Page 1
O LUCKY BREAKS
Vol. 13 No. 13 November 1, 1990 Price Rs. 7.50
Identity and
Identity and
Can v. P. Si
Dissent in th
 
 
 

FOR SRI MY00THA O
Mervyn de Silva
鑫。
-
t
Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka, OD/79/NEWS/90
Land
V. I. S. Jeyapalam Culture — Laksiri Jayasuriya
იgh Last 2
- David Housego
e Dhammadepa - zeth Hussain

Page 2
A selected list of
Sri Lanka Mosaic — Enwir comment, m.
and change HWC S/C
Seasonality and Health: A Study o
Elvir (†1 Erst Of ||–S3|t is fiv
by Godfrey Gunati leke, P. D, A. Fernando, Eardley Fernando
A Colonial Administrative System in
by Dr. B. S. Wijeweera
Sepala Ekanayake and Ex Post Fact Hijacking of International Aircrai Sri Lanka Domestic Law incorpo International Law
by Dawid S. Awerb Lick
The Pilgrim Kamanita - A Legendary
by Karl GjellerLIJ
Stries fr the Maa Wamsa
by Lucien de Zoysa
Stories from the Cua Walsa and Ot
Tales by Lucien de Zo'ysa
Conservation Farming - Systems, Te
Tools (For small farmers in the by Ray Wijewardene & Parak rama
Marga
61 || sipathana Colombo 5,

Marga Publications
arl, continuity
15.OO 3OOOO
12.00 250,00
f the socio-economic
C) Casti Ons 1 OOO 185. OO
Perga, Joel
Transition 6.OO 16O.CO
O Legislation: 4.OO SOOO
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Iä tBS
· Roma CB 1750 225 CO
3,50) ÉSIO, O O
er Historical 3.OO 47.50
chniques and Humid Tropics) .. W5O. 12 O.OO
Waidyathā
Publications
Må Wat h) Si Lanka.

Page 3
O Debt servicing will cost the nation R5, 13 billion more in 1991 than it did this year. Budgetary provision of Rs 44.8 billion has been made for this purpose, the highest ever. The breakdown is as follows: Rs 22.4 billion for interest payments on short term, medium and long term rupee loans and foreign loans, loan management charges and loan floatation; and Rs 22.4 billion for a mortisation payments on rupee and foreign loans and other Treasury obligations.
O The Gulf crisis is expected to cost Sri Lanka about 2.5 billion rupe es this year in hard Currency, im lost carnings and extra expenditure. About 1.5 billion of this a mount will represent lost worker remittances. Tea export losses due Lo UN sanctions will amount to more that In 750 II illio III1 and increased oil prices will cost more tha In 200 Inillion.
Half a million peoplised'' United Motors 5 ha res were distributed free to 554 employees of United Motors Lanka Ltd at a ceremony in Colombo attended by Prime Minister D.B. Wijetunga. The highest allocations were to 32 cmployees with more than 30 years service with this motor tradic firm; they received 1,659 shares each. United Motors is the first gowernment owned business undertaking to be "peoplised'. The distributed shares had a par value of Rs 10 and a stock exchange value of Rs 24.
United Motors contributed Rs. 59.4 million to gover nment rewchule fort a 10 month period ending March 31, 1990. A total of 4,483 forest offences were recorded in 1989, but only 14 offenders were jailed by courts. The 1989 total of detected of
— —അr
Brief
fences were in the previo
Several state also involved wities, thic ( Forests said i tration Report W. R. Nanayak servator, has re setting up of est Police.
Power pir Ceylon Eclecti 500 Illillion illicit tapping is do Inc on a scale by afflu according to P ergy Minister dara, quoted Nic ways.
The gover decidicid to cha I week, a Publ tion Ministry said, following ports that the might become lic scrwants, release said th wants working week fully a Would be II () than an extensi
äÜAR
Vol. 13 No. 13
Price R
Published f
Lank Ea GLuaTrdinn P
No. 245, U.
Colt, ml
Editor: Marw
Telephon

2 TT10 Te than
y Car.
mployees were n illicit actiinservator of
his Adminifor 1989. Mr. aral, thic Conimmended the separate For
tes cost the city Board Rs nnually. The
of electricity well organised 11t COI sers, O wer and EnChandra Ballin the Daily
I ment has not ge the five day ic - AdministraTnews release speculative Tcworking week longer for pubThe ministry at public setthe five day ld efficiently re productive I of the week.
O Posters came up in the city attacking foreign casino operators in five-star hotels. The local operators want the field to themselves. Casinos are not legal in this country, but they are permitted to operate.
The said said in a leader: ""In discussing the question of casinos operating in this country the first question to be posed is whether this country can bencfit from casinos'. The editorial Went on to say that it would be hypocrisy of the highest order if - Sri Lankans were prevented from gambling on moral grounds while running gambling joints to rake in thc money of foreigners; it would be as hypocritical as having brothels for foreigners only.
As we go to press we have received the sad news of the death of Prof. Urmila Phadnis, of the J.N.U., a regular contributor to the L.G.
DAN
W Imbar 1, 1990
: .50
tnightly by
blishing Co.Ltd.
on Place,
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447534
CONTENTS
Lettors 2 News Background 3. The Region Profile 8. Political Conflict 3) 9. The "Self' as Obstacle
to Peace in Lanka 11 The SC Wiet. Molda|| 15 Pensioners (2) לך Let the Herbal Flowers Bloom 19 Conceptualising Ethnicity
and dentity 21 Dissent (2) 24
Printigd by Ananda Press
82/5, Sri Ratnajoth i Sarawarna muttu Mawatha, Colombo 13.
Твlephonв: 435975

Page 4
Lefters
SWRD AND SINHALA
Mr. S. Pathiravitane says that lobby correspondents sec and hear only what they want to see and hea T, and that not being a saint, I can't claim to be frce of this infirmity. Mr. Pathiravittıne, no doubt being well on the way to beatification, is, of course, Incot circumscribed by the limitations of ordinary mortals; he can even consider himself the last Word on what he didn't see and hear.
Reggic Siriwardena Dehiwela.
PLA M. VVORDS
I see that Sri Kantha has failed to profit from my advice that he should take some reading les sons before Cngaging in further polemics. In reply to my detailed demonstration that he cannot understand what he reads, he writes (L. G. of October I) that hic was Teading between the lines. I do not sec how he can possibly succeed in metaphorically reading between the lines when in the first place he cannot grasp the plain literal meanings of plain Words. Consequently I am certainly not going to Waste L. G. space taking up his quibblic about the
term ** distict" i Il relatio I to cth Illicity.
His problem is the sa Ine as
Carroll's Humpty Dumpty, who sad "When I Use a Word, it means just what I choose it to Ilean — T1 eithe T 10T e Illor less."" I suggest therefore that he take to writing nonsense literature, a genre that has not bcc in properly exploited since the great days of Carroll and Lear. He should make his mark, provided he Te Ime Imbes that the: Te is a difference between in Olsense literatulte al Ind to Immy rot.
Izeth H. Issain
IMPORTED WATER
It has been reported that at least one former WWWIP in this poverty-striken island is addicted to Eau de France. But, with a 67 billion rupees budget deficit sta ring us in the face, what earthly reason is there for local
2
shops to be foc ported water ? super-market
Shelyes of Eau 66.25 a bottle. NeTC [LIII cd to Rome bur ned – that som c portis prefers to upgr: its piddle while I have Surviv ed EHLI de Sri Lan!
NaWinni,
BACKW
All is L 5 är e Pathi Tawi talla f. LIs that **We 5 ce See al Id hea T v hear simply lllllIllllIl. Wester doing it all the report backwal 'Civilised" West'
From family. I Working abroad aldi one in Barbi in Australia, pa per articles re th:1 t so many bLI seen on the road articles spoke Simha les c, Ilot T they emphasise
Nobody in my nearby saw such know that Budd Tcligion and ki of innocent live But this is the i as your reader
A. T.
LLl na WHL.
THE ''G. FA
Today Stalin badly discredit dare Colle olut what I would of the twentit als Wii Isto Il | Il cloirs calci og Te of Europ of Stalinism te TiTi ble effect likened to a phic such as of such great ti 015 that e yic

d with this imIn a Nugegoda st weck I 53lW France at Rs. It is said that his fiddle while it would applica II 1 of our society e thc quality of Sri Lanka bleeds
for 69 years on
H. A. I. G.
TARD ASIA
rateful to Mr. S. - pointing ollt to What We WilIll t0 hläL we WEl Int 10 CSC. W. El To n journalists are
time when they d' Aşil to the
membe TS Whi} El Tiĉ two in England dos and al Inother I have received porting last year rning bodies Wer C side. Two cof the about : majority amils". Why did
not Tamils' ?
r house or living things. We all hism is the chief ling and taking s is not allowed. backward" Asia, as pointed out
R. Ramatı ayake
)D" " THAT
LED
isill has becil 50 ted, that few even in defence of call the gre century' (just Churchill in his di Trotsky, o “the e'). The backlash has had such a that it can be horrible catas II 0an earthquake, seis Ilic propo () rorything around it
has been completely destroyed. The ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin are desperately struggling
for survival, because of thc misdeeds of one single man, Joseph Stalin. Today, the once proud appellation of "Communist' has become a dirty word. All thic COIL li illu list
Parties of Europe, U.K., U.S.A., Italy, France, etc. have jettiso
ncd Stali Thism, and HT է: taking on in Ocll olls 11S to give themselves an aura Cof bourgeois respectability. So far
this has not taken place in the USSR, but soon there will be USSR left. Only the flimp of Greater Russia and Byl)- Russia, and that too thanks to the Great Russian Bullies', as Lenin called, Ordzhonikdze, Dzerzhinsky and Stalin in criti"
cism of the lastler's treatrıncı of the Georgia Il S. Salin's Great Russian Chauvinism'
was directly responsible for the breakup of the Soviet Union
Thus in this context I El Iml surprised to find there is a defender of the Dictator in the | Lanka Guardian' of Wol. 13 No. 1 (1.10.90). I refer to Tissaranee Gu násakera’s article Reform from Top'. She says : “All ills plagu ing the u Soviet Union are laid at Stalin's door. But it was none other than Stalin who first mentioned the possibility of a contradiction between the forces of produ Ction and the relations of PTOduction under socialism, in his #Economic Problems of Socialism' 1950. Stalin wrote that if the party did not handle the economic laws of socialism correctly, and if the objective economic problems are flouted, this would lead to a Contradiotion between the forces of production and the existing relations of production, resulting in a crisis''. But' says Tiszt fillee Guna sekera, * * this War Illing We Illt Illeeded.
Stalin was the main who drew up the general lines of planning and he saw that they were unquestioningly carried out. Stalin was like God IIi millself - he was omnipotent and
o II miscic Int.
Amara das a Fernando

Page 5
Early X’mas ch beseiged UNP
Mervyn de Silva
hic U.N.P. gowcrnment’s luck
holds whic the SLFP-led Opposition’s optimistic calculations hang al most enti Tely on the hope that the last Presidential election will be decla Tel Tull and Void. In the past fortnight, we hawe scen " "Operation Jaya
Shakthi" achieve its important, if
militarily limited, objective with impressive professionalism.
Hall mered by the "triple shocks' of the Gulf - oil prices, migrant relittances and the substantial Iraqi tea market - the gover Iпеп received a tremendous morale boost by the Aid Club meeting in Paris which pledged a billion dollars, 130 million Lore than reques tcd.
The Opposition attention meanWhile is ficussei al most exclusively oil its internal conflicts, played up by the pro-UNP press as a mother-son dispute in the Bandra naike-founded and doII1inated S.L.F.P., the UNP's only credible challenger.
Meanwhile, the LTTE, still a serious threat militarily, has committed some ruinous political sta kes that has draied its international sympathy, totally alie mated the witally important, Muslill comunity in the East, and Linder Ilici Tamil Dadu and Indian support.
Finally, Indian diplomatic pressure, much less from the W. P. Singh gower Ilment tham from the previous Gandhi administration, is now Illinimal since Delhi is totally preoccupied with the most serious governmental-political
crisis in Iccent Gujral's on-off schekull cd foT D;
W11|C the M. Sion Which ha public sessions produce any de terms of pinnim particular millis regime the se disclosures ablu T E TI | * T shattering impac Establishment a groups. It has to what may be westernised, pr within the ruling telled the "J.R. IT ISI; el as a s a. sh1i rnirng . ex Fırmıp: gured Sinhilla e The repercussiol tist1:11 affa iT sht in the perspect da sa project in the the U.N.P. the Mick More
ThQugh sCary : i Ill LTTE halds Il Ours, the SL, Hccess to the Jäf its unchallenged Palaly Airport EELAMI WaT 2, ern Tent's det er III sit Tite la Lhe Tail e
totally liberate The Illid-Octobe Cer1tr3, Lel «JI i ifTr Airport from L' That also me: heavily fortific Tinged the surro clearing the ro: of IIIines, and f

leer for
times. MT. I. K. Visit has beel c. 11.
) SSAD Co Inn mis5 not yet held 111 y I' Tina y not :fit Toslilt 5 i g blame on any iter of the past 5:iti I:ll media t Traeli traini Tng i gers' have ha di a it I the Political ind the governing been se Tidus bl()'' called the highly -U. S. LeTit UNP, popularly clique” that held iICere frie 1ld ind ||g to the beleil|j te and m3155 e5. 15 of this sens alld be assessed 1’ye Of the PTE:Tia“re-structL Iring'' See excerpt from interwiew).
ties fSAM-7's T{*T1l:1ỉT15 tTøng TuA F’35 forced if fina peninsuli äid
air-power make
a vital factor in and to the govIllimited effort to
t the Peninsula, :: Titland is Ilot d' Tiger territory. т. opeтatio il cenпeeing' the Palaly TTE mortir fire. it destroying the di blu Like Is LELL unding areas and id and pathways inally the build
ings in the area which gave LTTE snipers cover'. All this has been donc. General Denzil Kobbekaduwet's men have cleared the wholic area, a nice "bulge'' as he called it.
REAL ESTATE
Is Jaffna town his next target, the big one? 'Right now, We are not interested in real estate'. His strict professionalism was also evident in all other reply to the pressmen who were taken to Jaffna: "About ten percent of the peninsula' . . . That's as far as the army has advanced. . . a measured Tcsponse to the challenge,
This has of course a political aspect. 90% of the peninsula has to be administered by the LTTE. As much as the a weTage Tali mil may identify himself with the gue TT illa Wanguard, the day-today burden of administration - the basics - has proved too cxacting a responsibility for El movement so intensely and incurably militaristic as the LTTE.
The LTTE IT earl While ha 5 Teopened the Eastern front, trying to use the Muslii factor as il Inilitary weapon in a theatre of the conflict where the political, or Inore accurately the coT 111 Tu Tal *“Inix" (Tamil, Muslim and Sinhala) is the dominant feature of this political-military struggle for power. Neither the Sinhala Army mor the (Tamil) – LTTE can think in exclusively military terrills. Con Inuities are involved and the Muslims, third of the provincial population, hold the .ם שוba1HI

Page 6
For both combatants, Muslimin support, neutrality or hostility, is a factor of serious military consequence. For the same reason, the Muslim community is caught in the cross-fire, and the Muslim political parties, some of them more Colombo-based, torn by political differences and divergent approachics to the main political question: Devolution. It raises the particular problem of sharing power with the Tamils in the East (minus Sinhala-dominate di Ampara) and making a deal with the governing party in Colombo.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Amnesty International used a peculiar expression in its latest Sept. 19 report:
Sri Lanka's government appears LG's emphasis) to be backing the error tactics used by its security forces to supress armed opposition. That was the opening sentence. The rest was more or less a summary.
The “soften ing' of international criticism of the regime's human rights record is largely due to the LTTE's brutal and indiscriminate targetting of Muslim and Sinhala farmer settlements in isolated hamlets. So, the EEC statement before the Aid Group meeting focuses on “massacres by the LTTE' and on the indiscriminate bombing of civilians by the ait force" (Sce EEC STATEMENT).
While the World Bank and the do nors WOuld hawe borne in mind both the fact of unutilised 1989 aid, and the 'triple shocks' of the Gulf Crisis, the one billion dolar aid package (130 milion dolla TS mo Te than the Sri Lankan request) bouyed up UNP morale, i Tjecting El Self-confidence into an administration that was more or less enjoying the only comfort of a divided, 3գսabbling and confused opposition.
Considering the island's grim situation and the despondency of a once cock-a-hoop UNP, Octo
ber has brought very welcome, X’Illas gifts.
4
H.P..T.
collapse Լյոt tյf tէ: "medium' rang pa nies, hals c state-run Daily be a "crisis ol ill editorial,
FII " "Fill | tg | tl of the Teil Si the total colla fidenge. If th to hit the "pal because the plu Lihat the Celtir
ped iп 200 п H. P. T. in a tion''. Elwy ident
Ald how the
I 5 pa nies appear 5e1'idlig LTUuble
TElic i ibn OTthe early 80's ing of finance ing high inter 30-35%. Thoug have started : "83 riւյts, tէle II cinct gradually of assets - bu. ing , commerci Bu t the Central kept a vigilan Then came th 1988-89.
Fe yw know yw tiון 1: "יוטון וז ט was right to Illent to let the cularly the '' has put his these finance the full facts,
Till Misti Finance, MT, H a statement i weck about thic But a fuller 5
able. Deposit Whletic the ci just a liquid
El SS et 5. El TC gC0C0 care of its lia something IIlo

MEWS BACKGROUND
: No need for panic 2
of the H. P. T., e Calde T; IT LEC e Finance ClTcl tcd What the Weys feia Ted would confidence". In the D. N. cal lcd frank disclosures Lltim’’ t’ awtil pse of public conere is a tendency lic button", it is iblic is now aware ill Bank had pummillion rupees to "holding opera* rkסלי 1y it didn’t City is thick with veral Cath cr colto hawc Tu L i Ilito
-title”" Il Cid Cf SEI W EL, Em LI shroomCompanies offer"est, often up to gh the trouble may is early as the orth-easte TT widoltook its own toll 5es, lorries, housall buildings etc. 1 Bank apparently , Supervisory eye. JWP violence of
hit is really going the Daily Ney's urge the governdepositors, partismall mill' who ife's savings into companies, knoW The paper said:
er of State for arold Herat, made Parlii Ilicit list HPT suspension. til tcIIeit is desiI's must know Dmpany is facing ity crisis and its d enough to take bilities, OT is it e serious
When a company is in trouble, there is a run on deposit5 addi Ing to its wics. Right now, depositors in other finance conpanics - many of them stable - are als0 fcaring for the safety of their money, A crisis of confide Ince can vcry cii sily rcsul E if full and frank disclosutics of the Tcl situation is mot quickly made.
T
Illinister has referred to
HPT's "cosmetic папа Вепепt practices' to conceal the real picture. If that was possiblic
With Central Balık fund5 in the company and a bank nominee on thic board, the efficacy of thc slu per vision can be called int) question.
The Colt Toll of Filla CE (Compallies Act No. 78 of 1988 was enacted to safeguard depositors' interests after the ea Tlier filurcs. It had many tc eth including forfeiture of directors" personal assets to make good Wasted or fiddled funds. The public are unaware of any silch seizures although they are well aware of the rackets.
Hopefully the Central Bank examiners and independent auditors will speedily finish their task at HPT su that depositors and the general public can be told the cxact situation. The quicker that is done, the better.
Arпny expansioп 100,000 more
— Rапјал
Ewell after this war with the Tigers is over, the airly will be supplemented with an additional 100,000 recruits, State Milister for Defence Ranjan Wijeratine said when hic acid Tessed the 5o1diers stationed at the strategic Palaly Air Base, Rupa wa hini reported.

Page 7
The New Regime and
Q: Recently you shot into the linnelight hy talking of a "new regime' that is now in power. Can you identify the significant difference in the “new regime' and the "old regime"?
Prof. Moore: There are, perhaps, two important cha Inges of the new regime compared to the old one. First, there is the distribution of political power which is substantially different now than before, Under. Lhe previous Presiden, a considerable amount of power was efsectively devolved to many other politicians, senior ministers etc. which has many advantages and disadvantages,
Under the new regime power has to a very high degree cent
ralised und cr the Presidency. But I think it is fair to say that there is probably no one
holding a significant power position, either as a politician or as an a din inistrative burea ucrat who does not hold office except at the will of the President. There may be one cor two exceptions but they are few. Consequenlly, one associates the fact that there has been some degree of depoliticisation of certain kind of economic decisions, by which I Incan, in particular, that the Whole cast of government ninisters and MPs have less day-to-day influence on government decisions than they have had not only in the previous government but even governments before that,
So there is depoliticisation and there is possibility of more.
The key now is, as
issue of Sri Lanka
it were, how his capacity to depoliticise society is used. I Incan here is more possibility now of making rational diccisions in the national interests - decisions that will be made on the grounds of expertise, technological evaluations etc. I think it is not yet clicar how far this potential will be cxploited.
So that I change - the tribution of p
The other 5 is that for t quite a long ruling group i is not in lny
communal in
scn se of that
say there is a people from
ethnic or ling hold quite pow Cliften not posili - but import:
ECC ዘ” human
ፅቁ he ELIT and its hawe followe.
un certain situla Li They deplore t hosti litics initia! Tigers of Tani and the misery Lo the civili al affected parts They have ni massacres by til indiscriminate lian arcas by Air Force, The the seriols dif, the Sri Lankan urge that only sary force sh C restoring peace order in the c
li i Thic Twcl we li veyed to the SI Imelt their seri: continuing thr rights. They urged the Ga against the soca and to make bring the perp killings to jus text, the Twelv that the en qui in February of Zoy sa has In

NEWS BACKGROUND
the Old Regime
One important ange in the dis
".
nificant change first time, in ime, there is a Sri Lankal Which ubstantial Sense the very broad Im. That is to large number of ill societies or istic groups who rful positions - ins as politicians nt positions in
the government and there is no doubt that this had a significant effect on the attitude of Illany of the ethnic minoritics towards the government. And it seems to line that in Colombo, in particular, the climate of ethnic relations has improved quite significantly. Of course, it hasn't improved in other a reas. particularly in the North and East. But there arc a whole range of other reasons for that.
Y Dr. Mick Moore i Tre'r wiewed by the Editor of the Sunday Observer H. L. D. Mariri da pala)
2minds Lanka about
rights
pean Community Member States closely the ion in Sri Lanka. 1e resurgence of led by Liberation Eela II in June this has caused population in the of the country. ited reports of e lATTE and of ombing of civihc: Sri Lankan welve recognise icultics faced by Gowe TT11 cnt but Illin imun necesIld be listti in a Indi Inaintaining untry.
ve regularly con
Lankan governis concern about ats to huma m Live particularly "Inlet to act led death squads, every effort to irators of illegal :e. II this connote with regret
into the killing Mr. Richard de
c such lite
progress. They also hope that the sub-commission on disappearances of the UN Commission on Human Rights Will visit Sri Lanka soon. Meanwhile, the Twelve note that obstruction of citizens intending to testify to the said subcommission is contrary to Resolution 1990.76 of the UN Commission for Human Rights, which calls on all, go wernments to allow un hinde Ted contact between private individuals and UN Hunnan Rights Bodies, and condemns all acts of intimidation and reprisal,
The Twelve strongly support the efforts of the democratically elected Sri Lankan Governinct to overcome the challenge posed by terrorist activities, but in doing so, the Twelve urge the Govern Illent to (bserve its
i Tı
ternational obligations in the field of human rights.
The TW clve wish to draw
attichtion to the fact that Mellber States will be considering thcir future a 55 İstance for the development of Sri Lanka's economy With reference, among other factors, to the GovernIncint's performance in regard to huma In Tights.'''

Page 8
Despite disturbed political si Sri Lanka’s economy ha remarkable resilience: w
he World Bank has said that despite the troubled political situation in Sri Lanka, the Country's economy hlas shown a remarkable resilience,
On the Ewe of the Aid Consortiu Ill meeting currently under
way in Paris, the Blå Ink has declared: If the civil conflict tres mot v.7, o Tse I, the MiddleEast crisis is not prolonged,
and the government is able to Ilaintail solid III: Croe CO L O mi: management, sustained growth of 4.0 to 50 percent is possible'.
The Sri Lanka economy, which had a growth Tate of about 8.2 per cent in 1977, was wiTtually ea tento a standsti 11 by continued do III estic u prisings al Ind etlnic Violece i II the late 1980'5.
Beginning 1985, the growth Ta te has declined from 5.0 percent to 4.5 percent in 1986,
1.5 регсепt iп 1 i Il 1988 L1 di 2,3 In all assess ravaged Sri La the Bank point growth is likely the private se industry, since paddy producti levels of plul Which We Te il growth in the unlikely to be next few years.
Sri Lkäs requirements fo Eli'ye beci E5 t S 1.8 bi 11 ii II.
However, if persists and oil high, Eldditional fi | tl will Էյը : the government protect the sic II acroeconomic Bl Ink adds,
Ace Radio Ca
E.
* Computerised meters
" Can be summoned to W.
* No call up charge within city limits Vehicle a (Receipts issued on request Company credit av,
Ca|| 50 1502 50 1503 C
ệAset
Another Aitken SpenC
 
 
 
 
 

tuation . . .
MIE VMVS BACKGROUMID
s shown a
ord 3 ar
987, 2.7 percent percent in 1989. et of the WalIkā 101, 5 jult till:Lt full Lu Te Il Cole frO1 ctor, including rapid gains from ɔ ni anci cor high li : il WS LI TIL he sources of Early 1980's arc repeated in the
external aid 1990 and 1991 i mäteil at over
the Gulf Crisis | prices remain quick-disib Li Tsing required even if takes action to LI I de 55 of its codition' the
t
The melbers of the Aid Consortium include Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Fin
land, France, Germany, India Italy. laրa 11: Ru Wait, the Netherlands, Norway, Sphin,
Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Also invited are representatives of the Asia. In Dew clip II. It Bank, the European Economic Community (EEC), the International Monetary Fund, thic Development Assistance Cornmittee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the UN Development Program mesUNDP), the InteTI:tional Fund for Agricultural Development (FAD), the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and the government of Switzerland.
(F) aily. Nelly,5)
Our doorster)
CE55 fr) Tı Gelected StB rhaids
HIED 2
էր 501 504
:e Service

Page 9
THE REGOW
Shadows cast a pall O India's festival of light
David House go on how the holiday mood h been shattered by religious and caste violence
he coming days are tradi
tio Ilally the II 105 L festiwe period in the Indian calendar with people celebrating the Diwali holiday by illuminating their hı olu5e5': withı I camı d les alıd colouring the night sky with
firework 3.
But with thic violence of castic and religious conflict throwing a shadow over the cluntry, perhaps mo Te threateningly than at any time since independence, many people feel that there is LL S LL S aLLL a HHHLLLLLLLSS LLeLHHHH S S LLLLLLS Works are on sale in the shops; the bazaars are still sparsely decorated.
In Delhi, the most poignant TCmim die T of the tensio 1S a Te the continuling suicides by you Ing
students setting fire to the Ilselves in protest against the Prime Minister W. P. Singh's
proga. Im Inne for reser wilg 27 per cent of jobs in central governIment Service for the lu Wer CELSICS.
Studies of their deaths show that I lost of the Il conc from poor urban families with the suicide prompted by a mixture of des pair and glory in martyIdo II. Delhi's universities arc the Iain magnet for upper caste students seeking to enter government service.
The shadow of potential Hindu-M05111 conflict 1150 looms heavily over Delhi these days with thic arrival in the capital of the Rath Yatra (pilgrim chariot) of Mr L.K. Adwani, the leader of the radical Hindu BJP party. Mr. Adwa ni is com a national crusade to Inobilise support for the building of a Hindu temple on the site of a mosque at Ayodhya in northern India.
It is probably the first time since ind cpendence that a senior
politician has a widespread äccentute diff Hindus and Ind M) slcT Illi Ind) 'il
Huge emotive lawe been follow ** charit” — a as the heal well Hindu deity - ets of Delhi, end his journ On October 3 fundarmentalists construction of
IIl recent di als 0 been Ter gravity of the Long quelles stations after announced a 1 in oil consump night. The 25 1 TTC ELS 11 ps night is enol popular anger crni ment, which to prepare the for the impact ()
Inflation wil climb into di ley el Taliti), democracy dor poor als je op: of a govern Inc
The main di this crisis and 19505 timid 1970 cide 5 With 50 ci hawe been 20 ing i1i1d have ! head. Abovc Singh's job I gramme is seei a finall ass31 Lullt nots' - the p. quite-prosperoll - on the posi and patronage which they c. IInonopolised b. clitc.

We
S
: Il barked on such campaign to
ere Inces bet Ween lia's 140 m-strong Ly. ܬܐܨ
Hindu crowds wing Mr Advani's truck decoated ly vehicle of a through the StreMr Adwaii will ey i a t Ayo di Bhya ), when Hill du plah In to begin the temple.
ays there have пiпiders of the economic crisis, formed at petrol the government 5 per cent Cut tion on Friday per cent price ied on Sunday gh to unleash against the govhas de little Indian public he Gulf crisis,
now incvitably
ruble digits - a illy scen in a linated by the ar dising thic i lific it.
ff crcnce between | others in thc
5 is that it coinial changes that y ea T5 in the TT1:lk
W. C. t.
all Mr W.P. "eservation pTOIn als unleashing by the "hawcCT all the Luft5 WCT castics tions of power in government airl have been y an upper Caste
by mcriti to
*
.
For the litter - who account for 20 per cent of the põpulation in the north and who are often poor themselves - entrance government service is a cherished principle. A former minister even raised in conversation the other day the possibility of a military takeover if I Cscrations were extended to the attled forcts, India is still far from that - but the speculation is indicative of the Od.
The fragility of Mr Singh's coalition government reflects the current turbulence. DeCisions are being shelved on all but the lost pressing issues and the shall liberalisation of industrial and foreign in westinct policy announced in June has not been implemented because of disagreements over which industries would benefit.
Thc weakness of Mr Singh's own position has been underlined by demands for hill to step down from 29 parliamı entarians from his own minority Janata Dal party. But Mr Singh's strong card is that no party wants the responsibility of bringing him down. If he should fall, there are likely to
be attempts to form a new
coalition with clections possi
ble in the spring.
The event that poses the
II1st III ediate test to the surWiwall of his administrati Coil is the Inarch on Ayodhya on (October 3). The risk foT MIT Singh is that if he sticks to his decision to prevent the construction of the temple then LLL A S LLL S LHa S HLaaLS OH S LLL support from the government. At that monent Mr Singh would have to resign.
Mr Rajiv Gandhi, the former pri IIne Inminister, bellie Wes that the BJP will withdraw support in the first week of November, and that the government will fall. Hic has been holding ra llics in the IIth to test the ground for an election he believes could come in February.
"Сүттілшғгі ағi даде (13)

Page 10
PROFILE
Nobel prize for giving
Gorbachev has been honoured for What he
FRA ne point of view, president Mikhail Gorbacheỹ has won the Nobel peace prize for what he did not do, not for what he did.
Of course that is only part of the story. His positive achievements are clear: in promoting an international dialogue, turning Cold War summits from confrontation and point-scoring ilt) exerciscs i Co-operation, his un illatcral arms cuts to relaunch the disarmament process, and his vision of a new world order Centred on man, not ideo
logy, are all thoroughly constri Luc Live
And yet the one excrcise which cally inade people in the west believe in him, which cut the ground away from underneath the Cold war sceptics, was the fact that he did nothing to stop democracy happening in eastern Europe. He did not send in the tä, Iks.
Indeed, his responsibility was even greater. His very presence in Berlin one year Figo, Illich like his presence in Peking not long before, proved the catalyst for localised demonstrations to explode into a national movement for democracy. Thc fact that the outcome in Berlin was not another Tiananmen Square massacre Was a direct tribute to Soviet restrait.
He is the first Communist leader to win the Nobel Prize, and a major factor behind it is that he allowed communism to collapse in eastern Europe.
Pr c5ĩdent (GCI bãi Chew hă5 SC fait prcsided over an extraordimarily peaceful disintegration of his cmpire. There hawe been localised explosions of bloodshed, but they have been remarkably few, and contained, given the trau Ina cof the process.
Now, however, the fact that he has not been ready to use
8
military Inight unity of his cm the borders of itself, may be
him. More ani 5upporters a re
| ca der to use colul Intry from di to prevent the C descending into
In some way the Nobel priz COil it 1. ltsןIIltIll d'rיrTit bachewi's popula til 11c low, som pēT ht CC, Opinion polls.
More Seri Iloral and pra applicar to hawe ability to ensu of president OI) disa Tming protecting coi ments, and en contracts - is
Yesterday th was forced yet presentation o radical economi sought to rewr Iloite the country's repl Maliny radical Ti his prevaricatio Il 10 Ilent for die passed.
The im Il clia [ | O | 1 im Mosci In cws of the N was profoundly scarcely an appr 5aid Nata sh:ı, ;
d'ent. ! I di Ilot ! will think. Wi and shortages,
very impressed of the S700,000
only hope he Caitlge...'
I think it is
Ruslan, a dissi political prison be crazy. He

up Soviet empire
did not do, reports Ouentin Peel
to preserve the 1pire, even within the Sowict Union coming to haunt d indre refor mist lirging the Soviet force to keep the isintegration, and le T10cratic de batc
anarchy.
5, the award of C could scarcely 7Tc embarra 5 sing tically. Mr GorL Tity is a t allu lillWhere allid 20 iing to the latest
usly, both his ctical authority collapsed. His Te the e InactIlllent ial decTees - militial groups, -nu טוון ImiSLוךחון forci Tng economic in doubt.
Le Soviet lcaider again to postpone f his plan for lic reform, as he ite it to accellbjections of the Iblica l leaderT5. (cf OIITT 5, fel T that In now I means the :cisive iction has
te popular reacw yesterday to obel prize award sceptical. 'It is opriatic mot me Tit.”" i university stuKnow what people th all the զueues they won't be when they hea T he hi5 W CITI. TI gives it to a good
diabolical,' said ident and Torler er. " They Inust does not begin to
be in
· the same league as Dr Andrei
Sakhardy."
Even Gennady Gerasimov, the official spokesman for the foreign ministry, could not resist a crack: "We must remember this certainly was not the Nobel prize for conomics,' he told a press briefing.
In the Supreme Soviet onc industrial worker deputy pointedly refused to take part in the otherwise universal applause. "I am not clapping because the economy is bad, and the people are living badly,' he Salici.
Seldom has the gap between do 11 estic and i International pcrceptions of President Gorbachev Seeled so wide.
The Nobel commit tec just docs not know what it's likchlerc," a young teacher told Reuters news agency. ''Let them spend a couple of Illin this living like Russians and see how they feel. Is peace only for foreigners?"
Thanks to its economic plight, the Swiet Union H1:15 be Colle ever Tı re i Introverted, ilıını Con - cerned with what Ilay or may not be the impressive achieveInents of Soviet foreign policy.
The conservatives are bother cd at the loss of empire. The rest
are just concerned with daily survival.
All of which cannot change
the CXtraordin: Ty international impact of Mr Gorbachev's policies, but simply underline the gulf between domestic and international reality. The watershed in the Soviet leader's foreign policy Temlins his dra Tatic United Nations speech of December 1988, when he outlined both his intention to go ahead with a major unilateral disarmament iпitiative, and a Tethink of the
(Coffinitedсан үлдgте 10)

Page 11
POLITICAL CONFLICT (3)
Tertiary Costs: 3 Maha
John M. Richardson
SE '83 the cmerging political opposition to the open ecoIn OIIly programme has forced the government to slow its refor Ill. Privatisatio has slowed and a new consumption subsidy progra Ilme has been introduced. There art 118 non-financial State enterprises many of which have been described as poorly managed, mwег папTed all unprofitable. But with serious un cmployment in the count Ty, the government is Teluctant to take Tell edial measures.
The liberalized export-orienled growth strategy appears to
offer Sri Lanka the best economic prospects. The country's domestic market is small. It has in cdlicated labo LIT force with a high proportion of young. It lacks Inajor Tatural resources like oil. If Sri Lanka wishes to develop its economy liberalisation combined with efficient integration to the world economy is the only feasible
Option. The adverse social and political impact of violent conflicts has jeopardised that strategy.
Wiolent political conflicts has Ell50 reduced the prospect for South Asian Icgiona | econ oninic
CO-Opera Lion that Will benefit Sri Lanka.
We Lake tertiary costs into
account With a Sicc || 1:1. Ti (5 that assum es full implementations of the Open economy programme and higher level of regional economic co-operation during
the 80's, We li se the moderali te growth scenario as the base. Since tertiary costs address
longer term impacts of conflict, We assu II e In difference betWeen the I11 odera te gro With and a no tertiary cost scenario Intil 83 ånd "84. With 10 tertiary cost we assure that the g + 0 With ra te would have been 5%, greater in 1985 and 1% greater in ’85 and ’88 projected by the moderate growth scenario.
Summi Ing an I) between the prix Les Limited Lerti; billion rupees - liton LJSS.
SuTınr Tıing est mary, htt: :) Il di T Costs provides to till eco II ) Imic i Sri Laikai It's a conservat SCII he costs for lind uIlbudgeted rity hlave not b :H CCIO LILI.
The total es 144.3 billion Ru LUSS. This is r 1U 3 MTahi Wei i jects.
Opportunity
THC är it is 15 1lisll between at L Tibuti, ble La C:lled the eth th: North-East TäTilly att Tibuli I light be called il the Sol IL Fı. do for physical i Ifrill StructLIIT e bi for other prim for secondary II To estill Eite thi We hil We mad b) CLI t till: r : iT1 pict of Lhe AT1l SCuther II IT
In 83-'84. , Tio ting had the Beginning at till the middle that the prepo W:15 frø II the in the North. W E2 ELS SL1T11 : Lillä L to Secondary a W: S II10Ie eYe III the Sullern ci SCbIme What greate Cost of the IP attributed to tl conflict.

velis
all differences jections revised y costs 16.3
abւյլIt 500 mil
mates for priand tertiary stimates of the costs of conflict from 83 - '87, we c5timate for example private
costs of secueen taken in to
imate is about ees – 4.4 billion ughly equivalent Development pro
Costs
eful to distingcost primarily What Ilight he 1C conflict in and those pritablic t0 Wh:1L class conflict This is easy to destruction of tür difficult tary costs and ld tertiary costs. se latter costs e assumptions i ti. We economic North-East. In | Surrectio11.
vic HossuТПe that greatest i III palict. he end of 84 c3f 87 "We a s51.1 II1e Indicrant impact ethnic violence After II it '87 thic contribution di tertiary cost y divided with nflict having it r impact in '88. KF w:is solely e North Eastern
Based on these assumptions we attribute costs of about 96 billion rupees to the NorthEastern conflict and about 47 billion rupees to the Southern conflict, An average cost of violent conflict per y car 1/6th of the total cist has also been calculated. This is not i Illte. Il del to be an accura tc csti Ihlatcd yearly costs which was certainly greater in later years then cirlier.
The purpose of calculating a werage Cost estima tes is to have a number that can be more meaning fully compared With annual budget estimates When discussing opp Co Titu ility CO St.
For both conflicts cost per year average is 24 billion rupees i.e., 720 million USS.
North - 15.9 billion rupees – 484 million USS per year
South - 8.1 billion rupees – 246 million USS per year
Young men bet Ween the ages of 15 - 24 has been the prin
cipal actors in Sri Lanka's political conflict. For that reason it will be useful to
focus on the cost of Wilence in relation to this segment of society I morc closely.
In '88 Sri Lanka's population included 1.75 million Illen of this age group. About 220,000 Wc Tc Sri Lanka II. Tamils About 1.3 millio I Werc Sill halc5e. Poor prospects for employment, un derer Tiploymen, un employment a Tc pri Ine factor's creating al scn se of deprivation. When individuals feel discriminated against because of race, language or religio II deprivatici is more likely to produce frustration and a Inger. When a young Ilan feels that he has no future in the existing socialeconomic order, the simplistic appeals of militant groups has a lot of attraction.

Page 12
Official figures place the uncmployment rate at about 12% in '82 and 18% in '88. Estimates for the 15-25 age group was higher - 25% in '82 and — 30% in 88. Using these pessimistic estimates We have calcu lated the total number of Lillemployed youling men ifı "82 aild '88. The figures respectively are 407,000 and 525,000.
Suppose an education progra. Tille or a business development programme has been initiated directed at improving the prospects of those who were potentially most likely to beCo I11e milital T1 t gro up meILıbers ilind supporteTS — that is lun - employed youth,
Assure the funds available would lave been the Funds we estinate is costs incurred due to violent conflicts. The total fiinds available for each uIIemployed youth per year for this programme would have been about Rs. 46,000- or 1400 US S. About 4 times Sri Lanka’s Lillnual G. D.P. per capital.
Consider one final indicator of opportunity cost which might be callccl. the economic cost per militant. Estillates of core militant group members are even more hazardous than employIn ent statistics. This is specially
true in the case of the WP. However, I have rarely seen esti mates that place the core
membership at greater than 5000. Here we will assu me that the core membership of LTTE and its allies and the JWP was about 5000 respectively. Given this Essuliptil the total annal implict per militant can easily be calculated. If one accepts such calculation als possible they suggest the potential power of a relatiwelly si mall ml Imber of militants to ill pose costs on a third World society. Each ta mil militant on the average has cost Sri Lanka il staggering sum of more than 580,000 US S. Each Sinhala militant during a much shorter period of title has been responsible for cost of about 300,000 US S. Moreover LTTE is still a powerful force. And
O
funds which a pected in 1989 incorpora tcd i
Proposals fo tгаіпіпg pгоgra ly see In prohiil .i Tulטון n TH טWט El SSCSS ile I l t of be Inc fits of t w cre actually, il Imake this see
Wiolent polit resolve issues, effect changes. CTIl Illệ:Ilt { ''T TC" destroy their o thic II t.) Çal pitu the costs of pr becoille Itoler: automatically g|Tolu pis adlıd 5434 society, even t powerful. The when the econo flict can act force promotin, tio Lin. (On the potentially hig conflict. Imake
conflict avoid: CCT1 f]iUL 15 m. Trt the consequile T:
for Which indi: groups and gց՝ are responsible have proposed colunt potential of inter ethnic Ler generationa into the decis CeSS es. I ELIS) ative cost-ben options with 1 wiolen cc. Tr) I example more have to be in region to pro In only even the ing might not TaTT) w cost bi given group of ciety might opportunities s its Thembers pl disruption. I the political, ewel III Cyrill iss posals raise. they be consi tives to the probable caus likely to preci

still being exId 1990) ärė 10 t these figures.
massive youth i mes may initialtively costly or
But a realistic the costs Eli il d : policies that
plemented light In ore attractive.
cill cill Tiflicts may Irestore Tider DIT Sometiles Govolutionary forces Sponents or force ate. S. metimes tracted conflicts bole. These COSIS ffect all ethnic ial classes of a ne most rich a Tid e comes a point lic costs of CIlas a powerfull ! conflict resoluother hand th: costs of viole it a strong Casc for ince. PTotracted incwitable. It's ce of de cisions viduals, milita Ilt vernment leaders In this talk I taking into il Ceconomic costs :, inter class, inviolent conflict ion IIlaking pTOfavour Co-operefit analysis of ess, potential for cite one specific resources might rested in Il give Ill mote cth. Thic ha rugh such spendbe convincing till inefit criteria. A r segment of SCOpe given special imply because of eil t Cato do not minimise institutional Cor les that slich proI only suggest that clered as alter Tastat is gia. The es for decisio (15 pitate violent con
flict or produce a high potential for conflict should be fully assess cd. Social change and development strategies should be sought that arc less violent, costly and tragic.
Nobel prize . . .
(Corfirized frari Page 8)
whole philosophical basis of excrlal Telatill S.
The former meant the de IIlobilisation of 500,000 Soviet troops -a process which has only added to the extraordinary domestic upheaval within the Soviet Union.
Those troops have to be found jobs within a shrinking domesfic economy. In addition, the thousands more being Withdra Will from eastern Europe hal We T10 decent housing to return to in their home country - another key factor behind recent discontent amongst military coinImalinde Is.
Mr Gorbachev's initiative ill abandoning the class struggle as the basis of Soviet foreign policy, and inserting there, as in the rest of his policy, the primacy of the individual was the real revolution in Soviet thinking. Im i Ls turn, thai L ab:A. 1 dl()P1IIh t:I lt of ideology also helped many in the West do thc Sa Ille - although all the while no doubt quietly congratulating themselves
in the real victory of their ideology.
The Soviet leader's achieve
ment, with the unstinting support of both Mr Eduard Shevardnadze, his foreign minister, and Mr Alexander Yakovlev, his closest political adviser, has becn to stick to the whole process of detente, disarmament and in essence, retreat, when the donestic backlash began to get serious.
Thus far, at least, he has succeeded in facing down the doլյbter 5.
His fate will now be decided, however, mot by the success cor failure of foreign policy, but by the economic fruits of lis
Te fabril 15.
– Friarrie Trfor

Page 13
The 'Self' as Obstack
(a Surrealist Essay)
G. Ramesh
T philosophise on a such a II ultidimensional tragedy will be futile some would say. Nevertheless it is true thought
exists as a discipline, someti T1 es *
according to the discursive needs Of institutions and at other tilles as something which undercuts these very needs. This irony of thought is a joke, plure and si II1ple. Hen1cc to philosophise in the face of such a tragedy is also il joke, a cruel one at that,
What if I divide thic tragedy Els cru clty, brutality (IT inhumaInity on the onc hand and rictain the scn sibility of joking to IIlyself on the other? If I leave it at that, it would only Ilean that I would be absolved of all responsibility of participation in thc tragedy. And sin cc joking is an incvitable part of all culture, including Tamil just as il forms part of the un conscious of a person, I take it than this paper can be read out.
This paper is necessarily meant to be a strategic diversion while thinking on the condition of the Tallil 5 Jf Lanka. Strategic, because any exercise of this kind ha, 5 tC) Corted with the Tiilitarist 5 cl T Els a phen Come Thon a mongst the Sinhala s a n d then altı ongst the Tal TTiils. Il Diversionary, beca li se El part froIII Coffering Tha Tratological analyses, it lay yet fail in doing its bit in terms of contributing towards, thic scdimentation of a political solution to the problems which have been faced by the Tamils Cf La Ilıka.
Then, is all that being said here only a reality on paper ? This is a question that everyone here, including myself, would be tempted to ask. While Waiting for your answers, I
I'll St stcal the of Gabriel Garc said eight years : that the prize receive was 1C str Ilius reality of and not just f ill literature of El ck n Cowledged reality lives said, while dec but one cipher out by fortune
My own pos 1ffTEIL. R.H. i Titellcctuals ideologues and milts and pTo: and scoundrels pcddlars, singe desertiers and CreatuTes of an have been part
bc.cn exposed Yet the Sic liv been rendered
and believable. Tound a II ill C TTA: reality in a ima gilation ha exactly, it is also played tot watcher despite activism in su This has only being then a Tesponsibility i of herië.
At least II: declared that participioa Ints i T1 is Lanka. T cilts. Terē c
Thuls no con Lī kā iT v, one explicated by the Soviet f Tarkowsky, 11 Swede. Thc րer 5 Ճn apprr:1 geographical pri where in Sibi similar to Lhi

e to Peace in Lanka
In agical Words ia-Marquez, who tgo at Stockholm, he was about to Te for Lille II. IlLatin AIllerica,
or its expression which he is all Illaster. Such a with i Ili hii III1 he laring himself als
IIlore, singled
iti com can be rico els and re nega des Td Crim i Ilials, butchers, diplostitutes, warriors cha lulwinists and Ts a T1d de stiLLI tes,
betrayers, all unbridled reality, Լիք չի :11 || 11:11t: ab Llt Lillkä. :5 havC 570 fall I All t} hlı III a. Il I have not yet å ginaltiCT which this in strolls TITTA Live. If s not helped IIc because I have Lut the role of a : Iny wencer of pport of Tamils. Titant that I was bsolwedi cof the: which have talked
W, it must be there are only thic tragedy that lit I Walannot be, period.
c can approach Hy simill T to the
i Stalker, Llde ilm Imaker Andrei 1) stral nger to
fill talks of Fl ching a strange ble1-71 e 5 L1 erial. Something c situation of a
journalist, a photographer, a diplo II nat, an intellcctual going to Lanka. The zone is a crisis which needs to be resolved, and the Watching starts. A cold objectivity towards their object of analyses is maintained at least till the project is executed. Tarkowsky licts his hero approach the zone everytime after sleep, to ensure that the metaphor of unconscious gets through. As far as the
visit.1" to Lanka i5 conccred the unconscious slowly comes to the fore and he/she gets fast dis5ätisfied With hi5/1er na Irative profession. Just as in Stalker, this is fac cd by taking recourse to an aesthe
tics or poetics of the Zone. Either the final product, which is quite a part from the professional project, is a növel, w Titte il tilles far rellowed fTøm thuI's, CIT it becomes 2 #1 question of life and death as it did happen to a close friend. In order to give went to the guilt and resentment about her Tolic Els the watcher, El belä teki reca lisätico Il Cof the in Wolvement in the tragedy.
The zone does not ultinately allow the hero of Stalker any space. The perfect Inodernist that hic is, the hero is rejected by it. Once a watch cT, the le T i 5 Lull ble tri take the position of a storyteller of a biza TTe EICOLIItET - SOIl EOT1e who is Willing to acknowledge his role as a participant in
several possible ways in the tragedy, of having Worked through the logics of warious Iarra tiwes contributing to the tragedy, of liwi Ing through the Imetaphors weich work their Way out through the tragedy to its very finale.
The position, I am urging you to adopt is that of the storyteller in Roshonon, one

Page 14
of the fill I ins of Japanese veteral II
Aki Ta Kurasowa, in which a Illur der 1s Tel Old 15 Fl, IllultiLued of possibilities, each ouls nlä liig the Other. HeTe, murder is sought to be made more and more logical, but s Lidden hy a ghost i F1 tille for T1
of a medium brings home the fact that III u TidēT CL.Il be ir TatiaInal Hindi Lhıc phi : 110 III e I10-I1 is cveryone's responsibility. That is murdF, as a phenile 101, once again brings h0 Ille thi: fact that thc hul Im:11 Subjcct eternally faces the thre:Lt of closure. There lic oily tales ind tille 5 i T Inu Triers. Deatlı, even as an induced phenoleilon, bc.com c5 Copened up Els a ba ttleg Tolundi for ne Wer and Ille Wer interpretations,
Yet, even in R 75 hom 31. only a ghost, in the form of a melium, na rates the murdeT which has taken place. There is Inch när Titiwe voice, il the form of a had gypsy, which gan be found in Garcia-Mir Lille. Ole Hundred Years of Slitude
cor that of the Illa diman in his II: Slt'I Willial Fill killer's Sound and the Fury, or that
of the Illad other, in the Tamil noyc1 Naala. Mattu IIloru Naale (Tomorrow is yet another day) by G. Nagarajan.
To put the question i II the right tone, let me ask: what would be the language of a
In ad IIlan, say, in Jaffna, or Trincomalee, or Columb0 to describe the ongoing Illadness
of war? We simply have no LLLLLS LLLLS S S LL S LL S LLLLS C HHGLGL La
question more acceptable. How Would Fi person going mad amongst the Tamils view the
slow degeneration of a liberation struggle onto a seemingly endless spiral of war and its agony? We simply have no clue to his language, cither of Illemory or expectancy, of the past or the future.
We may hawe a 11 answer in the form of persons in the Jaffna peninsula who had lost their balance of tille and space, at least tempora Tilly, in the face of an unexpected offensive by the Indian troops beginning October 1987. With their hopes,
12
h. W cy" er mål i WC, i good håll Wing Cill E Ili ol li:L'Ingh | Bigo: Lù
and simply We filot it Wils T1 it L naive Illust be r person of yet
ffiệIld Wh{1 լ է: University of Jal
I would sil Imma dess was p their unconsicoli: Iled Il the III: India. Tlle II: political e ducat which II ay hawi beliefs grily or Hä Ilt be em . Te. THE וון: II1 di:1II1 {1ffen si","E: cities of Indial II which were bey III i If it y ''you must be joking "? ** retorte than, the most DTi tic and popular late 20th Cent II went to the Ext: in a public ille. that per soms be assault While I those in Tamil charging the In committing atro
Thus, the two being able to . the Talti mälc - Cf cupation, and oil its Willy to W. the sa Inc., recipr i Il severill wäy Lited hic Tc thal Wh1icl1 a Tc of CC) L11 opposed to each exist, recipro Caitli petuate each ot the logics of Te in Tamil societ Willich hly : killi residuc Cf gelii in resolving w existed just al. p.
I had stated have I10 clue als Tua 11. Would llaw the logic leadin 5 täte-of-affairs. because, dLII Ting years, all death häye bCC0IT1C t0 de CI cicath Ll

the India. In ipsed, they had fall back upon in mild. The Lified to the ccorded in the El Tot hēT Close ;titles the
Tfill,
ill
that their Toporti D11a te tu 5 beliefs fashioite godless of :ica de ITmic a Eld ion, if Elny, 3 TL.bbcl Lleir the surface, If III Luchi Worth lidl Inċess of the all the at IOtroops things չTid գuestion in was qui estio Iled, Imad, are you di D, Jayaka I1gTC:ssiivist, dida crealist writer of ry Tamil. He It of declaring :ting at Madras sent to sexually companions of Naiu who were dian troops of cities.
logics, one not question within the Indian Octhe Other, Well 'ards justifying J.CH tẽ cãich other 5, It Till St be t such logics, Tgc sentime inta lily
kitbı er, cığı Th Co.-- 2 altı d e we in peT1eI. These : Te action not only y but elsewhere, ed amy possible mcncsis iii acti Cn. 1 it could hawe
litical issue.
that we simply
tC3 Whä. t ::4, Im :1, cle to say about g to the present
This is surely the last few 5 :1[1d III1 'L1rdeTS o ratio Ilal. MuThis way Cor the
other, is of 2:1 milita 1 L or al soldier, of a Talli1 OT el Sin Hall, of a disserter or a modcrate, operates as sheer cold logic, set out to make a point, illustrate a strategy, legitimise a language, fulfil the ter 111s of in ill Lisicain of El in agree Teil L. SC. Il luch 50 That i L 13 W hardly matters as to which player is Laking the CLITT eltml Owe El Lld why. It is simply an unendgame of chess. With the players in I 1ee di 2f 2:li. Ih c W il. I1g LIHgge, FL f::ice— Saying for milla Cillod the dr: W. I at least at Eld journ Ellent of a ceasefire, to give relief to the wcary pięçes made to tu Tıble ILIt Of the bo: Td ill to the Palk Str:lits and le 15 CW le Te.
Blut, is the fils cintion of the play (of de 24th som cithing that easy to resist Is it the justifiable feeling that someone el se is always laiking sly IL1 wes, to jump to the Centrestage ?
I may be cautioned here, rightly so, of giving much less import:Ince to the logic of repression of a cha lulwinist 114 - jority of Sinhalas and the logic of Ievolt of a tornented IIliority 0f Talli 15. I ll El WTC of the fact that this narrative of distinction, ha ving its Own Space El Ind time, Il cw crth eless has its Walidity if a. It Only if the logic of revolt has ill eleel of universality, of all minorities, here and el se Whe": Il the language of mathematics, it is a necessary and sufficient condition, in a priori cognitive LITLICILLIT e for the Illa Traktive of alny rewolt to i ssume in Lini
From what I had stated, it should not be hard to grasp that even such a logic may exclude the speech of such marginal characters integral to any culture as the madman, the joker, the wanderer etc. Yet, logics of
LLLLaLaLL S LaKS aaaH H SS S LLLL S aLa S SS LL sensitive enough to sustain to find one within the other – a
plurality of narratives and mainEl il the EyeT-tell 15 bill ce betWeel sality and madness life and death, realms of private and the public etc., and not compress
Colle i Illo the other T establish clea Ticut distill:ti] Els betwee II the 11.

Page 15
For instance, it is necessary to retain and not suppress the inclusive voice of moderation despite the severest of provocations to do so. Moderation tells us when a struggle, which had gradulted to the level of force, can de generale into a fullscale war excluding the very people by whom the struggle was once El Inched Moderation tels us When to a Trest a revolt Whe II it de generates i Tito än i TredeerThable chessgame. Minde Tation tells us what language Inust be spokenı ild what must be avoided in particular contexts. Moderation tells us that the heterogenuity and plurality of the culture, oil whose behalf the struggle is launched, are strengths and not Weaknesses to be exploited Ind do IIl c5tici ted,
Thus, the logic of revolt has to be inclusive if it has to be Ll 1iversal a Ild n. Ot the Other Way. It has to respect all In inorities, within and without, if it still Wants to stake its its clai In to universality,
I D11 L1sL also mi1eIntiC)In hl er"e that the inclusion I have spoken of is not in the Tealm of articulation, but in the realm of action, because it is sheer illdignity not to let the concerned minorities speak and to insist on speaking on their behalf.
But what is obtained today is not a narrative of inclusions, but a Inoral geography vio-a-vis the Illa Tratives on Linkai. This kind of moral geography has taken over long ago, but has als o let its elf pass away behind the screen of Illilitant revolt. That is there arte dif. ferent sets of morals working for the North, the East and the South (and possibly one for
the plantation areas). Thi:: moral geography can also be extended to 11 dia (and Tamil Naidu).
As has already been stated,
In oral geography by exclusions and media, as an apparatus Inost easily available for all the players in the game, whether they are in Jaffna, Colombo, New Delhi or London, offers itself as the vehicle of this moral geography,
It is I thi media, both La of lying in th: ELS e vicle Iced i
Inilitless cam the Tamils, present
certainly a spire: I 14 TT: Tives — if
WolIld Say. H be noted that logic of Illi lit. the reciprocity
Ill'edia '5 itarrativi Their sustelanc Of the IT yerilgi Le Tht, but dlle
dayness, news in of a history th
TD (th gr yw'r especially the lie: they are know it, a Ili ti We know, Ind know that We thing cha nges, everyday nics's media narrative thalt keeps forgio S.
I hawe see t and again. Wh and Indian mic to celebrate the eisilient between
El 5 15 El o Ta mill problem'' bhäk;4ra Iı"s dle:1t Tec: tibI 1 Were aT: SL1ccessical by til Or later when t declared the capture and kil Wije weera in tone of revenge. the pull out of late 1989. When Varadaraja Per referred to the of Tails at t dian troops o “as by 15 Wi u thing which he ment upon dut occupation of L Rajiv Gandhi v the hero's role by ment (a unique af its destilled circulls Lantial C:lluSe of its vei speaking for so when he declari

Tig to accuse the 1 kil I and III dian, fice of truth in the countless paigns ägist including tle Tle I media 5 t) erect 0 på que lies. His 5; IIIe Weyer, il IIl 1st L5L 35 til e cild 1T1 Cy peTp etilLI ;1 tes Kif I 1 LIT diġers, Lille 1:5 :ł TE SLI SLL i Illed. it is it because 5 OT tTLuth c{11– to their everyCSS, in the face ät is II lute.
ds, the illedia. el:Çt Tallic: Illes,
lying and they 1 ey kr1 c3 W, L hat
We know they k 10 W, and ICJbecause of this inval well. ThLIS
is the history wing, perpetually
his happen time 1e In tElle L1 kl. ija went ahead July 1987 agrethe two governScal Liti. Il to the OT when Prih1 :: Tid his Ieslui Tnoun Ceci in quick lem in July 1989. le kā ledā hystery of the ling of Rohana. onc epiphanic Or when during Indian troops in Chief Minister umal obliquely deaths of scores 1 e hands of IIlsacrifice II de rights" — 5) I Illew Could not co IIIing the Indiain Inka () It which wanted to usurp signing an agreeact. It becil use f::1i1 urt[: dı1e: t{} cast 15, but bery indignity of Inco The else). Or ed il lorth II dia
after lo sing the 1989 elections that the new government in Delhi had delayed the pullout of Indian troops and was wasting Indian lives in Lanka, and
at thc samme breath, said at Madras that the new governImmeInt was illo II iTlter ested im sal
ving Tamils sinice it was pli lling Oll I to f: SI,
Hence, the very presence of media underscores an impulse to redeem the past, forgive history, in a nostalgic and Flippant IIllil III. That is the Illed it is able to present history as the liste ThēT WOLuld be able to hawe it according to the prewalent
I lil C. Tal geography, creati Tag an episte Tolgy and ethics of its Cl
(To be continued )
Shadows. . .
'Frit: ; நg ) Ticking away like a potential time-bob beneath these social al Ind political Liphi cavalls lies thic Worsening economy. Apart froll inflation climbing into dCLI ble digits, the current account deficit is likely to exceed S10bn this financial year, making it almost i nevitable that the giveTiment Will have to borrow from the IMF's structural adjustment fai cility.
The conditions at til chcd to this include measures such as pegging domestic oil prices Lo international levels, cuts in public spending and subsidies, tighter monetary policy and a greater opening of the econ0 Tiny to for cign i Ilvest II ment and competition, both of which the government has been resisting.
Since the full impact of the Gulf crisis on the economy became apparent, the government’s approach has been Lo carry th Tough s Come of the sic mea su Tes in al limited and piece meall fashi Con to a w Cid what it considers the political humiliation of IMF conditionality. But With time running out all fronts, Mr Singh could find that all his political and economic wo e5 could come to a head at the same time.
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Page 17
THE SOVIET MODEL
N.E.P and Total tiariat
Sumanasiri Liyanage
ar Communis In Imay have W:: what was expectcd of it, but brought the development of productive forces to a standstill. These cxperiences have revealed that extended nationalizations and the in troduction of centralized system of Tha Image:Illent Was sprcma turc in the context of a backward eCOnomy. This led Lenin to adopt his original programme of eco
nomic reconstruction, As Licinin plıts it:
The New Eco Illic Policy
means substituting a tax for the requisitioning of food; it means reverting to capitalism to a colsiderabic CXtent - L. what extent we do Ilot kn CW. Concessions to foreign capitallists (true, only very few have been accepted, especially when compared with the nu Imber We have offered) and leasing enterprises to private capitallists definitely real re sforirg capitalism, and this is part and parcel of the New Economic Policy; for the abolition of the surplus-food appropriatio Il Systen IIleans allowing the peasants to trade freely in their surplus agricultural producci, in Whatever is left over after the tax is Collected – and the tax takes only a small share of that produce. The peasants constitute a huge scction of out population and of our entire economy, and that is why capitalism must grow out of this scoil of fr cc tradi Ing. (1966:64-5)
It was very clear to Lenin that this programme of Teconstruction embodies Tot Conly contradictions but als 0 certain dangets. No cconomic programme wasg ffTee of the Tl. The Imst important and at the sa ile time, the lost difficult task was to Illaintain and consolidate the power of the proletariat not by avoiding contradictions but by resolving them. He anticipated that the NEP would stengthen the capitalist class, differentiate
peasantry and and kulak 5. E 011e 5 de Of Lho a Te the long te
(If) capitalis NEP), incilust Will grow, LI will grow to will gain from Will Creat i Ictariat, which dwing to the des perat e po է1։15; bt ct m t: dislodged from L Indi has ceili; proletariat. thc clä55 vili the producti values in larg industry has Since the fat. standstill, th, disapp carcidi . . heel held til cally. (Lenin The above q that as a pre-ri Llis II, the syst atin of free pro tive production the developmen which ensures e the Illillerical working class of its conscioli c5tablished. Wi tions are abse do Libt that any lop productive the operation forces encompa derablic text. Clint, Til LiCl31. True, וח \ n טוחנן סdevel very existence C regime but at Si Illice it il CT : Aš, t, of the wa Tiki 1 population, the of the proleta 1 also be strengt E.
ET IT
IL Stells t bis el hi; idea: portant distinct letarian c. In sci fo I coming to needed for th

h Rule
Create NEP mell ut that is only a picture. What rIII i Ilıplications? In gains by (the rial production d the proletariat The capitalists 1 Cour policy and 1 industrial proin our country, W T L Tid to thic Werty and ruin, (le cl:13 sol, i.e. 1 its class growe, ed 1C exist 15 a. The proletariat is ch is engaged in c) T (af måterial c-scale capitalist been destroyed, Lics lic it i prolet L Tiat has
I 115 T1 i gether economi
1966:65—6) ut ita til suggests 2 Lisites of sci2 m of a 1 : SSciducers, co-operaon a large-scale, of a technique concily of time, strength of the and the growth SIless should be le these condit, the Te is il attempt to deve
forces through of the Illa Tket sses, to a consi
capitalist restosuch a capitalist ay endanger the of the proletarian
the 5 alle tille, as the proportion g class in the
Yery fðL11d altion "iall regi The can Lerned in the long
Inc. that Lcil 5 суn a vегy imion between proou sn css Tequired power and that e Telstr Lill
of the economy, society and polity. While the first arises in a shЈгL-term, instinctive and conjunctural manner, the second is based con long-term, conscious and organized perspective. Such El pic Tspcctive could be Tell i Zed only on thic basis of a numerically strong, culturally advanced, administratively skilful class of proletaria L which has been held Logether economically." This is definitely a long process but in a political conomic sense, there is no Tom foT “skipping over" of stages in the development of productive forces. When LC ni II Was a lliwic, major differences on the NEP had not emerged and differences were confined to the issue of whicher the NEP should be extended to other a reas by providing legal and administrative measures or whether it should be adopted with care as a very short-term measure thus looking at the pissibilities of Ilowing towards planned development,
In the late '20s, the political da Ingers of thČ NEP cal me to the surface und were, I believe, to a considerable extent exaggerated. The Communist leadership, except for the Bukharinist wing, had finally decided to give up the NEP perspective. Stalin who took in aid wenturist left staПl moved to nationalize nearly all the means of production and
distrib 11 tilm In thuis altithost Completely disintegrating the Left opposition which ca IIlpaigned
for a programme of rapid industrialization and gradual collectivization. Hence, there emerged a system backed and defended by the totalitarian rule.
The peasants did not join the kj lkl) z jy because they were attracted by their superior cfficiency or the virtues of crocration: They were driven into them. Neither were the workers the masters of the nitionalized Factoric 5. Plırıning had nothing to do with democratic control and a great deal with imposing discipline om Llp T) Citcd peasants. The mechanis II of command from above could Tot be c qual tcd
15

Page 18
with Marx's conception of the associated producers attempting to gain mastery over their labour and their fate; but it was descTibed as sociālis II. (Singer 1989:3) The inherent Weaknesses of the Russia. Il II i del of lower-cCltralized planning and extensive Initialization associated With thic II del cratic systeil (of manage II ent and control Were revealed by the constant crisis of Soviet agriculture and the technological back war dess of its industricts. On a Till be of occasions, the necessity for the introduction {}f Imarket Imẹ chäInism was initiated. Stalin (1952) was theoretically correct. When he stressed the import: Ince of the market in the period of transition, but he himself ifail ei to introduce the necessary changes in thi5 directio I III aimly be cause of the inherent rigidities of the system. Performances of the Sovjet Growth Mfade
The Illin attraction of the SC'Vie Model Fof thic Third Wilrld countries is the rapid development process it unleashed in Soviet Russia. The centrally co IIIIllanded economic planning and the regimented political structure were capable of increasing production at an absolutely high rate. Trostsky, a severe critic of Stalin's policies, had this to say in 1936:
Giga Intic a chieve Inents in industry, en oTmously por Q 1 milisi Ing beginnings in agriculture, an extraordinary growth of the old iIıdıusi rial citics a T1d :1 b LIildir1 g of new Illes, El rapid increasc of the Illiber of Workers, a rise in cultural level cultural de T1:1Inds - Slich a Teth C ÍIllillbÍtable results of the October Tewoluti CT, in which the pT) - phets of the old world tried to 5 cc the grave of human civilization. (1967:8) Writing in 1963, Dobb Totes;
Despite the ravages of War and invasion . . . the Outputcapacity of standard products like cca 1 a Tid oil and electricity and sticc 1 sta Indis tõid:ly lt between 1() and 20 times the level 30 odd years ago at the
Table 1,
Product
Steel (Ill. to Coal (Inn, to Oil (min. tons Electricity (k' MiLlera | Ferti Mto Wichicle Tractors ( '00 Cement (mil.
Leatle T FotW, Cot LOT, Cloth
Wcole Fabri Line II. fabrics Silk fabrics ( Graii T. (IT) n. t
quoted from D
time of the FiT! Fy Y Li get al tri Lle I:ąte Of grów exclude IIlos L of the forties regarded as U fi tyy) a Tid E peace-tille co :33) The Elwailable (bb) ser Wall Lijili
These figures impressive, but is with c: Te since been, to a cer flated for prop The figures : substantial di 5 growth TEL tes 0 sect T ill CCI. tor. The growt Wage - gods hil low. The ther is that rate of is not al. In ad economic devel Writes:
The dynamic Soviet industr. But they are
cisi, Til lifting itself low level, whi :(11I1 tTic 8 :Tü: very high Inc. Of FIT:es it th is det CTI milled Of grovth, bl. the entire ps

Production of selected items (1928-1972)
Ins)
15)
i)
W. hrs) lizers (Inn. Lons) is ( '000)
O)
tons) fear (m. D. mi.) (III). In Int) *s (InII. Int)
(III), Int)
III.1. Int) Collis)
თbb (1963:34)
ELLI I h ching of the āT Pla, Il. Silice, : picture of the th, We have to If the wat decade: , this has to be the a chie Welle Tit 1 1 al f' decide T Instruction. (1963
la tal support this
are un doubtedly l puld be la idled
they Inight hawe Laill extent, i IIIaganda purposes. Llis UI i II dicate a parity between f capit: il gecods slimer goods sech Tätes Of basic we been relatively
i Tıp CT tant factor
growth in itself equate index of up Ile It. Trotsky
coefficients if y are un exampled. 5:[i11 f:. T" fT 3111 * Swiet Union is frø In a terribly ile the capital list slippi Ing fra 3111 #4 The CCT relati OI e present. In OII ent not by the late I t by con trasting Wr of the two
1928 1972 å D11 Lull
growth
Tate %
4.3 2f ճ4.3 5.5 | ՃՃ 39. 11.5 394 74,9 5.O 858 87.7 13 1153.3 S4 137ց 3728.8 1.3 47 833. 18 O4 9. 58 645 23. 2678 549 3.
86 8. 15.7 174 775 7.8
է): Ճ 27)
733 18 29
Camps as expressed in material accumulations, technique, cultlq lrc and, itibo we all, the productivity of human labourWhen we approach the Ilhatter from this statistical point of view, the situation changes at CITICE, :Bild to the extre:Ille di 5adwantage of the Soviet Union, (1967:9) The last - Sentence hold5 true, eweil Loday, for the SowieL Union. This relative Wel kI1e SS Of Lhe Soviet economy is clearly revealed when the economic perfor Illaces of the Western Ildustrialized countries and Japan. The systell designed for illiterate milizhiks beca me clearly obsolete and obsLacle for further development' (Singer 1989:3). The system has developed an ill-built IIlechaThis Ill Which opposes creativity and rejects in Iow: tins.
The most important fact from the historical point of view is L'hit SCicialis 1-5 in alterIlative Ilo del of Socialized production - has not been able Lo absorb, and even less to develop, The W. tech [nia] lucos in a natu Tal way. Performal Inces : re st bad that all it tempts at i 11 prowi Ing the III e chanism1 :re, in advance, do Jr med to filii lur for sill plc reason that, accore cling to so me wie W5, SC Lillis Imhas not succeeded to create an economic mecharlism. (Pianic 1989:7)

Page 19
PENSIONERs (2)
Helping the Poor Pens
Christopher Sabaratnam
UE. the caption ''How pen5i5 ywer Teyised in 198788' appearing ill the Surday Tires of 16th October, 1988, it had bicci clail.cd that thic disparity that existed between those who retired after 7R and before 78 had been removed by a monthly compensatory allowance from 1982". T have mil inta incl that it was only a pretentious ā vāce for the cis that it amounted to a small fraction of the actual loss. In that press report it was also claimed (a) that a demand from the pensioners who retired prior to 88 to revise their pensions on thc basis of the new salaries paid to public servants was considerel al Id il the Te5 LI LL the Calb ilEt hold til led that the IlliniIIluli 1 increase should be limitcd to Rs. 200/- p.m. and the maximum to Rs. 1800/- p.m. and (b) that the 1987 revision of pensions was intended to bring the pensions of those who retired before 11:11, 85 il Tilde thp 5 fe çıxırlı () - Tetired after that date on par". But the outcome Wils yet alother bluff, For instance, the maximum sa lary of Rs. 815|-p.m. for class 1 that obtained in the year 1977 and referred to herei 1 il the i Stalice T the Cof - Fic: T WH10 Teti Ted at 55 i 1977 had been on 1.1.88, Taised to Rs. 2750/- p.m. entitling him to a pension of Rs. 2200 - cornputed at 80 percent in accordince with table A (quantum of pensions un reduced) of the department of pensions circular No. PH/3044/E of 19. 8, 1985 plus
the C.L.A. of Rs. 504/- that was merged. But his pension after an increase of Rs. 110
oIl l. 1,87 HIll I (ther il cTe: Se of Rs. 230/- on 11.88 Tema ined at Rs. 1808/- (inclusive of the C.L.A. of Rs. 504). Inerged) which was Ris. 896/- short of the actual quantum of R.s. 2704/– (22001–504) due to hin, The range of increase Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1800/- p.m. stipulated in the
said ruling of Only been sca. It t). Willist te ficer's pension by only Rs. 23
Wonder to wh: pensioners then side of Lhe Tar
RS 1800 - appli
Whilst alli for revisil of balsis of i Il circa been II let, the Was ills 0 staletd report that “по existed to Lewi the basis of in as if the absen justification fo to revise the p tely, Should blow hot aПШ Н matter of the II On the other gover in 11 ent and Sioners who sh legislation.
Pensioners Irr Consumers' P
Thic seiliaries o had been increa from 1.1.1988. " inclusive of the C.L.A. which Rs. 504- about The pensions o. S:T "WELTLIS LI WWE clusive of the said C.L.A. of R 1.1988. Blt t CðIn the sig C dex paid with e to non-staff gr Wat Iltis, in Lille y t of a consolidati than Rs. 297.5/- to even pension than Rs. 2975 - Lrlder se his pensioners at th price? Or hawe who draw below since been clas: grade per15ioners of this discrimi:

ioner
:he cabinet had ily given effect said retired ofWğı 5 il ÇTeased O- on 1.1.88 I ich category of was the high ige Rs. 2001 – to
td.
cdly the demand pcnsions on the scd sala rics had Ligh scantily, it in the said press legislation yet Sc pensions on Cre: Sed sällä Ties" ce of it, was a I the Imissil ensions åldequathic government low cold in the loor pensioners? hand, it is the not the penloud enact the
Le tO "rice index?
TWantisטI public s ised with effect The increase was Inerger of the Wils frozen at three yeaTs ago, { retired public 'e increased inmerger of the וח s,5(}4/- as Tro. he rew C.L.A. if the price inFTect from 1.1.88 'ade public scrhos e in rcccipit ed salary ofless p. II, is de nied ers drawing less p.m. Docs the goods to the Le pre-incrca sed the pensioners Rs... 2975- p.m. ssified als Staff for the purpose nation?
Wretched Plight
About 90% of the Incar 200,000 pensioners, are languishing without adcqua te means of livelihood - adequate means which they did earn by serving the ք () vernmeTit through the best years of their lives.
Strike can they
Why are the pensioners so neglected? Unlike public officers in ser wice, the pensioners, old and feeble as most of them äire, ca. [1 Il 0 L 5 tri ke () " de Ilo IngLIate to Will their dellands.
Self-Service
All in a flash the top-level eXecutives ind legislators hawe Slepped up their owIn 1110. Wances to five figures while the underpayment to the pensioners, some of them belatedly acknowledged and others remain unsettled. The directive principles of State Policy, in the Constitution are:
'27 (2) (b): the promotion of the Welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social örder, . . . ""; **27 (2) (c): the realization by all citizens of an adequate standard of living for thernselves and their Ta. Tilies including adicquate food, cloth. ing and housing, the continuolls improvement of living conditions. . .';
''27 (2) (e): the equitable distribution a mong all citizen5 of the material resources of the community and the social pTC)duct, . . .";
“ "27 (7 ) : The state shall el i* Iminate economic and social privileges and disparity and the exploitation of man by In an or by the state." '27 (9) : The state shall ensure social Security and welfile."
(CαπίίηHεί απ Ρέιξε 3ύ)
17

Page 20
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Page 21
Let the herbal
W. S. Jayapalan
ccently some of the National F器、 hawe published Inilainy articles On the complex ethnic question. Frank discussion between various ethnic groups in a free and healthy atmosphere has been absent in this coll I try since independence. This led to the growth of marrow Sinha lese, Tamil and later Muslim nationalism. Sinha lese, Ta III, il, and Muslim “national identity' The Ver developed progressively as a component of greateT , Sri Lil Tıkan nationalism. "Let the thousand herbal flowers of genuine interethnic dialogue bloon to heal the ailment of our Motherland' should be our cry today.
All clhnic groups tend to unite. Ethnicity producs the strongest and largest social organization of a particular group, influenced by its the socioeconomic and cultural develop
ment. This historical e process cannot be prevented, if a particular ethnic group has been
fortified with geographic contiguity. It in ay then develop in the direction of Nationhood. This process of development in a Multi-Ethnic country leads to the demand for Regional Autonomy. Some countries respond positively and make necessary Constitutional and institutional arrangements to accommodate these developments. A good example is the recent History of Canada. A ny littempts t] tu Tin the wheel of history will lead to wiece and ultiliately to the divisjon of the country. The Creation of Bangladesh in South Asia is a recent example for this phenomenon.
This process started in Europe during the 19th Century when society was in ferment after the
Industrial Revoluti, Will capitalist development, Europe Started to Sh Tik. Language:S
played a major role as the agents
(The '''H'''rirter is ar ha' ('ll krit yw'r Tan Yr ail PJFF Jarir fra f'elecfr')
flowers
of unity of the vided by feudal boundaries of Wa. The linguistic Soc had geographic Fred ELS Nations, creation of In feleI:ll States Illula to Silve til 1:1115 III 111111 ti-c The German p
LII1J Ing wari C 115 Llic || F. Tid bec: Til for II:T iki divided peacefl. grounds into Sw way, Switzerla File:Tall Stätig. tյք լիլe 19th tէ: helpful to und taking place i World colli trie ethic characte
will Island.
ETHNIC STRU SR-LANKA
III Sri Lånkal guages are spok ethnic groups lese, Tamil5 N country Tamils Among them Sin enjoy greater g tiguity. This i; emergence of st Tarmil maltion :Ll Llisil hic Te.
Sixty percent Il cost of the Lil a II e spread Coult do min al tedi pri Of the M115III: Ta. Il ils aire sp TEL I Lili I-do II i Ill:11 EasterП provim
t1 ,40 btנu1טAr ili II 15 H, IC i Il Easter Il provir tal Tegions of trici ani ag: gion of the Pulttiläum distI Kilpiti ya A. Muslims hay. geographic bå

bloom
people, Subdi
administrativ e rious kingdoms. ial groups which -IlltTט tiguityון סב
Since Lhen the Liti. Il-5 til LES DIT e ca me the forhe ethnic prob: th nic Countries. eople 5 ca:Lt Leired feudal kingdoms 11: TI E I 1 : Lt j T1. gdom of Sweden Illy QIn ethnic ved en and NBTnd becille. El The experiences in tury Europe is erstand what is In some Thirdב-L11L1וון # ith או 5 T, s LI ch1 : :1, 5 oʻLIT
CTURE IN
two Tajor lan: e II by four Ilmajor In a Tilely - SinhaMuslims and up
(Indian Tamils). hales e a Tid Tallils geographical con5 the secret of the Liro Ing Sinhala and ism and cha uwi
It Of Muslims Lill p-country Tamils in the SihaleseWillice S. The Test is and Up-country Teäd Wer 111 he ed NCEl Eld
Ըէ: եւ
ICCt, IF til MLSIt lıcı : Northern Hild | Cc5, l'Il thic C{1:15i the Amparai disin the chastal Tc
IIther Ill Ost. ict (Putta: ad G. A. Divisions). E the social i nd ckground te) dewe
lop their own strongholds. Even in the coastal regions of Amparai district, Muslim regions are cut into two by the Tamil AA, livision of Tlirikivi.
Co-Cordillating and Organisi Ing Muslits under CIII) Fronts' to defend their c0 III, III.) II inter - est be chilles : difficult task because of the geographic distribution, coupled with their “dependent” econo Illic activities. This situlation hawe - 13 dc the IT com pro II nised with the the Il growiпЕ Sinhala nationalism, after the Si Ilhala-Muslini Tits of 1995,
The up-country Talmills. El re recent migrants to North-East Provinces. This migration started LLLLLLLLSLSL HL LHtHHaLLLLLLtL S SS L the mainland regions of the Northern province. Where they are living lostly in their own enclaves With a much lwerlevel of integration with native Ta Ililils. They are alls o lumalible to retain their Indian-Taini identify in the con text of a
strong TäIIIil nationalisti.
Up-country Tamils are both the most organized and most victimised ethnic group in Sri La Inka. The situal tij. Il created by the implementation of the Srima-Shastri pact of 1964, increasing physical attacks against the Estate Tamil population folllowing the implementation of the Land Reform Act of 1972, Illajor and minor communal riots which took-place mainly in the isolated low-grown and midgrown tea areas lied to a three pronged migration of the upcountry Tamils (I) towards highgrown tea areas centered around Hatton high-lands, (2) towards South India (3) towards Northern and Eastern provinces.
Because of these trends the upcountry Tamils conce Intrated In Ostly in the high-grown areas have developed better territorial continguity.
Upcountry Tamils being the only wholly organized popula
19

Page 22
tion in the island and because of its connection to a highly important plantation industry are fast developing into a powerful ethnic group.
The Sri Lankan ethnic question is always viewed as a prob
lem between Sinhalese i and Tamils only. To ignore the intensity of the problems faced
by the Muslims and UpcountryTamils is short-sighted. Special at Tangements to sølve the Ethnic problems of the Muslims and Upcountry-Tamils should be evolved. The provincial councils in such arcas should be used to cope With this problem.
The real problem we face now is not this historical process itself. The real problem is the lack of understanding of this historical process even on the part of Sri Lankan intelligents. Our political system and constitution are not elastic enCough to acco III modate this deVelopment. There are no sociocconomic, cultural and political institutious and a national media to regulate this process as a component of a greater Sri LEl Inkan nationalism.
Only a few countries in 19th and early 20th century Europe, escaped Hation-state division, through a federal system or similar constitutional changes.
A Solution of the National Question is one of the ргimary needs of socio-economic development of a Imulti-ethnic country. The multi-ethnic societies of Europe “solved' this question by adopting federal structures or by separation.
Most of the newly industrialized countrics are either monoethnic nation-states like Korea and Hong Kong or countries which adopted appropriate mcasures to en su Tc the cquality of all ethnic groups, like Singapore is predominantly Chinese. None of the minority ethnic groups have regional strongholds and the possibilities of developing significant resistance äglirst the Chinese majority are limited.
Though poor, the experience of India, a fast-growing industrial power is also important. Jawaharlal Nehru's Congress, controlled by growing na Lional
20
Capata list elem creation of lin! India. Even th Syste 11 is L10L : eral system it timely step to development c gi'0 lips in the i tionhood within of united India portant aspect ipproach is tha tellettlils and took this deci the circ;tion of had the courag LI TIL:Hd the les ; But in some Th tTiC5 Which Hivi polic II Ce of Wio in Lelligentsia an bcl)nging to the panic when the Word "federatio takc their cour History. This i in Pakistan wh: Sion and Bang t00 the se les 501 Asian historical iIInportant,
The possibili and Tamils get| exploit other et cannot be neglec
place in 1947 agli Inst the inte Tamils. History
Le Tots countcConsider Yugos nic groups of together and ac eral system as th But they left th the Incircy of th they were subsc sed. Unity' w double-standard not the Unity" foundations. Th lels of that coul of greater Serb are St. Tiking exal II
Helping...
(Corriπιει νταμ, Remedy
Should the go' clined to amelio Cil Conditi CIS Cf here are thic Ille
Tänt i III Tedjate
(1) Abolish w;
say. I.1.91 all

ents accepted the guistic States in Ough the Indian 1 full-fledged fedWEAS i Wisc Eilid El CCCIIII7IIIC date the fi wa Tibus ct hic direction of DFIthe framework ... The lost illof the Indian It the II dial irelite leadership Sidon even aster Pakistan. They e El Ind fo Tesight ions of history. ird-WCT id cule Ilo similiI exle II divisi II Le d the politicians ethnic majority, y hel T - even the 1'. They try to tries away from 5 whill happened ich lecl to diwilądesh. For u5 Si f C} In the Soll Hill experience are
y of Si Thale 5e ing together to 1 Tic grups also tcd. This took i D1 STi LEIIkä, Tests of Indian proves such atproductive.
Slivia, The EthYugoslavia got cepted the fede basis of unity. e Alba Ilions a e Serbi: Ils and quiently oppresith this type of El T Tangement is built on firu e Present probntry and growth ian chauvinism mples.
Η Ρίττε )
Wer Illent, bc inTac the Wretch
the pensioners lsu Tes that warattention:
ith, effect from the different
methods of computation of pensions that were introduced from time to time, except the last method introduced on 1.1.85 under pension circular No. PH3044/E of 198985 (2) Effective from go El pply the above said method introduced on II. 1.85 to a pensioners - sterling and W. and O. pensioners inclusive, further basing their pensi IS on their retiring salaries һуpothetically equated to what they had been increased to On 1.1.88 as the case may be. (3) Maintain a uniform inethod of computation of pensions for all pensioners without distinction of grade, retiring sallary, date of retirement, sex and marital status in each instance of liberalisation of pension schemes in the future. (4) Reckon 135% of the բ trlsion currently in receipt as the retiring salary for pl Tposes of eligibility to attest sig natures or stand SLI Tety i a generality of instances which Tequire a particular minimum retiring salary for such a sta LL15. (5) Pay compensation for the loss caused by:
(I) the Omission to pay the sterling pensioners at the average exchange rate of the pound that obtained in each y el T. (1) the failure to compute the pension on the consoid:lted salary to those who retired after 30.9.69 and before I.I. 1978. (III) the failure to compute the pension on the retiring salary hypothetically է գլIated to the amount to which it was increased in each instance of salary revision. (IW) the failure to recon. pute the pension of those who retired prior to 1.1.1985 on the new formula introduced on 1.1.85 under prlsign circular No. PH/3044/E of 9.8.1985. (W), the failure to pay Married allowance to the widows of pensioners from the date of their pensioner husbands death to 31.12.1986. (WI), Omission to pay the C.I.A. Warranted by the price index as from January, 1988.

Page 23
Conceptualising Ethnic
Laksiгi jayasuriya
hat the Llotion of 'ethnic identity", dcrived from individual membership of "ethnic groups', reveals is the conjunction of culture and ethnicity and is evident in the discourse of cultural pluralism where culture is virtually synonymous With ethnicity, Within this problematic, ethnicity is defined primarily in terms of cultural distinctiveness or, more briefly, normative life styles. This perspective of charact crising "ethnic identity' complements the 'Cognitive-anthropology" tradition of cultu Te theorising with an eml1phasis on ideational and affectiwe value systems. In these accounts of ethnic identity, althongh the central element is the feeling of common descent, they incorporate as "marker variables', other shared cultural cha Tacteristics such as common language, religion, nationality, historical origin etc.
As a rule theorists adopting this basically subjective approach Lo ethnicity Tely on self-definition, i.e., people must perceive the Inselves as belonging to 1. distinct ethnic group, which in turn is recognised as a descent group, and also differentiated as such by significant others. In other words. individuals need to identify themselves and be identific d as different by others (Isajiw 1974:115). By according pridie of place to feelings of common descent, these defining feature are seen as binding, in elastic and pervasive primordial roots. The main criticism offered if the "primordial' point of view is that it tends to reify the clillre-ethnicity nexus, and misrepresent transitory, situationally determined phenomena as being immutable, genuine and "authenLic". This involves a form of reductionism to the essentials of culture, to fixed cultural traits, (e.g., the stereotype of Asia 1. culture as endowed with strong
Prof. Laiksiri Jaya sirīya is Head cof Dep. of Social Fark, Urtiv, a f Fës ferri
firralia.
family ties, OW etc.). As noted, analysis is vuln systematic object made of CLI l'ILITĘ
II contrast to the subjective definit tlilere :äre oth eTS more directly on tive cha Tacteristi ating bet Ween terms of their 'int category, e.g., i minority status, etc. These lcfi mainly on the si of designated c istics such as religion, ancest geographic origi airy markers, i. or cultural atti defining an eth from group al II defining attribi ower tille 5 til ethnic group (e its ethnic CO undergocs i Impol tille,
These interest es are, as a rule, că la Il anthr: sort grounds of sion in labellin as "ethnic grou definitions, e immlu table; ilini ent and fÇTI depending on Social and pol th est groups. definitions of more flexible, acco Tl Tm dating El Te TTOTe consis cognitive-struc ingof culture ať like Williams. formed and the complex T Ll5 e Ft el I identity may b in that it is In bLIt is the colu and cha Inging
What Ilecds to is that ethnici

ity and
rtly submissive
this mode of e Taib IIc to the ions previously
: theorising.
se primordial and tions of ethnicity, which a Te based discernible objeis for differentiethnic groups in erests as a social In ter II15 of Lheir thier gender, class nitions a Te based lared possession ultural cha TacterEl CLlL14) I TH1 CC ry, natio mal or e Lic. The "bro Lunde.' thc physical "ibutes used iT nic group, vary ld herce the se 1 tcs Imay cha Inge 1c nature of all .g., for In it takes, intent etc.) also tant changes over
-based approachmore sociologipological, and Teinclusion exclug social categories ps'. With these thnicity is not l its nature, contcould change the prevailing itical situation of The 5c "jIl te Test” ethnicity being adaptable and to social reality, tent with dynamic [ ural 1understandwanced by theorists Here "identity' is instituted within f social practices. ian terminology, "oveT dete T mined' t closed and fixed, come of complex influences.
de highlighted here lentity, as a facet
Identity
of the broader identity concept differs markedly depending on how ou e conceptualiscs ethnicity and ethnic group membership. In particular, it brings to the fore an ideal type distinction between notions of primordial identity and situational identity. () ne of thic for Tiller is the Tel:A- tive permanence, greater centrality and salience attached to ethnic
identity. On the other hand, as Yinger rightly observes, in the casc of “Situatical
ethnicity', salience and dominacc of ethnic attachments Will wary as a function of attitudes and feelings because of different individual expericnces" (1986:27).
Thus, for example, second and third generations of migrant origin sometimes referred to as "hyphe
mated, Australians, may Imanifest their ethnicity in different ways because of their
particular social, political and econ Illic circumstances. Gans (1979) has depicted one such ITmanifcstation as “symbolic cth. Inicity' where this is only an expression of nostalgia for their parents' and grandparents' ethnicity without any real sense of etnic affiliation. Similarly, as de Wos (1975). Weinreich (1986) and others, maintain, because of Inobility in open social systems like Australia,
there occurs the phenomenon of "passing"; i.e.,
when people cross social
boundaries they are likely to experience disjunctions in the way in which they relate to other people (1986:304).
As a rule, people move from "one bound cd situation' to another, and because of their II na Tginality in a membership group, they feel, experience and act differently and experience their identity concerns ill different ways Therefore, it is highly II lisleading to assume that there is fixed sense of ethnic identity' which always enters into the behavioural equation. To quo tc Olzak,
21

Page 24
Ethnicity emerges as a basis for collective action when there afe clear advantages attached to ethnic identity (1986: 254). In other words, ethnicity is a resourcc to be Illbilised in defined circumstances (e.g., marginality, alienation, social discrimination, un employment etc.), and the extent to which ethnicity gains in salience will determine thic ethnic attachments and strength of the identity evoked. For this Teason alone, “cultu Tall" analysis at the level of an ethnic or cultural group, exemplified in communication training strategies such as attribution training or those devoted to imparting knowledge and information about "cultures' or ethnic groups, may be of little value as a way of influe Tıl cing idi. Ill d changing the dynamics of crosscultural interactions.
In developing a conceptual fra Ine work for under standing cross-cultural communication, it is important to distinguish analytically, influences occurring at a micro-level from those at a micro level. This is of course the perennial problem of relating cultural and other social facts - the domain of anthropological and sociological theorising - to individual behaviour which is the province of psychology. In the present context, in considering macro-level illfluences, we need to understand how cultural and ethnic factors are manifested in every day behaviour such as in cross-cultural communication situations in settler societies like Australia.
Foremost among these considerations is how the political society responds to these newcommers and the groups to which they belong. Here, Smith pointedly reminds us that social categories such as race, ethnicity and culture depend for their significance in each society on their relation to prevailing structures of incorporation, and on the composition and alignments of groups' (1986: 98) in society. As far as Australia is concerned, this incorporation has shifted from one of assimilatjionis In to a Imild form of cultural pluralism, allowing ethnic groups to co-exist with the do
22
minant groups of
As far as et cerned, from : pective, it is def in terms of categories such nationality, get of origin lang these categorizat on a complex differentiating for example, as States, in disci called "eth Illic:
Australia a Te L identify eight
categories, viz., N Aboriginals, Mediterraneans, penas, La tin Am and West Asia Asians. These : groupings are t criteria El indi, in
contain Several His in the C. Se when labelled
Inese); ir pān-c (e.g., Middle an ewel when ab: Muslim Jews); the Jews ind the si Inilarity religion; and . Tie la tiom tio et such as Tamils
These newly cities' as a rest 5tr:l t|We labelli newly establish E Sultative Council not have any : festi tion 5 Cf
individual ider ser we to draw || to thic fact tha|| delineating differ marked scope; and de they a Te con differ cit level This is, iride: dicta for th
Toss-cultural cultu Tail L. WELT e T1 program mes, at Ctc.
VI. Identity
COTT LI Il Turning to
of conceptual front the diffi the less imp orta1 to translate cu city as public

the host society. hIlicity is conl policy persined arbitTH. Tilly administrative ä5 religion, graphical area Lage etc.; and iIis al te based J11 ter IIlix of riteria. Thus, in the United Is sing the sofic: LT" W e il ES LIEi lly able ta bT “ethnico itive Australian British, Irish, North Eurol)- ericas, Mille 15 ad cytucir ir bitrary a el lloc Based in mixed a strict sense, ethnic groups of Asian (or 15. “Ethnic C iultural clusters d West Asians, Il cd simply Els or the case of Muslims where
is bä5ed II in language in hnic groupings or Hispanics. created ethnillt of FamiliIng (e.g., the d Asia. Il CIll) rina y cor may -n m:1 tiiט טח 1יHiט e tlı micity, or tity, but they
inted attention the bol III da Tics tic gтоups" * III nature I11 e Tidig on he w tructed, ciTeltic of a warness. ti, a perplexing 05២ Engaged in Taining sluch as es s type tritining Tibution training
and
ication the micro-level Inalysis, we conult, but neverit, task of having lture and ethni
facts on to the
domain of individual behaviour as part of the interactive dynamics of the social psychology of communication. As far as behaviour in communication interactions is concerned, I have previously argued that this may be fruitfully explored by invoking the concept of identity. In the case of crosscultural communication, 'social identity, Inay be a useful In ediating concept to link the cultural and individual dimensions of social functioning.
Westen (1985) in a challenging review of the systematics of this issue, correctly argues, palraphir: sing Erikson, that the concept of identity may be viewed as a "process' at "the core of personality as well as the core of culture' (1988: 377). aLLLLLL S LLLLLLaaS LLH S S LaHaLS munication, therefore, Inay be Conceptualised Within a n actor's ilt Erla fra Ille of reference. Interestingly, this node of thinking is also utilised by Lange & Westin (1984), where they employ the concept of identity strategically in their study of ethnic relations. The latter is developed within the borbild fra Llework of social identity theory, associated with Tajfel (1982) and others, and for our purposes provides a useful model to apply in thic context Cf CTSS -- Culturall CČIm| Illu Illication the Cory.
Briefly, social identity, this wiewpoint, refects to ail individual's membership Cf wa Titus grups and the resultant experience of a self-image which in turn becomes a key deter IIlia. It if social action. The concept of ethnic identity is by no means co-terminous with social identity, but for Ins a part of one's larger sense of identity which includes other identities such as gender, coccupation, fai inily, social class
frol
etc. As Weinreich Cotes, this approach avoids reifying a particular aspect of identity
and recognises that "the meaning and experience of 'ethnic identity" will wary from one ethnic group to another (1986: 309), and also between individuals within a given ethnic բTմ էlբ,
(Corred I : 24)

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Page 26
Part II
RAMDASAMY MEMORIAL LECTURE
Dissent from paradise isle ti
zeth Hussain
It will not do to argue that Afro-Asian dictatorships have merely reverted to the traditions Jf "Oriental despotism”, which itself is a Eurocentric nimis conception going as far back as Hicrodotus. For in the traditional Afro-Asian polities power was controlled or constrailed in important ways. Otherwise the
great Afro-Asian civilizations would Llewer have LT i Gen. Il Africa the tribal governments
were based on consensus. Perhaps Nyer circ was right in saying that the West had nothing to teach the Africans about democracy but un fortunately, as far as I a II awarc, he did not explore the problem of why so II any African governments today tyrannically deny consensus. Both in Africa and in Asia, Governments were constraliı cid. by tradition and custon, as well as by occasional rebellions and the threat of rebellion should abuse of power go Loofar. Above all, in Asia sccular power was constrained by the religious order, as can be secn from just a glance at thic Mahawasana. Innumerable texts both ancicnt and modern can be listed in support of this thesis, including texts from our own Ananda Cooma raswamy who however became excessively philological in dealing with this subject. Let me quote instead from an authority on the subject, the Israeli scholar S.N. Eisenstadt who wrote in his book Tradition, Charige and Modernity,
that because of the ultimately Te ligious character of certain societies,
". . . the rulers of these socities were dependent on the religious organizations both for the Illa intcinance of their traditional legitimation and for the provision of the more flexible resources. Hence they were in the long run to some exte Ilt 1255 free in their Timal 1 (neu Wre 5 tr). WERTHIS LIhc religious organizations. In
the short run the rulers could
24
destroy any Organization they were pendent on Organization nomy of the zation and dental COI:ltrast, II,1: tively more Eliny particull; U Itil the cor democracy, the t of the West, w; the sa Ine as th; secular power E by the religio Asian polity i Africal traditio gover Illnent, bric the impact of . for the most p Afro-Asia suppr which enjoy po constrained on a either by the di C0 til Sensual gove power of dissen by the religio" Afro-Asian gow refuse to allow being true to t Afro-Asia civili have to be regar festations of a e COINC) Illic: H I is poor, which Tesult of Lincol: I will I Low IT W34 til s do I the presented by Sir Some might con: peculiar of all Clintrics for thi the time of its 1948 it was reg: the finest prosp Illic and the While in 1988 - impTe5sion of si gery. There: are C ČIl cal Toth, of ci Imakes Sri Lank the contrast wit Offcred a the pendence. Wher CTIIIme It a35 umet peared that Sri

heart of darkness
given religious but beyond this ontinuously desome religious The basic autoreligious organith1eiT transcc Il| entations, in de the In Telaindependent of LT polity.” ling of Western raditional polity is fundamentally it of Asia, with eing constrained |S Titler. Thät Ls well as the Il of consensual ke down under olonialism, and a Tt We hawe im ised democracies Wer that is Ilot Iny regular basis, ssent implied in rnment or by the t formerly held Lus order. The ernments which dissent are not he traditions of ization, and they ded as the manidecadence. Their her performance I believe is the strained power. take some obserpeculi alt case 'i Lanka, which sider as the Ilist the Third World reasin that at independence in irded as having lects for econoT development, - 1989 it gave the nki Tig in to savather dark places lurse, but what a so peculiar is h the prospects ime of its inde1 the 1977 Gowi office, it apLanka had no
where to go but up, and yet at the end of its term in 1988, and for some time afterwards, we had lost control of a third of the country and almost half the coast-line, there was a rebelliol in the North and East threatening a breakup of the country, a Pol Potist rcbellion in the South from which We were saved only because the army held steadfast, and we had the soldiers of the Indian Peace Keeping Force whose behaviour was of the sort that one associates with a brutish occupying army. And, of cours c, the economy was in a shambles. The climax came in burning bodies, floating bodies, bodiless heads, and head less bodies. We have to ask ours clves how it Wasthat thic paradise island had come to look like the heart of darkness.
(To be continued)
Conceptualising. . .
(Сотtiлиғd from page g2) Following on the sa Inc lines as Tajfel (1982) Weinreich (1986) and oth cris in the tradition of European social psychology, Lange & Westin (1984) interpret identity as a complex concept which basically has two main aspects. One is in terms of social identity, i.e., in terms of how one is defined by others, but also includes sub-identities as to how others regard the individual as a person or as a member of a social category such as an ethnic group. The other key aspect is personal identity regard cd as one's difiInition of Con eself, either as a member of a social category (e.g., as a member of an ethnic group), Ethnic identity can therefore be 5e en as it is externally defined. As each of these forms of identity and subidentities can in teact with individual and social circumstances there is a constant process of definition and red cfinition which entails the possibility of identity conflicts.
(To be continued)

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