Page 1
O Reggie Siriwardena
Rajiva Wijesimgha C
The ELECTION PLANK
A MILLION MUTINES NON-ALIGNMENT, NEIG RELIGON, CASTE AND DELHI, MADRAS, COLO J.R. - A MUCH - MISQUO
NEW WORLD ORDER:
O RESEARCH RACKET CD /
 
 

om Virginia Woolf O on Anne Ranasingha
- James Clad
HBOURS - K. Katyal GUNS - G. Krishnan MBO - Mervyn de Silva
ITED MMA MWA90 -- Piyalı Gamage
Tarzie Warindra Vittachi, Sumanasiri Liyanage PIGATI0W CO HUMA MW RIGHTS

Page 2
Why there's Sc in this rustic 1
There is laughter and light Earter arriorigst this: rural damsils who are busy scorting glut Iblicci
LttL L S LLH S SS LLLHH LLLL LL LLLLLLLL LL LaLuS
T: SITE’aid CILIE ir the Tid and upCLI try iTıt Ermediate zarie Where? The Fırabili” ları: r tertair: fally during the off season.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows as a lucrative Cash Crap and the geen leaves un tro gold, to the value of over Rs. 250 Tillion or more annually, for perhaps 14.000 rural folk,
 

n FNRCHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und of laughter tobacco barn.
CLLllakSLLLLLL LLLS LH LlLLLau HH aLHMDB LLLrLTLLLLLLL LH the second highest nulliber of people. And these CCtmm HGmLmL LttHt LLtLMLL tLtHa aaaamaLLS LLLL LLLLtltlEEaaL
Laaaaaa aLLLL Llaaa kaLLl aaaaLE L lDHS lHHHH LLLLLL LLL it in the Enris.
For them, the tobacco leaf rears meaningful work,
citfir title: life arid a secure fullure. A tood enough reason for laughter.
Ceylon Tobacco Co.Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people.

Page 3
TREWIDOS
BOYCOTT
Opposition members, SLFP. МЕР and USA. boycotted the сегаптопla/ ореліпg of the Third Session of the Second Parliament by President Premada sa on April 19. Other Opposition 777 Eers, S.M.C., TULF and EDF attended. The boyCOff Was fo profesť s da ring /ѓving costs and rapressfол, a 7 f' Coffer f5F5L e S. GOWеглптелt spokesman sаѓd' these reasons were nothing г7еw, алd too fгѓvo/ous for such an extreme step as a boycott of раг/ѓалтепt.
TITO EBE ARMEO
Afrèr kW0 (oks of Ssinsä/d peasants were hacked to death by “Тїgers", sevелteегі fл Аthѓта/е алd twелty two
| lл Ма/fgawila, both in the
More ragasa district, the aufhorities arrounced that ratars of order wages in the Алтраra and Monetagala districts wil/ де алтеа.
EXTERMA FOROES
*"Externa / powers" could be working with the L.77"E to destabi/ise Sri Lar)- ka, President Prema dasa told aп election ra//y iл Divu apriya. There were also others who did of /ke woulds to seas, so that they could display the sore and bag Votes.
But the UNP, he said, could not be defeated, after
79 WW.
Briefly
O President Pi a rally at Air the Opposition to boycotts anc because it had to the Go Wern They were in s state that the ashamad EWHп in festivities org: government) i With thd Sinhal Now Year,
The people O still remember SLFP era of qual ges, the presidi era of progress rity had been the UNP.
O Opposition mayo Bandaran rally at Kuli' the forth Colling ment Blections opportunity to UNP's support tirile for te SL" to protest agains Bhd Lud BTCC fall the Governmen
The press was th OS3, who dare: abducted and S the Opposition
С) А special G| Level) examinat tha North ar provinces on A was in place o exaTi iration hiel of the isla Id ir year, which COL in the North and of the "Warring wices. The ex horities Wero the governments and the LTTE Cofrontations i the students WE special exaпniпа go on til May Centre 5, S9 y el in the Jaffila p
Continuad a

remadasa told "ama ya ke that W ås rE Sorting Withdrawals
10 älträd tiwe TE} t t OffËT, uch a sorry W. Were too to participate inised (by the CO Thing (:tion à änd HIldL
f this country d the dark les and Shortaent said; an
and prospeushered in by
La ader Siriai ke T0 lid a ya piti ya that | local governshould be an
damage the base. It was ffering masses t the obstinacy lic policies of
t
S T1 u ZZ || Ed, äld id Tessi St Wara El 10 T.Org,
LEE der Said.
CE (Advanced ion began in ad Eastèr pril 22. This f the orial d is the rest 1 AugLISt JSt ld not be held | East EECH LJ53 in thosa pro
| || 0 Lt hopeful that ecurity forces would avoid areas were are sitting this ựựi ||
tiOn... | t
18 Bt 144
of which are
aninsula,
Page 2
LETTER
INSPIRING
We of all communities and religions must be thankful to Minister Festus Pgrera on his illumina ting inspiring, Awurudda m Essage,
He with lucidity and clarity lauds the values embedded in the traditions of tha "Sinhala" and "Hindu New Year,
He traces the migration of the ancient Aryans to Europa Africa and Asia. 'Sri Lankans' he states are descendants of the great Aryans known to be great thinkers, philosophers and true sportsmen." He exhorts that We be proudly inspired by the noble qualitIEs In Cur bloCod stream. . .
Let Lus, now at least, for get the minor ethnic, social, cultural and economic problems W e facia,
Let Lus not forget that we are Aryans.
Sri
Länkar
LA MHL
GUARDAN
No. 1 May 1,
R. G.
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co.Ltd. MlO. 246, Unio 1 Placo, Colombo - 2,
Editor: Mervyn da Silva Telephons: 4475B4
1931
FTEC)
CONTENTS News Background Human Rights
India Polls 9
After the War 15
UdHr Sliaridig J. F. לן Peaco - A General Appeal 1년
Irrigation 22 Wirginia Woolf 25
EDLiks:
South Asia Wiolenca (2) 27 Not Ewr St Ed Wys 3.
Primited by Ananda Prass 825, 5 ri Ratnajothi Saravantu Mawatha, Colombo 13. TEsphoris; 43.597E.

Page 4
Briefly . . .
Continue ad fra fim Fag og 7 )
e 'Swiftly sliding rupee pushes drug prices up" was how the Su F7 day Wirmes headlined its feature on e Scalating drug prices. The cost Ճf living is harrowing enough; the cost of ailing is worse. And only a few can afford the cost of dying.
A, pharmacist's billi l these days Could bring om a Cardia C arrest, Some patients buy only a part of the pills prescribed, believing vaguely that at least a part of their illness would be cured.
Most drugs are importad. | 1979 a. US dO||ar StJOd at less than 16 rupees. Today it is valued at over Rs 40; and it is climbing. In 1989 the government controlled drug importers' profits at 165
per cent of little hlās baie trol the price outlet.
Another Ca the m U ride rio LI drug prices is availability of brand names, the patient o him to pay IT Lihat he leed Std, C 9: 'A drug marin ed Lnder tvivo Br drug brandec priced at Rs While the oth only Rs 5.25"
singhe, forme T ist Of the
Commission Sunday Times) ple: Wolmax, a name, sells a 4 Tig tablet:
VASA O
2O7, 2d
Colom
Telephone

, i, f. Wid || LIB, BL ut 1 doe to ConHit F1 TL|
use that helps escalation of the un regu lated a varierly of which confuses ten compelling any times more 5 to, For illCanter-fighting Tamixifel is Suld and names. The | Nolwoodex is 1840 a capsule Ier, Tamo fel is (F. D. C. Wije
T. Chief eco roFair Trading
uoted in the . Another ex FilEuropea brand It R5 6,35 per the same drug
mada in Sri Lanka, la Thed Sa Eb utamol, is a Wailabla dit 1 C) Cents par 2 Tg tablet.
Many yers ago a previos government attempted to do away with brand names, to make available the gaПЕгi: drug at wery little cost. Big names in the medical profesSi o Fowled: the internati Onal pharmaceuticals lobby beat the war drums.
Something else is also happening now. Multinational drug manufacturers are exporting dang arous products ba nned in their home Countries to the Third World. 'They manipulate rules and falsify scientific studies". They buy testimonials and seek local allias who compromise in favour of their products or technologies", a Mexican study has rew Baled.
PTICANS
Cross Street, EO — 1 1 .
: 42 1631

Page 5
Indian Polls and
Sri Lanka
Mervyn de Silva
wo electio S, the lation
wide parliamentary polls in India and a mini-general election in Sri Lanka, and the respective results will probably provide a broad framework not only for Indo-Sri Lanka relations in the for esta e a ble futur a but for COlombo's policy of the LTTE-led Tamil insurgency, today's main challenge to State, regime and society, after the JWP revolt was crushed. If the Indian result is in decisive, there may be once Tore a period of dan gerous drift. . . dan gerous, that is , to Sri Lanka.
However, the Tami madu wote T is more likely to be more clearheaded in deciding between the ADMK-Congress alliance and the DMK-Mational Front Coalition. A Weak Centre in Delhi, busy forming uneasy alliances in order to have a stable Lok Sabha majority or Counting the days to call for fresh polls, will have to be far more receptive to pressures from Madras than say, a new Rajiv Gandhi administration with a secure majority.
The fact that the local elections this lonth exclude the War-torn North and East does not really make the outcome less importaПt to PresidaПt Prema dasa and the UNP. On the contrary, the result would be a mLICh Clearer test of what counts most - Sinha la opinion. Both the President and the Opposition Leader Mrs. Bandaranalike know that. True, economic issues have been raised, especially by the SLFP with an eye on the rural poor. Mrs. Bandara maiko has also focused om democracy and human rights, But the cutting edge of the SLFP propaganda has been the Tamil question, specifically the way the war is being waged in the North and East, and lately the LTTES IT LIrderous attacks On Sinhala villages, plainly a cold
-エ
bloodedly - cal. Tlowa. Mrs. Ban is aimed at til apparent lack с. way the "war" ппопеy and tim the Government ters, including 't the Opposition sha dermand5 t F should be Col priority. It is militarist or pro approach with th rate : inh Thind,
The north adıd
Presiden Pfa Other hard CO the case for a mant" blaming 1 for taking up a
| gwell negotiatio conducted in C out 1990. How
of negotiations is NOT unco being cleverly time round to of Hardine ficarce att Fick S and disappoints tional Security is mot taking E Se cond time. E afford that.
There is a p tirme-table impol det "S Currat army has beer has always pr rTngen, more soph and a syster improving thë tha Air Force to the War ef part of the C. turing and moc taken by Mr. in response demands of til
The Army the high expe. ea ger and si Tm| Tiddle class,
 

u lated tacticel lara laike's attack e Government's F concer in the s going. Моге 3 are spent by
Grl Other Isldtmashas" ā Č CILISES Leader. In short, at the war effort D51וחקסs t"םנtוחב
an essentially -military solution 3 Sinha la eleCtiO
And why not? gast Won't Wote.
madaSa on the i Lues, to El Tg L9
'political settleha LTTE squarely rms when high
I S. WBTS bEiT1C -ugllסthr סנtוחloס w gwer, his offer
this time round litional. Having deceived the first invite the Wrath Sinhala opiпіоп,
from the SLFP, ST1 of the NDEstablishment, he any chances the He simpiy can not
Com C3a e d Cit il 13 Pre5iapproach. The given what it essed for - more listicated Weapons, iatic program of contribution of
and the Navy fort. A this is il Socio Lu S Tel-StrLIC = id:grisation LurderRanjan Wijera tine, to the insistent he High Command. has not satisfied tations of a flowerple-minded Sinhala which believed the
oorly
ACKGROUND
war could be won in one month, if not in one week. But the Army has made things f more difficult for the LTTE, precies 1y because the High Command in Colombo, under Lt. General Hamilton Wanasingha, and the Northern Commander, Major-General Danzil Kobbekaduwe, have lowered their sights, and mapped out a far more realistic strategy, putting professionalism before public relations. the north, the "Tigers' hawe the run of the peninsula, the Eelam" heartland, but the Y Carl Tot claim total "liberation". ТП Е. carefully located and defensible camps or fixed positions, with a cluster of supportive camps, plus access from the sea and total command of the skias, constitute what can be described as a 'strategy of denial" in an unConventional War ''Ela" has not been "liberated", despite the fact that the LTTE has fu || command of the land area, mobility, and complete command of a rudimentary administrative system, including the issu a of visas, imposing taxes, and police functions,
LTTE RESPONSE
With these power and administ trative responsibilities have come problems. Given its a Luth Coritarian regimen, the LTTE has employed day-to-day pora Citi CBS which have made life exceedingly uncomfortable and oppressia to the Tamil middle-class,
particularly the intelligentsia. Rapid Cadre recruitment has lowered the standard of its
'army' and "police". These changes largely account for the highly critica "Human Rights report recently issued by the University Teachers' group. This report has made quite an impact on international opinion too; most crucially, the foreign NGO's and EomE governments, especially in Europe and the Commonwealth.
3

Page 6
The LTTE has relied on a dual response: (a) a new Campoaign overseas to project the image of a responsible spokesman of an oppressed minority always ready to talk and negotiate if "a seasonable offer was forthcoming. The 'sole spokesman" role however is underlined.
(b) It has launched attacks in the East, deep in Sinhala areas. The attacks are not опІy savage but indiscriminate. Both help to unsettle the government, in
flame Sinhala opinion. It also sharpens the UNP-SLFP (i. e. Sinhala) conflict, all the more
easily because there is an election campaign on.
But that is not the only election the LTTE has in mind. Its principal concern is the Indian election - both the nation-wide and the Tamilnadu. The LTTE Would of course prefer a DMKNational Front victory in Madras and a non-Congress government in Delhi. But it realises that NO government in Delhi can ignore Tami opinion, And Tamilnadu is not merely a large state, it is the most important in the south. ALL ruling parties in India have their main powerbase in the north.
The MGR mantle is now Jaya|alitha's - the mistress of the charismatic MGR not Janaki's, the widow. When the (ADMK) MGR Vote was divided in 1983 between the two la dies, the DMK under Karunanidhi won 151 seats in the state though collecting only 34% of the total poll. Now Janaki is out of the picture and Jayalalitha has had her way in negotiating terms with Gandhi's Congress on Lok Sabha Seat sharing for this month's elections, But who will win the battle for the Tamilnadu state assembly?
NDIAN WEWS
The Congress manifesto dafined Indian interests in Sri Lanka thUS: (i) securing tha rights of the Tamils (b) Indian national security interests and (c) safeguarding Sri Lanka's territorial integrity. t
Mr. Gandhi Sët të With ti hLIrı illiated IP KP dit the regiona | Տբurn titl tՒ1t: dena "Accord" : India-backed Tai Cularly Padman Which Mr. Gand fES DE Ct. At the everage would there were по іпSшгgency, and LTTES. Di C LTTE. Besidas, | negotiating role mising the LTTE is the sole 'ar Sri Lankari state. that the LTTE tad on what is . . . . it is the of the Tami pe not accept that.
After despatch ral Cecil Waidya hest of the gen tically sensitive Pramadasa has ued that the co negotiated politi This may imply dent, having giv months more it Or at east con բreparing the pub Where ha. Ca 5 that this conflict tiated sett larmont ter for me, you dent, to talk to Ta Thil "Tigers" 90VBTIT1GIIt Whi interests in our neighbour?",
On his way Lanka's new His Mr. Newi Ig Kali Madras press t "role" to play.
role? It remains for the Idian
Er, Mr. N. N.
clear On one pi
'I don't think LTTE or anybod this role for us. should make up Jha also questic
Cladim as "solė

has a Score to Te LTTE, which , Cocked a snook 'superpower" and Gandhi-Jayawar3nd Clobbered tha Tmii groups, partia bha's EPRLF to hi had a special ame time, Delhi's be much less if full-blown Tamil that "war" is the 3 Il not ignore tha India cannot play 3 Without recogWher the LTTE Ty" fighting the Appreciating a las already insis - a pre-codition Olle spokasman 2oplg. India Wi ||
ing Major-Generatne, the tougerals to the poliEast, President Orice more arginflict requires a Cal settlement. that the PrasiJen the army 6 (). Wil the war ain the LTTE, is liC for a situation Say 'I told you гедuires a пagoSo isn't it batelected Pg5ithe (Sri Lankan) than a foreign ch has its own country, its small
to Delhi, Sri gh Commissioner akara tine, told the 1ät India Had a But what is that ill-defined. As High CommissioJha, Delhi is articular '' role''.
'he said" the Welse can define The LTTE its mind. Mr. ) med tha LTTE'S repressar tat iwe''.
It should contest elections and prove its popularity to the world. It is also inconsistent to arguE that it is the most pOpLI lar Tamill group and then deny other groups tha right to contest.
The local elections will demonstrate to the President what kind of mandate he will be giv.am in the event of negotiations With the Tamils, LTTE and Others. If the Opposition does well, he Would be more sensitive to hardling Sinhala opinion, and the gap between the gՃWErnment and the LTTE, already qшite large, may become unbridgeable.
"The change in mood is palpable. Gone for tha most Рагt. 15 the glag|B rhetoric of national' self-reliance" and 'foreign dependence" that SPeWed from past socialist reagimi ES. The Frī kā Gurdian and the Eno. yric Review, leftis! I journais inng favour öd by prominân MA Txists, nç) W T Lunii a poprowing pia C3s on the "ореп есопопу."
(Ramesh Wenkat Hraman — Sri Lanka beyond the politics of race
ASFA W WALLSTREF"JOL/RWAŁ
SUBSCRIPTION RATES Air Mai Canadas USA. for 1 copy L/G USS 50.00 for I year USS 30.00 for months
事 匣
U.K., Germany, New Zealand Alust Talia, Netherlands, France, Japan, Holland, Phillippines, Austria, Norway, Sweden, China, Ireland, Switzerland, Nigeria, Belgium' Denmark, Paris, London, USS 40.00 for I y car, USS 25.00 for 6 months
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Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Baharain, Arabian Gulf, Syria, Singapore. USS 35.00 for 1 year USS 20.00 for 6 months
率 菌 India, Pakistan. LIJSS 30 OC) for USS
Il y el T 17.00 for 6 lonths
L0 cill Rs. 200- for 1 year RS, 120/- for 6 months

Page 7
Human Rights
SRI LAN KA : STARK PARA
For Sri Ln kā In fiscā gar 1992, hig Adrinistratī: ting 19.3 million dollars In Doyelopment Assistance, dolārs in P. L. 480, ārld 200,000 dolārs ir Internsti Education and Training funds.
Sri Lanka Cmbodics Con 2 of South Asia" 5 starkgsit pa: the One hand, it takes pride in a strong, democratic dynamic Gconomi policie: which bro Light a Fig. pg aaaLLL LLa L S 0a00S LLLLL LC LCLLLC S HaS 0SS LLLaLLLL two brutal insurgencies. Although the JWP, which h; record, Was crushed by early 1990, the Liberation Tige CLLCMH LLLLLLaL a LHmaL C L LLLLLLLLSL LCLCam LLLLLL HLHHL aaLLmmLLLL ment. Deputy Defence Ministgr Ranjan Wijeratna, who LCLLLLL LHH LLLLL 0S LLLLLLGL S S LLLL SLLLL S KLLLLLLL LLL S LLLL S S LLLLS LCCLL LL LLLLLLLaaaS LLLT aaaHHL 00LLLLLLLLCCLL TLL LL bloodshed, as the means to resolve Sri Lanka's e" ren CBS. Whiles the Ceasefire in early JanuEury did in LLL CLLLLLLLLCL LaLLLL C LLLLLCLLHHLCL S S LLLLSLLLL S LLLLLL future talks.
We are also troubled by the hunun rights abuses . al Partits to the Conflict, including government forces. ment's establishment of a human rights task force was development. We commend its efforts to maintain comml. Hind to Prom:0 til Tillit Hry discipline while fighting H violar Plainly, democratically-elected government has the right LL La LLLLLL LLLLHHH LHHLa LLLLLaLLLLLLLaHLHL S CC LLLLLCS LSLLL ged with enforcing the law - including the Sri Lankan CaCLCL SLLLCK C aCCLLLL LLLLmaLLaH LaH HalLC SSLL LLLLLL ters, the Government of Sri Lanka's primary responsibilit rously irivestigate all extrajudicial killings and disappeara LLLLLL LLL CLCLLaC S S LaaLLL YLLLLL LLLLL S Lamt00t SLLaCCaHLLLL Bayond that, there must be greater effort to investig linked to serious åbuses. Discipline in the Sg3urity fare LLLLaaaaLLCCLLS LLLL LLLLH LLLLLLatL LLmL SLHaLa HH LHLHHHHH LLLLLLa LL CC LLLHaLLL LLLLHCLLLLLC LLLLLL LLKaLLS LLLS ber 25, Other delegations, including the European Cor pressed simila concers in thir State Tigrts.
I would like to conclude, Mr. Chairman, by noting CClaaLLLmm aHCCL LC LL HHHHHHHHLLLLLLL SLLLLCaL S LLLL SLLLHCLLLLLLLS in several South Asian nations. U. S. assistance program by the Congress, have made a real contribution to this But Working for greater democratic government and wi tunities for free enterprise in South Asia, as anywhere means to an end: an improved life for the people of th wi|| cantinus auf diplomatic afforts in South Asia o non-proliferation, increased security, and improved huma also Tin List Continue our programs to hulp build the poli mic, änd social foundations required for South Asiam adequatoly address themselves the tremendous problems
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Il tirs to They face.

Page 8
Strengthening Human Rights Grassroots in South Asia th
South Asian Human Rights Programme of Action
The Participants at the Workshop on "Strengthening Human Rights Realization at Grassroots in South Asia through Regional Co-operation" held in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 17-19 March 1991 passed several resolutions and mada seweral recommendations for the realization of human rights at grassroots in the countries of the region.
Representatives from several human rights organizations in SAARC Countries, India, Bangladesh Pakistan and Sri Lanka as well as reprgsentatives of several regional networks in Asia attended the meeting. Due to flight problems representatives from Nepal and Bhutan could not participate in it,
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Recommendations were made regarding four areas. They a TE:
LIST OF PA
1 Mr. Joseph Gathia, Co-ordinator, Centre of C Lawrence, Surendra, Centre for Research in New Inte Secretary, Madaripur Legal Aid Association, Madaripur chte Shekha, JBSSarà, BAM GLADESH, 5 Mr. Akrant + Dhaka 1000, BANGLADESH, 6 Mr. Benadict D'Roz Dhaka, BANGLADESH. 7 Ms. Rosaling Costa, Comm 8 Ms. Zebunnessa Rahman, Vice President. Banglades GLADESH, 9 Mr. D. J., Rawimi dram, International Cor Rafiq Safi Munshey, Advocate, Human Rights Cor Sabihuddin Ahmad, Wica Chairman, Human Rights Co M. Abdul Sabur, Coordinator, Asian Cult LIral Forum ( Claranca J. Dia 5, PrĖSident, International Centre for Jama5 Tarı, Coordinator, Hotline Asia, Kowloon, HON Asian Human Rights Commission, Kowloon, HONG K. Council on Human Rights in Asia, SINGA PORE, 17 Legal Aid, Karachchi, PAKISTAN, 18. Prof. Sawitri Go SRI LANKA, 19 Ms. Miam El Tiranagama, President, RL 20 Ms. Tamara Wimalasooriya, Human Rights Comr Tiranagama, Lawyers for Human Rights El Developms Law years for Human Rights Ed Development, Colomb for Human Rights and Duvelopment, Colombo-8, SF Human Rights and DH welopment, Colombo-3, SRI LAN Right|5, and DCI welopment, Calambo-8. SRI LANKA, 2 and Development Colombu-8, SRI LANKA, 27 Mr. W oping nt Colombo-B, SRI LANKA, 28 Mr. A. Jauffer Colombo-3, SRI LANKA, 29 Ms. Monica Ruwanpath atives, Colombo -8, SRI LANKA, 30 Mr. Upali Maget. goda, SRI LANKA, 31 Mr. S. Balakrishnan, Ceylon Nandari, Centro for Woman's Development. Wanchaw for Woman's Dovelopment, Wanchawela, SRI LANKA, Lanka Peasants Congrass. Nu Wara Eliya, SRI LANKA, sant Development Programụm C, Kumbju regama. SRI LAN

: Realization at the rough Regional Co-operation
(1) Human Rights research, education, dissemi
nation, promotion and training; (2) Monitoring, fact finding and reporting; (3) Human Rights groups Working in exception
all difficult circumstances: (4) Action campaigns.
The participants decided that the recommendations should be followed by concrete action programmas. To give effect to these recommendations the following action progra Tim BS Were created, these we hope will give StrĖ gth to human rights NGOs working in the region and
will effectively campaign against specific issues in the region,
Actio w 7 Prografin mig - 7
Human Rights Education a Promotion
(i) To davelop a framework of regional training programme for human rights activists: f Cрлffллег сул эрдууд 7)
ARTICIPAMITS.
of Cefn for Child Labour, New Delhi, INDIA, 2 Mr. national. Madras, INDIA, 3 Mr. Mohamed Fazlul Huq, BANGLADESH, 4 Ms, Angola Gomes. Dir: tir, Br. Chowdhury, Bangladesh Human Rights Commission. ĉar IO, Ĥ5 st. Director, CA RITAS DE WĖlp mant Institute ssion for Justice and Peace, Dhaka. BANGLADESH, National Women Lawyers Association, Dhaka, BAN. Tissi) of Jurists, Geneva, SWITZERLAND, O Mr. mmission of Pakistan, Karachchi, PAKISTAN 11 Mr. mmission of Pakistan, Karachchi, PAKISTAN, 12 Mr. ni DÊWe lo partent (ACFOD) Bangkok, THAILAND, 13 r. Law i'n Development, Nig yw York, U. S. A., 14 Mr. G KONG, 15 Mr. Wong Kai Shing, Programma Officer, PMG, 16 Mr. J. B. Joyaratnam. President, Riggiorni Mr. Zia Ahmed Awan, Lawyers for Human Rights F. nesekera, Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugagoda, ral Women's Organizations Network, Gail|3, SRI LANKA, lissiori, Colombo-7. SRI LANKA, 21 M. Kălyamanda it. Colombo-8. SRI LA PNKA, 22 Ms. La km3 li Cabra, |-8. SR LANKA, 23 Mr. Prins Rajasriya, Lawyers I LANKA, 24 Mr. Upali Ponnamрагшпа. Lil Wyers for KA, 25 Ms. Pathm Nagandran, Lawyers for Humani Mr. K. H. Amarasana, Lawyers for Human Rights is on Fernando, Lawyers for Human Rights and DawdHassan, Lawyers for Human Rights and Development, rima. Participatory Institute for Dewallopment Alternra Gamage, National Development Foundation, Nugeiocial Institute, Kandy, SRI LANKA, 32 Ms. D. A. illa, SRI LANKA, 33 Ms. Kamala Sign wira tine, Centro
34 Mr. D. W. Appuhamy. General SCretary, AI
35 Mr. W. Gamimi Yapa, Regional Coordinator, PeaKA.

Page 9
(ii) To organize at least one regional training
programппе within a үеar; (iii) To organize a training programme on fact finding, documentation, reporting and skill development;
(iv) To organize parallel meetings to make representations during international events and SAARC meetings;
(w) To set up a means of communication - a newsletter or news-sheet for sharing of information and experiencas at regional level;
(iv) To prepare a resources directory of organizations and institutions involved in human rights work at national and regional levels.
Action Programme - 2
Special Task Forces FDUT categories of problems were identified with demand priority and early action to deal With them. They are:
(i) Trafficking of women and children (ii) Multinational Corporations and Human Rights
violations (iii) Deforestation (iv) Drugs and Aids.
It was decided to set up four Task Forces to tackle these issues. Each of these 'Task Force" would comprise at least one Human Rights Organization from each of South Asian countries already Working on such issues. Individual partipants and NGOs different countries were identified to constitute such Task Forces.
The "Task Forces' would exchange information End meet periodically to enhance closer Cooperation in dealing with such problem. The groups should formulate target actions and strategies aimed at solving the specific problems,
Action7 Progrå rmr 77 e - 3
Expert Groups
It was also decided to organize an Expert Group to help human rights organizations working under exceptionally difficult circumstances, States under emergency and martial law and situations of ethnic conflict were considered as examples of exceptionally difficult circumstances. For the moment Expert Group would attend to particular areas, namely:
(i) To address the issue of disappeärances HTd help human rights organizations to deal With the issue,
(ii) To Constitute or supplement fact-finding, ព្រួoring and reporting groups at regional le Vel.
Actfол Pгоgramлте - 4
Common Action
Some Common action campaigns were also preposed in relation to :

(i) Burma issue (This was spelt out as an issue calling for immediate action campaign)
(ii) Promotion of democratization afid a CCOUntability of governments of the countries in the region
(iii) Solidarity and support to the human rights organizations and people's Towerments.
Action Programme - 5
Action Campaigns to Promote Regional
Co-operation
(i) To organize seminars to identify region a and common issues and plan out action programmes to promote regional Cooperation and solidarity;
(ii) Education and exchange of information on
on regional or inter-country is sues;
(iii) Calling together national NGOs capable of organizing programmes in their countries to promote regional solidarity and cooperation.
VODALITES
The participants also decided on the modalities for the implementation of action programmes.
Caritas Training Institute of Bangladesh Volunte ered to Lundertake the implementation of regional training programmes. The Lawyers for Human Rights and Development (LHRD) in Sri Lanka was assigned the task of communications.
Fo Lur Task Forces comprising at least one Human Rights Organization from each SAARC country already working on such issues Wera constituted for dealing with each of the four i SSu :S.
Asian Cultural Forum on Development (ACFOD) under took to organize Expert Groups. The overall general co-ordination of all action programmes was entrusted to the Lawyers for Human Rights and Development (LHRD) in Sri Lanka for a period of two years.
LHRD is saddled with a heavy responsibility. In the next two years LHRD will have to see that all possible and practical steps are taken for the implementation of the above decisions. Jointly with the other South Asian participants LHRD is committed to give effect to these action programmes.
LHRD seeks the support of all South Asian Human Rights NGOs and People's Movements, Regional Human Rights Networks, UM bodies and other concerned organizations in translating this commitment of ours to a meaning ful contribution for the realization of human rights and justice in our Societies,
STATEMENT OF PARTICIPANTS
We are individuals and organizations from Asian region, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh involved and Working for the promotion of Human Rights and Social Justice. We
7

Page 10
met in Colombo, Sri Lanka from March 17-19 for 'Strengthening Human Rights Realization at the Grassroots in South Asia through Regional Co-operation. We resolved at the end of our deliberations to share this statement with people and NGOs working for the realization of human rights and achieving social justice in our societİ E5,
We received reports of human rights situations of the different countries in the region and examined the kind of problems and difficulties created by both state and non-state groups using terror and violence, to thwart the realization of human rights.
We are appalled by the increasing wiolation of human rights, economic, political, social and Cultural, the growing intensity of these violations and rising number of categories of victims and violations. We also noted with deep Concern that despite the heroic efforts by people and NGOs to resist these violations and their Un Ceasing work for realization of human rights at the grassroot level, these violations continue unabated and increase in ferocity. We lament the fact that these valiant efforts to realise the human rights of our people is met with grotesque repression and moreover this is being a chieved through the manu pulation of law and e Var growing number of repressive legislations. These acts also frustrate the efforts of the sympathetic members of the judiciary and bureaucracy who try hard to stem the increasing tide of human rights violations and the COTTESOO - ding slide of our societies into a morass of violence and destruction.
Wo discussed some priority actions that needs to be under taken and strengthened at
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the National and South Asian la vel to improve the human rights climate in our societies. These actions that address certain priority issues are not only important in themselves but that We feel, will certainly improve the human rights situation.
Through our deliberations, the actions we propose and this statement that we share we express our profound admiration and appreciation of the people, the organizations and individuals fighting at great odds to protect and promote the human rights. We extend our solidarity to those struggling for the realization of human rights and achievement of social justice, We pledge our commitment to these struggles. With this pledge of ours, we also seek your support in a spirit of growing unity and working togettehr to enable Luis to translate this commitment of ours to a meaningful contribution for the realization of the struggles for human rights a di justice in our societies,
We express our grave concern over the grim situation 9 mana ting froTI blantant violations of human rights such as the large scale 'disapparances" of Citizens from the Southern part of Sri Lanka, the genocide and displacement Caused by the armed ethnic conflict in the North-East province of Sri Lanka, the communal tension in India and the defiance of all human rights norms by State-Agencies in Punjab and Kashmir, the terrorization of people caused by the Government and other armed groups in the Sindh Province in Pakistan, the trafficking of women from Bangladesh, the drug menace throughout the region and the bombing of civilians in Iraq and the plight of women and children arising there from.
Ort)
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501 504
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Page 11
INDIAN POLLS
Uncertainties cloud poll
G. Krishnan in Delhi
ome 521 million voters will SE their ballots this month in what many people consider one of the most lacklustre eleCtion in recent times, barely 16 months after they elected 523 candidates to the ninth Lok Sablla,
The 1989 elections rais ēd a lot of hopes with Mr. W. P. Singh being projected as an alternative to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and the opposition closing ranks to form a common anti-Congress (I) front. The issues too were explosive - Bofors and Ramjarmabhoomi-Babori Masjid dispute.
But this til St WOtĘTS seem to be lukewarm about the elections, mainly because of their disen chantment with politicians of every hue, Who have proved incapable of holding a government together for five years.
More Worrisome is a fear of large-scale violence, especialy in the large northern States and Punjab and Assam, where tha Union Government has decided to hold simultaneous polls to the Assembly and Lok Sabha.
At this writing the Election Commission had not announced the po || dates for these States, probably on the Government's recommendation. Tho Chief Election Commissioner has said that special security measuras must be taker to ensure free ald fair elections in these States, It is possible that the Government may leave the final deciision to the law Lok Sabha which as to be constituted before June 5,
The last elections were significant in that the Congress (I) was rejected though it polled 3933 per cent of total votes and is that it saw the ree mergence of a distinct North-South divide.
At the national level, the Congress (1) managed to get
only 194 seats
Cre th:]] t"WICI wates. The la TE: other hand, g though it SeCLI per cant of the fact the COgre together polled
less wrotes thaisi
BLIt WO 76, 52
The Congress Well in the Sou ber 1989 poli t of the to ta l 1 32 total victory candidates from Andhra Prades seemed to in electorate had Janata / Janätä
TelugШ Desam had fai| ad to T promises. The
Rama krishna H H. D. Dewe Gow resulted in the the S3 TE WOt:5 the Congress (i. riČus,
The la St EIE ( Opposition reali to silk its diffe together if it w Congress (). T Natio al Front,
Jamata Dal (W ET1 of Få märg JE MOT CH13 BT1 Ajit Singh), the netra Kazhagar Desa m, the C the Asom GanE combine fought head O. With the left parties Janata Party. seat adj IstrT1 en ! most constituer stra ight Contes non-Congress (l be divided.
The Congres high-lighted cor Opposition - C. said, Was Oppo вd aпү сlваг рс

horizon
despite winning -thirds of the ita Dal, On the tot 142 SE at S red only 17.73 tota | Wlot E5, 11 ss (II) Opposition about 1 per Cent the Congress (1)
S. O.
; (1) fared very LF in thę NOWET - ly wimming 109 seats. The rear of Congress () Karnataka and 1 in parti CLI ladr id:a te that the rejected that Dā| āmid thB regimes which na ke good their ift between Mr. egde and Mr. dā ir Kara takā air fighting for i, thus helping em Erge vict)-
:tions sa W the sing that it had reCS add CČIme as to defeat the he result was the comprising the Fich itself Was er between the d the Lok Dal3. D. Tavida MLIrı, the Telugu om gross (S) and Pärishad. This the Congress () the support of and tha Bhara tiya There were also agreements in Cİ E5 t0 ES LIFE ts so that the ) wote would not
5 (I)'s campaign tradictions in the mbine which, it ritulistic; ad läcklicy. The Nation
a Front and its allies, on the other hand, amba sted the ruling party for its alleged involvement in the Bofors scandal and for its effort to tarnish Mr. W. P. Singh's image invoking the St. Kitts affair. It also exploited the Government's inept handling of the sensitiwg Ayodhya issue.
This title, the issues seen as numerous as the parties. Contesting the elections.
The Jalata Dal-led National Front is banking on its promise of reservations for the backWard classes to bring home the votes of the underprivileged, who constitute a sizeable section of the electorate.
The Bhārati ya Jana ta Party, which supported the W. P. Singh
Government from outside, has decided to go it alone. It feels the agitation to build a Ram
temple on the disputed site at Ayodhya has won it the Support of large sections among the Hindus and believes that it will be able to cut into the Congress (I)'s wote-banks in a big
way. The Wishwa Hindu Parishad rally in Delhi early this month, it hopes, has lent additional mone turn to its Carthբalign
The Congress ()'s main plank is a simple slogan - stability. It fa els that the people, fed Lupo with the inability of both the Janta Dal Gowerm EN TIL S to Stad W Lited for at least one terri, will Wote it back to powèr.
However, poll experts are of the opinion that it is too early for prediction. A clearer indication of the electorate's mood will emerge only about a fortnight before the poll, they say.
Yet, politicians believe that the urban voter is by and large likely to wote for the Congress ()
or the B|P While rural voter Will fawo Lur Git her the Jalata Dal or the Congress (1). In
9

Page 12
a559nce, they fëel, the Congress (II) and the BJP wi|| cut imto one a rother's Wote bänks.
But such simple arithmetic does not always hold good, if past Elections are any indication. The first-past-the-post systern Һas sometimвs helpad апd soплв
times confounded all political parties.
For instance, in 1984, the
Congress (I) bagged 415 seats securing 48.12 per Cgilt of tha tota | Wit E5. || 1 the Text 5 lë C=
tion, it won only 194 seats though it polled З9.33 per cent of the votes. Mr. Kasi Ram's Bahujan Samaj Party polled 1 . 95 per cent of the votes and Secured thrae Sea S. But the Communist Party of India, which gathered only 2.67 per cert of the votes, won 11 seats,
11 Tamil Nadu, the All-India Anna DMK Wor1 1 1 seats With 1.5 per cent of the wotes, but the DMK's tally was nil though it Dolled 2.25 per cent of the WES,
There is also much di SC LUISSE COfi about the impact the 120 reser Wedd Cüstituencias Could hawa On the poll outcome. There is To da ta o how different Communities have voted in past elections, but reports i di CĦtĘ that the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes are now mot as Luc O' the sida of the Congress (1) as earlier. The party's share of winnars from reser Ved Constituencies has städIl y COTIE do w ower the years With the people turning to alternatives like the left or region äl
parties.
The BJP too did well i sig veral reserwald Constituencies in 1989, winning by narrow
margi ITS OWEST Därti ES SLICH IS the Jharkhid Mukthi Morcha and the BJB. However, these parties are said to be H13 w El considerably consolidated their support base in the last year and a half.
This could partly be because the Scheduled Castes and Tribes, most of whom Continue to be belo W, the po Warty lĘ Wel, hawe for years been targets of Violence during election time and therfore tend to prefer parties who
they see as their defenders,
Po || Wiolece has beer a major worry of not only the
O
political partie: Election Colli: ASSEmbly polls than 100 peop Gd by tha Tri teers. And d вlectioпs, peас ап exception rat Therë Werg 2. Të pol I had to | mārly äS 500 t Pradesh. But it ing instanco o and rigging wa Uttar Pradesh Rajiv Gandhi c Mr. Rajmohan
Iп Haraүana, 0m Prakash blamed for un |ence in tha Mehi Where armed gi וtfםנBt סth tסטb lot papers, while Db5 er vers afd And Bihar, tinued to hawe large share of The Election C. order a repo|| էյԼյthis im 132 The Bihar Gow requested the patch 200 cort Tiilitar y persor rifles to the S elections. Statë that they will handla law and On their o Wri duri Initial reports numbar of 'Sari Bi Har could be p] ET CEat this til per Cent during
til. Formar || of Police Rajesh that hoodlums
possess about : In an electorati that is One vei Every 52 woler; The Pätma Col between 20 ano Very da y fur But bare| y a fic: is the State art police estimate about 600 gun State, all Ճf t Pistos Sé|| for each, doubled for Rs. 2, OOOlaf for Rs. 6 kilog ticials in the St

, but also the sido. In the 1988 in Tripur a more Were 5SCa National Wounring the 1989 fLIl polling was leis thain the rule. O deaths and a e Ordered in as ooths in Andhra he most shockbooth-capturing s irn A Theati i II rom where Mr. in tested against Gandhi
Chief Mister Cha Lutala was i recead (3 mited wio - a na constituency, Ings moved from and star imped bali the police kept орponents away. of course co: its customary a lection violence. mmission had to in about 1,000 Constituencies. armer it has now Celtra to despanies of parael and 60,000 ita te before the | officials say not be able to order problems ng the elecions. Suggest that the isitive" booths in as high as 40 me against 25 the East Ele C
Inspector-General
War La believes
in the State million firearms. a of 526 ITiillion, apon for about
lectora te receives 30 applications arms licences. Jurth of the arms 2 licensed. The that there arc factories in the hem un licensed. about RS. 2OO barrelled guns ld crude bombs 'ram And palíate estima të that
each candidate must spend at |east Rs. 75,000 for hiring lumpen elements to do the dirty Work for ther.
A new phenomenon, cians say, has been the creation of caste seas or body guards. Most of these groups have their own arms-making units. In addition there are about 100,000 'arms contractors' who supply weapons and criminal gangs for a price.
politi
But guns alone do not win elections, Money too matters. Politicians say they have to
spend between Rs. 10 lakh and Rs. 25 lakh in each parliamentary constituency,
About a third of this is spent on paying off local gang lords; providing gifts to the voters - sarées, dhotis, Fämd to w els being perennial favourites - hiring WolLunteers" to paimt slogarns and man party offices, and printing pos
ters, banners and leaflets. Ewen though the statutory limit on campaign expenses is Rs. 1.5
lakh par Candidate, in practice, everybody spends much more.
The Government too spends a
huge amount to conduct the el actions. According to tha Chief Election Commissioner,
Mr. T. N. Seshan, the Government spent Rs. 110 crore last time on ballot papers and boxes, indelible ink and transport for the field staff etc. This does not include the expanditure on security and the law and order Tachinery. This year, the Commission reck ons that the glactions Will Cost thg Government Fabout Rs. 130 crora, Con trast this with the Rs. 10.45 crore spant om holding the first general elections in 1952.
Deputy Prime Minister Dew Lai estimates that the total cost to the nation could be around Rs. 12,000 crore this time, an in Crease of R5. 2.000 Crore Over
the figure cited for the 1989 elections,
Apart from the usual poll
related violence, politicians fear
large-scale communal clashes this time. The number of observers in 'sensitive" consti
tuencies was 10 in 1984. This increased ten-fold in 1989 and is expected to be considerably more this title.

Page 13
Cong(II) defines foreign
K. K. Katya!
sn't it significant — this refrence to the nuclear policy in the Congress () manifesto?' commented a senior dip|onata day after the party president, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, released the document. Three other diplomats, participants in the ari= nated discussion on the Coming poll at a cocktail party, nodded approval.
They had in mind a sentence under the sub-head "atomic energy", which said. 'In case Pakistan persists in the development of nuclear Weapons. India Wi || De COmstra is 13d TO Te Wie W her policy to meet the threat". One of them had already done a bit of research -''the Congress(I) manifesto last time did mot go that fär",
Manifestos, it is clear, are take seriously by others even
when the reaction within the country borders on cynicism. The stand taken by different
pärties, especially those perceiwed as future rulers, is scalled carefully and attempts are made to find hidden realings in wague formulations. Special attention is paid to foreign policy, This is deat With at length in the Congress (II) manifesto While other parties hawa baen Content With scar 1 to y tre atment of this subject, iTıp ortant though it is do Lu Et|Essly. But ES in the past, foreign affairs are unlikely to be a major issue in the campaigп. Opportшnity and chaІІепge
Some of the points made by the Congress (l) är E3 walid, othars snack of partisan polemical approach. Yas, this is a critical junctura in World history and for the nom-alignad movament and the dramàtic Change in the superpower relationship is not merely a major opportunity, but also a major cha llenge. "" It is for us to ensurg that the ending of the Cold War des not maar dar Tima tio i by any one power centre. It is for LI5 to el sure that the ener
gence of new e. s LICH 5 GerT am Works for the b people and not
lict of it of this is axiom COTT ES When
touches specific:
What type of բrojected by tha the field Of fցTE CEE ding from til
di 5 tit5 | āSt 15 tot 15 new aSSerti wemt affairs if it Col Tras lätt i 5 i it īcā5 : Mr. Raji w Gand|| relished during Pig Mist.
of Gow Crimit Gordi foLIId t genia | for per: His 70 WEES took He wrote to th Mr. Chadra Sil to laid the situations throw, Gulf imbroglio, GowErrimat int. wa te thi : 1) =ä The Int. Het Undert - to the Soviet West Asia CC Chief that his a C World Fader S CI fuso the Crisis,
His aides - i. foreign office grandiose ideas the Boss On th global diplomas had their Way, Other 5 |ik0 the fo T1a, Cha Callor, Would have sht. world Capital to of Earl ''Eigent Mr. Gidi fir the Gulf Var C averted häid he india. He is have Cor Will Cid dent, Mr. Sadd to giving up t to which he w part of wellTäCİES,

policy aims
conomic powers Iy and Japan etter Tant of the
only for the rich". Most a tiC b3LI t the rLub th B rT1arhi fg Sto
self-image is Congress(I) in igп policy? Prohe premise that Ie wice il the it promises a ass i globa | TIE:S t0 po W9 r. imple languaga, ictive role for 1i - which he IS LUTE IS After the change last year, Mr. El situation ConSonal Iriitiatives. waried forms. e Prime Minister ekhar, om ho W problems and in up by the He sludged the trying to actilignment moveook al trip abroad Union aid some Lutrias in tha qшаіпtaпce with ould help to de
including form or darins – häd
for projecting e Centre-stage of :y. If they had
he along with TimÉT WE35 t GerMr. Willy Brandit tled from one another as part Persons Group". nly balitaw as that CL1lt hHựa t]{}ữn E) at the her
certain he could
the Iraqi PresiäT HLISSĖi, il = le suicida | Coursé as being led as planned conspi
The māmifasto dos mot reflË Ct the tiit agaist the U.S. evidet from Mr. Gārd hi'S Litter - ances on the Gulf and related issues or from his campaign agai mist the refLI Elling Of U. S. military planas at the time of the fighting in the Gulf. Its various formulations are certainly Tot in tLIITE: With What SOTTE among the party rank and file, in their ower-enthusiasm, as Ciribed to him, Didn't the placards Carried by some party members at the time of Mr. Gai hii "S data = parture for the 'peace"; trip abroad proclaim - duriya mein halim do hii nam -- Rajiv Gandhi aur Säddäm (only two nadmes matter in the world - Rajiv Gandhi and Saddam Hussein).
"We will en large", säys tha manifesto, "the area of Tutual understanding and Cooperation with the U. S. and achieve a futher improvement in relations". This may be a routine statement but the fact remains that IridoU.S. tias a cquired a na W di Then - sion in various fields, including defence, during Mr. Gandhi's years in office. He built upon the foundations laid by his mother.
A party in office tends to moderate the extremism adopted by it while in the Opposition. The Congress(I) may not be an exception — assum ing that it is lucky at the hustings. This much is evident from its agenda for action in external affairs.
Extrema Cauti O
At times, the caution is carried to the extreme limit. Take the case of neighbourhood diplomacy. Our neighbours, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh (Pakistan fa||5 in a different Category for One reason and Bhutan and the Maldives in another) are keen to know the deal they will get from New Delhi is case the Congress() returns to power. Will it continue the line taken by the National Front Go Wernment which did mot undergo a
11

Page 14
material changes at the hands of its successor or switch back to its old approach? The manifesto does not provide the answer - it merely says. "'The Congress will pursue the objective of friendly relations with our neighbours and Other Asian COurit ries, based om well-accepted principales, including sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-intererence in internal affairs.
MORE SPECIFIC OM SRI LAMIKA
What it says of Sri Lanka is slightly more specific - reiteration of the coImmitment to the India-Sri Lanka Agreement of July 1987 as the bal5Si5 fOT the Settlant of Outstanding issues relating to the Tamil population Of the is and and to "cotirn u e its en de a v our to fin dl solutions to problems in a manner that UuiII 5ocure th E. rights of the Sri Lankan Talhills Safeguard O LI r nnational Security interests and ensLIre territorial integrity Of Sri Lanka "".
SOIT e of the staterner 15 ori the performanCe of the National Front Government are open to Lastion, Witness this ona: ''Owing to neglect by the National Front Gower frihet and its sLCCESSO r", the Line-te Sted frier dship with the Sowiet Unio has stagnated in the last 15 months. Only recently, Mr. Gandhi met the Soviet President, Mr. Mikha || Goba chlaw, and Would certainly hawe been briefEd om the problems, economic and political faced by the latter, What happened in the Soviet Union lately is no secret even Other Wisa. Stagnation — if that is the right word - is the outCome of the momentous change
in the Soviet Union and not of the lack of efforts on India's part. If India's econo -
mic and defence relations with MOSCOW hawa ba en affected the TE a SCTS are to be fod il tha domestic problems of the Soviet Union, Last year's visit to the Soviet Union of Mr. W. P. Singh was a success given the new constraints in bilateral deatings. At the political lewe | th a two
12
Sides have me and shown app Other's Sit Lu Libri
Relations with
The manifas to tiOria | Front GO ship for failure personal rapport leadership requi ward the break by the Congres Our relations w the scheduled , Gural Externa || . in the Nation a did ridot materi political uncerta wise there was in bilateral rela! the Chi BSG F Deputy Prime M |dia, tha Jit dar y Setting Lup Chäsi T to e Tigu sido a long the W. C. ShUkä si Beijing during with tha Foreig m elbar (of th { khar G0 w Ermen
It is only to of the chapter moderatio is st cific foreign po Congress will si atסrנpם 8 חם וחוו0fם the maxillum India speaks in
Less importan
Surprisingly,
Front docutant policy in 33 lic tra S T to the tot
läst time. If it downgrading of it will only cort charge of negle important field. tions With goma ment's SUCCe55 relations with except Pakista sing to take, if DO Wer, two : St. Pakistar takes C to "main tai its endly relatio 5 ' Union' and ti fruitful relations thū (C) Lurh tri 35 Of wealth, Europe :

| ita i Ted Cotc:t TEC:iation of a Ch and compulsions.
China
bola Thes the NaWErfTEflt |Eädartio estab & Foo Fg with the Chines red to take forthrough achieved S Government in ith Chirilal.' Tr Le isit of Mr. I. K. Affairs Minister, | Front set-up, alise (Wing to in ties, but otherno sackening ions what with oreign and the Minister visiting Gr. Lip CII CLIrla military - re against të nborder and Mr. nally making to his brief stilt in Office as a 3 Chandra She
Wards the gild that H mԼյte tյf truck - on spelicy issues, the 23 k to a wolwe a
:h so that, tg
extent possible.
013 Voice".
Ce by MIF
th E3 Nationa | is misses foreign 5 - sharp coi ed enunciation is a deliberate externa | affairs, firm its Critics rt of this a The party tenporida its (G) verin normalising the eighbours, (While promi* it Comas to É pos for wärd if le), its resolve traditira | friwith the Soviet 'in prove its with the U. S., the Commoind Japan".
At the instance of the CPI (M), the Front included a reference to China in its revised draft - 'the National Front Government has succeeded in irnprowing Sino-Indian relations. The National Front believes that these two big neighbours must pursue a course of friendship and cooperation'. The there ar8 promises to ' strengthen frieIndship Y/with SdJLI th As i: T i a d Arab countries and Iran. The Janata Dal (S) has confined itself to a few in Brities.
CPI(M)'s word of caution
The CPI(M) too has been frugal in its foreign policy references. It reaffirms its priority for batter ties with neighbours Find Chilla. But Wädt Stads Out arg the Words of Caution against the ''U.S. black rail". The following words wividly portray its concern 'in its drive for global dimmiration, U, S. irTn peria l ismin, has been constantly striving to draw India into its orbit, Towards this end it has been using Warious methods such as the pressure of our exterial borrowings and economic diffiCulties, aiding and abetting se cessionist movements and at tempting political subversio.
''The Chadra Shekhar Gowerment succurribed to such U. S. pressures and allowed the refu elling of U.S. military planes,
Experience shows that those Cao Lutries which hawe becoma su bosa Twi et to the U.S. hawe
virtually lost their independence and citizens democratic rights. India has been ab e to faca such pressures because its people firstly stood for World peace and anti-imperialist nomaligned foreign policy,
'This foreign policy has to be protected from succumbing to U.S. black Thail, it should be strengthened in the new world situation, when after the Gulf War, the U.S. is attempting to Creata its own rhew World ordar. India as a major Third World and non aligned country must take the | Bad to champion the interests of the Third World in the political economic and diplomatic sphere."

Page 15
India - Grisis in The Sy
By James Clad
WASHINGTON India, the planet's second most populous nation, has stumbled into the most serious
crisis in its 45 years since independence from Britain. The slide toward chaos has occurred largely un noticed by the West, prEOCCUpiad by months of fast paced events in the Persial Gulf and Central Europe. Yet the upheaval im India is every bit is pro = found as the Soviet Union's disintegration, and seems certain to atter the future course of events in the Country in unsettling Way5.
The gathering political and aconomic crisis is composed of a compara tively sLidden, Simul
taneous a Valan che of toubles: caste unrest, religious rioting, rising inflation, an economic iпсiрiапt gO W Eers". Ti E t , נשוחSlu bankruptcy and tenacious regional revolts. In the past, the system dealt with Successive crises. Now, the crisis is the
system itself,
The subtitle of W. S. Naipaul's recent book on India, "A Million ML tinias Now," could not be more apt: The collapse on March 7 of India's third government in 16 months Simply caps a WaWa of disarray. Another election promises only further paralysis in which no one party wins a
Tajority.
Yet elections and parliamentary instability only hint at India's torn fabric, Topping the ist are rebellions, Convulsing the Punjab and Kashmir. During recent visits to these states found evidence of abuses by security forces too numerous to doubt; in Kashmir, especially, the degree of alienation between the 4 million Kashmiris and the several hundred security forces positioned in the beautiful walley is profound.
| detected It Shred of CITmor ground between the populace and what has become an occupying force. Yet the retention of Kashmir, India's only Muslim majority state, re
mains an article Indian parties : Kashmir sustain wulnerable view 5Ea cLu lar, dĖTI 0) { something diffel etter thal Paki giously defined | dia that Welt i 1947. Nothili Tūrė l 1 3 1 the [.. 'old' Kashmir; Kā5H1 Tiris T1, TE to Eje rid Of III C passe that resul not en tirally, frO pulation of K during the last
When I inte Prima Minister W compared him.SE
Lincoln with OLIt Conscio LISTESS. dgfsnd fis Unio
In the Punjab,
yields the Sam Especially in th Amrits är, site
Temple, an orig a saparate sta1ё Sikhs has iOW cidal rebellion belonging to a groups butcher
Predominantly Create. In BW gTO older groups. PLI T1 ja b and a T10 TIL H - St Stät B show, abuse Sb arte hot the por e! dictatorships al. most likely elei former police : S. S. Männ, : toëmail-less feel säird — of in terr. Comrades.
FÖrg PriTE Gandhi told in sening revolts, gets through it remark reflects Ca||T1 bOTThe Ol Gandhi's grandf Nehru, and Tidt Tam the Cong the country, s. Of |T1 dia"S hla ľ', Tésults from Ri

stein
of faith for all and politicians: s || 1 dia's no W of itself as a cratic country, FEtt fra T1 and ista F1, the relipart of British its separate Way g unites Indians it tellination to mothing unites tha a de SiTE dia, H tragiC its mostly, but m India's mäniashi Tiri politi CS three decades.
"wiewed formêr P. Singh, he lf to Abraham a trace of selfHe too Would
a different logic
e gri Tı result. g districts near
of the Golde
ina demänd for for the majority becoTe a fra tri
I. Wlich Sikhs SG Org Of ITTOTe each other,
Sikh policemen ups to fight the As Kashmir, the ther Te Wolt in the of Assam wiwid y y security forces 'ogative of Arab le. The Sikhs' Cioral leader, a ornander na med showed me his , a result - he gation by former
Minister Rajiv of these Wor
"India always troubles." His type of dynastic
thë fact that ther, Jawa har la | ler, Indra Gandhi, ress Party, and decades. Much e5t of tro Lublas jjiv Gandhi's era,
fOIT | 384-89. Wich sämé äft8r his mother's assassination in November 1984.
The Congress Party long ago lost its prestige äis the winner of Indian independence. Its last internal party elections occurred two decades ago. Indra Gandhi transformed the Congress into a party of chamchas, Hindi for "yes-man." Her son Continued her habit of arbitrarily dismissing elected officials. This had dismal consequences in Kashmir and tha Punjab evident to a II, but the habit continues: Recently, NEW Delhi dismissed State gOWCernments of Assam and Tami | Nadu, resulting in direct rule.
The last faction to try its hand at governing the country, until March 7, was a tiny grouping of just 54 of the 524 MPs in India's rowdy parliament. Led by political maverick Chandra Shekhar, it gawe Up after only four months. One reason. Shekhar abandoned the effort was bitter controversy over his deci
sion to allow J. S. and allied transport planes to stop and refuel in India on their way to
the Persian Gulf.
Under pressure from Rajiv Gan
dhi (who had quietly allowed periodic U. S. Air force overflights during his term), She
khar rescinded the permission in February. Shekhar had little choice: His premiership rested entirely on Gandhi's whim, be cause the defeated Congress party still has the largest tally of legislators.
The steady breakdown of national cohesion is strikingly re
flected in the political parties' campaign plans in the next elections. The bigger faction
of the splintered Janata Dal
party will contest the election using blatant appeals to caste identity. Shekhar's group will
promise socialism.
The Bharatiya Janata Party, or BJP, India's Hindu revivalists, want to rawive 'Hindu-ness," a glorious time before the Musim arid Christian in Waders But the prospect frightens the country's 110 million Muslims (after Indonesia, India is the Tost populous Muslim nation).
( Ĉor7 timuigado oron Page 29)
13

Page 16
Introducing Disorder V
Warindra Tarzie Wittachi
orge Bush likes to for mu
late his thoughts in the form of catch lines which his speechwriters and image-makers have assured him would grab the Hearts and mids of Middle America, in the sama Way that Ronald Reagan's masterful inarıities did. During his election campaign he kept talking about 'A Thousand Points of Light" to persuade people to believe that voluntary groups, with the light of charity in their hearts, should take over the burden of looking after the poor and old and homeless, so that the government's public assistance programmes could be reduced, if not eliminated The phrase didn't fly far. The President's de Wotees hawe astablished a group wuflich Gä|| it5ä|f tha “Point5 Of Light Foundation" but there isn't Tuch energy or money third.
Ewer since the Soviets Went out of the Cold War business,
Bush has been trying out another catch phrase: A New World Order (NWO), Ho hum.
Many leaders of Hitions ha Wa announ Ced Vari OLIS Sorts of Ne W Orders on assuming office President Suhart of desia promised am Order Baru, a New Orde, Whal ha took o var from President Sukarno in the midsixties; President Marcos promised a New Society when he de Clair Ed Martia | Law irn Philippines; Rajiv Gandhi, flush from his popular election victory in 1984, promised a Modern India, free of public Corruption, free from Taipant poverty - all this to be achieved through resort to the Tiracles of Trödern techno logy and management. Familiar stuff.
That sort of political lostrum should mot Évoke o Lur i räs Cibility, but our risibility. It deser Wes no more than a sceptical snicker, just as the "Thousand Points of Light" did. But Bush's New World Order is sor mething else. It is of a very different order of magnitude, its ramifications
14
and implicatiDr and, despita bепigп concerп a whole, it is than auspicious global, not natic New Frontier a son's Great SI wery glibness : of any explan: entails. hides polications vựh dan gerous for !
Wha t CLI|d approach to question ITILISt the basic: fac: a new Ameri perceived by G 45 years the Carried of H World Was Cor Saw 3s, 3rd til People like Pa promoted a Nc rent tried to the y represen tE people of this the two superpic ting in the wa the World. BLI in: 0 1 B Bar a deaf in both. this message, Earth's treasure which endang planet, divertiri riail asid hiLisnas Could hawe re the dire proble confronts.
NCW that tE Over, bar the hyper-Conserva vvio Sti || Want Gorbachev as than as a lib New Order off Bush propose the global Con in a global if via ting power ty fall-out of dise r3 Lher L3 Erl sբeriding in pensive and

Morldwide
is are intricate its sound of for hurianity as Til aus rather . Its scopa is na I, as Kammady's id Lyn Old Joh 1}ciety were. It's
and tig absence tion of what it many likely im
ich could be Fe whole World.
it mean? Any answering that tak i to a CCOLUlt that it refers to cal 'order" as George Bush. For WO SLIJETLOWETS s though the posed of themhig rest of Lus. dit Mlahlı TLu Who in-Aligned Movepoint out that 3d Tost of the World, and that W Érs, WETE: getiy of the rest of t power is deaf | Superpo'Wer is So neither heard and wasted the 3 ir1 a 1 arm S raGCe ered the entire g to it the ma te1 resu TC es Which +SO |Wedi many of is that humanity
a Cold Wat is barking of the tiwa Columnists lo See Mikhail a dictator rather
e fator, does the ered by George joint action by
im LIrlity to IrvB5t ogramme of alleand its wretched as and illiteracy gag ing in military in Creasingly Exeady Weaponry
It is important to recognise that the coexistence of two Superpo WerS TE Strained each other from careening off into global adventures which may hawe e ndangered everyone. This balance has now been upset and rew power align Tents are BEing for gead and a new World map of friends and enemies is b) Eig Ch är t.d. With the WaT in the Gulf ending in an Americal victory, it will not be the end of the old world order of guns and international power politics, but the beginning of a new World disc) reder, in Whigh Tig United States will continue to have the Whip hand, but without the restraining influence of an equally powerful opponent.
嗣 率 轟
FIFTEEN years ago the nations of the South proposed a New World Order intended to bridge the yawning gap between the rich and the poor worlds by instituting fairer international trading practices and increasing the order of Tiagnitude of international assistance for rapid development of the South. A few Western countries, notably tha Dutch and the Scandinavians, supported this case strongly. But thern Came the Lost DBCade of Reaganism and Thatcherism which pooh-pooled the New Economic Order and put in its pola co na W reactionary idea 5 5 Luch as 'structural adjustment" which simply meant that the governments of the p (por World should remove all measures such as free education, free health serwices and other prografTm Tn es for most W III erable people ad throw their EC:o nomic process, unha T 1 - pered by any “Socialist" device, into the rough and tumble of the bazaar. Thg rg Sult of thOSg Dolicis is that absolut power ty has increased and the gap between the rich and poor within COLIntries as Ve|| as a Cross the equator has wide nad immeasura bly.
"Сүтті тілшғгі гул. page. It]]

Page 17
AAFITEAR TAYAE MWAAR
“New World Order'
Sumanasiri Liyanage
han Wa confront me W situa tions, Lur first att El Pot to understand them involves the deployment of old categories. The new emerging structures are usually || Ooked at i ter T1s of old decaying structures, it takes som tima for US to grasi thāt wg häVB been living in El transitional phase in which every thing undergoes change and transformation. And as Marx reminded us that in a phase of rapid transformation, '(a) 11 fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their faith of ancient and Wenerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new formed on es become antiquated before they can Ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profa në d." The emerging structures and situations invariably produce new ideas and theoretica fråIngwork. HOWever, we all, at least to a Certain extent, are Conservative. As Keyes Oce retarked, "the difficU || LW |ies, not in new ideas, but in escaping from the old O mes."
There are certain similarties betwee to GUF Conflict and the other post world war 2 conflicts. Like the events in Korean peninsula in the early 1950s, the theatre of war was confined to a very limited geographical terrain - Iraq, Kuwait and some parts of Saudi Arabia. But the forces actually engaged in direct fighting hawe corThe from a large number of countries, There are non-military participants in the conflict; Japan and West Germany as financiers of the war; The USSR and China giving their consent for the attack; countries like Sri Lanka offering logistic support to the allied forces. Thus, the analogy
Dr. Liiva naga is FF Serior Lecturer at: Ferâdgriya Üniversity, Tha artiç'a L SuCLCu CC HMLaLS keaLLLLLaL S S S
"r Сву"огї Sглоїїgs SдrтЈ"гляг.
with the Korea conflicts are ( HowEW Br, the C fers from the because it doe: Clash betW EE|| || USSR. The sigr event has Jeën broke out is a ferent internatio GLIf War C E a microcosm in assa Titial feat Luri sent internation reflected and st
ThiS, 10 te f possible devel Could ta ka pla: Tath of the GL || | sha | | BX3 mi1 Of the internati it has evowed the Cld War a possible future second part of look at the Eastern develo that my conclu Setially be te
1. Post-WWar I
THa itera which emerged World War Was tha Contino Luis || war tension be powers. This te C: Li larly high ir the se corld Wo Wegin 1979 al Halliday has ide explanations of super-powers h Continous Confr
For O TE 5 C with coverti strategic thir rivalry is but of traditional
flict, to b balarıca of Considerations se en as only Of ti 5. Strat äld differe

I ård Vietnam
learly marked. Gulf Conflict difearlier conflicts
S 1 t 3 SSLI [T1 8 3 ...he USA and the 1ificance Of the that the WaT qualitativel y dif| 3 || col text. Tha e Considered as which all the
Es of the prea situation are a presented,
thB חם t:LIstisנ opments which È il the after
lif war, liri part 1, E tha Chāfā CtET Ional Syster as after the end of nd to look at its
scenarios. The
the essay will possible Middle poments. Il a dimit sions would esltativ B.
Developments tira Sit Läti
after the second charcterized by presence of cold tWE en two supar ension was partiTediately after rld War and Best
d 1985. FTėd)ך Intifigris four broad why the two a We entered into Oltation S.
hol, associated
ional "realist" and iking, East-West Filthar WEr Sin great power Com - 2 explained by OWer and Other i. Ideology is an expression agic interattion, ces in internal
Composition of the se societos as an analytic ir rele Wä ICE, A Second School, Comm01 amongst liberal writers, locates the conflict at the level of policy mistakes, misSed op - portunities and misperceptions on both sidas; in this view, the conflict is avoidable - better communication in the period after 1945 or in the |ate 1970s Could haw8 BVoided both Cold War 1 and Cold War 2. A third School argues that what appear to ba internatio mål riw Hiliri 8s ar the product of factors within these Societies, i, 8. of political and economic factors that push tha States in question to compete with each other, many analyses of Cold Was 2, in particular, stressed the extent to which political factors within the USA and USS Fl, amri the CCm tr[]| dỵT1Hmic of the arms race itself, caused this more recent Confrontation to mature. The appearance of interbloc or intersystemic conflict masked a homology, with both sides using and benefiting from the contest within their own do
main of domination. (New Left Review, 180, p. 7.)
The fourth school to which
Halliday claims that he belongs emphasizes the inter-systemic character of the conflict and envisions the cold War as a necessary outcome of the rivalry of two different social, El ContoTic and political systems". Whatewer the causas which ga WF ris3 to cold war tension and its constant presence throughout the post-world War 2 period, most CoTi Tentators no W agre a that the lata 1980s marked the end of the cold War between East and West.
Tha international order tharacterized by bipolarity and the Constant Conflict bet Ween tWO super-powers, is ower. So let
15

Page 18
me identify the recent trends in the International field in order to see what kind of international order is emerging.
(1) The economic decline of the US: By the 1970s, Japan and West Germany had emerged as economic super powers and challenged the US economic leadership. After the second World War, the US, as the solo global economic power, accounted for 44% of world trade. This proportion was reduced to 20% in the late 1970s and is expected to decline further in the 1990s. American industry has lost its competitive edge in the 1970s and the Atherical balace of trade has recorded a huge deficit as imports exceeded exports. The US has beCome tha highest in debted na - tio ni in the World with accuInulated debt amounting to about S 1000 million. Thus, the World was becoming economically tri
polar with power distributed among the US, the EEC and Japan.
(2) The changes in USSR
domestic and foreign poli
cies: Gorberchevian perestroika (restructuring) and glass most (openness) triggered revolutio
nary changes not only in the USSR but also in the Eastern Europe. The foreign policy forInulated by Sherevendze has been a complete break from the policies of the USSR in the previous period and emphasized
the point that the USSR had no intention of intenvening in international affairs in support
of undemocratic regimes in its own bloc or in the third World. | believe that it is tot a CCurata to interpret these changes in Soviet foreign policy as a withdrawal (either permanant or temporary) from world affairs. I See it as Con Scious policy change.
(3) The procesS of democratization: Charles Jencks has identified a long term trend towards democratization and its acceleration". ந
16
Ha otes;
According t Limber of d quasi democrac tham dCublat from 47 to 1 nations - and of the Wor||C. USSR, Easter parts of Afri become damo tively recogпі: a good year because cham ble). (Charles Today, 1991,
The process o in Eastern Euro buted significant ple in a dwan Ced tries to re-think Igng SS Of the di tures in their o
(4) The Weal пatioп state: War 2 period H proliferation of terprises, intergo) nizations, econ international NC nizations and it assed sole initially perform stH tes, David H inter-governmen have grown fro tC 365 i 1 984 NGOS hawe mu same period fro These organizat pen and tie do a Web of Commi Jencks, Marxisr p. (17).
(5) The new the9 rOIe of tha Soviք է լր Afganistan, the solving conflict: tiatlon 5 hava b near Luna nimity sion making pri sely contributer confidence in mediation of C.
Mext: M WWO a

surveys, the 3 TOC facies and es has more Since 1945 – 8 of sore 167 more than fifth population – In Europe and ca is trying to ; Tätic. We itu— e that 1989 was for democracy JB Was so visiJEncks, Maxism
p. (18).
F democratization 39 h 3S Contrily for the peoCapitalist Counabout incomple-mocratic strucWr countries.
:епіпg of tha The post-World I as marked the multinational enFernmental orga - Jmic E)|0 CS a T1 d SOs. These orgainstitutions have of the functions Bd by the nation |eld shows that tal organizations 123 in 1951 and international ltiplied ower the ו 4615 סt 832 וח ions 'check, damW the natio il timents" (Charles Today, 1991,
confidence in the UN: After 'ithdrawal from
role of UN ir , through negohe stra Sad. The in the UNI deciCé55 hä5 immerto generate new is ability in the inflicts.
dits Structur6.
Introducing. . . .
ரேred frr; page 14) is that the sort of international reality which the New World Order of Bush wants to address itself to? He has shown absolutely no indication that ha is even remotely concerned with abject poverty even within his country, leave alone the rast of the World. He would a awg a || Such mis - ericordia stuff to his points of light. Dos his New Order Concer itself with rejecting war as a means of solving human disputes? The disarmament procass initiated by Gorbachew gawa promise of the Cow Thillan ni LITT being able to beat swords into Ploughshares. People hoped, for a while, that the United Natio r15 Would be allowed by the big power to play its essential pēHçekeeping rol 9. ||1st Bad, what has happened is that the United States ha sfound it a Convenient instrument to legitimise its own foreign policy as it did in Korea 43 years ago, so that American generals can pursue American policy under the United Nations flag. А реace-keeping orgапіsation going to War is an irony bordering on the lunatic.
Bush's New World Order needs a new enemy. Saddam has already served the purpose of arousing the latent jingoism in the United States. It was aasy to present him as the new bogeyman. But when the present Un pleasantness in the Sands of Arabia is ower, Who Will turi out to be the new enemy? I would not be surprised if Bush and his buddies are already dusting off an old script and Tehearsing a mig w production in which a united and larger Germany and a powerfully resurrected Japan return to play the Tole of villains.
lt is all wery frighten ing and Very dishear tening to people like Ile who had begun to believe that a law World Order guided by values appropriate to the new Tillenium to Which We are heading was already Waiting in the Wings for new players to enact its humane message. Alas, Bush's NBW World Order is not likely to be
what we hoped for.
ČITAJ Arte yo : Mfiri, frearr)

Page 19
UNDERSTANDING J. R
Piyalı Gamage
f all public figures in this
or any other country J. R. is, in several ways, surely шпiдuе | this article || Wish tO 9Xamine one particular facet of his uniqueness, namaly, the near-incomprehensibility of his public ultigrances. This Was most recently illustrated by his tele phone message to the press in which ha contra di Cted a ruim10 ut that he was dead. Having said that he was very much alive he went on to add: 'Cowards die many times before their death." Now, if this quotation from Julius CE) ES E F : in hawe any relevance at all it can only maan that J. R. Was saying that he was a coward - which is unthinkable. On the other hand it has no other possible meaning in the Context. It is not possible to imagine that J. R. Was misquoted because he said the same thing both to the Daily News and to the Island. Actually, the feeling that he has been Wrongly reported is the standard response of many whentower a statement of J.R.'s is reported in the media, Take the famous ''Nirvana" in tërview. Having said that he was determingd to "a chiewa Nirwa na in this birth itself" (thereby implying that there are other births)
he goes on to say "I don't believe in rebirth." Again that suspicion - is he being mis
quoted? Buddhist exegatists de fine nirvana as the Cossation of rebirth When One's karmic des
tiny has worked itself out. Is then J. R. saying that death automatically results in the
achievement of nirvana? Do then,
all living beings achieve nirvana after death? This cannot be right but it seems to be what he is saying, Later in the interview J. R. says he has 'gifted the house in which he WA5 living to the government and that ha no longer owned an inch of land." Immediately after this he contradicts himself: * "I don't hawe land be Causė || didn't earn for myself. This
house belonged she decided to goWernment."' lt fusing. Was he Tilä Lankä G. 1 1990 reports a J. R. in which justify his call help to deal wi J. R. Cits ti seeking U. S. he and India (in 19 | help to fight C question is ask:
foreign foras. Wäs i tara |, {, replies: 'This deadly foe Se
the same freed a fascist dicta! so good. But ceeds: "T3 ment must safe tiom, its po war. T of politics - to democratically, if |Lost, to rei wigest to ra tair help of the d rathia T thar tC Seek to regain is saying that help (the devi mot the Coult T ted gowler mmen | as this the tics". Surgly til torm foolery? WF has one hear government in valtion of fi help it to ramai he mis reportad Shortly be foi dential electio ported to ha We recessary to E wictory using " ent means". of people. We tյt casion and ssibleםנt pטוז miso Luoted. B. was guest Frenc Elbas til bic: El terhā| Rewolution a was reported ta i th B LI 5B ( French Revolu

R.
to my Wife and give it to the is al very Conmisզuotad?
Jardian of July interview. With he is asked to ing for India's th the L. T. T. E. Cas9 of Brita in :lp to fight Hitler 52) seeking U. S. hima. Than thÐ id: Those War The threat hEra lomstic, J. R. was an equally 3king to destroy Im s änd im DJs = orship." So far then J. R. proelected governguard its posiThat is the essence acquire power to reta | it and gain it. It was | (sic) with the awil if nocessary | lose and then it." Here J. R. he sought Indian l?) to safeguard, y, but 'the elec, its power." He "essen Ca of poli1 is is the weriest
Eere in tha World of an elected fiting the interreign troops to
in office? Was ל
the last presi1 J. R. was resaid that it was 15ure a U N P. „fio ler 1 t o r 131 --Wi) - Since thousands e present on the heard him it is O think I Was t soon after, J. R. Homo Jr at tha y celebrations of of the Franch in his address o hawe dä Dracaf viola C5a il tha ion and to have
claimed he was totally opposed to violence in any form. Was Һв пnisгерогted?
Sometime prior to that, J. R. Wrote a letter to the Sunday Times in which ha stated that it was not possible for a head of state to practisa Ahin sa. Within weeks of this colm Unication, J. R. addressed the Commonwealth heads of State in London and was reported to hawe xhorted them to practi SE A hitsa in the exercise of their du ties. Was he mis reported?
The Daily News of 4 March 1982 carried a quotation from J. R. ''About 8 to 10 years ago the U. N. P. Was faced With the Consequences of the nationalisation policies of a set of people who thought that socialism was good". While this Comment was no doubt in at:- cord with the economic policies J. R. follo Wed, on E remem Ebers that it was J. R. Wh. O'r 13 Timed this Country ooo The Damo Cratic Socia - sist Republic of Sri Lanka'. Again that suspicion of Ilisuotatio. Let Lis now look at J. R's famous statement justifying his decision to extend the life of parliament by six years: 'I had formation. On 21 October 1982 (i.e. the day after the presidential election) that the group of the S. L. F. P. which rid the presidential election campaign and Were in a majority in the executive Comitte e ha d decided to assassima te me and a few other ministers, Mr. Anura Bandara naike, the chiefs of the ar Ed 55 er wices and others, and to imprison Mrs. Bandara naike. In other Words, or 7 t/h è strengt f7 of t' Ag fr wictory (my italics), establish a military government, taaring up constitutional procedures, as they announced at their election meetings." That, says J. R. Was what the baddies had planned to do had they won the presidential election, which they had not, J. R. then goes on to say: 'I had to decide whether to allow this to happen (Ouery: Allow what to happen?) or to ask the people whether, in addition to my being allowed to govern the Country with a démocratic parliament ensшring peace aпd pro
("Сол тілшғd on page 18)
17

Page 20
IS RESEARCH A RAC
Some Arguments Concerning
Arguments for
1. It is impossible to get high quality researchers unless you pay well. 2. International organizations pay minimum of US$ 1000 (Rs 40,000) for a 20-30 page paper and above Rs 1000 per day plus food and drink for field research. So w a just have to keep abreast of the Joneses of research. 3. Foreign researchers are paid very high wages. Why should |OCä | reseärchers sett le for le 552 4. Research is difficult and much midnight oil has to be burnt. 5. Research is expensive: you need paper, some books, photocopies, and electronic typewriter and a word pro
cessor is now an absolute
пecessitү. Arguments against 1. A Wage for researchers -
ES på P2 Cially researchers in the
the Payment of
Third Wor or researc people – ori far at OWG Capita a We fiable, 2. If Tasearch minat e po', wween their wទgចទ of work for is as reason ab: bility is at is at Stake cher sets ( by taxi frd in the City a poor will line do T än 3. High wage
is a part by prestigi of Wg Sterf The racket
and resistei become a dustry for 4. Payment to
Chers and
Understanding . . .
(Carrir led fror përgë i 7)
gress or to permit a set of political hooligans to enter parliament in large numbers and While Wrecking democratic procedures to strength en themsalves to form their Naxalite government at the next general election." Syntactically that's all Wrong. It is not even a proper sentence. Nor proper logic, J. R. is saying he wished to extend the life of parliament to prevent the Naxalites from doing what they had already been effectively prevented from doing by J. R. Winning the election Was he misquated?
Let us go back in time. In June 1981 the Daily News reported a speech J. R. made at the headquarters of the Sucharita Movement: 'If any action (prosurnably he means any improper action) of my ministers or a member of the government's parliamentary party is brought to my attention, I will inquire
18
first before tion. Armi w deni | will accept
ha mis reported to say that thi da ce With || British justice
Sum ed in 10 Ce guilty".
With this k
the law's delay cated overnigh persons in than and the high not guilty to t against them V forth will with principle that t innocent Was
We row Come speech J. R. lia mont fine d to Ceylon Observe with an incorre photograph whi that paper. Ha
'We do not ki the two suspec ted because WE to the details

KET ?
High Wages to
d social sciences Iers in the area of inted subjects - ationalin come per ages is unjusti
ers Work to el ierty, the gap betwages and the the people they o be kept as small ly possible. Credistake. Credibility Whe the researut each morning In a 5-star hotel for research in age of an estate
Lirban silum.
s for researchers of a racket ru bus organizations
capitalist Society. must be exposed
(d. Research has
high wage intha elite. } foreign resear
their local hench
Researchers, Local & Foreign
persons must be exposed; they must be shown up to be the mer Cenarias of research and their radicalism
Tlust EE ridictulad.
5. Does a researcher Work ha rder then a homest bank clerk of a municipal minor employee?
6. There is no objective justification for Wage differentials between mental and Tā nu Vork.
7. Transnational research organizations pay local researchers Well (though much less than they pay foreigners) in order ultima tely to buy, tame and de-radicalize local researchers, des pite the radical
jargon sometimes used in research. The presence of local researchers also helps th[]m to answar the Charge of academic colonialism.
Paul Caspersz
3CCept thë a ilegaal cor explanation
forth with.' Was
J. R. Went or S Was in a CCD rhe principle of that "one is preit until found
ind of approach 5 can be era dit. All accused agistrates' courts :Ourts who plead he charges made ti || be acquittad Ut trial of the ley are presumed J. R. misq Luoted? to the famous adë When parwo Editors of the in connection Ct caption to a ch appeared in said, inter alia: OW what crime -itוחות סaWB Cוs T did not go inf it and merits
of the defenca. . . The reasons why we have decidad to impose a fine Fire that, firstly, we Want to give a donation to the Deaf and Blind School; secondly, we want to show that this bill is now law with teeth in it and, in future, anybody who Comes before this house may not escape with a fine; thirdly, the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon, of which I am a shareholder, is not an indigent orgaInisation. It has enough money to pay the fines of these two
úditOrS."
J. R., was prise minister of Sri Lanka when he spoke those
Words, Was he misquoted?
No, it is all ther in Ha Sard.
We||, there you hawe him --
J. R. the IncomprehensibIO;
As Aldous Huxley put it in The Second Philosopher's Song: Wa bow the head and do not Linderstad,

Page 21
PEACE - A GENERA
ha Crisis in Sri Lanka which
now faces the Tamils, and ultimately all the people of this Country with an un Certain fLtre is One that appears to defy definitior. The Tai Tills hawe la rgely lost their spiritual and intellectual bearings and their physical existence hangs in the LLLLLaL LSS S L L S HLLLLLLLS L LLLLLL the Muslims are being uprooted, robbed and driven out en masse from the North, and the attitudes to Wards" therith that are being promoted, puts the dominant Tamil ideology in a wery disreputable company. In los ing any sensitivity to What it means to be a minority, they have forgotter their own historo W. Thi Ba LI slims Who Were Taking steady gains as a cornmility have suffered setbacks as the result of the brutal intolerance of the Tigers and the mā F1 DE LI W rings of the go warnпnвnt. Theү аге поw bвіпg iпducted into a Culture of violence while scober ard ref|Fçtiwa Musin Voices are being pushed aside. Apart from the Sinhalese peasants being killed in border areas, the devastating potential for the Sinhalese contained in the general dege fieration of the politicii culture is seen in the Continuing phenomenol of Eburning Corpses in the South,
It is a wident that those who
wish for peace on this is and are at a loss to identify the problem, leave alone find a solution. A recent press re
lease by the Canadian Foreign Secretary Joe Clark illustrates the point. In a "balanted" statement Expressing Concer over human rights violations in this Country, Mr Clark called or both sides to go for negotiations as the most appropriate means of resolving the dispute and on Suring the Safety of ciwiliais in the North and East. Similar sea time its had been reflected in a recent statement by the British Prilla Minister and in a call made by the Indiam High Commissioner.
On the other king privately, agreement that së fise of loss. I instinctivë lly tha Settle më it is E prospect. Since War, the flat Lur thrust of the go' tary and admin nery has ba en 1 C)bi|ite: r:1 tigs Cf associations an the Eastern prowii ress has brough 5OO ) Tarmi | c: iwi Combat but in bombings.
ME COT13 lisation of th the Universi
for Human Rig
The Tigers on by their brutal hUn dreds of poli songr, and of 7 civilians helped dehumanisation th : possibility C Ilulication aid
Events owgr the hawa || 5 ft LIS obstacles to II. erit, Orle is t adttei pot to da y the East by E fait a CCompli ! tion and (disp│ Tamil pou lation FILI gn tiä | sg.: [: tion:
Et id til porti 5 m Wi|| IBW Er - äL כן BIח rם חנitחiכן ס fidem C e among
The Other is
the LTTE, the
lation of Wic to por Ci pitä tea tif culatedly left th mercy of en ra for Cgs Whose | ko W, Without capacity to pro

L APPEAL
and when speathere is general everyo na fels a Most people feel t a negotiated a very remote
the outbreak of al, if unspoken, vernment's miliistrative machiLo speed up the
historic Tail d preseпce iп :ie , Its Ca | IO LISt El to 'A' ET filias - not in
massacres and
ce the Seriae report by ty Teachers hts. (Jaffna)
th 3. Other hald, massacres of Cemen taken priOO or So Muslim the process of by destroying If human com
understanding.
| last four months With tWO Tiain egotiated settlehe gij vernment's * Trini| clairT15 i հringing about a through decina - a cement of the Although irls of the governPress hawe supOVES, the result I: tag Lo Tani
to build cothem,
the Clarater of Tät Lufäl är ticula - not just helped le Wär, but CaIB Tårnis at til E qed Sri Lankar lature Was Well the Wi|| or the tE Ct them. More
importantly negotiations would mgan talk of constitutional atrangements, elections, settled conditions and som a air ing of dissenting opinion. Such would mean guestioning the legacy of the Tigers - a legacy marked by the tragic demise of hundreds and thousands of young with a feeling and dedication towards the Well being of Tails, TNA conscripts, ordinary civiliais and intellectuals. Any hit of operless would make the Tigers i Tiri e diately Earwolus, and lot without reason. Between the months of January and June this year, there was a precipitous decline in the purely emo
tional feeling that is called support for the Tigers. Like is OctDDEr 1987, this Cons der B
tij ni Lust hawa Weighed heavily in the outbreak of hostilities.
We have to Examine the Jet Liliar pil en om en On referred to and how the gover l'Ingrits attitudes have its strength, durability and according to LTTE Sympathisers Who le ave the Concers of the people out of their emotios, a necessity. It is iTıp Ortant to LInder Stand this phen Drmanen because in seeking a solution. We have to go Hay Dnd feelings that ses en very reasonable at a subjectiwa human Iovel, beyond ethnic considerations and see the prOC e SS a S a national InalaiSe th reatening a II of Lus — not just in this country, but the fail OL ut from the Success Of thiS oh BnOnline O'I wil ilfluence Innovements. In th0 Indian sub-continent as Well.
We spoke of feelings that appear reasonable at a subjec
tiwe human lewe I, because in the present state of political culture, many ordinary Sinha
lese, Soldiers and officers fe e that the government was very reasona ble with the LTTE ad that gestures of trust and restraisit Were rudely and obscenity spurned. The government had provided the Tigers during the
19

Page 22
14 moths of the LTTE-Preradasa honeymoon, with military. material and diplomatic help to replace the Indian army and its allies as the dominant power in the North-East. The Sri Lankan arrny had alsa observed Linfi CCLUStorTned restra int di L Iring seaveral provocations by the Tigers in the months leading up to Julie, The other side Was Tot talked about. It is härd ta maintail that in helping the Tigers the government was helping the Ta Tils. D LI ring the home wrroom the governmet had actual y Conrived with the Tigers, directly and in directly, in the ki||img of hundreds of Tamils including TNA conscripts, individuals and refugees with dissident associations. Further, the North-East was brought under regime with an apparatus of repression that Vas un precedented. No knowing this side, but only tha government's much publicised generosity to the Tigers which it identified with the Tamils, ager : gainst Tamils Came maturally With the massacre of policemen. To those who saW things this way, the punishTent of Tamils through bombing and a trocities see med justified.
We spoke of this phenomeIn On BS 3 COm T1Op 1 maaise because of its self reinforcing character and its ability to look larger tham life in the gemara | drift of subcontinental politics. Whether, it is the grievances of the Tamils in Sri Lanka or of the Sikhs, Kashmiris's or Assamese in India, governments have lacked the capacity to take a principled and rational outlook, and instead tend to react with repression Combined with a lack of clarity. The ensuing process of alienation gives credibility and strength to extremist vio|ence and totalitarian forms of organisation,
Im Sri Lanka tha results obtained by the LTTE and JWP häWe Corwin Cid many people Exasperated with the goverment, to believe that only their Teth CdS WOrk. Tami || ||leader5 and parliamentarians had talked about discrimination and federa
20)
lism and had fully for decade Cori tempt, ridicu Violer Ce. Peäsä and trade union who protested DOverish ment a in the quality d from economic gOVernIIntérit hes the dictates of and giving multi [[][htf[ ]], []"ựẹT | agri Cultura || ||and Violence of goC large scale disti
егппепt appeal This was is 1 a decade later,
desperately iwi. negotiations afte ted its capacity the nation and the very corrid THE LITTE äftig a similar in witati the marrier of in Sharp contra: fate mated out Ti erit to its Sin detractors of a gJO Wernmen Los cap it had earlier gfÖUp)S Was EW E3 Statemanship by tLI als, only too O'War the lack The end resu SCOT I Wert til ratioп, reasoп Which were no h0 milies over st
The High Cos
In habitual |y : rests of the per ta Citi Cal politica heavy price he ter T15 of the nation and Cors people.
The country. i for what lies be ments coming w from senior mi repudiated by t Other cabinet ATI Testy Interna C3 lled a terror And thera i 5 litt the process of determines the S1 Ht,

protested peасе:S bly to Earl le and Organised It organisations s in the South against the imi to de Cling if life resulting
policies of thea wily linked to Western capital nationals direct arge tracts of T: t Wit Hill tha im squa des a mid
Ssals. The gow"Ed iГПП јунiblВ. 980 LB 55 tham
the government led tha WP for If it demostrato kill, paralyse Strike LEFr OT in Drs Of L. W. Er. it responded to CO WES ft ad i Visiting royalty, st to the abject by the governha ese and Tami
milder sort. Tig bit Lula 1 i Con to what IBTIT1 Ed Crimlina | n hailed as fine tird i mita la Cready to gloss if it in the past. WaS tO pour WalLes Of modeand decency, "W Consigned to āte tělawisi.
t of Anarchy
b) 31 don ing inteople for transiert | 3 diwartage, a is been paid in dignity of the equently of the
S paying heavіly eind thgse stantiwith less suble ty inisters and not he President or Colleagues. The tional Häs beën ist Organisation le sensitivity to the la WW, whic: H character of the
The Indeper det Surrender Commission was set up by the President to facilitate the Surrender of those having real or Suspected JWP links without tha fear of meeting the scandalo LIS fato of many other youths. This worked well for a time and the Commission's Work was WOLI rd Lp by the President il August. It has subsequently become well known that a significant number of those ho had surrendered has been killed after they We: Te released — so Te -
thing that may not hawa hapDe I Cd to them if the Commission had not existeti āt a II.
Answering questions in parliament, the Minister of Defence has main taimed that these pers Ons Ware killed not by the forces, but by Willagers angry With the JVP.
In early November the Island" reported the appearance of about
30 head less bodies in Thirukkowi and Akkaraipattu - well known fact in that locality. A
Defence Ministry statement published in the Sunday Observer of 4th November described the claim as mischievous, following an "inquiry". Leading citizens of the area were quotad having denied the appearance of the bodig.S. The pight of the Sa citizens who try to keep life going in an isolated area full of refugees, in an atmosphere of terror, is not hard to imagine.
These are two among a host of instances showing that the Workings of Civil Society hawe ceased to exist in a large category of instances. A generation is growing up without knowing that there used to be such things Such as post mortems, magistrate's inquires and accountability before the law.
In this raspect the government has utterly degraded itself. As a liberation group the Tigers hawe mot shown themsel was in any Way Superior to the government. The Tigers to hawe the last word by simply denying everything They den y the killings of Muslims and the regular disappearär Ces and i II-treat Tent of So

Page 23
called traitors that mark their rule. Humanity in this country has been devalued and what increased the sens do of loss is the state's incapacity to assume responsible TOe.
But the state is itself a promoter of our wall Lib Syster Tni, and all secular and religious institut tions must share thë responsibility for this hopeless state of affairs. The parliamentary opposition too shows no signs of trying to understand the seriousess of the While issue. The cause of human rights in this country has been made weaker by the Opposition using it as Tears to Embarrass the government rather than address the is sua ir depth, Ewen from some of the more intelligent and articulatie Opposition MP's their contribution to the debate of the Ta Til crisis stors mainly at opposing the North-East merger. The main issue of trying to restore E sense of confidence to the Tamil minority WHO hawe), Suffered from years of state violen Ce is ha rdly addressed. The government, whatever its motives, Carl give legitimate reasons for Seeking a solution outside parliament, effectively dėwallu ing the latter as the institution presiding over the nation's destiny. It is high time that in the interests of democracy the Opposition showed a greater sense of responsibility.
The thinking of the Simha le se intelligentsia as reflected in the media has shown a general sense of complacency in the face of a w Gry dari gerous situation facing theo country. Many are a dwoCating going back to square One as if the India miri terven tiom did mot häppen. The growing disenchantment in the South itself is lost sight of Economic Conditions continue to worsen. It is a SeriOLIS re Flectiori On the State of the Simhalese people if thousands Of youth join the army, not through patriotism but through hope le SSmess and fatalism. What sort of a country is it where youth have to thirik a long. the lines that it is buetter tiu join the a TrTny
and be pension life or limb, th: cally wholesome yed?
Wat if after a and frustration, swing of Tamil a lobby Calling tion of the No India federatio Ճr L:Ճmplatärit ! garo Luis direction: tion could drift di Cader CE.
The destructi VĖ politi CS Carl 10 t tarily. A chang: only by creating indapandent Tar has digested th past, to emerge porarily eclipsed pluralism in thë entirely dead,
lay yet find ir adopt actically approach to the because of rapi well as the 5. its sur wiw H1, är Dresert E COOT This is to Est cussing issues | is 1d the MJ() at TE OLIt 5 + t responsibility fic derica amongst
teams taking all the your1ց girls, Whi) är E2 CCCBE Wee fEr f - and the Tigers' as tools in th An impartial in | iam deaths ad particularly initi state forcës, i Ile CBSSH ry järt dence building accompanied b surgs, the door tics will rein steadily destrO nity. The State ing with 10 1 confused ab) ni amd de nying til Everyone else the nation itse Responsibilit Wing to und Tamils Wërë ai wera mortally

ad off with loss an to be physi2 and unemplo
II this repression there is a mass Opinion towards for an annexarth-East to the l? TՃ be ignoranէ of the many dans Which the situis a mark of
* Course of Tani | bë defeated miliH C&H 1 CQrm E3 a E)O U t Space for a new mil Joliti CS til at e lës sons of the Though temin the North. Soul II is not The government its interests to a radically new 2 Tarı il problem, 3ated tragedies as heer dictates of d to sustain its lic policies. dona not by dissuch as Federa. rthi - East merges , but by taking Jr festoring confiTarmi Is. This also "esponsibility for Tamils, boys and faced with a Stark a well founded
Sri Lankan army. who will use them eir power game. uiry into a civiuring this war, the role of the I Hn Hbsol Litely
Of Such confiI. With it such,
y prevetiwe Te3 - inant Tamil po||- orce its claims, -uוחחחטTh B C נintץ
will go on ki||- a gible restraint, t its objectives |e Ugly things that .nows abo Lit. LIri til f dro. W 15 in bloco. Y Falso im E2 a 15 tryirst and why the enated, why they
a fraid of Stat9
aided Sinhalese Colonisation and how the state machinery silently and decisively worked to their de triment. It is no good dodging the issue by saying that the law operates equally, when in fact the power to act and to decide is in the hands of Sinhalese staap Ed in chauvinist sentiment, The Tamil militant phenomenon was itself a chauwinistic reaction to this powerlessness. Without trying to Understand and do away with the cause, there is no solution,
01 : The ROle Of International Organizations & Ex partriates
Som a Practical ISS LIES 1, 1 Rationale for an International Initiative
In recent times some doubts as Well as wital questions hawe been raised about the practical wiability of human rights. When, within the last two years, persoms with strong liberal convic
tions fell within the attentions of the JWP's terror, they were pushed into thimking thā
the state's Courter terror was at Bast a tra siet necessity. The LTTE's erratic behaviour came at a time. When the state's forCES has ta sted blood and the liberal establish ment was tired and wrapped in doubt. On top of this hi u rima II rights organisa - tiori hawe been Castigated as willains and even terrorists by Official circles, in a show of Lora Wado,
Those of us believing in hurian rights hold, on the basis of historical experience, that its values are fundamental and cannot be over ridden by tactical considerations without destroying everything we hold dear. When South Asian governments, for istä ICB Ca St r hatari CF || aspersions on human rights organisations, is it simply satisfactory to dismiss this as a reaction of someone culpable? To be effective, We need to go dae per into this phenom Ellion and Liderstand tha state of rin ind of those voicing Such Unjust sentiments. We also need to Understand the socio-historic context in which all rationality is thrown to the Winds and state powers indulge in frenzied Ca | lou SněSS.
Y Continued or Page 29
21

Page 24
RR I GATION
Developing the N. W.
H. P. T. Sa ma rasekera, D. T. WVeerasekera
A. adequate supply of water is essential for successful
crop production. The dry zone, where our ancient civilization flourished, received rain for Only abOLIt thrge months of the year - from the northeast monsoon, Never the lass, in those older times, this dry zone was gradually covered with an elaborate system of tanks and carials to Conserve water, plentifully IECeived during the brief rains, making it available throughout the year for continued agricultural activity, and the day zone became the horne of the rich and cultured civilization of anCiEnt Sri Läka,
Many of the ancient tanks fel
into ruin. Some have now been renovated, yet many of these are no longer able to irrigate
the extensive areas they onca did. Their full restoration can make an important contribution to increased agricultural production and economic development. The Na landa Oya raserVoir is One Such, which can be restored to provide much needed Water for the North Western Provinge.
Nalanda Oya is situated to the north-West of Matale. Som half a dozen streams flow into it -- Ambokka Ganga, Akuramboda Oya, Ala kola Oya, Demada Оүa, Pol watta Oye and Devilla Oya. Of these, the Ambokka Сапga Origina ting from the 4300 foot Ambokka mountain, 10 miles north-west of Mata le town and capturing rain in all seasons, is the principal tributary.
Nalanda Oya was recognised as a stream of great potential over 1500 years ago and it was impounded by King D hatu Sena in 450 A.D. At that time, the ancient irrigation engin eers conceived an ingenious mLII tipurposea trans-basin diversion project, The Na landa Oya was dammed at the narrowest point in the rock gorge above Demadaoya village, the original dam being 460 feet in length, 125 feet in height, and impounding 91,000 acre-feet of water. These waters
22
Were th1 Ebrill diwg Wards to feed CONTIÈIX, thea A tanks and the West Wards thro Milli:Wafa villag day's North W by diversion in Oy å and Mee ( er ding as far as in the Puttia to da y som Ea of in the country E for Eck of a de This magnifi WorkS fall into d The Nala da O restorali illi Ti 95 not to its origi With a depth restred reser Woi 12,400 acre fee TEP UTE-SE VĖL of the ancient of the f | W groe Way and is lo :
purposes. The does not pert Water into the
Prowice at a II.
Data relating TTlä / b B $LImTT1ä CatChi TT GIt är Et Cd3 TT|| Sitë Annual water yield at dam
Marī flv rāt Et di T
Length of Origina dan Haight of orginal dam Full supply lewel of origina dar1 Capacity of Original reservic
Length of present dari Height of present dam Full supply lewel of presen
di TT Capacity of present reser WC

P.
and S.N. de S. Seneviratine
rted both norththe Ka läs Wawa Ti u radhapura city Aruvi Aru and I gn ä sluice a E e to supply to
'estern Province to thë D 3 duru ) ya basins ext
i Tabubuo wa We Wä Distri: Whigrg the filest soils Ere: Tot CU || Li Wated quate Water. Cient irrigation ecline and decay. ya rE5ET 'w olir Was 2 but Tegrettably ilä | rd in Elsio S. OF FOI FET : ir held back only it of water, a h of the capacity reservoir. Much s over the spi|| || - zt for irrigation reduced capacity it diversion of North Western
to the reservoir
rised as follows:
— 30, 720 äCrės
— 59,336 a Cre
քEtat
— 81 cubic feet per second
- 460 feat
- 125 feet
— 1263 fèt
ir - 91, OOO
El CT ft
- 402 feet
- 102 feat
- 1 22O f:Et
|ir - 12.400
5 Cr 3 fet
The restored dam sprung a leak and all efforts to seat it hawe fä illed. Less than half the reservoir can now be filed and possible diversions cari not be effected.
Considering the present state of the dam, the great potential of the Na landa Oya now largely lost, and the dire Imad for irrigation Water for the North Western Pro Will Cë, al giffort 10 har ness the full potentia | of the Na landa Oya deserves high pri
Ority. A large part of the North Wester II Province, including the Put talam District and
a major portion of the Chilaw and Krunegala Districts which lie in the dry zong, does not receive rain from the south-West TOI soon. Hence water storage is essentiel to tide over the long period of drought. Yet, this Province has the largest number of talks and channa is for Water distribution while the Kur Lur egala District has the largest a creage of paddy in the island. Soils of the North Western Province are in general of Very good quality. Its one great deficiency is the inadequacy of Water, especially when the monsoons fail. The kings of old made good this deficiency over 1500 years ago by diverting some of the waters from the Na landa Oya ir to this region. Most of the Nilaları da C) y a flow Was impounded in a reser woir and then Colweyed northwards into the Kala Wewa complex and the Anuradhapura city tanks While the balance was transferred a cross the wat a Tshed at Milla was a village into tha Deduru CD ya Cät CH ment of the North Western Province from where a further diversion took Water into
the Mee Oya basin and the Put talam area. Unfortunately, the diversion into the North
Western Province ceased as this irrigation works fell into decay. The restoration in the early 1950s regrettably did not rai5a - LH e där to its for Te TfL || || supply level of 1963 feet but fel I 43 fe et short of it and

Page 25
thgraby de nied tha North Western Province of waters from the Nalanda Oya because the lewel of the resto Ted reserVoir did not reach up to the Millawana sluice for diversion. With the completion of the Mahaweli Diversion Project and its water supplying the Kala We Wa CompIlex" and Anuradhapura which were formerly supplied from the Nalanda Oya reservoir, praClically all the water from this reservoir can now be utilised for diversion into tha North Western Pro WinCe.
Two options may be explored
in diverting waters from the Nalanda Oya into tha North Wastern Province, either the
construction of a ne W dam Cor by resorting to hydraulic rams, an old technology of great relewanc g to Sri Lanka at the presamt timg,
In thea first al termative, the existing defective dam could be replaced by a new doublecurvature concret Ea arched StrLICture, 552 feet in length and 125 feat in height. Such a dam will make available 76 CшSBG5 for diversion into the North Western Province, allowing 5 Cusecs for diversion into the Dewa huwa reservoir which also is in dire need of supplemantary irrigation water. Apart from Water for irrigation purp OS95, hydro-power can also be generated. The 450 foot drop from the Naanda Oya reservoir into ng North Western Province could be affected either by a channel of by a siphon systemat Millewana willage. An installation for power ganeration COLld gen 2rate about 11 megaWatts of firm power. The Water conserved in the reservoir could irrigate about 7500 acres in the Deduru Oya and Mee Oy a basiris. It is though that a double- Cur Wat Lurë arched dam Will se CLIre a Sawing of about 15% of Construction materials while a further Saving of about 5% can be effected by sa lwaging steel and rubbla from the old dam which is to ba demolished. An erilarged reservoir as proposed to fully utilise the poten tial cif the Nalanda Oya Wi|| submerga 23 willages and the main road and
Compensatory Th5 to be worked a to the sa FS på :S
Tha Second o hydraulic rams, as a lo W C: s t t suited for a Thi ike 5r Lanka. ram is a device Which the Serier of water with . usad to al Eva te quantity to a hi water impounde Na and Cya B in 1952 could supply for a Se THIS Whith Co L to the full Sup original dam, 1 higher than tha dam. The requiri ble, so is a CO water essentia Ճparation, A. pipeline of a will be need a conveyance of Malanda Oya Dedur Lu Olyä C: North Wester water in the the ridge and foot Elewa til Waster Pro Wii fOW Wi| taki pumping will ba Ilic ra Tins, thog LIכן |Hרחrםח חHaן power at all, bai Mainterlance Ct low, replaceme virtually limite annually, Suita could be desig out by local E which would exchange. Con of the schen Titi TC 3 CC gible. Hydra used in the is century but wi of diesal engi tively lo "W Cope
for Ther" - timas, favour. Howe, hydraulic ram:
int:luding dria trouble-free of years
The overal diw (275 i 01, 5 Chile of irrigation

3 asures will hawe Lit with T3Spect
Lotion, Camploying Colmands itself chnology ideally rd World Country
The hydraulic
by means of gy of a quantity | small head is a proportionate gher level. The Ad il the smal || servoir restored
ser WB as the !ries of hydraulic |ld elewate Water ily level of the 263 feet, 43 feet t of the existing td head is availantin Lidt 15 flow of for successful З+-пmilв long equate capacity d for Westward Water from the SerWCbir ir to the li tri: hi merit irii t 1 E Pгоviпce, ОПсе bipelina ower topos reaches the 1125 along the North ce slope, gravity 9 over and no required. Hydrauless efficient T10S, CO SLUTT B O ng self-actuating. sts are extremely nt of parts being I to some washers t|ę hydra Llic rams |ned and turned Ingineering firms Conserve foreign a tha capital costs na Fara Co wered, St5 wi|| be reg||- li: rams wera | āmid garlier il tha חטHut:tl) החזוןhB iז וf. es, with Telarational costs in they fel 1 from er, th Bre are some 1 in L152 Tc1day, ät Bibile in quita eration after 90
benefits from the Te, both in terms water and hydro
power generation are attractive.
It is suggested that the feasibility of the project and its cost be Worked out by com
petent personna | and dB cisions made taking into account long term benefits and the advantages of increasing self-relianca and the prospects of gainful occupational opportunities, not always readily quantified. A word of caution is in order, The decision making process regarding the proposa to divert wa ters from the Na landa Oya to the North WE5 ter Pro Will CB and the Options discusse di Will be influenced by political Considerations and technical advice on the feasibility of the Venture. Апсt here, a plea must be made for an objective assassment of the facts, al hon est evaluation of the feasibility of the options by competent technical personnel, and a public debate on the decisions arrived at so that what is eventually embarked upom wi|| have been guidad by a II available pertinent opinion concerned with the issues involved. Many Crimes ha wa bean Committed in Sri Lanka in th o nama of dewa lopment, opportunities missed and grawe вгrors mada bвса шse "other views" were not given adequale Consideration – in the la Unching of the Ga | Oya Project, in the implementation of the Maha weli Diwgr - sion Scheme, in the abortion of the national capability to produce nitrogenous fertilizer using local raw materials and in the devastation of potato cultivation by the distribution of seed potatoes infected with potato-Cyst (amatode against the considered advice of specialist officers, to mention just a few examples. It requires only one or a few "powerfull' individuals, be they politicians, policy, Takers, Et) ur Eau Cr Hits, tech 10 Crats, engineers or others motivated by warious unworthy considerations to obstruct. It is lead and ever sabotage the most advisabla course, in this instance, to the detriment of the North Western Prowince who could greatly benefit from the Waters of tha Na landa Oya. Let there not bo one more treache Tous blow dealt to the nation's interests, this tine at Malanda.
|23

Page 26
DEPOST
Interest at maturity
...and D, 3 month deposits
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Our Statistic
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HITe Purchia: Financa, Merch
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CREDIT CTYorg LIMITED
Anuradhapur; FRagla tara d by thia Carntral Bariki, EEHLETEloEE lui det sectio 1 2 of the Fisice COTıpay
Aco. FE 1935 Gallë
 
 
 

24% р.а. 24% р.а. |
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Page 27
Virginia Woolf:
by Reggie Siriwardena
The English novelist Wirginia Wolf, whu5e 5Oth death Annivers:iry sell in March this year, was the wife of Leonuril Woolf, Hritish civil FLr Hill and author of "The Willage in the Jungle". She herself was never in Ceylon; Leonard Woolf fell in love with her when he was on homine leave in England, and resigned from 1 the Civil Service when his leave ran cul while he was still uncertain whether she would marry him. This article is hasedl on a presentation III Adle alt 7 British Council commemortion of the delt in Inivèrsi ry.
f we are to look at litera Ty reputations like shares on the stock market, there is no doubt that Wirginia Woof's has boomed during the last two decades. Every scrap of paper she left behind has been edited and published - all her letters and diaries and every fragment of creative or critical writing. There has been a continuing spate of memoirs and critical studies, and now Comes the a Frlo um:3- ment of a definitive Collected
edition of the Iowels by the Hogarth Pre5.S.
I can't help connecting this
cult of her, and indeed of the whola Bloomsbury group, with the English nostalgia for the era between the two wars - the years when Britannia ruled the waves and Bloomsbury ruled British intell actual life. But what the literary critic has to ask is whether her work actually meris a this fuss.
| admit to having been fascinated by her novels in my youth, but when I look back on them now, what I find is a great personal intensity, but within a пагrow гапge of experience. They seem to me the product of an isolated self locked away in a room of its own. In the most extreme example, "The Wawg5", what wė ha We are a few centres of subjectivity - we can hardly call them people - quivering in a social Void. But dwell in the novels which attempt to captura fuller h Uman relationships, therg is a da maging limitation of walės. What is there in the heroines she
A fres,
ado res, and hol( ration by the re tra il MTS. Di Ra T5a y ex. Cept tional sensitivity Illuc of life at
Wirgimia Woolf am undemi a ble { history - in the what was then in the period a World War. Her to develop a pri from that would ploration of int ness beyond the traditional realis esser Way, She the 5 ame dir BC ald Prst Wer sama time, But with the prodig genius of JOYC minn or talenti Ji пшing presence tional novel, fro Marquez to S vhilo the tasta f sees to Ta anglophile affair
Wirginia Woolf to Joyce offer 1916 shB Wrote "Moder Fictio expressed har di: ta 5 tāls: day - Walls, Ba worthy, "Is II i fE asked, contempl and went on:
'Look within, a is wery får fr this". Examir ordinary mind day, The mind riad impressions ti C, Ewa TĖS CE il t, the sharpness a || SidB's thay | samt shower of oms. . . Life is big-lamps, symm li fa is a I u minn: transparent el WE LIS from ta bf sciousness to tło record the a to et us tra Ce t e W BT di SCT1 n.C ent in appeara sight or incid the conscious

h look
ds up fo adoacier — What is alloway or Mrs. a refir 3 i 310. that holds so arr's length has, of Coursë. |acв in literary emergence of the new novel ould the First enterprise was pse and a novel elate the exerior consciousconfies of the rowel. In her was moving in tio that Jo WCC) a taking at the ir :rpris ious and original i.e., hers was a oyce is a Contiin the interiaGabriel Garcia älmän RushdiĖ. por Wirginiä Woolf an English and
's own reactions a test case. In an essay titled in which she 3satisfaction with now elists of the nnett and Galslike this?" she a ting their work,
ind life, it seems, om being "like for a Tot i 1 rtlinaryם חa חב recei was a my - – trivia li, farm tascor en grawed with of 5 t || Fro T Cola, än i CESi Urible ätnot a series of retrically arranged; us hal ), ä SF: Tialope su rгош поling aginning of Con1a Band. . . Let Luis ,a5 thB fall פֿוח na pattarn, howt3d ard in Coher:e, which ach Bnt SCO f85 LJO 1 ess."
Wirginia Woolf then pointed to Joyce's work - to the "Port İraqit of the Artist" which had been published as a whor, and to the early chapters of "Ulysses" Which were than being serialised in "The Little Review", She conjectured that a reader of these works would have "hazarded some theory of this natur B as to Mr. Joyce's intention".
It is evident that Wirginia Woolf was discerning enough to see one part of what was radically new in - Joyce's Writing, and this must have baan helped by the affinity she shared with this aspect of it. Nevertheless, the representa tiom of the fluidity of mental processes which sha picked out for praise in Joyce's work is not, in my view, the most important thing in it - particularly in "Ulysses". | Would put the emphasis rather on the Greative vitality of lang
ability to respond richly and joyously to life's diversities,
In the same essay Virginia Woolf went on to say that where Wells, Bannett and Gasworthy were "materialists", Joyce was "spiritual", and by this she maant that he Was Concerned With the innar man tal life and mot with the external reality which occupied the older novelists. The dichotomy she tried to imply between the "inner" and thg'outer" realities is Consistent with her way of represamting life in har own novels, There indeed the interior lifa of the characters is often saw ared from their surroundings - physical or moral - and the outer World appears an alien intrusion on the autonomy of the character's consciousness. But She Was Wrong to project this dichotomy om to Joyce — certainly as far as "Ulysses" was COI Cefned, While the interior monolo - gues of Stephan or Bloom or Mo II y are the medium through which we engage with the
world of "Ulysses", Dublin in all its multifariousness is fully present in tha work, not only
in its physical reality but also in the rich variety of its speech, To the sensitiwa character in Virginia Woolf everyday life often seems alian or repelling,
25

Page 28
but while the 3est hete Stephen may share something of this fastidious dista Sto, that isn't the response of Bloom or Molly, and the weight of the book falls on the final "yes" rather than on Stephen's "no". Joyce's spirit is that which is summed up in the pun in "Finn Egans Wake", "joyicity" — a pun which brings together himself, the comic sens E of lifa and Dublin.
When the manuscript of "UIysses" was complete, Joyce's patron, Harriet Shaw Weaver, brought it to Wirginia and Leonard Woolf to ask whether they would publish it as owners of the Hogarth Press. Reminiscing about this episode after Joyce's
death, Wirginia Woolf recalled in her diary, "The indecent pages looked so in Congrit Ious,
she was spinsterly, buttoned up. And the pages reeled with indecency. I put it in the drawer of the in liad cabinet." An earlier portior of thè diary records her first reactions to the book after it had been published - not, of course, by the Hogarth Press but by a Paris publisher:
"And Tom, great Tom, thinks this on a par With "War and Peace". (Note: "Tom" was T.S. Eliot, - R.S.) An illiterate, underbred book it seems to me: the
book of a self-taught working man, and we all know how distressing they are, how egotistic, insistent, raw, striking,
and Ultimately nauseating. When one can have the Cooked flesh, why have the raw?" I am not sure what is more glaring in that judgment - the social snobbery (misplaced, for Joyce wasn't "a self-taught working man"": he was better Educated tham Wirginia Woolf) or the prudery, which suggests that the caletrated sexual emancipation of Bloomsbury had its bounda ries. There is another comparison I want to make for the purpose of placing Virginia Woolf, and that is with the great women novelists in English of the nineteenth century. I will approach this comparison through some discussion of Wirgimia Woolf’s book On Women and fiction - "A Room of Ono's Own'.
Let me acknowledge that "A Root of One's Own' was in
26
its own time a history of litera law said in 1 did about the E the gifted wort portant Contribt it seems to IT in WHich she : is another revel; Cumscribed expt There is an tra di Clio il '"A Own'. Of the nia Woolf say; Woma reeds ir Writer is 500 and a roon of Hier Staf - 13 oed, th, mot quite 500 p. | | earim fro rT1 l autobiography) - tainly had the p ed as well as t support offered devoted of husb sha rightly stres reed for e COOTi the ideal she ir of a gente el an very far removeC been possible majority of Wom present day.
To quote: "A tO TelE35E T13 grind; and the p of a study to norm was that affluence and cL of Bloomsbury, W lines of hers, Bronte sisters WE Every night roun parlour at H a Wor Wild animals", ta projected novels; rge Eliot, sitting her first stories room she share. La Wes aftet å bread and butter what they would of Virginia Woo WOL | rd ""WLutherir *"Middelma Tch" H ter nowes if the enjoyed Wirginia V Or, rather, Wasn' wery Condition C. that they should with many le:SS problems of physi na hunger, of c in small househo lodgings, of colt

landmark in the Iy feminism. To 929 what she arriers faced by 18 in Was an irishItion. And yet, le that the way gued the case till of the CiriзritaПсе, interesting ConRoot of Oa's tre hand Wirgi = 5 til 3 WH1āt ā 1 Order to Elg a pounds a year FlEr CWn. Shg ese things - if founds, 400 (as Eoid Woolf's - and 51: Cerrivacy she wanthe se curity and by the most E ds. But Will E SCS I WOTE'S 3 in tieparldence, nägi es is that d | EiSLITEd | ifg. from what has for the great er down to the
private il come From the daily тіwа су ап d peace, Work in" — har of the modest | tiwa led Comfort her read these think of the ilking two hours d their cгаппрвd th, 'ike restless king about their |thirlik of Geodown to write
in the single I with George Lunch of plain
- апс || луо пејвг have thought f's desiderata. g Heights" and ave been grear Crators Hiad Woolf's gentility? t it part of the f their genius hawe Shared - Women the Hl and er latioongested living ds and Cramped Si , with the
barriers of class and male super iority? There is behind their writing a whole world of work
and want and aspiration and struggle that is quite beyond Virginia Wolf.
But not merely would Virginia Woolf have been out of her depth in such an experience; she even reacts with disapprowa I to any sig in the Woman Writer of struggling, through her art, against the very circumstanCes that she herself Clains to be against. Taking of Charlotte Bronte, she says:
'One might say, ... that the Woman who wrote those pages
had more genius in har than Jane Austen: bLIt if Ome reads them over and marks that jerk
in her, that indignation, one sees that she will never get her genius expressed whole and entire. Her books will be deforTied and twisted. She will write in a rage where she should write calmly. She will write foolishly where she should write Wisely. She will write of herself Where she should Write of har characters. She is at war with her lot. How could she help but die young. Cramped and til Wärted?"
What that recalls to me is Matthew Arnold's dismissal of Charlotte Bronne's ""Wille te "" when he said that her mind Contained 'nothing but hunger, rebellion and rage". That was a characteristic piece of Wictorian male complacency, but how inCongruously a similar sentiment Comes from a Woman Writer who claims to be concerned with the creative independence of her sex
This is a pointer to Wirginia Woolf's notion of what art is, It is very clearly articulated in a passage of her diary, written after she has been reading Aldous Huxley's edition of D. H. Lawrence's letters:
"And why does Aldous say he was an 'artist'? Art is being rid of all preaching: things in thĖTSE WES: the Sentece i itself beautiful: multitudinous seas: daffodil's that come before the swallow dares: whereas Law - rence would only say what proved something."
| hold no i brief for
("Согтtiлшері ол даgyr 31,
didactic

Page 29
SOUTH ASIA VOLENCE (2)
Challenging old catego
J. Uya ngo da
(75/3/57 7ח מrad frיחt fחCo)
L. me quickly comment on Some of these Studias, though not necessarity according to the Order that the chapters arĖ arranged. Di pesh Chakra bär ty Writes on Communal riots and labor in Colonia | Bangal in tha 1890s {Chapter six}. ThB T[] WEr E fr ECLI-Int riot5 HEtwa ün, Hindu and Muslim Lide mill Workers, and the riots took a Cīrā fr. Te cērtā problem Chakrabarty poses concerns the "communalist" construction by urban workers of their own life situation, paradoxically in a context of socio-economic transformation which under lied Çd pitä -lä b or Col tradiction. Chakrabarty looks at low community-s pëcific: Cultures gra w in City Centers and among working Cla SS Col Tunities Crowded il shrinking urban space. There was fם r a kindםf וחססmD Cultural r Working class group bahawlio Lur of tha Colonized "other."
This colonized "other" is the Colonia list discourse, as Pan dey
t, was ultimatelyשם tsחiםם a history of the colorial state, the spring of law-and
order", "ciwility" and Controlled behaviour. The crowds and crowd behaviour Ware utterly problematic to the Orms of Colonia | Civility and public behaviour, The official responsa to this puzzla - ment found its juridical ax prESsion in codes of public behawiour, in various laws, rules and regulations. Rules to control noice, for instance were condified by British officials in Ceylon il tha PoliCa. Ordinarice T1). 1 6 of 1865. The consequent standaridization of group behavio Lr and the CLI ELIra tension generated by it is the subject matter of Michael Roberts chapter entitled "Noice as Cultural Struggle: Tom-Tom Barating, tha British and Communal Dist Urball Ces i Sri La kä, 1800s-1930s."
Roberts' interpretation of Buddist – MLISlim and Buddhist - Catholic riots in Colonia Ceylon
is a remarkably To state briefly, that it is tha är Elbit of the COIO nil ting and control and music at ral i g5 tillä t || Eid to | Buddhi StS and BLIddi5 t5 End M
at the til ä li ming a r1d of p] It usic was also the sacred space pift:S Out that of these regulat have a uniformit Tore tensioni a groups. He also Lu i til the British i Of notice contro religious tension Contro il public tETIsio T Over rit perhaps non-exis
This genre of is inda ad i Ilumini shing, although Lunstated agen da rialism for many all, ills in Corit Asid Sociatis. calism in in tarp is fascinating in :ern With ir torrj Ved history of lit a5 traditional M However, to rep nings of Colonië tuting the grea rupture in thes Sometimes Brid the discourse: t the "Colonialist to "pre-colonial self.
This, ther tak Nandis' chapter SC Liris T1 and Religious Toler, an II terrogator particularly the ut disco Lursas grESS. AS man y illu Straf, ha ā| out lima of am i digm groundad of recovering

ries
interesting one. Roberts argues aty intervention stat9 in reguling drumming ligioш5 caremo:ension bg tween Catholics, and Islims. To regud place of drumlaying religious an intrusion into ... Roberts also the application ry rules did not y. This created mong Taligious suggests that ntroduced codes Iп ршto lic p!асв, CW er ri[Lu J | moi : pola CES, TE ligious La 1 ibi: a Was ent in Sri Lanka. historical inquiry na ting and refrait ha 5 Crti if blaming Colof, 0 r w 3 |T105t emporary South The ně v radiretati we history i its deep congating the receigral, nationalist arxist streams. "Es gint the begin1 | rLI l9 as i :orı sti – test destructive E SOC i 3 tilas Carl шp iп Геversing dit is, in Ceating oth Far" as Copposed and irid iger1o Luis
ES LUS TO A Shis Orl "Piti:S OF the Recovery of ance." Nandi is of categories, LJ TBS WE USE i
CC01 Cerning proof his writings lso presents ап Interpretive parain a project of our indigenous
EBOOKS
ness. In this chapter, he examines the Category of secularism, so prominent in modern politiCal debatas in South Asia. He Totes the 3 Tergel C of a 13 W Teaning of secularism in India, parti Cually a mong political alites. It is a meaning that denies the existence of religions and minorities. According to Nandi, secularism man, at least in India until recently, two different things: seculaг progress іп есопоппіс and material terms and equal repect for a || religions. The na W secularism is linked With thig imperatives of the modern state. Nandi identifies a small-group of de-ethnici zed, middle-class politicians, bureaucrats and into ||g- cutuals as purveyers of this statecentric Secularism.
This is a usefull critique of the T1 Odern South AS in stata. it points to the increasing into|arance by the state of assertive ethnic and religious communities. Perhaps it is also a Crucial dynamic in state-soceity relation today. Nadi thinks that this trend Carl toe Countered by a serious vertura 'to explore the philosophy, symbolism and the theology of tolerance" (p.86) of various faiths in South Asian societies. He considers Mahathi ima Gard Hi as having personified religious tolerance that is outside the bio u diriBS of Sia:Larism. Ac this tolerance 'squarely locates itself in traditions, outside the ideological grid of modernity'' (p. 91),
Of course, interpreting itions is no easy task and as thB CU Frant 3xperial : il Sri Lanka, and of India too, illustrat B5, traditions could be interpreted to legitimizEl extreme forms of religious, ethnic and cultural in toleranca. This is precis ely Where Nandi's project of interpreting traditions might pose se ricou s problems, Our Indian Oountgrarts of coursą hawe a Mahathma to inVoka and We Sri Lankans have not yet produced a Sinhala-Buddhist, Gandhi. In this island, the critique of modernity comes
trid id
arily from ethno-culturalוחiחp exclusivists in Sir ha le Se Society who, wielding the 'tradi
27

Page 30
tion', deny equality to ethnic, religious and Cultura minorities. They militantly oppose
the statea, precisely beca sue tha state is Still Un Willing to to= tally execute their homogenizirig projects. To CO umtérpo S8 modernity with tradition in a framework of Cartesian duality and ten to look for indigaTous systems of knowledge Without a comprehensive and thoroughgoing critique of what i5 vie Wed as native may ha WC. its own pitfalls. Such an enterprise requires a critically democratic referent. It alse meeds Categories and Concepts that are not grounded in a neo-natiwist dichotomy of the West and
the rest of us.
There Ere four chapter5 On conterprory ethnic riots and tensoir in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka ånd another three on survivors of ethnic riots, These six chapters add con
siderable value to this woume. Akmal Hu5Sain's essa y On the Karachi riots of 1986 (chapter sewen) is Tore a COmmentary om politics that provided the backdrop to the event than a recording of the origins and the spread of it. It has a certain Covellionality in the Ser Se that it |GUks at rid 15 from the Wider perspective Of StateCiwi || Society Conflict. Faree da Shaheed in chapter eight presets a penetrating analysis of Pathari-Ma hair conflicts in Pakista. A important point she makes is the social Construction of enmity among religious CumTUnities. Violence Could usually be intensified by Socia | āmid ECO TOT i C: COI ditions, yet the roots of the problem defies analysis based On Socioe CCCTC fa cr5, The Cucia question is how is it that
Comm Lulit IE 5 HFF Tbilized i religious programs. The explanation of this problem is indeed Central to our Under
standing of ethnic and religious Tiot S. Shabeed. Totes how adherents of one religion would put those outside it as being beyond the pale." This 'reduces the "humanity of the 'infidels," making it easier to perpetra te violence against them"
28
(p. 195). Certa Tiration of he DRUSTIN) has
to the Buddhi: Sri Lärka Eithe by the account Sir hala chronic tion usually Co deh Lusmanization
sary, and org. have Categories that. As Shah
these Categorie: are easily ппапі are nobilized i singular y Secula tical control, and domination.
T3 thT : wivors of viole
Tost significänt ( anthology. Once ied news headling COf Science Of a the forgotter b wiwor's Whose perie inces ir th and E VEm age order Would di TIETI J ry. Tre Arit Siri vasar pilai and Ween: duced three ex оп thв вхрегівп Sirin i Vasil T's ma twelve are fro Of the 'Delic following Indira
Па СП iГ ОСТО pathi pillai (in апа!ү5еS the ac Survivors after
COIE) in The CCLIts of the riots il assassination of is the subject Dasa's chapter
Survival aftë no easy busine Complicated set to thing Wic Lir 15 perished. Riots d Lup retWorks of ar ävib Lr circumstances. ma t Lure of the sums or upper port available f wiwa Can wary. processes of Cor arles Where th to minority grc | and space for s

inly, the exter— retics (MITHYArhot b3Eèr 1 a lier1 st 'tradition' if :r, if pnt, gose ...s il Pali a Id 25. Wi dolent a Cbis With thig of the adveranized religions to do exactly ed points Out, s and symbols pou la bole. People Il violence for ľ needs of poliColomic power
aptars on Sur = ce CO15 tit L'It Ea the t of thisחBחסpוחם3 Ethnic riots carras and pricked the few concerned, g|COIThe the SLI fharr Wing Exlands of obs TLS OF |3W. and s5) Ilwi: into LI IlВ researchers1. Walli KanapathiDäs—have proCellant chapters ce of Survivors. terial in chapter the Survivos arnage" (p. 308) Gård hi'S ässä SSir 1884. Kā - chapter thirteen) Courts of Tidi th{+ Ethmit: Ti[]t5 SLUTTET 1983. f the Survivors Delhi fter to: I ritir a Gaisidhi Tatter of Weënä fourteen.
ethnic riots is SS. It presents a of new probles Who hlave not isplace Färd break; solidarity that der Ido-Willert Depending on the neighborhood - class - the Supor wiCtrls. O SUrIn long-drawn fict, and in irst
victis belong Lips, the location sĻr Vival ba com ES
extremely shrinked. The comes the of fical process of institutional izing tha pore Cario LIS act Of sur WiiWal, Bureau Cratization Of re|- ief, a C Como dation and ra locatio T etc., Continues bring ing about yet another patter of victimization; Or rather a process of revictilizati O. TIEGĖ 3 Te Som of disturbing insights that these three researchers provide in their COUTag00 US eSS3 WS.
Thar är 2 a few Tor Cid p) - ters that need at least brief mention. Sudir Karkar's essay or Some um COIS COLS a Spets Of ethnic violence in India looks tha psychology of Willer C}. Up andra Baxi in chapter 1ing provides a detailed and a rath Br Compara hesi'W discussio on the reser wat i Crisis i Gugärät. And Sunil Bastian presents in Chapter e even an analysis of political economy of the July 1983 T[[[5 ịf1. Sri Lankā,
MIRRORS OF WOLENCE is un doubtabl y a Significan I Contribution to en rich ing our die Cidely inadequate understanding of ath i C viola CE i South Asia.
Conti O Lush ass that E, F, TIO – mpsof des Cribes in his wUrk THE MAKING OF THE ENGLISH W'W' ORKIMI (G (CLA,SS. T|g - S9 Were esSentially migrant labor groups from the countryside who were subjected to tight | bor Control. Their Work requirad Wery litt få skills and tra iling, and their day-to-day Secu
lar culture was largely conditioned by squalid living standads. Their socialization was
Colfied to intera Calibris Witi their o Wn i ethno-religious Corin
munities. Ethno-Cultural separa - tion, seg ni Elitation, riwalry and hostility was than integral to
the w|Early pro CESS IT Which the Working class formation occurred. What strongly cores out in Chakrbarty'5 aCCount is the horizontal fragmentation, rather than Wartical integration, of industrial working classes in their making.
ChakrF) barty's Essay may that be juxtaposed with Gyanendra Bandey's Chapter or Colonia | Construction of "communalis' im BH na Tad S. Padni de y Farg Les that CTT Tuna lism, SC far as the ter T Was deployed in reala tiom to

Page 31
socia conflict in in Colomia | India, was a descriptive category invented by British
officials and commentators. Parldey indeed de-constructs the colonialist reading of nineteenth century Indian history through an examination of official and other British writings on riots. He identifies a specific Communalist narrative that perhaps ruled the entire body of colonialist Writings on group conflicts in Indian society. In this narrative, group conflicts Were Constructed as communal riots, participated by agitated and unruly crowds. Any group clash would subsequently find its readily a Wai|ab|amcaning in Colonialist texts: ' communal" riots between Hindus Hi Muslims. How did this maSter narrative become a Strategic Coda in the colonial discourse and what were its principal features? Pandey devotes the main body of his text to exa
ming the Sg tWo iSS U eS.
Pandey's essay is a fine pieca of de-constructionist historiography. In the British official accounts on a 'riot between two Hidu ard Muslim groups occurad in Banaras in 1809, he finds a host of categories that informed subsequent British writings on group riots. The crowds in 1809 riots were "religio LIS fanatics"; they were 'excited crowds" and the clashes were "violent." And the riots Were creatad, according to these initial accounts, by two fundamentally antagonistic groups of Hindus and Muslims. Here was a production of a particular reading by British Officials Who WETE POBTplexed by crowd behaviour in a subjugated society, Rival crowds engaged in will once Were thus idenitified by them solely and exclusively in association with religious and ethnic sig 1S and not with social characteristics. In this particular mode of narrative gazing of crowd behavior, events could easily be fitted into what Pandey calls a 'simple dia chrony" - Hindu and Muslim. Consequently, description of vio
ance through ethnic and religious categories became the means of narrative production
and re-production of the native
character. And it plexity of politic ethnicity and * disturban Ces ant deprived of their i and classroots. T ad Statica re the imposed cha
S.
India - Crisis. Cortineved fr The BJP also ping India's arm uclear Weap. On 5 absolute ban on and Stupið Corts T1. Tission är y gf0 til mas ques built ovo sites. The Cou munist parties, 56 MPs, will program, proof that India ramai outside trends.
Mga While, li stad economi C li gram has stoppi tracks. Both th and government chronic deficit, סחy Slidiוחטnטטe promiment politic rural jaalousies nomic growth
WHig the fra C politics proceed LInraveling of C between domini: thea big MuslinT ravaged Comml receit months, say the um res Sic the 1947 split British Inc. in the Så for Si
Tamil rebels b: own arge chi TäIIi NadL St find refuge fr civil War.
Many longst E suas hawe reSl
bitteress, such reling over ri English lang tua issue of casta, troversial plams affirrative acti ing many gov ""backward CaS distinct from ble.e. ""

froze the Comal conflict into eligion. "Riots' agitation" were aconomic, social hus constructed Jasented We re racteristics and
O
(13 page וזהנ: calls for equiped forces with It Wats an cow slaughter Wes by a Hindu p to demolish 3r Hindu sacrad try's two Comwhich command offer a Marxist if any is needed 1s impervious to
dia's once-praiberalization proed dead in its e trade account budget are in and with the | iпto recessioп, ians seek to fan ower fastor e Co.
cities. turing of national s, so does tha |vic peace. Riots int Hindus and minority have חny Iטוחnal har Indiam obserwers is the Worst Partition which ia in two. EWe outh, Sri Lanka's have as if they Inks of lidia's ate, where they om Sri Lanka's
nding social isrfaced with new as ethnic quartention of the e: and the Wexed famned by conlast year for an -giv וחgraםpr חנ
rnment job's to as," a category äSte 'untOLICha
The Weather is about the Only thing going right for India. The last three mot SOOS hawe brought plentiful rain and record har vasts. Some a reas of the economy, including the Small but growing export Oriented sector,
remain resilient,
Another plus is that India retains wedded to perhaps the best legacy of British rule - the ballot box. Although politics have become deeply Criminalized in soma Indian states, governments change in Delhi and in its states through elections, not (as in Pakistan) through overt or disguised military coups. Whan obserwing elections || hawe seen both a mixture of textbook ciwics and ballot-box hijacking reminiscent of the Philippines. Still, it beats periodic shows of bayonets in the capital city.
dia has Cower Corn El Tary Cha llenges in its short, post-independence history, including a 1962 war with China, linguistically based separatism in the 1960s, a dictatorial period of Indira Gandhi's ''ernergency" rule ended by ballot in 1977 aid, not least, the abatement of drought and farmine.
Peace - A General. . .
(Солtiлшвd from даge 21/ Many studies have found a strung link betwgan the fisẹ of the Sinnalese chauvinist ideology in nåtional politics and Sri Lank"G weak, dependent economy imposing constraints on a ruling class inited in its outlook. The growith of Tamil narrow na tiolalism in the North and the rise of the JWP is the South, both of which baca The il terlocked with the state in a spiral of terror and counter-terror, are instances of the growing authoritarianism of the system forcing everyone With a grie Van Ce into desperate actions. [t is impOrtant to understand the Weakness and insecurity of the ruling class which found in populist chauvinism against minorities, a refuge from its incapacity to meet the aspirations of the Tlasses who were now better educated. When the limits were reached in attempts to satisfy the majority.
29

Page 32
BOOK REWWEMW
Not Even Shadows
Rajiva Wijesimgha
eviewing in 1985 Anne RanaR黜 last major Collection of poetry, "Against Eternity and Darkness', I Wrote in remarking of the importance of memory in her Writing that it|SCOLInterpart, 'what might be termed desire. the consideration of further as
pects of life, does not pola y a particularly large part". The present book, which adds three poems to expand an earlier
loosely bound offset collection that appeared Lunder the sa T1B are suggests that statement needs to be TT Codified, Of tha poems in this collection a good many seem to deal clearly with desire as described above, the yearning for further Experience that goes beyond what has Bgen "recorded and appreciated", to cite my last assessment again. Such poems are often personal in tone, not infreqLIEntly C2leBrating romantic associations.
At the sa T1E3 til B, e WCT such poems almost invariably convey a strise of loss. Where in her earlier Work the affirmation of
what had been was always forceful, even when her theme was its destruction here what
comes across more forcefully is the Sense of de privation. That Characteristic preva des to tha Tanifestations here of what she had also deat With often earlier, the the ITë of Social of rather r3cia | | Coss, the re i tera tion of tha impact of the Holocaust. Though there are moments in which She Celebrates hier jewish heritage, as She has dom : before, here the mood that comes across most strongly, for instance in poems like 'Rebekha", despite her becoming 'the mother of thousa Tids änd millions" is Cm 9 of hollo We SS, the "grawing wind from the desert, the "Carcasses of dead things".
At the same time, paradoxi
ca || y it might se et given the negative nature of such impressions, Lunderlying a II this there Se e Tis to b : What of E: had not previously noticed a layer of Sentimentality. Before there had been celebration, refracted through harsh almost clinical analy
3
sis, that Conve Wi actuality of exper | ing Seters occasi BWan into maw the J| 105t Urld cription of an a
We are all W.
grawity
and neither ay
to Luch.
This does not that there a Te 15. I E WWES LISE One Would have so FC Complished poem em tiray m but third is a 5 it appears that standards as a ra. O longar al
In effect, for si I1 Ce har Wery E We fild Anng t:Oming prosaic stingly grough, Writtel in the S Ears here makes tinction bet weer vërsë and the formed til G Com tion "Against Eti mess", Selected Eo termed the her power, for Still présent, but That sense of mot have parm rhiatric of lies You Will Hai wa NBW landmark упшт way Through stone
shifting san With your ow No Salwes To spare your
ргегcogative To ease your
STall dear And WW || || Jė
the great p Similarly, in E seems in 1945 forty years late appears to be to lines.
Mgan While
hād ro||ed by ād hor Tie-bre the village

Bd forcefully the ience. Now feeonally to decline sishmëss, as in krgraduate i desirport -
rapped in zero
FE95 rhoi'r tibodies
of course near O felicities such !d to, and as expected from a Writer. O
isses its mark; imse irl which the same high
obtained before
solute, the first tire arly collections, Ranasig he beat times. Interethe one poem Fixties that applär t ha disstaterinents in poetry that inpendiu5 C e CErity ard Darkat what right height. Tot of TJ Ch of Lihat IS of discertment. udgment would it tgd te du||
such as -
: to CW S as you hew
did rock and
"п pick апd axв.
sweat, no pirth
air. You are so child,
i || || CF of lain. 1 poen begun it but finished only ". WĖ ha WE W hält prose divided in
the inn-keeper
ig bar rels of beer
Wedi cider into
Square
and he dispensed this to all who came, Then the band struck up - three fiddles, ond drum and a
jang ly old piano - and everyone bagan to dance :
Under that promising spring sky, the Whole Willage turned out to dance: old men with snowy Erhards |- were partnering tha prattigst
Tha idens ir Courtly walitzas
where the adjectives are reminiscent of the younger Kamala Wijeratne doing her best to compel a sentimental reaction
froIT är re3dër, This do 35 lot Team that sort of prosaic torne Cannot be used wery successfully, as in "You ask me why I write poams" (where ona is ha Lunted by Richard de Zoysia's beautifully matter of fact reading at the German Cultural Institute, which brought out the full value of a carefully thought Out Combination of words) -
Rättely, Whe everything concurs, I find tha moment that calibrates the edge of
joy and longing and So I make a poem and
then am surprised that what I write is hardly
What pondered yet somehow states a truth
| did not kino W II ko W. More often that one would hawe expected however, judgment hard is less than acute.
This is particularily true in the case of what might be termed the heritage poems, Whare for once it seems as though the բott is laէ During a point in which she is no longer deeply interested -
We who Still Liphold
traditions and inheritance
Twenty-five centuries of not
only the love
B LIt underständing of WOLI and
3 Iditab | W || ||
Not to den y you during the ages of Our persecution. ad to a lesser externt, but Sti|| noticeably, in some of the persom me| pČEms, where the feeling is doubless real, but Como's across occasionally as over Strai
e -
My longing suffuses
night and day
tՒ1ց
each

Page 33
And the parched earth thirsts
for rain. The bush In my garden is fragrant with White gardenia blossomsFor whom will they bloom When | hawe gone away? In such verses, and there are not a few of them, one wonders what has happened to the principle Anne Ramasing ha used to uphold so well, that poetry must communicate to the general reader too, not rest satisfied With sounds that evoke a private шпiver88.
Fortunately, that principle has not been forgotten in general. I this collection too there are some remarkable poems, and enough to in the personal Cale
gory to maka Clear that the poet has survived heightened erotion. The beautifully
crafted poems, "A kind of death" and 'Self-fulfilling', with the latter of which the Collection appropriately ends, indicate the powerful impact of a talent that has decided to give priority to
art. Even more remarkably, and significantly, there is "Land scapes", where she takes a there that had figured in the last section of the arguably self-indulgent "Trilogy', and
transforms it with the introduction of material that communicates the social realities and the gengra | Emotions of a particular period with enormous force -
And the voices out in agony ATë borne
that cried
Dispersed by the awful wind
Through tha long grasses and
fu ||-|ea fad trees
To the pitiless sky's infinity
And nothing remains but to
TOUTIT
And nothing remains But tO T10UFT)
The elegaic tone here is disciplined, and of obvious general significarice. Such directness is not always essential: the intensely personal poem with which the Collection opens, "On finding the grave of my grandparents in Germany", also gets, a deal across to any reader, but what such poems have in Common, it
seems to me, atta Chad to th { |lity imposed, til tranquiility that
ower the ässerti
And that is most powerful selection are t the poet evince deliberate decis of her preoccu to give precede The Soaring im on Chagal, the Cativeness of iпđicate a strc of the world aro which ore the first a sudder Saddar realitis Second telli gory that Comf sa ||y. This las ! across forcefull to my mind pr poепn iп th a ca extraordinarily from lyric desc som al tome of objectivity of t it seems by the the ma ma of t quoted. This šį all the more personal e On E lines, that thL as a telling ge is that quality, dra W a reader an Inder5 tardi ciation of uniw had been Air forte as a poE is heartening wiwing -
The scent f arched Carl WEWE flooding man
desire. touch the tracery
a showe гаins up оп the groundi
SO ''' rd re
Asclepiade that the ic goddess as among th and that We more that in the pola :

s the importance en Fälytical Lua e recollecilion in a kes precedenca jf Of = rT () tion,
why perhaps the poems in thea a lyrics, where 5 What Seg|T15 8 tוg|igfוIf ון|וrנt at i Cris els Fe'Wh Earė 1Ce t0 artistry. ages of the poem powerful evo"Autumn Berries", пg appreciatioп Ind one–through discerns, in the se se of the of life in the g persona allemL ricates Lliw Brfeature COT13s y too in "Attariya' issibly the best lection, with its skif Lu| low Elst ription to a perrefl actio, the his reinforced as introduction of he sage who is
cceeds ir tāki
keenly felt the It in the last S CBS COS
Teral principle. It
the capacity to
ir alid :: Or1 W BW пg, and aп артр тез – ersal reality, that ma Rana sing he's it, and which it O se e stil Sur
Bחן חחתfr wave after
|OWS
PW,
mor y, a wakening raise my hard to
Iga V8s, and bol OSS OrT1 s
o
Úf
s covered as With
ber tha Words of
S
ys of the lowe a to be found only le living
sha | | all lié as r1o dust and bone
of the dead.
Virginia.
(Cantinugd frалт дагуа 27) ärt, or do I Wish to den y that Lawrence was sometimes guilty of preaching. But it is hardly a satisfactory alternative to hoid up an ideal of pure aestheticism
. , ''1g Sente C in it5 f e Uti
fL“ – and it i5 a vBry in OvBrishing response to Shakespeare to suppose that that is what Macbeth's 'multitudinous Seas" was there for. To read such a passage is to be reminded that Wirginia Woolf belonged to the circle of
Roger Fry and Clive Bell and Lytton Strachey for whom art was an El Bagam t luxury. The
et hos of Bloomsbury is wery well sLIsTimed up in foLIr lines of a poem by one of its children, Julian Bell — the son of Ciliwe Be| and Wirginia's Sister, Wanessa. This is how Julian Bell, who wasn't unsympathetic to his Blodsbury Eldors, Saw th BT:
'People intent To follow mind' feeling and sense
Where they might lead, and
for ta World. Lo I ii t 3 rit To let it run along its
topping course."
That Wirginia Woolf's Conception of art is of a realm of Cultivated sansibility held Against the disorder of the Outer World is confired by the quality of her writing. For all its fine style, its exquisite handling of phrase and rhythm and cadence, it is a prose of artifice, and therefore, so bloodless and ultimately to ma 50 EO Coring. Ewe il Charlotte Brote, With a her sentimentality, there is a more genuine and a broader life; and when it comes to her greater sister and to George Eliot, there is no question for mg that thay are in Comparably superior to Wirginia Woolf, Mrs. Woolf Couldn't hawe created tha passion of Catherine Earnshaw beating against the cages of class and family, or the moral drama of the shallow Hetty Sorrel discovering unknown depths in her5 elf with her infanticide, or Maggie Tulliver's Struggle to assert herself in a society that has no use for an intelligent woman, or Gwendolen Harleth's corn promises Under the pressures of economic adversity. To do that she Would hawe had to go beyond that room of her own.
31

Page 34
PARTY SYSTEMS AN PRO
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Page 35


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