Page 1
POST-GULF: Back to
Vol. 13 No. 23 April 1, 1991
CENTRE
HOLD 2
- Mervyn de Silva
19,
The Koggala Trade
HUMAN RIGHTS AND D
GULF WAR : THE PLLA
 
 
 

(ހ) ސިހަ Balance of Power
- Henry Kissinger
Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka OD/06/NEWS/91
ulted
THE
CONGRESS
S
READY
- Rajiv Gandhi
3
Zome — Ariya Abeysinghe
*臀 ■
IFFERENT WORLD VIEWS
— Laksiri Jayasuriya
ARS OF U. S. POLICY
— James Petras - Meera Wanda

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Knight
|r \OVE

Page 3
Briefly. . .
S9 Parliament has been prorogued until 8.45 arm. Om Apri 19, 1991, The President's proclamation was a 1moun Ced When the House met O Mārch 21.
39 Sri Lanka has requested SAARC to send obserwers for the local government elections due soon. The reque St Was T1 a de to SA A R C Secretary Ger era K. K, Bargawa by the Sri Lanka Foreign Ministry or a directive from President Prema dasa
The President has pledged that the for thcoming local gowEf riment elections Wi|| H E COrlducted in an exemplary manner, a CTI m Imique from the presidential secretariat said.
Si Parliamentary Affairs Minister Wincent Perera told the HCL se that there häid been a marked increase in terrorist activites in the North and East by the LTTE militants. He was moving a Totion for the Com tiri Luation of the State of Emergency. 11.8 MPs voted for it and 56 ag dist. Only tha UNP was in favour.
The Minister said that six police officers and 2W se wiCes personnel had the en killed by the LTTE in the North and East between February 15 and March 13.
{E} \lr, Bradman Wearakoon presidential advisor on international affairs, told a press conference that the question
of permitting an Amnesty International team to visit Sri Lanka to undertake a 'research Tission' on the
subject of human rights, Two
representatives of AI who hHd ben in Sri Lärka fecently for a trada union Conference had indicated that they would be making a formal request for permission for such a mission to wisit Sri Lanka.
Opposition MPs attended parliament on March 19 calling off their boycott following incidents in the House On February 20 and 21.
O Government хed exchaпge c tiOS to allo W of foreign Exch out of the COL the relaxations: can now bring i Curren Cy Withou explair how it
om rasidants C 5,000 US dollar Valent in Conve Cy with tot maki til to Custor IE mo ne y chari gers; pointed to han. pated influx of rỀr Cias fo || Wiri lisation; and the 1 50 C) ad MOO nCE for 11011-│nd respectively w given everү үea India Wil now do||ars, and til m:Ure thas i Ris. year in income US S 225 per r tfOr tO of their a l!J they travel abro 3. More than Students är E b custody for the a half years, ac University Grant Source. They i during the JWP hawe not bg: i
3. A high llev Éàm WS in C0 CLUS5 reStr LC:t Li ri
my. Japan is one
biggest aid give t:ũ T1 frÎhu tgrl H.ht bi ||iom to Wari over the past 1
€) A high Cou acquitted all thr in the Liyaraara case. The Co. earlier Corwicted Of illega Il y deta la Wyer.
The Lanka Will not be pou April 15 in v Sinhala and TI Year holidays. takes this opp wish all its re well-wishers and peaceful

further relaontrol regulaa freer flow ange in and In try. Among Sri Lami kan 5 any foreign it having to was earned; 31 Ebring in * or its equiI r tible CLI r remng a declara5; authori Sed will a alIle the articiforeign curg this liberaUS dollars tra vel a | lowalia In Countries i fi (); WW by = r, Pilgri Tis tŲ get 1000 1se who paү 200,000 per LEI :: Will get dai 'y' in a ddiWyi]rices When ad,
25 university ing held in past one and cording to a S Commission 33 Erre:S ted violence arid charged. el Japan ese DITE30 to diSng the BoSri Lākā5 irs and has
1 ԼIt Rs. 8) ous projects 4 years.
rit tria —a l-Ebar "ee policemen I Cichi Turder urt however
the accused ining the late
Guardian blished On iW of the Taiti MeV
The L. G. ortunity to +aders aпd
a happy New Year.
LETTER
TEXT BOOKS
The school text books which are given free by the State to school children in this Colill Fy El re replete with false and biased facts. Herce soil ething should be done to culi con the country about this reild.
A good dialogue is needed on this subject as this has a bearing on the country's Progress.
Education is Indoctrination is quite another. What We need today is more and Ilore cducation for children.
one thing.
S. Chandra siri
P:lla durä.
t
Wol. 13 No. 23 April 1, 1991
Pri: Eg Rs 7.50
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Unior Place, Cortin-2.
Edit: 0 r: Marwr yn rhoi Silway Tupoe: 447534
CONTENTS
NUWS BECkground
A NEW World () dar
Tha Limits of Fig
ELIT O Cartri: Wiwy 9 Gulf War Reveals Nature of
U. S. Foreign Policy
U. S. REI WisF:s Weapons Systems
for Future Wars in Third World 14
Arid (CCTT Cir: Settigs
or Every Tree T G The Koggala EP לך СогтE8ропdвпсв 21 Edie 5 of Wg
Printed by Ananda Press B2'5, Sri Ratnajathi Sarawera mutu Mawath, Colombo 13. Telophong: 435975

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Page 5
INDA:
Problems and F Structural Adju
Mervyn de Silva
wice that third week in March bombs went off in Connaught Place, Delhi's COSTinopolitan shopping-Cum-business centre. Though the terrorist attacks did claim Illil Iy lives, it was the psychological blow that proved the more shattering. It was in the heart of the nation's capital. Besides, the enemy remain cd unidentified.. There are 5 o many se plratist insurgent groups operating in India today, and so many extremist bands that have taken the path of violence. A faceless enemy was roaming freely in Delhi, the powerhouse of the world's largest democracy.
And the future of that parliaIn entary system itself had been made dang crously uncertain when India's third government in a Illere 18 months resigned in the first week of the month. The Ides of March, muttercd the Wise Incin in op-ed pages of Delhi's da ilics. Under seige, noted other analysts, less picturesquely but underlining the sa me point of un paralleled criSI
Yes, the main pillars of the modern 1 India that Nehru conceived Were all collapsing - national unity, secular democracy, a quasi-federalism, a State-supervised "Illixed' eco northy, Gandhian non-violence, an independ cnt "non-aligned' foreign policy, the Congress, a movement and a political party, a s the centre-piece of the political syste. Suddenly, the crisis in India seemed as wideTa Tiging and deep as the systemic collapse of the Soviet Union,
India's stead fa near-neighbour.
BŪTI i 1 , b pendent India 5 Ties of partitio front the chall a la chro This II . Pakistan compo ritorial “wings' E thı o Lısı ildli : Tı: territory. Whe malism proved : gil Ince than Isl : Tiny interweiled Bangladesh. TI nationalism anc til Ty might toge boundaries to political Inap sub-continent, of nationalism nalism have pe ci Collis threäts to
Y India collap: democ
Supery
O-W foreigi and a of the
and its
If histor. will the India fø|13. W the T modern Europe'
Tider grity.
Ald now it of conflict and Si Il his bee ||

Peris of
Stment
St fried a Ind
lodbath, indeuffered the agon, Only to conlenging, absurd if an Islaminic SCd of two terSeparated by iles of Indian n Bengal natioi Stringer alleIm, the Indian to help create hough Bengali Indian millither created new El lter the geoof the (Indian) the twin forces and sub-natiorisisted as tena1 India's internal
issue of caste.
Whether Prille Minister W. P. Singh's motives
were purely egalitarian cor entirely electoral does not matter any more, The 45 percent job reservation plan to “uplift' the downtrodden "Scheduled castles' has had the immediate objective result of exacerbating social tensions. To religion, race and ideology, another mode of group identity and mobilisation has been added. The prospect of polls Inade such mobilisation instant, while simultaneously agitating the higher castes, the Hindu upper class and the business clite. The immediate Lutic 011 e has been t h c d Tal III aic rise of rightwing Hindu extremism and the emergence of the B. J. P., under the charismatic L. K. Advani, as a significant, electorally incalcula blc
es, the main pillars of the modern that Nehru concieved were a II
sing . . . . national unity, secular racy a quasi federalism, state rised mixed e Conomy, Gandhian
iolence, an independent non aligned policy, the Congress a movement
Political party as the centre piece
political system.
territorial inte- factor that could decide thic fate y repeats itself of Mr. Gandhi's Congress at 1 sub-continent the mid-May polls. Even if the ute taken by Hindu middle and upper-middle Strata remain loyal to Nehru's Tod in dira Gandhi's Congress Big Busines has already bankrolled Mr. Adyani's anti-Mandal, and anti-Muslim campaign.
the cauldron divisiwe dissenthrown the new

Page 6
India has had extremist" I
'' fundamentalist' Hindu Ճrց::- Inisations before. The R. S. S. is still active. But Mr. AlwäIli
has not only given this Hindu (BJP) response to Islamic fundamentalism in the West Asian neighbourhood and to Mr. W. P.
Singh's Nandalis in at home a respectable face but it has disturbed a traditional electoral equation. The support-base of the Congress may have been chi Pop cd a way, Cor scriously erded.
Whichever the final answer the uncertainty adds to the confusion, and the evident disorder which Ole Hga in reinforces the impression of the NehruWill Ell Wisin il tattcs.
DISINTEGRATION PROCESS
P. C. Alexander calls it disintegration'. A former principal secretary to the Indian Prime Minister, who ended his career as High Commissioner in London and th Cn Governor of Timlji
nadlu, Mr. Alexander wrotic last Π14ο Int|1
"The most disturbing development has been the erosion of the People's considence in the ability of their rulers to hold the nation together in against fi55ірагошs forces ... there have been challenges from Secessionists in Jammu-Kashmir, terrorists in Pսոjab, and A55 am and Naxalities in Andhra Pradesh, but none of these could shake the peoples faith in the nation until certain developments of the last couple of years, started gran wing At the rots of that faith". He coclliides:
"With people losing confidence
in the government's ability to protect the nation's unity and With the devaluation of the institutions of democracy and the ne" found respectability for comnunalism and casteism in poliis the qui estion whether India will disintegrate may not sound per verse any longer".
ECONOMIC PRESSURE
The choronic parliamentary imbalance, largely caused by the
4
decision of th; the Congress, to po5i tion, and
Pri line: Mimister c al tTth of Ille || may hawe givicn time he lecded his own party
maximum prepa ther, Inı Corc dec strength at the his strategy of
Childra Sekhar
that ideal II m. mot articipatic Sekhar's politic
apprecia te fully of political inte sonal pride wh earned the Indial the respect of m including know I
With P:1r 11:11 and a da te f fixed, Mr. Chan been busy tryin alliances and II electoral deals. phrase for this
adjus ment”. TI waiting in an Block || 5 t Wei
scheduled appoi Childra Sekhil ciall 0. In thile PM calle rushing i Lihat Mr CET not, alas, Ste n hild til rush Hut Consultation'. 'seat adjustmen El pology to my
Of course, it's adjustinent' an important seat la Tgest democra because the Te ll; Ճccupant in t| that II di has come other, eq gers, to its ställ! fibre to i L5 fu tu
litic-static. T
is in the fjell
policy.
India i 5 bT01
than a mont
essential import World Balık ail Was ome Of t of India's nea Worldism, and

2 largest party. | remain in opcontrol a wick ոmmanding only House (54 seats), Mr. (Gal Idhi LH : to re-organise tri chiew : Hı: Ted [ness foTi :D ) - :isive trial of hustings. But Sustaining thc regime until It arrived, did Mr. Chill 1dra all culning nor those qualities grity and per1 içlı halwe T1 w 1 Prię Milister any ill Indian, 1 adversaries,
T1 cnt dissolved, mlI1áiti011sרr Il. dra Sekhar has g to forge new lake all sorts of In Delhi, the cxercise i5 *Selt is writer was 3 ffice in Sr") I t E1 ek to keep a ticit Wit Mr. When an Offi's personal staff Il t I lltll Il ML1 Il Cie Sek. Ella T could 1 e Since h e ha 5 I for än 'urgent I CLI ll le:T t"' offered its in Indian escort
:ll :ib olIt 'S:ät yWay - the most
in the world's cy. It is chiefly is beel in siccure he recent past
failed to owctLally grawc da Dbility and thereit as a post-War he crucial test d of comic
Ke. It has less h's Iloney for S. Resistance to di IMF pressure ne to te in polcs T-unique Third no Ina lig in T1 eint, a
Nchi ruwian ideal ewen more pugnaciously served by his proud daughter, Indira Gandi. Rajiv, the third generation, did try to adjust to an increasingly USdominated World, in which the IMF-IBRD increased their combined influence over a debtbure med Third World. (Givci its enormous natural resources, including oil, its size and potc in Lial as a market, and its status asa regional power courted by both supcrpowers, India did have considerable room for
But economic incfficiency and Inis milia II. El gen11 tent, political violence and instability, and a structural change in the international system, bi-polar to Tnull tip olar (som c would say uni-polar). India's leverage has declined appreciably. Neither the Indian leadership nor the Indian clitic however hawe mobilised the necessary will, even when the chall cnging nced was recognised, for that "structural adjustinent', which is wider in scope than thic IMF defined "adjustinct process",
The Iloillent of truth has arrived. With foreign reserves dropping below the Rs. 3,000 crore line, at the end of March, the Indian Finance Ministar, Mr. Yas Want Sinha addressed an urgent letter to the US, JAPAN, and GERMANY for li [igeo In L " al c(t) im moda tion'" LI I ti 1 it negotiates an upper tranche With the IMF for 2 bi|lion dollars. Interestingly, Mr. Gandh i's Congress stalwarts reacted as angrily to this S.O.S., as it did to Mr. Chandra Sekhar coincession to the US for re-fuelling rights in Bombay for military aircraft bound for the Gulf. Both, the Congress said, was a humiliation that Indianced not bear. But behind the protest over re-fuelling rights was a poorly disguised attempt by the
Congress to court the Muslin vote. Thus, domestic consideTIL 15 determined foreign
policy. Old thinking and 'Cold reflexes dominate Congress SII || ||

Page 7
RAJW GANDH
“We never wanted to government down'
Sitting in his plan -ST relin, plish hook-lirea 57 Lady", Raji" (Faradhi i s the very picture of confidence, As e spoke to PRA E TU CHA VILA he displayed his lege idar' chari carré Frid The F71c77|Fier of orie H*io klos he is ori fie road back
o pro II'er. Excerpts : On the Congress (I)'s role in the collapse of the Government:
We never Walted 1 pull this govern II ent do Wil, II, fact, We haven't Withdraw It Our Support to it even now. It was the prime Illinister who took a
lilill Lell decisio Il. We Were Icy eT LII) TeI4 s 3:1 bole, Whilt we askccl für was political Fiction
in Haryana. But ultimately We accepted even What their emissia Ty Subra | In a nia III] SWEL my hild draftci. A i nd filially it wil s he who suggested that the Governshould take some punitive action in Haryana and institute a full-fledged inquiry. Swamy till us that this Wils in C. Eicceptable to the prime minister. On the motion of thanks to the presidential address:
If the opposition had voted against the Illotion of thanks, the Government would Illy h:L"We beeT : T1 bHrr:15 sed a I1 «i I1 (3t voted olut. And is We Were to take il my HC Lion, W: W O Luld halwe gone to the President and withdrawn support. From the deba te on the day when the pTime minister resigned, it was clear they were all making farewell speeches. The ruling party and the Opposition had obviously come to a In agTecTell On this is 5 Lic. On whether the Congress(I) behaved childishly:
I don't a grce, We Were concc|- Il cd With a II i551 e indi nide il clear to the prime minister that
the party's feelings had been hurt and he should take coTectiWe Tıe:15 urtc5 for Test bTiI1g
the confidence of the Congress (T) MPs. On the surveillance issue: It is not just a question of two policemen. We understand now
that tillic Tc is Ni bhF: HY 11 se 1 plc. It is a se supporting part chel. On the CBI's report:
I told the pi We felt the been leaked C. Tliet T t to the li to e II barrass 1: ment had full child law ask is; si Lille should b) On the hidget
At To stage Gover 11c it to only wanted th L1 en 51 re that e ciclic polic lated: The pri: Ile that he h:1 1l Do Will was actively : fi Tull tim if cies during 19. Swarlly s1յբբest get be postpon (On the fill Te the Govern Ilent We did try 1yחשין רTrרן rkר) w impression that did 11't Willt Ll wed in any In December, attempt to s Col problem. The sent thic gow & Kashmir and
E "Htio Till sorting out the and other issu prime minister in Wolvc {111 | agreed. But t Sid he W45
e f the d implemented. keep away aft Oil Child T. S. performance:
T1 for Es is II s. Punjab. We st of actico II, INCJI plans for Ass: The citið Ti

NEWS BACKGROUND
pull this
a full unit in with over 40 pe) - Titus II lätter if a y is being wat
hone tapping
'imc Illi lister that CBI report had it by the Gover InOpposition only 5. If Hic Genye III
faith in us, it el llig Eli Way the e tackle.
:Iוtill:I שדנו נןnSLח
: il we force the
postpone it. We 1 e pri IT : IIiiI mister
the Congress(I)'s ies were Ilot Wio11: Ilinister told is cl: ; this noha n Singh Who 5.5cciated with the
-1iר) ig pוון טוויurט 80-88. But then cai that the blu ded,
tt courtliriate with
ԷյլIT Iլ է11:11" t We got the the ruling party 5 to be invilmajor decisions. w e Illa de fill ve the Kash Ilir - prime minister "èTI"T ("f li Tr1TmlLI
ħiter" MP fi Crference for employees' strike e 5 1 35 kecil thic whether I could AS officer. He AS Official disgusted because cisions wat 5 being We decided to ter that, elkhar's
improvement in ill hawe no plan - dr), we have any im or Kashmir. til ke II i A5 sa Til
failid bccuse Tang YW:35, lc: ked to the ULFA. Foreign policy, of couTse, is tot: lly missing. As for econ CDIlly, inflation is going up rapidy. The Government has so fit F been successfull only in coclig dC) W In the catste and col1Til till l tensions,
On the Illoves to keep the Janata Dal(S) Govern III ent in power:
In our party there are people
Operation Baj
who were against fresh ele ctil S. BLI LI W e Te fi Trill il couT Wie W. We will Inc we for the
gowler Il riment within li t a Iinlanda te. If We had wanted to adopt that C111 so, We Collid Hilve do Ile ses in November 1989 and then El gain last year and we could have bruken both the Janat Dills. On the Congress(I)'s readiness to face the electo Tite:
We He ready Li face the elections. The BJP is Iw Ilving to wards its (IW point fron its high one last November, Only W. P. Singh's party is picking lup, And if we delay the elections, both may gain some ground. The ruling party is hardly a threat anywhere.
LOCAL POLLS
EMERGENCY RELAXED
everal Emergency regulations have been revoked as a prelude to the local polls on May 11. Si The 13.O)O)O) candidites halwe entered the fray for 3,500 seats 236 local bodies. This includes 10 Millitlicipal coill I'll cilis, including the capital Colombo. The UNP h345 fielded 23 4 cilindi - dale 5 fT 236 col tests: LW c) Incils have been conceded to the UNP's majoT partner, Mr. Thoma" s C. W. C. The SLFP has fieldcal 145 ca. Il didates, C0[]- ceding the rest to its allies. The SLMP ha 5 119 candidates, with thic SLMC 55.
With its opponents disqualified on a legal point, the UNP won the Kadugan nawa Council.
5

Page 8
Ranjan's assassin know
Dc fence Secretary General Cyril Rana tunge claimed at the weekly media briefing that those reponsible for the assassination of Mr. Ramjan Wijeratne hawe bce identified as LTTE cades bclonging to the group referred to as “Kantharupan Group'.
They hawe targetted several more WWIPs and a LTTE assassin identified as Eliyata 11 by Kirupalan of Kays had travelled through India from Europe about 10 days earlier. He had been transporting electric equipilent and accessories required for explo5iwe de wices. Po T t s Hawe boce. Il alerted and the assistance of the Indian authorities is being sought to intercept him.
General Ramaturga Said.
The CID is investigating into a conspiracy by the LTTE to launch a massive Offensive agai
Ilst the Sri Lal Forces. Wital pl: hawe been divul exposed the mc LTTE in calling Ceia.5efi Te''' at the Thc LTTE hic
CC01 sig till ents of ment consisting
che T5, nti-:1iTCI al II Illu Titi in I arranged for the to be transporte
MW. Gille B LTTE had purch: Unfortunately fi (155 cere ment. Frustrated
to get this wea yet anothic r ship the M W S B registered under “Point Pedro Sl tion', to transp mcոt Of cquip guerrilla forces,
Role awaiting
T. New ille Kanakarıltne Sri Lankan High Commissioner designate to II) dia, secs a role for India in resolvi Ing the conflict between the minority Tamils and the majority Sinhalc5e now threatening to tear the island apart.
Spca king to Incws men at Madras airport en route to New Delhi, Mr. KELTak: Tat Inc sai id: "India can help to bring about an end to the ethnic crisis, but without directly participating in possible talks between the Sri Lanka gover III ent and the LTTE."
He mai Itäined that the Tai Ilmill
Sinha ese conflict Wils al “iI te Tilial ::Affair" of Siri lirikalı and no neighbour had the right to
interwene directly.
But le said II dia CCLI lid 1C) t be ignored. 'It has had a direct role to play in Sri Lanka since the early eighties. Therc a Te the refugees on its soil, the Indian Peace-Keeping Furce was sent to the island in accor
India a
dance with the Accord of 1987.
their lives in in acco Td.
The Sinh:llese
village level, Te has Hati histo Ti. Linka, it gavē
gion - Buddhism
He describct arried conflict i est of the is la ning Sore” ani would help to Solution fikir LC)
The High Col isked if the L ment Would re.
of talks with th basis of three C the LTTE led karan, should p talk5; that arm5 EL D d all Tamm il party to the tal had rejected s and said there

W
klIl Gover IlIIlent 3 of the LTTE ged, which have tivitill if the for a Uli liter;
ell of Deç 90, purchased large military equipOf Tocket launaft weapons and Europe and had se consignments 'd on the ship iTlʼ" Which1 the lsed on 2010/90. }I the In the Gulf with this shipin their attempt om Ty they used which they won, HiTdlʼ" WE1ich1 ig thic la Illic of ipping CorporaI Crt : consiglIllet foT thei T from Singapore,
NEVMVS BACKGROU MI D
THARMALING AM SHANMUGAM KUMARAN, identified als the LTTE logistica officer, directed this purchase of speed boats, radio communication equipment, high-power out-board notors, walkie-talkies, under - Walter diwing kits, camouflage uniforms, binocula T"5.
"Their intentido I was to la Ildı LLLLLLLLSLS LLLLL aL S LLLLLLaLSLLLLLL S aaLLLL of Sri Lanka, but en Toute this consignment was detected by the Malaysian Authorities on 13 Dec 90. This detection completely upset the LTTE plans, and to buy time they immediately came
up with the propio 5 al for a
UTili: ter:a (CCasefirc.
From the equipment seized
there was no doubt that they
were planning attack on the Sri Lanka Navy and the Air Force in particula T
s peacemaker
Indo-Sri Lanka They sacrificed npleinenting that
down to the :ä|i5e th: t TEdi:1
liks with SST then their reli1.
| the cu TTellt the To Tt : d nd as : ''Tund hoped India end it with a
all parties.
Ti mission er Was 3. Tık34 l (GC) ve TI - view 1he Uffer le LTTE on the In ditions — Lihat er, W. Prabhiarticipal tè in the
be laid down
gTÜup: Il ilde ks. The LTTE Luch Conditions, could be only
"unconditional talks", he pointil hlut.
MT, KlIllklfilt Ihe wiewed thé acceptancc by Tival Tamil militid nt gr C: Llp 5 of the La Ilıkalı GHver nment's Offer (jf. talk F sig i hcilthy Sigm. They had seen the poin Llcssnc55 of Violence, he .tctiחm Eוחט ט
The Sri Lankan Government has made Inistakes, the Sinhale se have Ima de mistakes, the Tamils here made mistakes, the
LTTE and the other Tail Lilitants have made mistakes and India has made mistakes.
The time has now come to bury
the past and begin talking, avoiding past mistakes', he said.
Mr. Kana karatne refused to accept the LTTE as the sole representative of the people of the Tamil areas. "If they are sure of their representative status, Why cannot they put their guns down and participate i elections?” hic is ked.

Page 9
US POLICY
A New World
Henry Kissinger
Ille Tical has newct been comfortable with fighting wars for limited objectives.
World WEIT I was cast as the war to end all Wars, World War II was to Lisler in L ne W eral of perInanent peace to be monitored by the United Nations. Now, the Gulf wat is justified in similar terms deeply embeddied in the American tradition. In his speech of January 16, announcing hostilities with Iraq, President George Bush described the opportunity for building a Ilcw World order "Where the rLle of law. . . governs the conduct of nations', and "in which credible Lited Nations cal use its peace-keeping role to filulfil the probını ise 3lıd the wjsiu II of the UN’s fou I de T5. ""
Allerican idealism was lost eloquently formulated by Woodrow Wilson in his at tempt to replace the ever shifting alignments of the balance of power with an over riding common purpose. In Wilson's words, peace depends 'not on a balance of a power but on a community of power . . . Nations agree that there shall be but one coll bimation and that is thic coi Ibination of all against the-Wrongdocir.”*
That in the
hope was disappointed League of Nations and later by the United Nations, And not by accident. While every country has some interest i elaböratig Concept th:t it call invoke in its own defence, the willingness to run risks varies with history, geography, power; in other words, with Inational interest. Thus, during the Cold War, the so-called Non-Aligned Movement invoked a rhetoric of moral superiority to mask the calculation that barga ining position depended on finding a position between the two sides. The non-aligned s Lught to a void an tagonisi Ing cither side but especially the side of which they were most
Order
afraid, which a posed the great peace: the Sovi
Despite the
of UN diecisior in all likelihoi crisis as spiccia Fil S : Watershed, of circumstance foster consens Union, wracked ses and needin mic assistance,
for conflict wi this does not objcctives in til in the post wa Cessarily be i
compatible with
US, China, the per power milita to demonstrate
Cof pr:ıctical cibi Tial nan men Squ cal conflict. Fc ders Washingto pa Itner in Chi tion to resist Japanese hegem
France yw a 5 tr e motins: conco ti CI1 of the five resident in Frt prcferential sta World and, Inc. to keep Americ Icic should it German resurg Thus France F. its : In bivalence View; hi'n we wer LI Il Tea listic t ħ decision as a
Thitment. AITH O | Terin bers of the Great Brita i w try to hold , identical with
The Gulf st Arabia saw th { at stake it rid , concerned with iT w Coked to Saf tence, Syria's Assad has bee flict with Sad 10 years precedi

so paradoxically Sr threat to the t UniCT. illegar u Ilal millimity s, historians will di treat the Gulf case rather than A lui sul Sct 5 cc II billed to Ls. The Sowiet by domestic crig Foreign eco nohad Illo storial, chill bl the S. Bill t lea I thit Sovyiet le Middle East r period will nele Titic: 1 0I eve Il lo se of the ugh wa Ty Of Sury action, sought the advantages peration despite Ta e a Tid ideal logibr Beijing consiin a T important
Tha’s de Let Illinalit her Swiet or ony in Asia.
In by conflicting We [ c EE - III ilit II Muslims Ince; its quest for us in the Arab reover, the desire a linked to Fris nightmare of : In Co CDIT1 : TTLIC. ir olce resolved in favour of our it would be reat a practical philosophic ca IIIIng the permanent Security Council, as the only counfiews practically those if the U.S. iates and Saudi :ir very survival were lot Illuc 1 the principle eguard their exisPside It Hafez Il in II lortal CCIill Hussail for ng the Gulf crisis
and Will likely Continuc t Li strugglt if Saddam remainig in office after the war. As fot Egypt, the rulers of thic Nic competed with the ruler5 of Mesopotamia for 4,000 years before the doctTine of collectivic 5 ccurity was iDwell, tcd.
The Persian-Arab conflict is of more recent wintage als history is measured in the Middle East; it is only 2,000 years old. This is why Iran will support the UN resolution Only un til Iraq is sufficiently weakened. After that Iran will probably continue its historic quest for domina ince in the Gulf by pressurising America to leave.
Finally, two special non-recurring circumstances facilitated the creation of the global al liance. The first was the noxious character of Saddal Tı Huss: itn. It had been preceded by the use of gas warfare against Saddam's domestic opponents like Ira I.
ost poignantly, American pre-eminence cannot last. Had Kuwait been invaded two years later, the American defence budget would have declined so as to preclude a massive overseas deployment. Nor can the American ciconomy indefinitic ly sustain al policy of essen tially u ni la teral global interventionism - indeed, We had to seek a foreign subsidy of at least S50 billion to sustain this crisis, Henceforth the US will not be in a position to supply the vast preponderance of II ilitary force for security Inissions far from its shores. Therefore, neither the US nor foreign nations should treat the concept of the new world order is an institutionalisation of recent practices,
The world into which We are moving will be infinitely more
complex. Ideological cha llenges will be fewer; thic danger of nuclear war with the Soviet
Union will be sharply reduced, On the other hand, Ino one can know how well Soviet command and control a Trange I11 ents for nuclear weapons will withstand domestic upheaval. Elsewhere local conflicts will be both more likely and, given Inodern techInology, more lcthal, The col

Page 10
lapse of the Soviet e Impire in eastern Europe and the locos e Iling bonds of the Western alliance have unleashed nationalist rivalries not secn since World War I. The post-colonial period has spawned fanatical fundamentalist forces very hard for the comfortable, if not smug industrial democracies to corn, prehend, Inuch less to master. Economic rivalry among Japan, which is growing into superpower status, the European Conunity, which is becoming increasingly assertive, and the US will no longer be restrained by overriding security concerns. The confluence of these ele 11 ents will characterise the new era as one of turmoil and I equire major adjustments in how We think about international relations.
US policy makers must recogInise that the new world ord cr cannot be built to American specifications. America cannot force-feed a global sense of con munity where no The exis L5. But it has an opportunity for creating more limited communities based on a genuine sense of shared purpose.
History so fa only two roads stability: doll in brun. We llave ources for dor sill chi , c) L1 rise 4 our values. So back to a conic much of Ameri history - the b:
There is no that our trium War has proje world Where w, by maxims that made American To many A most objection: the balance of I rent in oral neu balance of pow abowe Lill with power or group al chiewing hege Churchill descrit of England tak of which natio the ower lido Td shı is concerned sc ever is the 5t. potentially do II It is a law of which we are fill
VASA, O |
2O7, 2nd
וחס|טC
Telephone

r hlas show I Lis ti) iltei Ilä Liolla 1 a Liit) in Cor equili. : Ili Lihle T Lle Te5mination nor is Compil tible with We are brought Cpt in aligned i II a's intellectual Llance of power. scalping the irony h in the Cold Ctect us into a e 11st operat: historically hawe s lil Inc) Imfort ble. ml:riçal ing th: 1 blic feature of 10wer is its appatrality. For the yer is concerned preventing one I of powers from mily. Winston ned: The policy .3 I ) A CC CD lil It is it that seeks ip of Europe. It licly with whoTongest or the in a ting tyrant. public policy llowing, and not
PTICANS
ross Street, O - 11.
: 421 631
a Illerc expedient dictated by acciden tal circunstanccs or likes or dis liks..."
A policy based on such con-t cntח טs few per man'וֹיוcepts knt Ilies and fewer permanent friends. In the current Gulf crisis it would avoid branding Iraq as for ever beyond the pale. Rather, it would seck to bılınce rivalries as old as history by striving for an equilibriuin betWeen Iraq, Iran, Syria, and other
egional powers.
It is a paradox that no nation is in a better position to contribute to al Ille w world order tha in the US: it is do mestically Cohesive, its economy is less Vulnerable to outside forces, its milita Ty capacity for the foreseeable futu Te is still the world’s largest and most effective. Our challenge is the price of success: triumph in the Cold War hålls produced a world requiring adjustment of traditional concepts. But the price of success is 0Ile To T Which II10St Other I1ati0115 would envy us.
(Courtesy, India Today)

Page 11
Hunan Rights
The Limits of the Eurt
Laksiri Jayasuriya
leading Japanese newspa
perman speaking in Perth observed that the freedom of speech was one of three (the others being land reforni and role of Women) Outstanding changes introduced by MacArthur and the Allies that has continued to the present day. This is an observation which is in it Self of considerable significance; but my plırp C) Sic in Teferring to it is to draw attention to its Televance to the theme of this morning's Panel – Freedom of speech in a cultural context. The Japanesc newspaper man's remark appears to assume that the very concept of, and the value we attach to, free do I un of speech is a distinctly Western notion, one which in particular is associa Led with Western liberal thought as it has
emerged in the evolution of the
Wes Le TIl intellectual tradition. This assumption is partly true because it can be shown that the tradition of free and critical inquiry is also characteristic of other intellectual traditions such as Buddhism in India (see Jayatil leke).
But, als Thomas Merton (1964) has rightly observed, a distinctive feature of Gandhi's life and vocation, was Gandhi's discovery of the East through the West. For this reason a lo me, as I shall argue, it is instructive and illuminating to see how principles and ideals such as freedom are eill bedded in different cultural systeins and may lead to varying interpretations ånd political experiences. Let's briefly consider freedom of speech as we know it in Western society and culture,
| Yukiyo Matsuyama, Chairman, EdiIorial Board drithi Shiri briri, in an address in Perth on March 1, Igg.
(AH ''apoforo reciclo" - Er... (7 reg'erif P. E. W. conference by Prof. Jayistria frt Perth, Urrfersity of Poesferi Aiar frafia)
A Central pric If IT (Jdem liber stad i Westcr. the belief that human natu Te is lies i I thic litt sovereignty. T fir Inly groundc $0phy of indiv regards individu judges of their Cordi i gly, they to act as frc por sible individ logy of freedom of thinking cill the Cricial idc: 1 WITH Cf | for IIs al skilt Judo Christial
FCI this Tefs 10 til of freed. es pou keci by inte is distinctly c that it is custon With] WW:5 te 1 li A Til built a Tot TIL 21 E3 1 : f in IIy and freed Ell lied They titin 5 ; philosophy of In If C Chu T5 : ccTträ of the West cri tion; ind fLTH t fill I el till in die ter ind Characterist ging new liberal in Europe in til Centuries: THır: Tı economy, the r science all the to knowledge a all key elements
Willa L TLITEured this II de af ideology of fre deepse: ted phi i vidualis II and is This in which yer tic and dominat intellec Lullträd
If Weste T | iba (пе АПСТiсin John Gardner (1.

pcentric
: Inise in the idea illis II, as I ndern thought, and the esse Illic of Il a III’s freedom, io 1 of i Individu: 1 his a pipi fra H ch is 1 in the philo'idual is 11 which 15 Ls the be 5t inte Test L Tid, acal Te en cruraged and morally Tes11:15, TE: ideoin this mode 3 die s E4. Han ve a 11 of the dignity : il dividui, l'Ild .iii. 1 part of the
traditi i II.
SI T1 il re, the 1 ITh of speech, as TTlational bodies, ill liture-build in arily associated beral democracy LITT li the fuq il
individual autoIII. This and 1 Tising frço Tull the lividualism, were l to the concerns intellectual radiif I Orc, were inmining the shape ics of the emer. de III) cratic state he 18th and 19th e W i II du stri lised ise of modern
Critical attitude ld inquiry were of this traditirin.
and sustained
thinki Ing — the 'edom - was the Cosophy of indiCientific Elu€ 5 ch: TacterisIt in the Western iron, particularly Allisil. Ald is social theorist, }ճ6) o nce put it,
View
orie ind To Selecir a single Concept for that is Central ro the ConserIsus in Ozir do society, ft world be the idea I of the digriffy" ar d' 14"Corff of the indivici. Il
W|11 concept
this exemplifies is the of a person in a free society; a concept of person, as El distinct being, with inherent rights, e qual in rights with all others and free to ch cose and develop one's capacities, pursue o ne's interests un trammelled by external constraits such as those represented by tradition and authority.
In short, freedom of speech is incx tricably bound With the values of iT dividualisil, such as ole. race and fair ricss, but most significan Lly, with the notion of
individual auto Trij', it is this sense of all tonomy of persons : Id : scise f l II encl'11b ered
Self which is prior to all else that creates the difficult paradox of fr cc dom. It is a paradox which lics in the un de Ilia blc fact that individual autonomy can exist only within a larger social enterprise. As the British philo. sopher Plant (1970) observes, qilla li ting A ristotle, “hi e t Hilt chi L 1d live apart from Society might be beast cor a God but mot a human being (p40). The comple:tcly un fet tercici in diwidual, the Il Cotion of un cucumbered sel f” i is suggested is an unreal mythical abstraction. The recognition of this fact hills forced us to revise and TC-examine the axioms of free speech buried in the orth. doxy of the Wester II intellectual tradition, especially of individualis II.
Through the work (of schola T 5 like il siah Berlin ( 1969), we now have a Tore comprehensive understa Ti ding of the concept of freedom and liberty in conte Illpo Tary Western social and politi
9

Page 12
cal theory; and anlong Other things, it is one which points to two important facets of freedom - negative and positive freedoin. It is the notion of negative frcc.doll which dominates the contemporary idelogy of freedom as in the doctrine of free speech. This interpretation owes its origin to Mill's classic essay on liberty and the writings of Rousseau on social contract. The notion of "negative freedo III" su Ins up thic dominant liberal view wherc freedom", as in freedom of specch, is conceived of in terms of absence of interference and restrictions. Liberty and freedom are seen primarily as the removal of arbitrary interfcrcnces.
As Berlin (1969) observes, we necd to contrast this with the more European conception which suggests the freedom had IIlore of a positive nature in that it was a question of the achievement through the exercise of reason of goals which lie beyond the Self. This difference is often expressed as the difference lies between "Freedor fra Fr" and "Freedan ta'. Communitarian Critics of Western liberal is II (see Sandel, 1984) have been to the fore in drawing attention to the limitations of Western in diwidualis III, in particular the concept of the abstracted "self" which lies inh crent in this domina Int tradition of Western thought. These theorists question the view that the Self; the un encumbered Sclf; is frce, independent and capable of exercising un restrained cho
ice. Thę Filterna Live View States that the Self is defined aid indeed, constituted by one's
place in one's society, the family, tribe or community, and especially by the Incinbership status conferred con persons.
The tension betwech thc negative and positive a spects of freedom is a pCTplexing dile Tıma which has baffled and intrigucd Illo d crn political and social theøTist5, A m{1ng the Sc, Paul Tillith (1963) stands out as one who has endeavoured to grapple with the see mingly contra dictory requirements of self-affirmation (typified in the philosophy of
| ()
individualism) a beyond the sclf ( tic Of Techt coi orists). Tillich se self is reflecii Inony, a cosmic individual Ower confines of the Others, see thi defined a ıd g| Са ппоп purpo: goals of one's co Hii TIl such :: the CT ole Would defe frce speech some fro Tm Gre based iTi diwidual right: of a common go. one's Tole as a the right to fre it cables the life of politic; τηH11 | 15 π1 απ . (XIII. LIII. L. ÖT CCITTIC affairs.
Interestig ly, : tators (sec Glyn have Iloted tha like Tillich's in espoluscs a poir similar to the Gandhi based ol and Satyagraha. Gandhi, the rel is essentially Ort ation but the GF of Self, like til goes beyond the Of the individu: Self ilı - Milli y Ole With the U TheTę i5 here On the Self whi variously in the tuja tradition ; difere Il T - Ill || scientific T4 tið n way of thinkin, of much Wes about Self. Thi Ig, as for Tillic in unity with TI cosmic scist.
Let me expre: in a 11 other Wily. Move II e It call the La Ille of hul respect for pe natively, in ter I to approve the status of all ci need to partici In Il life of the It

ud commitments il ore CharactérisI1пunitariап thees the i Ti diwidual ig a la Tiger har5:I18t tյf th : and beyond the iIdividual Self.
a self as being overned by the ies, ends, and
Ilmunity, Within etical viewpoint, ind the right to what differently
on a theory of i. The concept ld, arising from citizen, requires e speech in that pursuit of a rich al participation : Worthy than !d with public
sew eTall co mill time T1 - Richards, 1982) t an approach many respects It Of view very philosophy of 1 Truth, Ahimsa II brief, for isti (HD Of Truth of Self-ReillisLindhian concept hat of Tillich, EsוןfiוIםם "יום 1:1Trח al Self. It is a lich is to be at lltimate Reality, ai cosmic Sense ich is expressed Indian intellecind is Tilarkedly that of the Iriose list. El tČIlli5, tic g cha Tacticristic tern theorising ere fab Tc " fra For
is one of acting uth in the larger
35 thj5 diffcrcnc c The Civil Rights be justified in Iman dignity and "sons, or alterns of the necd full membership tizens and thcit lte in the cu mlation. Til tåke
à Llother example, we Célin See how the problem of self-alienation is conceptualised and understood in these different philosophical traditinos. In Gandhian thought, essentially it means alienation from Reality, an alienatio II from Truth or God because of ignorance of the true nature of the Sclf (Atman),
This Gandhian view may be seen Els being characeristic Of the Hindu intellectual tradition, which, the Indian philosopher Patilla Bowes (1978) says, presents an organic World wiew – that is one in which there is an idea of an eternal World view; it is, one in which thcrc is an idea of an eternal cosmic ord cr pervading all existence. This is a viewpoint which differs importantly from the indiwidualistic scientific rationalist World wiew of Weste Tin liberalism which regards all things as having a distinct nature of their own and existing on their own. Hence, the concept of alicinatic) T1, Els in Fromm and others, is from other Selves, their products and achiETT ELS
The main purpose of drawing attention to these different World wiews is to illustrate the fact that the ideology of freedom, root cd in different traditions and cultural systems, ta kes ) different for In5. The dominant mode of thinking in Western liberallsm, especially when grafted on alien cultures, leads to differ cni Inanifestations and expressions. Thus, in a culture gover ned by the Gandhian philosophy, freedom of speech, and other freedoms II ay well exhibit characteristics features different from that of Western liberalism dominated by the philosophy of individualis Iun. The Tc TT1 ay C f course be broad 5imilarities between different intcllectual traditions, Thus the Gandhian view, may perhaps come close to Tillich's viewpoiht of a communitarian view which regards the individual self as being firmly anchored to the community, be it the family, class or nation. And, clearly, the Self can not
(Corrif L'Erd (PFT Page T3)

Page 13
Gulf War Reveals Nat New U. S. Foreign Poli
James Petras
The Gulf war reveals new important sh
nature of international
politics.
With it
power declining but in the absence of a Soy
weight forces to expand its
US is relying more on military and
global
influence: His
tructive air wars are in store for those col.
ing to toe the line.
Jannes Petras
draws IOC
on the nature of US foreign policy.
hic LJS wat against Iraq re
quires us to re-think many of Our basic notions about War, peace and democracy, the positill of the US in the new world order and the nature of thic post-Cold War period.
Firstly, the peculiarities and per versities that define the specific character of late imperial politics are evidenced in the mechanis II of conquest and co rı Erol : "air-i Tıp eria |is In" from the top and death-squad de CCT a cies" fra II belo W.
The massive use of air power in the Gulf War is not simply technological warfare at the service of empire, but an ex
pression of a new style and perhaps, phase, of imperial politics,
The Telltive decline of US cc Illic: in West leit and trade has increased the weight of the "ideological and military' coponents of the US in shaping the priorities of policy and the instru I ments in pursli Ing the III, The goals becomes less concerned with seizing economic reSCl'ITCes th:1 m with military destruction of the enemy, even at the cist of the so-called strategic economic target.
Jarrie: Ferrar is Prey-star Ef Fariology at the State University of New York, Вїп8 frттѓал, L"S.4.
Moreo yet, th the milita Ty-i ponents of the agi is the e
cced i period: in cer G|Tenda t o Pani. the US de mos UT I ECIJI TELs T5t fll CL i
What emerge: eco II, o illies are co Intingents dray tra i Tied a T.III ei the political electoral calle: the US air wi. Will Illot produ mies and open Il cor is it like|| economic intere Carl Teäsi; Tt th
The secy Ild War reveals is Opinion in the the la 111 e 5 til: İmperial Wars, policy-makers ing emphasis wars by Ternott
Air Wars and fare tC, il te15i the shortest Washington's å ble majorita T cos Lily a verseas; a Inti — wat publ tolera nice for p1 Inte I151 we" wHT5 War is the "b" growing anti-w

ure of ісу
ists in the םiוחם חםםם 5 riet counterideological gh-tech desIntries refu5
CONCILI 5 i Olls
t: t15 cւ ուld I cy Lif de oltiքicill tւ III
Slle {1ver und OIL III C T cWie Pi, 34; L — ir vision y El SL: IN C e, from ! Fill: 1.3 INICI I gul:, Lfil. Les tille absence ni capacity to viä ble economıy.
; i T15 teil of Will ble "para-military' wn from the USFTC 5 to Illi Eptions in poststs. It clear that ir in the Gulf C: Wiable ecloliticall systells, that the US sts, by themselves, Ըir pre-e IlliIlt: rict:.
feature that the that as public US turns against hili IIl. Il costs {} f it spur's ill perial tio plu t increason destructive : CC Introl.
high-tech warfy ail estr luction in Lime span is Tesponse to durian opposition to interwentions. An ic IIleans less longed. labour; short high-tech yeT5 e sic of the var public,
Tle third significant featurę of the US-Iraq war was the degree of una nility at the top and disintegration of Congressional opposition. The total mobilisation of mass Tedia behind state policy was striking: the "Telative autonomy of the media cvident in the late stage of the Wietnam wir has been replaced by state propaբ:Indi1.
The fusion of the II edia and the state was evident throughout the invasion: the repetition of the lie that the massive bombing of civilians in Baghdad was merely directed at 'military La Tgets"; the count less co IIIIII entaries focusing on State strategy, objectives and support while denying or minimising large-scale public opposition in the streets of all mair cities,
The absence of any Congressional questining of a Il offensive attack and the Ill assive bombing of cities reveals the monolithic Illa Lliure of the politicall system: the total ita TiaTi principal of “unanimity" reigned נט וזו ט511pr
The War Crisis Teva led thc degree to which all the restrictive Illechallis Tills i heret il the political system operatie and converge to marginalise public
visibility of opposition and promote state policy. Onc is forced to ask why the over
Weening concern to manipulatie 'news and public opposition - Coll lid jt be. El L the Tullers Tar that any public debate would per the floodgate to a Imassive opposition?
The apparent Wär- 11 alkers il
power cf the totally controlling the media and dicta ting policy might be resting on fragile foundations. The absence of any of the accepted chanIn els of public debate illust

Page 14
rates the furthc diccay of democracy - and clearly suggests the incompatibility between democracy and late imperialism; military conquests with econdmuic and social costs 2:4 Tie incompatible with political hegemony of electoral militarists.
Fourthly, the larger Ileaning of the US war is found in the lesson' it is supposed to purvey to the rest of the Third World. Massive attacks and wholesale destruction are in store for whoever el croaches on US hegemonic positions,
The nature of the war itself, its total character, the offensive nature (absence of any cffort to fabricate a "defensive pretext) and the phoney built-up of Hussein's Illilitary capacity, serve as a backdrop to CXaggerating the nature of the US Imilita Ty Wictory , All th C5 : facts of the war hawe a grelt deal to do with amplifying the image of US global power to various potential and real Competitors and adversaries,
On the most immediate level, Bush hopes to use the military
success to overcome growing discontent with the deepening economic crisis: this is El tem
porary expedient that Will pass as the recession is prolonged.
Morc funda Tentally, Bush's terror bombing of Iraq plays
the same role as Truma I's nuclear bombing of Hiroshima: it is a method of sendi [1g 2:1
In essage to 'third parties that the US is prepared and Willing Lo massively inte Twene Whitel local surrogates of clients are threatened
Whether in fact Washington can effectively go the route of intervening in every regional conflict is another matter. But the use of air power as a principal weapon and the new Bush doctrine of threatening to destroy countries in order to save them has been transmitted throughout the Third World. Many Third World leaders are likely to take this into account in organisiug their strategies of political change.
Fifth, the 'militarisation of of North-South conflict" Wi
12
denced in the G one a spect of a t global developine : I Will W. re-colonisation of arels of the Wi Alongside of t. "total war', late characterised by pillage, military the promotion of gional blocs h! tյու (if the t Superpowers.
The relative : of the JS lias ingly a CCC) mpanii Te viwill and TeTit: perial claims, I by its willingne Lig till Wy: T - 1 W to local challen surreptiously di global allies-coil
The L17 til In
Imarkets grow o' bay of a B-52 adaptation of a pcrial strategy technological a depth and impa mic recession deteriline Wh. stT:Ltegy Will bT into ill perial re. it is the last fore the big fall
Sixth, the p work tat elab Crna lition" into specific Sct 0. West Asil a1 conjuncture in As such, it is that it call
the CC1 text 5.
In the futur : hawe les s polit its milit: Ty pC) the projection C to tega in globi be politically effective.
Briefly speak tots allowed t the coalition.
g The US porting Taiq Iran weakened the cninity und
.mt נII TTt טווח

ulf war, is only roader set of nt that suggest arci a kind of the peripheral prld economy. le 110tion Of
imperialism is large-scale debt
i Ilwal si Els al ind " fr cc tra de reage monised by hree cc Onomic
Onomic di cicline - 45: טTטון 1 ון ששb ed by a virulent Will of its illnow reilfforced ss to engage in altining 1 tot do Illy gers but more rected at its impetitors.
that imperial Lut of the bomb is mercly in traditional imto il different ge. The scope, .ct of th : econoWill certainly : ther the Iraq ca the Ille w life tiwal or Wheat Eller yrotechnics be
olitical groundled the Grand being reflects a conditions in |d 24 particular
world politics. highly unlikely be replicated in
the US will cal support for icies and, Hıence, f Illilitary power
ifluence will } )stlieT 1 r1 l less
ing several facLe LJS t0 form
policy of supits War with
the latter all
armined any com
O. In Turkey, support for the US from the Illinority, neoliberal Ozal regime, product of a US-supported military cup a decade earlier, reflects powerful traditional Kemalist military sentiments, com temporary social democratic pluralities or growing Isla inic currents.
O US collaboration Israel has weakcled elite Arab natio Tallis II and contribuited t} bringing Egypt and Syria in to the coalition. In mobilisation of the larger Arab public indefinitely is a highly unlikely C3 Lt CCTC.
O Soviet and Eastern colla - boration in the coaliti 011 has been extremely costly with few ImITledizite Gr future benefits in store: tradic declined, debts were unpaid, oil supplies were dis
With
ruptcd, oil prices soared, etc. As the first wave of bigpocketed 'new thinkers' are
replaced by policy realists, it is unlikely that national inte rests will be perpetually sacrificed to en large US hegemonic infille Dilçe.
e Germany and Japan, Who, even in the Gulf crisis, did not provide the US with either material cor financial support, are likely to further resist US military occupations of strategic areas in the future. The reason is obvious: German and Japanese global power is rooted in III arkets, Incot te Tritory, in competitive products and not political clients. To the extent that Washington's territorial military presence gives the US lewerage Cowcr Tmarkets and Tesources through clients, it gains advantage over its competitive adversarics.
Seventh, the Bush policy is a continulation #1 and extensi Cyn Cyf the Carter — Reagan "roII — back policy: a strat egy designed to "reverse' rather than merely "contain revolutionary regimes. The policy has evolved from support of surrogates during the 1980s (death squads in El Salvador Guatemala, UNITA in Angola, Contras in Nicaragua, Pol Pot in Cambodia, etc) to direct military interventions in Grenada, Panama and Iraq.

Page 15
Over time, the size and importance of the targeted country in the particular region in Crcases, as does the size and scope of thc US military forces and the level of destructiveness. While hospitals and schools were bombed in Grenada and Working class neighbourhoods in Panama, in Iraq major LI rban) centres and civilian installations throughout the country Were targeted,
In each ensuing invasion, the presence of US military forces is more pronounced : Tı d there: is an increasing tendency toward establishing a "permanent pTesence", a re-colonisation process ... Onic has tio ask if this responds to merely new geopolitical doctrines or whether there are deeper structural intersts in wolwell,
Is the long-term commitment a response to the declining competitive position of the US in the larketpart of a neo-illericantilist strategy to seize military initiatives over Oil in Ur der til have leverige against competitors I West Asia'
Eighth the un res. Lrained bomboing of Iraq, the notion of unleashing total wal T, is Washi Ington's response to the absence of liny So wiet retaliatory pote I1
military
till. Thic So wict clic Imise als al countervailing power has conribute 1 til waardi increasingז
Washington's Willingness to use force against recalcitrant for Illet Siwict ill lics and other Third World adversaries.
The Soviet foreign ministry's subsequent co-operation with Washington in the Gulf further reinforced the imperial triump
halist, since in the Bush Administ Talli) Til the T1, Otic in is that there is no stopping us ."יהול וח
The Titi on that East-West
co-operation would lead to peace and prospetity has been once again proven to be false. The East is in its worst eco Tollic crisis since the second world war and the US has Illilitarily in vided tvo count Tits sice new thinking became the Vogue ill the international peace Con
fTelce 5. Il te T1 a midi global alli: their pronollin Ce but failed to T policies where provided a "le for inter well tin, Ninth, the
dem Il štirilitions; against the US and the majorita against military that the glob mo Te an Hillia, 1 Tid leai ciers — : In Tha, Il y pH TL5 i public feel that ta Tgets - as c accomplices CI
hawe spont a nei
L 5 1 A IT K i ii
aries.
The polpo
Security Counc yea---Saying sup a 11մ Congrt:88 In assive public out Europe, th of the Third popular saying, of the worlds to the il circa 5i tween existing and the intere disen franchised With risiThg electoral poli attracts disco I E:1st CD West, Thirty-six per Tccc Ill US collet Carl II bil II (CET) vention; slight Paland; and t Western Europ i Til the sa The
Citize:S 1) captive3 of el controlled by powerful, spok cia. This who 'Hiddi
bänkers l d pulated by which speaks
apologises for And finally, position in th 1:tנIT טילים וון ווז רfrt a Tnd pop Lula T agendas will Congresses an We for Wer: backs lith 11, merhts areo pri

lational bodies -nces, whatever ments, hive all estrain imperial they have not gitima te cowcr"
Ill assive public World wide attack of Iraq rian public polls attack, suggest hal alia Tice is ice of Tegimes not of peoples. if the world, the they are the H T1 11 1711 Toddler, wictis —- a Tid usly acted in national bound
lis self-serving il resolutions and ime Parliaments did nit deter protests throughe US and parts World. The minst We Are Citize||15 peaks eloquently Ing divorce be
electoral politics sts of de facto
citizens.
of absten tion. lics no longer tented citizens -- Nirth or Slith. cent voted in the :tions: 25% in the nstitutional Cony over 50% in le te Tidencies in e are everywhere iTcc tibil, longer want to be ectoral processes the wealthy and eT for by politiess the needs of i Thwest Cors, manihe mass media for WaT a Tcl Tecessions. change and opeוןז יוט || 1 Wו א1990 * ts in the streets assemblies: new 1 tot Tc sullt from Parlil ments that as wars and cutThe new movemarily made up
of Working people and their children in secondary schools - not university studie Ints — as the 1 Inti - Gulf war dellon Strations 5ha). Wed
The anti-War IT ovement drew on thit ratic chur ower the swindles and scandals in the banks and savings and loans, the growing mass lay-offs and deteriorating
health and educational conditions. II) Comestic programmes and wage incomes today arc
draiLied eff L1 but LTess à de clining global ciconomic power.
Washington's triumphal celebrations over its military victories in the Gulf will be ephemeral as thic economic
crisis at home and the ali c nated and disench inted citizens against the war increasingly take centre stage.
This āffice is reproced ir perGGlLLL TCHLL LLL LGGLLLLLLL HLLGLLS LLLLLLS
ffral PAWeekly Irraedia, and coll arfer y 3rall J') IR LO IWP ITRF) FRAK,
The Limits. . .
Y ČITAJ FIr i real frarr; Page T(0) be u Inderst Cod except in te TT1s of these social attachments and obligations.
To conclude, the main purpose of this brief presentation is to make a plea on this occasion - an international gathering of writers and scholars - for adopting a less Eurocentric, and a more post-“Orienta listo (Said, 1985) approach to concepts and ideologics such as freedom and hur11an rights. By undet standing the roots froIII) which idea sy sterms are draw II, we Illy be able to un de Tistand them better, es - pecially when they are transplanted elsewhere as in my opening reference to the remarks of the Japanese newspaperman, Indeed, what was most revealing in these collients was his characterisation of the Japanesd culture and society, as one base: on consensus, conformity and a ha T mony, all immersed in filmilial w:Lilles, I El tillis i Stacc freedom of speech rooted in a different value system, has been planted on an alien soil, and is likely to manifest itself in its own characteristic ways, leading to different political experiencts and Ընt to Illes.
13

Page 16
U. S. Revises Weapons
Wars in Third
M eera Nanda
|- Hi Toshima and Nagasaki nearly half a century ago, Baghd:ld has been turned into a bloody laboratory. Once again, innocent lives are being lost to test 3 ile W geri eration of yeapons. And like their atomic predcccss cors that ushered in the Cld War, the start" bobs pounding Iraq theaten to, once again, radically alter the interTıalional bilince of power.
They are meant to inaugurate a new Pax AIThe Tica. Il a – an absolute and un chal, llenged military supremacy of the US all over the World, but especially over the politically Testive regions
In the Third World.
To match it weapons with its role as the World's policeman, the Bush administration is even redesigning the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) or the SLar Wars' programme to make it Il core suitable for "middle-i Titelsity Wars against dista nt Third World countries - a scenaric very similar to the Persian Gulf c) Tiflict.
III of his i S1:llä Ic of the Unio address o Il 29 January, President Bush promised to rejuvenate the SDI. In a passage welcomed by the hawks in the defcrice establishme III, MT Bush said that he his "di Tected that the SDI programic be refocused on providing protection from lirilited b.: ) listic missile Strikes - Whatever be their source, Let us pursu e : In SDI program Tine that can deal with a Dy future threat to the United States, to our forces overseas and to our friends and allies."
Dr. Meera Nitrida is a radar fairrasis FFF rialis frig for s čierre a F7 af fers. riJlygy' for Free F. Sie fra s gorff rei „reyrer 7 rieses for Wildfar frá L'5 FIE Hosplayer .5יagazirrtולי, ridד,
World
To of world KESE" War for 'midd tries, simi
Talb slow tilli t i Tess, his ad III ii el llis ille Loric budget on 4 F. for S 4, 5 billio the fiscal year S 17 bility П Пl billi in Hic C for SIDI for E year. Moreover of his address poration annou I success with ERIS, that ca heads in space,
The call WATS" i LH e WETI Lit+ 11:11 w Hr : Third WII c. little III is place explanation.
One interpre by the Nel Ya Inalyst Les lic hawks are sim cess of the gro' interceptor 5 in Scull Tilis, ki les
Il Sil Illii A Talbo and pump Inc. T. Regan's grand based missile i
The Patriot, was never ä p Gelb's words, of Of the S back its origi ad II i IdistratiCJI C: Titer adminis рогӀіпg it.
It was i milia da w Til aircraft la ter changed t

Systems for Future
atch its weapons systems with the role policeman, the US is redesigning its s' programme to make it more suitable e-intensity' wars in Third World counlar to the Persian Gulf conflict,
he let by 15list ratii follow
with El defence :bruary that iisks TOT SOI TT
1992. I slizeable ore Th1 FL1. Lle S 2.9 Ingress approved e curren L fiscal , Wii Hili Il a day Lockheed Cced 'unqualified a ne v Ilissile, n intercept war
reviving 'Star hiddle of a congainst a distant tilT5:1ן קtry aוurב
and reeds :
tation, espolised y"Rk TFr7Ié?,; kicfe? I 1 c:: Gelb, is thlt the jly 1I sing the SLICLind-based Pitrict dest TOyin g TT:4 q"5 aimed at Israel ial, ti will di Cl. tc. — E m o ) ay into - vision of 5 p:1 ceIntercept cors.
in his view, art of, and in -|ח1ת$ 1: חשwט ונוח" DI, Ggo | Eho di ates is to the Ford and credits the tration for slup
lly mea Tnt to shoot kind the Army hic softwal Te and
made a missile interceptor out of it. Ciclb charged that those who insist on linking the Patriot with the Star Wars were any trying to "keep the military spending it found $300 billion ifter the War ends".
But a close look at the kind of Illa dificati 15 in S) I the Bush administration has been proposing for the last two years helps explain why they arc so excited about thic idea just Iow. If Blsh's version of the SDL. . ced (APLS ir G Ptection Against Limited Missile Strikes - succeeds, the US will be in a position to deploy SDI-like anti-missile gear a Inywhere in Lhe World, On de Imad, in a short tin1c. Bush is proposing - nothing less than :L porLa ble Sir Wir 5 til the US will need for carrying out its new, self-assigned role as the world's policeman,
The key phrases in Mr Bush's
Speech alre "limited ballistic Ti55 ile strikc5" i d " White weT be their source'. Ronald Rical
gan's Star Wars w es meant to be an "impenetrable shield' capable of in tercepting wirtually unlimited II || Illbers of Warheids at få ny given ti Ine.
More over, Reagan never had any doubts about the source: they were all supposed to be Sowjet missiles Himcd Ht 1he US. Bush's GPALS has no pretensions (of impen citra bility. It is designed to intercept a limited number cof missi les — up to 100 år å tille, a s cc Ilä Tico m 3 Te

Page 17
likely if the adversary is less powerful than thc Soviets.
This brings us to ask who
the new adversary II light be. Ever since the Berlin Wall fell. the US defence establish ment has been frantically searching for a new Enemy against which the US can continue to "stand tall'. Theoretically, it can be any country or region, anywhere in the World, that dares to chall Cinge the interests of the US and its Wester allies.
But the consensus is that the Enery is more likely to be for the Third World. The forces of nationalism, militant religious ideologies and the sophisticated Weapons sole Thirl World Countries hawe obtained are presented as a "clear and present danger to Western countries' access to natural Tesources, trade Toutes and assets. With NATO a spent
force, the US Can Still Clai[T) ca" the industrialised countries if it promises the a new umbrella of security
against thc Third World threat,
To make the necd for protection appcar urgent, Third World dicta. Lors un friendly to the US - Quaddafi, Noriega and now Saddam Hussein - halwe been de Indonis cd beyond recognition. The spread of ballistic missiles and other sophisticated alls to Third World col ntries is no doubt un healthy and poses a threat to regional բéfice.
But in the past two y cars, the US defence establishment has made it the centre-piece of its planning. In the stateIllents inade by defence strategists one finds an obsession with mai Titaining access to Te80LLTCe 5 : Ind catncSt (115CL18510Ils about how to protect Europe, Israel and even mainland US from II is sics from "hostile Third World powers'.
GPALS is thus designed to protect the US in "Timiddle-intensity" Wars, possibly against Third World a tries. Technologically, GPALS is simply a scaled-down version of the SDI. It would use both ground- and
Space-based it liitter crisisti II 'brilliant pebt that ca. In holle
enemy warhead:
Blt GPALS , In c-fourth of pebbles and ab 2,000 ground-ba required for a The entire pack tcd to cost C about half the first phase of an insignifican for selli Ing the American publi
THC Lr Le Vål
however, lies do to cement call. The Pe
flict has shown of assembling
system in a di tון טווuL $ 1x Iנו רHi ready posses scs elements of C the technologic. loy it on forei
All it w Juli LI pgraded versio tC ScT we as gra and put a few ing satcllites techın Cology for lites over strate monplace, as e Spy satellite thi Over Iraq just lities began.
Once it is (GPALS FET US would be Ill Tis: thc i and destroy a might have. It
in Wade and , opponent with it has been i
GPALS can he Ilise the loss rial of its WTeaging havoc sil ries.
One sure Sluch :l s t. r a teg Wict Dam will the conscience Once they can theit Own Île Il

terceptors, the g of hordes of les” - Satellies
in and destroy s in ollter space.
would Iced about he 4,612 brilliant out half of the sed interceptors fu||-||W Il SDI. age is estimanly S30 billion, budget for the the SDI - Thot t consideration idea to a wary C.
e of the GPALS,
in what it can the Pax AlleriTsi: il Gulf colthe feasibility (GPA LS-1 iki: stant Tegio Il in h5. The US althe rudimentary PALS and has ill ability to depgn territory.
take is to fly Ils of the Patriot und interceptors missile-destroyin Orbit. T launch ing satelgic al reas is comidenced by the US Iced before tile hibs Li
able to deploy ly theatre, the In a position to Versity's missiles Elly de terrent it Call in PT Cicced to arpet-bomb the impunity - like ding in Iraq. Ip the US miniif life and matewn forces while In its Ellwer
: On Sequence of y Will be that CC3. Se tj) hallit of this country. promise to bring and W III en back
safelly, the future presidents will only become more trigger happy.
More over, as a 1 editorial in the Wall Street Journal pointed Out approvingly, such a system earlı "ser we US diplomatic goals”. If the new world order depends
on buildi Ing coalitions, the cditorial conti lues, "the US job will be easier if it can offer protection against enemy missiles." In other words, the lS can extort loyalties and
conccisions by offering protection, an age-old mafia tactic.
What Lakes the GPALS more w or Tiso II e Lha in thic SDJ is that the technology that gocs iu to it is alleady Fairly nature, 'Theatre defence, SDI Director Henry Cooper told thc Wall Street Journal, can be deployed within five years. Already
a number of candidates exist for ground interceptors; Erint El highly moible interceptor and Arrow, a joint US-Israeli mi55 ile.
Lockheed's recent announcement about the success of
ERIS adds a T1 (other very powerful interceptor capable of protecting an area of 100 square miles (as compared to about 2 miles for the Patriot) against missiles moving many times faster than Iraq's Scuds.
The space component - the 'brilliant pebbles' - has not been tested under combat. But as SDI director Henry Cooper told the AIllerican Association for Adwa, Ince Ille It of Science last December, "innovation is is now possible because of the maturing technologies that allow Smaller, lighter, chcaper, more powerful key technical elements." “Im ll il Lerwicc w with the Wall Street Journal. Mr. Cooper insi. st cd that if "adequately funded GPALS could be humming soon after the year 2000.
A carry-along Star Wars is only one element of the Annerican arsenal for waging "middle intensity' wars around the world. In a March 1990 report "Critical Technologies Plan", the Pen
Y ČTorfirlfred or rege 2:3)
15

Page 18
And commerce
Zuhail
frequent visitor to this COuntry, a In American, was Ellere a TCLI lid the tille when the media was full of praise for Chitra sema's da Ilıcc 4 chie Weinent stretching across half a century ԼիT I11 Լ. Tէ:
He happened to read some of the tributes being paid to this great dancer and discovered that his home which was a kind of Shanti niketan for Sri Lankan artist es was also the place Where the country's national anthell came to be writtch by Ananda Samarakoon.
"If it was my country," he told a Sri Lankan friend, this place would have been inade into a national shrine.'" He seemed to be surprised that the Niketan for the artistes itself had been demolished and the place left to look forlorn and desolate.553
It is true that the East places a different valle on the a and the artiste, but no where in its long history has it neglected its arts Cor its artistes.
Leave a lone the cultural inporta ince of this question, even from the utilitarian point of view the passer-by is bewildered at the neglect of a buildings site, lufter the tenant was cornpelled to leave, so that a business man could buy it.
Bureaucracy is of course notoriously in different to the arts and seems to endorse the view Lhält When II äitions grow old, the arts grow cold and commerce
stellil čs an te very tree. But for al most a dccade now even commerce has hardly condes
cended to settle on Chitrasena's former home for the artistes.
Which itself is a mystery to all except Bevilga muve Lapaya Gurunn anse, the 80 year-old Yakdessa (which may be loosely translated as devil dancer), one of Chitrasena's fabulous drummers. His explanation for the failure ol commerce to settle on this place, he has tild Chitra sena, is till that drumming and the consequent vibrations set up, eThough to Inake the
16
settles
place a hallowe and keep the feðrces Hway frc Progress ?
Measuring pri lopment seems Recently we wit ration of 125 ye gÖWern I 11 en t i n Civic Elmenities impTowed Cluite days. When will supplied by Carryi Ing water These illen h; but the Word the vocabulary to be used wici OCCASs ibri demm garrisoned Briti LC ha ve Ebencfi this ser wice the the III see 11 to in disrepute.
Latterly far, () ver taken pak or abuse, but pi Clwi II TC || 5 it
is more than be: Ter, lle is a Bt1 t I a) co Time:
11 E-1 i Lies, i hert Lhc witer CHTLs pality used to tC) keep it less d by, 2wen th1e bu ca. Tts which II: thic vel i: || || " time Could til Wåter frgril the scit up for the But to dily, far in the city bei e Wei Llı citizei out a ny publi the Municipali celebrating the and in witing dis Like Joe Siti ha ving fun, is has been wor T: one person.
This is lot this question I hawe read qui il the T1 tiñ 1:1 || ing about the a menity by til Ewen a popula: the Gille Flce

on every tree
i shrine by itself
dark and evil In it.
ogress and devea difficult thing. 1:55nd the celeb::a Ts C yf IIı urnicipal This country. 5, I II list say, a | Cot frd II1 tille Ler used Lu. Ele mשm ,צוץי{b{ikkeT{i in leather bags. ave disappeared, als got lodged in of local politics i Lusly vyhteil hic ared. As thic sh troops appear te di IL10 stly from men who served hi ve bee hic Id
"Il r7 ka ra'a has aliya, is a word akkaliya, as when T LInd his tonguic,
:1 Timeire : LITCH1 b) Ikatlicker.
back to civic
: W: 5 EL Li 11 e When If the MulliciWä IT the Tails li sly fk i T ma ssers - |s th:1t drew Ihle a de up most of traffic of that ke i drink of public troughs puтроче.
Trill the animals ng looked after, Its are left with. c urinals. How ly can think of :ir achieveilents tinguished people LO W:itch [it: III a tlı (3 Lught that ying more thin
the first is being Taised, i Le FL fic: w IIc ters press complain7 This sic II of Ellis he city fathers. r rende zwCL15 |jke
Green is with
ti III e
any kind to of toilet facility.
As a result of the permission
given by the authorities to demolish public lawatories citiZens Call be found relieving
them selves uninhibitedly in public,
Stilletic back a magistrate even fined si mc citizens for lising a public wall in the For as a public urinal. Had the Municipality, too, been filled for not setting up alternatives to the demolished lawatories, justice would not only hawe been done but also, more importa Int,
Seel L have been do Ile. War's casualty
What with truth being the first casualty, the recently concluded Gulf War has left 11o Winners. Even the more sober minded journals and news
Tillä gazines alba Indoned their pase of 'objectivity and calm appTaisal as one reader compaiI cd to the London Economist. He was a representative of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and he seemed quite piqued by the constant needling of the Economist about Japan "not spending pledged funds quickly and effectively enough." "Surely you could have distinguished,' the Ministry official pointed out, between the supposed desirability of a clear-cut, instanta ne Jus rcsponse from Japan , , , and the realities (if the difficulties facing Japan. These a TC C: Institutional, political (especially anti-war public opinin), fiscal (as elsewhere there is no public cornucopia) and administrative."
A European reader of the Economist was even IIlore bitter. Referring to a picture of Saddam on the Economists cover with the legend "Don't' Save This Face" he says: "You could equally well-and equally filish lly — plas Lier it across George Bush's. Either way it triviai lises. El conflict in which :4 diversity of legitima te state, continental and idelogical issues
Te confronted.
(Cor Tir read or page 2) |

Page 19
The Koggala EPZ: The
Ariya Abeysinghe
resident Ranasinghe Preilla
dasa's appointment of a high powered task force to plan, implement and monitor progress, to start work On the de wel opIme nt of the Koggala Exports - processing Zone, with in the fra Illework of the Master Plan for the South cril Province Accelerated Davelopment Prograll me, is timely and is in the right direc: tion. Amongst the plus factors the arcial is en do WIl cd with 220 acres of crown land, 30 legalwatc l electricity are available from the Pol wat te oya, ground water of 400,000 gallons per day is readilly available, no sewerage a Tid surface dra image problems, proximity to the Galle harbour which ca. El take 40 contai mers per day to serwice the Colomb port, road and Other infrastructure are available. The Te is al pool of floating population fro)Im Ruh 11Ta to C15 ribo al 1 til fra T1 thc: EPZ"5 in K IA and Biyal g : m:a , from the South wh) could fit iTı ilımı edili tely with the portı - posed Koggala EPZ (KEPZ) Excellency, The President has stressed that the KE PZ should concentrate on production for export and employment gencration with industrics that would link with the local economy and thereby contributic to the general economic growth in the region. The uniquenc55 in this regional approach as against the 'project' approach in that it will fit ill Well with the broader regional Illatrix.
The pTc|Tcquisite to al la Ing term KEPZ development arc the 'Ruhuna Expressway" the widening of the Galle road, the development of the Galle port, the organising of a package of investlets ice Itives to attract in West Ilents to KEPZ. Broadly, priority illustries identified have been light engincering, f00 d processing, gens and je wellery, wood work. It is bcliewed that these : Ça, Tried highlı potential for both II nale , and female employment, för skill
based illustri:
| 1d fear i Tiksi economy. These examined in the
2. THE PORT
Thic port is bu 2) ie li tics to bb cirth Strea IT als W-|| jetty, the port f calci betwee breakwai ter off and i 5 til Crefore port is sheltere, an by st Line m Watts all tilt peninsula. The bcd comprises, Filty sind. In th1: bay EL re boq Bgt Weel 1982 – nels outside a breakwater were depth of 9.6 in meters removing CLI 1. inclusive of rock dredgin
During the Si 8 UD I1, Il1t: Wi mi5 Cult to crı3; Lur: Conditions : 5 t| the Southwest. El y Ltch arbour a factory atc the bay.
Port facilitic limited to the
- facilities to
the LTIT jetty - El qually of al
ę Diables ilo I
W sil: depth being
- I WJ W: Teh (LI
des approx. SPEl CC for sti:
- transit cargo S. T. S. Tag .
- approx. 12,00 baggage Ըքl storicid
– Offices
— Cust0Ils acc,

Potential
il development
10 the dið mestic pTiCap C) Sals are
E: ETLic:.
(OF GALLE
a flatural larÇIFLITS WIL FC - W է: SSt:1 111 ԼՒ1: El alongside the Elcilities are lohic qui ay and the Gibbet Islands :, , 1 LITT W. Til : l From the OccFls LIlary break
BLI W3La so il of the geaSld 5 ilt T the seabed of Il der 5 lind rocks. — 884 the chal. Illd inside the I dredged to a t: li:Is it m:1 8.9 about 850,00) of 25,000 cu m,
용.
luth West monilal ke it iffi: call water
he bay opens to A fishery port a slip Way and located around
5 provided are
following: bertlı ve 55 cls il :li n d alını g the
2 prox. 425 lleters
ng berthing of Wessels -- Walter 8.8 meters
ses which provi5400 sq. m. floor }räge.
sheds of 800)
O II, tons of rgo could be
Dm710 dation
According ta a
by
Institute of Japan (JICA)
Ga
rest rooms, can teen, toilets
a rail link partly carried out rail (road encroachments needs to be cleared)
Colo IIb) - Hambian total trunk
road, A 2 runs besides the North-East perimeter of the
port.
500-ton 65 ton ship way (of Galle Shipway and Engincering (Pte) Ltd and a machine shop for repair work
a fishery port equipped with Todern refrigerators, warehouses, and an ice Inaking factory and a yii Ech Harbour (opened by late Hon. Phillip Guilha Warciene when hic was the Minister of Industries and Fisheries.)
tlth ric Artical the improve The Ills
Stilldy the Overseas coastal
lle harbour
Suggest ed a re: -
(a)
(b)
(c)
te TT1 inwest Timcilts 1Te
a breakwater and/or a new wharf system to minimise III, 1S C. I 1äl effect.
scabed rocks and builder clcarance in the operational
TIL dredging of channels in the Operational Lrea, The benefits from the long
likely to
bring the following:-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(Ꮞ)
(5)
the port of Colomb () is on the Werge o sa Luration.
a higli proportion of conIain CT transhipment is destitled from India.
Unlike Colombo, Galle is situated adjacent the shipping line, thus, reducing
the nautical miles.
Galle has potential for bunkering - leading to emplCoy ment, income generation, l(W investment activiles
facilities With the
Cargo handling can be shared Colombo part.
i了

Page 20
(6) easily dovetails with the Southe III Province accc1crated dewclopment programme.
JICA, conclude: 5 * "LB1 e lewelopment of the Port of Galle Illust take place in conjunction with the development of the Tegional economy. "Since, the government has taken El tillely decision, to devel p the Galle harbour, it can take a di wa mtages on grounds of costs in the short term whilst in the long term the port will not go into hibernation but would become a growth centre.
Fra 1950-1965 the total
tonnage handlicid annually wari
e di betweed 136, 000 and 106,000 tones ind from 1977 it rose to 1 (),000 tones. In 1985, it
handicci only 69554 tons (Source: Galle district situation report1987). Its potential is evident fram the cargo ha Indled il the pre-nationalized period. Before 1963, tea exports from the Galle port exceeded 40,000 tonnes annually but since 1971 it had not been an it let for even W country teas. The cargo dischlrged at Galle has declined very significantly, Galle handled only rice, flour, sugar, imports occasionally general cal Tg 5, ccTL1çent, fertilizers. SD Ileti Ines handled exports of sole rubber and
Imisct || 1: rius items. Y et since large vessel could not reach the jetty without releasing a
part of the load temporarily at the anchorages located outside the harbour, port development was undertaken to deepen the access passage and completed in 1984 Ft El cost of R5: || 00 million. However despite this and after port development work complicted during recent ycars as well as policics to stimulate trade such as liberalization and an open cc.nomy, the cargo handled by the port is considerably below the levels of the 1960's - 1965 period. Part of the problem is the failure to thic port of Galle to cater to new triends in international cargo handling-containerisation. Other is the lack of economic development in the South crn Prowice to feed the Galle HIIb Lu T.
S
There is much sent for multipl. rations of Car the South and the South. Ab Col. tonnes of rice i Länka could be ugh Gallic. Gall dile anotlıcr flül imported wheat er ni Province flo L. Sugar molasses ted in refined Ilolas Scs. A bollt general and it (50.000 tonns an (20,000 tons), c. (fibre, ropic, a ch mon, essentill oils, citr). Il ell:1 fish, Tulit; Ocic le KEE discha Tgi Ing z 11 d could be expec significa Titly. Ilir dewclopmeni ) tion through tr; hicle parks, C trailer prk5 office building
scntiall mcccessi
3. AIRPORT 1)
InteTIlal Elirtir telt 111 For de Wi Koggala 20 K. town and Wiri Hamba in tota , il becn identificid Since Koggih lH
oped as a EP ble willet licr it with a pa wedi וטW וון 45, אי M Thc developine Wila air Strip necds of Wisit 5erve, Kl:Tlg: domestic and nity (flying di will t.) KÜggi 100 Km). A air Servicc UT could be in Cl port could Ells dustry and be Katul na yake I port.
4. THE RAIL" EXTENSIO
The Galle - S CITISS ti IIle when

scope at preying port opego destined to irginating from it 90,000-100,000 imported to Sri handled thrle could hanIf Illill using to feed Sco 11thI lend. RW could be imporin to slugar al Indi II,000 tons of mid grown tea nually), rubber }conut products 1arcoal), cinnaoilis (cinna moil oil), salt, frozen and vegetables. PZ Starts, bilh | loading C:ll Tg) led to incretise the long run f contineris Elansit sheds, we:lt:Litcr stacks, workshops and bect) Illes in t5
ty.
EVELOPMENT
ips with high poclopment are the m grom Galle wila, 25 Km, from Era miniya ya has
for development.
is to be devicZ it is questions present status ruma way of | 030) ld be developed. It Of The Wiracould ser ve thic rs to Ylla RicIma pilgrimages, o ll Isiness c cm Tm Tmutance frd II Wirala aerodro me is domestic private helicopter service
raged. The airI feed tourist infeeder to the 1ternational Air
WAY N
Matara railway ned in 1985 at
he combined po
pulation of the Matara and Hamba into ta district was 125,000 spread over 3840 Sqr Kim at a den sity of 35. The present population is 1.2 million with a 11 average density of 312 per sq. Km. In the context of the population and economic growth in Mail tara and Ha Timbram total, particularly in the Uda Walawe and Lunugam Wehera areas and through traffic to and from Kataragama Yala, Wiraketiya, Wallas Illullal, Hakmamal, Dickwella, Kamburu pitiya, Tanga, lle, the extension of the rail would bring passenges and goods traffic. 5. THE RUHUNU HIGHWAY
A new highway linking Colombo - Galic, 5 Kills a way from the coastline is proposed. The highway will rum through Horana, Elpitiya, and Baddegama and proceed from Galle to the proproposed airport at Era miniyaya in Uda Walawc and continue up to Wella waya via Embili pitiya.
In the Southern Province nearly 90% of all passenger miles and 95% of all tonne miles are by road. The trunk and main roads (A -- B class) of the province comprise 44.7% of the nct work and they ca Try Timore than 60% of all traffic in terms of w clic le milles. The trou Ilk Toute improvement program ne should COWI.
— (Colomb C) - (Galle — Matar
— Ha Timba nto ta road ( A class ) Matara - Thiagoda - Kamburupitiya - Mawa nella - Kota pola (B class) 48 miles (77.2 Km) - Galle — Dcniyaya — Madampe (class A —91.70 milles of which 56.5 in the Southern Province).
- Pelnadulla - Nonagama - (Class A - miles 0.43 in 44 - 54, 5 in Southern). In order to improve and provide a better passenger transport service the roads mentioned bclow will need improvement,
(1) Galle — Udugama road (improments from Nakiyadeniya - Udugama)
(2) Akuressa to Udugama roid (3) Mulatiya na to Kotopola road

Page 21
(4) Makumbura - Ketan wila
- Aku Tessa road
(5) Baddegia ma- Nago da. Udugarina
road
(6) Suriyı Wewa — Mirijja Wila
(7) Tissa – Wira wila — Kirindioya
road
(8) Karapitiya - Dodella road.
Galle road
There is also a need to di cweop fisheries Toads. In a nutshell, the strategy for development of thc highway network for investments to follow roads should be:
A. Identify the sections of A - B class roads needing in mediate rehabi1 itali tion ) T: rect 0 15 trl I C
tion.
B. identify the links in the minor network requiring upgrading.
C. Construction of the Ruhuna
Expressway.
5. ENERGY SUPPLY
The demand for clectricity inccirca sed at the ratic of ower - 10% annually between 1980 - 87 and the consumption increased from lö68 GWh jn 1980 t 2707 GWh in 1987. The power generation in the country in circa sed from 421 MW (1980) to 1146 MW (1987) to meet the high cr level of delland, The commencing of Wictoria (2169 Gwh), Kotmale (482 Gwh) Randenigala (516 Gwh.) Ukuwela - Bowatc mina (280 GWh) Rata Timbe (253 Gwh) increased the capacity to 4217 Gwh and Maha weli added 60% supplies to the natiomal grid. The con Ilmissioning of the Saminala wewa Will produce 140 MGW of power increal sing thıc Tı altional installed Capalcity of 12%. The existing 30 MGW at Kogga la could, thill Is, be augmented, to meet any new need for industries.
7, URBANIA, ATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT
The Southern region comprises of a total population of 1.8 million persons. This is 12.7% of the total population of the country. The urban componcnt of the population in the Southern Province is 281,000 persons which amounts to 14.9% of the total population of the Provi
Ticc. This i5 çç when coil pared i weTlge of u. which is 21%.
Il te T5 f of Population With Ce h:15 time ra te of u ncm pli y mentט1 קlזו שu m CompElred to Gal (27%) and Hart which are high mal rate. The ll 11 et ra te is i bet Ween 20 - 24 comprises 36.8% the tot l urme I literacy rate in Militara district ban tota 73.6% national average has been a hig gration to other i and Matill di: gilal i Ticrease Hambantota es Ll] Illiga II w Cheral reflects the lic opportunities in
TE: || LI Tb3 Solutile:FIl PTC)"i mı11 la TC (2318 MC (77.183) per
3. IN WESTMET
AT KEPW,
The Preside til KEPE SE on production ment generatic) T that his linkag economic growt approved inves וזיירוPT וז ח1th Bן 50
li illi li for 2 the FIA, C. the : up to Jan 1988 w million. Under met of RS: 294 approved for 161 The Small and
(; 15 to the WA ld\2 - תר.T ון רוז ||ן והן tԷլէ: :i lլIt if F for 447 projects Blt its the Souther Il Pr the local regiT worth ex: Illi It
(A) MINERAL I INDUSTRIE
Coral mining ctly restricted t

om paratively 10 W to the national rban population
le 1981. Ce 15 L15 lle S3 Luther i Proof the highest by ment. National rate is 17.9% lle (26 %), Matal ra bantota (18.6%), er thiä Til the T1:iti = ighest unemploythe age group . This tige grքllք g, or over 1/3 f mployment. The Galle is 82.6%, 78.4% and H Imcompared L, the : of 78.5%. There h rate of litmireis, f’Tir Gille 3 tricts äld a milli r
was seen in ecially with the
project. This k of employment the region. There ce Intes in the lice with Willa 5persons) to Galle *Ꭶ t ] Ꭲ1Ꭶ .
NT POTENTIAL,
it has directed Iuld Concentra te and employ
with industrics tes with the local h. Alth tյլigh, the tic in thë cc is R5: 750.9 projects under ictul i Ilvestmcnt as only Rs. 456.4 the TFIIA, C, il y est56 Illili was industrial units. Mediu II industry lue of R.s. 23.7 - projects and to Iš: 1 ff.7 L1 i 1 lich
have been given. dispersed all ower will ce. However, 1:11 Tesources arc
i Tı.
BASE)
S
5 hould be 5 tT|-
inland coral
deposits fլ Lid the industry, should be organised in an Cardcr ly minner and Taised abovc the level of cottage industry, Kaolin and clay based industries be developed through manufacture of exportable pottery and ÇTI. Il ental eathelwal Te. The K4 olime refinery, li Ille plant and the pottery centres should be upgraded in the Province, through a scheme of contract |ilk il dustrie 5, With the KEPZ plant putting the finishing touches and packaging. Salt based chemical industries could be developed like in Paranthan in the Salt areas. Graphite occuring in the Southern Province could be al bil s c to Imanufacture crucibles for metal smelting,
Els clir bil bril 15 hes i electric Il tors, as a II de Taat CT in a to II lic Telco's. (Geln T
je wellery could also be en couraged.
(B) AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
A few li nits Li sing a tech - nology introduced recently to produce white coir fibre have
been established in the SouthcIn Province. There are nearly 25 white fibre producing units in thc Southern Priwice. These could be multiplied in sexual villages and an industrial unit be establish cd in the KEPZ to Il al Illu facture while fibrc based products like coir carpets, Tubberized coir carpets, rubberized auto car seats and other products. The village lewel Illine cha Inicial process luscs co-count husks in the green for Ill El Ind shortens the productil ti Ille 6-8 Inths to approximately 40 minutes. Direct employment in each unit would be 20 persons, but in direct employment per unit would be 250 persons per unit for the collection of husks, transport and spinning of the yarn. The Ill:4 chinery is local lly -- TalLLfactured and loan facilitics are Flva lible, If 5 Luch LL riit3 al Te encouraged in all coastal a reas in the South and linked to the KEPA factories thic backward and forward linkages expected would be met. There is also a neci to upgrade the coconut fibre handloom
19

Page 22
sector for the mai Illu facturc of export quality Inats and matting by the introduction of power lij IIT15.
There is also the håndicraft sect T. Han dicraft w Corking in gold, silwer, brilliss, lack making, Jewellery, gem polishing, embroidery, Wood carvings, coconut shell Ware, horn reed Ware rushware are al 1 h ELs cd billi local raw materials. All such ra W laterials could be developed a long rivers, s Wilmps. CJC) nu t shell powder, coccult shell chiarca 1, activate di carbon are other industries that could be brought in.
Rubber based i Ti di St. Ties h 345 many potential, Rubber wood based industrial products including fur Iliture, El centrifaged a Lex factory, ba Iibly mixer for making rubber compounds available to small industrig 5, A wide range of sports gods, Tubber based industries, rubber seed oil and resins, ire few of the vast polentialities.
Tea bulk packeting for exports through the Galle Ha 1bour, added vallic bagging of teh, manufacture of green tea
il Galle al Titi NM:LLERTEL T-3 T Pail, Cketting and exports, MH nulfacture of te a chests, battens,
tica Tachinery Tubber. I na chi Tery are other posibilitics. An ideal would be to have a large Oil mill and a manufacture of coconut oil based products like the soaps, detergents, toothpastes, glycerine. The shifting of the lilige state ow IIed Oil Illil and soap manufacture from the heart of Coibo to the KE PZ with joint Weinture priwa te sector T1 a Tage in eint could be scriously consider ed. A feed mill to provide proveInder te the livestock sector developIn en L in the South would als) be useful.
Essential oil distillation for export would be suitable for KEPZ. Cinnamo Il based essential oils, extraction of do WIlstream products like euges), use of bark oil in perfumery, pharmaceuticals, flavouring food industry for T ex p q o T t, distill: tio T of circTella oil, lemn gr: 55 oil, weiver root oil, clove oil,
2I)
cucalyptus til, Illar sal oil, Find ducti. Il a till the ja Slie, TšC,
no Ilic la Indis tio
of essell tial li be established bg: ideal, Machi lery could be cally. Technolo
Ill the CSIR
Other agriwitill litil his: t:gt;lb | W dollid be ble T: tries. Instead ess: Tcies of sy pri Inier carb En ducers be tic blish plants to Herb:ll teäs | Rinii wara, T: Necr: Imlill, Bt and expo T Li miri of balay: i m tli thiyal, Canning with sprats. (breadfruits), w; good possibilitic חייו וזהו סטון נן :w: 1 t:t could be cover jap: These egg ya Ilms for Can T Canning of fru ( frcy III11 Mb neTag HELT ball titt, (from Yalta path poh city), p: phy: lawa, productic from բiւրtiya, bna, Ina Lilli, mill m 1 I f 5t:1rch Fire : industrial poss
(C) MANUFAC
IN LIIDUSTRI
Mill fict LIT building 15 ser
c [ro") r"1i: i Hert1s Widens, telepho | Illicro chip b industry"), gaia Tim חוTרן 1ים 1: שון 1 h$ ily, motorc:.ir, wheel trict or ; industry, irc. ring possibiliti Iilan il få ct LITE possibility, (D) SERVICE
Offshore bal in for Illatic 1 if expo Tits, print publications

ginger oil, palpossibly in trodie w clopment of miր է 111 1111 Et: t)- supply the needs 1 disticits to KF P W Lild inery for distillfHricated (J- gy is available UNIDO. industries that | | | 3 | KE, PLW Lil based ifıdılışQf importing thetic flavors ated cola pro1uraged to estilbre W carbIl ted ro III Gotukola, Hills I, plpilla, li Tilla l for cyc-11 arkets. Cai Ti Ti Ing Le for TIl of a Tlbu|- of bilin Hedu na Cal T1 Tling of del 1rd kå 1 Glos fire : 5. Southern pronic paddy fields "ted to gry w okra, plant, zucchini, 1 ing for export. its like mingles alil, Middeniya, Walawe) passion and the periFTC. Il lJ(1:1 W:l- Il rf dried fruits |im1e: 1eII ) rn. טואות ו; וח fר, n FEןtישן; ther agro-h:45 ed illi li ties.
TLTRING
S
of Yatches, shipmbly of micro cliclike TWs, radios. les, computers (the ון רtiv 1:1חr חfו15Etl i I: 1 ents, textile filiting. Siço inter, cha
Irry, buses, two Lissembly, foundry ther mill lict llE.s. Pharmleutic:11
is yet another
INDUSTRIES
nking, ship service 1clu-ding software ing of books and for for exports are
scime of the many se vice industrial facilities that can be a LL racted. 9 CONCLUSION
The establish let of the KEP7. viti i Il a ti me fralle LIIll: I the (GCEC would be ti II ely. Before looking outwards to the West of Near East, KEPA all thorities Il 1st encourage the Small medium and large local entreprencurs with refri II the St. Lith to in West in the KEPZ. An ic cm Li Tication of invest. I 11 e n t Copport Limitics al II KE PZ and identification of T 5 LIIccessfull la call clut Top Tcl cliris and linking the In With joint venture partners abra di who has technology, markets and mana - gerial expertise through a TI I nv estors Forum as the UNIDO II did in Fiji in 1984 for South Pacific countries would be very success. ful first step. The writer participated in the Forum With few South Pacific country entrepreinclirs and the results were cricLIraging. Insteld of Sri Lanka spending funds and going abroad t) seekinvestors, it is bes 1 Lihat Wc prepare project profiles, tr:lin local entrepreneurs and bring foreign in Westors to ill Investors Forum after wide publicity throlugh on li r |missions abria di Find through the UNIDO. This would be a Tore pragmatic inve stor promotion Approach than Spending Thuch exchange to get smill results as was the case in the pit St.
And commerce . . .
sÖffsrIIE frorff Page 7f.) You well know that Iraq's evil latter dily Tamburlaine wields power largely thanks to American behaviour over many y cai T5. YO LI k na w LiCS that Il raq's attack on Kuwait was triggered by clandestin e economic aggression against Iraq in which American interests were deeply engliged.
*And in ;th w itון k
case you did not many Middle East analysts in Europe were pe. dicting pre-emptive military action against liraq to secure Israel before thic imwasion of Kuwait. Whatever other principles involved, let's have do ne with talk of morals and justice and with your usual fawning support of AIllerican powerplay."

Page 23
CORFESPOWOFMCE
Whither Sri Lankan Tamil Fir
is sad, bad and trille that thic Ta 11 il Cile III a Idl 15 try in Sri Lanka, which should have developed alongside the Si Tı halla cinc ma industry | has, after nearly four decades, register cd no progressat al.
In the past, there was string of mediocre productions which were mere carbon copies of LLLL SLLLLL S LLLYL S L0S LK0L S SLLLH across the Palk E Strait.
Today, Tamil film production in the country, has come to a Wirtual slands Lill. The receit ban on Indian fills - rightly or Wrongly - and presently lif. ted, I presume, Inade. In any a patronizer of Tamil films, to sit up and think,
Wasn't it a timely signal for those Who had the inter est Of local Tallil fills at heart, to stir into action
A Tamil film produced here, 50 minc y cars bäck, “ “ Ponm ani”, received rave notices and is talked of even today, in terms of the
highest eulogy, by discerning fil Il-goers.. Before the film could go the rounds, it was
withdrawn from exhibition, for
reasons known only to the people at the helm of film affairs, during that period. 'Ponma ni' mirrored everyday
life in Jaffna and left an e motional impact on you. The film, although not technically perfect, proved that there was ample latent his trionic talent, which required to be exploited further. While on the subject of acting, a word of caution to the local Tamil film stars, They should refrain from modelling themselves on the so called ** supcr stars" of Tal ini | Niidu li cor TV e Ill Tällt like spille of the hall acto Ts. It is ludicitous.
What about the joint Indo STi Lil Ilka fill I wentures? Il the SC III wies, Lihle audie Ilces yw CT e take Il QI a pilgrillage Lo places of Tcligus inter est in Sri Lanka, shown around the pal Il fring cd beaches - and the scenic
beauty of th Songs, dances, fine T – passi |ief — Wye Te thT plete the hoth
TE is is the T some of the from Sri Lank: terparts in neig Naldill, fritte Ted energy and mo cultural ties be countries
These were and a Tı il sult gence. Let the Im Te: Of these
trosities (JIl 18,
is enough
Yasa palitha l serves out than interest il li Tamil filis a plimented for raise their stal
Likewise, th "Sarungale' an wa" - were A Thi this tre 1 d. if le C backing of Our Corporation.
["նայլ" Tկցեմ:
Sri Lankan
The letter la thill whichill ** SLII"" of Jul prawking. It that he had ilt hi 115 elf, for hi: Ted informati FTC) Til the trill
There were li Ts i ii tle: | Kotah en: Con til showing the f IL YW LI lid be the thea Lire ow With the ext Il {}Ils CT1Sică | fil I 10L bbc ble : of his staff, c Therefore, i L yn step that the drawn immedi:

ms
e: hill country. fights and bufng for comic rew II i Il to CCIII 1potch.
Ilannel in which
film producers l and ther CLunhbouring Tamil
away their time mey, [[] prø TT10tt :tween 5 our two
puerille excrcises to the intelliill not foist any pedestrian mons
please, Enough
Na Thayakkara deks for evincing a cally produced di Liust be co Tilhis attempts to da Td.
:e bilinguals - i * Á:1dara Kathaaudible efforts too, should reent aTidווu1';1ge rו
National Fill
Siyagutunathan ty', 'gruri rj 30, 1 !!!!!!
Tamil Films
of S. Siwagu Tuappeared in the ary 30, is thought is quite obvious it sec.In the fill II 5 letler ColtaiII, which is far
only 27 spectaCine Illa hall il 1e third day of Til Illi * "Palmali”. Ina iwe T0 expect II to CIlli Ille libition of that In, for hic w Could IIlcet the Wages Wen for a day. vals really a Wisc film was Withitely,
S. Sivaguru. Il a thin may hawe been connected with the production of that film but it would seen hardly the reason to cx picct thic Cordinalry cinc malgoer to was te his time, money and energy in siccing a film Ulf utter rubbish, which was PonIiml Ili''. M. Senathi Rajah
("Sin" Safiarły, Fehr Hary 17, 1990)
Sri Lankai Tamil Films Mr. M. Senathi Rajah’s reply ("Sun" February, 17th) to my letter captioned "Wither Sri Lanka I Tamil Films?' ('Sun', JanuaTy, 30th 1990), is the fin est example of ignorance, il tolerance and fatuity.
I availed of a privilege to which readers of your paper arc entitled – airing my wiews on a subject of Lopical interest. Other th:4In this reaso I), I had no axe to grind in singing the
praises of a locally produced Ta IIlil film.
Let Ille reiteral te that the
motion picture under reference, * "Pon mani"" is a 1 admiTEL ble ille. The movie is a good sample of everyday life in Jaffna and coluld be categorized as a s0cial document. Of course, those who yearn for the fantastic, grotes que el nd the gigantic, Will not relish “Pommani”. They a Te going to feel bor cd and re pelled.
Reade T Senathi iI his letter that "Pon Inani", the Noise Sicil filIIl drcW only 27 people on the third day of i t's scT et: 1ning E1 t a, Cinema hall in Kota hena. It must be the absolute truth and we will let that pass. Owing to its in crits, and ill response to requests, when the sa Ine film was shown on 'Rip awahini', Ilmany in Sri La Ilıkal. El 1d in Tamil Nadu, were afforded a opportunity to WicW il.
We do Il Cbt wa In t all the Tal mill films produced in Sri Lanka to be entertainment less, social correctives or propaganda. But we have a right to expect a good proportion of these films to reflect our World as it is, spreading truth, Linders tanding and good Will.
S. Sivagurun athan 'பிா" பிrty Ar 3, 149)
Rajah states

Page 24
U. S. Revises . . .
orfiristed fra II pege så
tagon lays out 12 priori ties for Tesearch and development including: Worldwide, all-Weilther force for limited Warfa Te without an operating base; affordable space transport; global command, control, communications and in telligence capabili tics for On-demand surveillance of selected geographical areas and real-time i InfoT ma timml t Tal I1Isfer to top authorities; defence against ballistic missiles of all ranges and reduction of operations and support resource requirements by half.
The uscfulness of the se efforts for making US forces ca - pable of waging high-tech War anywhere in the world is selfewid et L.
The US Congress has already recognised some of these prio
ritics. In Novemb Desert Stirl Wils Shield, the Cong funds for contin till of B-2 Ste: aTn d plLIrcha, sing :i" transport planes prey aircraft.
Raytheon CoT manufacturer of us Patrict missil askedi ta' step li The company has wedi dorders fror, 11 Germany, Japan
Given its techi the US h;15 WI inst Iraq. Unfort nology-driven wi. whet its appetite world. And that for the World.
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SAeLeLeALeLqeLeqqeqeqeqeSeAeAASAAASAAASAASASASASAAALLLAAAAAAAAqMqMqMqqqSqSTSiMMSMSMSMMASAMLALAAMMLLALALALALAqqMqAqMMMMAM MAMSMMAMMSMSAAAASAAAA
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Note this was submitted to the Grey City Journal before the United States began Éborr) b i r ng Wraq7. — Editor
by Pradeep Jeganathan
We live um der a regime of Capital and Reason. It is from within this regime that the technologies of war that will soon be used in West Asia are produced. In the calm, reasoned tories Ted Koppel, and Robin McNeal tell us of the war. They assure us that the supremacy of American technology is beyond qui estion. The Coordi mates of targets have been programmed into the computers of the AWACS. Missiles will home in. They will explode, the job will be done. It is reason that Concie Wes of such a vision, and guides the long hard effort that makes it real,
At the Massachus setts Institute of Technology, where I was an undergradua tej student and researcher in science and engineering, such a vision motivated many of my fellow students. In their utopia Weap Ons WOLuld be perfect; weapons would,
at the press of a button, carry out the project of war, leaving no room for human error, fear or terror. Technology, flot People, Would win Wars. And, like Koppel, those Scientists were sure that American technology was superior: People, that is Americans, would be free to play dungeons and dragons, unt roubled by the horrors of War. Yet the utopia of technological reasom remains un realized, and un realizable: In the days ahead bodies will pile up. The dead bodies of war.

S (DAF MVA ?
That remarka ble historian of the regimes of Capital and reason, Michel Foucault, seems to år gjë that "män" is a cruel irony of modernity: "Ime" is i Twent Ed in an epistemic rupture that rescues him from the brutal punish ment of public torture, only to boa Carefully "disciplined" in schools and armies: in prisons and asylums. Bodies mada docile for a life of abour in the regime of capital. Technologies of the body are centra in the episte me: Tarking, classifying, indexing, and Counting. Counting bodies.
Even though I've always taken Foucat very seriously, I've also sometimes felt troubled by the argument that the rise of "huanity was not to be valorized. After all didn't I feel love and anger, joy and pain, fear and Lerror, was not, beyond anything else, a human being? And yet, right now, I have no doubts.
Where in a regime of capital and reason does humanity exist? Day in day out, We are told of body counts. How many America has disciplined and trained to kill; how many the Other has. How many the Other thinks he can get; and much more rarely, how many America thinks it will lose, how many the Other thinks it will lose, Technoloists" dreams have not saved the body; dead or a live they will be counted. But not as human beings, as we've been taught they should be; no, just as numbers that will decide who will win.
There is no other conclusion on this Cold, brutal January day, The myth of numanity" is the cruelest joke of them all: We will count bodies until the very end of this regiппе of capital and reason.

Page 27
The Pivota. Por
Ideally located region's transhi
the world's ima
The hest turn — around till
A streamlined fully-comp.
A Net- work of Colt iner
* A consolidated Rates Str!)
冲
Attractive rchates for tra i
" Safc handling by skilled
SRI LANKA PO
|9), (`hi , ITe:|1 Street. P, (). B«n 438 42 | 23, 1 42 1201 Tele x:
 

it of South Asia
to cater to the
ment trade and ritime industry.
is in the Region for all traffic.
Iterised operation.
Depots & Freight Stations.
(tr.
Ishipment.
| ''S ) III: E.
RTS AUTHORITY
K 595, Col)Thi bo | , Sri L:11 k. 8(5 PJ) is C. Fix: 54() 65

Page 28
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