Page 1
JAYAWEERA. REPORT
Vol. 13 No. 9 September 1, 1990 Price Rs. 7.
Kuwait Diari - the firs
S.W.R.D., MANOR,
IPKF and the .
OPEN ECONOMY: The U
The Battle
(o GORBACHEV O
 
 

Kumar's Protest and L.G.'s Reply
50 Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka OD/79/NEWS/90
y: Gulf Crisis t fortnight
- Victor Mallet
TARZIE AND REGGIE reply
- S. Pathira Vitama
J.V.P. Offensive
- Bruce Matthews
NPʼs Patronage System
- Mick Moore
for the Fort
- Mervyn de Silva
DEFINING ETHNICITY

Page 2
A selected list of r
Sri Lanka Mosaic - Environment, ma
and change HWC SC
Seasonality and Health: A Study of
environment of ill-health in five by Godfrey Guna tilleke, P. D. A. Fernando, Eardley Fernando
A Colonial Administrative System in
by Dr. B. S. Wijeweera
Sepala Ekaina wake and Ex Post, Facto Hijacking Cof International Aircraf Sri Lanka Domestic Law incorpo | Internati Orha | La W by David S. Awerbuck
The Pilgrim Kamanita - A Legendary
by Karl Gjell erup
StOries from the Mahavamsa
by Lucien de Zoysa
Stories from the Cua Vamsa and oth
Tales by Lucien de Zo y sa
Conservation Farming Systems, Tec
Tools (For small farmers in the by Ray Wijewardene & Parakrama
Marga
61 || sipal hama Colombo 5, S

Marga Publications
n, continuity
the socio-economic
| OCH tions
Perera, Joel
Transition
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FOIT13 octo
3r Historica
:hniques and Humid Tropics) .. WWaidhyantha
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Page 3
TEMWIS
MO COWER FOR FOT Insurance for anage sufferre' fro 7) rifol a F7 do Cisy W cao 77rrroi For WW rol të u nderivrittan by the government in future. Assura rice for such cover Eby the Ställe fis-75 Hear 7 wy if fı = draw. Instructions have been issued to a N surance cornpå rigs for to fr7sejre Sny perSo I r Ara jerry agair7siti rript C r ferroris r77. A gaver 77/77 er 7ť fu rid Lyr, der writing such ir 7Surance w/ To Yonger Eye Ei wa sa EMe.
Siin 7:e War Érik Wť fir ] '7ė W rť Wi ' ES W7 WWF77 77 hi vir 7 dreds of requests for frFyrå FTC e :) We'r flä WÈ JEFF7 77 årsa fr thos reas, Lt 7 W vyf WW Ft E JCCFF7F TEC ba:ā5E of W7 W Ft Widrā Wä. W of WE: fu ridd' a '7' āF EC#, JSFs fir 7Westgations no cars carflot be T75 clg in those a reas fr7 a Wär sffu af for 7, accordirigy LLLL S LLTL LHHL LOLS LLLLCLLCHLLLLHKS S GaL LLLLLLKS дgлsiол of cover howevёг арpsies to Cpt har ā reāls ārs WWF/W.
COMMON ENE MY
Staff Miser for Defence Rалјал М'їjeratле has аддеa/ed té). 5 I Cor]]rritorig5 Fr] the Eastern Provinca not to p/ay to the aids if ferrorists by attacking each other. | appeal to remiers of a W cornr77 unities not to attack aur78 a r. Offier b uť ť0 | back g Oveľ7frient's effort to deal with the corri rr7ofn er ermy, the LTTE",
7e 5ā.
NO3 LONGER o PR WILEGED
The exclusive right given to rätsor als of Tfassard Londsr a b Watera / ag reër?? er fc) faxport geluidas fror77 i Sri Lanka has Baer a lowed to apse. Hagrāfter We Safe ČGer77 Corporation will issue scences to arly foreigner, at its sose disCretior?, to Lily a ryd' export rough geudas frorn Sri Lanka. A Trimum of US S 70,000 WIN Flave TC Elle fortified fû this country to qualify for registration as an exporter.
LETTERS TO
Pseudonyris. fo III OLICOrrespi is. A gitt to for publication i täTICE Tı List hOWWE 11E of the Wr
postal address.
editorial practic helpful in the action.
LETI
The Great All
The caption I ՎM Լ11ւ էլի | Ը5 է" With1 JR 3 LG 15 give the impres: DS was "great NM was aber ever, as the tex Wyhlt JR 51 i W; the “ablest" of four of who himself) are II Pieter, Bernard
I think fel VW yn NM Will 5 Eble 1
äÜAR
WI, 13 No. 9 5
PrВ
PLSE f
L. Gārdā
No. 246,
Ըքltյril
Editor: Mgr.
Telephom

THE EDITOR
ir MOT Eärnigd underica LD luniH.B. L. L. Tỉ sĩitlErạtl In the first isur er have the FL iter Band his/her This is COO
which is also GWent Gf lagal
— Erfor
TERS
est all the
St
OS thic grca test, (Conversations Allglist) could sion that though er thin NM, than DS. Howt makes clear, ls that NM was the left leaders, 1 (besides NM am cd: ColWil, and Philip.
ould agree that haI Philip which
Lowered over the rest of the left leaders. As for being "abler' thı Il Colvin, Pieter and Bernard (even if JR's assessment is sou Tcl, which I doubt) is that such a big deal as all
tha L. ?
Boyd Almeida
(Col J Tb3 4.
Abest Left Leader ?
JRos assess menti (LG 15 August) was wide off the mark. The il bl'est lcft leaders WCrc A E Go Tesi Inghe, Philip, Harb olur Piyadasa and Bala "Tatlıpoe. NM was accurately described by Bala as 'a mediocrity who got lucky'. Colvin Was quick-Witted but quite cilit of touch with political and Ima CTU -economic rellities. A clLigImatist who stretched or chopped the facts to fit his procrusteam bed of obsolete theory. Pieter a flound cr (a European flat fish) out of capitalist water slou Indering on prole La rian sal Ilds. Leslic ili de Cent hul mi. Il being, qui te gormless, What can one say of Bernard Tenth runner-up in the beauty contest :
Piyalı Gıllı age:
E DAN
ieptember 1, 1950
R 750
ortnightly by
Lublishing Co.Ltd.
III i IT PIC,
- 2.
гүп de Silvа
3; 44 B84
Colombi) 3.
CONTENTS
Briefly News Background 3. A. l. Report
J.W.F. 12 KEL TV" il 13 On Throwing Stones from
Glass Houses 18 Some Policy Conflicts 1 GO E C G Wis 24 Correspondenco 25 Bok REWİEW 28
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sri Ratnajothi Sarawam muttu Mawatha, Colombo 13. TE|вphoП8: 435975

Page 4
BREFLY. . .
The Illing dil i Ilı III dial Illas been happy with President Pre III adalsäll’s Independence Daly message to III dian President Wenkatara Ilian. The mainstream press displayed it promincntly. One publication slid that it was characterised by unusual warmth, All the said that it was politically meaningful and in sharp çoi trast to the "political polemics that Ilarrel Ild-Si LIkā relatins at this time last year'. This paper (The Indian Express said that the Illessage will 5 ; index of the Tecent improvement in relations between the LW countries.
The Hirs Cllled the messagc unusually War II.
Former Indian Princ Minister Rajiv Gandhi told the Visiting Sri Lankan parlia Tentary delegation that here was an illegal arms market in India supplying the LT TE, the Khalista Inis in Punjab and the Kashmir milita Iltis. Disclosing this a member of the delegation, NMT Di Incsh, Gunawar de Tä. said that MT (Gia Tid hi hadi categorically stated that Indiali sil shill. Il di Incot be used LC wage War in Sri Lanka.
e Peace committees are being organised in Eastern Province villages inhabited by Muslims and Tamils. In the Kal II u Ini a real, the police have ma de a Trangements for the Muslims to attend night prayer meetings in three Intsques, under heavy security. Earlier night prayers were held at all sixteen mosquics in the locality.
STOP WOLENCE
Indian Prime Minister W. P. Singh, meeting journalists at lunch, called oil the LTTE to give up violence and e Inter the democratic
framework. India could nal agencies fugee ca Imps the Te WELS 110 India's propos camps here cause the L agreeable and leverage with
N O VI LITA SOLUTION
S. Oppositici mayo Bandar, five party pr Rat Illa la Ina tlh: East proble In
ved Conly po militarily. T engaged in di Ta Til groups end, she said,
)ppט טTh accused the pampering the they, the Tige ahead With a II UP.
She said Gover lil Eelt the blame ful siis in the N East; the gov Lo Fill the wa IPKF Wildf{11 the LTTE LO hand.
VP's TAXE S. Ministers,
It SW Ties : Te ICW
be taxed, like an Island repo if CII ed sour said that a ti had Teck in Illel Cyf, inc. Dim lle i La: 1ati () yn brif We:
Another in the tax likely to be
of the Tull TTC) " replaced by a Tax (WAT) as loped countri

He säid lät j Cim internatioto support rei I STi ILLI 1 kili;
PTgre55 QYCr ills to set uբ by itself, beTTE "Wys lt
I Ildil hall Llo that group.
ARY
1 Leader SiriAllike till :
test rally at it the NorthCould be 5 Cllitically; neveT TE SLFP vya 5 Scussio IIs With
th Wards this
I sit i sin leader government Cof
LTTE while were going
billi lill
15,
TIS
Lihat Prell då 5:1
should accept ly for the cri|UTth and the
er III helt Tali led cu LITT I After the wal aid allowed gain the upper
MPs and gowlits Whose sällätax frce are to anybody clse, "t said, quoting es. The report X. C COI il missio II
ed a lowering And the elimiltH Ιε4 κ.
355 ibile change Still Ctire was the dropping ær Tax, to be Wille Acided ir 111 ost dewe
* :
CORRECTIONS
"I"Hig following corrections airg neces0LSC L L Laa a LLLLLL LLLL LLS LSLLLLS the Political Philosophy and Praxis" by Dayan Jayati|| cka which applicā TCd in the “Ltrikto Ĉili:IriFiladoj".
3:
|list ii35 Lig of Lilie
The last sentence in the concluding para of the third column on page 16 sh Lild have real is flys:
""Hiisi Clitical werk in Timli is also Ill LeWorthy, because Intil that time the connectic is between Taiti I fighters EL Tid III dia had been with STT ugglers Il Sicial band its aird als With thc Timost ha rial cCore Tali IImil Naldi LI natio Il
a lists,'"
Part 2, third column, page 18 should read ''The evolution of the world Commi Lunist Eı ild Reygallation: Ty MayeaaaLL LLS S D LLLLLL S S SLLLLLLLaaa S0 CW In ideologicall f3 TT1afican Findi synt''
The fil-5 || ALTI If the Tirst Col Llull of page 19 should read "I will say that Cillrade Patrianita was certainly Ole Of the Lista Tiding Marxists rcduced by the Tamil nation of this COLLIS - the others being Conrades Vaidyaling II, KaIIdiah and S:nmugathasari - the last, Comrade PadIla label greatly respected."
The concluding serience of the pert LultiTITA, te para of the Article: should reill is flows:
"Someday when the peoples revolutil sity forces Lif the Sinhala, the Tamil and the Muslim communities Wage their combined struggle against reaction and imperialis III, the World will know this - for surely at some decisive stage and determinant noment of the struggle, they will unfur the Llywir hanners of Wijaya Hindi Pillalba",

Page 5
JAFFINA FOR Symbol and Rei
Mervyn de Silva
affna's 300 year old Dutch fort linder seige since June 10, and the 220 policemen Lind solLaLLS SLLLLa L HS S LaLLLLLL S S LLLS S LLLHLaHLLLL and family if the Army's Operation is successful, The Sundly ISLAND Colull list TARAKI, the bet fred f Culli: 5 the Jaffna situation, argued that the Jaffna Fort is a 'symbol'. Of cours c, it is, But not symbol Only.
If it was only a symbol the LTTE leadership would have used it Sible ly als an argument to strengthen their case before the people
— the Sri Lanka Lion Flag i5 In di FIFe TEITL TTCT the DC) Litch Flag cor the Unicon Jack, the
flag of Tlot just 5 overeignty but
stup Te Tacy. Ad seo, il reverse, the subjugatio In cof the Tamil Illino Tily. Such was the Tiger
propagan dist thesis and emotionally powerful case.
Tlıf: the Sis didn't cılki the Tic. It was used With deadly effect Ino L. [1nefely to Fally the Tamil pe Ople but te persua de the Sri Link 1 g LSWertlIFlent Why the arly should live out. In the course of the LTTE-government talk5, El LTTE spokes Ill II said
"alright, if there must be a syribol of sovereignty and CLIDInbios luthority why not Ilike it the G. A.'s Office, as beföre, i. e. tille civili II i Illi
listration'.
But behind the syllbol was Lhe reality. The 200-250 Illen
in the beseiged fort - some have died there, so Ile Were Tescued in a da Ting Operatic II — ga We the government every right to Toll. It military actions, includ11 g : Ciil atticks of the heavily fortified LTTE bunkers. And the planes or the helicopters that C:1. Elle attr:t CTed LTTE fire, Orle helicopter was in fact lost in Such an operation. And so, what would ordinarily be seen as a strictly military confron
til LiCT, ELI I l : if War, had a militic. Els pect ti the For L Was Lili : Ill the 5teriyice were witula could object t tions. NJË eyer aly g0 WCT11Tl ČT inilitary IIltisel |LIchęci H. We bile :55ult t ages. The Indi certi:Lilly hawe ( The LTTE F1 Tığıke :ı diplır like the FTL tory", the idea FEL LITET IT CF LTTE IT Li ifel li tt :) I'm Luchi — EC} Hrea (the to W II) 7111 E: 111 5 11 Tt, Lankai Timed OlIt To III all the til 5. That y
: 11II's E:
All thic till We are it war. W.T. till CF ICG II Llt CT-i T51 nonetheless, W FC Los 11f TLtÜ TlıE Fıl | [[] or destroy H. W.; tist group that the coluntry and State, Incvitably ing and milita an increasingly on the decision And why not that läkes th. ficc, f'Al Il di CAS LI been quite high Il lege ci important Colls event, becoilles issue — the IT101 That be colles, vasive considera High Command If the Fort Will love to E

ality
inly by the Illes political-diploað, As ling Els nder LTTE seige personnel inside stages, Ilobody Tes Cle eTa1 India. (In fact, it. With greater e 17 J LIld liye l-Planı ned COIL1TESC lle till: hic Stan Army would
One so).
a di il chElice IC altic de;L. T. : “Ileu trill terri| of placing the C CLI. The It by dem Ti di Tig Iihike the while El de-In Elitaris Eed for ciling the Sri services to pull li f' for tified possiwas Tejected of
"Ic is the Air Imy. C:ll it Luc. IlJT protracted War I'r gency, but War rith the. As Illed SEEL te Iñibilised physically critish ell-arned separaplans to divide Csti blish 11other o military thinkTy options, make stronger impact -making process, It is the a TIThy 3 supre TT1 e sa Cirialty figures have .
TCLIII stances, ill idciratico II in any the paramount ale of the men. he vital, al 1 pertion of the Army
5 taken, the war different phase,
hold
whil Liec "Tigers, like all guerrillas will
The filly will We'll l-et
felded positi Ins
elt away, The LTE Wil subject thic a Tmy LCD continu Lis 55II-t. All Ti: Widers Wyether ciyil 3 dirili Tilist:LLi Ti can really be restored. All this on the assumption that the ATmy Will I'll be cĖ VILL CILt With merely replacing the 230 "hostages" with a fresh battalion atta SLLLLLLLL LLa S LLLL LLLLSS LLL SSS S0 H patrol in the environs. III short, Jaffnit city cannot be brought to the level tiք I, ԸrIllalcy now prevailing in the
East. . . Tid eye Til the Te the LTTE hals Tictili Ilici : high degree of mobility,
INIO ILLA FACTOR
The IT lil-Tallil Tald II fic: ET How Te-emerges in that complex equation which we saw LCYLLLLaa S aaLLLL S SSS S LLLa S S000S0SL
period. Each Week, there hits been El distinct change in Tole and tlı: D1 Şub Sta 11çe 11 Official d'EclaLLLLLL LLLaS S S LLLLL LLSLLS LLLL LLL0 LaaaLYL (27/8) shows a distinct harden
ing of the Indian li Fle. Once agai II, the till ret af 71 CXC dills is the justific: tien in Cilt flerely
for expressi{Ils of "CCI). Cern but blunt 'appeals' for an im IleLLLLaaK SKaLLLLSS L SLS S Lta LLLLatlS L the sa Ine Statement, the Indian Pri Iule Minister Mr. W. P. Singh said:
"We are deepy concerled with the sharp escala tin” of the conflict, ... in distriliite attacks O heavily Lillt el a Te A5 "" . . . as a result the flow of refugees
froIII the islı T1 til to Tallil Till
Will place n heavy burden" om
India.
The final Tessage was the
(ld familiar. The Lankan gowernment must take urgent steps",
-oi mmcciiH te ccs * ון 1: With sation of hostilities and a return to negotiations. A durable
3.

Page 6
solution to the ethnic conflict
cannot be found by military Iñ5olIls Lr WiQëIlcs“.
Prime Minister W. P. Singh
who recently survived a major Crisis in his motley coalition is under presure from within and without, from Chief MiniSter KlT LIDL lidhi WH105; c. TOMIK is an important partner of the Illing National Front, and from
the Opposition Congress of former Prime Minister Rajiv Cillihi,
Addressing District and State presidents of the party's Youth Council, the General Secretary of Mr. Gandhi’s Congress accused the National Front gover Ilment of providing the coun
try with 'the Weakest Centre in India's modern history. . . "This government he added
was composed of "two ideologically opposed part cs”. Under Rajiv's leadership, India had open cd El dialogue with China, and the Sri Lankan situation had greatly improved.
MIAI). IRAS NEMUS
In his reply during a debate on it resolution introduced by him, the Tamilna du Chief Minister said: **Since a o “neutral gua Tanto T''' was required to reImove the apprehensions the gower IIIment Of India should come forward to play such a role".
The Tesolution Said the ** House requested the Government of India to find a political solu
tion to this problem helping the Tamils to get a peaceful life and create a climate faci
litating the return of the refugees to their notherland peacefully and without fear."
The re5olu tion Said hundred5 of Tamils were dying every day due to attacks by the Sri Lan
kil I Army. Besides thousands of Tamils affected by aerial bombing had come to Tamilnadu as refugees after losing all their property the paper said.
Mr. KaruIlaridhi 51id about
80,000 Tamil refugees had Teached Tamilnadu in the Wake of the aerial offensive by the Sri Lankan government and this constituted an indirect aggressic) In the pa per said,
4.
GWLFF GIR
An oil price fro 11 expatriate Middle-cast (m lost, tea shipme cd, the job mark the Icgion Cripp thic un cmployed mcnt cxp Corts to slash cd. Freigh bound cargo hay iTn Sri Lankalʼs II thic Island'5 eci hilly blows at While Illilitary steadily is the mintassive operatik Jil film: Firt ald Wh10 ון טוTWic CIIט 5 ally held hostag nearly 80 days.
With pet Tol ( transport faires | and IIlost col:
ille.
Iraq was the Oli tel Sec
Semina
The Policy Pl Dr. Lloyd Fern Association C de Zoysa, the l ration's top exc singha, the Lab cretary Justin D Agencies (Pvt) Sri Lanki Shi chiTm II W. Insurance Corp In 15 LITH1-cel Mar suriya, the Co MEI 1:1 gCT, Edgal I" cipated in a ser plications of th; ganised by the if (immleTce. a slummary of th
Dr. Ferna Ildi Were Io siTipli complex prob country. For e go WerIn The Int int its policy of pri s CCLCIT (, ) Tgi, nisi stabilising effect נחםSSi שט

NEws BAckGRoumD
SIS: Massive multiple blows
like, remittances Workers in the Ostly house maids) ints to Iraq blocklet in Kuwait and cd, ti: Tīks f swelled El Idi gall Tthe US probably it rites for west'e gone up. Never 10 dern history has nomy received sco El lle time. Mica Ilspending rises Army launches a Il to relieve the Tescue Cover 200 hlwe beel wirue by the LTTE for
costing Thore, all hawe beer raised, SLIIIeT itellis cost
biggest buyer of only to Egypt.
Iraq buys our low and mid-grown teas, so popular in West Asia but
lot i Lil Weste Til Ilarkct5.
Expariate remittances came Second to tea as a lollar ear TıcT. In Kuwait aloc, we had about 100,000 workers. Remittances froll West Asial represented forty percent of this in colle. Sri Lanka has a huge budget deficit which is largely met by foreign aid and loans.
Unemployment has been a major socio-economic cause of un rest, particularly youth revolt.
Though revenue from garment exports has been often over-stated, the actual dollar income is noticthe less considerable. Apart from that, the garment factories, many in the FTZ, have made a significant contribution to cmployment -gene THtion, Of young WOrmen mainly. Sri Lanka is probably the one of the worst-affected Third World. па II опs.
r on Gulf Crisis
El In Ining Ministry's Hind, Tel Trade lairman Michael Petroleum Corpocutive P.L. Guilpur Ministry Sectas, the Shipping P. Diss Illike Hle pper's Council's T. Ella Wela, the Inration's Marine lager Roy BalaIntercial Bank's Glı malitlul Inga partiJima" (I the imGilf Crisis ICeylon Chamber The following is c views presented,
3 531 il tlit the Te a 1s wers to the lems facing the xample, while the CI) is to continue Watisation, public tions provided a in tilnes of re
The crisis would give a scwere beating to Air Lanka with an cistimated loss of approximately Rs. 400 Inillion in foreign cxcha Inge if Coperations to Kuwait were mot Iesu IIncid for the Test of the year.
If the situation developed to a point where airlines would have to overfly the Middle East, Ilore long Til Inge : ircrafts would hawe to be deployed and a drop in tourist traffic, particularly from Europe was expected because Europeans might not Want to Coverfly a pote Intial wat zone and With the cost of living increasing because of thic fuel hikes II1 ore Eu Topicans would be reducing their holiday air travci.
Air Lanka and other airlines would have to raise fares due to thic hike in fuel costs, AirLanka has already raised its Ta tes om discounting tickets.
Club IIIb C) Tca Tradicirs’ Association Chairman, Michac de

Page 7
Zoysa ricfc. Tcd to the crucial importance of Iraqi purchases in Inaintaining price level at
the Colombo auctions. Currently, Sri Lanka's exports to Iraq amounted to about 15 per cent of total exports. Kuwait, although a smaller market, was all important one, particularly for Willic add cid teas.
Ceylon Petroleum Corporation Deputy Commercial Manager, P. L. Gunasinghe said that although Iraq was not a major source of crude oil for Sri Lanka, the price of oil in the world Ilarket had increased as a reStult (of the Gulf crisis. IIIe emphasis cd the volatility of the oil IIlarket in the past few weeks, with prices changing from day to day.
Labour Ministry Secretary, Justin Dias speaking on emigrants” remittam ces said that
about 500,000 Sri Lankan workcTs were eII ployed in the Middle East, of which 1 1 0,000 Were in Kuwait.
Remitta inces from emigrants had been about Rs. 13 billion in 1989 and had been projected to Teiich Rs. 16 billion in 1990. He felt that although emigrants' remittances were usually ranked third after tea and garments, if nett foreign exchange earnings
were take II i Into account, emimigrants' Temittances were the leading source of foreign exchange.
Hic also mentioned that problems would be created in Sri La Inka, if there was a large
scale return of Sri Lankan workers from the Middle East.
Ceylon Shipping Agencies (Pwt.) Ltd. Marketing Manager, Para krama Dissanāyake said that shipping services to Iraq were continuing. He added that due to the Gulf crisis, fuel oil had increased from US 70 dollars to US 160 per metric til TF1 e, as result of which there would
be increases in bunker adjustment factors (BAF). He also mentioned that an increase in
War risks premium would entail an additional cost of US 150,000
dollars per call for a US 20 million dollar ship.
Sri Lanka SI chairman W. TI that consequer bunker prices relative exchan, ences had imp bunker surcharg adjust 11 eint faci
Roy Balaisuri: Il CT11 ble T S T e: War risks prem surance policie:
Edgar Guna the Inechanisms fers of Inoncy tle Trill Li ma li tir: from Iraq wou to be chaniel It Ci:il cenires 1 I.E. Ika would h; Of the current incial centres drawn by Iraq. to the possible
C
Six op pressed a innocent c disturbed t tion of the innocent perties.
THe si a TD - Sri ոaike Sri Mahajana | Sa masanaj; Samaja Pał Liberation
They s bed at two Defence in debates th: they should niya where native for
Wg w minate ki| an inh LImar and unfair follow Orde
We di criminate a

ppers' Council
El lavwala said
to the risc in and changes in - Tätes, Confersed increases in is and curricncy bTS.
A informed the It increases ill a on IIlarine in
u nga explained
by which trans:1re I m1:1 de i11 in — e. Remitta nccs d the refore lia Wc i through fina I1ld banks in Sri | we to ta ke ni iÖ tie attitudes of fin
to cash1 drafts He also refered recessionary elf
MEWS EBACKGROUND
fects of the current crisis in the American economy.
(YS (0)
IMF LOAN
Sri Lanka has asked for urgent IMF help under the Contigency Compensatory Financing Facility (CCFF). An enhanced oil bill Will Worsen the balance of payments by about 20 million dollars. Oil imports last year was 260 million dollars. If Oil imports are not reduced, Sri Lanka may have to pay between 350-37 () million dollars. The government is also negotiating with a colnIncrcial bank in Colombo for credit facilitics to help the USSR Tea Purchasing Board. The USSR kept out of the auctions for the past 3 weeks complaining that interest rates On Short-term credit was too high.
ON DEMN BOMBING
position parties in a statement yesterday exarm over the killings and disappearances of ivilians in the Country and said they were hat aerial bombing carried out on the direcGovernment has caused the loss of so many ives and damage to civilian houses and pro
parties and signatorles to the statement lanka Freedom Party: Mrs. Sirlmawo BandaraLanka Muslim Congress: M. H. M. Ashraff; Eksath Peramuna: Dinesh Gun awardena Lanka a Party: Athauda Seneviratne; Nava Sama "ty: Wasudeva Nanayakkara and Tamil United Front: Marni Senathiraja.
aid in the statement that they were perturstatements made by the State Minister for
Parliament in the course of two Emergency at (1) For the safety of the innocent civilians evacuate and go on a mass exodus to Vavu
he would give "facilities" and (2) The alterthe civilian Tani is is to destroy the LTTE.
ish to remind the Government that indiscrilings of this sort as a means to an end is action against the people of our own country
by our armed forces who are compelled to irs,' the parties said.
emand that the killings of civilians by indiserial bombing be halted forthwith." they said.

Page 8
SRI LANKA
A Commonwealth
Minister eldised
Federal OpCoill Illo, Il wealth
ustralian Foreign
Galethl Eyal. Ils proposals by the position för i a
role i II e Inding Sri Lili Ilka’s
seven-year-old civil War.
Hic raised the opposition
suggestion in talks with Sri
Lankan government lelders, HD d said later he planned to pursue prospects of El “nediation in the bloody ethnic conflict when he returned to Australia,
Senator Ewins, 1 ; two-day Wisi Lito STi Lä nki , declined tio elaborate, beyond saying he had **SCIlle ide 15 Wich. I Want til discuss with colleagues when I get back to Australia'.
Opposition foreign affairs spokesman Senator Robert Hill his called for 1 high-level Commonwealth working party to Seek El celsefire in the con flict between the majority Sinhalese and minörity Tarıils who are sceking an independent state in the Orth-east of the is | Filiaid.
nit
The CD11|11 Willd. El 5 se peace talks bet ment and Tamim låve Telewel || T : :eI t "Y,'" e:ckS.
Selator Eyä President Rai Il dasa. Foreig Heral and Trai du Manso II.
He said the future çouTSe which ciltill cli 30,000 lives läs prospects foT SC
+ + All I cail : is that those I think, quite
He said he ka Tı TTniıis ters to elaborate f discussi JT1s.
He added: "' general point is a good id S ITG III שוחנtט start with no about picking
WAWAAMWEAEAFA FEAPOART
Kumar Complaints
Further to our telegram of 31 July and yours of 4 August regarding the PRIO report on Nevillc Jayal weera's fact-fil di Ing mission to Sri Lanka, I should like to explain the objection to the publication of that report.
Firstly, the interest of the "Guardian' in the report is greatly appreciated, and I regret that due to II y absence o II leawe in July, you were not in for Ined sooner of the objections to your publication of extracts. However, I Elm very grateful for your prompt response once you had Teceived al II i Indication that there were objections. It is also : ccepted that the extracts were published in good faith and we do not accuse you cof any malici il) LI5 intent.
f
The report, a El Will TC, WELS CK, PRIC) Trn II NE On receipt of We felt it to insights and which should
citi F conflict is soo Was therefore Within L perio CW (3 i 11 Chilth 5, fr: MS, Scycral k; briefing confere Where Neville Coppi Ürtunity t findings. This, took place on
However, PR to include in t of the report as of views as po

tiative ?
Il Welt FI, III -ek to sponsor ween the gover Init guerillas, who their attacks in
s had talks With Elsinghe PremilMinister Harold le Ministe: T \b-
y diis cuss cd the of the conflict, a Il esti II lated it year, and the nator Hill's plan.
say at this stage exchanges Were. productive."
Ell the Sri Lili lhad agreed not LITT Eller on thiciT
"I Will Till ke the hat a good ideal
MN EVMVS BACKG R0 U MID
Senator Hill or anywhere else if they can contribute helpfully
to the resolution of a very
difficult and very sensitive
issile.'"
There has been heightened
tension in Sri Lanka after recent at tacks blamed con guerilla Ille II1b eTs of the Liberation Tigers.
In the past six days Tigers have beel blangd for the killing of Ilore than 200 Muslims.
SiçC JLI Ille 1 L, whe. I thic Tigers broke a ceasefire, up to 2500 people have been killed. including more than 600 Sri Lankan police who were disa Timęd shot, and bli ried i Il T1ass gᎢil WᏋᎦ .
Se II:lt:T EWE I 15 h 15 cm de Llied the killings of Muslim5 :15 a "callous and calculated bid to intimidate Sri Lanka's Muslim cømmunity'
cä Wherever it Senator Evans did not meet and I certainly Tamil representatives durinhibitions ata1 ing his visit.
up ideas from (West AISTraffair)
decision WH5 tilken to include the discussions and comments a Tisi Ing at the col1fcrc Tice il the final version of the published report, which is ille out later is you mly be It Would have been
In Illissioned by :Ville last year. the II aluscript, conta in certain reç011. Il endt tils be brought to the l parties in the II as possible. It ecided to invite, Il cf Lc5s thail Jill Tcceipt of the y PCTS Ons to a Llice Elcre i II (OSI) c) ull hawe the O present his ELS Y COLL k. ) w,
11 June,
O) ills Wished he silla l versio II
s Wide a spectru II 55ible and 50the
this year. l1 | 1 Teasonable tio expect the confer cince participants to comment On the report if they did not hawe access to a copy and so a draft version of the report was prepared which included only Some of New ille's a mendments and was Wirtually un edited OtherWise. This Was distributed to the participants on 9 - 11 June,
It is this report which has somehow come into your possession and from which you have subsequently seen fit to publish extracts il the FG Lua Filian'. Thic principle PRIO objections to this are:
l. That the report, ils it Stands, is iT1C{}I11plete {1 f1d, {15 yẹt, tIIlpublished. This fact was not

Page 9
What
acknowledged by the “Guardian'.
. The extracts werc published without al ny prio T consultation with PRIO. This might, u II der (oth cr circumstances, be acceptahlc, although not particularly Courteous. However, copyright issues apart, in thc prcvailing climate of conflict in Sri Lanka, sole of thic mai te Tial could, Without proper balance from the C0 mm1C Ints Illade at the Conference being included, be
iliis cið 15 trued.
PRIO sceks, primarily, to fostcr peace. It is therefore of some importance that all parties in the conflict are given the opportunity to prcs, cnt thicir case. If thc "Guardian publishes, as it has, extracts from an in complete report, those parties with än opp sing view are demied the right of reply, as it were. By 1 ly toker this is undesirable,
. The passages reproduced in
the "Guardian have since Lundergole stewicr:ıl alını end-- IIlents and additions which
alter the emphasis of some of the original passages. It is therefore regrettable that Llę Original Version should have been published without these cha Inges.
. The decision of the "Guardia" to publish extracts of the report has given rise (o consideral ble consternati con Con the part of many of the participalls at the conference and his calised them to be Teluctam 1 t{}. Cũntribute The iT comments to the final publication. It has als calised PRI IO siie with the do nors for the project who have registered their un equivocal objections With us. The argument is that publication of part of the rep Cort, Lind the Illa TeT im which this was done, have preempted any impact the Teport may have had.
On the whole, therefore, your action has put PRIO in a somedelicate position, PRIO
embarrassment"
must be secT LL impartially as po;
that tle silla ill partill at E3 EY e T, su Illust
the extracts put "Gillardial, out not help that per there fire ask til Teceive a copy of as I shall ensur p Lublish so III: Cf which present 0 ו witow to th1:1 published extract acknowledge th: like In Troyalı tHı dır El Citi Col. Would be: cited.
| W01ald : 150
you would grant of reply on the
by printing this offering some sp Imake Cill is case i Should you ht sliggestions as to
dian" CL1 attel the sitill El tió11, 10 leāTIl Of thl'EI
With all golo thanks For yolır far, I remain,
* Ըն: EKLI III
EC
Copy: Sverre Lodga Neville Jaya,
NOTE BY EDIT
A letter by D Singhe dated 14 on 20/8 is publ: al the earliest op
We are glad
interest is "great Hi Ilid that Dr. K for Jur "promp the PRIO telegi although the L gTeitly inco Tm III to suspend public Till alr : dy sen and in Illnced
is 5 Lle. Si Ice OT.
“ "good få ith’’, hi do not accuse y intent' is super hips in poor tas We accept his a samc spirit in wh

be acting as ssible. We hope report will be
illccl. HOWappreciate that lished by the Cf context, cio
ception. I would hat, when you the final report, y Du , טyou l ט the comments an alternative
if tillic al rei cly ls, and that you the latter were aft report. This much appre
be grateful if PRIO the right II lät LeT, cither letter or by ace: for Lus; t il al la ter issue. lve any other how the “GuarIllipt to rectify should be happy
Wisles and cooperation so
is since rely |r Ruրesiոքhe CC) Direcrur
ard, PRI O Director
T
OR
r. Kullar Rupal"8-ci il fild Teceived ished i II FULL Jortunity (19).
that the LG's ly appreciated',
is "grateful' [ responseo" tio
'all (L.G. 1518) G itself was ded. We had
lation of IlleI to the printer
in its previous K. accepts our is Tc1#Tk. I o wat
' ) LI ) f millicious fluous and pere. Nonethicle55 SS LITEl Ince in the ich it i5 offered.
Dr. K. says that on the receipt f Mr. Jaya, Weera’s report ** commissioned' by PRIO, le "felt it to contain certain insights and recommendations which should be brought to the at lention of all parties to the conflict as son äis possible”. That Was also our response when that report, like similar docuIt is (International Al crit, A II nesty etc) reach us in the saille IIlanner. We felt so II of its 'insights" deserve Lux be brought to the attention of our readers. Sad to say, its recoIncid:litions' could not be presented to olIT rcaders, in view of PRIO's telegraphic interven
-|חנit ]
The LG is mot a daily paper of 40 or 50 pages, only a fort
Inightly jou Tinal of 24 pages. We can carry only excerpts, which is what we did in the
casc of Eduardo M: Tilo’s insightful report on Political Killings in Southern Sri Lanka' (I. A.) Just for L.he Tecord, edi - tors edit. It's their job,
When we read a front page news item in a leading local daily that the report, com Illissioned by PR1O, had been pre
5 cl tcl to 盘 distinguished gathering in OSLO) of both eminenti NGO representa tiwes
L Tid Sri Lanka. Ils — a conference sponsored by PRIO-We regarded the document as public. The question of 'prior consultation' with PRIO did not arise. Copyright is a matter best left to lawyers, and the judicial pro
C'ES
We are saddened by the news
thät the LG excer.pts caused o considerable col Sterlation'. To Whom? Mr. Jaya weer al? To
the participants' Sri Lankan or foreign, or both? That such a SII hall Circulatiom "" little IL1 algalzine” should have such an electrify i Ing effect is truly al Imalizing. We Wonder why it caused such
"" col Side:Täblic consternation'. Anyway such speculation is id le sin cc we hawe no w sul s
pended publication of further
EX Tacts.
(Cαιτηθεί απ Ρέιξε ΙΙ)

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Page 11
AIMIESTV INTERNATIVAL REP
Thousands of people 'disappeared" custody or were victims of extrajudici tions carried on in the south by security forces and 'death squads' to be associated with them. The failed to clarify the fate of 800 people wi peared' in previous years. Thousands we without trial under emergency regulation: were widespread allegations of torture. Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) reportedly extrajudicial executions in the northeast rous reports alleged torture of prisoner personnel and Tamil groups allied to thi
In January President Rana singha
Premadasa's interim gow crnment lifted the state of emergency which had bee I1 im force si cc May 1983 and released 1,519 people who had been detained without charge under encrgency regulations. These regulations, including Regulation 55 FF permitting police to dispose without postmortem or inquest, wcre reintroduced in June amid widespread violent strike action and un rest instigated by the armed opposition group Jarlatha Piriki hi Perari. Yra (JWP), People's Liberation Front,
Parliamentary elections held in February were boycotted by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in the northeast. The IWP, which threatened to kill participants, boycotted elections in the south. The ruling United National Party (UNP) was returned to power after a campaign marked by political violence, Fourteen opposition candidates and several hundred other peoplc, including members of the UNP, were killed. Most of the attacks in the south were attributed to the IWP and in the northeast to the LTTE. Rivalries between parties contes ting the el cctions may
also have resulted in some killings.
The JWP and thic associated Desha premi Janatha Viyapa raya, Patriotic People's Movement, continued a campaign of violencc and inti midation and were
widely believed responsible for thousands of murders. The victins included people perceived as "traitors' to the groups, prisoners, security forces personnel
and their fani the Tulling UN) Officials, broad. Wing oppositio ding some E Members of Elc forced their ca. to demonstrate a ment by thrcat those who refus They also dest offices, post of tions and other Rohana Wijt leader, and his Gama na yake, killed in Nove circumstances. said that aft weeTa’s a TT est hit rily forces pers headquarters ir had been killed out. Officials Gama Inayake wa after Wards Whil escape fron cus several other J reportedly kille The LTTE wi responsible for At least 38 per in a bomb explic the LTTE. Oth ed about 100 killed in the fi the year, a Ta candidate, the C of Jaffna, and Tamil United I In April Pre offer cd an an Illilitants and did not respon LTTE a Inmount hostilities agai Govern II e Int.

ORT 1990
died in ia exÓ CLISri Lankan believed JOVernment rhoi '''disapFe detained S and there The Indian Carried out атd пшппеS by IPKF
lics, members of P, senior public lcasters and leftn lctivists, incluLiddhist monks. W0 grÖlps Teinlls to strijke and gainst the governening to murder 2d to participate, 'oyed government fices, tica planta
State property.
:WCera, the JVP de pluty, Upiltissa Were reportedly,
nber in disputed
The government r Rohana Wijehäd taken secuonnel to the JWP I. Colombo and there in a shoot
said Upa Lissa S shot dead soon e attei Tıpting to ody, In addition, WP leaders were
Salso considered (litical murders. ple died in April Sion attributed to T victims includinhalese villagers st four months of 1mil parlia mcntary (Wernment Agent W0 leaders Of the iberation Front.
idcnt Prerina dasa Testy to Tail he WP. The JWP I but in June the :d a cessation of st the Sri Lankan lowever, fighting
com til L1 cd bet w ce:In the LTTE and the IPKF together with allied Tamıil g Tolups.
The lindian Government agrice di in September to withdraw the IPKF by the end of the year, provided that arrangements had
bec in made for the safety of the Tamil community in the northeast. Apparently in anti
cipation of the Withdrawal, the Eela II i People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) and its allies abducted and detained thousands of young men and some Women for training in a new Indian-backed defence forԼ: Է: Indian troops withdrew from Amparai District in Octobar and the unofficial Tamil National Army (TNA), believed to havc incorporated those abducted and trained, appeared in its place. By the end of the year an estimated 25,000 Indian troops remain cd in Jaff na and Trinconalee districts. As the Indian troops Withdrew, heavy figh Liug was reported between the LTTE and the TNA, and between thc LTTE and the armed Tamil groups allied with the Indian forces.
In October the government invited the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to Sri Lanka to trace missing pcoplc, visit places of detention and inform the parties to thic conflict about the rules of W.
In the South extrajudicial executions were carried out by uniformed in embers of the security forces and by death squads' belicwed to be associated with them. Many hundreds of people were killed, apparently because they were suspected of supporting or sympathizing with the JWP, but it was impossible to establish true total. The identity of many victims was not known because bodies were mutilated bicyond recognition, burned in heaps on tyres or thrown in rivers. Some bodies were dumped long distances from the scene of execution. The relatives of missing people were often too frightened to pursue in qui ries. However, some people witnessed their relatives being taken
9

Page 12
into custody and later identified bodies, Sole victims had been taken by uniformed police or army officers: others had been abducted by unknown arried men in civilian clothes, some of them travelling in un marked vehicles. Security force spokespersons said many victims were JWP sympathizers or collaborators. Other people killed were from willages believed to be collectively sympa
hetic to the JWP.
In a n e W develop11 ent, responsibility for many retaliatory killings following attacks by the JWP was claimed in the name of "" wigilatlı tic" or paramilitary groups. The government claimed these groups operated independently and Without official sa. Ilction. However, the security forces were Widely beliewed to hawe been directly involved or to have acquiesced in these killings. Witnesses said sole victims had been in security forces custody shortly before they were killccl.,
Reports of cxtrajudicial executions attributed to security and paTamilitary forces increased significa In Lily Efter ellerge I1cy regulations were reintroduced in Jule. These regulations permitted security forces to dispose of bodies with o LI I post mortem or inquest. Reports of extra-legal killings increased again from August, when the JWP announced it World kill the fallilies of perso II nel Who did not resign from the security forces. Posters, some signed in the name of the Sri Linka Army, then appealed in public places bearing threats thit 10 or more relatives of JWP 11 crbers Would be killed for Sach kiI -
ing of a security foTcc mem
bic To's Telitjwc.
Hundreds of d constrators,
many of them coerced into
demonstrating by the JWP, were shot dead by security forces. In July hundreds of people, under pressure from the JWP, defied curfew regulations and demonstrated against the Indian military presence in Sri Lanka. About 150 peaceful demonstrators were reportedly shot
O
dead by police tio 1S il the S more deaths F. halwe Teilali Illed
Lawyers pursu UŠ SES WETE HIT Were apparent cxecuted. Chai and Kancha na filed hundreds applications wi behalf of disa ne TS : Ind others South. The for I unknown armel and the latter in 20 other lawyers til Teate Ted With pts to prevent th on such cases, who complain cd huma Il Tights w security forces w dly killed.
By July over petitions had b. half of people edly "disappear gally arrested ir few petitions Çı Hırith'ı La Ilıka Çallı Se llawyers for ta king on s \ חטfor miltiו1I ing the year F 'disappear: Inces by seclu Tity forc M10St victiÎls W T1:ll hy f'T I 1 SO a reas, but inclu dhist monks an. people who Te peared' were la being held in detention by Other “disappea believed to h; :Hind the falite () unknown.
The authoriti Tested thOLI 5 DI the basis of 1. ciations and With the WP. were released Elf Others were de Prewe [1 Ligo | Of (PTA), which
* Illonths" de te Lii
or trial, or linic regulations (Tein which permit in Without charge
Լ1Է է:5 W ETE Ա ԼյI

at several loca1th, Hund Teds te beliewed to 1In recorded. ng luman rights ng those who cxtrajudicially itha Lankapura Abhayapala had lf haeas corpus in the coulirits on ppeared' prisoarrested in the Cr was kllled by in July חטm ! August. At least were reportedly death in attemirl from Working Several people Cof Cor Wit essed olations by the cre also reporte
400 habeas corpus eI filed on bewho had alleged" o T been illethe south. Wery Were filed after plura's death befeared reprisals luch Cases.
Was Teceived durbout over 2,000 '' after arrests es in the south. "erc y Colu Ilg men, cially depressed clicki 50 1e Budi| students. Some portedly "disapter relelsed after unacknowledged the authorities, red' people were we been killed, many remained
:s arbitra. Tilly airis of people on Dıyrılı ol15 de ılımsuspected links SCIII. leta in ces teT short periods. tariell uIlder the
Terroris III Act er mits up to 18 in without charge er the emergency roduced in June) Le finite de tention or trial. DetaiIn only held in
communicado. Many reportedly were tort Lil Tc di al Tcl died in custody. Relatives of suspects were also held as hostages' in the absence of the Wanted person. Many of the relatives were apparently beaten in custody and some were killed. The brother of an army deserter was reportcd lly a Trested in Kandy district in place of his brother in July. Next day his body was found in a nearby reservoir.
The trial of three police officers accused of murdering Wijedasa Liyana rachchi in Septembcr 1988 (sce Arresty International Report 1989) were released on bail in January. The suspects included the Chief Minister's son and several law enforcement officers, Their trial had not started by the end of the y el T.
In April the Supreme Court awarded damages to several torture victims and people who had been illegally detained. A lawyer received death threats after her client was awarded record damages for torture. A few days after a victim of Wrongful detention was awarded daImages, hic was reportedly a bducted and 'disappeared'.
Sevcral trials for violent political offences in the South began during the year. Five people Wcrc charged under the IPTA and emergency regulations for a grenade attack on the parliament building in August 1987 (see Amitesty International Report 1988) and for other offences.
Their trial which began in August, had not been compleled by the end of the year.
Four people suspected of murdering the UNP Chairman in December 1987 (see Airesty Infernational Report 1988) were put on trial in May. One of the defendants was shot dead in hospital by unidentified armed Inen in September - he had been admitted after suffering heart trouble in jail. He said he had been tortured during interrogatio II.
In the Ilı ortheast hul Indreds of people were arrested by the IPKF all screened for Tilks with the LTTE. Members cyf. the EPRLF and allied Tamil

Page 13
groups aided the IPKF in identifying suspects. Relatives of LTTE suspects werc also reportedly detained. Thc Indian authoritics did not disclose whether these detainees wicre held under Sri Lankan or Indian legislation. There were no reports that detainees had been charged or tried. In August the II dian authorities reportedly said 5,489 prisoners were in IPKF custody. Members of the EPRLF and other Tamil groups also regula Tilly air Tested and detained LTTE suspects, according to repotts, but In 0 informatico Eli Waals available on how many were die täield.
Both the IPKF and groups allied with them reportedly tortured prisoners. Indian troops Tegurlarly becat prisoInters alınd subjected them to electric shocks. Dozens of prisoners were reportedly killed in custody. There were dici zcns of cases in which arrests by the IPKF or EPRLF
were witnessed and after the authorities said the detainces had been released, their bodies Vere fou Ild With glLII1sh ot W ou dns.
Several reprisal attacks by the IPKF after ambushes by the LTTE were reported. Up to 46 pe Cople were extTajudicially exeCutled ilt Wallivet titurai in August after the LTTE had ambushed an IPKF patrol there and killed six Indian soldiers, Among the reported victims was a one-year -old child.
Many extra ill dicial executions in the northeast were reportedly committed by the EPRLF and their allics, acting with the backing or acquiescence of the IPKF. The EPRLF was allegedly responsiblic for scores of extrajliudicial Cxecutions, Allian Thiruchelwam, the Son of the editor of a Jaffna-based Incw5paper, was detained in May by armed men seeking his father. The son's body was found soon after with gunshot wounds.
lInfoTInation was received during the year that at least two of six Tamil asylum seekers who were forcibly returned to Sri Lanka from the United Kingdom in February 1988 had been tortured afrer their return.
OIle of the Wic tedly to Lured Jaffna, and the in Colombo,
III. January W. tional Welcome the state of eIT Telease of pri uT) der emerger It urged the repeal in demn pa55 ed in Dece Ar 7T 77 es f' I'r fer 777 file The organizatior til Sri Lilk E II LIČITI I til ml | | cLiss hl. Imalin Tig thČ ill thorities,
Through Out t l Il term Fil Libra 1 LI In ent to adopt guards to prote IC TEu Te, death ''disappearance" ded that the P" introduced emer b: Til eIndeki to Tights. The pressed particul i II creased report ex ĊĊ LI tiii) 15 : L LI Security forces squads' apparen them. It urged to withdraw En tion 55FF, to i pe I1 de it ca III i into extrajudicia to clarify thc appeared'". A tional also req protection for received death
The governme July that Arlines proposed Visit : poned for the August the Mi Affairs informed na ti Önal that GO WCT imment häs not given order body”, and tha had been killed forces during e. in combat.
AIIllesty Intern Indian Governm gate reports of
in custody ar. CXe:utions co I IPKF and allie, in the northea

timis vās reporby the IPKF in other by police
mnesty Internai the lifting of ergency and the Soilers delai II ed cy regulations. gover III 11c Int t) ity legislation mber 1988 (see Jrial Report 1989). i proposed a visit
y a II. A 11 Il esty. alegation to dislits iss Lics With
1 c year Amnesty gcd thic gai werneflective safe::L clic 1:1,iI1ee 5 fr3111 in custody and . It recoillelTA (L'Ild the Tegency regulations protect hulihan Tganization exläT C Ice TI Fibout s of extrajudicial Tib L1teki - to the Ill t} ** death tly Working with the government nergency. RegulaInstitute a Ti i Tīdession of inquiry | exeCLItiQ115 alid il tic of the di 5im Il esty Titer Täl i e 5 tted effecti"We Deople who had threats.
nt responded in y International's should be '"posttime being'. In lister of Foreign | Amnesty Interthe * * Sri Lanka not repeat has S tt) e XeCLI te any - it "subversives."
by the security xchanges of fire
ational urged the ent to ilvesti
torture, death5 ld extrajudicial lmitted by the di Tamil groups st. The organi
zation also called for safeguards to prevent such hill man rights violations. It appealed to the North castern Provinciall Council to halt the abduction and forciblic detention of 'recruits' to Eln irregular secruity force and to release people held för t. Taining against their will. The council responded to Amnesty Inter111 til Tal til The recruitment Wys vil L1 til Ty.
In May Amnesty International published a report, Sri Lanka: Confirling Hurriarl Rights Violaforis. Which detailed its concerns in both southern and northенкстп Sri Lanka. In December it published Sri Lanka. Reports of Extrajudicial Executions.
Kumar. . .
(Contsirfer for III page 7)
Dr. K. says that the passages already published have seen ** Several Eanchd III ac 1 L s”'. Hoyw were we to kiw' () that the report was incomplete"? Nobody informed us. On the first PRIO response in this tegard, we acted instantly, a token of our respect and regard for PRIO,
Proper balance "alternate views” etc., a Te quite plainly problems for Dr. K., als Director, organiser, editor or as individillik 1,
As a Sri Lankam, Dr. K., Wh10 seems to be puzzled (upset?) by
the way in which this report 'somehow" cane into (CLT) possession, Will be relieved to
hear that it came somehow via the not always super-efficien General Post ofice.
It is precisely because we have appreciated PRIO's efforts to help resolve the Sri Lankan conflict that we hawe always given a prominent place to PRIO reports.... although one such report, a bibliography, earned the L. G. a rude remark from a Sri Lankai Ambass Eldor, who I am glad to add is now
a suitably chastened L.G. reader.
As an expert in conflict
Te Sollution Wye il Te CeTttiin Or. K. Will solve his problems. So Illeh) W.
11

Page 14
J.V.P.: Politics of the Undergr.
Bruce Matthews
Introduction
REN i In Sri La Ilka the activities of the Sinha lese political party and terror orgamization, the Jana tha Willukthi Peram una (People's Liberation Front) and its three satellites, hawe become al equal if not more pressing challenge to the destiny of the country than the unresolved issues of ethnic discord betwee the majority Sinhalle se and the minority Ceylon Tamils. The party was ou tlawed in 1983 (blamed for the infamous race riots of that year). Despite the fact that this proscription has been lifted in the interim, the JWP has remained largely clandestine and quiescent, only to emerge suddenly and lincxpectedly in 1988 as a strong, cIII litted force. It is a testiTony to their remarkable revival Lihat for five y Yeeks prior to the presidential election of 19 December 1988, it was un certain whether the JWP might not actually capture state power. They did not succeed, but at the very least, the JWP set the political agenda for the island during the tumultuous months surrounding the presidential election and, as importantly, the parliamentary (15 February 1989) elections. They are still ä5 Serious a threat to the Stability of the state as were the Liberatio Im Tigers of Tamil Eelam prior to the Indo --Lankan Accord of 1987. Frankly said, the JWP continue to have the potential to paralyse government ccotho Illic initiatives al Id social policies, either by force of arms or by manipulating political disconte Int and Tan COT ou 5 opposition parties to their advantage. No one knows for sure how large the JWP is because its size fluctuates according Lo its needs. Its Illicleus may com sist of only a few hundred men and women. Inspired and well-trained, they are superbly organized by its founder and
'TF s Erfirle appearea ir R}, L'INDITH BLE
SSLSL0000SS LLS LLLGGL GLG T TT LrLLL LTTTGLL of Carliar wealth Affairs, Lindar).
1.
leader Rohal Ina a Te EL CLIIlling IETTOf gTC) Up C doctrine u II 11 cd: fir 5t 5 et do W II thiE Tew Col Lliticola Ty I de Cil des äg0.
han classically 1c 1nd äls will as they : Te they appeal to
If you Ing Sinha ill end less stre; These devotees the JTWP in “cel ran doll acts of if the clai of the Ile IIlber:
This paper s this situation spectives. First recent event5 i Hlave Illa de it JWP Lj returil i If ILleTce aftet visibility. Sec. describes the p logy and const it. Teplies to t #1 i5וט riש5 קילוט וh is t society what strategies an attempt to that.
PEACE ACCO
The WP . regaining the time of the sig 1987 Indo-Lank and others intel as a fift to to "patriotism'. vided an unexp recovery of stre Using it as a les e li milia Lion mised its capa ethnic fears pri jealousies. The іп the pяst tha lessed and Inc. Hind Lyther Sinh: ups to see the Accord was in a 1 1 organiz.El tio :"היי ט11 vHיו th c appropriate ca it back into political life,

bund
Wijeweera. They El Ind Iller ciless committed to a ified since they : is Cille Gillie War ist TÇg TH II1II 1 : LW0 Marchic rather Marxist, nihilisently anti-Indian Il Tinti-gowerin ment, a broad spectrum lese who provide lm of initiates. generally serve ls’, and perform error, link no Wing if command or ship at large. eeks to analyse from threc perI, it reviews those Il Sri Lil Ilka that possible for the to a position of years of low ond, the paper Teselt JWP ideituency. Third, he question of threat the JWP and state, and El Tc in Wolved in check or defeat
D
is successful in ffensive at the ning of the July an Accord. They preted the Accord "nationalis III’ and The Accord pro!ctedly opportune ngth for the JVP. ymbol of Sinhathe JWP recogity to mobilise judices and darl Se in Te the forces I had heen Harlded by the JWP la chauvinist giropurposes. Thic leed timely for that was all iting for the : Ellyst to thrust Imai Instream of
In addition, the exhausted Stätte of thic United Natio Ill Party's Long Parliament', and the impending chaos of an election year, fell to the JWP's
advantage. The UNP did mot have a record with regard to elections. Its referendum in
1982 (inst ca di of a parliamentary election? was a warning enough to create suspicion in the public mind about UNP intentions for the presidential and parliamentary elections of 1988-89. It was widely rumoulred that President J. R. JayaWardene Would attempt once again to Tun for office, or to find an excuse for not holding the elections at all. Thus the Inonths of uncertainty leading up to the presidential polls in
December Were an ideal context for the JWP.
Rohana Wijeweera, still in
his mid-forties, clicverly manoeuvred his party to have full advantage of anti-government sentiment and of the waclı ulm created by the lack of a strong political alternative to the UNP, This was accomplished in seweral ways. For example, JWP hartals and disruptions to public life as symbols of protest were potent challengers to government authority. So widespread and paralysing was the har tal of 10 NovcInber 1988, for instance, that it is questionable whether the government had lost control of the situation altogether. In the long run, these incidents were costly to the JWP because it was alleged that they were the consequence of public submission to terrorism, and not a gcnuine response to JWP ideology. In the short Tun, however, such actions lowered public moral c, exasperated and confused the government, and caused outbreaks of panic that closed down the economic, educational and administrative infrastructure of the whole country. They proved fertile conditions for a political convulsion, not a successful series or elections.
(To be continued)

Page 15
Kuwait: diary of an o
VICTOR MALLET flew into Kuwait ju tanks were rolling across the border
the oil-rich Gulf Kuwait
enirate. City, during most of which
For
cations to the outside world were sh he was the only British journalist wa
rape of a country. a CCIOut
Thursday August 2
ra iTh WE:i, clc5 KL1 W"E:4it befb I"e dELWT), L: iki Ing thic PC pli lilltir) Il completely by surprise despite the collapse of negotiations between the WL Countrigs in J.Lc1dah the day before, People are still commuting to work in the
city centre hours after Iraqi forces had crossed the border and taken the capit Hill. I am ilmo Ing thČILI SELinds if civili ns caught in the fighting and I am kept uncle guard out in the open by Iraqi soldiers before
being released. At first it seems that Kuwaiti LTO Ops halve only fought back in the city centre, particularly at the royal palaces of the Clus tcd Al-Sabah family, but the b) LITICI-COLlt till ki. Il är molti Tcd cars I SAW latcr. in Ja ära the West sõW that there were battles it sidic the capital as well.
Kill Waitis arte shocked and Cal hardly believe that their country Hä5 ble II W CITLII. SIL1e of the Il assulle thil Preside Il Salda Ilı Husseil of Iraq is simply making a show of force to exto illey friil Kill Wil it. Thillsands of foreign workers from LLLLLL S LLLLLLaL HLLL HLLaS LSLt Lta LLLLLL LLLLLL West : Te als0 ca Light 11 11: Will Tes and trapped in Kuwait. "It's chaos," said one British diplomill during the morning fight
ing. We don't know what's happening We're alar mingly near to it here. The embassy
is near the Emir's palacc.'"
Later in the day a Til di bir () adcast on all lifa Illili; I Wawelength claims that the frec provisional gower Innent has (ver
Here
is his ey
thгоwп Sleikh Hii i Iviči il Chile belie wes it, EL I e la Lier Co, Li f El Texalti. Il af While the Kill Wa wa Wes are Still the Cold regi TT1 e, sig i broadcasts Tesistance by S CTUWI) Prince. to kill the so I'll its Wien'' hi riotic army is gTęssion. Ku wɛ behIld The III." li s gall by LI t fl visio II is Appa: ing fra In a ses though isolated sistill Ice Wil | c the Iraqis for
Se Tir Il emb family have est А га јtil.
Friday Augus
Iraqi troops hold On the C. tamce CT1 til II e further fightin EITT "5 T) 5 millä the military ba W:1|kh. Ne:T. Il Le fr Lic Gl COLI Incil we si Tilli pickups dently just bec Corpses lie b. The Iraquis: pp: the Sleil tal headquarters at tänks : la Ing till: to Arabil (Gull den Lial Areols 4 LC Ile.

ccupation
st as Iraqi to invade
days in Communiut down, tohing the re-Witness
Jaber, the Enlil, the Iraqis. No and suspicions irmied by Triq's Kul Wäit. Meliti televisi II. iii Tin the hands of al D1d the tele wian appeal for heikh Saad, the They have come 5 Of Kuwait :L iild 2 says, “Our patTepelling the agit is should stand II fact the army 2d and the telerently broadcastcret locatio Ti, Al1 pockets of TeI til Le Liaj triðill ble: several days to
ers of the Tulling caped to Saludi
3
consilidate their LIntry but resis
3. 11d. Illere is g both at the 1. Pall cer : Elı IId at
Tracks hear Shut: to Il fertil te ctrlIls Co-operatioIl 2e three shot-up W lich haye ewi
bushed. Fil y the roadside. :HT to halwe chase II
Itel as their ld they position 2 sea frill lexit lf Street. Resiare largely left
Baghda di Ril di in Il Clu 1 cc that the new govern Ilent, declaring the Al-Sabah to be corrupt, has confiscated all their wealth, but the Te is still II i Indica Liim 4, 5; til Willi is i Til the II: w licadership. They lateT turn out to be ITH qiş5, IRLI min olurs that for - mer Kuwaiti oppositio Il figures such as DT Ahmed Khatib might be involved are vigorously denied Resistance in the HнтLLLLLLLLS LLLLLL GGL Ltl CL Laa LLLLLaLLlLL by the evening. Throughout KLI will it the lil III ber { f dedi:Hindi iTill Ted is esti Ila Led at about 800, although there are no accurate figures available.
Some shops, including the Sultan Centric super market, are open by the afternoon and only ik Ild Ereld e i sort supply. Queues form at petrol Stations and Prizrezzi I call the faithful to Friday prayers from the 110s que: Thinärets. Kuwaitis a Te still stunned by the Iraqi attack. They cannot just do this, even if they oppose the Kuwaiti. Gower in Illerit,' says orie civil serWait, "A country has its diglity, Like Italy K Waitis, hic Says that people want t( r un al Way to Saudi Arabia if they can International telecilii IT iCi Li, 715 FL Te Cill L il the evening, although telex lines to Saudi ATabil function intermittently Lin til Saturday, Local telepih:Cine lines hal We worked thirdligh-lit the crisis although, after a few days, numbers beginning With the digits 24 - including several ministries and the British and US e mbassies - stopped Working.
Saturday August 4
The fiasco of the Iraqi-imposed g0 Wernment beca II les more proDI CYLII Liced. Kuwaitis Sc}fT at the fact that their supposed new leaders have to shown their Falccs a 11 d. Lihat till: 110111c eTs of the new Iraqi-controlled TW s tition speak in Iraqi El cccntis and - dio [nO tI kIinio W Elli Wo too we;LIT thc gLII-Lhe tradition il K
3.

Page 16
waiti headdress, Even Kuwaitis with grie vil Dicles against thị: Troy'll family HiTe mɔ W c3 L1 pale Lely : lienated by Irid s crude propil
ganda. "I think this is nonsense, one Kuwaiti Tiewspaper publisher. "I have absolutely
Inici idea what's going C1. There
Te 1:15, 7 TILL 11 LI LITS,""
The first reports of looting - latter to be cili Ifi III e d - 511 Tface in IKLI Willit. ResidėI ES S Fly the gold souk has been ransacked, although it is not clear Willa di it. Civilis I LI : resistance campaign in the Keifan district of the capital, The Iriqis mean While hEl We Cape Ted prison gales, apparently taking a why a group Of Ktu Waiti Shi El Moslems convicted of bombing Weste Tim Em1bassies.
A handful of Britics also freed approach their embassy for passpor 15. For the first tirne there is El Il cyc-Witness report of Westerners bei Tig driven away in buses by the IT sig is. Frenzied shoppers continueto empty aaL S S LLLLLLKKS LSLSLS La LL LLL LLLLLLaS tre. Tinned foods – except for qıl ! Hills" eggs — a Tie TL In Thing Collit, but cleries fron the US ind cabbages from Holland are still
alLLaaLS LLLLLL LLLLHHLLLLLLL LLLLLLL the cashier accepts Illy credit card and gives the tickets for
Lick di TE. W. Suci is the LIIIreality of war. The prize for draw, a car, WELS la ter stolen.
In the afternoon a helicopter CiTcles : Tould the Hyliday In El Hotel when guests. With nothing til do and Inc. Where LCb go slubathe by the pool. Even after the figlhti Ing beg: In the hotel's telex machine cheerfully and automatically ains wers back L.C) desperate callers: “Welcome Lo a new age of elega Ice .
Slınday August 5
Resis til 11 ce Contin Lies. I had some colleagues have te stop LIT cır ald diye if I CÜ'yer : Ell & gunfire is exchanged across the main road. From where we lie in the du sit it seems that resistance forces al Te it täcking al Pils
14
sing II a qi cCIl Wi Sljes see III to be beyoll the Slık soldier flags LIS
ower-optil Tristical
Civili;LIl regist to grow ind in töW Il 15s WOII against the CCCLI' see Iraqi civilia KLI Willit föll Win mõjul ICCment tha i Til sluithe TI ETEL וקיtין red for a ט sily Iriqis arc k and asking for traditional mille Le Clilf, Å Ilt
low widespread and pictLITICS COf Saad are plast signs and hւ ոչ The Holicially III des that discil part of Willout dia w. I'll the F1 i Cill sheikhs in the
Tanks art St. fan to crush the FT JILI RILI II:lt lili Iielber calls I still going Il, is injured. W IT essage fr (1111 | that he is getti back with tank to help us. I There i5 shi. Ib (oti I Kll Waiti Air Fil escaped during said to have cor a police sti: area although clear. () - Cf ILII InOu T5 circul aircraft bill be injured Saddan
Monday Allg
Shortly after a televised a p from Sheikh tele'yi SiÇılı blt notes and de natic. Colleg ers about thei following veile Iraqis. Halfw; fast I lid It #ıTc . J T{iered t( )

5y. Such El Imblcom11 (Il Jill St.
3 ( 3 ting al T1 i Taqi daWT and asks
ly for whisky,
ance älsi begitis one pit of the en de T1115 ETEl te: pation, KuWitis רing iTittיירs mtוון g Baghdad's illt 100,000 people q have volunteJlar af my . They nocking. JT1 doors r llishdashi I s, the 111 וhe w (3 FIנוח י i-I Taq graffiti is Kuwaiti flags Sheiks label ind Teci dywer Träd froll bridges. III, however, decision i 5 lille better and fiTälly Lakes tes of the LW
lobby.
: en en teri Tıg Kei: Tesist Elimice there. ya al Tesista, Ince me and says: "It's ne of my cousins e've received a the Emir saying Ing ready to CIJI 11 e is and helicopters have to go IOW. ng outside.' Two Ice aircraft which
the invasic II i Te pubed in HiТfield til in the Jelira
de til 15 LITE LI Il
the many Wild ating ha 5 it that
di Baghdad and
1.
ust 6
- Illidnight We See peal to the lation Jabier 01. satelite he reads for his s Incit look charisI am ng foreigni filte i 1CT els ES di till reilits fisic sin the ay through breakhet hotel guests
gır ToÖIlıs by
the management allid fears we Will be rounded up and taken to Baghdad, as others have been.
Confusion Teigns. The CICWS of Britis Eini MICC pilssenger aircraft trapped i KuWait Te teld to take the pla illes LC3 Baghdad empty. But they never Lake Off. Embassies - 50 metimes without telephones - are strug - gling to find out how many of their citizens Éire in the C (11 milltir y during the sum In er holidays. The System çif district Wilrdens used by some e Timbassies se Crims to be chaotic. "We are feeding ou selves Timostly with “IT LI TILLITS,” säys o The S3 viet diplominat dealing with a The 5 timatical 1,000. That it.) Thals. We must be together now." Some cilbilssies a Te having problems with their short-wa. We trasmil Lers which they use tij keep in contact with their capitals. Ragged Iraqi civilians are said to be Indiving in to 5) Ille residel Lial reas, but It all a CCIOLITI 15 can be confirmed. The Tilli authorities urge pe Cople to ga til wIik. Ny Come ; ce:Tulis ta t: Ike any notice but essential services are still functioning. A 7 pm to 7 all curfew has been decla Ted but many Kuwaitis ignore
t
Tuesday August 7
Refugees continue to head for tlıe; border with SHLI Eli - Arabi Fı but it is C15 e i Wee1 CCLIIl Le a Washing machine which has fallen off a Vehicle in thic Tiddle line of the highway to alSalmy in the west. We are turned back by an Iraqi road
block.
More looting is Teported in the city centric Hind there: H Te
reports that ration cards are being issued in some areas. The days are becoming quieter but resistance fighters continue to Snipe at the Iraqis by night, Soldiers at Tadhlicks are friendlly, even to British citizeIns, älfter the British Gover III c. It has declared support for the US and Studi Arabia im Llheir conf To Intail with Sadda T. At least one reported rape is confirmed by diplomats.

Page 17
A resistance leaflet appears calling Saddam 'The Hitter of the Gulf.' There is feverish specualtỉDII (11110ng h{}tel guests about the fulture, and the mond is not helped by opinion polls on US state lite television suggesting that the US should take Illilitary acticom ágainst Iraq.
Wednesday August 8
During the Tight Kuwaitis have assembled on rooftops and shallted defiance at the Iraqis logeTher With CTIE 5. c3 f5 - God is Grel Lil' They are encouraged by the belief that thei I dellomstratin Will be seen by Americal Spy 00LLLLLLL L S LLLLL LS0LSLLLLLLGLSa KS S LlHHLHtaaLLSL Hla ve stal Tited tD remove Street signs to confuse the occupying forces,
I meet a Tesistance leader, a younger member of the Al Sabah family, who says: "'We have a political and military undercover $[Tuct 11 T- T10.W. We are III cũIltact With Cour leadership outside." He sity's the Iraqi soldiers have been fed lies about a supposed ISTHeli Hltick on Kuwait Which they hal We carie to beat back. The 30-year-old resistance leader, pårt of an amateurish but courageous network of opponents of Saddam, says: 'My place is i Ill. E. I will it. Sa di da Irl Hilig sci II will leave whether by force or voluntarily. It may be today, to morTO W OI i Il a month’s til Inc., but he will leave. There is no mlan, child or Woman who will help hill.'
The resistance is urging people It to report to work and to ignore the Iraqi-controlled inedia, “We are not taking to o Din any pris Conc Ts," says the reSista 1 ce leade T T I meet.
Thursday August 9
The Iraqis force shopkeepers to accept that one Iraqi dinar offered by a soldier is equivaleInt to come Kuwaiti dinar, although before the invasion one Kuwaiti dinar was worth 10 Iraqi dinars on the free market.
The Iraq is al Te from c:LIls of tÒ Liike home are sce:In härad # 11d bottles 0 hundreds of p the city.
The ITaqi ilT to dig in to d Il K-1 Woli L. TE ling sandbags bc:1ch LIII bTell: shellers ill the it their seasid of Kuwait's Eg 15 cm (W side of the W. пет Kuwaiti T timizlı Tis are all the II resented KuWaitis aid grant citizensh who had lived ill their lives. Sic Silddal III, 43; who stands up against Israel the World.
IП the M181 dle-class WOIIlië dell'On Strati T cupation. A to have explod apparcntly dTio a suicide miss relative was k fire during a
Friday Augu
Iraq has cor ( I love to Bagh ing feaTs, a IT o T their protectic been given di which they m On August 14 24th: TTawe||e siles — possibl graded Scuds. the South Sc also se en fac bile cquipme o be for dec a chemical a
Foreigners raid of the mical war alt altic llo Tiz CIII possibility th

lying everything 'epsi lo te a cups O Traq, Soldiers ng out melons
cooking gas to DIET TE sidents of
Ily is begin Fling :fensive positions El Soldiers Te FilI sitting under է find make shift heat of the day biyo LIEcs. M10 KL. חוpulativם ptian p" Il firmly on the est and the f’T- *giile, buit PalesVided. Many of the arrogance of tleli Teflussal to p to Palestinians ill the country Palesti Tia Tis tills
41 STT{1ng len de T for their rights El Dd the Test of
Ti f ' eL 3 OC) II lid* I stage F1 further ag:Linst the Ocar bith Irib is said ed during the day, חני חby :ti mil חc", Ei (31), whi Cyste, fel 11:412 illed by Iraqi gunprevious protest.
|tf 10
eTed embassies to Eid, further raisfreigners about Embilissies llawe ferent dates by Ist leäve, some others of the Si See li: Tgic InisScud-Bs or up- I the Toad to met residents H31 we II asks and Imot which appears I 1ta Initiation after Eck.
e increasingly af. ssibility of cheOligh the immediclouded by the t they may be
usedl Els hi Costages by Saddal III, The Iraqis tried to publish it newspaper at the old premises of Al-Qabas, but I have I tot 5een a Cupy They are als 0 trying to Teopen the banks and to get the administration working a gain blt it seems hit JI) y l few expatriates hoping for their ed of SciTVICES - bIII, 15 ek hı:WĘe shown up for Work.
Conditions a Ilong the poorer communities of foreigners worsell, Hundreds of Filipinos with little money to buy food are living in ins: Iiti Ty COIIlitions at the Filipino embassy.
Saturday August 11
Women demonstrate again OLside the Ruma siya Mosque. Four Tesistance fighters are said to have been killed in an attack upon Iraqi positions, Iraqis soldiers are becoming increasingly nervous and no longer sit relaxed by the roadside or in their vehicles,
Sunday August 12
A Briton is reported to have been shot while trying to escape Over the Saudi boerder, The Te are incTelsing report5 Of diesertions and mutiny im Ong the Iraqi troops although at least some of it is likely to be Wishfull thinking.
Most Iraqi tanks, and ble H Wy equipment has now left the city Centre and see II, 5 ton bg: conce Th - trated at Jahra which gives ca sy access in all directions. A diplomat sees a group of Iraqi civilians being bussed in for a pro-Iraqi demonstration which Will later be show II o Iraq television. The city is looking increasingly shabby, even if the da mage from the fighting is not extensive. Damaged vehicles Ind garbage litter the once immaculate streets.
Monday August 13
I escape with friends but many foreigners remain against their .11ן W
15

Page 18
Kuwait dithered as fra
Wictor Malet
1: Kul Willit ( ) WTT I LEI EI WELS
fully aware of a military threat from Iraq two Wecks before the attack. Om All ug List 2, but its Illinisters appa Te Ti Ely failed to anticipate 11 full-scale invasion take the necessary Inilitary precautions,
Notes taken by a participalit in a crucial cabinet Teeting on July 18 — and scien by the: Financial Times - give a fascina ting insight into Kill Willit's Con fusion about Iraqi motives ind III Le Iltion 5.
They show that Kuwait had recently refuse di Iraq i dermands for up to $10bn (£5.26bn) in Hid, had offered a paltry S.500m nver three years instead, and had turned down Iraqi denlands that billio Ius if collars Of Kuwaiti lo:LIs during the Gulf Will T boc yw Tit Lem 3 ff.
The cabinet illet on July 18 to formula te: El responso to in Iraqi memoranduIT which hild demanded Compensation for S2.4 bill of oil stolen" from the Rulli la Cill fiicl Col Lh: KuwaitIraq border.
Iraq had suddenly inten sified pressure oil its neighbour earlier that week, pTÖITıpting Ki Tig Fahd, the Saudi leader, to offer mediation between Kuwait and Iraq. Washington häd Ille 1 While Cereg the first gli il rdici indications that it would support its Gulf allies against possible Iraqi aggression.
Many assulled that Iraq Was simply stepping up pressure on Kuwait to ensure that the Opec Iceling, Which ended in Genewa on July 27, raised the reference pricco To Ĉil a [1d C Info: Ficed production quotas previously fluted by Kuwait and the United Arab Elites.
The first speaker Tccorded in the notes is Sheikh Ali Khalifa. al-Sabah, the hard-working and energetic Finlance Ministler :id for Imer Oil Minister. He suggested that Iraq was trying to
1 Ճ
Salvage its ecor the Gulf states IIli: Tailutes. '. not change, eve Iraq is going ti, lating the level o he predicted.
He proposed should be soug GLIf Co-Operati enill brace.5 K 11 yw: O IIa II, Qatar, S Bahrain, but ex
Mr. Bad I al-Y: teT of St. Le f1 Assembly, inter', Iraq's objective Inoney.
Sheikh Saleri inter Mil 5t whether Other A sLIppiJrted Tr:iqi Kuwait. He w; S liggest thilt profited from th Ci i KLIWii the elections nationall Assemb (Kuwait pro-den had been de Test Gration Of suspended by Ahmad al-Sabah 198ճ, but the E approved the in
Sleikh Ni Wylf
昏
Defence Minist to deny the Ir; that Kill Willit ha
countries' disput de T. IL WIS ITALI he said, which military install la 1 | Illi il CTSS the
Mr. Abdul-Ril the Milister FS Affairs, returned Lihat Iraq Wä5 extort m. c) ney, cool," he said, the Iraqis are El Id that Kuwait Illove very quic political solution Sheikh Sabah al-A the Foreign Min been accused by

ld prepared to pounce
| Orly and blanc
för Iraqi econo - Iraq's tone will II after Geley'El. } C: Inti I LI : e5 Clf cũ T1 frữ. TitätĩC} n,."*
that it solution hit through the In Council, which lit, the UAE, Hall I di Arabia and cludes Iraq.
Citib, the Milisthic National ''Iled to say that
'','','34.5 til et Tt
al-Sabath, the Ir, the II asked rab states had clairls against is the first to T4 li y hawe g political turmwhich preceded E le in lei Il ly 11 Jul 1: 10. Ocracy activists monstra ting for the parliament Sheikh Jaber Elthe Elli", in mir, had only terim assembly.)
al-Sabah, the er, spoke next li a cc l I Salti) Is d wit lated the ed COT111 om borI, not Kuwait, had pushed its tions and fäTm fröltic T.
1 11: Il al-Awadi, t;lite for Cablet to the wiew ätte il piting til "We must keep BLIt he added ging too far,'' Willd need to kly to find a to the crisis. Ahmad al-Sabah, ister Who hid Iraq of being
a US agent af the war of words between the countries cscalatcd. said the issuc was an economic one. Nevertheless, the cabinet Il Cotes Illa ke clear that hic Tc cognised the military danger.
"There is a possibility of Iraqi aggression,' he says, adding that the border issue Wils expilsive. 'We have to start intensive diplo II. El Lic contacts With GCC CollIitrig5."
Sheikh Sabah suggested asking Abdullah Bishara, the head of the GCC, to contact * * ou T birothers in the GCC' and also proposes sounding out Egypt and Jordan. He correctly predicted that Libya and Algeria Illight I can towards Iraq.
But Mr. Dhati al-Otı Ilımalı, Ministic of Justice, wis eqllally concerned that Iraq, freed from conflict with Iran by the 1988 cease-fire, would try to by բa38 Arab Incidiation in its claims agli St Kill Wit
“The Iraqi meHorandum is just the beginning. God knows ho W far they will go," he said. He rightly concluded that the oil price issue raised by Iraq is a pretext for something else. Iraq and Kuwait were like a Wolf and the lamb, he said.
Mr. Habib Hayat, Catins Minister. Teference tL fl French company showing that Iraq was planning to establish S0 till: 50 TL kif bise 01 Lhe borde T. Mr. Abdul-Wahab al-Fawzan, Health Minister, urged quick action by Kuwait in response to the crisis.
Mr. Fahd al-Hisa Wy, Minister of State for Municipal Affairs, echoed the view of other ministers that Iraq III:ly act before i talk5, and that Kill Wäit minul St be prepared for a military threat. "This is just the beginning," tle 5: id.
-u IIIנון וזו סC) the El made Il:lp from a
Mr. Salina In il-Mutaw:ll , Min ister of Plaill ning, was cone of the

Page 19
few ministers at the meeting who appeared to havc misjudged the gravity of the situation. He said the Iraqi memorandum was weak and easily answered.
But Seikh Saad al-Abdulth al-Sabah, the Crown Prince and Prime Minister who fled to Saudi Arabia, took the floor and raised thic prospect of an attack, ''The Iraqis could take military measures,' he said, but he' predicted a limited operation to seize land in the border areas of Ritga and Qasr. He urged the Ministries of Defence and the II terjor to be on the ale Tt.
Kuwait dici procc cd after the meeting to cance military leave aTid raised the State of al ertness
of its in thic cind, ineffectual forces.
Sheikh Saad the launched
into an analysis of the history of the border issulc sin cc 19ó3. Iraq, he said, was demanding Bubiya. In Island, which lies off Kuwait's lor thern sh. Corc, and access to it by a bridge or causeway, Baghdad was also clainni Ing that the smaller Warbah Island was Iraqi tcrritory.
Iraq, it Sctims, land (presumab its nawal forces hawe to be agri The possibility tricity supplies provision of p. also raised.
At this discussed Kuwait and (Little informa loans has been r they have bee about S35bn.) mot clear about between cash proceeds of oil Kuwait-Salu di m they show that of at least S including three each. Saudi A have given $9b be its Cash Col
At this poi participants sa should keep th books, in spite tence that they Responding to tions that Kul" Oil Troil the R
poi Iraq
Ace Radio Cab
" Computerised meters
* No call up charge within city limits
Cal be sum Ioned to W.
* Wah|Cle a
''Receipts issued on request Company credit av Call 501 502 50 1503 t
 

wanted to lease cabinet member said that Kuwait y Bubiyan) for had been producing 30,000 barrels , but this would a day from the field, compared ed by the GCC. to Iraq's 400,000 b/d.
of Kuwait elec- Sheikh Sabah then called for las, and the an urgent session of the National rt facilities was Assembly, for a GCC meeting in Kuwait, for moves to get it, the cabinet the Arab League to intervene, war debts to and for preparation of the Saudi Arabia, Kuwaiti memorandum, Which ion about the appeared on July 19.
leased, although This week, Sheikh Sabah said Destimated it in an interview in the ai-MussaThe SS. It was magazine in Egypt, that the distieth Iraq's war debt to Kiwait lay loans and the between S4bn and S15bn. He sales from the ao said Kuwait had finally eytral zones, but agreed at the August 1 mediaKuWait gawcaid tion talks in Jeddah to write 13.5 bill to 'ನ್ತಿ of the debt and lease Warhall inches of S2bn Island to fad as an oil outlet
rabia is said to n (but this may for the Rumail a field.
tribution only.) ''Iraq asked us to drop the debt and we di di not object,'' he said. 'Iraq asked for Bubiyan Island. We agreed to give them WaT ball Island instead."
it, one of the id that Kuwait E: l'ha. Il 1s 0D1 i L5 of Iraq's insis" be WTiten Off. The day Lifter Kuwait Illa dc the Iraqi allega- these concessions Iraqi forces wait had stolen swept across the border and u mai la field, one began the conquest of Kuwait.
but door STIE)
cess frot selected Stands Bilable
է 501 504
e Service Khavo
17

Page 20
On Throwing Stones í
S. Pathiravitana
I missed the urbanity and customary spit and polish in Reggic Siriwa Tidene’s rewie.W (LG May 1) of James Manor's The Expedient Utopian: Bandaranaike and Ceylon. In fact, there was more spit than polish, hence, this inte Weltico II. Had hic Tcf-- rained from offering his personal cxperience, more of this in a while, as one more witness to what Manor is saying, this note may not have been necessary. There is enough stuff in Manor's
book to both dam in or praise Bandara laike, if that is thc purpose. But, that, as Manor
IIlakes it perfectly clear, is not his purpose.
"My purpose is neither to debunk Incor to dei fy — there has been quite enough of both.' says Manor tersely. (p. 9). A pity Mr. Siriyarden e missed this, Though Malco T shows Bandar alInaike, as he says With warts and all, his point is that he is a complex man, and complex people, as fighters for human rights should know, cannot be summed up easily in a single sentence, something that Manor himself tends to forget.
As far as Maior is concer Ted Bandara naike is yet another leader “of that generation of Asian and African politicians who guided their nations through the transition from imperial Tule to independence,' ainong whom, to recall at random, were
Nehru, Nasser, Nkrumah and Nyerere.
''They all,' Manor says, 'ten
ded to indulge in degrees of hypocrisy, naivetic and egotism,' And he does not take the to task for that either because he says '... this was understandable. It was less the result of we nality on their part tha Ii a logical outgrowth of the culture of anti-colonial politics on which they had battened for so long.
(The Writer, 7 leading Journalis f. Woer Edisor of rhe DAILYNEHS) '
18
It would, ther to judge them
these failings - they remain," (I Mr. Si riWarden
And now to c Warde ne’s owr pericnces I de prive hiTM) of Bändara laike all, each of us notic of thi. declis, for hı:Av, sgen Rash IT II not be too displ his part firstthi Td-hand “pe ces, not bec au but because th, say in the h Wcäk e Widelice.
Anyway, lict Says he sa W in Representatives of Robert. It have taken pla what took plac different interp so IIIe of us ha' seeing what W and others hea will It to hic: T.
Robert, not orators in Engli have infuriated quent or El to T i T
was, and would of T to lise El language.
At this point naike is report *Why dont't y llage y Oll ll I c. Sinhalese.“ MT. as they say, W scene of the mill tones (sic) left th 13, was li li lower ord CT5." pure Siriwarde
As additional he is saying, M Temaks Wec Hansard. If th speaks for the

from Glass Houses
efo Te, ble LITY Tair too harshly for - thligh failiIlgs p, 4 & 5). I hope e is listening.
OT1: ti MI, Siri"personal ex
d) In't w El Im t t
the versi II of he holds, after
- has his (T. het : Ilığını aldı Hıris,
reli’t all of us S, he should eased if I reject -hand and parrsonal experient Se: they are Laosh, ey are as they
Ellis of justice,
115 talk E. White
the House of - Banda telling
could very well Ce, except that e is capable of retations - since
e l läbi TE: '','','Alt til 5 CE ring what they
3 cing the best of sh, could indeed SWRD, the eloEnglish that he have been told 110Ię faliliar
ܢ1
, Mr. Bildaraod to hawe said, lu speak a langerstand? Speak Siriwardene who, 15 Cil C5 c t The der, says, “His I doubt that Inguage for the Now, that is
proof of what Ir. S. says those removed from it is 50, then it good sense of
SWRD, the gentleman that he was, whose fault as Manor goes to great lengths to depict was trying to appease too many people who, in my opinion, Were mis construing what he Said and did.
Proof of what I am saying about how in these instances observers are influenced by their observations could be judged from what James Män or is saying about the Veracity of another Lankan journalistKalla su Ti Tarzic Wittäichi.
Witt achi, who is looked upon as somewhat of an expert on Sinhala-Tamil relations after his Emergency '58, appears to be disclosing his weakness for exaggeration; exaggeration is, of C3 L1 Tse, El for III (of Arkir admired in the Indian theory
CF äę5thletics.
For the section of the EEllic troubles in Bandaranaike's time Mai Inor has dipped considerably into E II hergency "58 and has discovered that, in many a Teas, the statements in the book are lins upported by evidence. Let Manor do the speaking:
Bandara naikc stands accused of several Tisdeeds in the fortnight after the declaration of the state of emergency. It is time that these claims were reassessed. Robert Kearney writes that after the declara
tion, Bandaranaike Wirtually abdicated to the GovernorGę mę fal to dca With” the crisis. Essentially the same
point is made in a sarcastic, polemical manner by Tarzie Wittachi and, with far greater care, by A. Jeyaratnam Wilson. Witt achi suggests that the outbreak of rioting left Bandaranaike paralysed and frightened, that he turned the country over to the Governor-General for the duration of the troubles and retired to the Orient Club to play billiards.

Page 21
. . . Much of this is unfair to Baldaranaike, Witnesses who sa W hill receive the first reports that serious violence had spread beyond the two original flashpoints have said that he was deeply shaken for a moment, but he quickly recovered his composure and never lost it thereafter. Wittachi’s implication that hic was in capacitated by the news is false (pp. 295 - 296.)
Wittachi's clail that the Governor-General and others delib crately exaggerated disruptions in Tamil areas at this time (Wittachi's Emergency (58 pp. 72-75) finds no support iL numerolIs in tervie Ws With journalists, milita Ty Commanders and politicians of various linguistic and party backgrounds. (Footnote 88 p. 291)
On the next night (the 23rd), near Fravur, all other train was derailcd, resulting in three deaths. The train was then attacked and lost of the injurcel were Sinhalese. Tarzie Wittachi implies without supporting evidence that this attack was of a piece With the previous incident and that it was the work of Si Tinhla lese. But given the Tamil predomiinance in this a real, a Tid the violent doings of the Tamils which welled up there at this time, it seems far more likely that it. Was the work of Tamils reacting to the news of the Wiolence aut Polo Ilmaru wa (p. 288).
TaTzie Will Lachi’s clai III i 1 Emergency '58 (London, 1958) that provisions for the reasonaole use of Til mil weTie left out of the Sinhala Wersion of Banda ra Ilma ike's election Manifest) is flse. See Mahaja na Eksath Pera muna, Prakashanaya (Colombo, 1956), p.2. Footnote 79 p. 233)
That should be enough to show how people, even journalists, at the best of times hear what they waInt to hea T and see what they want to sce, a phenomenon in view of which We may have to reverse the famous apothegril which journa
lists wear like tribe into Facts : is sacred".
It has been c part of most of to lay all the colul II try’s cthnic feet of SWR.D. else guilty? Mai cl iled tı thlilik 'naiwete", his at pulatie parochië his “kid glo ye: da Tigerou 5 prov buted quite a b
Bult, he has : Hbout the Other i ided a 11d, abett բr () de S5, 31 mo11ց dcar old friend both Trotskyists who do not c clican:
And yet to naike alone The leaders emphasis) maj the possible e Federālis 15 — contributions | episode. The Inic misha Ildli gricwa Ilces by la wala al Id hi the old UNP bequeathed to an alarming : in opposition rail a scurrill their Silhales elsewhere in the bigots naike's camp is also shared of the two parties: the C N.M. Petera's LSSP. They Taimed Tr O וח actions hլյլ, May 1958, th staged strikes tensions Tam hij the men Coult ting the IT, st Of the Worl despite the fa calised severe s trikeTs who a Ilid them cal off with ol I Li rel and Will

I badge of their re: free, co III rilent
Istom: Ty (11 till: these Witnesses blame for the trill ble 5 : t the s there body | Or is als () iT!- EL SWIRD's empts to "Illa Ini| 5 entiments', ' response to cation, call triit to the debacle,
lso this t(2 531 y who indirectly ed hii Ill il that Wh1")II1 :LI"C 3 'LI T ; the Marxists,
and Stalinists Come aut quitic
pilory Bandarais to lislead, f every (Manor's or party - With xception of thc made substantial r In Tu1נו הנוח Lilis נס. well-nigh mor 0ng of Sinhalese Si T Johl Ili Kote:- 5 colleagues in govern riment hi d Bal Illa Tallitik: situation. Occ UNP leaders us camp:lign in e newspaper and TitleT to WCC) f'Tim Bil Lidiil Tal. Responsibility by the leaders left opposition 'ommunists and versical Jf the scrupulously refcommunalist in Ap Til and by had cynically while cc Illunal gh. They called without consulLippressid Illilly kers' grievances, ct that Lhe Strike distress a long feared dismissal: led the strikes consulting the hout gali Tling any
significant concessions. This produced bitter frustration a Ing Ing the strikers which in In any cases found an outlet When the rioting begal II. (pp, 294-295)
Reading James Manor may not help to remove the monuInental prejudices help by a grca ter part of the English edlucated et lite i I this CC 111t. Ty El galin 5t Bandaranalike, but at least it may help the percipient Teader to realise that Bandara naike had only been dragged into a problem which had already been cTcl tcd for hirill Llot by SC) Inc ignorant ya kikos talking the wernacular, but by well-mannercd, highly placed, cultivated gentlemen whose language of intercourse, whatever community they came fron, was English, The same English that is being touted today by Minister Ath LI1 atlılılıqla 1 i a Eld other's alı5 3ı palı IIIacci fir hlut eth Illic trollbles. How simple, if it could be done like thät.
What the learned and polished gentlemen who entered politics before B: Idara Italike, the James Pierics es, the PÜına Tubā, la Till RaIlanathans (Manor does not delve that far to closely) were unable to agree along the Ilselwes, despite their great proficiency in the English language, w:15 about conceding a Tamil request to car We Olt a separate seat (separation was in the air even then) for the Tamils in the Weste T 1 Průyitice.
No doubt minority con Illinities everywhere tend to show the chip on their shoulder. But Llı Like the Tc5 t of the IlliIl Cirities in this happy Island, the T:4 mille: de Ts are als 0 troubled by cert Hill nations they hawe about themselwes, For instance, Jaffna is the land where the plures L. Tamil is spoken. It is superio to the Tamil spoken il Bättically Cor Trilc. It is even superior to the Tamil spoken in the original home where it has come to be adulterated', it is claimned. And als for the TaTT1 ils in Jaffna, thcy are the creme de la Creme of Tel This everywhere.
(CFrifferre. In Pge 27)
19

Page 22
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Page 23
Some policy conflicts
Mick Moore
III.
Economic Liberalization
The SLFP-Marxist Ulited Front coalition which governed Sri Lanka between 1970 a. Id 1977 initially exhibited greater ideological coherence and sense of purpose than any previous such aliance. Itāls domiTāted Parliament more completicly and was forcefully reminded that therc was a Constituency for thorough radicalism by the 1971 Insurgency. Its policies took Sri Link: C3I sideral bly further than it had previously ventured to WaT dS a State-contTolleki CCCnı Conimıy and il qızıl si—alı tarki C economic strategy. As a result of nationalizations, the exte Ilsion of economic controls and the expansion of the public corpora te sector, the state came to do Illinate international trade and payments, the transport, plantation, financial and industrial manufacturing sectors, and to play a major role in domestic trade, At all levels opportunitics for commercial profit Were 5cc In to depend on good political connections. This was not a happy time for most owners of capital, especially the Ilerc cstäblish cl fer Illal sector enterprises. Bad weather Il di 5 eTiQ LLS TeWeTages i Ti thi : terms of trade in 1973-75 added to the gloom. Foreign capital was miowing out wherew Cr possible and neither the major aid donors It OT the inter IbaticIlä 1 filliciall is titlu till:05, WCT JC ena II oli Ted of the Non-Aligned. foreign policies or the “socialist' economic policies of Mrs Bandaranaike's government. "QLeles', 'shortages and "controls were ready made themes for the UNP's campaign in the ge I cral election of July 1977. The UNP took over eighty percent of the Parliamentary scats, reducing the SLFP to a handful of MPs and excluding the Marxists entirely for the first time since the introduction of universal suffrage.
The programs libeTääliz. El til i 1 his TI the shift to War. til effected b gover Ilment. TE compa Table in it:Tiuced in 1979 by succ Il L3 , :l ביוון חferירוH ficit differeni II1 ST"| La T1ka : the program ille tiIL1e, b E: : : 3 1 hit 1 g and Tadical tha initi:Lilly en wisa is Linlikely tha senior figure i a Ily Clear CČT ra Inge and scop tiçoT I Illes 11 Tes cIII crge from t mitment to plı
tols, quelles
FI - LHC UNP still is not, i.
litted to the private em ter p1 like the way Thatcher's go חLy IT1 "ט נt 5 - ון טb8 was the party ting Et politic: zed artiւInd tէլ static patr Cinag cadrcs and WO circlistics tion victory h pressures to . Image. For, i since he had 1973, J. R. Jay ganized the p populist, cell fe55io Il II: C level there ha placement of
the local y C3 L1 Inger II 1CT, ployed and Scill 5 tatus, immediate I election victo
Unless it its party Imai to rates, the hawe igno Tiĉi demands in

Inc of cconomic initiatical in 1977 than uildine is economic stay the previous 1Ը: רןrסHTHTTi15ח IS scope to that the UK Since 'essive Thatcher lbeit with signices in emphasis, is ill the UK, developed over Ilore extensive in its proponents ged. Indiced, it it in 1977 any L1 the UNP hid ception of the e of liberalizath:4t WETe LO he party's collէ 1Il ell d to conL Tid shortages. was Tı (ot, : Tı dl icologically coilfrec II la Tiket Id rise in anything
that Margaret Werrillets have litted. Not only adapted to opera1l system organie distribution of e to Ilasses of ters, but the very of the 1977 eccad intensified the xtend such patrothe four years becomic leader in ward c na had reoTrty into a more ralized and proline. At the local di been some disle "natural caires
“notables” — by Si Ille times uilem
5f relatively low who expected Wards from an
'y.
ere to jeopardize hi The in the cl cc
UNP could not the patronage favolf of SollInd
economic policy, the disciplines
of the market and the superiority of privatc enterprise. Andi private enterprise was not in practice strongly committed to econo Illic liberalis III. Private businessmen certainly Walted a rew Crsion to much
freer access to foreign exchange in Orde T to I11e et consumer deII and - their own as well as that of the 'market' more generally - and to replace much obsolete capital equipment. But the private sector had otherwise grown up in symbiosis with a large state sector and a relatively interventionist state, and did not generally demand any radical change in those a Trange IIlents.
The UNP government did not, however, face any hard choice between liberalizing the e con comy or meeting demandis for political patronage. For thc rapid and Inassive inflow of foreign aid and the consequent expansion of the absolute and relative size of the public sector (see below) provided abundant patronage Tesources. True Lihat, at least after al II i 11mediate post-election Splash, public sector employment was expanded to a far lesser extent than the histo Tical normin might
hawe justified. How cwer, the Ilassic aid-financed increases in public investment generated
many Tcw gover II ment contracts, especially in the construction sector, And a major public housing programme, while of far less help to the under nourished than the food subsidies for which it was in a political sense a partial substitute, did arguably have the merit of being more targetable on party supporters. The withdrawal of food subsidy entitlements from half the population has also opened up new opportunities for this kind of targeting. The large array of public corporaltions engaged in manufacturing and the provision of economic

Page 24
services has in so IIIc cases been exposed to greater market competition, Yet there had been scarcely any privatization in the na Tro w sense of thc term, i. e. direct transfer of assets from public to private ownership. Further, the subsidization of the public sector has become one of the Imajor de facto objectives of fiscal and ta Tiff policy.
An explanation of this apparent paradox - an expansion of the public sector in the course of liberalizing the economy - could take one deeply into economic doctrine, For present purposes it is adequate to point out a duality or dicholony in
the doctTime Čof econcilic liberalization which, in the Sri Lankan cai se at least. has
assumed thc status of a co11tradiction. The benefits of liberalization are normally anticipated to flow through two ma in channels: through privatization' (i. e. the expansion/ liberation of private initiative and enterprise); and through "competive price determination (i. e. through the more efficient resource allocation which results from reducing the degree of political regulation of the terms of economic transactions, and thus per Intting competitivelydetermined prices to guide eco
nomic decisions). Within the conceptual apparatus of neoclassical economics these two
channels are virtually the opposite sides of the same coin: the private and the price-regullated economy are se en to reduce to the si me set of phenomena in practice. That may or may not be true in thic long term. In the short term of Sri La Thka's experience
in the decade after 1977 this was not the case, Considerable "privatization, in the broad
sense of that ter III, took place in the context of a large net inflow of new foreign aid resources which were provided on concessionary terms and channelled almost entirely through the public sector. A large volume of Tesources were al locatcd to the public scctor i. tlhro) -
22
ugh politica TF1 esc TeSOLIces partly in expl ec con comic liber: ended up creat the point of Il rio Illic d'Oct Ti I1 set of eco Inc. favouring the S St. These pro-public sect the previous, 5 Tegine. T11t: foreign support economic liber: an important c slогу.
IV. Liberaliz
Friends
There is no
initial steps in ralization - red trols ånd expar opportunities — to electoral pr the general ori UNP to busine class i TitleTC SLS. sures were trul. the basic conce zation programı tcd forces i Lanka. What
in terms of pr kan history, i UNP was able rcim positio Il cof trols the Ind Weather tuТПeti why the liberal III e beca III e cilit truded into are stic political o agnostic or his swers to both
the major role in supporting cconomic poli specifically, it which the gow Lanka and the LioThail aid L Indi tions - notably but also th Monctary Fund teral Hill dolor ed into an em liberalizations
In the early became, on a

mechanis Ills, were provided cit support of lization. They Ing what a Te from to-classical ecoa Who le rie Hy mic distortions ri Lankan public succeeded thic ir distoritions of Latist e cononic Tlatul Te of the foT Sri Lanka” 5 lization is thus Imponent of Our
tion's Foreign
doubt that the ec010 Illic libeuctions in consion of business Were responses es sures al Id to ntation of the is and IlliddleThe early mealy popular, and pt of a liberalime largely reflectermal to Sri is problematic, evious Sri Lil mills (a) why the to avoid the economic co11ent econ) Illic foul; and (b) iziation progra in"enched ämd ilLs where do IIlebilliol was either stile. The anquestions lie in in foreign aid Ti La Inkas new y ånd, more the way in Il 11ent Of Sri major internalfinancial instituthe World Bank International and major bila— be Cal Tm c llockrace around the Tategy.
1980s Sri La Ilka her capita basis,
one of the Ilost heavily aided
Initions in the world.
The UNP government which took power in July 1977 was
faced with an urgent economic problem. If the pre-election spending spree of the previous government were not to lead to rocketing inflation, fiT ancing had to be found for a quick increase in irnports, There was at the same time a major opportunity to obtain the hard currency needed, and more. For the bilateral and multilateral aid and finance institutions looked very favourably on this new government which (a) was already committed to the language of economic deregulation; (b) offered a good prospect of Inaking an exemplary transition from apparently - unsuccessful statist economic policies to successful, free market policies; (c) was very conveniently democratic and scorcd Well in human rights and welfare terms; (d) was explicitly pro-Western; (e) had nevertheless inherited from its predecessor a powerful position i In the then-active No In— Aligned Movement; and (f) TI led over a country so small and poor that a major increase in assistance could be painlessly absorbed within declining globall aid budgets.
Hic Te i Indeed was a deal Waiting to be made. But it was implicitly a package deal, and one which had visibly to be in place rather quickly. Continued support from the World Balık and the IMF Would implicitly be contingent upon the enthusiasm for Sri Lanka in international business circles ELnd in the foreign and trade ministries of the industrialized countries. But foreign capital would look at Sri Lanka again only if the new government could reverse the country's reputation for political radicalish and electoral instability. Hence a whole series of urgent policy measures to create a Ine w business image, despite doubts about the advisability of individual components on normal evaluation critcria. The

Page 25
physical infrastructure for an export processing zone Was con Structed at great cost: 011e of
the major “achieve Ilents' was to hand over a large proportion i f Sri Lankas That i 1111
textile import quotas in the industrial coll intries to “quota-hopping entreprcurs from East and Southeast Asia, Liberal in westlent allo Wances Were used to increase the cxcess supply of hotel facilities. Doillestic bank credit was made available at extremely cheap Tales - negative rates at one point.
There was little Lirin e or SCOpe for the policy makers to appraise individual parts of the package. One element led to another. The establishine. It Of branches of Allerican banks seemed likely to increase the attractions of Sri Lanka for other foreign investors. American banks meant yet greater dem Td TOT I 13 dern urball infrastructure, and, despite conSide:Table Sri Lank: Il civil et lgineering capacity, only foreign engineering and construction companies We Te in a position to complete major projects quickly.
East Asian "quotah (oppers, American banks, British civil engineers and Filipino constructiŪTil fi Tills hi we cc) Ille lind, il Տն Ill է: :flՑ է, ք. Լ. Il Ը. Whält 15 failed to Interialize is a Ily Ilmajor new manufacturing capa
city, forcig 1 Jr di JIT] Cisticallyowned. Correspondingly, the new econòmic policy has had
little impact Ti Whall is al Tgl 1ably Sri Lanka's Illajor ccordIllic problem: the lack of adequate Llew sources of foreign exchangc ea Tinings to replace the declining plantation sector, There is a II major iro Ily here. For LI I der the Ille W cc) 1-3 Ilic policy additional public cxpellditure, especially in wcs LLinent, has been pullped into virtually every sector of the economy except Illanufacturing industry. This was reserved for private
initiative, but emerge. III til major new Sour, exchange carning Imy hlas beco It de pe II delt Con i freign aid in fl. very respectable growth i II, the p}
the liberal econ and, ill effect,
Llic of the UN) pendent on th
foreign fric Tills, World Bank, Wł role in Illarshal Initial cits,
The relationsh ence bet Wee II of STI Linki d friends was, hic For the latter i Ilteril:1 tio II:ll fi zati OL15, L. Il di evi ally the World heavily committ WIVal Of ; t le:15 Illic Tegile – to the survival government. T political and ic major collapse polity Cor any s
si: 1 of Lilhic lil policy would to degree under Illi
credibility of th bilization, adju: ralization progr vocated and CI supported by th Cill institutions Imajor econ) Illic: have been rela i Sri La Ilık : of thic developin all, the basic tional and adlı 5 truct LITC has C) tion fairly Well Washington's c. ment formulac
Sri Lanka, TTELI isk can tյIle t work a hy whicre.
The Telä til sl L Ofון טmוTIטWנtש its foreign fri more complex

that failed to he absence of tes of Foreign
gs, the econoLe structurally ug:IltiI111 մլIs It t WS. Despite a Tśā te (}f {ĩ NP e Tiki 1978-1983, 3Illic st. Til tcgy — the col till Lleid P - beca Ille deSupport of notably the lich plays a key ling aid coll
ip of dependthe government
ind its foreign | WeveT, Illu tillall,
especially the na incial organi
*I more especiBalık, ble Calile 2d to the surt it liberal tԸt]- - Elld in practice of the present heir Stake i8 eological. Ally of Sri Lanka’s Libstantial Tever
jeral ciconomic an important Ile the global
Le e CT1) Illic: Städistinent ald libeEl III1T11 (: s long ad– Irrently widely eo: global finan. Canditions foT
transformation lively favorable oImpared to most g world. Above hysical, instituinistrative infraintinued to func
throughout. If :Collic : kijil, 1stc: not Work in ly critics would נm tt טt thטטין X:
hip between the
Sri Lanka a Tid ands has been than simplistic
notions of aid dependence would illply. It is all the more complex because of different positions taken by different agents Within each "side". Thus, the Sri Lankan Ministry of Finance and Planning has sometimes appeared as much as in termediary between Washington ani its Own government as an integral part of that government. It hals beën al willing conduit for pressut es fr 011 Washington to pursue the liberalization programIlle il al systematic fashion, While at the same time Tesisting, for example, major and rapid privatization of publicly-owned corporations. Quite major ecoIl ornic policy initiatives mouinTed froi in Washington hawe been successfully blocked. At the same time, the World Bank has been enticed in to playing a Very active Tole in marshalling bila teral aid for Imajor public sector investment projects which not only seem to co-exist very lineasily with the principles of ec{1 To Illic liberalization, but are even dubious viability on conventional investment criteria. The tensi (1 S H Tld contradiciti Tls between (a) the principles of economic liberalization and (b) the practice of liberalization under the umbrella of major freign aid in flows into the public sector, have become evide Int not only With in Sri Lanka. They have als surfaccl Within the World Bank itself, which has been both an important berer of the doctriIlle of libeTalization and a major cle facto Slipporter of the expansion of the Sri Lankan public sector. Thus far the imperatives of public sector banking practice seem to have the edge over liberal doctrine, Major foreign lid programı mes originally justified Is rrear. of en couraging
the government of Sri Lanka to introduce ecolonic liberalization seein in practice, and
through quite familiar and unclerstanda ble institutional processes, to have developed a different de facto rationale - Supporting the government per se.
NEXT: Economics and Political
Decay.
23

Page 26
Gorbechevism :
Patrick Jayasuriya
ooking to the West is Gorbachev's policy. This has bec in a Russian tendency even as far back as the time of Peter the Great. Modernization and technological advance wis a vis the West has been a problem for Russia.
A sense of inferiority has Ilarked the Russians in their modern history consequent on El technological lag - a step behind in the process of urbanization. Hence also a 11 i Timitative tendency as well described by Tolstoy in his novels the women unable to converse without the French phrase in sentelČe. This may have been dernonstrated in Raissa Gorbachev's fashion contest with Na Ilıcy Reagan which Western correspondents judged she lost by several lengths. So
too beauty contests, fashion shows and even sex parlours which were om ce considered
signs of bourgeois degeneration.
IL 11ay be said that the USSR
lost a chess game With a US defence gambit culminating in SDI (checkl). It was obviously a greater disadvantage to a later developing industrial nation to spend so much on a Weil CI 1.5 TEL C. Also the USSR did not have the benefit of Lapping the Tesources of economically subject Third World countries in fina EnciLng SLI ch :L race. This ex er Lion on thic al Tills race with the USA diverted the USSR's resources from consumer goods to arms and the matter of cosumer goods was the key TC4 son for public dissi: tisfaction in the USSR. The USA. With a greater surplus was at an economic advantage in this game. It was like starting With a few extra pieces iI il gamle of chess. The multibillion dollar space race was also strategically favorable to the USA in the economic chess game with the USSR.
What happened was a conscquelce also of the lack of
Some
Socialist ecoI. between the other socialist tilly China.
l 3, 1 ווונו וIיL") ל relationship mi the economic
Another poin note is the ps ideological as dio) es not have Le Ili[1 — the ht SC Cial list ideali; technocrat, a His innovative ally nothing bլ the Great, in Cën LLITy. Gorba Win' Ilind.
The conseque che Wism for th development of has to be watc signs may be til 0 Il North Kidr till Da fishing II lāS 5 Teleske of im1 II]igrani ts to c Strip and the Y
Contrary to täl tills, the Tc Tillinis II11 froIII ] Would happen, solve the antil the USA and Rather, it migh devious and Vic haps raciall W. Il Till Cist Lund C# IIIբaign again mic ally, Japa national Ladies (ILGU) of Ame the Detroit auto
The power of LÖ buy Lis is politician s like hower, Nixo I., Kis5.i Inger were důlla T s 1 rld O' Demoirs. How bH chev been pai cation rights Perestrika in the Raiss: Gorbache to shop in the

Thoughts
Inic coope: Taiom JSSR and the cu un tries especiA USSR.-Chila technological ght have saved leb:1C|e.
l that ole must ychological alıqlı CCI, Grbicicy the stature of a eris II ämd hic EITT Hic is
Imı iddiling IIInitIndi, idęs Te basicIt those of Peter the eighteenth chev has a no
Il Čes C f (Gobič freedom and the Third World hed. Om minous le Russi: Il attrick eas traditional :El Teği 5 aid the Russian Jewish olonize the Gaza West Bank.
3p tillistic expecfill Will of collRILISSiä, if such W ulai nol dis50 Ilism between that country. lf tåke a more i cus form – peritness the batleft ones of the st former econd1, by the InterGil II ent Union rica as well as | W 13 iker's Linean 5.
the US dollar foT 11 idable. US Trlu malm, EisenReagan and pilid El Tillion ver for their filluc hi hals Gorid for the publiof his book * West? Perhaps W :: Il II J W : TTI Paris fashion
salons and offer better competition to Nancy Reagan.
Bush, ex-CIA man, says that ideologies to improve human nature are out of favour. Maybe we should accept greed as a powerful energetic factor in human nature that is essential at the current human da velopmenta 1 stage for utilizing in the productive process. Maybe man's cooperative instinct is not so developed as his acquisitive instinct. Maybe for that we will have to wait for the twenty5ccond century, if we survive as a species in the coming free-for-all.
The matter of the re-unification of the two Garmanies to which Gorbachev has now given assent, has implications for a number of countries. It will cause a further lowering of the role and significance of Britain in European politics with the rise of a strong, united and armed Germany. The problem of boundaries between Ger Inany El Id Some Eastern European countries established by the victorious allies at the end of World War Two might be revived adding to the crop of intenational tensions. The ability of Is TF1 el to bully Germany with the past to extract “coImրensations' might be reduced but might also create other problems för Israel. All this would reduce the pre-eminent position
the USA Teached after the da Tlage caused to Europeaп Count Ties by the World War. But Timore important would be
its political and military effect on the USSR which would now
be Timore Vulnerable and f reduced international stature. It remains to be seen Whether
British Historian A.J.P. Taylor's thesis that a divided Germany is necessary for European peace was correct. At least the previous status, quo gave Europe peace for forty-five years, one of the longest periods when the war like Western Man has been at peace in his territories.

Page 27
CORRESPONDENCE
Ethnic Groups
It is evident from his letters in the L.G., of May 1st and July 1st that Sachi Sri Kantha can read. It is equally evident that hic ca Innot understa Indl what he reads. As if this is Ilt enough of a handicap for so IlleColle who ab Wii Cously hals L tlste for polemics, he has the additional handicap of habitually reading what is not there in the tat
In his July 1st letter he states that in rebut ting his criticismlı I hald brought to my defence the names of Rothschild, Suriyalılar ayına, and Sivathınıbby, on whose scholarship I had infe Tred that the Tamils of Tallil Nadu and of Sri Lankai a Te two distinct eth Inic gTOll PS. I nowhere stated that I had come LO my concl 15in Il 1st O the basis of their schola Tship. Sri Kantha hlas therefore Tead what is not there in my text. In support of my conclusion I
referred in fact to the extensive literature on ethnicity which has been accumulating
since the early 'seventics, about which I wrote a whole paragraph in my letter of May 15th. Sri Kantha had evidently read that paragraph. Equally evidcntly he failed to understand it.
ཟ In his July 1st letter Sri Kantha pontificates on ethnicity,
basing his arguments on the findings of biomedical Scientists. In my May 15th letter
I had already provided material to show that racial identity does not dispose of the proble of what ca 13 titutes al ethnic group, in which collection I pointed to the ethnic distinctiveness of the Spanish, Germans, French, and Arabs in different countries. Il fact, it is not just a case of ethnic distinctiveness but 50mctiTles of mur derous hat Ted between ethnic groups who share a racial idcntity, as shown by " the con
munal conflicts Illic i Indial. and Muslims. It as wirtually i der of Tal cc als the gul blood iT1 Bi was minimal. ainly hlily C Tc gali T as constitillting groups, and wh: were responsible the Worst interI in pre-Partition Kial Intha Cë:Lin l I In. Teads, h : h 45 that biomedical suffice by the in an ethnic group
The bill edic: cites Illa y use t group' for thei tific purposes. E Writing of ethni political context jeune as to try the problem of an ethnic group medical ter Tis, is, who really is talki Tng about tatio Tis Sri KE11|| vid ed il li5 M monstrate Imy first i Was st: groups are 'd ulturaט חט1חווז טש TEcial cha Tacteri: "frequently' in groups can not Ways and Onl racial character. his seco 11d qui both to "physic characteristics, those quotatior thought was a tation of Inly a tlıcy do refute
latin that eth be defined in cal tells. S transcribe quota u Ilders Land thei
It might be Kantha. Therely fairly common

that Te edit:- Bengali Hindus gard the Inselves 1 ticall i Il te Tims infusion Of MÖengali Muslims Yet they certded themselWCS distinct ethnic It is Tore they for som c of liccirc Ima s SA CITES India. If Srierstand what he to acknowledge crite Till Cl 1 TCL Selves to defini:
11 alth crities he he te T11 : * cth. Ilic T lim1i Lcd scien3 ut 110 conte today ic problems in En t Will be so jeto dispose of what constitutes in purely bioNo One, that Il C w 5 w blit hic The two quothil himself preay 1st letter depoint. In the teld thät eth Illic istinguished by 1 and frequently 5 till:5, " The te Til ea Ils that ethnic be defiled ill
y in terms of istic 5. Likic Wi5: tilti refcrrel
ill ill cultural
He provided is in What he triumphant refurgument. What is his simplistic [n 1 (: gT (, ) l1 p5 . C:l I 1 pu Tely biomediSri Kanthia can Eið 15. He cal III at
1.
supposed that Sri exhibits the place phenome
non of slovenly reading habits, compounded by confusions arising out of his obvious unfamiliarity with the problem of ethnicity. But his rigma role about M.G.R. and Janaki also shows a startling inability to understand simple declarative sentences, and a persistent habit of reading what is not there in the text. In his May 1st letter he quoted T1 e as hal Wing written (March 1st L.G.) that M.G.R. and the Tamil Nadu Government had raised no protest over the IPKF-LTTE fighting, after which he quoted my references to Karu na nidhi’s protest demonstrations in Februairy and March 1988. He thereafter went on to write "Since he died on December 24, 1987, M.G.R. should have a risen from the grave to counter , Kairu Ina Ilidhi's demonstrational politicking.” The point that I made was that M. G. R. and the Tamil Nadu Government did not protest over the fighting, which should have been possible als the fighting erupted in October 1987 While M.G.R. died only in December. I wrote absolltely nothing whatever to suggest in any way that M.G.R. for the Tamil Nadu Gaver III lent should hawe cc) u Tu tered Karl Lunanidhi's demonistrations in February 1988. This again drillonstrites Sri Kantha's ability to read what is not there in the text. His presumption was that I was unawa Te of the fact that M.G.R. was dead by February 1988. But just two paragraphs later in my paper (Murch 1st L.G.) I referred to Janaki as being a widow in January 1988, Sri Kantha must have read it, but he failed to understand that simple declarative sentence.
En his July 1st letter hic Writes that though Janaki functioned as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, E tas any astute Tamil Nadu watcher (but hardly Izeth Hussain!) would state, she was just
25

Page 28
a puppet of one fiction of M.G.R.'s party. "I had lot stated in my paper either that Janaki was a puppet or not a puppet as it was no part of my purpose to make an assess
ment of her political ability. Again Sri Kantha has read what is not there in Ty text.
He concluded "So, it is ridiculous agaili for Huss: in to compare the actions of M.G.R.'s widow had IIIa de no such comparisol anywhere, neither in Illy last 1 etter. Ye L Tice III e Siti Kantha has read what is nowhere in my text. As for the astuiteness, he ascribes to himself and others in assessing Janaki as a puppet, I must express surprise as it was surely obvious to everyone right through the length and breadth of Indial, Els Well as tri e very Tamil Nadu Watcher outside, that Janaki was infinitely less than a political lightweight and could easily have functioned as a puppet. His assuTորtion of ast liteness in grasping so obvious a point suggests that a part from knowing nothing about the problem of ethnicity, he knows next to nothing about the politics of Tamil Nadu.
True, I did nöt dell Sri Kāts deductions the Saltimat Ali quotation. Must 1 really Waste my time, and L.G. space, exploding every bit of Onsense I encounter
With fra T1
Further lore, I thought I had done enough to dissuade Sri Kantha from again exhibiting the results of his curious Tea
ding habits. The point at issue is Whether or not M.G.R. and the Tamil Nadu Gr hver IIITICTil raised a protest over the IPKFLTTE fighting. They did not, and the LTTE was disappointed. That des Tot Lime: In M. G. R. broke links with the LTTE, or T. LIIT Ied II (35 tille to Wai Tids it, a Tid certainly speed-boats could have plyed every light is stated by Still 11 at Ali. The fact retains that, as I wrote, there was 11 protest, and no amount of quotations: about speed-boats is going to change that fact. I have yet once more te) point to Sri Kantha's genius for realding what is not there in the
26
to that of M.G.R.' I
text, He prece Ali quotation with this : * FC: has bcell Writt M.G.R. was it Will LTTE : diel." IT WITrots ing about M. (
TIL T T I CIL LTTE cidre.
IT Sri K: 11th ted polemical figure promin which is orid other “ignorar In a de to functi für rescil 111
The Golfe
Whe I red nius Richard a tentiolus piġi inti li that, it was (power) with t. devil, if necess TV ] Sic and th it' (L. G., July think if alth tician, who shari Richard Ild th about power – Richard Nixon best to cling Inany devious I pressing vocal democracy.
In fact, Jaye ca | carter show lince LC). Lhát ( Illa de Lheit ent tical are na in ропents of rig! and in early 1 first peak of careers – Nix III sident and J Rl minister of the er 111Ent. Then ĝin i [1, 19É50) (
power' which less worshippe Eise ThweT seri dropping Nixon lican Party tic mately he kept JRJ regained t is second i II (, reached his p in 1968, won tnry in 1972 : disgrace in 19 JRJ consolida after Dudley S.

dcd the Sala Tulat (L.G. of May 1st) In Irary to What en by Hussain. Il CC 5 C col tact :Hidroe, Li Titi | he o absolutely IIo|H- ..R. being in
in contact with
as father 1 паẹXỉ c{111 TWC Words el tly, o Ille if
CORRESPODENCE
fact als Ill Cot Luch a busive expletives. There is a problem of collinication in deáling With Sri Kalithii Fishe canI not u Eldersta Ind the plai II meanings of plain Words. I will therefore use the la Ing Lage to which h c is accusto illed, and advise him to stop making himself look ridiculus by polemizing on IIlatters about which he is ignoran. Should he wish to engage in further polemics, I suggest that
IIT till
culous' and the he first take some reading
It"". They are les sons.
CT1 a 3 sibstitutes
i Argument, in Izeth Hussain
in 1973, reached the top in
Po Dicky
Ex-President Lyewardene's precation on power Yợis:st til Tetili 1 he help of the - Ty, I ather than en seek to regain 1), I could only er scheming poliel the 5ále lle 2 ST12 521 tillelts the nine and only Bıtlı did Elleir on to power by mEl Ils, though exsupport for
Werdene’s politi'S 1111 Ch. Tegelbaf Nix. Il BCE ry into the polith 194{} ext-wing ideology 50s reached higit their respective is the Wice Pre:18 the finance first UNP govin 1956 (JRJ) iX, 31), list till: they cre or 1. Eve T1 i II 1956, usly thought of from the Repubket, though Lilltihim. In 1965. he power, albeit Olmaid. Nixon Political pil na clc a landslide wicTid resigned in 74, Meanwhile, ed his pe 3 wer na Illa yake's death
1977, won a re-election in 1982
End Tlade his exit much humbler İl 1988,
While the first terms of Nixon and J.R.) (Nixon, 1968-72; JR J. 1977-82) were quite constructive, their se con i terls after Te-electil (NixCIL, 1973-74; JURJ, 198388) TurПed out to be disastrous to their respective countries.
Whateve expertise b titlլ claimed on military strategy, they lilcked ac Live combat CXp Crience. They were byth 'ar IIl-chair Collila Ilder-in-Chi. efs'. Nixon’s Incumcisis was Wiet Infant, Eind a commander
lined Giap, Though he outs. FinalTited Irian y Tamil politicians (Silin the Tallingum, Ponna mbil Iam, Ch clva nayakH. m, Amirthalinga m) On the på Tilliamentary battle g TCI l 1 I d by his "' isola tle, wera kien and destroy" tactics, Jayewardelle ITiet his match in the Shilpe of a tough, Wily guerrilla (OI in his terminology, "terroTisl) PrabhäkHT 111.
Finally, for all his extensive reading on the tactics of provver Find i WisdÓIT, I gules s J. R. JayeWardeille hålls not read what Einstei II Yrite: * "T Hլ: itLe 11 p.t. t.) CÇamlı birle wis dC. Il in
We has only rarely been successful and then only for a short while'. If expressed in Einstein’s scientific format, it reads as, the concentralion of POW cI is in Versely Toportional LO the accumulation of Wisd II.
Sachi Sri Kanıtli
Melical College of Philadelphia, USA.

Page 29
COFFESPOWDEWCAF
Dates
At present millions and nil
lions of Rupees are spent every y el T t.) import dates to Sri Lällika.
The Jaffna picni Insula and Other LLLLlaSL S S L S SGStLLLLLYSYLLLLLLSS LaHLaaa and His L} the Puttal: In a Tid Hillbant till districts arc ideal places to grow Date Palli trees (PhoeTix. Dictylifera) which thrive in hot, dry climates. Date palms tolerate a fairly high salt conCentration in the soil, apparently largely because of their ability to exclude the salt". Perhaps the is la 11 d5 3F Die T Ft Hmid KachChativ i CGuld He 1111.11 ed i 11 to Date groves. DELte palm Will grow in any place where the Palmyrah tree will grow.
Date pall produces food. 5uglI, 10ddy, sWeet toddy, arrack, El ni la Teed, fuel, shilde, building materills etc. Eind Will give life to the people. Un processed ripe fruit is very tasty to cat. The le : Ves call be used t'i make baskets, Inats and Various handicrafts. The date palm will give Very good Teturns on the investIli ents Illa de and they can be gr3 WIN OII Small cor big plantation scales and they can support families an di Crcate employment like the Way the date palm El Creages Suppo C) Tit families in the Coachella Walley area in Southern California. There is very go Cid III Coney in då tes.
The city of Indio in Southern CalifoTL iia is oftig ci 11 ed Lhe date capital of the nation and the National Date Festival is held There every yea T in TidFebruary, My wife and I made it a point and attended this festival i 1 Febru a Ty 1988 a Tid We la Ve lear IIt soTething useful Liat STi Lanka Cali use. Since February 1988 I always feel that Wc Inis itroduce date palm trees in the dry zone a reEls of Sri La Ili ka tɔ i Tıp To We the economic conditions of the people there.
There are a bolt 12 commercial varieties of date palms which a Te grow III. The III Cost popular vairietics g T) W II in Calife-Tinia are Deglet Noor and Med jool Which
are ited for Ollr, Slugar COIt III id etc. L Tid port larket. T 32 a II1b er colul I dates in a pour Mcd je 3 ol da ties i väritti: 5 af di gT 3 Wn i Il Califico tcd (9) y cars Hg gcria, Mír i rioctly
It Lakes se ver: date pii:Ll III trees they Will 110 t ki plant is feIII ale wa Tiety Lu In til Li be a fruits. He purposes they (off-shoots) that base of the pair inale trees prod ers. El Lil Mille tre suckers. In the SHOOTS are På 111,
The date palr TIuj Wictor' E117 di beştir years after pl: trees produce which develop i Imale trees pric ers which produ
I'll (Cillifor Illi:l. Ferrille trees : to all cre in feet apart. Thi die by la:, ltd . di Listers i 1 ricr Illu T1 I ll Tibet They use exter Illechl 1ized che C|| Tilb Lhe trees fICHywers, t0 pl: above the ripen welt da II:lige fri. netting Or por l
fr Llit :| L5 teTo; fruits frt II is etc. Ti s': 'C II
| b) 0 11 ft. e.: chi LTC: il la diler (11 :4
III, the dry zo treets :: Illin b: gT rigation like tlh |
the cocill Lices et the il the underground
III Califo tilli: 200 to 30C0 pou from each tre sold for U. S. Cir Ill Tc. I):it: bei T fT 11its for

.hıc İT siz e, fla yеп I, патket de1. ELs 24. god exhere are about -cd Deglet Noot &md ab tilt 14 Il a pili 1 d. The Llic pillim tres rnia Were in por1 fTOIn Iraqi Al
. Il y el T5 to gr.3 W fr11 Seeds il 1 d. low whether the I Illite of the ley flower and 1ce for planting List: the slickers sprout near the " en t tre e 5. FeLice feIll:lle slick:es produce mille T Words. Ele OFF lIlle to PilI EI L
Il trees begin
TTIits H holt 4 1 Inting Feiro. Elle female flowers nto frilit5 :Ind lice mille Flyw1ce pollen,
they plant 48 Mill. Lre: Fi w 5 ibi Llt 30 : pollination is IT WILH h ( WW II til get till c: m:4 xiof l: Le fruits. Isiol ladders T rry pickers to to pollinate the ice plastic bags ing fruits to pre3m rain, to place Is cloth Wer the to protect the cits all birds "1o1ey, time a Ih d is attached with per Illament basis.
me the date palm w III with o L1 t ir- Palmyra palm Li ree & Lilce the Tots al Id Teach
Wilter level. they get about lds of la Le fruits 2. A pou Ind is S 2.00 (Rs. 80,00) palm treces cai T about 100 years
and ca. It grow up to 100 feet tall and can be interplanted with cash crops like ground nuts, battana, papaya, Orzinges, li Ille et C.
Sri Lilnika Will hallwc t) gct the date palm suckers (off-shoots) from SH u di A Tabia, C)man, Iraq, Kuwait. India, Pakistan citc. Every Sri Lankan working in S:li Ar:1 il CIllin, K1 I Wait etc. Carl Help Sri Lanka and themselves WhileI’ll they Tetur II holic ince or twice a year Oil holiday. At that time they can La5ily bring As many date palIT1 plants with them by getting a permit from the Director Agricilit 11 Te in Sri Lanka.
Sri Lankan GD ve Tinm c1 i L should a nd must play a big part by commercially importing date pall tree suckers and distributing the III for pola Iiting. Another LITree that ca. Til be i Il trdill Cedi i Il the dry zone can be Olive trees to produce oil, pickels, animall feed etc. Olive Oil is cKpensive and can be exported. Olive oil is III OD10saturated and dictors say it is free from cholesterol,
W. T. Saravanapavan P. O. Box. 2079, Wictürwille, California 92.393. LJ, 5. Å.
On Throwing. . .
Y Carfiri Jeal f; pge T}}
The purity of race and langulage a Te very dangerous concerls as, in de cd, We hawe se el H1) W it has led to Tascis III i Il pre-WaT (Ge Trinä my in di TÓW to its Tise in the North all East of Sri LELI1 kl.
It is a great pity that the Te are so many people ready, willing and able to i de Il tify “Si Ilhala challwinism” 215 all factor leading to the political disha Tmony in the country, but fail to recognise "Tamil challuvinism' cwt. When it splits lit from the barel of ill AK-47,
The international lobby of the LTTE is so successful Lhlt 11TLughout James Manor's book the phrase "Sinha la chauvinism is liberally sprinkled, as for Tamil challvillism, it is al III list ewery - where invisible. Surely, doesn't it take two to Imake a qua Triclo
27

Page 30
BOOK REVIEW
Participatory Development al
''Women, Powerty and Resource
by Ponna Wignaraja
overty alleviation initially beca Ime a Illa Liter as major
concern in the seventies. A large number of alternative dicyclopment approaches were explored and promoted but with the Ilajor exceptions of Primary Health Care : Iid Basic Services, most were isolated experients. Evel these were wershadowed III dewel op 11e Int theory and practice by issues of structural adjustIlments in the 1980s. A risi Ilg concern alongst all increasing Illi Imber of development ecco I - Inists with the effects of adjustment policies () in the peor, brolight again to the fore the prohlem of allewiation of powerty.
Ponna Wig naraja was one of LEle five Inemhers if the Salth Asian team that in the early 1970s produccid thic piconcer study, truly ground breaking at that time, titled 'Towards a Theory of Rural Developmento. The methodology they identified hlas informed much of the in nowative experiTilents in poverty alleviation. Since then, working with Uпited Nations, 1п his WTiting5, as editor of Development’’ and also as Secretary General of the Society for International Development, he has continued to pursue the same conceptual path and to refine the methodology of participatory development.
IIn 1987, UNICEF and IFAD) asked Ponna Wig naraja to review his experiences on these issues in a number of countries of Asia, Africa and Latin Allerica. The result is this book, The starting point cof Wignaraja's analysis is that “the polor are left Out beca LISe the con ccptual framework and the institutional fra The Work Within which the problem is looked at is inadequale.' In this book, he specifically addresses the issue of alleviation of Women's powerty, a new di IIle IsiLil Which Wls not highlighted inor developed in the earlier writings of the team.
The issues of gender and equity point to the double bur
28
del Worlen ha' of being pooT an For Ponna Wig Li3 115 t. Wolf Ily come fT LIP3נs gTL'וז שווWGT better Crgi Iizat ca. Il not - TE55 their powerles. Only be done t action. The women around IlIlO, In co) ili certin i! Tg1 effective an. Ilo III jc al mi di 50 c: Pomma Wig Ina Tai that provision absence of this developmental, self-respect, digi a clil and leli: ewen the Te5 531 already available
A corollary visiol of credi impact On the of poor WOII approach i Il cor [ Creatico II a. 1d grc struggle for th Latico I CIf ya T in their suppo availability of skill training, and child ca. Te social security, of debt are so elements thåL i häid With of credit.
T 7 Illa ke this space ha s t () l programmes th til flirther Wi Where the pro place spontane animators can the process.
These Te ST that Polna W CT Lucial tC eTEL
Ill W. It susti näblic de
NLITT ET Colus c; been publish generating act These. El Te L15 L; which are newc

nd Poverty Alleviation
S
we to bear: th;it d being a Woll ill. „That raja, the solu:n’s p0 Werty cal El
oil actions by and by their io | 11, 11 diwid 11:15,
the problem of sness; this can hrough collective organization of
issues of com5 a prerequisite Il sus tai III able ecoial de Wielopment. ja further states of credit in the rganization is not J11 L Turther erotes nity and collective 5 to depletion of 1 Tces and assets י". חשוחטor WטLtd p :
is that t ble prit Iloille ha 5 littl:
eç I do Illic St Hitlis, :Ill. A h. listic Morating i Wareness up organization, e fair implemenious legislations It in marketing, Warious Illalterials, legal aid, health late nity and
and getting out Ile of the key need to go hand
the availability
happen, political he found and the :Imselves will help den that space. Cess dibes II ot Lake ously, sensitized help to catalyze
le of the cleIllets ignaraja considers ble po T w come il of powerly into .1ltטוח10p שW
sic Studies hälye cd On incole ivities for Women. ally small projects T extended täiti Cl
wide because they are not illcorporated into the mainstreal of economic development. Other studies have highlighted the failures of targeted credit progra III mes for the poor a Tid poor Wլի 111 EI1 through conventional government or credit institutiçons. A number cof cä se studies have been published on thic bettet known successful programmes with CTedit coIl ponents for Women, 5luch 1.5, the Gr:11The CI1 Balık OT the BRAC 5 Çome UCCElsionally written by those who conceived the projects. There are fewer publications available analyzing the conceptual issues
underlying the access of poor WoIII e Il to credit, El Ind the possibilities of organization,
it wareness creation and credit and asscL creation Logether, to strengthen their capacity to su rwiwe, to improve their economic and 50cial conditi{1115 : Ind that of their children, to go to scalc and to sustain this proccss cower Li Inc.,
Ponna Wigmaraja's book belongs to the latter category, The Conditions for the Slustaining cof such program times in a variety of socio-economic and cultural settings is an especially importa Int theme.
The experience of providing Illicro-ins is not new to UNICEF. The process of developing and extending such systells and sustaining the in Within the community-level constraints and Within the constrains and pressures of national and interna tið Illal blu Tea Lucra, cies (including their financial rules and regulations) is of great interest til UJNICEF.
We hope this book will help Lo simula Le Teflection and discussion a T1 i lead to a тeпewed analysis of the problems a Indi Opportunities faced in iTıp Towing thic design of projects and cvaluation of program mes for and with poor womcn.
Richard Jolly
Ebeply Execuri ya director, Fragrar rres UNICEF. New York)

Page 31
MWj
Gompli
FP
HER
INTERN
LIMI
AFTA, PATA,
AGEWTS FOR :
BALKAN
AIRL
NO. 6, YORK STREET
COLOMBO

th
ments
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MES
ATIONAL TED
ASTA, TAAl
BUGARAN
INES
TEL: 25149 24.431 548235
TLX: 22021. HERIMES CE
FAX: 548,235

Page 32
We are a different kind of
There are a nultitude of Guard
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