கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Lanka Guardian 1991.03.01

Page 1
* EWE-WTWESS IM
Vol. 13 No. 21 March 1, 1991 Price Rs. 7.50
Farouk Kadoumi N. Ram Bertram Bastiampillai Kumar Rupesinghe Prabhu Chawla
 
 

| IRAQ 4. Ramsay Clark
MEDIA WAARS
Sunday 24th February, 1991
On political

Page 2

Knight
|r \OVE

Page 3
Trends
MCA "SAMT-LITTE
WOWES
· Indian Customs and PoMWCe seized 25 boals fro 77 Sгї Lалќал Tamї/ mї/їїалѓ5 Cor f'7 e 977 W Wat Ca5ť. / 3 ′ foro fear75 offejo (Jojo LV 57 Ce. the sacking of the state gy) Werr777 erit of MLMr Kāru riaI iddi, 8 OOO 77 et ries of fluse Wire arid OOO res. Of petro/ and dieses fäWe asso Eee seized.
RE-FUELL MIG ISSUE
While India has stopped геfше//їng L/S аїгcraft engуaged in the Gulf war Sri Lалќa has agreed to pump fuel for a comers - except those transporting war ma teria Is, But the planes will Ot e Searc ed a "CertffCatég Of F70/70 LTr" WNW Ee accepted.
Iraqi represen ťatíves in Colombo described the re
fue//ing jn C Llyn friendly ac
VF'S
As WWF ётd Feabгшаry fo discuss S quest for SťrL CťU ra / a d Wty Worf apa US do Ilars. F. far,Ces fro 777 ay er 5 ir 7 the MW depressed te forced Sri La this assista 5O LIrCeS be II fa cf Wif y WWWW ννίτη Striηgς fai a free É Леа ( ) са ге.
A top level ers frorry WWWal de fir 7 CO Worr)
was re. expected to Sri Dafo, Cf7 Public Bank Malaysia.
Briefly. . . MOTHERS OM THE
MARCH O Slain journalist Richard de Zoysa's mother (Dr Mrs
Manora ni Sarawanamut tu) told a large rally of other mothers who had also lost their sons that they were not alone in their struggle for justice. She told the rally in Nugegoda on February 19 that she had Wisited several countries and mothers all over the World had pledged their support to the Sri Lanka Mother's Front.
Opposition Leader Mrs Sirir Taw o Bandrar ai ke who also addressed the rally said: "Why Cannot the government te || Lh9 m Others that their children had been killed, so that the mothers could give almsgivings and also obtain death certificates, Tell those weeping mothers that their CH i dTET WEITE TO TTOT. Som
Others are d War of the tragic fate that be fell their be lowed children as they had Seen them being brutaly sia in and burnt on tyres".
MURDER
After patter Sleар саппа
Friendly Alli With dispen The survivor For food (a And tha Big Either gLm
Solemnly in And get aw
More finess Practice at Ald the so Jamming al|| From beim igr With Cathe (Or Abbey inte preting Why the BC At then W. (Pin point, FIEE Markgt THEI) in WOkt To despatch

LAMRA GUARDAN
olombo as "an
".
S BACK
aam WaS dւյթ Wü| 13. No. 1 Märf1 129 Ciplombo Price Rs. 7.5 Eri Lanka's re
an enhanced Published fortnightly by justment faci- Lanka Guardian Publishing Co.Ltd.
OOTW), No. 24G, Uli Place, 'educed rem it- Colombo - 2. fраfrfafe Myогќ— Editor: M. t## SI 7fedd We East är 7 d' Itor: IVIcrчүп dв tiІuа
TICHE: 44754 exports have םחםmE
kafo Sk for се. Mr for led CONTENTS
L'E that fe News Background
ђё gуїver7. 5І/t
such as Cur- Fogg Affairs B ducation and Gulf War
The Disappearing Boundaries
team of bank- Betelt aysia Was also Ex tirrid | C II flicts 1. Eb), to di SCLASS || The Pope's Scud 24 /g /gà Lder Was
g Y. B. Tā Printed by Ananda Press airinar of thg | 825, Sri Ratnajothi Sarawa namutu * Eers of Mawatha, Columbo 13.
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IN THE CATHEDRAL
bombing Belgium
easy on Hiroshima es or unfriendly Injuns sable per Centages dispensad 's always swarmed out of the craters nd flags to wave the conquering heroes in)
White Chief's chewing or cigars on W. O. A. Or B. B. C. woked Geo, im layman's language J'ai W" W, LI LI I II.
e comes with theology at Oxford Fung ra !ls - aind – CO rOiation S. Ora tions ft touch Of ACA at Pala Ce partigs
Imperial Connotation 1 and plausible into nation dra | choir in the background acoustics) Divinity's complexity, Jurgeois first groom Dictators eith High Tech precision
mot Patterm), Provida
Collaboration on Gas Chambers (and factories) the Mystique of the Dragon Youth fra Recession to Häwe,
L. Karunati lake

Page 4
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Page 5
Violence: press on the system
Mervyn de Silva
T the student of political violence, a ch Tç)Thic Third World condition, Sri Lanka ti)- day offers an intellectually challenging exa Imple of a In in-between society under increasing pressure. As threats to the State, the armed struggles in the North and the South, appe: Ted to acquire some siti il Lrities in the high-pressure year of 1988-89. Ewell 1: E5 f analysts were tempted to often to forget that one was a sp
a ritist challic Inge, a threilt t) territorial integrity, and the other a darring bid for State power. It is not that such analysts were not sufficiently El lliwe to thıc bäsic difference
but they were so overwhelmed by the phenomenon of violence that important dissimilarities were casually ignored or wilfully neglected.
Now that the JWP guns hawe gOI e Silent Eid burt-lt corpses are no longer a frequent sight on Our main Toads, both Sri Lankan and foreign obscrWer5, a cademic ad 1 On-a cademic seem to have accepted as a major premise the idea that "violence' has been subdued or effectively contained, in the South. And since the South" is seven provinces, acts of political violence excite the human rights activist (or the politician alive to the new human rights dimension) rather than the political 5. Cie. Il List.
The Truth is Lihat thic cld cof anti-systemic wiolc ncc has scen violence infiltrate the system. In the more traditional pattern, violence assumed two recognisable for ITS - pre-clection willence (kinives, bombs and guns secking to influence the result) or post-polls violence where the electorally beaten got another beating physical.
Ald IW 3. of fisticuffs, p: free—for—ä |l 1 Il led to Sulci : bition of rowd the Opposition boycott Parlia Speaker “ “ resol' says the Oppos Richard Phir o * "Prli IIle II Bandaranalike, Leader, said sible Tor the to attel Parli Ho II, the Spe their personal CLI rily.
The WilcInce of holics", the lia ment, and t sification of con test for P. widely interpre an accelerating politics. Why tion? Why th hardly half W presidential ter
Morc signific sation, in my pact of an I mented societ rlill partyרti first instance, Tesult of the Sinhalil, North cics, the sect though shortcr, and destr Luc Lliwe tled political will Lues, institult which regulate the major Opp: SLFP, and the 11 Luch s millille T bas cd, 5 cil Tch self-expression, side thic (ld 5 MJLG's Frst tcmpt to capit man Rights iss portive constiti
Accompanyin In C W m (odc5 dof

USS
Tccurrent pattČrn in demonium and the chaliber has scandalous cxhiy behaviour that has decided to II e It lil til the wes the problem" tition Whip, Mr. atna. (See Opp. :"") Earlier, MTs. the Opposition it was not posOpposition MP's ament LII less the ake T, guaranticed safety and se
within the "holy chill be of ParH1 e yident i Intenthe inter-party חששw Ur, has bנtי sted as a sign of polarisation of such a polarisae intensification
"ay through the
l?
ant than prolariView, is the ill
Il Creasingly fragy On the tradisystell. In the this is the direct two T:lIlli I and -South insurgenld lite frenzical more widespread li m terms of setpractice and the ions and agencies it. As a result, i ositico II party, the other parties, all or Com Tunityfor ne w for III of Within and culttructures c.g., the , in obvious atallise UI the Huiue, and its suplncis brid.
g the quest for pro 0 cost 2a nd a gi
tational activism is the emergence of incw, sometii męs stränge, alignIIlents.
While the UNP and the SLFP remail the hai Td ccm tre of thc two for Illations that continue to dominate Sri Lankan politics, (31-1CC Lhe Marxist Left 105t à || 15 gra Td illusions of the force of future' : Ili more hul III bler ** Third Force', it is the behaviour of the “minority' parties rather than the Sihala-led Saller p:LTlies, which is the II ore Tevealing. In this, the LTTE, remains
the great exception. Once it stood up to the IPKF and 5 Lurvived, its tactical unders talding with President Prema dasa, helped the LTTE to get the IPKF off its back, while help. ing the UNP to weakcin thc
JWP's main appeal to the deshapreini, thc (anti-Indian) patriots,
The year-long tactical cooperation could not possibly contil till: 15C tel5 i 15 et W cel the State and a militarily mature se paratist movement. The ar med
conflict was resulled With the Sri Lil Ilıkan forces, sha ping policy on the LTTE. Within
months, the Prema dasa goveгпment, assisted by political dewelopments on the Indian scene, was rewarded handsomely - the di 55olution of the DMK-contTcl lcd administTiti con il Talli lnadu and crackdown on the LTTE, its hide buts con the Ta millna dul coasts, its caidres in Madras, and the cross-border traffic in weapons, and essential Supplies.
The LTTE spots a new opening in the South — thic energing Oppositional 'alliance' and the increasing Government-Opposition tensions. The LTTE scids a message to thc Mothers Front Tally. And the government's agit-prop department goes into action. Mrs. Bandara naike and the SLFP in particular are
3.

Page 6
traditionally the staunchest champions of Sinhala-Buddhist interests, And so the LTTE's message is seized by the UNP spokesmen and the pro-government press as proof that the SLFP is now consorting with the "Eelam'' Tigers. What is Ilı Corc, the mic 55 age by the "Tigers" - El clcverifmischicovius, пove - is over-interpeted by the UNP publicists as convincing evidence that the Opposition has bct Tayed the patriotic Arled Forces, lately an influential, if n it formally involved, factor in the island's politics,
By the same logic, thic pro— UNP pole Illicists, den counced the behind-the-scenes champions of the 'Mothers Front' as sympathisers of the JWP "terrorists' and, O Ince Figalil, Els clicques Lung Tilte — ful to the armed services that Säved the Ila til from the JWP barbarials" and "terrorists'.
If the 'Human Rights' aspect introduced the Wester I do not groups (mainly the Europeans and thc Commonwelth) into the picture, the presence at the Opposition rally of pro-India Tamil Illilitant groups, especially the EPRLF and other anti-LTTE Organisations, all of whol actively cooperate with the State in the fight against the LTTE, VW:s gen eta lly i Il terpreted als al || preparatory Indian diplomatic move. Elections Inay be held in India soon. Both the W. P. Singh and the Chandra Sekhar governmets halwe worked hirci to Tem o we irritants in the DelhiColombo post-J. R. relationship. But Delhi Illust arm itself with 50IIne Weapo [1s of pressure tio | stay in the game and "control' the general drift of events on
Ta mill qtil estion, which mom w Ileans, influencing the government. How much the Western
initiative vis-a-vis the Opposition, and the Indian diplomatic mYves Tun parallel and how far these converge is a matter that is not entirely clear right now The post-Gulf American foreign policy on major regions, and important Tegional powers, and the Indian role in such a scheme of power diffusion, will provide the al 15 ywer S.
4
As the each passing r Mr. Ranjan Wi group, where ther is the Cl was a warning riment-dow ried Li
The editori rising tempo Eo Cate:
Political
(Editorial)
() IN DIE H1 Td of a wide rang political parties new phase of po On the other ment hålls exp Tcht:15 ions th:t lisation of oppi LP i Ticin Can le: gence of the and 5C) cietal ch act crised the The polarisati | illes of thil i Tiki was best reflect Scenes il Pari: day when MPs each other in t House in what the grea test oc. Cor de T WHL lil 1:
Thes c aire de w neither party El b) 3 Llt. It Illust very outset that Which We make pted by any se partisanship wh palper grup ha [} T b L1 t. T:Lith1eT" () af 5 o Trow at II: se stal "kly sy III collapse of share
That the chair should Hawe bec the MP who c was. Tot de It , to the proper ved for sich ei all the Other ; quences of this all tragic featu:

NEWS BACKGROUND
Media Wars
NP-Opposition battle grows more
асrimoпіош5
Torith, the fight Sproads to the press world, with
jera tri a ra minding Parliament
Rat Watte,
State-owned banks millions. It
Dr. Såväli airTal Wes
that the ISLAND Mrs. Baridarna yaka's boro
J to the ISLAND to behave itself, as the govern
kE HOLIGE är the
als and the political
|SLAND
COmmentaria S
locked horris.
refect the
f Confronta tiun al politics, as these axcerpts indi
folerance
Lhe mobilisation re of opposition i has signalled a litical militancy. hind the: (Gwer ilressed its appsulci a lobiisition political ld to a resuru Drest, 1 marchy 17s which cha T - 1987-89 period. 1. Jf these two ing and action ed in the lIgly 111 el t || 15 t Thill T55hysically fought le. Well of the wat si manifestly LITTE TICE ()f dis| ch : L Timber.
elopments which can be happy be s:lid at Lhe
arly Ըն III ments are Tot pro IIInse of political ich this Tewss bee Il accus, el lat of a sensc le Sicile:till Crigi5; bolised by the :di CertElimities ,
of Mr. Speaker in occupied, that C11pied that chair with by recourse rocedures restve I till El lities, al dl 1 tteIdl nt co15gincident, are res which Cil not
cIlhance Sri Lanka's reputation as a par l'ia II1 entary democracy.
W1:11 is necessary 13 w is mot LC split hairs. In how it started II w.) sta Tited it but to Tcsolwc that no room is left for such incidents to occur again.
On a brod, der canvas, how cwcir the question is che of political tolerance. A democracy can work only if the w:Tious co IIILending parties are ready to
extend a degree of political Lillerince to vya Tids do I HcTS WHICH a Te not of the sa Tine copinion as them.
No political party in Sri Lanka. can sily that it is entirely innacent when it comes to tolerating opposition. Opposition deIm Constratio il s hawe bee II. ball med and opposition newspapers have
bcell sealed by both the UNP alıd the SILFP lunder w;ır itbl 15 leaderships. To find out who
is Timore guilty will be am exeTÇise in selfde feating futility. A feature of parliamentary politics is that the advocates (if political freed Il in opposition become their excuti cer5 in officc by the sa The process of transInc.gtification by which yesterday's flailing witaries of liberty becco II ne today’s II leä lyi-III ou theid El pologists for authoritarianismin. Whoever practises such methods they are reprehensible in a free society,
We do not think that the Te is any fundamental disagreeInct between the Gover Tillent and the Opposition about the fact that Sri Lanka is going through perhaps the most decisive pha sc of what looks tra

Page 7
gically like al delayed and arrested political growing up. If that is scio elder statemlen Com both sides must realise that it is only by respecting the wiews of the other party and allowing them the freedom of expressing them within the limits of legitimate political protest that the country can be salvaged. The people particularly the youth are watching them. To the youth the whole system has become discredited as a result of the political chicanery of the elite of all political complexion. If any les soll has to be learInt from last week's episode it is that the syste. In has colle close to collapse and it is only by going back to our democratic roots that the institutions which hawe held the country together so fa T can be salvaged.
(5ι πιαν Ντιαγια)
卡
Mr. Adikari says that she is allowing thc un parliamentary behaviour to develop into a dangerous pattern which threatens all traditions of the House. He argues that the SLFP has always been an indisciplined party.
Whither in the or in Opposition SLFP has never been able to naintain discipline "I remember,' says Mr. Adikari, 'how Mr. Ariyadasa and Mr. Sooriya ratchi - fought on the floor of the House. The newspapers headlined it saying ''Ari and Soori fight. "I have seen some of her Party MP's staggering into House and falling in front of her, The plain fact is that Mrs. Bandara ilai ke is lunable to give
(G8) ve T 1 Illcnt
leadership and Ilaintain discipline in the Party. Members of the LIJNP. Il recibe T
were given a solid how to conduct the Ilselves in Parliament and maintain parlia mentary traditions at a special session conducted by experts, Our leadership has always emphasised the preservation of Parliamentary traditions. If our members have fought it has been to protect and preserve
training in
those sa cred tr to ridicule of dignity of the
Mr. R. Prem
te of Libour,
stite that uIlli! UNP has faced 10lus threats fr) "No other pi has sacrific ed
bers in the fi. Parli anncint a 1 democracy. Ila battle why shou to a handful C terrorists' Wh. in democratic
goals? We foug to preserve the people to elect ment and we w to o to preserve WIL be cowed Torists' inside
Mr. Ranil
Minister for III last word: "It Bandara näike ti over the leader, who is young, til and is capable ship to her pit is very Weak i. she does not c A parliament f she permits the the dignity of
does she Want
she can't carry
When asked referring to M da TaThai ke he shoulders and 5 it. Not II".
Commentary - S
Boye
For the gove not an altogeth The Gover 11 II neT) the 17th Amend titution but for 2/3rd majority

:Aditio Til and Elcot 111 der Illing the House, ''
: chandra, MinisWelt fullTther to ke s other parties the most serIl WP terrorists. irty,’ he says SC I 11:111y memght to preserve parliamentary ving Win that ld We surrender if p :1 r li al Ili enta Ty do not believe i Instit 11 tills ar ght it out there 2 Tight of the I their governill fight inside Lihat right. We I do WIl by "terthe House."
Wickemasinghe, dustrics had the is Lillic for Nils. 2 go and hand ship to someone llc Inted, articular of giving leaderrty. Either she is a leader or Immand respect. ails if he or dest Tuction af the House. Why Lo hang on if
DIh?''
whether he was T. A ml 1 TA B: Il
shrugged his :lid '' + ' oll silid
trial Observer
Ott
in IT ent too, it is cr rosy picture. necds to pass Lenit to the Cılı5tha L L cu bc al is Ilecd cd : Ind
NEWS BACKGROUND
therefore opposition support. Internationally Loco it will Incot augur well Sr Lā kā t have a one parly Parliament.
for
In fact, Mr. Mahinda Rajapaks c. Secretary of the Oppo. sition Parliamentatins for Human
Rights is itt the momen E in Geneva attending the UN Human Rights sessions. Thus
the developments in Parliamcnt Imay Well give him fel to add to a fire he is hoping to set going,
Some opposition members also see the Wecks's developments as a springboard for mass protest against the Gwern Illent.
As one Parliamentary Opposition Party Leader told this column, 'We are prepared to boycott Parliament and carry out a campaign like in Bangladesh'.
(Sury TrE)
率
Forty five
soldiers killed
Forty five soldiers, including two officers, were killed and cight were wounded by Tamil Tigers in an ambush at Konda
chchi in the Manner district on February 17. The Tigers (LTTE) are believed to have
come from Wavuniya and had concealed themselves in paddy fields.
The military authorities clamped down a curfew in the district and mounted a search operation on the ground with air Slupport. A large number of fleeing Tigers were reported killed in attacks froIIl the ilir.

Page 8
Casino operators hail J
Nisthar Cassim
he local casino op Crators welcomed the government deci5i to deport "Casino King of Sri Lanka Joe Sim
and suggested that an independent inquiry be held and his assets frðZEI.
They said that he should not bc allowed to go 'scot free since hic had carried out illegal activitics while repatriating millions of rupees out of the country.
Joe Sims deportation alone does not solve the problem and the Tuin he has caused to society
and economy of the country, But steps should be taken to evaluate his assets and charge
him before a court of law by appointing an independent com
mitte of inuiry, the jubilant local operators said.
These businessmen who had
been demanding an end to foreign involvement in, Casino.5 were
relieved and equi Ծver the bold | by the government deported for st Tanging from di and smuggling, t Says Mr. D. C.
leading local ci His deportation to Sri Lanka at
While the Ca Sri Lanka's depi the foreign casir the business indi it also made se mingly panicky
It is als 0 le authorities had
Il M. Si m's CF three months b Fi: decisio I to
He had fɔ LLIT chain of restallı ral a ըem mining I pura in additio II
Police arrest 6 foreig
Sharmindra Ferdinando
rmed policemen from the
Bureau of Special Police Operations a Trusted Elt le:St. sikte en foreigners when they aided all five-star hotels casi nos and Street clsinos, l senior police officer said. The raids were carried out simul
taneously he added.
The officer directly linked the crackdown with the government's decision to deport M.T. Joe Sim described by the Colombo's elite as Sri Lanka's Controversial casino king. Th: arrested foreigners were described by him as Singaporean, Malaysian, Chinese, Hong Kong and Thai nationals who had over stayed here or had forged documents. Later, they were
taken to the Bureau of Sp police said.
The simultil I five star ble tels were carried under the dir; Inspector Gene dasa UdլIքil Ill! head of the E Operations fic Minister for Wijer at na last
PC STC froIII ble fort. arrested Tearly ding some Co allegedly help to get forged resident visas.

NEWS BACKGROUND
oe Simos exit
ally overjoyed lecisi Il tåke 1 Mr Sim Was Will is 15 tug trafficking o prostitution. Abeywardene, El sino operator,
is a boles sing ld its people''.
sino King" of orta Lion si Ook to operators and ustry as a whole. Ferål WIPS SE22
and breathless.
that the been working sc for at least efore taking El deport him.
casinos and a its while having lli L ELLI FRELL Th 2:1- 1 to several other
:
business unofficially, However, officials were unable to estinate his total foreign investment in these ventures and the total repatriation of foreign exchange from Sri Lil Tıkl.
Although the government las vowed not to allow Mr. Sim to return, it is alleged that his aides and a selected few along With his wife are running the show. However, his Casinos and most of his resta url Tits Wce reported closed.
Questions have been raised by the industry as to what course of action the goveT 1111 ent take about his existing business ventures and those operating thêm locally.
The industry is of the view that government is not sleeping On the issue and expect several more surprise moves in the coming Wecks,
ners after raid
offices of the ecial Operatibils ,
1 cous raids on all and street cit sills iut by policemel ctions of Deputy tral (DTG) Premilpola who is the ureau of Special irmied by Statc Defence Ranja II y cal T.
t: said that Hբar1 signers, they haldi ten persons inclui
|ombo lawyers who ed these foTeigri e TS documents such als
Sources said that
these persons had earned millions by providing forged documents to these people,
Senior police officers claimed that the arrested locals had confessed that they were responsible for providing these docuIncints and even helping the foreigners to break the law.
Police said that the foreigners would be deported after investigations. 'They will be not a lowed to Tetur im to Colomb) again', one officer said,
The crackdown against ca sin os
came just two days after the deportation of Joe Sim who controlled casinos at Colombo
Taji, Oberoi, and Tim Lcr coil tilliem tal

Page 9
TAMIL MADU
Election flode
Parties gear Up for pOlls
-- Prabhu Chawla
f the Congress(I) and its ally,
the AIADMK, were looking for a short cut to power, then Prime Minister Chalda Shick har seems to have provided thcm one om a platter. Last fortnight, as the countdown for the assembly elections began, it was clear that the Congress(I) AIADMK cũlı bile was behiwing as if it had already taken Over the Teirls of the Stilte.
Not only had Congress(I) and AIADMK activists swarmed the state secretariat with people's petitions, they were also mounting pressure on the governor and other higher-ups to replace key officials with their own sympathisers, Predictably then, When AIA DMK supremio Jaya1 litha returned from her triumphant three-day tour of New Delhi, after M. Karl un anidhi's dismissal she was welcomed by over 1,000 party Workers and taken to her house in a huge procession. That the glamo Tous petrel of Tamil Nadu politics was riding a fresh high was cwidel L. fr. In the fact that she went to the extent of de II anding the recall of Governor Surjit Singh Barnala as he had opposed the DMK government's dismissal.
Not that Barnala's protestations had counted for illuch. In fact, the prime minister set а пеw precedent when after a gap of almost 20 years he disi Inissed the two-year-old DMK government without even obtaining the token report of adverse conditions fra 11 the governor. Nor did Presidc.mt R. Weika talTaman cover himself with glory when le C verlLked the CL15t CIIIlalry governor's reconnendation.
Imevitably, a 5 the wa TiTi Ing parties gear up for elections, the issue is less the performance of the DMK government and Tre the Iman ner and cäusē for its dis Illis Sall. The IOM K a Ind its electoral ally,
the W. P. Si Froilt are clear of their platfo Tinandate al gain5 the Central Go Iniss an elec Til te Till El Id CII The President DMK governmer that it was ll firmly with the in the state. S khā who belie" gowler n 1 meInt did undes ir ble içtiv gover I li riment pub
With Barlala PTesident" s. R. Lull; its supporters ( Illinis Ler Will the pressu Te AIA DOMIK ald Says Muras oli LJ Iliofti I Ili|ilister tionary: “We sinister conspir gress(I) which Eli Lny goWer I1I11 ent OWI or that The hawks in begun talking in a cast cist War :1 GeTT1 e II, C Il chal Tim. " “Thr:: ]] h:15 bcm d5 III second time a pressure frill political and Ll which Tules the Congress(I).'
Karul na midhi Campaign al II He has begum by accusing the aucracy and t being intoleranl #{]"ẽTT1 TT1ć T. L. Whi ated by the b: rities and Hari dellanding the the PTc5 idem t. halve als hit particular their against Comr Sub Ta' mania, 1 S Wernika tara 11an. Na Tayanan, for ster P. Chidilm la litha, because to the cowcted
But Karunal .wcTטDush טis n la litha's main

gh-led National about one part T11 : LC Sèk l it thic right of wcrnment to distcd government 1 flimsy gou Inds. dismiss cd the it on the ground nable to dical LTTE I militäts urprisingly, SheWos in El in ) pĝon mot Imak :: the litics of the DMK 1ic
disagreeing with *, the DMK Hild harge the prime succurlibing to tactics of the the Congress(I), Miran, fornier :: Ind DMK full C.-- will expose this icy of the Concan sliot tolerate CatheT tha Ilı its of its allies.' the DMK hawe i LÜTTIS COf Wilgi Tig gainst the Central a Tges Nanjil MaDMK government issed for the Inly because of the brah minicill pper caste cult Centre illd the
has launched a ng these lines, his electioneering
Central hurtle Pre 31 dc lt Of | f the DMK.
ich was dominckwards, Thinjans. He is even
resignation of The DMK clies the stricts. II
ire is directed Mili, ter wamy. President IB clif M. K. -1חiוון וורImeT Unit bäTI I Il a di Jaiyahthey all belong Lipper castes.
idhi's arch foe Though Jaya
lection plan will
NEWS BACKGROUND
be the 'anti-national activities'
of the DMK government, her fore most strength, TC mai This her formidable charis mål. A II, d she
is expecting to romp hone with the support of the Congress (I). In fact, in the last general clection the Congress(I)-ATA DMK combine won 38 of the 39 Lok Sabili silts. A y carlier, pitted agai Insit each other in the assembly polls, they had fared badly.
But this time they are going it together. And with Rajiv Gandhi Out of power. Jaya la litha hals bee Il a ble to extract | 68 assembly seats out of 234 leaving a Illere 66 for the Congress(I). The Congress(I) also appears to have surTendered all envisaged spoils, what with AICC (1) Generall Secrcitary H.K.I., Bhagat a Ilnouncing that the AIADMK W lill ft. Til the go weTitlerint Lil its own. Surprisingly, in this Rajiv dici 10t ewel consult local leaders like G. K. Moopanar, leader of the opposition in the dissolved assembly. The TNCC (I) chief K. Ramamurthy of course defended this decision, saying: "We have conceded that the AIADMK is the dominant party in the state and Jaya la litha is the only leader who can along with Rajiv Gandhi with the Polls for us." And Jayala litha has been quick off the blocks. She has begun in witing applications for seat no ininations. Like the last time she is asking for Rs. 2,000 with each application and expects to collect Over Rs 2 crore, almost the same amount she had donc last time.
But currently the DMK is riding a sympathy wave, als was evident by the success of the band h and the 25,000-odd people who courted ar rcst. Emboldc ned by Singh's 5; Luccc, 55 full ty Lu T of Ke Tallil were the LDF dcfeated the Congress (II)- Il cd UDF in thic district cu 1cil clections, it has r(oped in the former primc minister as its II lain
campaigner. But if the battle hOil 5 de Wn ti il mitch bet y el Jayalalitha's glamorous appeal
and Karunanidhi's political as tute. ness, the former chief Illinister may well find himself on sticky Wicket.

Page 10
FOREIGRY AFFAIRS
Moscow reviews the M
* "The SWict Unit is Ic-assicssing its policics, both internal and external because Mr Gorbachev and the leadership have realised that under the guise of assisting perestroika, which is a file idea, the United States and other weste T1 Iltio1s halwe bec pursuing a deliberate policy of economic sabotage and destabilisation'' Said Mr. Farouk Kadoumi, foreign Minister of Palestine in an exclusive forty minute interview (Parts of the conversation, il Was understood, Wud be treated as Off-the record).
Q. Docs that include Soviet
Jnion's policy on the current conflict in the Gulf
A. Most certainly, When
they supported the UN Security Council resolutions, their understanding of the US strategy in the Middle-East and its policy on Soviet reform Was diferent. Per es troika is indeed a progressiwe idea but we w Cander whicther the Communist Party, as it is now constituted, is the bcs. T e y: thc: CCT Tect i 15 LT LIII et for implementing structural reform. But that's orc aspect of the problem. The other is the systematic US and Wester cf
fort to exploit the problems created by the transitional changes to w caken the Sowjet
Union and reduce it to a third –Tate power. At the samle time the Soviet leadership began to realise the true nature of American strategy, the Gulf conflict erupted. I am referring to the Iraqi action and Kuwait. The Soviet Union went a long with the US, UK and France to condemn Iraq and to demand its un conditional withdrawal from Kuwait. We too reject the idea of military interwention, but whenever there have been serious disputes within
8
- Fa
the A Talib w Tll, rushed to the always tried to Within the Arab
Q. Are you : Soviet Unit 1 W II b ther li n: . . .
A. Already it It has unders game, thic War waged against II called "coalitio the Soviet Unit) world has begu this is not just " | bërte KllW:11 Sadda, D11 HLI 55:° Iraq, to wipe () strength becaus Saddall is a th. taTy might of militar y prce mi Tegior1, r1 (}l t( ) only, but to thug, serving the Whe Il the So wie 5 Land t blis, that by the US to military 5 L p) Te II this strategic as the Swiet UI S{yyi et leadershi the co III e ctitol b) sabotage and inside the Swi the powerful, a Ca i II ilit; ty t regio II, lll sing til Kuwait, as a shalb y cal TN 5 Illilitary prese TC Since that last Ilt ITC 3 ITL () but to use this the regio 11 and the Sowie L ' econ blish American
do II lilltiCT . . . design . . . . . . . East. ... the iIT
had to retreat i forty years bec; gle of the Aral

id-east
rouk Kadoumi
1.
tes
We 1: We – UN, wę
Tesolwe
League. : ,
saying that the ill I W fil! W
is doing so. id the Americal that is being "an by the son". Not only I lit the while srl to see that a T1 atte Tipt to
:''' blu L t CT 15h in, to de St Toy Ll its military r Iraq under
rca t to the II li lillIsrael and the Leice in the protect itself be the regional American cause. t lllT Illib TI LI I'll cir -" is the at Le Tıpt cstali blish Lotal acy in this a Tca, "ea, so close Lo. iii) In thic In the p began to sec שiווIו) חוEUL וח טELWE de-stabilisation et Jili II, I d ggressive: ATIn cribırlı 5 t, ilı [[]] [hıc lic till F pretext. Ewen a e that this huge :e, the greatest World War, is | ibe Til te Kull walit opportunity, in the collapse of C)Tilly, t.) Te-esta - military-political that is, in perial In the Middle sperialism which in the past thirtya use of the strugo nati OT1, u IndCT
caders like President Nassics, and the valiant struggle of the Palestinian people. with the support, the general support, of the Soviet Union and other anti-imperialist countries. .
Q. If by
I'll cia in oil . . .
strategic' you
A. No, not only oil but it
is certainly a very important fact. T . . .
Q. Some western commer
tators, not all, argue that qbil is no longer that vital because other energy sources are available and that . . .
A. I know, I know... this is mot the place for me to cx plain thic details. I do know a lot about western, especially A Illerican, oil interests in the region, I hay c 5 tudied it fČIT I 1 Core that II 30 years. у оu see, I am an ecoIlomist and as El y coul Tg IllllIl. I w orked in Sıldi AT a b i a for the biggest company of all Ara imco.. I have also worked in Dillaria II , ,
but do Iot isolate the Oil factor... study it as part of the whole imperialist design. ... the eturn of imperialism to the
Middle-East, the Inc w imperialist, the so called New World Orde T. . .
Q. What precisely do Ilean by "return'. . . .
A. Long before, the Kuwait proble III. . . long befo te the Iraqi army. In arched in to Kuwait. . . in fact on May 17, the United States declared its intention 10 maintain, a US naval presence in the Gulf. , the presence after the Iran-Iraq War, was to be maintain cd, a perman:LIt presence, and that US project, the permanent-military presence, is supported by the sheikdoms, the emirs, the kings, Who a Te antipeople, who are against the genuine econo Inic-social e man
y Ռ11

Page 11
cipation of their countries but Who Wish only to hawe * 'showcase' development, while they a IIlass their wealth in wester I banks. That is the revolution that the PLO stands for. . .
Q. But it is not only the kings and the sheikhs who are suppor
ting the US-led coalition. Some of the major Arab states, like Egypt, are in the anti-Iraqi c:1Illբ,
A That's correct. But I was not talking about governments but about people. Certainly,
leaders arc important but the Te is a vast difference between Nasser and Mubarak. We try to solwe (ou T problems within the Arab family. Nilsser understood that Inst importa It principle, When We ha di problens with Jordan, Wc di di not Tush it to the United Nations, We refer Tedi it first to the Arab family, thic Arab Le Higue which met in Cairo. Talks between King Hussein,
King Fahd, Chai: We Illet ill Ca OT a 11 point
Why we did Ilo de III Iraq. ... all the i del of A.Talib
Q. No met heless. porting the US.
A. What is i Eg. the people.
Q. There is Inc.
A, Whem you si Nile, ... you see it Ilot a Sol IId. . In endous force In caith. . .
Q. The United "* linkage"". . bety ind 15:1 e li Cicci land, the wh issue. . .
A , The Te is Il a or reject or arg ge", ... Linkage ex to Israel, the There is the PF
VASA OP
2O7, 2nd C
COIDITiէ
Telephone:

man Arafat, and ro. We agreed formula. That is ! TL1$h tQ CDIllough We reject at ta çiki Ing Arab. .
Egypt is sup
pt? Mubarak or
uprising. . . and by the River flows... silently but what a reIl do wes L1 I de T -
States rejects veen Kuwait/Iraq Ipation of Arab lc Palestilial
thing to accept gue about "linkasists... thanks to JS and its allies. LIstinian questi
Oil, and than there are the territories of Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanan on etc invaded and occupied. And then are the US Resolutions... 242 Of 1967... foT 33 years implementation of that resolution has been prevented. blocked... by whom? By the very people who аге поту је папding withdrawal from occupied territory under UN Resolution. We We did not link... they linked it. by their actions for 33-4 years... now that they are in such a hurry to implement 600, we are asking how about 242 ait least along with 660, if it cannot be dCI 1 e befoe,
Q. May I ask you finally who, killed ML. Arafat's deputy in Tunis...? I mean was the guard a Ine Inber of a Tival group... A bli Nid Hill's has becı ile I1tioned..."
A. Our investigation shows it was Mossad.
M. de S.
TICANS
ross Street, .11 - סג
421 631

Page 12
NDO-US RELATIONS
A Positive Phase
Shahnaz Anklesaria Aiyar
he shrill all-party conden
nation of Chandra Shickhar's decision to per mit US Air Force planes to refuel at Indian airports milakes it clea T that Indi: can Tetaim only il mili mil mill defence cooperation with the US whose relationship with India. has been developing for over a decade. Whatever shape the postGulf war scenario may take. the natio Tal com scn su 5 I,J W a 1 d in the futu Te is to keep the Indian Ocean a zone of peace, frce of superpower interference.
Nonetheless, regardless of what happens in the Gulf, the present contour 5 0f Indo-LS rclatioIls will remain, with some move. ment at the margins. One of thc inst important reasons is th:1 L Pakistal has ciclise di to be a US proxy in the region. The huge grounds well of public sympathy for Iraqi President Saddam Hussain and the strong support he found in Pakistani Army chief General Aslam Beg kes it clear that Pakist des I10 t Shi Te U.S. feil IS lf Illilit: Ill Islã Imic fu ili ile tilli511. It is now quite clear that the sharp proPakistan tilt in US policy has already begun to correct itself.
Today the US is at pains to emphasise that the Soviet withdrawal fro Afghanistan and the eTid of the Cold War has devalued Pakistan's strategic significa Tice. This has already Tešuted 111 H LJS 11 d cult of 51 e S3 OC) Iúil lið Til for 1990-91. cx pressions of unea se at Pakistan's rapidly developing nuclear pTogTammin e a Tid the US's refusal to sell sophisticated F-15 air:Taft Il di AWACS I 3 its for II er 'strategic a lly”.
So at present the US is wooing India with the following promises:
O Quiet acquiesccilce in India In a Timbitions of being, the regional supercop. Notably, American support for greater
1)
IIndian in w01 we I11 that bega I with i ill the in
II. 1 of Sri Lalka i I helping the Ma
ment to survive
O. A future the 5 el Lles f’T the Straits of with a US—lec force a proposal II1 di::l.[1 [1:1 W i l bT expressed interes
Now with the
of Pakistan's significance, t actively Wooin
This it i |cd til USS LS5i ding India's Bl Im Tacit. the cul complai Tiit is til It h; We El Cl det Tine for bl with the T es ut coperation Te Elsewhere there quick sa les of Togy. But this defence spendit etil CT T5. Il lel reple nish Tine and individual BonfirmT;
The US tille H C ting i: bei W cel Piki 5 LE ELII bassy fficia of Robert Gates mall scCllrily W1it Hil 15: sions bct w cel til in last May w sion 5 T}5e dran
So far, the Pakistall that i an India II att support Pakista with supplies.

cit in the region is direct in Wolveter l:11 CC). Il flicts di Way et C1, t) | dives (Gwer Il
a CO lupo.
role in policing of the Gulf to Malacca along i iI1 ter"F1:1tibI1::il in which senior a55 ha, wc quictly i.
devaluation strategic le US is g India.
s hinted eduld istiTict: 111 ելւ 11Lle Ocean milwy. Trent Americal hält Indil des hesive strategic ilding its lawy .. that is eag of Tail lindefined. are promises of defence technoThea T15 escal Elted Ig a further depces and a paral: rint of political Coffer , El li
promises to Con3 HCI est briker In and India. US ls Tecall the Tale , deputy Tatici dy is it in the In de fusing temIndia a id Pakiswhen border te IImatically,
US had assured the twent if ack. It would Il politically and
Ewen if the
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
aggressor proved hard to pinpoint. The US had promised neutrality. Tilted towards Pakis5an. Tidly 5 Luch a tilt will not appear and if Indo-US ties improve, the tilt could be towards India,
Helping Indian requests for loan sanctions from multilateral agencies it a time when India needs cash to tidic over its $6 billion tradic dicficit.
But many of these US assurances corne at a point. Whell it fears a consolidation of Islamic forces in the regio Il LL S HCHHHH H S LaLLLLL aLCHLL La depended on to combat Islamic sul Tdai, mcı talis 11.
But what if a post-war scela rio se es a victorious US deter lined to continue as the regiornal police II na m'? It will provoke even stronger rhetorical condemnation from India and may cwen Iloillentarily stall further development of Indo-US
relations. But for the reasons II en tio med abo We the relatio [1- ship will survive, at a muted
|ewel,
If on the Other hand the US withdraws its presence from Lhe region and encourages local security arrangellents between the Islamic countries in the Gulf. Il dia will Illot object. Minimal defence cooperation with the lUS Will Col tille. There will also be greater econo Inic and scientific cooperatil. What the US W" | || Cetainly not resume is the sale of sophisticated defence systems to Pakistan or any country in the region after thei T " " Tisu sc" by Sadda Tı.
Finally, it is possible that after suffering heavy losses. The US might simply back out allogether from the region, MiniIllal defence cooperation and greater economic cooperation Will contin Lle even during such a phase of benign neglect.

Page 13
The Gulf war and indi,
N. Ram (Associate Editor 'Hindu')
f foreign policy is, to a significant extent, a reflection of the di Illesti: situation, the Cha Indra Shekhar regie's murky and disgracefully inept stance to wa Tids the conflagration in the Persian Gulf is entirely in Tider. Fu Ithlet, i I this case Lihle words al Id tille actio Il Tlake: 3l perfect fit; the Prime Minister's address to the nation on the issues and implications of the international crisis signals in its emptiness of perspective, w:aclı ity of eramı (ö[it: Tı altıd i Telegance of form, the reality that independent India has reached the lowest point in its Ton-aligned foreign policy. Indeed, to recall the inspired turn of phrasic used by the lawyer F. S. Nariman (arl Ney's track) to describe the induction of the present government irra Inge TT1 ent in Delhi, this Teally TT ca This "scraping the bottom of the bII e 1.""
In all fairness, it must be pointed olut that it is not just India's leadership and foreign policy which find themseyes in a plight. The political leadership and international policy of the Soviet Union, China and al member of pro Tuminent nonaligned countries also find thcliselves in a situation which apparenty does not per IInit them to challenge the horrible character and consequences of the offensive war Lihat the United States and its closet allies have un leashed in the Persian Gulf iп папе оf the United Natio п5. TE indefensibility of the Sadddam regime's invasion and annexation of Kuwait, and the background of its Weste n-aided drive for regio In Hill hegemony in the Eighties; have been skillfully converted into a justificatio II fort un precedented military interwentionism in a D Oil-Tich region which imperialis IIl holds to be "strategic',
However, considerations of realpolitik on the one hand and low expectations of the
pTešernt Indiam th: the IT EIE: allowing T] [] I1foreign policy from its IOC must be froll of longs ta Indir: principles. The Cha Indral Shekhi Stand on the
WELT II till: Pt ç0IIle from bÜ gress (II) and th entirely justific the official
situation precē following the
embוIrild a ri aligned moveme
The esst Ice , is that that the regille has faili thic i Illesensibi if the US-i II Lo play a clear In obilising th DIT WIT TIL Cl effectively bichi|| tive. The fact 1 ments i Te biti this issue, and as NAM's prl. titel to wa Til: i Iter Weltico Illi SL me: that Ind promise its p. voice and weak well tiii) mist c) III 1 the crux of President (GcoT multilateral ar. נyrld t) או לייטנו י United States :) We Tt 1 III שנן intervention in Li The brutality Hussein's dict: enormity of th: against Kuwai mate El pr: both Iraq and new type of k.
Ewe since th broke (111t in th August 1990 as quence of Iraq. foreig II policy India his be.

GULF
a's foreign policy
government On Il reas Cill for -aligned Indian to drift away 'ings. The test the standpoint g non-aligned criticist of the ær guvern TTent's Savage high-tech :Tsia II (GLI If Illas ith of the CTe Left i Tid it i s il. It Teates to attittide to the eding and alsø allied attack on er of the InChITIt,
of the criticism Clla. Ilid rial Sheikh Hir 2d to focus I lity al Ilidi horo Tör posed War and '-sighted role in e non-aligne di structively and ld a peace initialhat Arab governerly Llivided Un that Yugoslavia :sent leader has the US-led policy, does not ia should con11isition, Illite its cn its anti-interInitill cnt which is In on-align Illent. ge Bush’s call to This to fashion a Titler” where the is king does not :rialist Illilitary 1) a just doctrinc. f Sa, ddaII1 atorship and the
Iraqi aggTC55iCT t do not legitict of converting Kul Wai L into a illing fields.
1 is serious crisis Per5ia. Il Gulf il a direct Consei aggression, the response fron in slow and un
imaginative, reflecting domestic political Weaknesses and tensions and als 0 an isolationist frame of Imind. The good bila teral relationship with Iraq, appreciation for the Saddal regile's helpful attitude on the Kashmir issue, lid the potential da Inger Le) | 75, COO India Il Iliationals in Kuwait initially tended to cloud and inhibit official IIndian perceptions, Thaki Ing for a Tharrowtrack policy of excessive caution and 'pragmatism'.
The real problem beca Tunc clear soon enough. While India correctly identific d itself with
the unanimous international disapproval of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the Tequirement of im Illedite and un conditioIlal withdrawal, it failed to txpress clicar-sight cdly its opposition to the U. S. inter. Weltic list drive and do some thing about it. Without low crise timating its own capabilities and influence, New Delhi could have played a more active diplomatic and political role, as a scrious non-aligned player,
by interacting early with Iraq and the other players in the Persian Gulf and seeing if
SUInt: COInnon ground could be identified to help defuse the crisis. There would, of course, hävic boce 1 ( 3 guiara litee of success, but attempt would hawe been most Worth While.
Rajiv Gandhi's political instincts favouring a wider and higher-profile role foT II dia as al leader of the non-aligned In Cowellment halwe been sou Ind. A high-powered international goodwill group, including an appropriate Indian leader, might have been of Teal wa lue du Ti ng a critical period that saw a lui Tch trwal Tills: War.
In this case,
The one genuine bright spot in the Indian performance Was the Tella Tkable practical achievement of bringing over 50,000 Indians home from Kill walit s moothly and quickly. The skills of Indian diplomacy
1 |

Page 14
plus air transport cfficiency and dedication des erwc a good deal of credit for this life
saving success, but this reflected the strengths of the system rather than any foreign policy brillia Tice in the government of the day.
It is well recognised that PTil: Millister Cla IIdri Shekhar is basically uninterested
in foreign policy its prillciples, details and nuances, NeweTtheless, hic and his disqualified External Affilii T5 Minister halwe bocen quick to reject the idea of any linkage
between the present crisis and the Palestinia T and Arab-Israel issue. On the opening day of the war, Chandra Shekhar outlined a three-point, or rather three-stage, plan to resolve the crisis; (1) a n appeal ten President Saddam Hussein to all Illin Ce the com Illencement cof i Ill Illediate withdrawal in accordance with the U.N. Security Council resolutions; (2) a consequential cessation of hostilitics; and (3) a resumption of cfforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict, with the responsibility of working out the medalitics left to the Security Council.
Significantly, this fell short of the six point French proposal which was, tragically, shot down within the U. N. precincts on the eve of the War. It fell short especially on the matter of on-aggressic I glla Tail
tees for Iraq 111 d föllÖW= llp Security Council efforts to resolve both the Israel-Arab conflict and the Palestinian
problem through the convening
of and international conference.
But IT ore important, in terms of emphasis and the ordering of priorities, Chandra Shekhar's three point peace plan appeared to underplay the urgency of stopping the US-led high tech war of dewa sation, the Teby diluLing the non-aligned opposition to military intervention in the Persian Gulf region.
In the face of criticism froll his under writer and uneasy ally, the Congress (II), and from the Left, the Prime Minister shifted
2
to fresh, but ground on the Lhe WELT. This in the idea of haltiIng the wil an Iraqi pull-O. The informa Indian in tiative, in the LJ. N. c;ill foro al im. sin Ill Bf 10 stili a pause of lini well as a call dia tely to 31 CCĘ Security Council in 11ւյլITite th t of substantial part of a ti gramme of com
When the ide of hostilities duratic T1 i miwite cis [1], the Pri 11 t teld gear and 1: higher and Ta. generalities (1)
T" 25 t li T: pel C2 . quite absurd
V 15 Witty T
is going to be E ET 5 little' :11 Wantly against Wll til the H 11-մ devastating prog I PTI: Mi C the Tät iIlite Titi (mall de cal de-: Ind-El-li: i II pression that of Idji, the Le Pr5i: Il Gl of grave cinc account of the | of the supply products, blir de creases lid 5. was pragmatism 1 istil im policypragmatism an carried to the and the neut: foreign policy and political s
Public opin count Ty T11 1st oblige the gove its foreign po While firmly opposing the l Will il the Pe must corti Thule conditional I foll Kuwait

still slippery se: calıd adıy of meant bringing simultaneity in T and securing 1 from Kuwait. a Tcl dubio 115 pursued weakly „Was ba, sed : 0 In a II, ediate suspenties to provide ted duration as to Iraq in Ille:pt the U. N. resolutions and Clel III withdrawal as In e-bound preble te withdrawal.
a of a suspension for a limited di furt hic T critiMillist: shiflowed on to the refiel lewel af
the Iced to - asserting, in
Shi), that ious today, who defeated, Ilat1 railing irrelle
brinkmanship LIt wa 1 Wils in Tess. Als sadly, Ili § Ler' gi al dd re55 I the Worst crisis in alf conveyed the for the people conflagration in 1 T wil s a matte T cTT TT costly on likely dislocation
of petroleum Stil price 1Törtl. If this 1 all Lutilital Til-Imaking, it was d utili ta Tia his II1 point of banality
ring of serious in a moral and
ք: 115 :
ion round the
НЕ Пmbliged to I Il Ille Ilt til CLITTect licy orientation. condemning and J5-1 el Offensivo Tsian Gulf II dia to press for umTaqi withdrawal
and speak out
against the Sadda II
outrages and threats i 1 Icel L. civilia. Ils in ISTEL cl : Id elsewhere. It Illust Work actiwely for a just and early settleLille It Of Lhei Pales Lilian i Ildi Arab-Israel questions. It must vigilantly guard against ally spill ower of the dan gcrious effort to paint the war als a
egi II e'5 ឧដ្ឋlist
jihad cor late-20th century cru
5äde. All this Will patient, persistent and intelligent effort by political parties to educate the people on the nature of the conflict, the danger of imperialist intervention in the third world, the niggressive actions of the Iraqi dictator, and the need to forge a peace that Will last.
i Iwowe
Non-aligned India has a tradition of activism to do use international Conflict and pro
mote the cause of non-interve Iltion and peace. In the midst of the Inst devasta ting and awesome conflict since the Wietnam War, it is un acceptable - and tragic - that India's Prime Minister has no agenda to offer.
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Page 15
Part 11
The geographical and to the Gulf War
Bertram Bastiampil lai
ince the end of the First
WTld Will T tere live Eccm repeated attempts by the Kurds to ga i Il regi) till al liitin 31ny in Iraq, ran and Persia. In Iraq, the Kurds occupy the North Eastern province and parts of other proWinces such as the oil rich Kirkuk and Mosul, Inc) yw Coweited by Turkey which Iran opposes,
and have been particularly per sistent in thic demild for autonomy. Promiscs of settle
Illent were made by Iraq only to be ofte Il bTokcIl a 1'd conceded settlements did not satisfy the Kurds Willo remain rebellious Hind hawe il co w proclaimed in the present War an anti Iraqi stance: Yet another complication in the conflict of today. After all the K L Irds hat! Lo suffer the effects of chemical WELrfare a Tid bonbing by Iraq in her campaign to suppress them,
In July 1979, the ruling President of Iraq resigned and was succeeded by Saddam Hussein. Sadda. In Hussein became not only life President but also a leader of the Arab World fighting for an Arab cause. Hence hi5 a Titi Israeli Ted Pro-Palestille stailce al Id his WAT for the Faith now can be compreh neded in such a contcxt. He has helped iIl the war gainst Israel in 1967 both Jordan and Syria, which is now ranged against him a long with the anti-Iraqi Coalition Whilc Jordan reta ins a delicate position of neutralily, if not being pro-Iraqi. The issue of the Palestinian refugees has figured consistently and prominently in Iraq's foreign policy under Saddam Hussein which is a strong element even ill today's War.
The population of Iraq was 8.9 millialı whı ile that If"
Kll wait was 2.1 lili) in 1989. More than 5% of Kuwait's population consisted of Forei
gners for Illing mainly her labour force. They came from neighbouring Arab lands; Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, the Philippines,
Professar, LipeFFF of
South Korea, LE 11 kl. Irl, t ) } a. In Intl int of fore to August 1990 were Egyptians y whichחt:0 t1 nt a Ilti — Irail al ni cipali tio, I h in the Iraq also had Citizells, InUstl ;cientific and t wisers. Both Co. and Iraq, saw foreigners depa of getting trilip zne thougli cally lagged tscape routes r Iraq-Syria bord Militarily, de ses in equipme during the eight 85) with Iran, about a corne ii i ll force backed nuclear, biolog Weaptains accord reports. Thus I1àIL p 0 Wer in More ower, foll Wa T lira qi tr{}{) of battle pric large continge. It the Iraqi-Iran dra w Il fill Wim
Ilises through Hussein bought frr:Inc. fije, II
force: ha 3 als ( ) il Le: : LITT: It In ultinatiunil dt, Illinated cod trast Kill wait's allotted to It is Tı j = 'w i mıdı ha Tidly any re: יו 11 - 11 יW:15:1 t וזו
These she Iraq's forces a to wet whicll provided there for any of the from foreign í i I trusi Col Cyf British and oth
the tilti-TT; thwarted Iraq's
The Titives of Kuwait by

historical background
Čtyl bů) Tali wall Ald Sri had a substil Tatial ign workers up I. Over 800.000 hai ling fra Il a is now fiercely faithfully proCLITremt C. Il flict. We TCO) so Wiet y as tethnical, echnological adJuntries, Kuwait many of these It being afraid ed in the War a fe yw Coptimistibehild. Their an through the ers. spite heavy lospıt : Tıd pers Connel year war (1980Iraq still has in strong alled With stocks of ital and chemical ing to Western Iraq is a domithe Gulf region. owing her ling 5 : TE in a state på Ted Tess. The that had guarded b3 Tiler was with - g costly : Il prowhich Saddam peace with her Now this been deployed war against the United States lition. By coarm cd forces a meric 20,00), er that thcre Was sistance to the 1ין שייווי WH15יו 1; 15:", lumb CT5 il Tc if TC stro ng enough the Gulf Stites is no support the Gulf states forces. Here the the Americans' le force 5 a 11 el calition has design. for the invasio
Iraq, however,
a te certainly als import is nt als the geographical, historical and other factors which have provided op Portunitics for friction
and discord. During the eight
year ideological war with Iran,
some of the fellow Arab states
had financed the government
of Iraq A mo ng the biggest
contributors rank ironically
en tough Ku I Wait which lo : ned
Lbout (en billion US dillars
to Iraq. Another such war
time final Icict was the United
AM Täb Elli Tallici.
Yet, like global or regional military balances, times and loyalties too change swiftly and casily. And in the middle of July 1990 Iraq alleged and charged that both Kuwait and the Unite di Arab Emira cis Had caused di Tect :ggression aimcd at Iraq accusing these two Gulf States of having plotted to flood the world market with CT Lude bil šio a s to de press thc the price. Saddam Hussein intimidated these two Gulf Statics
in particular and also the other
Arab states vowing violence against them because their oil production policies, hic Liccused, were forcing Iraq to forfeit her due Flını d legiti Tale share of the oil wealth. He assumed that for every one dollar rise in the Price of crude oil on the World market, Iraq could halwe
gain ed an extra Cinc billion dollars in revenue which she had lost Wing to the actions
of her neighbours such as Kuwait. Iraq was in want of extra money to rebuild herself and there was available only oil revenues to pay for in ports and to service foreign debts.
After the OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) meeting of 6 July, 1990 in Geneva the price of oil was
il creased COPEC Alsin li limited quotas on oil production by IL1 e II liber. Inations. But both
Kuwait : Iind thic United Arab E II lirates were Lilleged to have exceeded their contracted upon
production Ill Otis of 1.5 million barrels and 1.1 million barrels respectively per day.
Each of them had been turning Coult als in Luch a 5 2 Illi llico T1 bil T
1.

Page 16
rels daily. Saudi Arabia had produced about 5.42 million barrcls daily while Iraq said that she had än output of 3.14 million barrels every day.
Therefore, Iraq demanded from Kill Wait, which she casidered a culprit first, 2.4 billion U.S. dollars to compensatie her for thit 0; i ll which Kuwait was accused of having drawn illicitly from the Rumail: oil field which WL SOIn Iraqi territory; secondi, El cili cellation of her loan dues; and third, il lease to the Warbah a T, di Bubiyan islands which would give Iraq the control of
b 3 th b::ıInks of the Kha Wr Abd — Allah.
Tillis sitt of claim Ille w becat 5e earlie T had IIliade such claims against Kuwait. For example, less than A Week si Ih'ė Kill Wylit hild Teceved her formal independence from Britai [oI] 25 June 1961, PT esident Abrill I l Ki Tifil Kasse III revived an Older Clai III de ClaTi Ing thalt Kluwalit was al II i Iltegral portion of Iraq. It is hence not surprising that on August 22, 1990 once again Iraq Occupied Kuwait and annexed it as her nineteenth pro
"El 5 too Iraq
t
wince, El 5 t: Ilıd on which Iraq has been firm during the war. In June 1961, five days later,
after Iraq had declared her cllim to Kuwait, Saudi AIT: bia4 and the former imperial power, Britain, responded to Kuwait's Tequest for help and coinmenced a swift and huge troop accumulation for preventing Iraq's predatory pounce on her tiny neighbour. By the middle of August 1961 the British forces were withdrawn to be replaced by a joint Arab force which Stayed con in Kuwait until October 1951.
Ficed with Lhis tret af counter force, Iraq then declared that it had no idea of STIgol ging in 1T med Cimbzt LL an Tex KLIw lit. The Kissi Tı regi Ille collapsed so om å ft cir, Weakened partially by this futile and Lu Tsucce 55 full fia15c of 1962, alıd ther il 1963 1Taliq for Tılığı 1 ly Elba Indoned hier claim to Kuwait. But It Toul Ebles did Illit çe: sic, Parts of the shared border stepara ting the two co u Int ries experienced conflict again in 1973.
|4
Further I11-re, si been pressuring neighbour for a island. Howeve: bc.cn apprehensiv ing a lease on 1 be construed as it in co IIIplia demands of Ira ct1ւյld End in a whole of Kuwait dem Instrate th:11 Kull wilit lhaw le not Kuwait fell էլtյլITh Ii {} & {յti Il tr waded and cc state which coln LI herself at all. counter m Lives F to undo this
re:Lc cl to tur a graveyard' if i terw c. Il el. A Il Get WLS SCt : 1 Ku willit a II i Iri:L increased despi with di Tawill of gners were take The United N Council i Tid til a1плOst u Italima Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. N tions were it UN forbidding to trade with 1 pea Th. Con1111 LI ni States, a Ild Ja froze Kuwaiti The pipelines ( Iraq to ter Ti Ti Sea port in S. at the port in Ll sea at Turkey Saudi Arabia pursuit of th UN sa Tictic Is.
The fundall immedia te call WaT is that o: the Ti (3:1 titյTl of the US Hпč allied in the AI A Tı lyını ilı ter Tılığı si: il Gulf Oil tlrt}ւյբh the S is a chili str:1 tegic Incicles! as Kuwait is Ճil producers East while tilt Iraq yield ri nearly half he
( )F cմ լյr Se, concer I show I

ce 1989 Iraq had ET Splithe Til ease of Bubiyan , Kuwait has 'e that allow:lle islind Coll ld a cession of lice with the | which in turn clairl to the - Cirren Eve 15 the fears of I been baseless, Witili in Lyelve than Iraq inupied the tiny Ilot defend To forts Lall by cutside forces invasion, Iraq Il ““K I Wit i TLD foreign forces puppet gover IIIp by Iraq in qi forces were te promiscs of troops. Forciill as his tiges. ations Security e Arab League usly condemned i Lid innexation Manditory sain c11posed by the Illel be states Iraq. The Euroty, the United hill immediately EL Tid Iriqi :issets. arrying oil from als at the Red audi Arabia and le MediteTraine: Il were closed by and Turkey in El resolution Con
en tal and T105l se of the Gulf il issues provided ipelli Tığ conceTTı many of those ti-Iraq coalition. Il 1 W Of Perte will Tärkets, tra it n T. Hormi lur, c, political : Il di sity. This is clear ne of the la Tgest in the Middle : cil exports of :venues equ alling * Intliti (in:ll i Ilc...] Mt. in addition, the by several collin
tries to ensure that Iraq's military machimc is dis Lima Intled imdicates fear of Iraq in the interests of their own security among Gulf and Middle East states - a mighty Iraq is always a danger to neighbours, they feel. To the United States, pliant powers in the Middle East are necessary While to Israel, which remains out of the anti-Iraq coalition, the muting of Iraq. militarily will mean a removal of a perem mia1 threat to her, whose past actions hawe been as arbitrary ånd unjust as Iraq's aggression against Kuwait. The Western powers like the US, Britain ind France have als () got an opportunity now to test untried weapons technology on a developing region's population. Other causes such as ideology End Нmbitious too exist to a CCQ 11 Пt for the Gulf conflaga rations. The Gulf War and the Telctions to it show that not legtiations but firepower and force are going to remain para mount in international affairs. Tiny Kuwait, in spite of her panArab ideology and financial support to it, its active inwolvement in OPEC, and the assurances of her independence by the Arab League, the United Nations, and thic (Gulf (CCC) perill - tion Council, was helpless When stronger Iraq struck. Likewise, in reply, the super power, the United States, un challengcd by the Soviet Union now, could weld many nations into an anti-Iraq coalition and lead it to drive out Iraq from Kll Wait - the United States has taken the role of the top cop in international affairs,
Iraq could be driven olut of Kuwait and the Al-Sabah fillers
could be restored to authority over the Emirate, but these steps along will not resolve
the problem in the Gulf region and ensure the return of lasting peace. More importantly, it is imperative that cach of the relevant negotiating parties to a solution to the war cooperate among themselves in developing agreements on the delineation and demarcation of their tespec Live maritime and terrestial bound:lities.

Page 17
GULF WAR
Destruction and Dama,
Ramsay Clark
uring the period February 2 D to February 8, 1991 I traveled
in Iraq to assess the damage to civilian life there resulting from the bombing and the
embargo, including civilian deathis, inju ries, illincss and destruction and da Image to civilian property. I was accompanied by an experienced camera tea. In that has filmed war and its destructiveness in many countries including Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, EI Salvador, Nicaragua, the Philippincs and Wietna 11.
Their film documents most of the da mage I mention in this letter and some I do not. In
our party was an Iraqi-American guide and translator who has family in Baghdad and Basra and is phrsonally familiar with those citise and many other areas of Iraq.
He had last visited Baghdad, Basra and i Kuwait City in December 1990.
We traveled over 2000 miles in seven days to view da magic, learn of casualtics, discuss the effects of the bombing with government officials, public health and safety agency staffs and private families and individuals. We had cooperation from the gvernment of Iraq including Ministers, Governors, health and medical officials and civil defense personnel. The bombing in all parts of Iraq made travel difficult, requiring caution for
bomb craters and damage to highways and roads and na king ոight tilriving especially hazardo us.
The damage to residential areas and civilian structures,
facilities an di utilities was exten siwe ewerywhere we went, Every city and town we visited or that was reported to us had no municipal water, clectricity or telephone service. Parts of Baghdad had limited delivery of impure water for an hour a day.
The effect of municipal watc.
damage to syste TI;
T author Was Attorney-General of the U.S.
health and safe The Minister o. dered potable consumption th health need Tens of thousa to suffer diarr dis Order 5. The to be hundreds lil Il Teported cist SI T1 is arc belie
There is no in the cities t tryside in dal yr Winter nights e interior spaces Cmergency Tour generatQT:S 1re In caning of thi: Inost painfully
11 Tiiբht.
In the hospit heat, no ciéal
limited quantiti supplied in bot
light in ward T) (lil S, a n i ilit even for pain
the face of a Critically and persons, Doct With in four ho Cal CCT1 c:d y we
shortage of I 2lnd sai nitary su and medics |
cannot keep th CT g l) ved illid
in poor light increased numb in un relieved p pitals are repc bomb damage. most hawe had w
Schools
*Tr: : Ud. Cand p a | lighting,
IIllinication di Transportation li iT1it ed. Gaso Roads and bri El Tg2 LS. TE:Tc Radio receptior battery powiere CEIl recejwc 5ha El few transmis: stations or St El tions. Accord

ge
ty is tremen dous. f Health consiWater for human e Single greatest 1 the country, lds are known 1Ľo: 21 n d stominach I'c lite belity el
of thousands of :S. Several thouved to halwe died.
electric lighting 'ns and Couni Ille or the long X cept fut il few like hospital in 5 where gasolinic
Will be. The 5 is brought home
in the hospitals
tals, there is no water except ies for drinking tles, Inc.) clectric s and hospital dequate medicine, a lleviation, in grelt il creasc i severely injured T5 W. Like spitals are dccply the absence or ceded mcdicine plies. Surgeons Teilting wounds Ceir ha nds clearn, Work in the cold, with greatly Crs of patiens li ril, Scwen hosrted closed by Many if not indows shattered.
closed. Homes ces are the princiTelephone com
ES TIL EX st. 5. extremely line is scarce,
dges are bombing is Inc. television. is limited to radios which Titi Wa we signals, Sions fron Iraq nearby foreign ing to the Minis
try of Health, hospital officials and the Red Crescent, thcre is a substantial increase in falls, home accidents, stress, nervous disorders, shock, heart attack, miscarriage and premature births and infant mortality. Nightly Elif raids, the sounds of 5ircns, antiaircraft fire and the explosion of bombs have placed a great strilin on the society as a whole, but particularly on childrcn and individuals with nervous system or heart disorders.
Dr. Il bra hem Al Noore ha 5 been head of thic Red Crescent and Red Cross of Iraq for ten years. He is a paediatrician by training who interned at Children's Hospital in London, later headed Children Hospital in Baghdad and served in the Ministry of Health for some years rising to Deputy Minister. Dr. Nore estimates that there have been 3000 infant deaths since Novcmher 1, 1990 in excess of the normal rate attributable solely
to the shortage of infant milk formula and medicinics. Only 14 tons of baby formula have
been received during that period. Prior monthly national consum
ption was approximately 2500 L 15
One of the early targets of
U. S. bombing was the infant and baby milk processing facility
in Baghdad. No Iraqui with whom we talked assumed this was a coincidence. The U. S.
claim that the plant manufactured chemical warfare material is false. A French company built it. The twenty, or more people who we interviewed, who operated it who visited it before its destruction and who have examined it since without ill effect all say it was a plant procas sing in fant and baby milk for Inula. In a lengthy and un restricted examination of thc plant, we saw no evidence to the contrary,
In all areas we visited and all other areas reported to us, municipal water pTChữessing plants, pumping stations and
15

Page 18
cwem reser y coiTs have becil bo Tibed. Electric generators have been destroyed. Refineries and oil and gasolinic storage facilities and filling stations have been El ttacked. Telephone exchange buildings, TW and radio stations, and som C radio telephone Telay
stations and Lowers, da maged or destroyed. Many highways, roads, bridges, bus stations, schools, mosques and churches, cultural sites, and hospitals have been da Imagedi. Govern
ment buildings including Executive Offices of the Presilicit. the Foreign Ministry, Defense Ministry, Ministry for Industry and Justice Ministry have bec dest Toyed cor da Taged.
AT11 ba55a dors Of Myle:Imber States should ask the Ilselves if their capitals, major cities and to Wins were similarly destroyed and damaged by such bombing, they Would consider thic targets to be permissible under the Inter
national Laws of Armed Conflict. Imagine the reaction if Water, electricity, telephones,
gasoline, heating and air conditioning, TW and radio were de nied to Lima and Arequipa, Lagos and Ibadan, Washington and Chicago, Paris and Marseilles, New Delhi and Calcutta, to Canberra and Sydney while civilians were bombed in their homes, business, shops, markets, schools, church.cs, hospitals, public places, and roadways.
How can destruction of municipal electricity for Mosul, the telephone system for the people of Baghdad, the municipal water supplies for Basra, or shooting defenseless public buses and private cars on the road to Jordan and elsewhere possibly be justified as inccessary to drive Iraq from Kuwait? It can be so justified, then the United
Nations has authorized the destruction of all civilian life of a whole nation.
The effect of the bombing, if continued, will be the dest Tuction of much of the physical a Ind c como IInic basis for lific in Iraq. The purpose of the bombing can only be explained rationally as the destruction of Iraq as a viable state for a generation ur more. Will the United Na
15
ti Colls be a violence?
I will briefly ction to reside some of the cit we visited. In Abdullan Adjra | bombing 15 of worse thin duri ywir. We carefu residential i Teil : boll bed.
1. A 11 i title2 | C
parti:
areal Wiis heavi 9:30 p.m. on J persons Were r
56 were injured and 6 shops W. 2. On January
middle class re birhi Lil Wat 5 5h bombs destroyin titl maging n1 or :
reportedly injur but without an 3. (}n January
middle class I e bցmbed, killing and destroying damaging many 4. On Februar by officials a bombing of Ba: 6, at 2:35 a. In killed, 46 inji apartments and
or da maged to anjacent Pepsi plant and offic
Hycnue. The was 3 blocks sides of streets. cair 5 were wisit garages. Small bin Labs were a
fallen here and appeared to be mot explo de innt We weTe show1 'Im Other" bOIT11 the small fragt 5. On January teen units in co st public hol destroyed or si killing 46 a The nearby h da Imaged by a co Inter. The e across the Stre On the ewell 5 at 8.30 p. In gro up was din dl clight in the

y to this lawless
descrihe destruntial ikreis in ics and to W115 B:a5 IT: Go Welt Ilo T Il described the February 6 as ng the Iran-Iraq lly probed five , thilt had been
ll:55, Te Sidēl tial ily damaged at Intry 31, 28 'eported killed, 20 hl (3 Times indi :rc destroycd.
22, : il up) per sidential TeighEttered by three g or extensively
th:1Il 15 h 0IThes i Ing 40 persons,
d'aths.
24, an upper ighborhood was 8, inյuring 26 3 holes and others. y 4, described s the heaviest 3 ra t ) Fcbruary - 14 per 5 ons were Lu Te:i :aTı d 128 homes destroyed gether with an Cola bottling is a cross : Wilc area devasta ted dcep on bith At le:15 t fifteen ilc, crushed in inti personnel lleged to hawe Wyt sä, W What Te that did hedded in rubble, 1 the shell of a which carries 1 en til tiri bombs, 28, about eighvery large low sing project were Verely damaged, ld injuring 70. igh school was d1 Tect 11 оп а einentary school "t was damaged. ing of February whic nut 511 all ng alone by canShera. La Balls Tah
three large boll b blasts broke glass in the room. We went upsLairs to the roof. Froll theric I Siw one bio II1b fall iIL 1 h c Shalat-Al-Arab beyond the Teaching Hospital to the South throWing : colull I of water high ir to the aiT; an cothcr bomb hit near the Shaat. As agreed upon earlier, civil defense officials cal IIle to tike us ta Lhıc blast sites. They were 1.2 km down the street lear the shatt Al Arab. I had walked by the arca about .m .ין 6:30
We found two buildings destroyed. It is an a partillent and residential h0 The Burea. One was a failily club, the other a night club. If either had been open scores of people would have bc.cn killed. Palm trees were sheared off and shrapnel, rocks, dirt and glass covered the street for seWeral hundred feet. We were unable to enter the buildings that ոight.
We returned the in cxt morning Eind were told both buildings were eII pty at the time by the owners who were looking at the da Image, Th c teaching hospital, :lb:) ut 1500 y: Tds dista Tit, which had been closed Tor a w cek following earlier bombing was without windows. It apparently received no new damage. As With Hill the other civilia damage we saw we could find no evidence of any military presence il the area. HeTt, the Te was no utility, or facility that are frequent, if illegal, targets either. There were only homes, 4 partments lind a few shops, groCery stores ind other businesses found in residential areas, plus too small bridges connecting the hospital to the mainland.
We were informed by a wariety of Sources including visu - all observation during extensive driving in Basra, that many other residential properties had been hit and that the five areas we filmed were a minor fraction of
the civilian damage that had
CCCLITTEd.
At the central market where
more than 1000 shops and vendors sell fruits, vegetables, fish, In cat, foodstuffs and other items a bomb leaving a huge crater,

Page 19
had demolished a building with a grocery store and other shops and damaged in entry area to the market at about 4:00 p. m. It reportedly killed 8 persons and injured 40.
We cxamined the rubble of a Sunni Moslem Mosque, Al Makal, where a family of 12 had taken sanctuary. The minaret remain cd standing, Ten bodic5 w circ follIli u II dc T t hic TLibble and identified by a family Incrimber who had returned from his military post when informed of the tragedy. The dead included his wife and four young children.
In Diwaniya, a smaller town We examined the same types of
civilian damage we witnessed elsewhere and that was reported everywhere. In the town
Center, apparently seeking to destroy thc radio telephone relay equipment in the post office, bombing had da II na gcil the t Wert Id the office, Wc si W many sinilar, or identical relay towers in the region that had not been attacked. Adjacent to the post office on the central circle of the city, 3 small hotels of 30 to 50 rooms were destroyed together with a host of shops, cafes, and offices including those of doctors and law. yers. We were told 12 people were killed and 35 injured. More damage could be seen across the circle among business and a partment buildings froll one or Ilore bombs that fell there,
Near thic outskirts of town 4 T110 Te Or less, Contiguous Te5 |- dential arcas had been bombed. 23 persons were reported kil ||- cd and 75 injurcd. Two schools were badly damaged. There was no water, clectricity or telephone service. A water irrigation station was destroyed. Other damage was witnessed while driwing around the town. On the outskirts an oil tank was on fire, one of more than a dozen We saw burning during our traWils.
Baghdad has been more accessible to foreign observation than Basra and other places in Iraq. It will only be highlighted. We examincd extensive da
Im Hge L 11 1 1111 block 5. Inct to street film the Lice which had Con cinc side blal 5 that ir til ås i merci L T : Side Walking through to the National siting the Just large supermark stores and six were destroyed ged. Across the hit I the side ther Wä5 il dire sing behind the perties. Six sho and several Othe OT 10 hp Illes, We badly da imaged. get an agreed a alties froll the people 5tanding Image. Some sa i thirty died and injured.
We Wisited a where several h royed on Februal 5 015 in Qne faIl in an expensive weTA || Cathers i II perties. One 50s failed to explod WäS Set II : b Ve rete roof when a team first drove Teturned, the b")r Imo ved C) ut cair ted the hospital jured were take teri 1 b bI 1. THe cr father from the bo IIb failed to cx This wat 5, Chile of treating persons i bings that we wi
A bis station b) Il b al the 5 El Tearby mosque were II ble tri 1 was killed throug ble were: Lt the st might while T1 we di EL TT iv: I.
Wa sa w Tiye ged telephone e driving around many destroyed govern III: Ilit :1 n dip Bridges in Bagh. quent target the the was minima

strict in the and icross the Ministry of juslill it-5 Wild ws teid CL. t. I kl yw busy po0r conIntial area frol
it on the way Museu III and wiice Ministry. A et, eight other ir eight houses or badly da Ilhastreet, one boilib Walk a nd a In') - ct hit on El Callstreet front proips, 3. resta ura T1t :r stores plus 9 're destroyed, or
We CL | It CC0) Lu In L (of ca 5 LI - forty or fifty around the da - d as Ilia my 15 II: Ily I) TE "," TE
reside tial a Tea Iles were destry 7 th. Six perlily were killed home a Ild seadjacent pro| 1b). Ebor Tib) i had c and the tail the thick Colcחנות t}f -ן "htוןE r ווו by. When we 11h had heel re1erii team V 15iwhere the Il1 litet thalt alfitically injured home where the plode was there, four hospitals mjured in bomsited. was hit by a til cd glass in shHt te red, We ea Tim if any one gh 40 - 50 pet)- ation near Illid"C'e by or our
li fil crent da malxchanges while Baghdad and and damaged rivate buildings l:1d Were F1 fre gh da IIn age to | Whe we left,
The bridges : re mol iu legi - mate military target. Even Defensc Ministry buildings are ocLupil by 1-combia. Its. The telc phone exchanges Tun by civillians are Coverwhelmingly proCes sing In (JIl Illilitary Calls, Thc military has the lost extensive independent communications cilpacity in the Country. These are not legitimate targets and the cfTrt Lo bomb thcm Decessa– rily takes civilian lives.
Damage in Basra appeared to be considerably more extensive than ni in Baghi di And the actulal bombing there Was Illich more intensive than at any time we were in Baghdad. There were civilian deaths every night we were in Baghdad.
Wisits to the towns of Hilla, Najar and Nass criya by press corps reprcsentatives and our crew found civilian casualties in residential a Tel 5 of each, daImages to i medicill Clinic 12 d: this in Çin e family, lind 46 dcaths in one night of bombing in one town. A small town was bombed a few Illilul te s bcf bTe WC passed through on our drive hack fra 111 Basril. We såW no military presence there. Sinoke could be seen from three f II:5.
Over the 2000 miles of highWays, roads and strects WC traveled, we saw Scorcs, probably several hundred, destroyed wehicles, There were Oil talk i't Tucks, tractor trailers, lorries, piclp trucks, a public bus, a minibus, a taxicab and many private cat's destroyed by aerill bombardment and strafing. Some were da II laged when they ran into bomb crate's in the highWalys, Cor T'Chall da magic ca L15 ctl by bombs and strafing. We found no evidence of military equipII ent or supplies in the vehicles. Along the roads we saw several coil refinery fires and nuInert i 115 gasoline stations destroyed. One road repair camp had betti bombed on the Toad tC A III] Ill.
As with the city streets in residential, industrial and Commercial areas where we witnessed da Inage, We did not sce a
|7

Page 20
single da maged or destroyed military vehicle, tank, armored Car
personnel carrier or other military equipment, or evidence of any having been removed.
We sal, Wiscores of soil eta Ink Cars driving between Iraq and Jordanı, as well a 5 5 Cor 6 that were destroyed by plancs on the highway. We saw no evidence of any arms or military materiel on or around the destroyed and burned out tank trucks, or those
ot liit.
No one in the press corps or among the civilians We encolntered reported to us that they had seen any evidcnce of the presence of Inilitary vehicles having becn hit On the highways or having been in the vicinity of civilian property or private wehicles hit bc forc, during or lifter an aerial strike. We sa W no evidence of any military presence in the arcais of där hage
described il this litt Cr.
It is prepostcrous to claim military equipment in being placel i Teside tijä HTCäs I) e Scape attack. Residential a reas are regularly attacked. The clain reveals a policy of striking residential Teas, because il purports to establish a justificatioil for doing so. If there hid been military vehicles in the civili: Il a Teas we exiāImincid, 3r o the Toads and high Wys wc traveled when bombing oceurred it is inconceivable that among all that debris We would mot find some fragments of military vehicles, material, equip ment or clothing. Not Cinly did pinpoint precision fail to hit military ta I gets in civili: Il areas, they were not collatorally da Imaged in the attack5 on civilian life. Had they been present they would have been hit. Thic gover In Ilment of Iraq has vastly understated civilia. Il callsualties i Tı Iraq. This is not an l: T1 phenome non for governments in war time. The in escapable and fact is thousands of eiwilians have been killed i 1 the bom - bings. Thc bombings are conducted with this knowledge.
Dr. Nữ Core with more tham follT decades in Inedical scrvice and ten years as head of Red Cres cent estimates 6000 to 7000 civilians deaths, and many thou
tragic
E.
sands of injurie ings. Red Crescent p(Jrt T11cclici1e: Supplies into 1ra and Iran. They es as often as 2 Week to 3: Illic C pitails but Tegula tals thro Ligh Collut The TE COIl tacts. El quests for medic lies along with established over wide a solid base He adds to the of deaths froll t Elimi i de qLlåte sl fal Int fil TIT LI la : Tid til Illinated Water creased death Til' heart attacks El Il
5 E է:
While I applai initiative it desi mission t CD Bagi medical supplies the health needs people, T UTញe Illajor funding in of Iraqui funds 2500 tons of inf ITı ilk formula, medicines Hild s lies, municipal restoration and cal tio II.
The bombing II13st pg "ie "W i l 15 international law to destroy the ci ecob mommy of Iri; necessary, meani 55ible :A5 : Tr:1 Iraq from Kuwa NUNT e 5 l. any Illilitary a 55 except as is nec Iraqi forces fror bombing that throughout Iraq violation of ill and 10 TT15 foT including the H: Conventi () Ils : 11.
charter. It is L. La 1 LT1 i Ticist standard. With
exceptions We dest TucLiCJIl is I. within the la Ing
plation of Se Resolution 678
I urge you
notify the Mell General Asse 11 b rity Council of

s from bombWehiclcs tra 15a indi IIledical q from Jordan Iha kc deli werito 3 times a ities and hos - rly to hospithe country. nd hospital rei Illes and supphe relationships the years profor his opinion, toll thousands failu c to bIpplies of inmedicine, conand from intes from stress, i similar cau
Lld your rcccnt grlating a U. N. fidild to carry and ascertain of the Iraqui yolu to seek OW Or rele:15C for supplying ant and baby greatly needed anitation suppWater system water purifi
constitutes thc Wiolation of It is intended Wilian life i lid aq. It is not lgful or permiIls of drtiving it. | tiðI1 all thorizes ault on Iraq, essary to drive Kuwait. The has occurred is the cle:Test lernational lliw armed conflict. gue and Genewa the Nuremberg In civilized, brillby any moral few if any witnessed, the ot conceivably |:gC 'T CoInternill Tity Council 44. to immediatly er St Hitcs of the |y and the Secuthe information
herein provided. I urge you to ask for the creation of an investigative body to examine the effect of U. S. bombing of Iraq on the civilian life of the country. Most urgent, I ask you to do everything within your power to stop the bombing of cities, civilian population, public utilities, public highways, bridges and all other civilian
areas and facilitics in Iraq
Li else whic Tc. If the Te is I o cease fire, bombing must be
limited to militä. Ty tal Tgets in Kuwait, concentrations of military forces in Iraq near the border of Kuwait, op crational military air fields oT ide Illified Scud lalu Iching sites or mobile missile launchers in Iraq. If a cease fire is 1lot a chieved, the im Tiediate cessation of this lawless bombing of civilian and non combatants is essential.
The use of hightly sophisti
cated military technology with mass destructive capacity by rich nations against an essen
ially defensel css civilian population of a poor nation is one of the great tragcdies of our
time. United St Hitcs a Ilmu Hill military expenditures alone are four times the gross national product of Iraq. Thc scourge of wat will IlieweT end if the United Nations tol critics, this assault on life. The United
Nations must not be an accessory to wa T ciri III e.s.
We hawe 6-7 hours of wideo tape of much of the damage to civilian life and propcrity described above. It includes painful hospital interviews with children, Women and men injured in these a sesaults. The tape was not reviewed or in any way examined by anyone in Iraq before we left, and the actual filming Was largel y un observicd by any Iraqi official. This footage is being edited. I will send you a copy as soon as it is ready within the next few days. If you wish to have the entire ta pes reviewed, i et me know and I will arrange a
screening.
Copies of this letter are being sent to President Bush and
Preside Il L Husseil and the United Nations Ambassa do T5 fOT the United States and Iraq.

Page 21
INTERNAL, EXTERNA
disappearin - di Sapp 3.
Kumar Rupesinghe 1. Introduction
The subject of this paper is complex particulary at a II Comment in history when it is difficult to make clicar distinctions between external and internal conflicts. The concept of Ion-interventio Il in internal affairs is CTumbling as conflicts. Within and between states get in extricably interlinked, The Social co Infi icts in Central America. the Isla mic reviwalls through dozens of Asian and African coluntries, the destablization of Southern Africa, the disintegration of the Soviet empire and subsequent fragmentation, the drug-final Iced rebelions in South America and Southeast Asia, the resurgence of ethnicity and nationalis III and the complex pattern of refugee move Illets frill Scith to North are examplics that belong to our generation. These are problems that face thc global comIII unity, whether it be as a community, of citizens or of princes.
The globalisation process character ised by ecÖno Tic, environmental a Tid political processes is having an impact on many societies. Pe 3 werful te Il de Ticies in Te : t "W ( ) Tk t} :h Cc::I1 t Lua tC {:) Ilflicts and the widespread diffusion of consumerism has accentuated cultural honogenisation and modernisation Crea ting a revolution of expectations. On the other hand the process of homogenisation is str Congly resis - ted by some cultures and peoples leading to a localisatiоп апсl interialisation of conflicts.
In the past there have been periods of relative stability followed by periods of u li pheawal and rapid change. The present Conjuncture (We are witnessing) is significant if only because the crisis has not been accompa nied by a general war. The changes have been generally peaceful, non-violent and have
Kurmar Ruperirghe i: degri director, Inferra rural Peace Research
is firre, (PRO).
bounda
involved large change. The cl of these changes existing para di Order. There is Il diti 1:1 c'I and this is II): cha mf mg pe TC East/West con Slit Cinflicts alıd i Intern:All co generated by er gradation. Con of insecurity w et hic conflicts, eL1"wiT} I1ri 1 eD1 tal { incomprehensibl tial p l radig Ilms relations theory pia T thi Inking. i cfili i të Ileed ti begin to extr; tre Ills for the
This paper ' the Te are Iiew' [ which will appei
II Bound: ries. How cxtcnl cČIl fili: be Tedefined ar fcusci CL ite fits. IL will ex fc1r this andl f itם ששn טrg שוחט as of special si search for iden the Weste T1 Lib of "fundimenta lenge for the W Luld be: lh. W collist Tullic Live diis accept a mult global order, I how dues the CCITIT 1 Inity : Til CITIT 11Illicial te til CCI unities a TÜ), il te Till WAT The demise of c does not lear häye bec Il show historical probl a le W 5:âlien C and it is likel flicts will be in transigent.
When we F1 Te då Ties a Ind CC

AL CONFLCTS
ries
Scale de II ocratic Illulative effects Have u Ildermined gills of World ; il blu Tri Ing of flict paradigns it obvious in the 2ptions of the flict, in North
in int-T-state nflicts, and Those vir Ölme Titill detemporary for Tis
hether Lhey are , human rights, ic gradation are
e with im C3I vemof inter il to Illa | KT : 1 TT5St II - There is il
E) fe:',':ıllığı ter Filad
i polii te present
full re.
L'y ill El Tg11e that
ypes of Cilflicts 1r in the agenda the year 2000. ":::e1 il tert II:ll and Is Will hawe to |d Ill Core i titel LiCl3I In a trilled coplore the reasons In phasise thic lentity conflicts ignificance. The tity appears to eral alts : problem |lis Ill”, The chillibe Till på Tidig 11 til Caglige in El course which can i-ethnic, plural, In other Wri5, pcace Tesearch policy i Tı gene Tal | II-likelinded ld address itself 's El Ind Willence. On 1 millist It pil that problems "ed. Accumulated els will 155 L1 ile e : Tid intersity y that these collIl Te violent and
discussing boll mnflicts, We Lite
discussing boundaries as defined by the State system. The system of states has enlarged over the years so that at present the United Nations has a membership of 170. It is precisely the LLLtttLLL LLLL S S LLLa S aHLHLLLLaaLLLH LLL th:15 Statit syste I11 which would cu Tit: under i Il creased pressure. There are several republic 5 Lithuania, Latvia , Esto3 = Iiiiii ii nd Mi) 1 di awi : Which arte claiming iiidc pcndent statch) od and it is likely that th:Ic will Eritrea, Tamil Eelam and many ||1:1| է: claiming indcpendent Stateh iad.
There i Te si multit neous threats to the state system and these will pose new challenges to peace :ı Tıd order - in the future. On the one hand the process of denocratisation has opened tip new conflicts, such as challenges to the unita ry state im mamy countries, Im mamy i rista Iices, Cibi u Int rices which a rie in the process of democracy hawe il tradition of governal Ince, c)Inflict 11:1 Image:T1 cnt Cor. El Culturc of tolicrancc and it is in the lack of space for new fa Tims of go w CTT, ance that conflicts 50 generated have the potential for escalation and violence, Democratisation will itself gen crate ne W conficts, and it is the incapacity of frr:ligilc states to II na nage this which will be con the Hig: India. In the Ibsence of a II i Instituti CDnal capability to manage conflicts it is li kelly thalt authorita Tia mis film
Will Te:155 ert itself, Clai II15 malde upon the state om the basis of the right to self-determiniti, teritori: clis,
minority assertions and popular asser tions for de Tocracy are likely to led to Lebih misition and fra glentation of 5ome Societies, C) I Lh: Cyther ha Tid We are also wit le 55 ing the consolidation of larger entitics such as the "European Home|ğı ild"".
What we are witnessing today is all extTemely wola til e and fragile international environI ment. Globall changes arc not necessarily reflected in Instituitional changcs in the static
9

Page 22
be quite a a few others in the Sy wict Injil. There Te the T5
con thic line such as Quebeck, system or within the international systein. It is this disjuncture between the global changes, peoples initiatives a Tid the internati Thail i Tistit Li tiob Tis whether they be the United NatiOIS, the International
Monetary Fund, the World Bank,
which requires new global insti
tiu tions Lo Iha Image Lhese global
Ընն I1L:TIlէ:
2. The end of history and the
eTn dl )f yy":h rs
Recent global changes have prompted many a hypothesis in di Unic of thic mð Te exciting and interesting formulations is the hypothesis on the "End of History' by Francis Fukuya IIa heralding : triumph of liberalism, indi al II i Il teresting thesis
offered by John Mueller that major Wars between nations are on thc decline. Both these
contributions are Cp cn to criticismin but both Tepresent ilin ()- wative challenges for debate and di 5 SC Lussi Il. It is, hic w - ever, significant that these assettion 5 h:1 ve been Inade Fıt this particular time.
Fukuyama states "that thing funda mental has happened in world history,' and that recent events - particularly the rise of reform movements in the Soviet UniCT. Hild Eastern Europe and the spread of CSI clllture throughout Inuch of thic world - indicate the triumph of the West, of the West crr idea.'
S.
What we are witnes sing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the Pålss sig Čif : L p) EL Tticular period of post wii r h istory, but the end of history
as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the uni
ve Tbilisation of Weste T1 liberill dem c) c Tacy as the final form of hi u tTma m govern minent.
John Mueller's thesis, in summary, is that 'III ajo countries of the developed world had managed to reillain at peace with each other for the longest continuous stretch of time since the days of the
2[]
Roman Empire" prolinged awaii “history's grea he advances an is, to say the li sial. Mueller going out of st going out of blu The long peac War II 15 c Lill : Ticcect We: culmination c. historical pro last two of major War - loped countri t. Wä1rds term because of it: pulsiveness and Mueller's argl Testing in that shift in cultural found in St Tile World 15 t bā the IIIı İi ild, Fuk" other hand, triumph of the and sees it is thi ment of history, blitions touch sible areas of the decline of Teils 5 Ertin of
liberal is 11 and of a lasting p their view is direct violence. is not to engage these brilliant which require nation. I wouls the thics es as e
addressing the is w:1T5 Elıd vicleTitli
Fukuyama un mill Inc T i II wil Interilitional DIW will fu Irther e Ticit, The Ilew division f läbi existing inequal to a greater IIla populations. F poses al no tion « rupted evolution as a World syste likely to be st problems within to capitalis II it To built-in i capitalism will democracy for it it cÜLld als le -r Illulliיוטt IlוT

'. Calling this da Ilıcc of war est 11. Il cyclin Ll”, explanation that east, COIL (WCTbcl icwes will T. i5 le. (is it also siss?) :e i II: WITH sis a product of upon ry than thc if 3, 5 Lb5 til Il till cess. For the tibi Tee çerturies wa T a III1 o Ing dewe25 - has III 10 wedi inal disrepute 3 perceived re
futility. Iment is intehe points to a Values so pro
parts of the Ilish War from Il y El II 11 F1, C). In the
celebrates the |iberal ideal 2 final eITibiodiTheir contriin several posagrcement i. e. the cold war, lemocracy and the possibility c:ce. Peace in the il b.5erlçe of My intention ill critique of the 5.c3 both cof leta illed exa Ii ihowever use ' n t ty points in 5 Le Of internal
:: dere still ältes the lich the New ision of Lilbur xacerbate Con* international ur will heighten
ities ad lead Iginalisation of lukuyama pro
of the Lili Interof capitalis in :1. There arc rius inte Tall the tra II Sitics Il self. The Te is 15 LIT: Il Cbt that develop int) is likely that "d to fascism. polar configu
ration is bound to encourage more capitalist competition and
trade wars and search for market5,
The World is Illowing away from bipolarity but a multipolar axis may mean more insecurity ad t L1 Tb 1 I let ICE.
Fukuyama does not Tcficct on the crisis of IlodernisatioI. Consumerism, capitalist development and modernisation are: CIl fl 15 ed il di ci fate i re 5 liting in the Toti0n that the spread of consumeris II equals liberal democracy. As if the Western model can be easily replicated in other parts of the world. Further, it is precisely the COIl front FitiOIl Of Ill Oder IIIsation a Ind COSLI. Il cris Ill Which affects the identity of large populations. Consumerism creates a revolution of expectatio 5 which (ca. Im Inot be fulfi 11 cd. Totalitairian I cgi mcs Imay b c produced as a result of unfulfill cd drea IIs and a profound sense of alien :L tion and depriwa til 1. The struggle foT democracy will itself reawaken sleeping conflicts such as those ower territory and identity.
There i5 m (7 TC315) to H 55 LI Ille that the hegemony of the "market economy' is assured
in the way the debate has been fill lated 5 it the irket which is the is 5 L T the heed for il 5 tituti 15 Which 515 tail capitalism? Paradoxically, it is precisely when the market disappears as all inst Tillment of T: SI Tçe il local tion in the West t lät it i5 Te Wivel i I thic Sovie UIC and the Third World in general. Another model which has been projected for emulatiUI is the growth perfilminde of newly industrialising countries of Soll til East Asia (NICS). WHiletile T T Hle SC Wiet Union or Eastern Europe would be able to create a free III arket Tellails to be Seem, Will the market be the answer to regulated Societies if the SC Wiet Union or of Eastern Europe? Do these societics have thc institutions lecessary to sustain capitalist development? Will the triumph of the Ima riket пčHп the SITTEпder of Envereignty and controls over the

Page 23
national economy? Thc introduction of free market requires widespread changes in property
relations, and the dominance of private property. Such changes will require major politi
cal changes not without serious conflicts. We are witnessing transitional Tegines and it is likely that there will be regres
Sion, i. c. many sociclie 5 going backwards towards more inilitarisation and authoritarian Tule
3. Disappearing boundaries in the
global order.
3, 1 The EastWest Conflict.
The relaxation of the Cold War will have profound effects to the world Corde T. With regard to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe it means the dismantling of parts of the Soviet Empire, the decline and collapse of Stalinism as a Way of politics and the demise of Socialism from above. But foT how long the process will be managed effectively remains to be seen.
The transition fron and one party to democracy will be problematic, and a new tradition of governance and institutions governing civil society will have to be built over a long period of time. The transition is likely to be turbulent. The relaxation of cold War he Tai lids new conflicts and the awakening of sleeping conflicts. We are already witnessing the appearance of armed conflicts in some parts of the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe,
Stalini51 In ulti-party extremely
and armed conflicts in Yugoslavia, and incTeased ethnic tensils.
The reintegration of Eastern Europe into a common European
homeland means that Europe inherits : Third World in its own back yard. This means
the periphery of Europe (which has now been incorporated) such as the countries of Eastern Europe will occupy the attention of the European Common Market. There will be El 1 il crease in clai T1 s 01 the
welfare budget of European countries with in circa sing numbers of claims from Eastern
Europe. The e' European сопnпn the climination in 1992 Ilean policies hawe tu) unified to keep of entering fort 3.2 North / Sout Cha Inges in th flict will, how cwt found effects and of old distincti, North ind the the disappeara East West cor increased North Thic first ca5 11 a 1 concept of the itself. The disti thic elites and t become more lic are already notic and fifth world the Third World fied according t and other indicat ions will be maГ most probably ri en cc, Ower a bill
WCT WCC 11t at least for the
The most artic' of the North Sto' thic de Illa 1d for 4 tion 1 :L l econ Comic veto ed and pTon Reagan at the M. 1986. Post pioninig Tmelns that the sic '' greater salience i The demograp is worth conside provide an idea of power and dis the global comm 20th centu Ty dra the five billion who inhabit the distributed unifo the globe. There of great concent",
zones, depopula
(because of degr systems) vast m ments, Elin eX pa E both internal at
Barring drastic matul Tall conditi and in the demog of the populatior in developed car Wi 11 ha v c d e CT eas (ծt1. Under such age structure of Will Suffer far-r

lution of the 3 ml Ilia rkct alıqlı of boundaries that control be evolved and the South out ess Europc. .nflict5נtט 1 : East/West con", also have promean a blurring Is between thic South. Will lce Of Serious flicts lead to South conflicts' y may be the Third World 1ction between 1e people will entuated. Tiere п8 of a furth ITnea Ini tıg that itself is stratiincle twels Ts. Some reginalsed and will vert to subsistin people will he poverty trap ext few decades. ulate expression uth problem was a new in Lernaorder which as ounced dead by exic surmit in structural issues will emerge with the future. nic distribution ring and will of the changes tribution withill unity. As the vs to a close, human beings ea Tith a Te not Inly throughout will be areas tion in the rich in in others ided ccological igration movesion cof Tefugees:
exterill. cha ngcs in the 5 of the planet aphic behaviour the population talist countrici d to 484 millsconditions the the population aching changes
one consequence being that the percentage of elderly will double and social security systems will be unable to offer the samlevel of services available today. With regard to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union on the other hand, it will grow from the current 393 Inillion to 510 million around the year 2065. However whilst average rates of birth would be around 2.3 in in the Soviet Republics of Central Asia the birth Tate would be around 4.5 and 6. The distribution of population and power has been somewhat dramatically presented by Galtung as To | lo yw S:
Essentially ethnic composition will change the nature of the society, with continued decline of the classical WASP as dominant culture, in the for Tner Anglo-Saxon territories, decline of the Russians in the Soviet Union of the Scandiniwians in the Nordic countries etc. The imbalance over populated under populated regions is untenable in longer run in a rapidly interconnecting world, Changes in the new international system and regional con - figurations will make economic development more uneven within nations ald in some cases wholic regions will be forced to retreat into the primitive economic existence. There will be greater economic polarisation and more countries forced to accept very stringen L conditionalities from thic world financial institution. Sub regions, such as the Sahel in Africa, will continue to reproduce poverty and it is likely that there will be new for IIs of recolonisation of parts of Africa. If recolonisation. In eans that expatriates, tid flows, and Controls will excrcise a greater influence on large parts of Africa. These economic te Insigt 15, will accelltua te conflicts. Thc other most important feature is the consequences of environmental degradation on the ecology of some a reas, resulting in large shift:5 of population due to desetti filcation, armed conflicts precisely due to environmental degradations and the lack of resources.
2.

Page 24
There will be also a further fragmentation of the so-called Third World. In the short tell Tesources will be diverted to Europe and in Westments and development assistance transfers and investments to developing countries may be the casualties. Another important factor for several countries in Latin America: is the Internitional TL1g trade which has had a profound effect. In the social structures of Peru, Boliwia and Colombia. The cirug trade perme altes politics, thic military and the ecc) 10Thic life of significant communities. It also full els the traffic in ar Ins, and provides resources for the guerilla and the Inilitary, To many peasants it provides a a source of in come. Il con stitutes also a North/South proble T1, The di Ig trade also is a manifestation of class War. Will the drug bourgeoisie replace the oli feudal latifundia? There is also a relationship between external debt and drugs. It is likely that the war oil drugs proclaimed by the present U.S. administration Thay pTCWide thẹ excuse for U. S. hegemonic designs over the Westerill hemisph Cre. The effect on the drug economy is to create new conflicts which have been expressed by a Peruvian intellectual as follows:
Society is narcoticised, making
social relations still Illore wiolent, impositlıg Inı ifia TLIle and disorganising the social
elements who, until before the proliferation of drug traffic, had been supporters of the fight for popular alternatives. Politics is cocoalised, sllc.czing out the democratic space that the Worker's a indi poco polic have alta ined through Inobili. zäti 31 al Ind destroying för måll democracy which the peripheral bourgeoisie iII poses. The links between the drug träde: il Til the debut b Llr de is illis () interesting. John Kerry, US Democratic Senator for Massachussetts who chaired the Senate subcommittee of Foreign Affairs on drugs and terrorism II aintained nearly a year ago that :
It is calculated that I'm Te that 50,000 million dollars Inost from drug sales - are laundered annually through banks of the US and other culties.'
22
The links bet tradic and the c:: well analysed by The cocaille the biggest all internation: whose gross 2. ill the US :ll:0 100 billion (th tion, al li such soft), That dil turn, is probal single co II pon black tt:L}I1{} rll non sense of C ancial statisti complex feeds narci cracies' cial power . economy of 5 und er 1111e5 th of large Clint I the political : cess Wety. Wher The COIl'Ilecti{}} aTIls sa les and the gu crilla arc restricted to countries and si
have bec: 1 :Št:4 region of Paki and in South E
The CCII Cli) äIld Small : TIIS establish but th dence of El coni A powerful a arms, found of drug-traffic Col Olbia wi: Barbados, with ties of the Calci
registered The Ille of the drug trade documented an tionship of dru, secret and not including the the Afghan W WELT.
3,3 Inter III and Conflicts.
The boul Ildari EL 1 Ti i ILCITI 13 are going to be ler has argued significant shift and in OTIms gCW peace in the ac cies. Many h; absence of ite Lble l:15t feW argues that a c and in the cul

ween the drug ternal debt is y. RT. N:ıylor:
conomy for Ins component of al drug complex La 1 TC Welles Inc. Ilay top US ough by definiIl Imbers : Te ng complex, in
bly the la Tgcist ent of a globall y that Th:3
onventional fincs. ...And the the growth of Wի Lost firli11lyw erwhelms thc IIIlall countries, e fiscal integrily es, and subverto Ind judiciall proe it reaches. In between drugs, the military and mot nece 5,5:1. Tilly La Lil A The Ticarı Luchi Connection blished in the stan/Afganistan,
1st Asia. 1 between drills is difficillit to ere is SI T1 e evi.ctiumטו rsenal of Israeli in the possession k crs, a Tri wedi i In Antigu 3, il Tid l which i Luth CiriInbian gover Illent $tTQ Tìg pT (} test.
intelligence in has been well also the relil. gs to a Tils. Most S. Secret Wars, Viet la Inese wat, var, Nicaraguan
Literational
cs between interLitional conflicts Icdcfi Ilcd. Muelthat here is a i I the cultu Te :Ir Ining WaT and wanced democraInted the T-state Will's in years. Mueller :hill Inge in ni Tms ture in the dewc
loped world may have a demonstrable effect on the absececc. of war in the Third World He notes that there hawe becil Virtually no wars a mong the 44 Wealthiest cu Intries, i Tid that war has taken place almost cxculusively within the fourth WLrld. H. cxb5er Wes thlt when countries change their standard of living, thcy will find the prospect of War to be decrea sin gly attractive because they will
LLaa LS S LLLL S S LLLL S S LLLLLLS LLLLLL interesting proposition is that war out side the developed
world has tended to take place ã mong new states, not old Ones. Many scholars have pointed to
the fact that I lo significa Ilt interstate wars have occurred bet WecT1 cleII1 () Cr;L tic . Te:gi I11 es
Somic scholars halwe demonstrated that that there have been I significant inter-state Wars in the last few years. This hypothesis posits that a democratic zone of peace has cwolved over the years. What is suggested therefore is that thic furtherance of democracy will be the best insurance for peace, But what but was between dell cratic and non-democratic states? Are they not equally ferocious? But
there is nothing in the literalture which suggest that there Will I10t be wärs bict Ween al
de TTC cratic country ili ni al T1 ) I1democratic country. Such wars between a democratic co LI Intry (USA) and a so called nondemocratic country (Victnäm Or recently Panama) have been brutal and sa wage. 3.4 Interstatic Conflicts
This is not to say that We may not witness a resurgence of inter-state conflicts in the future. There are several in tractable: trouble spots with considerable war preparedness. The most dingerous are na and theatre of war is the Middle East With its particular focus on the Palestinian question. Although there is a cea se fire il the IranIraq War, hostilitics may well erupt again unless substantial progress can be achieved in the negotiations. There are still many instances of war preparedness, as in the India-Pakistan Conflict, or the recent conflict between Senegal and Mauritalia.
(To be continued)

Page 25
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Page 26
The Pope’s Scud
Zuhail
In the heat of the Gulf War 畿 John Paul appears to have launchcd a small Scud himself in the di Tection of Saudi Arabia. What Illa de hill think that the time was opportune to launcll such a missile remains à mystery when practically every body in the world except for Bush and Sadam is thinking Elit low is the Line to cocentrate on missals and not misS111c5.
I thirik Pope John Paul has a point, but thic wisdom of opening his mouth just at this time is in question. "In certain countries missionaries are refused cntry. In others, not only is evangelisation forbidden but conversion as well, and even Christian worship."
Pape John Paul's words come at a time when the experts in geopolitics are sounding a warIning that histoTy is about tu) repeat and that the Saladins and the Richard Coeur de Leons are gathering their forces for another one of those end less crusades.
Some are cwen likely to question the role of an acknowledged messenger of peace behaving like an irresponsiblic fuel pump hand directing the gashing oil towards a flame. Reuter's report says the Pope nafiled no names, but everybody knows that in Saudi Arabian airports they a re dashing Buddha statues on the ground and frowning on all public exhibition of the faith of other Teligions.
What is disturbing is that the messenger of the messenger of peace has chosen this con fusing moment to raise the cry that "the church was duty-bound to bring the Gospel to all the people,' something that the Christian church has been softpedalling for quite some time,
24
Therc a Te it! which Christ w brought to all tralia a 1i Ne In tot disco wereld he Illicant was terrancia in Worl
But, However is more than en dorse " what when the Weltl FT L cre: are
faiths that is Pope's view t cally "Wrong t
One Teligion is th leis '.
Now doesn't di Arabia Laki blish Lhuic truth upholds?
History is
Admiral Cris not readily be Im Ost Teil der 5 : puller heroes o European histo tually Cristofoj was introduced thc British En gendary Christ
The history cil of the Bri going to be t th c II 1 3:4 n1 Wh1 ) that the mediu India should b mas Babington be shorn of surround India abounded with tall and reigns years long “ov rounded' by s seis of butter
Now som c . Lhe children o pite were tallig bus as historic dergoi Ing seve the intrepid ex of discovery it

ose who say that Lited the Gospel the people, AusZealand were ind the World only the Mediil.
that may be, there (The country to the Pope said ed into thcology. a gol IIl a Il bscribe to the at is thcologibelie we **Lihat as good as a no
that justify SuIng steps to es lillthat the Pope
Bunk
tobal Colon may recognised by s one of the pT Allerican and Ty. He was a cTe Colomb who to children in 1pire as the leopher Columbus.
that the childtish empire Wais aught, բrt mistd finally decided in of teaching in pe English, TheoMacaulay, w Juld the legends that in history '' which kings thirty feet thirty thousand e count ries sureas of trea clc and
if the legends that F the British emhit about Columflts Te IIre change and :plorer of the El gC ellerging is El
common profiteer, deceitful and It to Col. Tag Lls.
Hic is said to have spun al lot of sories about people Whon he new cr met like the Caribs, a name which the Spanish translitcratcd as Calib, fr ) in which Wc h:1wc lcTiVed the Tharle cinLibial which is what Co L LI Inb lIs cocoked up the Caribs to be.
Without Cluilibus inventi C1s, it is said, we may never have cncountered Caliban, perhaps a variant of Canibal, in Shakespcarc's magic island full of spirits and shadows.
The excite Inc.nt of the age of discovery was kept up with stories which said that both Clubus and his sai lors Set ut thinking that the World was flat, that Colombus was setting out to reach Asia, that Queen Isabella, his patron, pawned all her ic wellery to fund his expedition, that Isabella and her hılısbalıd both came Tushing to the docks to sec him off on this great voyage of discowcry.
But none of these is true says Kirkpatrick Sale in a book (The Conquest of Paradise Christopher Columbus and the Colombian Legacy) that is soon going to be published Which a revīewer has said is a "clearsighted debunking of the myths which mily have fondly mistake Il fOT histo Tit:l 1 trillth”. Which takes Ille back to THOILLS Babington Macaulay and his Scor II ful dis Illissal of India II history as balderdash.
Much of the literature of India, including scientific treatises, take the form of poetry and it is in civitablic that al literation, Tmctaphors and similies should abound in them. The readcrs were therefore educated enough, unlike Macaulay, to recognise a figure of speech when they ca. The FC To To.

Page 27
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