency will strengthen the hands of
5

Page 18
th)5e who ca Innot flow
believe that peace from the barrel of the gun. This type of internaltional action may be hard to arrange, but it may prove to be the only alternative to anuther decade of internal killings where all parties are responsible for conflict al Indi Ilinc FOT conflict resolution.
International Alert, in publishing this report, wishes to express its appreciation to Eduardo Marino, a Columbian war and human rights researcher, with a wide experience in both Asia and Latin America, and also to all th:3st: ST i LåInkams who hawe shared their time, their c5 ources and their wisdoll. It is 1 tot possible = 0T e Wen appropriate - to illent in them all by name. Their work will have been worth while only if there is a II increase in the collcctive commitment of all those who love and respect Sri Lanka to resolving the problems before it is too late and before all institutions are destroyed.
Septerri ber: 1989
INTRODUCTION
he spectacular violencc and
visibility of the Tamil-Sinhala War since the early 1980s, made almost everyone in attentive to the continued and evolving clicavages among the Sinhalese Were killing each other and few understood why.
As long as they had a comIllion militant enern y to fight, the Sinha lese Were, or appeared to be, united in communal and Imilitary ter IIns, de spite their traditional bitter political diviSions. But as soon as the IndoSri Lankan Accord of July 1987 opened the doors to a possible peace settlement with the Tamils, the Sinha les broke TF111 kg and turned their aggressiveness upon themselves. The government was itself spilt for a while around
thic Issue of India's interwcntion, Blood starteld to run, under the så me pretext, mainly
in the Southern villages.
16
A combinati C sorship, political fear, disbclicf a iness, however, IL1 en LG and ke confusical. For thic question (Ií was happe ning South Tel: illed abroad but a Lankas.
This report ed to look i Inti the South and possible positi mestically and, appropriate, fr0 Låter 01, A G C a civil incing, a th cil itself: to causes. Indeed, fact-finding alo solutions, whic needs diagnosis ing. Therefore, ing to facts : report offers st velopments and
After op enim a Chronology of reader situate and Commentair marily describe media te proble researcher has st lem of politica Imakes a Sketc problem actors,
Part Two goe broader backgr ini historicall pilation relyi II the experience Lion 5 of Sri La 1 both as partici ars. They arc given the floo, entitled to this. is only or 110 It will bt: ht: , händ, that nei tagonists Il or :
Llllllllls and evolution We areo inviti of a selection Ilino Ilies and p | Sri Lanka in re selected alre: T1 available but to be most si literature We ł

Im If Tiedji CellIl li silfrill til 31, ni Conflict Weaiclouded develop. pt | most people In any Ilo I this what essentially in the Deep Lepen, mot a nily lsø Hmong Sri
Yålls CoIII Tilis sic I1the evel LS in tծ քո գuire about We responses diif necessary and I11 WITH A 5 LIS ELIT research was iTd task suggestlook for root sympton Ills and Ile do not yield se for Illulation li li l I Imidi cers ta Ilbesides referirTid e Wells this }me clues OIl (le
prtice 55es,
g the text with f Events to help colur descriptions y, Part One sumes the main imII as the field ten it - the probl killings - and h of thc mhain
s into the In Lich ould materially . It is a collg primarily on and interpreta1kal. Els themselves, pints and scholSC to speak, They may be Real knowledge tly. With thctl. In On the Other her conflict proc:l de mic analysts On the origin if the conflict. g consideration Of Credibie tesi. lill Isible views on tent times. Those it the only ones those appearing Inificant in the 1. ve bocc a ble to
't
study. Neither the researchler lor the publisher shares necessarily all the views quoted, Besides, we take for gra Inted Ille existe Ilce of C ther locuIIentation, not only valuable but indispensable, which has Life Itunately escaped our Search. Limitation of space has, of co Lu Tse, bee [] al [1 ] [her reason 1 to be selective lid less thor ligh than We had wanted to be.
Part Three provides i II forn1:4- til T. I the victims of the stTife: in a way that gives some indication of those responsible for the killings, as well as an ensemble of facts telling a lot about the nature of the strife. Readers wishing to learn and mot Conly to hea T about the cluirLLLLLL S LLLHHLHHLL S HLHHLYLS LaLLaLH LLL Lili Ilka are encouraged to go patiently through the lists of Il a Tles, places a Ind circu Tista IlEial da tal ) ewid of Tetric, they impose a sense of reality.
Prt Fr consists fse of our conclusions: a result of Teflection and Of direct Consultation with Sri Lankans of the most varied socio-political backgrounds.
Finally, the photographic materials is to be considered very Illich a part of the reporting activity.
In general, the purpose of publicatio II is a desire to contribute in this way to conflict Lindersta indi Ing and resolution.
Following the usual period of preparation, the researcher went to Sri Lanka in late August 1988 to stay over a period of five weeks. Interviews were held and, with the help of a research asSistant, documentation collected in the capital city of Colombo, With the assistance if ill experienced and well informed di Ti Wer, acting also as translator and security, further exploraWAS I Triel Cill L 1 Hulle Deep South - main scenario of the events - where casual IIleetings with local villagers, and for Imal interviews with authorities and others, took place and where terrain observation was a major clement for comprehcilding.

Page 19
The study was finalised in Londo Weie additional infomation from Sri Lanka Tcached the researcher up to mid
1989.
It is very satisfactory for the researcher and good for report follow-up thält. Il terlational Alet a 5 a 55 IIlci tie task of publication. They have been follo Wing and acting on the Sri Lanka crisis consistently, energetically, with low profile and little publicity, ower the last few years. It is the expressed wish of many Sri Lailkaris who have co Tit Tiblu t cd dla ta and col mentary il the course of preparation of this report that it be distributed adequatcly, also internationally, so Ilething they a Te ag Teed Inte:Tnatihпil Alert can best do.
Responsibility for the selection of texts and for the content of the report, including, of course, all deficiencies, reThaims with the Te5 el Tcher.--Ircporter totally.
At the time we began, something bad and grave was rumourcd to be happening in the Deep South of the country-Island. One had to go to the villages
to find Coult ab later, at the ti Illin out for printing, meed a Iny Ioret yond the airpol many questions, the e "1,"idle[1:è::
". . . driving fri int Colombo road was block. ","e:r the Kel:L. r1i had stopped th a small crowd the T Lluddy III swirling below they looking They come he: corpses floati Tiver. . . Every float past, an this Week 50 W i Ing together. . ways youths. ry'WIlטו1Ild eןTo kai. In the be: roadsides in t in the tovT5. mary to preve by bւITrling t ty Tes, but Crth in the Tiwers : the living...' Lordar, ?ó Se
PROBLE M AND ACTORS
"No one is high or low by birth, it is of actions that one is high or low."
"Those who bear arms wi|| die from ar Sayings from the Lord Buddha
aS q Lr ofte fra Sri La 7 ka
olitical killings have been
the core and the Worst IIlanifcstation of the present turmoill through tiuil Souther II Sir i Lanka. Other expressions of the crisis, such Els legal detentions, arbitrary :lind random arrests, Illis treatment of detainees, captives and other prisoners, and "disappearances' can be regarded ils de rivative proble Ins. The per vading situatio Il Cf i Il security, feäT I ndi ofte Il
terror which the growi Ing Dumber: cing Over many rectly and esse to actual killi T til Teat; "Withill Community itsell situation of 111 in the South in i slahild which di eth Illic origins C in the North Il lliber of Sou

ut it. MCI I this e this text goes
ther is no o go much beit, or to ask TI F Tiy IcT is bring
om the airport * : fյ1IIld Լ11t: td or the bridge River, People cir vehicles and was gazing at 1501 WALTS ... Whilt are at , , Bodies. re tc) 52e thé Ing down the day the bodies con one day rere seen driftthey are al| bodies : Te ere in Sri Lanlches, along the he juli Igles, and It 15 III W C113TOըt recognition Elle bodies With es Tc th TWD 1 as a warning to TF? För radia7 FZ, rieրIեքr 1989, .
E
nly by one's
TM1S.
Sinihil lese, in 5, llawe been fall - minth S i5 dintially related g5 änd death the Silh:leše F. TIETĘ 5 lited CH 'W'i | WELT
WSL if fers from the
if tEle cal flict : Ild Elist. A thern Willages
have been experiencing virtual
civil War,
Despite this there is the Widespread impression - both inteI m ::itico nı ally a n d eWcIn 2:ı Im ()Tng many Sri Lankams themselves — of a two-sided conflict bet. W cel an established government and party-in-govern Tent, on the one side, and a subversive challenger on the other. A closer, yet still deficient portrayal of the conflict acknowledges that the violence is targe led also against anti-government sectors of the non-violent traditional left.
Elements of a dirty War" are found in the form of disguised identity and hidden ulterior motives on the part of som t: of the participa Elts,
The ledership of the gover nment and the United National Party (UNP) at all levels - national, provincial, local — ducs not, or cannot a fford to), acknowledge the extent to which at least some of the killings hawe been the result of social cleavages, power rivalry and corruption within the Tanks of the government party itself. The UNP government and party have neither been una millous nor monolithic wis-a-vis the conflict. Il fact, not e Wery Colle in the UNP deems the People's Liberation Front/Patriotic People's Movement (JWP:WD JW) is to be the 'dogs to be killed without Illercy' of the presidential speech of December 1987. In contrast, according to more than one prime ministerial speech in 1988, the WP's responsibility for murder remained to be proved. Correspondingly, with such diverse postures within the UNP, the JWP DJ W appear to have been Largeting the UNP leadership and membership for selective assassination.
In E Li rin, the Enlain opposition party, tle Sri LA Inka Frĉe do nun Party (SLFP) does not, and equiHlly cannot mfford to acknowledge the extent to which its own rine libership overhaps in 50 Inc. places with the mi i tant Sinhalese opposition JWP/DJ.W. SLFP I 11e in bers appear, therefore, probably reluctantly or by silence,
7

Page 20
  

Page 21
over 17,000 Simha lese and Muslim villagers have been made ho II eless, the entire population of Jaffna was forcibly rcmowcd by India. In troops to three camps and over 300 Tamil civilians killed as a result of aerial bomba Tidment and shelling of the Jaffna peninsula, II th: South on OIle d:ly One, Over 300 Simhalese civilia 13 who were de Ln01.strating against the agreement were killed, largely by police fire, (C) W T -5) Buddhist II i Ink5 WCT e: among the casualties. More than 4,000 people, 1:1 Tgely Ille libc T5 of the JWP, h:1ve beel taker into c1 1. stod y Wit H1out charge or trial and IT any have been tortured and killed by the government's police. Government sponsored death squads have been formed a Tud given a licence to hunt and ki 11 JIWP Ime Ibers. H. LISCS of many of our activists have also been burned. Wives, sisters and even in others of cour members a Te bicing taken hostage. . . Students in large numbers have been arrested and many killed and to forestall dello Instrations against the government, every university campus has been closed for almost a year. This is the price of the peace accord. . .
**The history of Sri Lanka is a long and tragic one but there is olic continuous thread through cout, that is the trea - chery of the ruling classes who invite foreign powers to the 1sland to keep them in power and the invited foreign power remains to become masters of the Island. Bhillw cial ka bash Lil W1 li m 1543 : ilvited the Portuguese and they rcillained Tasters of the colltry for over 100 years; next Raja singhe II i Il 1638 invite di the Dutch and they remained a further 150 years. T Kandyan Chiefs in 1815 invited the British and they Temained till 1948. The quiestin is how long with the Tiia 5 erai?
* Te četire 12-ST i Llık agreement is rejected by the
JVP. . . (includir sal to 11 Erge
and Eist CT 11 pI is claimed to
Li J Llall hd 3 Irm cläLI18 Thlis i5 listbri(. rect. . . The tr; 14Ind meanı 5 Ekil of a particular Wc d It - c province or pil try is exclusiv "mu Tlit וחסם שנז ט has the right
liwe i 1 : Ty El and every Sin right to work the N)Tt hl arni country if the
"The gover Ille dia celre (Wh äiti i t.) TOT ז1:C 1: 1) שLוITורו וון tortion ilgai T Firstly, they party in 1983 we Te Tesposib ents of July
mot Ellawe to dt us lie because Intry knows W the events of (Ith er tha Ti th own Illinisters wate a TIIlies W sible for the 1, (DOC) TaTiimi | Cold II b. NE: the lie We W, allia Ilce With They accused the Kali Lllai the CTO offic and the Petta blast. They di SCTę dit the ra inge C3 lur p: people. We leninist party Illot terrorists. organisi Ing the since. We were our policies port from b. and the Musli Welliid one gllised brain I til the te TTK 0lIs cil dTes . . .
The WP's st tional questic) är, cohercnt We oppose t the country.

g) the propothe North II "o vinces which be the tradiof the Tallils. :ally not coraditional homeexclusive land Co IT Illi LI Inity . . . cept that any Ti f L hic CLIII3 land of Hiny ... Ewery Tali mill to wirk and
f Sti Lāk halesc has the ii | tl lliw ac i El East if the y so wish t. . .
Int : id its Illicich gives inforign Inedia) ha 5 npaign of dis5L LE1ę JWP. . . proscribed ou I | clai Illing Wye 1e for th1 : e"y-
1983. We : Iny this il familole Who ||c C011ho Was behind neם July 1983, n e gover Ile It's and their priho were respondeaths Of 0 wer Civilials im xt, they put out Fere: hivi Tig :: Il LTTE Tigers. LIs of bl-isting dam, bombing :e il Colomb) El bL15 ha bol were trying to JWP ad th e5tarty from the äTe å IT14 Txista Ild W E ELTg "NWe 1:1",": bi: el
people ever proscribed and laWe WOII Slipth tle Tallil im CLIrl munitie5. if the best Corches in Jaffill rists i Jive olut
la Ild On the maIl has been clleand consistent, he division of We: believe: that
today Sri Lanka is one na
tiom 5 t:A te in Which othere : [Ĉ.
different communities. The
development of nation states
is a posititive development
in the long transition from
feudalism to capitalism and
we oppose the division of LLHH LLLLL S LLLLLLaa S LLL SC S aLLLHHHS
III: basis. The Ilext stage
in the historical process is
to progress from capitalism
to socialism and this transi
tio II will be serio Luxly hampered if there is a division
on a communal basis. There
has to be a unity in strug
gle between the Sinhala, Tamil
and Muslim proletariat agai
inst the capitalist ruling class. There is a great unity betw een the Sinhala capitalist and Tamil capitalist class. . . The Tamil prolctariat in the NT tibi all the East lid the cent Tal prowi Inces halwe il grc:.it deal in coIIIIn ion with the oppressed Sinhala proletariat... ."
Franı "Girip zıpıra' Journal of the VVP, Frider re Ferdirig af "Why this path is the only Path les oper ra tas", February 1983, giver so the researcher by JVP rerers.
Taking, or being forced to take an exceptional step a midst one of the worst spates of
killings in the South, one of the main newspapers published an unprecedented full two-page interview with the cadet of JWP underground:
"Question: What is the conlection between the Deshiprcmi Janath E. Wyapara ya and the Janatha WiIIlukthi Perau I ma' lis iL true tillat the DW is the alled division of the WP
** Ar y wer: The Desh rai preini Janatha Wyaparaya is not the TIIle di division of the 41 :- tha Vimukthi Peramuna, Th{1t story is incorrect. It is biting spread by the UNP-Ceylon Workers Congress coalition gowler Ilment which ha 5 cstablished a record of misleading the public, the leaders of the United Sicialist Aliance comprisi Ing the Commu
nist, Salina. Sa IL1lijä, Nawi Sana Sa maja and Mahajana
19

Page 22
parties, who followed them, the Indian in Inperialists and their fifth coulists.
SLLLaL SLLLLLLaL S L LLLLLLHaaL LLLLL S muna is the party guiding the poor Sri Lanka masses who a Te leading the freed om struggle of the nation and the country. It has still (in 1988) not set up an armed division.' But the JWP has constantly reiterated its right to do so, firstly for its own protection and Secondly to protect its country's independence and territorial integrity, the freedon and the independence of its people, to win back the de II1ccratic rights of the pe = ple, secu Te their human Tights, create peace in the motherland, a Ild to 5 ce that O'LIT children and grandchildren inherit a free country that is not dominated by a foreign POWer . . .
But the citablish TilciIt If I armed division is a very coinplex, responsible and difficult task. We will set up an arried division whici it is necde Ild is appropriate. When we do so we will proclaim it. . . .
"Today, the Sri Lanka armed forces are not fighting to sa we Llıe NOT tılı — :ınd East all I'll the motherland from the grip of foreign invaders. Today they are being used to dest Toy the patriotic people and the JWP which stands agai inst the Il dian occupation forces and their fifth colul Illinists, the Tal Illi || Ee - la II terrorists, The Tefore El rey army is needed for the libeTation of the Country i fld the nation. We accept that. We decla Te Our Tight to act om
this. And We Will act when
le cessary, 'But the present (in 1988)
Desh H premli Janath El Wyläpä Taiya is lot the lined divisio of the JVP. Ytılı aşk, Whızlt the collection between the DIW Tid the WP is. As fall T as vy: are awa Te, the Desha preTiini Janatha Wyapa Taya is a mass peoples organisition. There are IIc II bers of the JWP, 35 Well as I i Ille Ibers is it, A wide section of patriotic
2{I}
My Welle II)
people belong lieve that su LIJNP, the SI groups, who III dial II i Iwald are against L lists of the ag: İnst LHı: T Torists, who swallowing S pp05e Ille IIleט and East, Wh Second K1 Ild of Rajiv Gand dele, who art wil Ilcial Collint It Walt Si ill ther Sikki LHC II). W . . . *Willence wil academics, a of the judicia Class and stuk III 10. Ile Imber of
Il cc boä5, tcd that the elepl only shaken it while after ou I cribed, it beg ling our mel i T1 ning Was a: 1984, when Sa :Li Telber of Studelt eðf tı Tech Illica (Cc3! al Ill Timur de Tcl "When in mic lic protested pi the Jayewarde of betrayal, sh it. It is in th:1 t ’ the Desh Wyapa Taya was fil1.ndition. I monopoly that dec Id the luminists held Willice. It is progressive act that patriotic nised to pro and their coli help them, Suf respect them.'" Fru FPI "PTVi se treer der so the Sur 77 day
3 N1"Erier Yrừr 77 Sir FC, č. Lark deep. The Desha pret paraya (DJIV) (Pa Illawe plained the Insel Wi

t it. WC eIt lic Imhers (f LFP : Ild CJLhcr arc against thc ing armics, Whit) Hc Fifth Colu IlIndians, who arc armi | F cl:LIT1 tCTEl Ic against India ri Lanka, wh tl Iger of the North o are against the ya. In Convention | hi and Jaya wa IT: against the Pro:ils and who di
La Inka to hic m, are als 3 in
s used against tists, members iry, the Working ents. You Ilay 焊,乱 powerful hıc go weTlIle II of those acts [1:l Int h:45 50 star is trunk. A short pli rty was prosHrn sccretliyi killibers. The beg5 far back as Tath Wijesinghe, լ եւ IWP HTitl քլ - A nu radh: pura lege was ar Tested
1-1987) the pubeacefully against ne-Gandhi pact 42 people were this situatico II . :1pTeTIni Ja r1atlıa b) TT C. Il a scilid { ceği il celled the Mr. Jaya warIndii. In fifth-cothe Ise of :: Il important . It is correct people get orgatect the Til selves Intry. We will port them. We
a Relies. Re
Tirrey, Čaro, 1988, I ra ris la real rigiri ta' ir: The
ni Janatha Wyatriotic People's iIl turn, exէ:5։
'Today, a part from liberating ou T own kind, the responsibility for the war to liberate the country has fallen on us.
“The Indian leadership, in order to have overall regional control, not only have the leaders in their side but have also e Intered all Indi occupied aLLLLSaLLLLLL S S LL S HHHL S LLLLLLLLS They are working through the Sri Lanka army to annihilate all their enemies in the country and a Te Waiting and watching to tai ke over the entire country without any kind of opposition.'
""In this situal til, it his fall - CI Cili I shoulders to defendi and safeguard not only our o Will kind but alls Co to defeT1 kl. the integrity and Inititain the unity of the country."
"CD Lur men a T1 di women fighters hawe pledged to fight the Indial army and their separatist killers who have pupported them.
"At this moment, the united forces (UNP, USA, SLFP) along With the Indian leaders have put together their administrative and military options and have started to apply more repressive measures to con trell tic Citizens
'On the other hand, by introdulcing Tepressive measures like those of 1971, they have received the blessings of the co I il mercial groups, the professors, the clergy, etc. In order to safeguard the integrity ind unity of our land, We have only the blessings of Collir J. WIl people, This is itself very satisfactory,
The support given to us thus far as proved by what we have achie ved up to now alsø g() es to provic that we can o y circČI 11e whatever Sc tibilicks we have had and that we will WTCOTC them with 5 Liccess, Our grateful thanks go to those who have sacrificed their lives. We pray for them and especially for those who hawe di ed in many other incidents like those Who died II de T i IntČITT Cogiti C1, etc,

Page 23
** Our struggle started with stoles, sharp knives and shot guns. We now have rifles, land mines and heavy artillery. When compared With other revolutionary countries, We haye achieved imrlıcas LIrable success. Grater achic Weinents will:50011 follow in []LIT Strug: gle.
Under the di Tection of the committee consisting of Sulmith Atukorale 111c three Lither members- Ranjith Sa Ila rasekera. Guinapala Sattai asinghe and Arun Wijesuriya - a large army of fighters with supporters are fighting against repressive measures and for the liberation of their colntry. They have pledged to lay down their lives, We should not at any time førget this . . . ". . . this pledge to fight the Indian army, the cWill deeds of the rulers änd the separa tist kille TS. This is GLIT humble de C|ar:1 til , , ..”" Stateriei received in the Internafiorial Alert office, London, ir July 1989,
AAASLLLLL S LLLLS S SLLLaLLLL LLLL LLLLLLLLSLLLLS S S LaL Lup H II armed divisio II. . . . t) secure human rights. +(JVP Statements quoted a bove) There may be room for polemic about who 11 is in terrorist and who III) is not - Ilorally, politically and Linder international law. There is wide agreelent, on the other hand, in what constitutes a terrorist act as distinct froll an act of War. Evidently, so far, Illany or most violent actions of the WP DJ W have heen terroristic and as such criminal under the law of War and under human rights law. To clai III otherwise is empty And foll rhetoric.
The attacks on army and police positions and personnel could eventually be equated with acts of w7:Flar bir Tebelli... A simil:ır bir connected analogy could eventually be mia de regarding attacks on government and state installations and person nel with army and police-related functions and responsibilities. Even the Universal Declaration of Human Rights endorses the recourse to rebellion in solle extreme social conditians.
Were the W. their attacks to I :ırmıed 5 tate ta rg professed disassoc rurism might bị hl d their hı LIII1:ā lil might gain so Ille could thш5 сопсе status or categor insurgents or rel this, they have also non-Illilitar. persons and grou lee Lili stabbing, li gunning-down, bi posting many civi side the armed forces and the g nery. When the resilient, the JW III ved to attack including childre compel civilian ot
flung bombs at
Terroristic Sadi: the point of I assistants and victims.
Concrete if the killings at DTW, JWP betwe mid-1989) is foi of this report,
State Terror
The in the T si lem is the bĘ armed forces . the coTi Tina Tid C
II Sri Link: in the world. security pers I Tesponsibilities sion, 11 y re5 il fältä lities il th, lite self-defe. thers in th: Tesis t:11 ce t() killings in this taken place it La Inka during review:
i Tevitably i I DJ WJWP at stilti CIS, LITI ili T if TСЕ СЕ S bÖ und to
course of at met offices ti (1m8, trai 1 o flict 5, bäT guardiccl ma tial af cas

PDJW directing military and other gets only, their ition fro II terLundersta Ildable rights discourse credibility. They ivably claim the y of belligerent hels. Fa T froIII
been littlcking y and non-state ps. They have acking, shooting. Irning and lamplians totally outand paril-military overn ent Illichiatter have proved PDJW have then their relatives, II. Il Title T t.) edience, they have buses all shops. II has reached murdering funcral IIIourners Of its
'ormation abolt tributed to the en Illid-1987 ind ld in Pir Three
ile of thic probhavi Our Lif the If the stilte u Ildet f the govern Ilent,
l, as everywhere the police and Il til halwe heavy
which, on Occalt in injuries and c course of legitiice I defence of
face of armed authUTity. Milny category have Il Southern Sri the period linder
the course of tacks on police Tuy batracks {1nd IIIlբ8:
happen in the Itacks in gover Il, electrical St:- ls, buses, postnks and policcke 3rd Te5 i CT
o and likely to occur in the
course of Toad e colunte TS between police patrols and groups especially of young
men alt night i 1 certilin a Tcas. There have, additionally, been Illany fatal outdoor incidents during (state illposed) CL1 Ife w hours and during (opposition com pelled) days of har tal (strike).
These killings by the police and army in the course of their Waful Tuctio Is I' :: Il 0 til C:lt: llogued in this report as politically motivated killings by the agents and forces of the state either at their own discretion, or, by writ or hint by government or party authorities, They take Several fJ Tin 5:
si elimination of suspccts rather
than arrest or preventive det: Titions;
elillination of detainees Who "disappear: O elimination of pris Collers or
convicts: e torture to death: O elimination of militants Cut of combat, w Collinded cor following surrender of Capture: 9 repris als against individnal
civilia T1 s CT groups, including relatives, neighbours and acqua intances of the subversive cor rebels, with the Ali T11 of obtaini Ing in for Thai tio II, breaking solidarity networks, preventing Tecruitment Or simply ft 3T TE W CIge: arbitrary killings to obedicnce by in Limidation: og Lunofficial arrests or detentions by Way of abductions followed by disappearances: og eli III li läti 3D of casual WitTıessès OF :1, tr) ci) L1s :1 ct 5 by police or army. To wear a police or military uniform does not, or should not, lessem responsibility and accountability. On the Other hånd, the civilia in go wernment aind parliament are not only nominally but also effectively res. ponsible for the affairs of the 5tate. The colstitutional civilia I 5 u premacy is real i II Sri La Ilıka and this has related so through Out the IIløst trying times of emergency.
c3. IT pel
Č Třfrrrrel ČP. Pro of

Page 24
SPECIAL TO THE L.G.
The Lankan Mahasangh Dharmacracy and Socie
Peter Schalk
he main interpretative frame -the West to explain reli #־ך gious change is social à nd historical. We have read many times that urbanisation, the rise of a middle class etc disturbed a eligious homogen city and gave rise non-orthodox religious expressions. There are also historical factors identified like the diffusion
of ideas and rituals from the West and India. No need for comment. I agree totally, but
still I am not satisfied with the theoritical depth of what “social" means. I shall develop my dissatisfaction by ä II:ilyzing the concept of a *“ dhar macracy', which has been presented by the Mahasangha in Lanka. How can we explain the rise of such a Teligious funda mentalistic phenoIlle Oil displayed in 1988 in a multicultural island under heavy influence of Western ideas ?
The Mahasa ngha in Lanka delivered in November 1988 is interpretation of what is meant by "forem ost' in a memorandum called "The correct interpretation of the fore most position Els signed to Buddhism' and was published Yen II. The Island on November lith 1988. The decisions in that memorandurn had been moved by the Mahasangha. The Mahasanghill has pronounced publicly and officially the statement, that a Tember of the Buddhist Inajority should have more than (merely) In ore cquality', (which is a contradiction of terms). The constitution now already gives the sangh a "more equality through the famous fore most-formulation, but
the sangha wants' more equality'' tham that,
The formulations from the Tnem Orandum shall be given here:
(l) "In all matters related to administration, reform L'Ild development which are of Televice to the propagation and the future of the Buddha Sasa na the Wiews
of the Mahasa ngh organisation shou the views so obta respected.''
(2) ''The Budd be given the fore Il tot be assigned In thré equality Wil
(3) “No actio bring discredit or way the Buddha Illti) ni lly or should be indulge
(4) " "the nati fril ille Work shoul accordance with
Tillic wall Lles."*
(5) "Buddhistle Ciples, Which con With T1 Corall trair Corne the basis Systeml Which Sil ni Cological knowle the present day. training to give : hood that could El Child’s mind sh from the curricul
(6) 'Laws of th bc fr: ITICd to be
With fundat, Inlet: chis.**
(7). ''The Still
en COLI Tage Lhe : liquor, gambling all of which irc.
"I lores of scie should be taken of the media whe indiTectly foT E pICI 117 ting Llacs, e y
(8) "The prese ticən II edi:ı to be u nder Trining Bud for protection a the underlining Il1) T:ll vallics in B
It is evident fr points that the M. satisfied with (ne ality", whatever but wants a fort in a non consti
The irrier і, Profi Es. ffeligiợ"If I Shrede#":

a's concept of a
ty
Eli Els El Supremlē ld be sought and ined should be
a Sasana should
lost place and a position of
h others.
that would be little in any sa si Ila cither internationally dil.
In al cico no Illic i be designed in juddhist cco no
dilicisitional prinnbine knowledge ing should beIf all education uld impart techdige Televant to Any subject of skills for liweliInstill cruelty in ould be excluded unı'.
country should in conformity als of Buddhist
e should not onsumption of and im II orality harmful to the ity and action to stop the use : ther direcly or Ldvertising and : it: cs, ''
ont communicae used not foT dhist values but nd fostering of concepts a Indi Iddis."
"oil these eight a ha salingha is not Tely)“ more equihat may mean, : most position . Lutional Scı se,
Jr. (f Comparative
UppJHlu Urily.)
which then is more than (merely) 'more equality'. The points given are quite far reaching. They embracc as objects for Buddhist influence law, economy and cd Lication. Also, “to be little’’ tlh c Sangha in any way should not be indulged in. The judge will of cours c be the Mahasangha, which El L any time can create, if not il Rushdie case, åt least El case for censorship in advance. There is lot cwen a hint of a reflection in the document on the fact that there are II (o Tl-Buddhist com multities in the island. The Mahillsa Ingha's demands come Very close to a '*'d har II1 a cracy", which however, has not (yet) a basis in the Lankan constitution. The dicima Inds of the Malla saingha a Te vcry si Inila T to those of thic Wiswal Hindu Parisaid in India, who wants to get rid of 'secularisin' in the typical Indian (not Western) sense of equality of all Teligions in a multireligious society.
I have invented that Word 'dharmacracy'' as an analogy to the alTC: dy existing concept of to racracy (not theo-cracy) in Jewish religion. The word 'dharmacracy” comes very close III meaning to a precolonial concept of sil santı, which was supp05cd to cover all sectors of society, The word sa sa na is today consciously revived and counteracts a segmentary view of Buddhism as expressed in the neologism biiddhagaimai.
In the present conflict, the teaching of a 'dharma cracy counteracts the President's efforts in an Asokan-Theosophical spirit to reconcile the ethnic commillities. The demand for a more than merely a foremost position of the Buddhists in Lanka implies a demand for a more than merely fore most position of the Sinhalese, and one group'sgain implies generally another group's loss with regard to chances far adva ncement and status. It should be

Page 25
known, however, that thic Mahasangha is not identical with the sum of all Buddhist monks, though it speaks on behalf of all of them. The sangha is as a matter of fact split on this question. By Mahasa ngha is meant the leadership of the sangha,
The religious hierarchy being pro I moted abowc by the monks see Ins to be il survival from precolonial times and was later re11e Wed as a political concession by the English in 1815 and by the Sinhalese post-colonial governTıcInt:5. It is not a twistic. El L l l l from the isolated view point of a national history. At least froll the 1920s onwards, it is not only a religious a Indi societal concept. Religion, through the influence of c{}lQmial cũ mmumia list C011cepts, has been related to the ** race" of the Sinha lese, Tal rilils etc. The defence of a religious hierarchy today is therefore at the same til Ine a dcfence of : * * racia !" hierarchy. This religious and racial hierarchy is then also an ideal political power-structure. It low becomes clear What is illplied by the reputation of a merely 'more equality'.
Now, we could try to explain' the rise of this baffling concept of a dharmacracy with reference to the on-goi Ing conflict in Länka and with reference to attempts to solve it by establishing a multicultural society in Lanka, which, as II atter of fact, threatens the for emost position of the Maha sangha. I do not disregard that explanation at all, but it does not explain more than that the conflict is a releasing, but not a producing factor of the concept of a dharma cracy. We have to Tim Cobi | ise a wider context i Il order to explain this rather anomalic .r1טnoII1&Ilטpli
My Iain thesis is that this concept of a dharma cracy has to be explained with a theory of secularisation. By secularisation I de not mea Il a process according to which religions becoil Illes weaker. Evidently such a defiInition is immediately contradicLed by the facts given about this dharmacracy. Nor do I mean that secularisation produces derived forms of religion, which
are derived froI play boys becom Evidently, the dhar II, a cracy is but a repristina mial forms of I Ween the sal Lugh: Religious weak forms of religion tions of seculari: larisation itself and displays itse One of then is t. concept of a dha is a r caction ag , mנו L1
By secularis at sectori sation of making in accor structuring of so all sectors, whic specialisation. specialised “diw but also creates cies between the isation is not a a '** releva, It''' ac de 11: nds of 50 in portant sect politics and scie solve economic scientific proble mel 15 in West but with ecolor scientific Inca ns. ever, still some up religious role sattva role, like la 5a L Tid A T A shows that Lank begin ning (of al p rentiating funct society and it which is a decis the production ( gious forms.
There are i three importan with 1. There the non-identity the working f a IT 0 Ing most rel politicians, 2. al cast econo IIl not interpreted even in politics religious natio I 3. There is a c) domin:1 n t religi religion's segr thic religious sic pluralis II and non- and anti

secular forms:
ргаy boys etc. concept of a cot a de Tiwa tibil, ion of precolo:lationship bet
and the stat. 55 and derived can be indicaa tion, but siccuoes much dicepcir Fin mil. Il y forms. le Maha Sangha's macracy, which Linst secula Tisa
i con I lea. In the eligious decision lance with a new ciety in functionh a 11 stri fet foT This leads to a isit of abour', stro Ing dependensectors. Sectorrivate II 13 title T but ting to the new ciety. The most T5 a II e CCJ In 3D 11 y, nce. We do not l, political and ms With religious ern democracies, ic, political and I Link, l Wpoliticians take s like the bodhiPresident PremiaTiyaral nel. This a still is in the rocess of a diffetional sectors of is this process we condition for Yr Trevival of reli -
in Lanka already : factOTS [0 collnt is all insight of of society and eld of religion igious leaders and Even in Lanka, * Fil Ind science are religiously, and one can find no illal argumentation. nscious Thess of the }Ils and One Own entation within tor, of religious f the existence of eligious thinking.
The sasa na has bicçon e the buddagama, which has to colnpete with Hindu agama, Muslim aganma, Kristial ni aga mil etc. Related to that consciousness is the insight that sectorisation finally leads to privatisation as individual decision making about the collimit T1 et al. In di u l-CCI 1 Imitment to religion, but reillenber th at the process to Wards privatisation of religion is not a private Tlatter. It is a structural Illa ttc T within society.
The reactions to this kild of differentiation of societal sectors, which leads to privatisation of religio II, a rises a high degree of insecurity along the religious specialists who may not see society as a whole, but only the fact that they are 'loosing terrain", and they see not the possibility of a fresh reinterpretation of religion adapted to the new circumstances of a new structuring of society. This insecurity may lead to an attempt to strengthen orthodoxy. Orthodoxy provides in Lanka a total interpretation of an imagined priccolonial society, which is seen as functionally u Insecto Tised, but as hie Tarchially stratified with asymmet Tical relations of power and status. The concrete public display of such a reaction is the concept of a dharmicracy.
In order to prevent privatisation of Teligion the state and the main religious organisations turn their interest to the field of education. In Lanka. We can study this by the pansala-education organised by the state and Maha sangha in cooperation. The reaction of the Mahasa Ingha by reviving a concept of a dharma cracy is then a reaction which is much far and deeper reaching than only being a protest against compromises in the present conflict. It is a reaction against fundamental structures of a IL10 der Inizing society as functionally differentiated.
Privatisation of religion as a result of a functional sectorisation of society opens up also the possibility of individual interpretation of the official religion, a II i Interpretation Which scd mctiInes deviates fra 111 established norms like changes within spirit
23

Page 26
religion's pantheon and the rise of the denon-god Huniyan in urban religion, the rise of the goddess Kali among Buddhists, the increasing importance of the Kataragana cult, the introduction and development of Protestant" Buddhis III, the special form of socially engaged Buddhist of the Sarwodaya moweitlent, the formaltion of a 'Buddhist Illarriage, the contemporary resurgence of nuns and the public display of charismatic, clerging, self appoi Il ted and self ordailed religious leaders.
There arc also the rational free thinkers, which direct their protest both against Orthodoxy and ecstatical, mystical experience and thinking.
Finally, we also have : Inediating for II of religiosity which transcends Orthodoxy and ecstasy and which presents itself as all ethi cail system cor a religion of humanity or universal brotherlo cod. In La Inka this kild of Teligiosity is represen tcd by Theosophy and by Buddhist Theosophy as a mediator betwcci the old and the new, or, as they say, between East and West. The medi Hition is symbolica lly expressed by the Systernatica Ind conscious syncretis II of Theosophy both with regards to religious doctrines al T1 d e II 10ticional rcligious expTessions,
There is ills o il good expla Ilation for the rise and development of 'socially engaged Buddhism' as represented by the Sarvodaya mo vermelt : Tid the circles ar y Lill the journal Winivida Socially engiged Buddhists usually see the Ilselves as followers of the teaching of the Buddha which has been lost or suppressed and which they now have rediscovered. They represent tric Buddhism. This kind if reas (Ining we can leave behind us immediately and go to the point. III li f'Lu Inctio mal differenti telli societal system the independent sectors are highly dependent on the a chieve III e Ilts Of the Oth CT sectors. Religious leaders get so con er cor la ter an embara sisi Ing question: What is the achievement ()f the Teligious sector with regards to external relations to the Other sectors
The non-religious sectors like politics, science : Tid economy are
4.
hardly intereste reflection or in tion of specific re. But religious o Ways ha d One 1 di Tenti: Le 5 itself to the Ilie gi. Lis sector S. TI mica WIk wi history even i II dia conial work c El mi mill:Lignified i I bution of religio in a flictional Society. This i II be developed to socially engage CCITES EL filii IlıcLiC Work Eld Ilt Troll Tid 15 it his Dil conical Work point of "interrel b1. It is inli II ly a Çərgahı isitions lik HI ! N () RADO. the specific relig *tlific till li: bect II Or is reduced to
T 11 1. cingagccii Buddhi of a new struc in functional se fore hardly a '.' b Li t private persc strong Organisat: correspond to Societil structuri Socially engi: Which h: 5 clti WÜTk : Lld sociat course an adequi demands of a functionally diff ty, which dermat gito LI 5 sect (OT bori achievements.
Socially engag the Inselves usua garde, and true, a they a Te, Bill It al they Imust reali c xảctly whät 0th to dico, that they tiIS i5 tead f Ständ the Te With pretation of Bud tain stage a dhar of Buddhism, th Tectionary, Tii: moniks IlloTe, L) dhism imposes Way as a Todel ald e Wall lation Il tot tri ly 15 F1 specialization, a .ween til Emו

d in theological the communicaligious messages. Tganisati OI is alalsk which i II a. ciety Car adopt "est if I CIn-TeliThis is thic dico1ich 1:15 l long BLI didhik, ET 1. This :All Tibe i Intellsificid ld is the Co IittiLuis Corganisations ly differentiated 1 tensification can the degrec that i Buddhism beII of diaconical the other way formerly been. is alst a meeting igious dialogue”, bridge La donar :e COXFAM, SIDA TIL Hıębie Tclaitio 15 i LIs cha Tactcr of les Tathcr shallow religious motives, e point, socially s II is the result turing of Society *t OTS à Lld is thereprivate' in atter, }Is cail Orga Thisc ions because they a new specific
iged Buddhism, wil teid difica Illical I questions is of te answer to the new developing erentia e 5icieds frd In the Telider-transgressing
ed BuddhiSIS See lly :s än all wintIt al Certai Ti stage, an other stage se that they do er's expect them h:1we become Wicspearheads and a sh:4||0 W interldhis III. At à ce Tmacratic concept Lough it is deeply ly tempt , Dl Ig hl:Tim HC Tallic Bildis a totalia trian of interpretation Of all 5 Ecta) T5 ilfld ble fictio ilal s “the putty” bet
Notes
1 P Schalk, **The Corcept of Concord in President Rнпа5inghe Prema dasa"E Buddhist-Political Discourse". Lanka 4 (1990), 21-7.
2. R Gonth rich, Gina math Obeysekere, Buddhis in Transforined. Religirlis (hange in Sri Lanka. Pririceton: Princeton University Press, 1989. 484p,
civil war...
f Сол тілшегі Гrrari págғғ 31 |
The effectic costitutional and political Supremacy of the civilia Ili establishi ili elt, 0 Wer" the a [[1- cd forces of the 5 til Tc is the ITai II reason for de elling the prese Tit patte Trı miflu nı laz, ww ful killings by the armed forces of the state to be political. Under such a generalised per This silweThess frr:IT t ble upp er echelons of power, lower regional ELIld local politicials, are allegedly found in III any cases to be the intellectual authors of Ilany killings.
The Ill ogt au til Carita Liwe i Indica - tion, given the source, is plai II and լInequivocal, and quite recenւ:
“In a Temarkably frank exchange, (the then) President Jaya war de The admitted that his government, which had ruled through emergency law for five and a half years, had presided over what he described as a very regrettable assault oil hillilah rights, first in its bittle against the Tamil insurgency il the North and Eist and, more recently, against the JWP.
He said that although the a Tilled forces were under "perfecit control’, they hald been "allowed to do various things which are ägainst hul Ima T1 trights. This is very regrettablic but it cannot be helped.
* ''Either we hawe to giwe in, hold up our arms and say: "Come and Tull the Country", IT we hi'ye til Tull i L. THE Sri Lälkä T1 PresideInt did It Tule () It gewer Inne:Illt CCIII, ectip II, 5, with pa TEL Tiilitary groups like the People's Revolutionalry Red Army, which has been carrying out scores of brutal revenge killings against Suspected WP activists in the South. . .
"There are several groups, there is killing on all sides he said, ...'
Ja Perarderig falks, The Tires, Lordori I 7 Decer77 Eber 1938, dispatch frami Color77 Ebo.

Page 27
Bandaranalike and Com r
Reggie Siriwardena
H. far does Bandaranaike bear the responsibility for the cycle of ethnic violence that has devastated our society for three decai de 5 and Immorte si T1C: his time? I would recognise that ethnic assertion, on the part of both Sinhalese and Tal IInils, was inewitablc in the post-independence cra, and that inherent in this process was some degree of conflict. It is also true that some of the sting might
häive been tikel out Cof thesc divisive trends if in thic first post-independence decade thic
politicians in power had acted speedily and farsightedly to a ccomodate the emergent nationalist forces; this they could have done by honestly implementing the change-over to the national languages in official spheres to which they had committed themselves five years before indcpendence. However, the UNP leaderships in power were too myopic, too limited in vision by their
class and cultural orientation to move in such a di rccti Col. It is also possible that the
nationalist pressures might have been partially relieved if Bandara naike had not been cdged out of the UNP and if hic had succeeded D. S. Scna na yake als Prime Minister on the latter's death in 1952. Hic might then hawe found a morc fall w Courable climate in which to strive for the realisation of the liberal clements of his political progTamille.
However, having indulged in these might-have-beens of history I have to agree with Manor that much of the guilt for the actual, destructive course of events lies at Bandara Ilai ke's door, by virtue of both what he did and What hic didn't do. But when one has recognised that his weaknesses of personality and his peculiarly passive conception of the role of leader
(Caroluding reviety of JAMESMANORos SFFR ID biography.)
ships contributc 1 Lires, I W Colul di stTe55 a cultu Manor doesn't
co LTL of. BLI have felt acutel he Was all ( Sinha la Buddhi: had mobilised,
foTec hawe See hi ble and insecul He could not h a wa Te thalt i 5 : cisci aristocrats borI1, h1e co LIll resented as a
Si ha la cau5 - was stigmatised by extreme ch Cult u Tall imseCllr of the populis himself summo) explain how ea politically black and how cyni sacrifice his for self-preser W pressure of the
I should like by an episode
WC1 IT II: T| sur TcIlder to Rosllcad Place doesn't adequa refer to the assa Party satyagrah Grc.cn at the t duction of the Ե111 in 1955, 7 live in Tallil first ex al till ple C of Sinhala viole ful Tamil de Iny knowledge aIn indeb tcd to was an eye-wi penings and W call trust. The squatted on th saulted by thu wantage of thei Tesistance, 50 Tı thrown into the were uri nated Efter s CT1c t appeared on t own initiative and the thugs. W

munal Conflict
td to these Taibe inclined to
Tall factor thal L Teally take acda Tanaike Illust
y conscious that utsider to the il forces that ble and I'lı List thereTil self as w Lullneral"... I the
åye fai || ccl tcb bc scio In cof angliälld å Christian be readily repbetrayer of the — aš i ndeed he at valtioli 5 til Illes allwinists. This ity in the face forces het had ned up helps to sily he could be mailed by them, cally he could iberal principles å til Lunder the :3;: Gamle froTc e5.
to illustrate this which I regard wealing than the ble bhikkus at but which Mallor tely discuss. I ult Jill the Fc de Til is at (Galle Face inc of the intro'Sinhala only' This cwent was to In emory as the if the un leashing Ince againsit peace1 Instrators. For of the ficts I El journalist Who .mess of the haphose testimony I S:lty: gr: his Who : GT cell were is. gs Who took adT. Ga4 T1 dhill Tom1e of the fil. Were Beita : Ild Others 4311- However, me, the police c scene in their O keep the peace, ithiTe",W". Therc
upon, says my eye-witness, the Prime MiliSter cile di Wi the steps of Parliament and sumIIoned the officer in charge of the police party. The Officer returned from his conversation With the Prille Minister and drove away with his men. The re:isonable inference is that the Prime Minister had ordered the police away. Soon after the thugs returned to the scene and renewed their attacks. Up to this point the facts can probably be confirmed by Thaily other people who were present on the scene. For the rest of the story I am de pendent on my jourInalist friend. He says that many years later the police officer concerned confirmed to him that Bandaranaike had indeed ordered him to "take his men and go', He returned to police headquarters, but later in the even ing thc IGP told him, that the Pri Ille Minister wanted the police to go back to Galle Facc. (Perhaps the Prime Minister had lost his mer ve.) The Officer then told the JGP that hic had been CT de Ted away from the scene by the Prime Minist cr himself, and he was not going back. Shortly after, he sent his resignation from the force and emigrated.
() est läst el cultet betweel personal psychology and political behaviour. While Manor is ready to convit Bandara naike of oppor Lu Inis 11 con several occasions, he disagrees with the view that he was si Elply, as used to be said, 'a Donough more Buddhist'. He produces evidences that Bandari Ilai ke hadi newer beel seriously attached to Christian belief, and argues plausibly that his conversion to Bill his Ill was due to genuine respect for what he took to be its rationality. Bandara naikc's version of Buddhism was in other words, the Protesta int Buddhis I ll of Ilma Tny Illiddle-class intellectuals, and he didn't share the belief in
Čtvrť" ir i'r J F Fuge 3 (0)

Page 28
PART 2
LENN'S SOCIALISM
*Tikhail Gorbachev
Om rades, argu ing about sociC and in searching for ius ne w image, we can undersland many things better, if We perceive the evolution of Lenin's view of socialism.
What Lenin inherited from Ma TX was caution and TC5p C - sibility concerning all sorts of fantasics about the future and at LeIn pL to present it in 5 online rigi d yi-defined fornis, d'espite strong pressure from the Workers' movement demanding to be given a specific ideal, a sketch of society it was encouraged to fight for. It was merely a tribute to the largely abstract, theoretical and popularly expected Vision of socialism - there is no Way denying the fact that Lenin said in his brilliant Work 'THE STATE AND THE REVOLUTION" which he wrote Con the lewe of the October Re
volution. But in IMMEDIATE TASK OF THE SOWET POWER'' written in the 5բring
of 1918, by which time hi hai
gained a good idea | colF practiCill experience and was in a position to learn the lessons
of the revolution, Lenin's vision of socialism began to chillinge.
Small wonder, during the til Tilsiti 01 TJ the New EconoInic Policy (NEP), Lenin repetifedly recalled and referred to til at bril chur e as well as his Iticles. Written in March-May 1918. He emphasised that even then in his argument with the left-wing Col munists, he Persistently called for Fireformist" and “gradualist' III ethods of economic development and for Tills of transition to socialism (Complete work, Wol. 32 pp. 329
341. Wol. 33. pp 86-87, ĠI, 109, ll). This is another corrobo Tali On that realism was an
underlying feature of Lenin the politician and Lenin the philosopher. What he thought about Wils lot "'introduction of scialism' through enforced doctrine", but how to make people's lives better, how to govern the
CO Intry in th, situāli ti. Il created Li Çin, aid how, pe Cople's vital in The civil war fer cd with his m Ost feasible p; cialisII, and the frustrated hope ו 1: תן וון 15 חנן ווCDIn I
The Illa il yw c: idea of socialis: tribution to the the socialist ph Sught in his Cits clected , of Colu Tse, in F These mark the new stage in L. the theory of s
It will ild initt al li ol of intelle fir" | Cut what Hı Was While polic hither to accul C[]ce, the Te1| 5 Eind the populair Yet II TC construl miast hı istorical logic of Lenin's Elind Illis conclus
Subsequently, km (w, admited of deciding to til CD T1111 i Til st distribution." ( Wol. 33, pp, f2 question is whet only to the pol 1918 - 1)2), '[' Leli i Hii T1 self lared, was a prompted by tl War and foreig eCO 1ČIT1 i c dislok ind the threal integration of s. Was it more th: indications, he ting the entire c sition1 fTom capit: SII, as it develo
Although Leni great dell Of vy he did not hawe to develop a c. of Russia's tra II

cntirely new
by the revolu
to Ileet the icds.
ruthlessly inter
quest for the Ll to Wards socourse of events í Óf achieving iare devil thrust.
Lh of Lenin's T1, his mai in ccn
development of losophy is to be Forks and poliwitlı İNEP' :Id, is "testallent".
beginning of a
nin’s work on cialis m. edly still take
ctual effort to is ultimate goal
hering over the tilated experitate of society Tod. We have
ct with the ult
precision the train of thought ins.
Lenin as we all "the Illis take go over directly production and complete works, 58). But the her lhe refered icy conducted in his policy, as repeatedly decforced II leasure ie bi T Li tal civil In inter"Wention, :ation, failine if complete discial li li lil k5. Or all that To ill was contemplaoncept of tranlism to socialliped after Marx.
In häid di Cinc a Dirk in this a Tca,
enough time oherent concept isition to a new
system. But it's high till we finally tried to find out – in thic con tcxt of the then political struggle that engulfed the Party and society - whether Lenin regarded NEP merely as a lactical respite, or as an attempt to review the place of the October Revolution and Russia in the fate of the World civilisation, and to fill the socialist icica. With new content When hic rcalised that hopes for the victory of the World Revolution had been frustrated.
If We take a new laok il everything Lenin did in his last years, everything he wrotc. everything he criticised and everything he advocated, if we try to discover the main thing, we shall see that it was search for a new concept of socialism and a means of unifying a people devided by cruelty and ha tred, rallying them to a construl ctiv c ça Lliste, Cr, 315 We In C3 W say, pooling the efforts of all Who are Willing to participate in or at least assist civilised development of Russia in her drive to social justice and Wellbeing for the working people.
Hence the idea of forging an al lia ince and establishing +'proper relations' With all peasants. Hence the desire to win over to the side of the Ille w regime intellectuals and 'specialists' and all who were prepared to accept the people's choice. Helice thic i 15 istal Ilce that the new regime should learn and lise all the achievements of World civili 5 : tion. He T ce the shift of emphasis Troll political struggle Lo cultural development in the broa dest se se of the word, embracing the relations betwe: II classes, econo Illics and culture, Hence the persistent de Irland for lear ming to LI se economic meth(bids such as the market, trade, finances and capital, including private capital in the for Ill of concessions. Hic Ince the litten pt5 to achieve an agreement. With those in the i Titcr national working class movement who did not accept the October Revolution. Hence o Tienta tio In LC co— existence with the "Peace Party" in the bourgeois west.

Page 29
It was, in effect, a ricvolution Within a revolution, perhaps as profound as the October Revolution, and the most important thing is that it was a peaceful revolution opening up prospects for a gradual selfreforning of society on the basis of the socialist principles.
Such are the implications of Lenin's concept of Civil Peace, Which he put forward in 1921 and which he wanted not only for the country's future but also for World politics as a whole collected works, (Wol.32, pp. 504 and 506).
Un fortunately, Lenin was giWen too little time for building a new Society in peaceful conditions. The radical change in his concept of socialism was not properly understood and supported by his followers, MoreOWer, SCIIC of his last recoilmendations, which could have influenced the subsequent development of the country and thic future of socialism in a dra Illatic Way, Were simply ignored. That led to distortions and many t Til gedies,
Of course, no one is going to apply to our time and to Perestroika thic task Lenin formulated 1 car the end of his Life or consider his ideas als direct instructions for us. Yet, in scope, Tuatu Te and Ways of thinking, these are similar tasks.
The most general and importa In t thing that makes comparison legitimate is that (here I repeat myself again) we have a revolution within a revolution, a realistic progral III1II le for building a new Society and the most effective Illethods of impleI menting the si cocialist choice.
That is why when we began Per estroika We undertake a study
of Lenin's last Works, above all, Find we di Ta. W from them the confidence that we had ellbarked upon the right, albeit difficult, path,
As foT the practical policy of Peres troika, it was formullated taking into account our
specific conditions. Yet, there is a similarity to Lenin's time
nöt only in print cases it was a Cad a Tcl the buil society - but al. directions of re. the cal se the In, y the need to bu In Conly, reorgia Tii: System : Ild CTcat tive state.
Thic whole of
T1W busy tack lems. The Supr President aid a Te dicaling wi claboration of a nomic policy a of Hi full-blow I priori ties, as is ոl:Intige I11:Լ1L {l I1 li nid li w irid r salts the Teill I land. The Succe to iпnргоve peop da Tals depend on CCIII sist: Tnt We
lit thicse refit the Presidelt h; down to the jo up the ceonomic task is crucial die w clopment. TI Tlake i dTä Stic i b:L. Sis ::i D1d, c: br1Si super-structure, institutions.
Will 1112
proposed chang accord with the Til de the stra PeTestrik at to hu | Till Ille, de a list
My answer is does IIot Tule or Iew forms bisedi OI TE TOTIT lations, becausi freed III, it is : by the people t Social justice a a il high standard wye radically chi Öf Socialis LL səci in Collir underst Cssence Of Sici: tulir II, facilitates of our practical
We - :ıre - makjI ice. Such is th il our views th in the process

:iples - in both rän sitional periding of a new so in the Illain forms. As was Yc Flave Te:1115 cd ilci a Tew ecoiC the political a truly federa
our Party is ing these probThe Soviet, the the gover Ilment
th them. The In effective ecold the creation
1rket are li Teformlı iling land the basis of the Ila king the pealasters of thi :SS Of Olir efforts les living stan1 h 5 w fir1 Td Te in carrying ls. That is why Ls not k I Lick.cd
b of speeding : Tef] TT1. Tıis EC KOLL I e Illtire
he idea is to changes in the tզ11tntly, in the that is ill social
Hims of the ges"? Do they ch Cicc Wc live tegic goals of 1 IT II Wilt Il cratic Soci
yes. Socialisill
lit the market of Ilanagement 1 ed property Te - : socialis is 1 system built he Inselves, it is d Security, it is Cf lliwing, Thus, lg: 01r Cicept. - Iyal Tell på Togress il riding of the ilis 11. This, in the El ttainment
objectives, ng the right choradical change ä L 'W' c halwe Illicie of Perestroika
it is not an act of despair, but a well-thought-out TOT Ögra IIn mic of consistent Inoves ticWards a new socialist ՇCGIIO Iny.
The political reform, as you all Inust have realised, also in plies many new developments. The first elections in the repub. lics and local elections since the beginning of Perestroika have been held. They have brought political reforms to all regions of the Soviet Union. New people have appeared in the Soviet bodies of power and a new body of parlia Inentary deputies is being formed. They are to tackle the tasks of Perestroika with immediate contact With their constituents.
We El Te on the right path here too. Yet, one should not take a simplistic view of the situation. In many Soviets the leadership has been taken over by people who have little expe. rience in tackling political and economic problems and do not quite realise what it seems to carry responsibility for everything that happens on their territory. Especially since not everyone in the newly-elected Soviets seems to realise that the elections and election Tallies ar e Cover. People are waiting for decisions and practical actions, Hard work lies ahead. As Lenin said, "We must learn to combine the "public meeting democracy of the Working picople — turbillert, Surging, Coverflowing its banks like a spring flood with iron discipline while at Work. “(Vol.27, p.271).
The lliw con local self-government gives the Soviets a material basis for independent work and genuine responsibility for Tun Ining the affairs of the state. The Soviets should become a truly authoritative and efficient force, capable of winning բe Ը= ple's confidence, defending people's interests and rights and
Solving the problems that have HCCI mulated.
It is important assuring their independence, they realise they are part of a single system that rises 11բ to the Supreme authority in the
that while
דג.

Page 30
Country, and cal II Count () n prompt assistance and attention.
In short, in the new situation We IIllust recreatie the truly Leninist spirit of Soviet power as the TTiD st democratic and effective mechanism of safeguarding public interests.
The third decisive clement of the new Society cmcrging in our country is the federative structure of ou T multimational state. There a Te many instructive aspects in Lenin's experience here, too, including the evolution of his views on this illestion which is of the utilist importance for the Russian re"w3 l uti) r1.
Before the world war, wie wing the unifying trend created by capitalis In as an economically progressive one, Lenin, just like a majority of other Maxists, treated the idea of a federation and decentralization negatively. Moreover, he always resolutely defended the right to secession for those not wishing to remain within a centralized state.
However, inconnection with the national movements which flared up during the War and especiel lly i Il connection, a with
the revolution in Russia, Lenin sharply cha Inged his views.
I think that this change of opinion of national developIlient should likewise be classed a mong Lenin's grcat diviniltions alongside the Brest Peace Treaty and the NEP. It is common knowledge that on this issue he had to wage a long struggle to the end of his days not only with opponents but also with his fellow party II e II1bCTS.
The victory of the October Revolution put the question of self det CTI ll iIla titom i Ito al po F:1, Ctical context. The construction of a new Soviety in Russia was unthinka ble without the Informal coexiste пce of the numerous nations and nationalities inhabiting it. However, the great liberating revolution, aimed also against the tsa rist great-power policy, was naturally accompil nied by a strong centrifugal
28
treid, t0. () the empire the determination i Inost diffcrcnt f the purely nati This resulteti i II of regional terri mies with speci: tulires. II, the
Ukrainia II. gube I large autonomic: on the basis of Tı iç iltere 5ts, N Llew for ITi:Lltir) [15.
lived, but the for Ins was typic popular revoluti
It was clear the coullimitry's LI he always ga. Wi could only be p an cxclusively v Lion " with the recognition of deteiIätil t seccssi CDT.
Lehill had t battle against supporters who difere Ilce betW Federatio 11 : L Tid de Tatia I EL T1 dl go that ill that tå gnty and nati wils a ta ctical te Stalil, al p which “'s C3, IIc pe taking at face Cla 1 C.I 111 No. 9, 1989).
Lenin adITitt lity of federati types, with dif relations betw cintities piTepa union. Such a he write, W. from anyone's would only cr: storey, a fede republics” (wol even insisted ei code”* 3. h3 LI which i lay a f new culture o 1. Lions, In hi il code ha di t not by burea ccm i Till go WęTIT whim Leins of great-poWeI by the 'natio (vol. 36, p. 610

the rui 15 of Iive for selfgave birth to TIT15 bised ) In onal principle. ble e Ilergence itorial allt CICfic eithiic fe aRussian and mias (regions), 5 were for IIc di " plurely econMany of those proved short'ery diversity of al of a truly
for Lenin that Inity, to which e li is support, reserved through "Olıntary federa
Llinquestico Table the right to selfo the point of
c wage a real Stali T1 a Ind his
did not see any eеп the RussiHп
the Uli Il Feenerally beliewed lk about so wereional statehood move OT, Lo qLIoolitical 'game'' :ople have started value’’ (see CPSU Lice Gazette,
ed the possibi0115 0f diffe TCEnt ferent le y els (of een the national Të t{ fTTm H lmi) fätis, | Tot dictrict indic pendence but el te " 'äl the Inc. W Tation of equial 42, p. 422). He ħil th: t l “'diet: illd be workel Out al II di til for El Il inter ethnic II:- s opinion, such y be workcal 3 Lut lucrats from the ment machin cry, trongly suspected ambitions, but [1:ql5"" thi eD115 cl'W' e:S
').
These ideas remained largely unfulfilled or gained only formal recognition. The multinational state was forced into a a straight jacket of a cent Tal
ci stāt,
Of course, even in these circumstances the country attained spectacular results, including in the ethnic life of Ina ny peoples. We can rely on these results in Inaking our plans for today. But because thic laws of ethnic development hawc been ignored, problems werc gradually accumulating to come to a head at the new, sharp turn of history,
The country's search for ways out is painful. Many things have been carefully considered of late. The Party has proposed a programme of nationalities policy for today's conditions. The Congress of People's Deplu ties and the USSR Supre ITne Sowict have adopted major decisions, such as the laws on languages a Tld cc) Tomic indicpendence. They have adopted the law on the order of seceding from the USSR. The effort under way is to renew the treaty of the union. Today seems 10 be the m5t Tespo Ilsible of law-making stages, tied up as it is to the fates of the Soviet federati.
Lenin's idea of the federation, its types, and level of interdependence provided the key to the quest of today We are COT1fident that in the long run. We will be able Lo ha "11) Ili se int CTelic Tclati ODS, The quiet, reasonable work within the format of the law alone, rather than the separatist, extrellist mo wes we have is een in the baltic republics, in the Caucasus and some other regions of the country, will lead us to the i T1 which yw Could III Cet the basic interests of all nationallitics and give a second Wind to our great multiethnic coIIIm linity.
ComTades. Ji : feature of SOciety which we are striving for along the road of Perestroika is a Ircino v Elted, TefðITII led COIT, UT1llnist päTty.

Page 31
We are preparing for the 28th Congress of the CPSU, 0E1 this issue, history itself necessitates a turn Comparable With the formation of the 'party of a new type' effected under LeIllin's guidance. The Platfor II Qf the CPSL Centrl CLIllIIlitLee Eind drast Tules, which are actively and critically being considered by the collllllllists and society as a whole, have laid the coiffersto [ne for EL Fo Ti Eicipally new stage in the Collmunist Party's development.
What Is the CODIlection betWeen today’s state of affairs and the Leninist party tradition. It is, primarily, the dependence of the Party's development processes. In the objectively Changell situation in the country and the World the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), which We LISLE ally remember only in ci in Illicctitil with the resolutio, Ill In the Party's structure. TE res til 11 til In T eftltod the existen Ce of the 'absolutely correct form of the Party's organisation, applicable te all stages of the IcWolutionary process, as well His methods of its work. On the contrary, the form of organisation and methods of work arc fully dependent on the peculiarlies of the specific historical situiti and the tasks which directly arise from the 5ituation." (scc “CPSU in Re
solution’’, minth Russilin edition, V. 2, p. 323),
With the colle1 cc Illel of
the peaceful period following the conclusion of the civil War, the Party's evolution ito a new state was especially painful. This was only Tatu Tal because the Party had been integrated in the syste III and state power, based as it was, o il the dictatorship of the proleta Tiat. The time Was pregna It with danger when, to quo te the Tesolution, the 'centralisation, (in the party) has given rise to the trend of its becoming a bureall cracy divorced froll the Illasses' (IBID., p. 325), When thc Party during the civil war had
the monopoly to power and got the knack of commanding everything a Tid anything com
missar style whe si: Ty privileges i the basis of mis of all kinds : ''Party's spiritu Waining. Thcr toils of moral
The Congress ԼյլIt iT the tmlla| Party denocracyLIII i ITS ELS WIT te Ilse quest for the negative tren! to the Party a
i Ille with thic Inę the country by involveilent of :) In Thrill 1 Tlists, of Its.
Regrettably, he to implement changes in the ripe at the tur were taken up E. spelled disaster society il Soci short period of was actually Ila part a tool of tion – by Comma Fill the fat Tea Cl ces felt to Lilis
The conclusic rc storation of the of Party life all. enough. The dr Toiki of the wh Sct a far more i
Our Society Int party of the s acti Ing by exclui: tic methods in Cf Glā sist, la and plurality of Ha Wing obtained working in these the party will the majority of lying all social sti Elities in the ef a he democratic
TI PSJ 35 tion of persuad that it is right. it only several the sy IL1 pathies the broad II asse FT 11, Wye Hle B Le ii I1, Ilit bicca' paga Indla was nin() the Täter is til

El of the neceswere becoming use of Office Ill Wille tille
life" y : We Te sy II1pLegeneration.
saw the way cement if the וח רfrt זווי_itחk טW – ks of his ill
Ways tij stop Ld5, and i II part 1 e W image in : w situatil i II way of the broad
the Tlass of hic Party gT455
Was It there is ideas, The Party, long over in f the 1920, y Stalin, which For the Party, illis III. Over El tille, the Party de a component the administriaTid syste II , With ning consequen
1 is: today, the : Leli list Ijo Timms sne is not nearly ive for Perestolic country has Tiliki ble talski
2eds a Wanguard cialist chlı Cice', sively democrathe co T1 di ticas W-based state, political views. the knack F. new conditi Ills, e a ble to call the people, Tal"a tl ll Irid n: t ii) InOrt For all'1- s0 cialism.
the great tradiing the masses
In 1917, it took Inonths to win and support of s. The people olsheviks, said Luise **their proTe skil full. Nica, at their prop
ganda was morc truthful" (v. 40, p. 69). The wave of the February revolution brought to the Surface a mass of fallise politici il is a Irı d de Tagoguess, for whicom their personal a Ilı bitin and striWi Ing to make L cariccr. in po Čolitics werc supreme to the coultry's plight. Millions of highfl. Will words hailing "'his excellence the people" and 'the liberator people' avalanched on the Workers, peasants and soldiers, callising quite a few heads to spin,
Lenin rejected abuse of the masses" political back wat dness and their open manipulation
through iece pticon, flattery, proTmiscs by thic million a Ind pe Lty sops. (w. 24, p. 64), “We are Il Cat chairliltä. T15". Hic saidi. “Talk, flattery of the revolutionary people is the only thing that has ruitled all revolutions. Thc Wh1)|e Of Lih:1.TXi5Im1 tè2:ä chc5 L15 lot to succumb to revolution:lry phrases, particularly at a time when they have the greatest currency' (v, 36, pp 436, 439).
A Tid so? from Februl: Ty tic October, in the absolute freedel Cf choice a Llid il the Illicist of sharp inter-party rivalry, the bolsheviks grew from a party of te Ts of thousa Ind to hundreds of thousands, leading tens of Tinillico Tas al Ung,
From the point of view of the ability to campaign for the support of the masses, the current turning point in the life of our country demands no less political activity from the Party. We list revive the Bolshevik art of conviction in competition with Limy Tival, ånd 13 ] Ine should complain of **hawing rcTillileil with O 11 t S LII Cort CT having been left to the mercy of the crowd, un protected from the in for Ilill IIle-Ile Ints' etc. concurrently, w e Illist be Teil dy to for Il political coalitions, to Inake compromises and to work together with various public I11 Լիկ է:Ill:Iլ IS,
Giving up its mana gerial fu Inctions, the CPSU dics mot Tclieve its clf of the responsibility for the situation in the country. The people will judge the Party
29

Page 32
not only by its slogans, platforms, resolutions and calls, but first and foremost by the Tesults and quality of coln IIllinists' activity their Work places and in society's political, cultural, a dilli Tı istrative and economic spheres,
Comrades, the current discussi) has clbraced the theoretical and ideological principles of the Party, naturally including the question of Leninism. Moreover, some a Te advancing their arguments from nihilistic, I would even sity, aggressive positions.
The inadmissibility of the dCgil:ltic litilization of this concept in the form inherited from
Stalin is obvious, for it has cIngendered a speculative and so Ille tilnes cynical attitude to Leninism. And Ilost people,
poorly wers cd in theory, perceive it as a kind of religion which they did not take pains to undcrsta Ind.
'''Leninis In' as a term cmerged in the Menshewik milicu lico Ing before 1917, as a way of just a posing the ideas of Lenin's to those of Marx. In the early 1920s, this concept was borrowcd by Lenin's supporters to defir1e a new stage in marxism. Lenin protested against that not only out of modesty, but rather because he had Devci claimed to be the founder of a special integral theoretical and philosophical system. He sincerely considered himself to be Marx's follower and VicWci his contribution to theory as part of Marxis II.
One should be extrelley cautious in discussing such a theCretical and political category as Le Lillis II, without which a correct understanding of progress in the 20th century is just 11 Isithi Ikalbo || E. AIlid Ille should not yield to pressure from nihilists Eli Tıd those whı () : " e ignorant of history and theory,
Fco I, LI 5 ILEI1II1i5 II Tomains :L live Hind Hictive theoretic:ıl, idea) - logical and moral force. Now We are restoring the genline
O
mcaning of Licin We arc trying
in earnest. It
bc.. easy. As P. nues and as w E gencies WC are
cd in this work a greit dell, bl. still III e du Ti tions for tile 2 thic CPSU, i t tl self and during a new Party pr
(Слinter
Bandaranalike,
f CσΗriημεκ ή
supernatural cul Si Tlala Buddhis until his, persc LIndier the polit his last year.
lllIImina liigly episode of his gods in the las life. Earlier, Wisited the Lll fulfil a woW to gud, Bandara Ia her but Tell air L the CCT: T17 I 1 July 1959 with majority croded micit fall cing t defeat, he ch atter in the het advice T: This time hec p: cere II1 nics To distanced hims Occasil, S11rr da Tacers, he CF studded gold ir Ka La Til gia T : ( ) I the DeWalt to
Il the charit the procession before his as episode provide to the many his life and ps
In attempting billa nce sheet { cTeer, I wou my point of . sentence in Mal chapter. He Banda Tanaike any cont: els c t i these two larg til Cimos — chillu",

in's heritage and to do this job is not going to crestroika conti: deal with emeractively involvWę halwe de It we are to do Ing the prepa rä8th Congress of he Congress itthe drafting of 0 gr a rinne.
JF! Figo 32)
"ari Page 35.)
ts held by many its. Not that is | Illa lity weakened Iical stresses of Manor deals with the strange trafic with the t III this of his When his wife nawa temple to the Katara gamla ike accompanied el an Oiltoker y. However, in lis parliamentary and his governhe prospect of
1sulted a light Sulth, Tid II Wi5 ited L L III 1 : W El...
rticipated in the Tı which her hadi :If on the earliet 5unded by Kawadi irried the gemImage of the God hi5 h : fra 11 place the statue it the start of Tw. In oths sassinatio II, this d a biza. Tre finale contradictions of 25 313 lity.
to di Tall w up the of Banda ränike’s |d like to tike: i.eparture from a 10T's introductory s:1ys theTe that ** id Ill CTo thill o institution lize el y co Til tradicta Ty Filis III a. Il refoT 17
- als core ele I11 eilts of the 15 land's politics.' I would like to raise the question of how we should understand the term "refrill' as a major component of Ban
dara naike's political life. I am IlQL ilçlici a s II luch als MäTT to give Weight to his social
welfare programmes: he was not an in Iowator in this TC5 pect, since wcfare was one of the mäin, th, Tlusts of all gover III lents since independence. But reform of the political system, in the sense of making govern Illent more Copen, morc accessible, a Lld therefore more responsive and democratic, was certainly Colle of his consciously held aims when he took power in 1956. The crowds who surged into the Parliament chamber after the opening session under his regime and the popular talk of “a pe andluwa" in the months following were, however naively, a recognition of these declared intentions of thic new Prille Minister. At C1 e lewel Hle SLICceeded in these aims. It Inay even be said that hic could not hawe been assassiInated so easily but for his practice of keeping open house to callcris alt Ros Illead Place. But it was the fatal ingredient in this populism that it involved also thic surrender to the compulsions and passions of the ethnic majority, NUL only therefore did he leave behind a country which was to remain more deeply divided than before his accession tPCWCT but his a spirations towards broadbasing government Werc compromised by these conflicts. In that sense Mano T is right in saying that the two the Illes he institutionalised - cha u winnis Tll and reform - Were contradictory. His ideas of Tegional levolutio of power - part of the concept of locally based democracy that he had long cherished - Wer wrecked by ethnic conflict. Furthermore, the internecine divisions he failed to control ultimately led to growing militarisation and authoritarianism of government in the hands of his successors — a 11 011 tc.0me he could not halve fores een or desired but for which he LID. Wittingly prepared the way.

Page 33
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Page 34
LLLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLLL HLLLLLLL S SLkLTTTLLLL George Keyt Drawings
by H. A. I. Goonetieke
Published by J. F. El Printers for the George Keyt. Fo
90 Plates, Coloured Portrait Frontispiece
Among the handful of books produced in Sri Lanka on the subject of moder In art in this century, George Keyt Drawings published as a tribute to the artists 89th birthday on April 17th this year, Illust take first place. The Fou Indiation established in the Tale of Sri Lallka's most Tenowned pa inter must be congratulated on its initiative in planning the book a ıd producing it in so resple Indent a männer. No pains would appea, T Lo hawe been spared to ensure a volune Worthy of the artist it honours and the event it celebrates,
The first thought that strikes this review er is that 50 elegant a II. d 1 magnifice Intly designed i bok, il the field of Inc : 5pect of the artist's creative work, could have been brought te fruition in the space of only S C SLLLL HHHS S HHaHaLLLSS LLL0 SLLLL LLSS flects a collective endeavo Litt a II d the dedication of specialist zeals, working together to achieve a Temark ble co Influence of coTception and execution. The altractive dust jacket with its characteristic drawing is metely the exciting begining within the 5turdily bound hard cÖVers, enriched by Barbara Saisoni's handloon cloth with the drawing of Keyt's favolutite lovers ** Radha Ellid Krishna. A 5 0Il : pl'ITSlles the i 1 triguling dTEL. Lughts Tha Tship) of the artist, beginning in 1925 and ending with a drawing in January 1990, we are fascinated with the turning of each page and the u Infolding of so ina II y treaSilures of the artist's i lagi nation.
C) IIc son recog Ilises that Cine CT ile esse Intial constituelt 5 OF Keyt's genius als I paint CT is the supreme qualily of his line and draughtsmanship in all his work. This publication sets out for the first tille, :Åld i II LISual fashion, to display his sliperb c3I1 tril of litr e, Wb1:i te: Wer the medium he uses. As We tiu TTn the 90 plate; which dis
play the 236 d to accentuate th artist's work, W. ering Why We w a feast before.
|LCC 415 tr). Lled to 1 his Werk as il sa me period, b sellbled the less ches of his eloq
follow in profu | Pluted by the di illedia thal T1 pa surfaces tha II i board. Every Keyt's themes
his painti Ing JCC a lower key.
The FIL I Imla Li Wisely in entri di Tection of LHı the scholarly Goone ti leke. H ings 01 a Tt, e! Keyt - A Life ed last year an close associatior Ima de bli Ilı the Tliet Introducti. special Ticiálmi i Kcy L's particula BTief, buit il for dC) es justice L) purpose of thi ess; el til readi standing the Wa In di Splity. Tl Catalogluc camp t CT is 4. vil L13, further apprecia constraints of thic e di LCT hs the proven att fessional skill a which he is OWI Prologue for what föll vi ing ewolution C techniques as stic naturity, absorbing from a fill Leccs, Lilli ċisti tistic integrity a
It is a stolish such as this c a chievedi despit involved, both

Luridä til 1990)
Tawings chosen is aspect of the e are left Wond"eT e die lied such
We halwe beel he gra Tięu Of
painter in the ut he Te Ie LSer know Ll sketuent hand. They sion, so I newhat elaids of lesser i Tht, ind søfter canvas, ju te OT
single one of and subjects of cur here, but in
13 I'll has chos eil
Listing editorial e enterprise to Hands of III
is :1 Tli:lir Writspecially Geогge iп Art publishd his long and with the artist, obvious choice. In leads us to of drawing and ir pro weiss iml it. "Illative, the text the Illu Te Ft Lld work and is Ing for underriety of pictures The Descriptive i1ed by the edi - ble adjunct to till. Give the the production, show n yet a gali 11 ributes of proind expertise for reputed Keyt's sets the stage S, the fascintf his styles and Le grows in al Irtiborro Wing and wide range of inblish his own a Tnd individuality
ing that a book :Could have bicem e the difficulties technolgical and
otherwise. Abu LI L of the drawings glass, yet the
two hill dred
were belli Tıd ingen Lility and artistry of Gапiпi Jayasingle have captured the subtle and delici:lite to Enes and colours, especially where the surfaces have been ravaged by time and climate. We Illust be grateful that the challenges were accepted and The With competence and understanding. The entire Volume is designed with finesse and aesthetic tastic, the artwork and layout blending with the printing and binding. In this aaLtYS HLH K LLLLa a LLLLLLLLS SHHHHLaS ell 11 With ji tywy cyfeir55 of the most exquisite expositions of a
gifted artist whose life has spa II ed I early the whole of the present century. Need one
Elsk TÜ T 11 CT i 1 til Illes like thi 5.
LEMIM"S SOCIALISM
(Carinities frarf page 3. Guided by the in transient ideas of Lenin's heritage and by modern knowledge, and Thasteri Ing the latest i Lhieve II 1811 ts in the science of Iman aind society, we shall be seeking our own ways of dealing with the problems and challenges of our til Ile.
Comrades, our Society has 10 reas Oil ble alte TTiative to socialist restructuring, for it is a complicated, but inevitable way of tackling difficulties which Will lead us to real progress. Advancing it long this Way, we ca. Il mot do With o LIL L-I i In’s heritage, en riched with the experieIce and lessons of Cllr own and world history.
The success of Perestroika. will mark an unprecede inted stage in the develop lient of civilizaLion and the begill Thing of an epoch of gra adios e transformatiçi Tı, :wer'ı revolutiörı 5, WhöSe TO T1 yi Chile It aid de 11 Cratic Illethods a Ild results may bring the world, as Le II i dTea Tincid, to the very essence of Illan's existence Com el Tth. (appla, Lise).

Page 35
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