கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Lanka Guardian 1991.05.15

Page 1
Vol. 14 No. 2 May 15, 1991 Price Rs. 7.5(
| UNP thrashes
Split opposition
-Mervyn de Silva
Sri Lanka’s state
building traumas
–P. Saravana muttu
EXCL
GULF WAR, ECONO 3rd WORLD PROS
Ludowyk's childhood
Sinhala and the billing
easinos. siana What's up With the
 
 

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TEMDS
MONITORS FOR M | M | ELECTION
Ar 7 fir 7fer raffortă / fear 77 ) f
ser Wars Mwai 5, liri Sri L - 7k7 - חr fh B la ga / go we rסrtחלirזr סt rir verir :Plections darı MMay 7 7 .
/r7rdia, Pakista F7 F7 rei Bar 77/å- dass were à morg sie scJunfrsos rere 5e rife.
A grop Of e gli Was Eresegr, čā "Wier Ly fer 7 rior 77 Frať forts wara being harded irn.. Thew War a frorri SAAFC cour fries.
Thg teзагт д геsвлt durfлg the pra-a/ectfол салдаigy гт and or eaction day distributed tha rrige/ves fr7 the distric5 were a poss were being 75, "fiere Wg5 no efector) for 7 f, fe Wort fer f7 är d' Easferir) provinces, because of the Wvar with the E.
INFLAT OM DOWN
frIfsat for 1 hSS Cir Hod dovr froгт 21 дег селt to 74 рег cert now. Fased the Cerras Bank in a press release. The 27 per Ceir 7ť fir 7fsāt for 7 räť e WYS given in the Centră / Ea riks Аппша/ Report for 7990.
But it is 14 да г. сеп паw, tha Galygrrior of the Carlfri/ Eā 7k 5 s.d. "TWIE ČCE 7Träg W Bär) k lag tåker saffastsve af for L Lrfrg rfsaff f7 Lr Cder LCrfr/ Forecasts made so far by the ČCEe FfrāW Eā 7 k. Wyrfa' fir 7 CFA ffaf ffig rafe of fri f'Waffc 7 W FYW decling furthar in the corning months', the statarnert sa id.
COMMISSOM FOR TRAMSPORT
There will be a Watforg) Transporť Čo T1/77ission šeť Lipj under par arrentary statute. It My rese e 5 tra Spor for the privāta se Cor, the gu Warr7LLLLLaL LLLLLLLHCLLCLLCLLS S CCL LLLLLS LGGLS discourage proviлсfa/ соцлсfls ård Liffer sig Lite LJ fje Jesses frofr e rifer frig ffy e passerger lys Eius ir 7ĖSSF: "'t F7 Free is ir 7 ) feed' for parc) Wiricia/ c) r7Cs tt) riu o 7 ELS services', a goverrinent Sдоќesman fo/a/the press.
Briefly.
The Central Report for 19
| GNP til b' 66 per CE report de Scribe ( bole", Caution ing certain disqu emerged Wich Cortin La Linar r jeopard is gro W. Thic performance
Among thi traids Wäs t F inflatioпaгү рге bed by the re. Hi : " ") "WW" Tri mant S"", THE T for 1.99) Wis par Cent.
''The eco Tot be a [[J W ed i tad but it SI Choked off eith said. It sugge cious use of IT SCD 3 S to geler: degree of Thor" while also Tai quate productit
An LTTE rammed E. Ma', command ship packed with E the Jaffna pe Sailors were ki tWů T1 1Y Wčľ8
ship was badly
L
GUAR
2 ,םJ6|, 14 Nי
Price R
Pullish g d FC
Lankin GLardian Po
N, 24E,
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Editor: Merw
Ti: Ip h I r1 i

Balk's Als || LJal 30 stimäed awe increased t, Which L FÈ as 'for TidaHCIWvover that ieting trënds if a lowed to sted աw tյLild rth a decord! i ri thë futur t',
e di Squipting 19 per sist Ent SSurg, des Crifס 3 Bחס rt asםו isome dew a topit of inflation
Ivan a5 21
1 оппу 5hould o get overhea1пLJIH ПОt bјв er", the report sted the judinonetary policy te the required I eta r W stability intaining a decitives.
suicide Squad у 5 LIrveillaПСЕ
with a Edat 2xplosives, off ninsula, Five
led and about injured; the da Taged. Tha
LTTE cadres in to boat Were bioWT to bits, Nawa | Officia IS said.
The Nawal Wessel, the SLNS "Aboit Hā" is a 300C) to 1 merchant ship which had been converted to a surveillance command ship. The attack was at 2 a.m. on May 4, It was the second such LTTE attempt to destroy a Navy ship.
O Ralph Buultjens is expected to give evidence in the Colombo High Court in the case in which for her minister Gamini Dissa na yake is charged, with others, with Consipi ring to abduct him. Professor Buultjens was on his way to deliver a Felix Dias BandaraTai ke Tamri | act Ir. Wher He is al leged to hawe been abducted in 1988,
Altogether 23 witnesses are expected to give evidence.
All the accused, including the former minister, are at present on bail.
As we go to press the International Observer team from SAARC and C"WE2 Balth Countries has expressed satis fiction at the conduct Of the local polls, and commendBad Women for their kee participation,
DAN
May 15, 1991
s
rtnightly by
'Lublishing Co.Ltd.
lio Place. ut - 2.
y de Silva
: 75E4
CONTENTS
News Background 3 Instability in Sri Lanka 3 Thng Lig ft Side of the WhEël 12 UN aird Gulf War World and Asiam Develop T1&st L
Perspectives in thig 90s 5
English Translations from
Simhala Literatur 모| Pax Americana Hnd
CLII LET FrçĘ 23 Polis, and Peedita Panthiyā 26 Book. Reg Wici: WF 27
Printed by Anarı da Prass 825, Sri Ratnajothi Sarawa na Thuttu Mawatha Colombo 13. Telephons: 435975

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The
U
beats “split' Sl exhausted Left
Mervyn de Silva
he U. N. P. remains the best organised parly in the Coun
try, whereas the SLFP-led Opposition remains riven bY personal and ideological Con
flicts, and ravaged by cliquism and petty intrigue. All that the Opposition can boast is a single nationally respected and internationally known personality, Mrs. Sirima Bandaranaike,
The rightwing U.N.P. Once the party of the Searlayakes, made a successful, if nol entirely smooth, transition from the Sena na yakes to Jaya war dena and Premadasa. While SLFP remains dominated by Mrs. Bandaramaike a bitter feud between Anura Bandaranaike MP, and his sister Chandrika who leads the B.N. P. has sapped the energies of the SLFP. The present plight of the Opposition is wrapped in a sad irony. The ideological outlook of the SLFP's revered founder, Mr. S.W.R.D. Bandara naike, had two noteworthy features - a concer for the under-privileged
and a commitment to improve the condition of the Socially disadvantaged strata together
with a lively responsiveness to
intermatiomäl trands and nie W
ideas.
The SLFP and its assorted
"Left" partners and associates
Have allowed Mr. Prema dasa to run away with Bandaran aikist velfarism and populismon, While they themselves cling on to an enerwated Leftism, discredited
St le and abandoned abroad. The SLFP has the mass wote, Mrs. Bandarana ike
makes the vital decisions ulti
mately. But the the broader Op. rated by Marxi uscules. All th bles surfaced run-up to the furious quart Els ad the S3, Wyer 2 Cofiled to the ship - demorali. voter. As the May Day proce alti-UNP Woter gically ready t traditional ele polis, the first at it since the Parlia Ten Lary were held in th (the JWP assas State repressio
May day pro was right to Sl LSSP and BNP, to the StrB ELS I presented a So
Now the MLI pradesha ya sa only underlined simply not ero gether as 'Ind place, a Tid SLF Pola CBS. THE SE som si Tol'y ( demoralises the porter. Ard let Sri Lankan v Ot IIll: 5:TE Bl-g|III: This is the W.
Regard the S in office; a J ruthlessly crush south, an unfir north claiming hala and Tam Ciwi|iä , EBC Hi

NP
FP and
debate within Josition is domist-leftist groupese basic prosharply in the local polls. The that fo | lowed — bү по пеams SLFP-Left leadersed the anti-UNP SLFP's miña 5 si We ssion proved, the was psycholoo take o tha ty at the local major confrontPresidential and elections which le climate of Fear, ins) chaos and
.
wed that the C.P. ay at home: The daring to take mi || LIs the IS LIFP, 'ry spectacle.
icipal, urban and ha polls hawa the obvious. It's ugh to fight topandents" in om G P in most other *ctacle of diwiind predictably)
Committed supS tot forget, the ir is one of tha rt political anirid,
ene. Тvvг үеатs WP insurrection ld in the Sinhala shed War in tha Thore lives, Simmilitary and passing month;
inflation at 20% last year (14% now, it is claimed officially) and un amployment, especially Sinhalå youth uremployment, rising steadily; donors warning of aid cuts unless the regime's human rights record is not visibly improved; the UNP torn by top-level conflicts; a former Cabinet minister with a strong electoral base in the Lipcountry Kandyan areas, indicted before the High Court; the party's chief executive and government tough guy assasinated in broad daylight in the city.
"Both police and representatives of opposition political parties conceded that yesterday's
local government election was relatively peaceful and fair" reportad the independent SUNDAY ISLAND.
''Opposition leader, Sirima Bandaranalika said last night that she was not happy with
the conduct of yesterday's ellection il carta in areas, but COnceded that it was better than in recent years' reported the independent SUNDAY TIMES.
The polls were in fact marred by many, many incidents but no responsible party leader no independent observer (the foreign monitoring team" has yet to release its report) has leveled the charge of widespread rig. ging... a charge heard quite often in the past 13 years, and on and off at by-elections in the 1970-77 period.
Of 237 local bodies, the UNP has taken 193, winning 9 out of 10 municipal Councils. It lost Ratnapura which was under
3.

Page 6
SLFP control anyway. The UNP
won 28 Urban councils whila Hig, SLFP WON 5. Of the 194 pradesha ya sa bhas, the UNF
Won 156. The 80o turnOut Was more good by Sri Lankan standards and the UNP's 54%, was
higher than President JR's at LL S S 0LL0KS SS L LLLCLLLLLLLS S aLLLLLLLaaL against the SLFP's Mr. Hector Kobbeka du WB.
In Colombo, the LJNP (119, 795 votes) captured 30 seats, the SLFP (72.319) won 17
seats, the SLMP (3 seats) SLMC (2) and NSSP (1).
The turnout in the city was 68%,
Befor ti pols, Independer analysts concentrated on the following (questions:
1) How much support has the UN P Cost after 2 years in office? The assumption Was basic — governments start losing wotes from DAY 1 sin Ce the expectations are so high that performance always fall
short of pre-election hopas,
2) What impact has inflation made om the lower-middle
class and the |arly in the ur ārās
3) Has unam polo y T ytյլIth unEmplo as the mai res Urgence Of th UNP's supportEa reflected i voting in the Will Cao
4) Will the rept JWP swing wo [0 SLFP–| od fr
5) Wi || Sinhala-B indignant Liwé right's illet C ta LTTE red traditional ''Jt
6) Wi || the Mus| Sinha la Fräds establish Ed pia itself with Muslim Congr
7) Has Prgside
re-structuring established co Ca used Serib Lu:
President's Statement
UN Pleader, President Ranasinghe Premadasa issued at the Conclusion of the Loca | Go Wer" | held on Saturday, said the UNP had never be boastful in Victory. and "o this Occasion to victory with humility and with dedication to
The following is the text of LHB President's States The Ilt.
Once again our people have
exercised their sovereignty through the ballot. Democracy has triumph Ed. Reactio h35
been defeated. This resounding victory of the ballot is of special significance to all of us. It reaffirls the ladication of our people to the democratic way of life. It has demonstrated that those who aspire to gain power through undemocratic means are
it welcome.
congratulate the winners for their wel de Served victory. I thank our par ty membership, Our supporters and our well-wishers throughout the Country for
4
contributing to wictory.
Tha large T1 people have reaf and confidence i and the New D Nation äl Party, party and mysel and every one (
|s5 0 til Hilk til Elections and government off security ser WiCE personnel who dedica tibi to 9 fraa and fair el
Our voters hi. rajected politicä are masquera dir C) Lur woters have political Organs

poor, particuban semi-urban
ngmt, especially ym samt regarded factor in the Ig JMP, Braded basea? Wil | th is the pattern of SOLI ther prČ|-
"ession of the 55 froi UNP Ot
uddhist opinion " Lha GCW Erampaigп аgніпst
|Cg the UMP5
im wote in all
go with the two rties or indentify Hille. Sri Lanka sig?
Foreria da SHS if the UNP, the inservative party, s fissures in the
MEWS BACKGROUND
Class-Caste blo: that 5uStalle d the ''d''" UN P?
At this writing (13th) it is mot possible to take u po such mattars. BL ut on first impressions, it 5trikes me that Mr. Premada Siä F1 as installEd 3 W COWBfstructure in the party, a new decision-making Centre other that the Old SR KOTHA, coterie. It is also clear that the South. despite the tough repression, is Tot as pro-JVP 35 Colombo 'experts" believed, Plainly, more Hawe Giffered at the WP'S hards that in the army's coul
ter attack. Sinhala-Buddhist opinion (anti-Tamil and militarist) has made no serious dent in the UNP traditional
Si Thala-Buddhist support.
lf victory is the ultimate test of success, it sets to a that it is do W tha SLFP-led opposition's turn for re-thinking and re-structuring.
President Per Tada sa Will no W feel lore confident in facing the opposition, the LTTE, the Human Rights critics and the new Indian government.
1 Fl Städtélél! ment elections a en proud and 2, We accept
Serwi Cie.""
this massi W3
ajority of Our fired their trust in the New wision ea of the United On beghalf of the if I talk each of them. Let me Commissioner of is staff, all the icials and the is arld բՃlic a worked With тsшr e a peace ful,
BCtion.
we convincingly a telets who ng as democrats. clearly identified
thi at have bBon
engaging in divisive politics by day and disruptive activities by
night. The voters have accepted practical action and rejected empty criticism.
THEa a : tiwities of tha local authorities touch the lives of our people host closely. Electors
are natura|| y War y in the choice of their vBry TEpra5 an tativSS. They have accepted the United National Party as the means to improve the quality to their lives.
We shall expedits decentralisation of powers and functions together with resources brought to the doorsteps of the pople. The newly elected local authorities will be entrusted with this important role. We will accelerate
a || Our de wel opment aff Orts. Wë are determined to elimir late powerty through Janasawiya. We
ar a har es Sing F1 I rės Our Ces at tour C Thrill and for the COTT Cor. good.
The people hawa placed their trust and confidance in Lus to
renew and revitalise the unity

Page 7
of all sections of our montherland. A nation divided is a WE al kend. The message to a II dissidents and factions is loud and clear. The message is that na tioma | issue5 T Lust be Sattled by national consensus. We must resolve our problems through consultation rather thar. Cosif sostation.
The outcome of this i gan (3r â | election to local authorities brings home clearly another point. It Establish: S th g :|ä im Of Thig United National Party that in an election free of wiol em Ca by disruptive forces the voter turnout is large, When the voter turnout is large, the triumph of the llnited Nation a Party is Egy Ond tioubt,
Last year alone ow f 2.5 million citizes obtained paid-up membership of [Järt)', Udoubtedly, their ad
L friends
1ätiOI1 |
LLLLLLL SLLLH aaLLaLLtL LL LLLLL S
victory. Our party branches, Youth leagues, Worlen's organisations and trade unions were responsible in nobilising support for Our Candidates. The ministers, members of parliament, chief ministers and provincia | council members and other organisers of O Ur party gawe leadership in this
effort. I express my gratitude to
3 || of thig.
We have naver been proud and boast ful in wictory. On this occasion too, we accept victory with humility and with dedication to Servica, The divisions of electicoris are ower. Those Who contested us must be treated as friends, not as enemias. They är 3 pat thers in the democratic pro CeSS. Lēt us set an example,
like in the last presidential and
parliamentary elections, by avoiding post-election bitternass,
Victors m LISt protect the Wanquished, Let us forget forgive and go forth together. We wellCome and We appreciate constructive criticisim. Yet, LT democratic attitude must not be mistaken for Waakness, Welcome to join in progress. Impeding progress is a national CITE,
May the blessings the Triple Gепn be upon yош.
all are
Statenefits
THE G
(all
The Secretary, Ministry of Fore
D Еааг Siг,
| place the L blue for E y Ulu for appropriate act against the ab
It has been
notice by Mr. F for Matara Dis Organiser for the Party in the Di Fit te ET LIGHT| sio 1 er has milia de the Dick wella i! day (11th Mi S E I H II B III. k. 13
during the pro |ing in Dick wel g|OWernment 8 le
his State Mr. Gladstone he häd receiva the effect that to a poling sta were being cc by UNP suppor ITH Tk. S to thFir il di Cata Elfi washed off, an don 2 to edilib) | B again.
Upon receiv 1h E SUIC: å : madeg, Mr. H. had recorded a the Dick Wella the allegation UMP supporter sto 13, åld St. Gladstonej WBS
As your fore aware, on 7th Mr. H. R. Piya im his right a: Parlia Terit la par liarment à||a proprieties in Conduct and as

NEWS i BACKGROUND
LADSTONE AFFAIR
I reports from the Daily News)
11th May 1991
ign Affairs,
In der rotéd facts investigation and
to fa take
DWE 13 d.
brought to Ty H. R. Piyasiri, MP trict ald Chief : United Natilä | ck villa divis,
High Commis3 a complaint at Jolice station to - ay 1991). This
la de jy him gress of the pol - la at tha Cical Citig,
е пt to the police, has al IE goed that d information to Woter G d tta Chlgd tio is Dick Wella
lected together tgrs, that the imk figers which
awing wote di Were d that this was them to wote
ing inform äiti Implaint had been R. Piyasiri, MP State left Wit police denying made against s by Mr. Gadating that Mr. acting Thalafida.
ign office will be
February 1990, siri, MP, acting is a Member of HE 3 5 tä tamont II ging certain im
Mr. Gladstone's ;SOCİ3 ti05 i Sri
Lärk. ThiS stä tämt had regived publicity in the press at the title.
Mr. Gladstone's SI ETT ET LI dės Thor di SC || CS :: Why he was iri Dick Wella o Il pool li rig day. Nor do E35 ha Claim that he has personally See alry in critirating fact,
It appears clear that the high Commission er in making his aforesaid Complaint to the Dick Wella police, has acted Гпаliciously. He has undoubtedly chosen Dick Wella as the venue for his fälse complaint in order to bring disrepute to Mr. Piyasiri and United National Party.
You W||i asso apprecia te that it is highly irregular and improDer for H. diplor nat to involve himself in any manner what. so lewer im elections in the Country where he is posted. Mr. Gladstone is not a let her of the International Observer Group, 35 YOU ar B a Ware.
In my capacity as General Secretary of the UNP, I lodge this protest and request the Foreign Ministry to institute an investigation and Causa appropriate action to be taken against the High Commissioner,
A photo copy of the relevant Court of the Hansard of 7th February 1990 is annexed. shall forward certified copies of the statЕптепts made to the
Dick Wella polica shortly.
Yours faithfully (B. Siri se na Cooray)
General Secretary Copies to:
F. K. Charldra fjarld: Esgr. Corrissioner Coom.
g Silva of East for 5.
Mrsector CJ l'OTTEC),
Genera / of POVice,

Page 8
Complaint of British High Commissioner
British Corrissioner has come to make a Cornplaint With ARO Mt. Aria da. Na Tie — Glads tore, British High Commissioner, te | I - ing like this: It was brought to my attention that water was being collected waiting at Po II ing Booth No. 19 by UNP supporters. I went there Polling Station and found that there was a crowd outside the Polling Station and UNP van parked. No. was 60 Sri 1325. There is the allegation that the ink app - lied of finger being erased of Voters, again. That is enough. Sgd. Gladstone. The sig a ture of British High Commissioner,
The mi en tio ne d statement | amo Si Mahesh Write Correctly. NO Complaints, This complaint We informed to o Lur ASP Sgid, SI Mahesh. Informed to every mobile Sgd. Si Mahesh... .
Statement of Mr. H. R. Piyasiri
arrived here on receipt of information that the British High Commissioner-H. E. David Gladstone-had T1a de El Cornplaint re election activity in Dikwella, AN, L this stage Mr. H. R. Piya siri, the District MET DET of FPT || - met for Matara arrives and vishes to make a Stä tement. | rico w proceed to record the Samme.
1 4 OOHT5. Hardeti Raulu Piyasiri, 47 yrs., Member ot Parjamert for Matara Districf STELĖS:
Today at about 1230/1300 Hrs., wher li was ir Iii w resider lice | cale to know that the British High Commissioner H. E. David Glads to F had Thade a stater Therit at the Dikwella Palice pertain
ing to election activities in DikWilla ära. was informed of this by my clerk. Mr. S. Wijesena.
Last Wea r i rll poi sed the British 5 i Orller H. E. Daw allege in W1W: trafficking and k with personalities Sandra Sagar E Wy fra T1 Britain, WWF drug offences. :1Ware, H. E. D is not a memb
if (observ Eers WWF i Sri Likä as the élection mort te. The Britis sioner, by this wiolated the C. and ita Tafer ad affairs of Sri L
I feel that thi been made by C0| TiSSidoar 0 \ I Tade in parli
Read tower, Ad IT H, R. Piyasiri Sgi Mitära 1 č.2) Hr:
1 423 Hr5;. A,t H. R. Piyasiri wi ther to his Stati thus: The allege inst th8 UNF S
H. R. Piyasiri. SSPWM a tara.
certify that
EXTä1:S Fr E IILIf did that the CF custody. SI Ma ghe, O|C Police
Mr. Piyasi Original C
Excerpt from original charge
(As reported i
Mr. Speaker, W the following Hon. Minister of and Minister of S
During the Co membr5 con bo House brought t of the gover. The Luse in drtig talk di rig Of drLig5. has also ta kën to combat the
(AI) reports from the stat
ES

гliamв пt, I exро
High Commisid Gladston for ment in drug
:Heրing company ; SLIch as Manik 10 had escaped ist Uri bail for As far as I am avid Gladstone er of the team lot have a Trived
a reber of ito ring commith High Commisact had grossly ide of cond ut in to the internal anka.
5 statement has the British High yer the É9 X[)()SLI r 3 i I i Erit.
itted correct Sgd. d M. GoTES SSF/
this stage Mr. shes to add furEmit and states itions made agao tally false. Sgd. Sgd. M. Gomes
the fore going 3 and a CCLIralB iginal is in Ily hesh KLITiara si Illi, Dik Wwtela.
ri's
harge
Mr. Piyasiri's i te HOLISe
1. Han sard)
Could lika: tū raise Lestion with the Foreign Affairs tata for jeferCE.
urse of last year, th sides of the the att Titi rit the in Creasing ig and the pad
The government
man y Theasuras menace of drug
NEWS BACKGROUND
USE9. TՒլից includes edia publicity against the dan gerous drugs, rehabilitation of drug addicts and effective measures by the law enforcement authorities against drug pediars and drug LISTS.
This Campaign is now faced with difficulties due to the patromage extended by some diplomats to those engaged in the drug trade. I think this That ter is sufficiently serious to warrant the attention of the govern Tient and of this House.
This patгопаge is beiпg exteпded at the highest level of diplomaitilt cornm Lusity is i Sri Lanka. His Excellency Gladstone, the High Commissioner for the UK in Sri Lanka, is giving patronage to drug pedlars and the those Who promote the use of dangerous drugs. Among those who promlottë the LuSE of ding Eros drugs. Among th052 with whũm the High Commissioner keeps Company are Mr. Manik Sandärasa gara änd Mr. As Coka Rät watta.
(Mr. Lakshman Jaya kody ) Does the 101. Itember take full responsibility for what he
has stated.
(Mr. H. R. Piyasiri) Yes Otherwise, I would not have read it, I tak a full rasponsibility.
(An hon. Member) Why are you worried? - (Interruption).
(Mr. Speaker) Order, pl 335 Please carry om. I cannot help it (/лtarгшрffол).
(The Horn, Ramil Wickremasinghe) There is an AdjournTent Ouestion. He is on his feet. Let him finish. After that the Ноп. пет нег сап say what they want. — (Writerruptform).
(Mr. Speaker) Order please
(Mr. H. R. Piyas iri) I take fu | | responsibility for what I say.
Mr. Sandarasagara was arrested Oil 18. 6.81 in the UK With two British nationals for possession of 163 kilograms and 800 grams of her abal Cannabis and
9– (JWred DA/IV WIEWS)

Page 9
200 grims of cannabis resin. He was charged in court and granted bai I in May, 1982. He jurriped bai| and |eft the JK il legally, On 6.3.82, he was arrested by the Police Narcotic Bureau. The UK authorities rest Ligsted the extradition of Mr. Sam da rasagara. However, Extradition pro CB Edings
Were mot initiated due to la Cik of material.
Asoka Rat wat ta was ar rested
by the Australian authorities on 8.4.81 for possession of 5.5 kilograms of hashish. This pers On was sentenced to four years hard abour in St. James COL Tit of Petty Session on 216.82 with iä TiiiTi Liri terrill of months, commencing from 23.6.82 and subsequently deported to Sri Lärka o 23.6.83,
(Mr. Speaker) I do not mind your reading it. But what is your question please?
Messrs. Manik Sandarasagara and Asoka Rät Wyatta a fa frequient visi tors to Westminster House. They are also invited to functions hosted by the high Cornmissioner to which Cabinat ministers are also invited. This as caused Tuch discomfort to the people attending these functions. Some of these drug users
were present in Westminster House at a function attended by the former President J. R. Jaya Wardene.
Recently, a party including the UK High Commissioner tra
we | gd to Kandy to film the Lankä thilaka Wiharaya. T|| Brië Were com pola in Is of drug usĘa by some of members of the par Ly du ring the filming. But investigations ha We not been || Tia de becca Lusse it in wolwes The
High Commissioner for the UK.
The policy of both the United Kingdom and Government of Sri Lankā 5 t Crbat 13 ir Lig me mace, The refore, will the minister speak to the High Commissioner for the UK and request him to refrain from associating with drug pedlars and drug Users?
12
NMcNam; linked t
By Stephen
A. to dewel should be mai the their reducing
ing, Mr Robert silies head of thilt said.
In a wide-ran the Cold War or ding Mr McN Urged the linki assistice l'OITO optimal levels o diures". TESE should take inti external threat C Utry.
When decisit allocations of si lade, Special C. Lu Id boga giWerl tC tifig II Ess tharl their gross ratio the Security SEC
Speaking at a La Conferencë economi C5 in said that the made could be բrassing econdո needs.
"I ām consci. til of Such CC be difficult at said Mr McNari" US defect: 5. the less, it is, essertial part
the waste regre 5 i wa militar y sg
Co Lltri ES."
Military spens World totalled 4.3 per çent of rational porod LC to be reduced next de cada, it Sawings equival El TT WO health and edu than t'Nice thë ai Tem assista CE id L 5 tria listed CO | |laterial finlığını Cill

NEWS BACKGROUND
ara calls for aid to be o cuts in arms spending
Fiedler in Washington
ping Countries de Codi tioma om military spendMcNallara, fora World Bank,
ging speech on military spenamara strongly Tg of filacial Welt "" to Ward f military expеп
OptiTial lewels p act: t, unt any being faced by a
зns сопсегпіпg oreign aid were ] r1 Side3ra tio I h sho - Countries spen
2 per cent of i na i product in tor".
World Bank anOn de velopment Washington, he Luge sa Wings thus Lised to address nic and social
) LIs that applica!nditionality will d contantious, " ara, a former Cretary, 'Never
Il be li a we, armi * the sol Lution to iented by excesending in poor
ing in tho Third S170bn a year, aggregata gro55 ... If that Were y half over the would free up krit to ha | f cutdi Spanding on ation a nd more 1 count of de wel opreceived from tries and multiinstitutions, ha
said. By comparison, the US spent 6 per cent of GNP on the military, This proportion could be reduced by half within six to eight years, at a sawing of 150bn a year in 1989 dollars, Mr. McNamara said.
Between 1978, and 1988, the Third World imported S371 bin of arms, three-quartars of the arms traded internationally, Mr McMamara linked reduction of demand for arms in the Third World to a system of collective security — guarantees bo'y the Uni - ted Nations Security Council and regional organisations of teritorial integrity,
Governments producing arms should also sharply reduce the availability of finance for arms, He noted that some countries spent a lot on security for internā rather thn externā reāls On S.
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Page 10
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Page 11
instability in Sri Lanka
P. Saravапапnuttu
he outbreak of fighting in
June 1990 in the north-east of Sri-Lanka, bet Weer the government Security forces and the prir - Cipal Tatii g LeTrilla group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE or Tigers), highlights the in tractability of the island's nä tio 1 - 3 1 Cd s t Hita -- bouilding tra Urma There häWë bean threa TS Of Sig CesSib Il Inti raw lil Lution, as well as external interwention by the predominant regional power, India. The separa Fist War Waged since 1983 by the minority Tamils against the majority Sinha lesedominated government has been preceded and accompanied by
internal uphea was within both coil unities arld IWO 8rTied insurgencies by the Sinha lese 1ätionalist Wa r a t /ıa War Loki''
Pera mura (JWP) to capture power (1971, 1987-9). In addition, there hä5 bēgli al Indo-Sri La kärl AÇI: Corti did the ista I lätilor of an Indian Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) to contain extremism and to define the middle ground between the un acceptable and the un attainable. However, |11 lation: || Conserne Luis With in Sri Lanka has been achieved. The article Will investigate the bäckground to Sri Lankan insecurity and the prospects for national recociliation.
Ethnic te ISO : the parliапп апtary phase
Tensions between the Sinhalese and Tamils regarding their respective position 5 in an independent Sri Lanka can be traced to 1931, Wher the island Was granted Uniwersal adult Suffrag9. The enduring Tamil fear since has been that their positions of relig tiwe adwaitā ge in the bureau CrâCW (gain Bd through B du Cational attainments and colonial policy), Would be irretrievably jeopardized by majority Sinhalese
TLSL LLSS LL0CtYYLLLYLLLYLLLT LS L Y YllLLLLLLLLCLS "г "лfглаffогта/ Re/відпs, Dаддrnent af Folitics, L'niversity of 5рића тргол.
rule. The Silla been eager to balance to refle status and clair religious exclus Lälka, il Cont | || Пks to south
In the preludi ir de per de CEE ir anxieties were e demands for parl title1 Ci ES to be E. Cīra bā this was no T gran distributio el 'first past the po. style electoral sy to political po Ethnic in SS, wi Simhalose partie in the South a Tamil counterpa Tä mi || fir 5 of T the centre Were certainity of Sin ränce in governn
Tari || || alier; Critted the paгliamentarү рі репdепce. This anged support in government Safegua1 Tdirug mhi and attested to the inter-Corr. Sus on parliam and Le Consti! of the island" mowerinent. But modalion, a I thi to i principale, reflected im pra 11Cy - I סרן tחEוח however, this co until it was f the 1970s.
The accept an חנda Lit טווח וחט:a Gt tā decrā, Work for Ti tansions Was intra-elite comp ploited ethnic tisan advantage fication with ha S CÒTĖ to crucial to electo legitimizing the

ESF, in turi, Häw redress this illct their majority i of Cultura and iweness to Sri rast With Tarnil |ldid,
to Sri Liikal 1948, Tail xpressed in their iä mentary to 15dra Wi Lp Q sis. Ewe though | tad, population sured that the St" | WE5 til SterSt TWCuld lead la rization 3. Cong th the majority s predominating d their minority rts in the north. harginalization at sustaired by the ha lese preponde.LוחEון
5 new erth (21955, mselves to thea ocess after in destrategү ахchand participation for III:Sures inority interests, the strength of Jilale lite COI75 enStary dem OLräCy : utionalist at hos 5 independence political accornough subscribed WEIS not fully ittitle by glowernDespite setbacks, sensus survived inally eroded in
Ce of political and parliame IT* H5 the frameIa naging sociata
undermined by e titi Čil With Xpopulism for parExplicit identiethnic populism be regarded as 1ral 5 LICCess. th L15 older and divisive
bases of identity as the ultimate sources of political power, and exposing the inability of the elite Consensus to fuss them into a durablo national identity, Hergin | ies i HG significance of the 1955 Electio, which WFS won in the south by the centreleft Coalition of Sinhalese popuist forces hgaded by S. W. R. D. Bandara naike, founder of the Sri Länka Freedom Party (SLFP), and in the Tamil north by the Federal Party (FP) favouring the constitutional arrangement betweer the two Communities implicit in its title.
Once in governmeut, in 1956 Bādäräaika fi |f|| || gd his || FC til pledge to make Sinhala the official language striking at the heart of Tamil fears regarding education d employment. More da maging, his inability to Col tro the Sia lese Buddhist coalition that had propelled hit to power forced him further positions inimical to ethnic harmony. Consequently, his efforts in 1957 to ameliorate the impact of this language policy on the
Tarnils, with Special provisions for the use of their language and the devolution of power to
regional councils in a pact with FP leader Chelwanayagar, Were Cobostructed by the inna te chau viris T of the Sir H1 a lese constituency and the political opportuis I of the United National Party (UNP) opposition.
Wi O || (}nt Sinhalese-Tail riots BISLEH i 195S and 1958, thig first of their kind in indepen
dant Sri Lanka, and Ware only exceeded in their intensity by thE carriage of 1983,
Throughout the next de Cada the en SLing deterioration in Ethnic relations was temperad by the enduring witality of the parliamentary Consensus. THE Tamil leadership Continued the practice of parliamentary accomTodation, even though the first governet of Badar Baike's widow, Mrs. Sirrmavo Banda fanaike (1960–64), wigorously im
9

Page 12
plemented the official language policy and reneged on promises to reintroduce the devolution proposals envisaged in the Bandaranai ke -- Chaliwa na Yaga TT
Pact. With assurances of this score contained in a pact with the UNP, the FP joined the
UN P-dominated national government in 1965. While legislation for the use of Tamil was passed, that relating to til å devolution of power was not and the EP withdrew from the govern
mit in Tid - 1 939.
Therefore, seen from the pers pective of nation and statebuilding, the 1956 election was a milestone in Sri Lankan politics. in the south, the triumph of athnic identity amounted to the capture of the state by the majority community for the plrpose of political consolidation and control of economic power through nationalization; in the north, it represented the beginnigs of a serious Chad|lenge tO the unitary status of that state.
Socession and insurgency: the pattern of political violence
The pattern of political activity initiated in the 1970s signalled the collapse of the parliamentary consensus and institutiona
Iized the recours to Violer. Ce in the resolution of political conflict.
Disenchantment With Elite
|leadership among both Sinha lese
and Tam|| youth coa les Ced into the conviction that their grievances could only be met
through armed insurgency against the political centre. In the south, the basis for grievance has been the call for greater access to socioeconomic and political benefits. Originally examplified by the ultra leftist 1971 JWP in Sur gency of mainly Educated rural youth, it re-emerged in the CXtreme nationalist JVP reincarnation of 1987 following the external intervention by India. In the north, youth dissent has been founded on frustration with the failure of political accommodation to prevent discrimination most notably the United Front (UF) government's
10
alterations in un sion criteria. By the accruing b
spawned a pieth groups, the most
s sti || the LTTE
Established p. il turi, ha 'We alienation by S. and consolidate of state power Of the parlia Than thus reinforcing wwārds willer ht | the left-Wing JF Mrs, Bandarä naik its right-wing UN P regime of - (1977-89), were Both Were SW with unprecede majorities which partisan advant changed the CC first (1972) mak republic in whi of the majorit" religion, Sinhala was assured, a (1978), replacir system with executive presi nously, the UN dubious preced 1982 of a refe poma elections thereby compC representative legislature and S rādi;ā pili,
THE CITO establishments il the JWF Ca to Tha Chafa and in the că tancy a threat composit ton, W delegitimize bť defining the IT tgrrorist in rlät hovever, giver gency from W rig CCInstituer The It's sense I TE E KCL I L 3 |y its respo! Cal. Sinhales ements, regard orientation, de cal establish deteriation neously movi| radical aletl

iversity admisthe Tid 19705, it terness had Ora of guerrilla amous of which
olitica | partiĖS, deepened this eking to extend their monopoly at the expense tary framework, the tred toaposition. Both government of :e (1970-77) and Successsor, the I. R. Jayawardene guilty of this, 'ept in to power inted legislative they used for taga, and both institution - the ing Sri Lanka a ch the primacy language and and Buddhism, d the second ng the political a Gaullist-style -iוחם stםy, Mם חHB P introduced the ent in December rendum to postfor 11 years, unding the turn - Character of the ea ling it off from
stard in the response to what Sa was a threat te of Lh3 Ställt ie of Tarmil II i llito its territorial as its at të mpt to th cha||enges by
as essentially Jia. In the south, am armad is Urthiri its co w ethсу, the goverп = of danger was and consequепtse more politi - lominated govern!ss of ideological ended the politient with brutal while Si T U tag to pola CF te the its within their
ethnic group. This 'Carrot-andstick" approach was adopted towards the JVP by Mrs Bandaranalike in 1971 and by Jaya wardele s UNP successor President R. Prema dasa | П 1989. Alterna tiwely, when confronted with
Tamil secession the response was un compromising and militaristic; the search for political
solutions was necessitated only by military stalemate and impen
ding bankruptcy in the JayaWardan e Bra.
The response of the Tamil
leadership was conditioned by
the need to preserve political credibility in the new era of militancy. Interpreting thea chau •
winistic bias of its proceedings as the effective abandonment of minority rights by the UF government, the FP walked out of the Constituent Assembly in 1971 and closed ranks with other Tamil parties to form the Tamil United Front (TUF) a year later, In 1976 they adopted the Waddu koddai resolution Calling for a separate state of Tamil Eelam to be established, through armed struggle if necessary, thus transforming themselves into the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF).
However, When the TULF Wor a popular mandate for the separatist platform at the 1977 general election, it returned to the National Assembly as the single largest party in opposition, and its leader, A., Amirt halingam, accepted the official title of Leader of the Opposition. Never the less, the limited hope generated by this and the Jaya werdene regime's prornise of an all-party conference to address Tamil grievances soon evaporated; that forum was not Con veri ed ard a district developmes it council scheme was rejectad as in de qua te by the TULF. In addition, tha Excessas of an indisciplined army empowered with a drасопіап Prewention of Terrorist Act, Combined with inflammatory rhetoric from Within the Cabinet, ensured that the vicious cycle of ambush, atrocity and invective destroyed any prospect of ethnic re Conciliation.

Page 13
This was irré vocahy confirmed in July 1983. Tha mismamaged
funeral är rang ments of Sri Länkan Sc|diérs ki||Ed in an LTTE imbush served as the
catalyst for the most sa wage outburst of anti-Tamil Violence and all-out War. Thousands were massa Cred Or made home less; many of the survivors fled to Tref Lugae Caim PS, the north, to India of a broad. Extensive dimaga Was do n } to por Opert W., With the Worst atrocities being committed in the Capital, Colombo . M,Mo5 t darmning WWere the reported #Cquiescence and partiCipation of Sections of the SeCurity forCBS in the terror, and alligations that elements within the ruling party Ware behind its in stigation.
The government be latedly responded by effectively blaming the Victim 5, In a mave Open ly designed to placate Sinhalese challwinism it passed the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution which effectively outlawed adwoCid Cy Of SÉCESSİOT 31 d., to COLIITter adverse interrational publiCity, blamed ultra-leftist groups for the slaughter as part of a determined conspiracy to destro y democracy in Sri Lanka. The JWP, who in Jaya wardene häid legitimized and whose leader R. Wije weera had LInsuccessfully contested him for the presiderCy, in 1982, Were proscribed
a long with o Lher radical leftwing parties. The cumulative impact of these measures was
to conclude the parliamentary phase to nation-building with the exclusion of the Tamil and anti-establishment Simha le se partios. This also erailed thig government to Cultivate a II ir Tlaga of itself as the embattled champion of the democratic political Establish ment against the forces of extremism and terror.
Ethnic War: dimension
the externa
As full-scale et hic War. ÉSud, the external di Tensions of tha conflict were highlighted. Given its domestic Tamil Nadu Cors
tituency and the gees from Sri L fered to med WhĖ the der Sri Lankan go We promise even its alignment in pou tary solution be | dira Gard Fini a { tW = proged Striä senting itself
| Ediator, || 1 dia H tuar y to the Ta
Order to sustai Ställt in de fir prESS L o E
imperative of a This a 150 for Cef Lankä of Indi Strategic priority SL bContinen to exterial powers.
Jaya war dere's the West Il CO , rage on behalf fel a part be CaU rel u: tari Ċel O C Լigris with M E", conflict which of marginal signii eSS, IT, LI T1 er O u S Lated indirect a Sri Länkarn g()" purch Eise of We ter-terrorist exp was channelled interests section US Embassy i through priwat C tha Chamel is organization Kei Ces. Equally was military assi ing provided by
Tg āt tharade of F and counter-mar porarily obscure tegic realities Näitler the Sri ent nor the could achieve : on their ow geopolitical an sions to the ci objectives they ged upon India cers. Furthern a political Sol maant that the Would Contempl

influx of refuanka, India ofiate, However, hination of the CC; policy of nonrsuit of a miliзcarne, apparёnt, dopted a subtle tegy. While preas an impartial 150 0ffered 5än Cmil guerrillas in Il the military 1itely and to imya war dene thë politi Cal Solution. Lully reminded Sri a's overarching - denial of the interferg TICE by
բlanE to usti unter Indian lewęof the Tails st of the West's compromise relaN' ) | Hii WT : it deemed to be licace. Newer thaCOur Erie.5 faciliSist: T. LE were it in the aponry and Coun3 tiS. THE I lät ET hrough an Israeli Cated il ta CC Cobo HC SOLITCBS, Tn. O tHbol y lands registered 3 i Megni Servigalling to India stance - d tra il
Pakistan.
|ndÖ-Sri Larıkan 95 e Ludo-déterre TCE loeuvre Only temd the hard straof the conflict, Laikan go VernTamil guerrillas military solution and, given the d Det Hic dime -- Inslit, wàte wer pursued impinIn Security conOra, in tů TT1š of ution this also TOST NEW D3||hi a te o bo hälf of
the Sri Lankan Tamils was the approximation of Eelam through poro Wiricial au Loron Tiny Tathar thairn its attainment through secession. Accordingly, Indian mediation attempts focused of Conwin Cing the belligerents to agree to a package that would encapsulate the Tiiu itereStS Of Concerned — recognition of legiLirnate TaITii grievarices while riħa irrilla irħi rig the Lumi ta rw sta 1 LIS of Sri Lanka.
Although hosti | it igs per sisted, by late 1986 there were signs that the Jaya Ward and governmet would accept provincial autonomy in principle, EoLt Tot the Talli || Clai that the orth and eastern provinces (with sigificant Silha ese and MLSlim minorities), constituted their traditiona || FC Teland. Una ble to break the impasse, the Sri Lankan government ordered the Army into a fresh offensive in May 1987. By the end of the it was ready to commence the battle for Jaffra, tha i orth 3T | stronghold of the LTTE. Mindful of the enormous civilian casualties this would incur as well as the domestic political repercussions, underlined by then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. G., FRäTach äldrid" 5 donation of USS 3.2 millio ir hur Tanitarian assistance to the Tigers, the Rajiv Gandhi govern Tient dra - matically embarked upon direct involvement; first by Sea and, when that was thwarted by the Sri Lankan NHwy, a much publicized air-drop on 4 June. This was largely designed to demonstrate Indian power-projection in the region and to remind the Sri Lankan government of New Delhi's de ter Tination to Obstruct a military solution. By 29 July, Colombo had absorbed this basic les som i region al geopolitics and, apprehensive too of the severe economic toll of the war, agreed to the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord.
Next: Accord. After
11

Page 14
The Left Side of the V
Mieka
asinos are a much discussed CE today, at the market place, at clubs and seriously debated in Parliament. Are casino operations justifiable in Sri Lankar Two areas that need careful examination, are the moral aspect and the material benefits that would accrue to the country.
Most of us frown on gamb
ling. It is an avocation of the loafer, the idler. It is evil, it leads to crime, it is dysfunc
tional, it undermines disciplined work habits. These argu Tients are based on cultural, ethical and religious sentinents.
חס חסpiniס |However conventio ma gambling in the Casino is mot so demoralizing. It's new, it's plush; good for tourism. Play boys and popular film stars have hit headlines playing the Wheel in Monto Carlo, which Was SYn Orl" ymous with casinos in the past, before Las Vegas lights ilumined the desert sky. To some casinos reflect rich gentlemen in black tie and pretty ladies in
jewels and evening dress It is considered a pastime of tha Occident - Westernization and sophisticated. Hence is it permissible?
It is mot Westernisation an W more, mor super-sophistication.
Casinos have sprung up in Asia - Macau, Malaysia, Nepal and recently in great number in Sri Lanka; within a distance of two miles from the Fost one can count ten casinos. It is no longer the playground for the rich and the few. It is patronized in numbers. The attire is of little consequence but the green backs collectively are. It is nothing but hardcore, Luna du le trated gambling in opulent and plush surroundings - and in Sri Lanka, un restricted and un controlled by Gower mment authorities, wirt LII Elly allowing tax-free earnings to the operators.
12
Though the pas in origin most C W3:St do i'rth (ot po9 rf tion of casinos on And those that . exceptions, have Wilt is a St L Teither the mor religionists, ha WE the er mergen ČB O Country - and if a 'Diarmista' proclaimed
In this permiss modern thought posure in favour for the develo
liberal view car M|:yer the le 55 Car Steeped in prawę tion, participating poojas, inwooking sings and a dy conduct, will di Ca point, except f tangible benefits Is there revenue the gowd frient, mulus to the that earns forei dCBS Casim 0. Or massive employr ties?
|п eyery ope! generation of So THis iš lot fax, CE employment is However empo lO Testricted to lO ret: et raids a Til the illegal erTip igners, specially
The to Luri:St:Sil come to Sri La ful be a Ches a Ti arit a handful by the way. If be a datgrrant t Casi i 1 OS ar C2 - 10 { hotels and if professions Coe: death leaps an drive them a Way is an increase La FåT Eās; L = af junket tours - paid overseas the Casino op

Mheel
til Tea is W 35 tar outries in the тлit the operamoral grounds, lo, with a few rigid controls. ding is that alists nur the objected to f CaSiOS i Ou T onically when society was
iwe epoch. When
SLIppOrt5 EXCof CLurti ir Brit ping mind, a be justified. our Society r and meditairi pinka ma s and religious blesCating mUral Le this Standor patent and to the Country. депетатion to or is it a stitourist ind LIStry gn exchange, Cr gration Cr93td nent opportuni
ration there is ima camploүпnent. ptional. Indirect
also negligible, ym 13 Int is TI cals only. The
ply demonstrated oyment of fore
pretty la dies.
From the West ka for its beautid tropital S LIM, patronize Casinos l truth, it could o tourism. Most lated in tourist the two coa väl xist Side by Side, aids SC är E TIFY However, thiEire of tourists from riving on spacial a lump Surm is to an agent of erator and its
equivalent is given at the casino. The winnings too arg paid abroad. So another Central Bank exists, transacting forcign exchange at special rates outside or Court F.W.
We the Cola to thi 3 TOst important question. Is this a rupee and foreign revenue generating source to the Government. Examples are numerous of Courltrias and cities that have permit t3d caSin Opera tion for th3 specific purpose of economic growth. A third World Country |ika Ours should hawo dona So only with the dual aim of filling the country's coffers and bolstering our foreign exchange earnings. Las Vegas was a barre desert that could not support plant life, at alone a ComrILInity, Luntil the Casin O's Brupted. Freeport, in the BahaTas has a similar history, Atlantic city is more recent and became Casino Country to allavia te powerty and generate employment and i Wester Austfäliä tÒ En har CE go wern Tim Ent reven UE.
The in take of most casinos in the world is rigidly controlled by the government who has its officers or banks to monitor the encashments and count the sealed boxes. A very large percent of those takings are revenue to the government and from the balance, legislation ensuras that a reasona bole per Cent
goes back to the public by Way of prizes and jack pot bonHinzas. Milion dolar jack
pot winners are common in the
StäFES | Sri La käl the TF2 FTĖ no financial controls and the casino owners and not the
players hit a tax free jackpot
daily. And who are these operators? Almost all of them are foreigners - a Wandering
tribe and some with a past. Thạy have no loyalty of patriotism to the country, and to infer that foreign exchange abuses are rampa nt is not imaginative. We official Channels are blocked, the black trade Contried or page 28

Page 15
Special to the L. G.
UN AND GULF WAR
Ramses Armer
Preface
In the light of the war of destruction against Iraq launched by the United States and a number of other states in the name of the United Nations, it is of relevance to make a Comparative analysis of the United Nations reaction in the IraqKuwait case and in a few other
cases of foreign military inter
wention.
The cases
The seven cases that I have
chosen from the pariod 1979 to 1990 are the following :
- Vietnam's inter wention in Kampuchea in late 1978 which led to the downfall
of the Existing go WernsTient and the establishment of a new one in January 1979.
- Tanzania's interwention in Uganda which begun in late 1978/early 1979 also led to the overthrow of the existing government in April 1979 and to the creation of a new government,
- In September 1979, France inter wered in the then Central African Empire. The Emperor Bokassa was Overthrown and a navv gove Inment was established.
- || December 1979, the Sowiet Unio inter wered in Afghanistan, the existing
government was over thrown and a new government Was Established.
- In October 1983, the United States intervened in Grenada, the existing government was Ver thro WT1 and äd W government was established.
- In December 1989, the United State și intervgned in ParlăITla, the existing government Was overthrown and a new government was established.
The Suther is a Swedish research 5 d'arr y Llp FIFA fr 'T' fy'e "Sff".
- In August 1
wailed in KLI government and a new established. the two Stat together in a a Etů TT a| |
The United N:
Tg United Nå to sive of the Se The only two c not rest | ited in the United Nati and the CÊ IfE
| Til tha Casa C United Natio T5 decided to Co wention twice, i and ther) in Fe 1979. The draft to be adopted dLe tO a yot () Union. Apart Union Only Cze against the dra 13 13[T1tbe r S C Council voted General Assett Nations has bJE issues related te Conflict Sin Ca years, 1979 to 1 of Kampu ChĖa | was subject to four occasions Assembly dec Democratic Kan throw gover II to represent th puchea at the
ThB second at the United the agenda ite situation in Ka was s LubjECt lL to 1989, and the adopted H fes Wietnam's in te put:hea (althoill not mer tioned resolutions) by over these We: 1990, the Secu mously adopte dealing with Cf | | ::t. | | | | 45 til SSS

990, Iraq interwait, the existing was over throW government was Later, in August, es were bo FC Lught 'comprehensive merger".
ations reaction
tions has reacted vel Cases Hibiy9. :Sigis which hawe any reaction by ons are Uganda Africal Epire.
1f Kartıpuchğa, the Security Council sider the i tarn January 1979 bruary and March resolution failed LCL CCCaSiOS by the Soviet from the Soviet choslowakia wot ëd ft. While the other if the Security in favour, The jly of the United er deal ing With the Kampuchi är 1979, For for 982, the question representation wote, ad C) Ti all i, the Gепвral ided to all (W puchea, the overment, to continue State of KarlUnited Natifs.
Kampouchea issue Natio T1s has bÈRE
Fl fod "THE inpuchea' which JCE fra T 379, : General Assembly olution critical of rwantion in Ka TiJgh Wietnam WE5 by name in the a growing majority ars. In September rity Council unanid resol Lutil 568 the Kampuchean October 1990, at on of the General
Assembly, a resolution on the Situation in Karrpuchea was unanimously adopted for the
first time.
| the Ca5é of Afghänistan, HE United Nations Security Council decided to consider the interwel tion onca, im January 1980. The draft resolutium fai || Gd to to:
adopted due to a veto by the SO Wit Tiori. A part from tha Soviet Union only the German Ciglo Cräti C Republic V Oted
against the draft while the other 13 members of the Security Council voted in favour. In this situation the majority decided to convene an emergency special session of the General Assembly, which was held in January 1980. At this emergency special session as well as at the ordinary sessions of the General ASSET by up to 1987, a resolution critical of the Sovjet Union's inter wen tion in Afghanistan * :15 adopted (although the Soviet Union was mot mentioned by name in the resolution). In 1988 and 1989, the resolution on the agenda item: "The situation in Afghanistan and its implications for international peace and security" was adopted without a vote, The new government of Afghanistan was allowed to represent the state of Afghanistan at the United Natio S.
|rh the Cäse of Grenå då, The United Nations Security CoLINicil decided to consider the interwention once in October 1983. The draft resolution failed to be
adopted due to a we to by the United States. Apart from the United States no oth or Sta 13
voted against the draft but 11 members of the Sacurity Council voted in favour and Togo, the United Kingdom and Zaire abs
taimed in the wote. The issue was then taken over by the General Assembly, which dealt
with it under the agenda item: ''The situation in Grenada". A draft resolution critical of the United States interwention in Grenada was adopted by the General Asseby (although the United States was mot mentioned by name in the resolution). This was the only year when the General Assembly dealt with the
13

Page 16
age da i tem: "The Situation in Grenada". The new guvernment of Graria da was a || Cowed to represent the state of Grenada at the United Nations.
Ir n t Hh a case of FPäarra, the United Nations Security Council
decided to consider the interwertion i Da Cambor 1989. THE dräft restion fai|E- to b B
adopted due to a triple we to by France, the United Kingdom and the United States, Canada also voted against the draft and Fi H di 5 tail Ed il 1 ygg yli5 t. E' 01 Er 10 TE: 135 Of the Security Council voted in
favour. The issue was then taken Uwer Ly thE General A55émbly, with a draft resolution critical
of the United States interwention in Panama adopted by the General Assembly (the United States was directly referred to by name). THE TE W gover Terit of Parama was allowed to represent the state Of Panama du ring the Work
of the Ganeral Asser Tıboly, änd it Woted against the resolution Criticizing the United States'
intervation in Para Tla,
| the Casa of KL Wait the United Nations Security Council da cidad to Corsider the il terWen tion and subsequent events related to it at severa | The è tings since August 1990. The Security Council adopted twelve resolutions bet Weem August and Nowyer|11ber 1990. The most important Of the se reso | LI tiols area the following: The first resolutions (660) was adopted on 2 August, with 14 votes in favour and one State which did not take part i ri the wote, Yelam. RaSO || Lutin 65 C) Was I TEH Ction to the iller - W Cent i C. THE SE CO id resoluti (661) was adopted on 6 August, 1990 by 13 votes in favour and t Wo 5 tät B5 WhIch abstain Ed, CLIDa and Yarmor. Resolution 551 decided to implement Sconomic: sanctions against Iraq. The third resolution (662) was adopted on 9 August, by 15 votes in fawo Lur
(consensus). Resolution 662 da Clared that the '' Comprehemsiwa and etEr Tal mergar“ betwe Br
|rac and Kuwait Was illegal, The fifth resolution (665) was adoptad OT 25 August, by 13 w Cotes In fäWOLr ind tW0 Stätss Whis
14
abstä iad, CLI b) a Resolution 66.5 g. חBנtוח:tוח HBז חt LJ I It i Mlati biss l! force if needed Ee COIn OIThi(: Sa 1 Cti () and KL Wait. The (SWC)) WES a do po 1 tember. by 14 W and one statë: W
Cuba. Resolutio al air Cargo tra f0d0 all i 1 H1 Lima Thi
tal mces, to Iraq a t WB | ft F1 TE50|| Uti) resolution, Was November, by 12 two wot IRS Figi ir Yaman — ad i 1 MW taining . in th1 (3 "Wi 678 included OpBTati Wo paragri
ÅLIF) friggs syg rating with thi KLI Wälit. Li Till:53 15, 1991 fully | fore going resa песнSSятү mean implement Secu Լitin Eճ0 (1930)
El fait rasil Luti international pe= théâfüa、"
Comparing th Nations react
This only two resulted in the from the United Which his We not any United Na The other five higher cor less + bar:F1 Other.
The United towards the Wii Velitičar in Kai lost extensive reaction as Wall decision to Conti the D''eth TO'Flyn
THE TE W Afghanistan, the Republic, Grena Uganda hIWE Fäll by tha United C353 of th: Reublic aid pened without ä || || th a CaS ard Granada, til | Tited Warbija | pri of Panama is particularly wh: Gregada, sim C:

and Yeng, awa the right states of the use military tD LIբhold the ns against lrad ninth resolution :ted on 25 SepOLé5 il fa WOUF "hich äts tained, 670 balled ffic, except for a rial circums= ld Kuwait. The I (578), the war adopted Oil 29 ! Wot; il f3 WLIT, 1st - Cuba and it China absOtle, Resolution the following aph two:
Tlog I Stitas CODEaH GLi Liffingrt Lif Iraq b=f FF Jari Lu är Y 3:L5, ... Thו3fווןmPIB Lu tiūris tio Luise a ll 5. It шphoid and "Ity Council Resolua = | Subis Equit
is in to rest La and Saturity in
e United ions
:ases Which hawe
Sārī reti 'N EI TOTS FIrE THOSE
been subject to tio iris decisiori. cases differ to a 3r degree from
'lations reaction tranese interpuchea is the in terms of the as in the LI r iiiL I e 19 to re Cognize g0 Werni Et.
gowler mments irn 3 C31 tra Africa
da Param a and
be recognized Netions. In the Central Africal ganda, this hapany opposition at
of Afghanista here were only o tests. The Casa Very surprising է m t:Ճmpared tt the ne W ower
ment of Panama was so Swiftly granted tha right to represent the State of Panama at the Uigid Nat05 i 1989. Tha na w government of Grena da had to wait at least until after the issue of intervation had been subject to a decision by the General Assembly in 1983.
Another interesting aspect of the case of Panama is the 'weak" majority voting in favour of the resolution condemning the United States" intervgnition in the General Assembly. Only 75 states voted in favour compared with 108 in the case of Grenada, 104 in the first vote in the Case of Atghamistan and 91 in the first Wota in the casa of Kampuchea. Sewenty-five states représent le SS that half of the 158 member states of tha United Nations.
The reaction in the case of Panama both in the Security Council, with four negative Woles including three permären 1 m BITbars, and in the General Assembly with less than 50% of the Tlembar states voting in favour of the resolution would indicat e that the international Community (in particular the Western world) has be ComE mor 3 por Core to äCCEept foreign military inter wention in tie i TOTra affairs of Other States.
This is contrasted by the United Nations reaction in the case of Kuwait. That reaction would indicate a Very Strong rejection and condemnation of foreign military interwention in the i ri terrial affairs of other States. In fact the reaction has been So strong as to generate a decision by the Security Council to go to War,
France, the United Kingdom and the United States. We told the attempt to conder the United Statig5 | it gr Wari tio in Pa [13] Ilin Ėd, but they have actively sought to gather support anong the other members of the Security Council, first in order to condemn | raci's interwantion in KL Wait and secondly, in order to launch a military action against Iraq.
The logical explanation to this obowitous do Lubble stari dari by the United Natios do two si Tilar
Y Cawn i'r fac ra 7 Pagal 20)

Page 17
Exclusive
World and Asian Dev
in the 90s
Gamani Corea
do feel locured to be here today to deliver this address under your 'Distinguished Speaker" Series. I am particularly glad to be able, in this way, to renew Ty acqua intance With the Asian Development Bänk, a acqua intante that goes back over a long period of time. Il hawe SeBrı the Balık 6'ydi Ve Over the years and l r illust say that it is With rn Lich pjr d e that | Fawe watched it grow to be a Tajor institution in the Brera of international finance and development, an institution whose influence in the region Con til Les to inC.S.
last
Whi, Some time үЕГ, the title for this lecture was discussed with Mr Hakchung
Choo I had the privilege of being the Chairman of The United Nations General Assembly's - to give its full title - "Ad Hoc Committee of Whola on the Preparation of an International Development Strategy for Fourth United Nations Development Decade", Both Mr Choo and 1 felt that Thy in Wolvement in thea process might give me some orientations, Sortle ideas, about the decade of the '90s and about the prospects for World development. Well, the work on the Strat egy is now over. There is today in existence in International Development Strat egy for the 905, adopted by Consensus by the General Assembly on the 21 December last year. The Fourt United Nations Development Decada has already commerced. It began on the 1st January 1991 and Will end On the 315 De Cambor Of the year 20 OC).
What can I say to you today On the basis of this experience Of preparing the Strategy ? Perhaps, the first thing I should say is that last September, wher the final stages of the negotiations On the Strategy were in progress,
The author is former Uwctan 5ecretary-Gargra")
ASi E O LEI ""D i 5 tirı gLI ishi SeriC" LPG April 15, 19:
the crisis in the broke out. It at that time fo do more that ref. and to underlif kaap its possibi | rt Wit: W. Sint: Spon the Crisis Ամar which
to a Conclusion , short period of the Worst fars ta intias F3 ELIT duration of the HEI en f galisad. still partinet it 8: ""Eh t5S I MT 23-ri —= Strategy itself bu for development ad ideed fr :: O i Omic statë There were for the disruptive E וווח חט:B - Br וtf חם) East and ided of the Asian reg
ties about wha tC) - oil pric: a 5 aI mOW e5Sean Ed,
Contin Luing :omi impact of the
еarпіп g5, оп 1 rimmigra mit workear impact of the WEr TeConstruct budgets of dol
It remains to all this wi II w is now apparer in the Gulf ha Strategy. The SI s Por thĖ LIr gan C de wė || opm samt im EwËT E si, il the G urgency. The Str tio , the à tin 5 this IId. Tig
u drSGC: Corpo ha äctions. A dist certainly, nake in the Strategy

elopment Perspectives
opment Bank : Ed Speakers ture, MEın ila.
1.
GLI lf ha da ready was not practical the Strategy to ir to thät si Tua Lio 1 e the Taari to a impiä Ct uri der tham ựựL} hãựẽ |Jäd tO Wor – a Wሶህ፰፥ Š է)rd Light within a relatively til 5. Scrile of linked to ulcerthe scale and Wat We Dit It is, perhaps, O ask what these mot just for the t for the prospects over the decade the political and of the World. abo dings about affects of the war is of the Middle Of Son Courtries in The arxieIt could happen ld supplies have BLIt there are cers about the Crisis or export famittam Cg5 frg III S, Fad in the war and of post thB aid חנtחסi
JT CJ || 1 tria S.
bJë 5 Ben HOW Cork LL, BLlt it it that to War S TI ft wittiä tad th 3 Irategy has stresW of reactivating the 90s. The uf Lrderlin E that a tegy has pointed 1eeded to achieve Jyer 15 i FL GLIIf relevance of SLC
Urbo Bad World Wii | | , the täisk, 5; Sct Out Ore difficit to
a ChiB we. On the other hämnd, än USurge in international cooperation in the aftermath of the
War will help their attainment. Thus the broad thrust of the StratEgy remains pertinarit. It
is. I bë lieve, still a valid percep
tion, on the part of the international community, of what needs to be dose to make the
90s a genuine decade of dewa.LחEוחק כlt
It is not, however, Ty intention today to recapitulate the Strategy. It is T1 y purpose instead to sing |3 OLut a few Broad thèmes which I feel are crucial to the prospects for World development during the 905. Let Ta star With the projections that have been midde for the global economy of the 90s. These care from a lumber of sources including the World Balık and the United Nations secretariat апсl were made available to the Ad Hoc Committaa at the early stages of its work. The projections attempted to depict thв likЕly Course of gwЕп5 ОП the basis that present policies Contin Lue un changed. Diaspita relatively mimor differences, the broad picture presented by all these projections was remarkably similar, World economic growth wo Luld be relatively moderate in the 90s. Tha industrialised countries would grow at around 2-3%. a year. Commodity prices in LLa S LGHHHL S LHLHHL LH S LLaaaHLCLL significantly from the depressed levels reached in the 80s. To COLIl tries of East Asia would remain on the path of rabid growth and the countries of South Eä5;t Asiä YWJ | d | S T gCord good performa CBS, Growth in the South Asian region too would be positive but not spectacular in any way, The Worst SCe F1 ario Concerns the rast of th3 d5? w skloping World, particularly Afric:äi äi LH til Amari C. Tha Countrig5 of th 3Se tWO :Olting ts Would attaisting to these pair iljections, remain for the most
15

Page 18
part in the doldrums, weighed down by the effects of external indebtedness and Tow levels of past investment.
Now this picture provided by the projections will certainly not make of the 90s a 'decade of development". What it suggests is that the 90s will not be Very different from the 80s, and the 80s have already been called a 'lost decade' | The same policies are expected to yield the same results. must say that I find this prospect of a replay of the 80s quite discon. certing. It is true that there are hopeful prospects for at least some parts of the Asian region. But the prospects are not equally encouraging for all parts. find the projections for the populous and volatile sub-region of South Asia quite worrisome, specially in the light of current happenings. But I am speaking now of the vast majority of developing countries, I cannot imagine that the Economic and social fabric of these countries could withstand yet another decade of relative stagnation without Consequences that will be highly disturbing. The developing counties are not static societies that need only to be lifted out of powert Y. There is a strong social dynamic at work in these countries, a dynamic that is being driven by population growth, education, and the impact of communications and the media. The poor are no longer as patient and passive as they were some decades ago; today, young populations, whose aspirations are rudely thwarted,
are easily roused to anger. Economic growth is itself, of course, a cause of tensions.
But without growth and without reso Ur Ces governments hawa too little space for manoeuvre. They will be preoccupied with crisis management as the very 'governability" of their societies comes into question.
A simple replay of the 80s could indeed make the new decade one of tension and turmoil father than of development for many developing countries. The international community must realise that in the world of today it
16
is unlikely that turbulence will Sili nationa|bounda rieš dence, as the Stra points Out, is mor of trade and ecol alone. RefugB 3S, T terrorism, all these rgach Out just 10 but to far a Way CD The destabilization COuntries ble C3. L15ë economic failur? global political C 30s. The Third W to What it Was ago and up hea wa tially more violes than ever ble Cr 9, 1 good order and world as a who
The developed thus a stak E, É1 in progreSS irl li A number of m so far underpins cooperation betw. the poor countri included humani Lhg Cold War considerations of benefits. But a for the 905 Ei si sur Cal y be the li ditions in the T global stability social as much the promise of has proved to vation for : ih l9r ration let, at le of mutual då TT: action. It has the end of thi opened up new
world. If East work tog Ether Third World basic motivatic
direct and Owerri both have in e This is a stron East West C.J. ded by le 55 ar
as that of imprü of aid through C
It is, I think of the terrat Strategy that i a this. The S the fragility O' social balan Ce ping countries

trouble and ay confined to liter depeltegy document til å lätte T 1ցmit; linkagՅՑ migrants, drugs, spi || over and t to meighbo LTS untries as well, of Third World of continued can affect the |ima te of the Cid is different some decades ils there, potenint and explosi Vė par affect Jë3Cë, stability in the le,
countries a 'We political stake, he Third World. otivations have ad development reen the rich and es. These a We lãTỉHT. C{][][:#TT15, calculus, even mutual в сопагmiС ;trong motivation i beyond must Ik best Weën CO1third World and - political and as economi C. If mutua benefits e a Weak motiti || COO)3 - ast, the cida nger age be a spur to Eee Said that E cold wat hHS wistas for a reW WEST TE TO in the area of development the in must be the iding interest they in orderly World. ger rationale for +ration thān prowiarguments such wing the efficiency loser coordination.
one of the mer its Ola Develop Tent t is sitsitive to trategy recognis35 f the political and
of many develo
and makes, th TE
fore, an imperative of changing the picture of the 90s depicted by the projections. The reā: tiwation of development in the developing countries is in fact, the primary goal of the Strategy. But how is this reactivation to come about? This brings us to the realm of policies. What policies and actions are meeded ? What policies and actions rust change in this regard, there was an active debate in the Ad Hoc Committee on the feative importance to be given to t1e external economic environment, on the one hand, and to the domestic policies of the developing countries. On the other, Not surprisingly, spokesmen from the developing countries tended to emphasise the former, while the developed country represenTatives were inclined to stress the latter. Both aspects, f course, were seen to be important. But the issue was one of emphasis. Each side was apt to be defensive about its own responsibilities and inclined to exhort the other to action. Some formulations resembled a 'shopping list' of multiple demands on the developed countries, Others came close to making of the Strat egy for the gos a simple "do-it-your Self kit" for the developing Countries themselves
I feel myself that in the course of the 80s the balan Ce shifted too much towards a stress on domestic polices and that the time has come to restore til B balance. During the 80s the external economic environment was less favourable to development than, perhaps, in ar Y previcous decada of thë post i WWF period. The early years of the decade were years of recession in the industrialised Countries themselves-essentially brought about by conscious policies introduced to fight inflation. The subsequent recovery of these countries was hålting and unwenty shared. There were persistant imbalances and Lincertain ties and wide fluctuations in interest and exchange rates. Commodity prices plunged and remained generally depressed through out the 80s. The forces of protect tionism Were strengt hened, aid

Page 19
budgets came under Sewere strains, вПt thЕ ЕхtЕТПН dajt burdBm wrought havoc on many developing countries. The advice to
developing countries in this setting was that they should 'adjust". Adjustment' became,
in fact, one of the key Words Of EF de Cad Of th:3OS. Tre was talk of 'adjustment with growth'', 'structural adjustment", even 'adjustment with a human
aca"".
must Confess that I found this term 'adjustment" puzzling. Adjust to what, one has to ask? Not suffaly to a booming, boulcing, World e Comomy ? One Would hardly need to adjust to that I The rea I am SW er must Ede, On the Contrary, to adjust to hard times, for hard times had certainly Come. Now, one can hardly quarrel with such advice. Deveoping countries, when faced with a squeeze on resources, hawe necessari ly to adjust — they have no other option. It is taf I Elawar1CG wh Ether thay adjust in an orderly or a disorderly fashion; whether, through sound policies and good management, they could avoid compounding their problems. I consider it walid, even laudable, to advice CCL tri 3 s 0 both tha ilagd for and the method of adjustment, all the more so if such counsel is backed up with adequate TESOLUTICE5 ård i S shor of Lubio LUS ideological over tones.
But all this is only ona side of the Coin. Adjustment om the part of the developing countries will not suffice to restore growth if their efforts are continually underrin ined by an un favourable exterial environment. This is Surely the lessor to be learnt from tha experience of the 80s where despite adjustment by ргасtically every developing Country om G2 has still to talk of the need to reactivate developTent in the 905. It is sothing like a mam Who has lost his job. He could benefit from advice on how to adjust to his new situatio II. B Lt ha should know, or be told, that his bet tightening alone will not get him back his job Tha 'lost de Cade" of the 80s was, unha popily,
a 50 a decade One heard much topics, oftem do mastic policie pi COUtri 25, about the hard попеy and financi a thB TETITS Subjects for i |logue, thasa la t' to be popular a were either r deädlocked.
The title has to Te 5tore the right to insist or policies, But a ignore the fact Eee, ower each of the post w despite some ci a close correl at average growth the developing (. exter || 5:0 TOT It is, indeed, di the 905 could of development problem conti growth, if acc remains restricte pri CeS and the remain depresse flow of resour Wrong direction tio S T ay stil limited space
i 1 g CO Un trias
they could he general reactival
TE} t i H3
subjects of ext Commodity prict flows figure prC Strategy. There Clarity in the Si of what needs
the See ar ES. E matched, irii my Commitments to needed. Commi beyond present I said earlier, it
tion to go over the Strategy. B tO EXDr CSS SCT)
the four kay o ExtEra || 3:0 TOT Whi: hi || EE || E. WE W importance in t
First, there is the exterial de ping Countries.

Of mutad voices, about important elating to the 5 of the develoEL ut a II || 0 ) litt
core issues of a market access, of trade. As ternationa I diater had ceased ind regJtiation 5 on-existent or
сопne, as I said, balace. It is 1 SCL Tid do Testi C a should not
that there has of the de Cadas war period and
эпtraгү examples, ion between the
performance of ountries and the .tחB וחחםWirחit: Bר ficult to see how JēCOT e a de CF de
if tg dagbot luas to StifIa ess to markets
id, if commodity terms of trade d, and if the let Ces is in the These condi| provide Sorile
could use. But irdly permit a tion of daw glopՑUS. TՒit: fԼյԼյր rsla denbt, trade, 25 and resource Iminently in the is sufficient irat egy in respect to be done in ut this is not
wiBW, bW firm take the actions timents that go
approaches. As I is not my intenthe contents of
Lut i Would lika חם - ughtsסוt} thך tlements of the
niC Environmt Wi || be of decisiWG Ւlէ: ԶՈ3.
i the que 5tion af bol of the da velothink it is
generally recognised that the reactivation of development in the 905 wi|| not occur in many Co LI 1 triEg S LI h I (3ss the deb t prob|Barm is ''Eart: m1, The Subject has had a long Expo SL T2 to di SC LISsi com and 3 nällysis, The Creditor Countries have argued that the Stë ps. El ready takan, bised on i case-by-ca se approach, should suffice and point to some encouraging results. On the Uth Er hand, thErE is thl B wEW of others, including the South Commission, that a more comprehensive approach is needed. | do not propose to join this debate here except to say that a solution to the debt problet Wi|| depend of how far so Te basic requirements are mat: a reduction in the stock of debt - en Corin på sisimg all kinds of debt - Č0 mm Ercial deatts, g0vernmental debts, and debts owed to multilateral institutions; an easing of the terms of repayment; and a retur tÕH TOTČ Ståbola ir dynamic world economy. Whatew Br the in easis - however, the debt problem has to be put bahid Lus if the 90s are to be really a decade of development,
Second, there is the question of external resource flows. A reactivation of development in the 90s cannot occur without a resumption of external resource flows to the developing countries. The phenomenon of not resources flowing in tha Coppositig direction - from the rich to the poor Countries - is an aberration that dogs little credit to the wery concept of interrational Cooperation for developert. As far as I know, the exterial resource transfers needed to reactivate da velopment in the 9Os have Cit Cem Estimated. BL they will Surely be considerable if growth rates drea to ba a de qua || 3 and thore a TC 10 miracles On the trade front. From were WQLuld SLICh reSOUTCes COme? | do not seg that conditions ar a ripe for a massive en largement of bilateral aid budgets. On the contrary, the pointers seem to be set in the oth: I did ction. The private commercial banks are not themselves likely to be major actors in the light of
17

Page 20
recent experience. Direct private investment might prove to be more promising than before but the Criteria That determing the SC flows do not give equal assurance to all developing countries. We are left then with the multilateral financial institutions as the main instruments that are capable of meeting the needs of the 90s, In my view, the time has indeed come when these institutions need to become the principal actor in channelling long term reso Lur Ces to da veloping Countries.
The post war international arrangements have been satisfactory om this score. The Bretton Woods system did not highlight the issue of long term reso Lurce needs despite the establishment of the World Bank. The focus of the System was on stability and full employment in the industrialis Ed Countries and On the ne ed io avoid the tra LI ITma of the pre - wat depression. The need for short term resources to support
payments balances and stable exchange rates was estimated in qua titative terms Find the
quota system of the International Monetary Fund was designed to match this need. No Compara ble exercise: Was done in regard to resource needs relative to long term growth objectives. ReConstruction from the ravages of war was the primary, though rol the exclusive, objective of the World Bank in the initia | Stages. To the extent that the World Bank was designed to provide long term resources for development its contribution Was se em as only a supplement to flows from other sources. Direct private foreign investment and possibly, for the ex-colonial countries, bond issues in the capital markets of the metropolitan powers were probably regarded as the principal sources. Official aid Frid Commiercial bank lending for development Were hardly known at the time.
It is tre that the pictura has changed Considerably ower the years. The World Bank and the regional developmen L banks ha We become major sources of capital for the developing countries, Official Development Assistance
18
has b8 Come par │ of the leading countries. Durin private commert became actors long term reso LII private foreign also come to pl the situation r: factory. There between what what is avai labi ping countries assurance that 1 пmonetary and { Will respond tt needs. They a to || 0 Ok, äs Est friendly do nors a nel S a board. | gap in the Brettor met teeds to multi la teräl fina | should II Obilise tur CEG and cha Iiri they are në ed they do today. of their operatio that they play of matching avail
Over 25 years 1, an attempt estimate the tr of the develop the difference b of imports ni E2 E3 internationally GDP growth ar earnings from ex such an exercise pted today. Th pect, beca US: about concept problems. Mori [0 fars, that t
Je UD Setting! not adopt a growth. It cited ra tes of 7% ( experience of CI in recent timë: Cessful econon gical transfort the growth OE SOThe marit in e ver tentatively ments of Ol flows in the Serwe, ait least tha magnitude the World Bar de welopment erabled to mE of the decade

of the budgets industrialised the 70s the barks too channelling Si While direct | WestIT1 e:ri, t. h#] S a part. Yet, äis Insatiss still na link eded and Tic develohawa still inco international Tancial system their prower e still obliged they can, to nd private chanElie we LH t this Woods arrangeDe fi||Bd. The cia institutions externa || rESel them o Where id- as ided But the scale 15 mLISt Be St J Chi the major role abilities to needs.
ago, at UNCTAD was made to ta| "тгаеe gap" ing Countries — etween the WHUled to at tain an greed target for id ha est inted ports. Strangely, is Seldon at temS is not, | 5 USif any scruplos al Or techn ECä| likely, it is dJe 18 re5.LIt Gould The Strategy did arget for GDP sustained growth f Thore as the ultries that have, undergone suc= C and Lechnoloi tio 1. What gover ective, there is estinating howthe tota I require
terT T ESCO U r': 90s. This will as a guide to of the effort that and the regional liks e in the course
should ba
There are, of course, technical and institutional issues - and these may well be complex - that would need to be resolved. There is the question of what needs to be done to make it possible for the multilateral institutions to raise resources an a scaile fais greates than before. There is the issue of reconciling rates of interest on borrowings with the rates charged on loans since concessional terms would remain appropriate for a number of Coultries. These is above all, the cuestion of giving the developing countries a greater woice in decision making within some of the institutions and, related to this, the all important question of the extent and character of 'co
ditionality". All these, as I said, are complex issues but they are not in soluble and should
not serve to frustrate a genuine politica Will On the part of the international Community to enhace the role of the Tultiteral institutions Tig | alter objective may well form part of a wider approach relating to the reform of the international m Cometary and financia | system as a whole. The means for for the Creation of international |iquidity and for mobilis ing End channeling structural payments surpluses are matters of relewa Ce to s Luch reform.
The third issue || Wish to touch upon is that of international trade. A decade of development will hardly be consistent with an international trading system in which developing countries Counter barriers to market access. The issues here are Well known ard I do not propose to go Cover th, EIT, S Corne years back UNCTAD succeeded in winning acceptance of the concept of a Generalised Sysem of Trade Preferences for developing countries. Since then the GSP has figured in the tariff regimes of virtually all the industrialised countries - albeit on a unila tera basis. Over the years, however, there has been an erosion of the system due to such factors as the reduction of preferential margins following the progressive lowering of MFN

Page 21
tariff rates, the application of the concept of graduation and, most important of all, the proliferation of non-tariff parriers against exports of manufactured goods from the developing countries. In the present context the need for plain and simple access appears, in fact, to Owerride the question of preferential a CCÈ55. Hopes were pola Cad Շn the Uruguay Round as a meams of reversing tha protectionist trends of recent years. But it is still unclear what gains there Would be to the da welo - ping Countries through the implementation of the pledge of "Troll back and 5 tands ti || "". The traditional issues is the area of trade negotiatio 15 remai, perhaps, of greater significance to most developing countries than the so-called 'new issues' such ass tfajla ir li ser iwice 5 or th a liberalisation of agricultural trade - relating primarily to trade in temperata zone products.
One factor of Televance to the international trading environment Of the 90s is the tred towards integration among industrialised Countries and the formation of trading blocs. There has been talk about both positive and negative results a rising from this process. Integration is se en as giving more strength to major Economias and Stimula till World trade in that way. On the other hand, there are fears about exClusive trading blocs - " "fortresses" - that may increasingly do business with each other and by-pass the countries of the Third World. Tigre are also indications that such groupings TThay tak tại Qn regional dimansions that Teach Out to developing countries as well. The EEC has a special relationship with the group of developing countries trat WE TE BSS: i Hitled With the LO T1 e Agreement. Special relatig Ilships TTlãy also de ựạlop with such countries as those of the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe, The President of the United States has la Lunched the Corn Capit of "Enterprise Aerica" which En vis ages an Event La frge trada area that will embrace the contirents of North and St ATErica. There is also the concept
a Cooperative gr Countries of the or of East A around Japan.
These develop lot of questions of the internatio te17. At the tirs 1 in the sixties was that the pre ment Of develt should be "gerą to avoid patroships a Thong på of countries. Pr mot i that direç needs, Tiewer the IE the ba Iance of The da veloping (, pating in such hawa the prospe access t t if logy, and the partner countries hand, they wou | bly enjoy most trä tart i o And what of C. of the South A: example - that into a regional includes Old O industrialised COL of cooperation a COLI Intris? Si TC the Hawa na Chai tle it crld tila Evolved iT thg t unified, open an tor y trading sy only by the pri ment of de wel op a generalised bi now giwe plaça of 'federal syst trading blocs a — a kind of ser tions reflecting and shortcoming cipal actors is Can do no mort these questions Crucial relawancc beyond.
| Wänt i'w a fourth point. COT BITTS (TTT pita a dacline i non-oil commod ports of the daw Boa V8St I Lur Timber perhaps the gr ära Sti Crucial

ou ping of the Pacific rin - sia – Cente ring
ments p05'e 3 abւյut the future all trading sysOf UNCTAD , the argument 3 ferti tre toping countries Talisgd"" SQ i d S - Client relatio1 = Irticular gro J po 5 B5E[] i TilLիկ է:5 El Tt tion, But tong iss, to ask where a dwant äga lies? :0 un triés partici= arran gements Ct of favoured kals, the tech 10filiariւյց Of thit: O L3 o gr Od tot po resumafavou fad nations ter groti pings, outries - those sian region for do not easily fit grouping which r more highly tries? What too Tong de weloping the days of *ter the goal of Community as idir Ettidis. It if is
- di SCrimi 'stem, Lalified 3f3 Tgnitia | tr25 = ing Contries o T sis. Will this to S0 m a kil d Em mada Lua Cof Ind sub-systems sond best solLIthe WikT ESSICS s of the prinWorld trado P | з here thaп flag as being of to the 90s did
to touch Up
It is one that dity trade. DesTha Shira of ities in the exeloping countries Of the latterBater" | LI TOT — W dependent on
commodity export earnings for the Ebulk of their Extern äl ear= nings. It is difficult to see how a reactivation of development during the 90s can become a reality for these Countries if Corth Thorndi Ly rimarkets Ednd pri Ce5 continue to stagnate at the highly depressed levels reached in the 80s. Yet, the thrust towards international Cooperation to support collinodity markets has weakened in recent years. | 1974 at UNCTAD IW in Nai
robi the Integrated Programme for Commodities was adopted without a wote to y all go warn
It provided a framework for the negotiation of international commodity agreer nets äid for thiä estä tulish Tert of a Common Fund to finance stocking operations. Today, although bgth the Integrated Programme and
|Tlէ I1, IS,
the Common Fund exist they are not used as focal points of international policy.
It is SometimeS Said that international Commodily agreements ha w failed in practice ad o | origer ser w 3 is models for tha future. I do Tot Consider this as - sertion to be valid at al. Commodity agreements have sought to support pri Ces by regulating s Lupoplies through export quotas and, at times, through the purchase of stocks. For a ruber of coTradities the re has beer i lorg Finistot y cof Teas Coria ble success in the operation of these agreements. As far as I can see, there are no technical factors that have row emerged to change this picture. Measures to regulate Commodity pri c95 th ro LJ ghi internationa | agreements hawa mot fa i 3rd in poral Citice; thio y hawa base a bola do med be - cause of a failure in political Wi || || deological inf|LICnces — a new emphasis con market fores and an aversion to "dirigisme" on the part of Soria of the leading Consumer Countries - have bag n cited in explanation. But the whole rational F in tarWention in agriculture has its roots in classical economic analysis which saw such is tarwention as a means of improving the functioning of markets. The contribution of low commodity Dori:E: S to tha Conta ir TnG mit of inflation in the industrialised
19

Page 22
Countries is perhaps a more pertiment ex pola mation of political attitudes. But again, such a factor Carriot Endur F as a basis for policy, It's immediatę adwantages Could be outweighed by an eventual disruption in supplies, as well as by the consequences of negative da welopments in the producing countries themselves,
An international commodity policy must, therefore, for in part of any approach to iT prove the external ecolonic environment in the 90s. The argument that technological changes are redi Lucing the World's reed for Commodities is Tot, if ITV Wiew, decisive. Despite technological developments, the volume of COT. Todity exports - and hence the volume of consumptiongenera ||y İrıcreas Sed Ower the 80s. The low level of prices has not been due only to a weakering of demand, an important factor has been the availability of ample, e vén in Creasing, suppolies. This pherior T1E3 in dari did not äC Compan y Cycli Cäl do Wri turm5 in prices during earlier periods. In the 80s, any of the developing producer CCLIII tries; em deaWoured to protect their earnings by susta ining or in CrĖā sing the Volume of exports. One instrument, frequently in use in the Con text of adjustment policies, was the depreciation of exchange ra t35. A fa ! I in - por ica should normal y lead to a Contraction in supplies through its effects al high Cost producers and con in Westment. But excharge rate de preciations pola y ar Coffset ting role since they do not allow declining World prices to get translated into declining domestic prices. They distort, in this way,
UN AND GULF WAR . . .
fСолtїritуgrї from Page 7.4)
cases is that the World is showing fäst to Wārds a TE W, il tratio äl order it will there is a sole global power, the United States, which is trying to enforce a sort of "Pax Ameri Cala" ", ir, which the United States Car inter were in the interial affairs of other states while Third World states
without the protection of one of the perman erit members of the Security Council will face
a united front of big powers and many minor powers,
O
Lha sigrals of t| and col tribute , ficantly affect te
Weä kering of trado of thig Cr ti |1g to untries.
One Cam mot se ity prices coul 90s as long as between SLIpp| persists. In the Weakening of St. COISU Tier COUT T tioma || Cmdo di there has been other aspects of есопопу, The pri ling, and transp modities; diver compensatory fi Een sing led ou for alternative ap of the SE: hai wa 1 part of the gramma itself, is, for the rost and they do immediate proble i Tärket 5. || || good reas om Whi agreements that tional today shou tiated in the ea tטח tSחeוחagrBB as well. Use sh of the First W til tחFu וחם וחוחםC existerce. The is that of pol There hawa recèn! tions for a new a stability in the wing dialogue a between produ CE Ters. If this III oil it should Other commoditi the 90s, tha alti du Cer-Consumer
AT) en force Irler il ter na tial OrdE CE3" W) LU i IF in which intern applied only wh for the United S1 rence froT earli the Soviet Unior as || Ong as they in wolved, ready the United Sta end Ice its '' ambitions".
The in consist United Nations'

1e World market, when they signita | S LI popolies, to
til ter Ts of Trodity produ =
ig how corrod improve in the the imbalance and dead Wike of the Ipport from the ies for internaty agreements nu C1 talk åbCLI t the commodity []cessing, Tarke(rtation of ÇomSification; and nancing havë ai | I t as iristri u rTn earts proaches, Many herit and fort rtograted ProBut their inpact pārt, lorg term mot relieve the am of imbalances O not SEE EIl y y the commodity are 101-operaIl not b) 3 rei Egorly 90s and new be negotiated 10. I lid b) 3 maig Widow of the
hat is now in d3Cisiv8 sä:tgr iti CE at it Lud 5S.
fly be en s Ugg ESpo por OaChi to Wärds oi|| mārket inwo | - ind cooperation 2 TS 3rd Cros; L = akeS Sense for" Tilke 5 ES ft is as well. For armatives to proCooperario con
CCITTodities are either the persistence of depresse d p rices throughout the decade or else initiatives by the producing Countries to undertake supply management by themse | Wes,
| hawe 5 ingled out for Commont four of the principal factors that will fashion the external economic environment for development during the 90s: external debt, resource flows, the international trading syster T and international Commodity policy. Needless to say, another Crucial determinant of the external e Curnom i C en wir onment, and Core that Will hawe Eam impact on these four factors, is the macro economic policies pursued by the major industralised Countries themselves. I presume that al SSumptions about the Continuation of present policies in this area had a doting it influence on the projections made for the 90s. Yet, as the Strategy itself recognises, a policy stance in the industrialised Countries that favours gro With and dyrarnism in the World economy and that Contributes to stability in exchange and interest rates is wital to the reactivation of development during the decade. The ground has beer well traversed and it is not necessary to elaborate upon these issues
here, What I would wish to do instead is to turn to the other set of policy leasures that are Central to Taking a
de Cadea of development of the 90s - the domestic policies and actions that need to be undertaken by the developing countries themselves.
Part 2: Do Testic Policies
it of thg ng W } Of 'Paix Amigri|ci tC) :) SitLI:Itiori
Htional law is
3 it is GL it 3 b3|| la LB5. Tito (diffto
er titles is that and Child tre, are not directly to help promote !es attelt to global power
El cies in the TEå Ctions to
foreign military interventions raises doubts about the credibility of the United Nations as an organization for promotiog peage and understanding among the nations of the world.
The fact that se wera li marin ber states of the United Nations were able to launch a war against Iraq Without arty Control by the United Natios, but with its blessing, Will hawe serious negative consequences for the future role of the United Nations in the international system.

Page 23
Some observations on
from Sinhala
Kamalika Pieris
rari Stati OS from Sinhala liri tO
English probably started is a dilat tari te Colonia | activity, and the refore no body both a red to isk whether English was indeed the most 5 uitable Vehicle for Eringing Sinhala literatura in to the ämbit of World | ita Tatu Tg. It is not surprising that Lakshmi de Silwa ad Ranjir i Oba yesak erë have thought it na cessary to disCuss Thany of the technica proH|ETS that ärisa in English translation. Tha thought på t terms, Sounds and Sontën Cë Structuré in English arg totally antihetical to those of Siala and it IS TESO ble to a Gk What FET some other international language would be more suitable to translations from Sinhala. However, apart from the Russian translations of Martin Wickremasinghe and Guinadasa Amarasekera, I do not know of translations in any language other than English.
Peoplė, SEêm to hawa transIa tad into English for a wa riety of E55. Se lave tra 15lated baca Luse they had mot hing better to do, others because they were asked to translate. Og trans la Lor simply wish ad ng Sinhalt3SBטוזte arם וחטrם סt" young Term who hawe lost their national ideals and forgotten their mobië traditions, the Closer study of their lang Lage, to give tham an idea of their lite rature. ' (Edmund. P. Wijetu nge. Subasisaye. 1930), There Was also a desire lo de pic the Cultura and social variety of the Asian scene' Selected as a stories. Waruna Publishers, 1973). Others la vetra 15 la ted for the kick of it
a 5 core cor termijo Tary trans lätor put it in a personal CommuniCatiům.
TS traSalis laye Be published both locally and abroad. The local segment inclides tha occasioma | Effort
published in humanities journals and English literáry magazin ES. |t a|so includes Crase garn of
poetry which sl tht: 13th ggTitա translations of sing he which ՏԼյIlia Of the material Will prol to librari e 5 bro: Durchasing р tha Tödi reäd 5: i Sri Lånkä. Lankans would in the origina Wonders wheth | tim S hā'w There is 1 5t. on the part of ei the Misso) | fe ffurfs, or W. though there i of the origina | two mentioned
The translå ti are more sigг11 are specifically troduca Sinhali Sri Lk 15G th of internationa the disseminati ture. The aud literat Lrg iS tf least in theory
The first of anthology of S Lo fa 7875 (Alle prepared for t lations Cold Ct the SuggEsti) Commission of co. It's puтро ап оvвга || рі pres antative s: Si Hälgse liter, which is Of Hulk and antic: wirtually no tr adequacy arĖ set." It was trg du Ca the S of Cay on to t i th 2 WWW tist. pointed out t
beauty of poetry lay in terris, the å SS
in triciatig rhymni it was mot i Fä factory trails

English translations
Ootsus bäCk to ry. But it is the WMartin Wickr allai - ead the field, Wickremasing he pably find it's way 3d through various r Qg r a rT1 r Im35 but rship would be Since most Sri W raad til F353 I aпүwway, oп в Br 155 f. Transnit their target. te Tart of it et the translator in Dowa, Lay are Way of f f e Leif LuS, s a brief analysis Work in the first
oms issued a broad ficant, in that they
intended to inliterature to shortrough the medium programmes for on of Asian culia: for Sir Fhä lä Iereby enlarged, at
these was A fraese erare rn 8+ Urn Wirh, 197 0 ) he literature transis of USCO, at Of the National Ceylon for Unesse was to "give cture of a reTpl B of Classical a Tura 3 literatura substantial Walue. uity, but of which als lations Of an
available at predesigned to inin halese literature
he ordinary reader The introduction at Tuch of the Siri hala Čla Giiica | the Tetrical patonances and the ng Systems. Sinca sy to maka satisations of these,
particularly to translate it in terms of any form of English werse, some of it was given in prose or a poetic layout, The anthology also carried an appendix, unsignad, on the matres of Sinhala versa.
This anthology was edited by an European (Reynolds) with a foreward by a Ceylonese of European des Cent (Ludo WWk). The introduction said nothing of Simhala literature's obvious links with Sanskrit and Pali, nor of it's place in the broad Corpus of Asiam literaturg, but instead gawe us fleeting references to Hardy, Tolstoy and Brecht: (p 10, 17),
U masco fo || Coward this Lupo With A 7 armt fyo Yogy of Siri /ha/es? Wittera - ture of the Tverifieth Century part of the Unesco Collection of representative works, Sinhalase series. (Paul Norbury Pub|ications, 1987). This anthology attempted the stra nga task of trying to convey the flavour of trilogie s and a long opera by translating bits of Martin Wickkremasing he and Sarathchandra. | [ | a |so contained two of thea most slapdash and cursory introduction G to rT i derm Sin hällä literature. I have ever read. However the introduction contains a fairly comprehensive listing of thn Eo IL ITmerous wol LI ITa is of Sin mala Ili terature in English translation which hawe appearad in the west. (p. xvii) Two items are missing from this list: [0, M. da
Sivas tra Sati Of Of Pea
såygt i Soko published in til A SHlzburg Studias in English
Literature (1976) and the special i S5 I e ori Sinha la and Tamil Writing of the 1970's edited by Ranjini Obeyasakera, in Journal Of St Luffy AŞîär Li fara florg - 1987".
The best of the anthologies deal ing with the modarm Siri = Hals literature is to my wiéW, Ar är hology of 77 oder 7 writing from Sri Lanka editad by Ranjini Obeyesekara and Chitra
1

Page 24
Fernando. (University of Arizona Press, 1991) I would recortmand this anthology fOf the quality of it's translations and for the quality of the introductions. This anthology and the first of the two Unesco Wolumes cover the field of Sinhala literature very Satisfactorily.
In this anthology we find a clear statement of intent and some attern pit to place Sinhala literature within the constellation of major and minor world literatures. The introduction stated that the Smallness of Sri Lanka and the fält: t that Sinhala is not spoken anywhere else in thg World made it saam a lost presurlıptuous to offer arı anthology of its material. However despite its smallness it possessed some distinction in belonging to a literar y tradition and language which spanned 2000 years. Literature of Sri Lanka was rarely represented in an thologies of Asian Writings bë: cause it was often considered an extension of the Indian Cultuta , araa - It W 35, 10 l f 3 por 3 sēriled in anthologies of || India II material because it was distinct and separate from Indian literature. Thus a need for a collection of representative writings from Sri Lanka had been felt a long and this Collection was a response to that need. (р хіii)
One interesting by-product of anthologies such as these, is the accompanying evaluations of Sinhala literature. The anthology by Obeyesekera and Fermand 0. is particularly rich in this Tes: pect. They both deal exten sively with language, a topic to which the Sinhala critic generally pays Scant regard, Obeysek era comments that the poetic language of the contemporary young Writers was an "unconscious synthesis of their everyday world and the world of their reading and imagination'. Their worlds were no longer compartmentalised as they were for the poets of the fifties and the result is a living... growing language of the broad LIrbar]
and rural middle the poets belong they write.’ (p. 13 the first time, t referenČe to the
of the 5 e grO LI [i]S write for this lar middle class ro risk of being Cor ent or a Titi-räti C) wgad I was tEarn i Titl work, being old out of touch i recourse to the tion. Their poets the Sub-Conscious of the Writers oi
Correspondenc
received th issue here only most a month
: il 1o CCW homily entitled. ment?" sounds lik record repeated Why not face that the parliam cost of the T. Lankan society? distust, teisio (inter-ethnic as ethnic varietie population at lar like a mirror in Are we so nais WH Bf 1 3 (113 1 1 W face looks at the appearing without a Ti'' what is the pl. taining a COS the "face" (parl whole body'
fire"?
The caption " Whither Parli erromanus. F) whither, first
fIowered, Uıli British export men tary Systêm in the Coitii El

class to which acd for Which } Possibly for here is some Westernisation ... 'Poets who ge urban rural longer run the I sideres d da Cadnal if they reUBT1Ce in thëir fashioned and if they hawe classical tradiy has neither dëfensive ness זםח thE3 fifitiB8 *
the somewhat strident note of the writers of the first decade of the century" (p. 13) Elsewhere, Obeysekera has pointed out that the billingual intelligentsia were responsible for 'hammering out a flexible, Wiable and with time richly textured literary prose Capable of expressing changing intellectual and Social World of their modern experience. It was above all a language close to colloquial speech and thus could be understood by a wide reading public." (Obeyesekera 1984 p 81).
(To be continued)
F
Whither Parliament?
LG Jan.
yesterday, alHfter its issle. er. To me; your "Whig Parliae an old, broken ump teenth time, the la kad fact ent is a micropresentative SrWWhgrg tere i5 and violence well as intras) among the ge, it is reflected the parliament. "g to believe that rith a pus in his a clean mirror, imaga wwill be dE formity? And rpose in mainetic beauty" in a lent), while the (Country) is in
of the homily |ment?" itsa || f is something to it should have
e the Other ricket, the parlianew er floWCred ts of Asia and
Africa since it could work only where the population is basically mono-ethnic and monoreligious. In coLI tries. With multi-ethnic and multi-religio Luis populations, the parliamentary system hawe long been a borted i por 3 far Ence to the du ribar system of "kings (and queens) with a support cast of ministers', though they pretended to act within the boundaries of the parliamentary system. Even in a predominantly Tono-ethnic, r1nomo = religio Luis Country lika Japan, the parliamentary system has given way to a form of durbar of ths feudal ords (shoguns), in which each head of the five factions of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party functions li ke a cOntgrimporary
Shogun.
Sachi Sri Kantha
Osaka, Japan
Note by Editor
WITHER: I make or becomic dry, decline.
decay
WHITHER: To what place of
(Concise Oxford)
poiпt?

Page 25
PART 2
Pax Americana and Cc
Sumanasiri Liyanage
he above trends and deve
|3 perts hawe bëë shHipi 1 the structure of the new World order (NWO). Needless to say that it is not possible to state something conclusive on this ng W structure since it is still in the process of "becoming" Charles Jacks, a writer on architectre artid post-Tico daris III, has envisaged the future international scenario as follows:
What does this strange building look like? It goes against the HabitLä| wig Wy Of FC WBr structures as overarch ing hierachies controling everything. Hiera Chical power is not the only kind of system that works, and in this case tha structura is the typical post-modern heterarchy - a logical system best exemplified by the game 'stone, paper and Scissors. (Marxism Today, 1991)
This is i Tore democratic Corder
than the existing syster T, and combied both the traditional hierarchy and an egalitarian twork". How has this struc
ture functioned during the Gulf conflict? There is no doubt that the US had the military power and strong will to act when Saddam Hussair invaded Kuwait. However, it had to seek and get the UN Corsent in order to make ar y military acticam legg timized. Amy militar W intervention aga inst Iraq might rigt be plausible uness it Was backed by the USSR, China, Egypt and Syria. The dor Ilir at role of the US has, to a large exterit, coCeäled the Heterar ChiCä ra turg of the World order. So The Comi= LLLLLtLL LLaS SaLaa LL S S LaLatOaa S a world has become politically and militarily unipolar: Noam Chomsky envisions that it would produce a mit is e: undem 0 Critic World Or -
der. Hg Writes;
While 2: Con Comically tripollar, LC SLLaLaLLS LLLLaLL LLLLLLLLS S LKL
only one stilitary power. Any
a Ct in WWF naturally try frontation to a
it can hope ti Wolving World parative adwal United States
force, Diplo na law, and thi ha Wa Hlways E. an annoying unless they a dwartagę aga With the cul tion of US stre
55.
traris fer probl i the dtail of to be strong.
In the fifterm War, it might a military power E act would domi 5 cene in the im Bush has alread his concept of à 5ystem in wh Eid || || S. f. || CW nå tions of the US as Et t arid the leans he said. Public hi We Shi di Will th3 f3 Les Of Bush af Sed in the Cor mat of the W nega te the Timulti national syster E cal power struct think so. The trying to establis position in the , for Cas or to di Other Etions, Strong - COLI Ili tera (. at WOrk.
(1), No singla p the internatio H ded today, Inters are so Complex,
ulti-dimensional de land a Colle rati w 2 leadership
gd i til faC i organizations ari forlled il of da

punter-Force
ld affairs will to shift a coE TE FÈ il WH1 i Chi l prgyal. In the Order, the corntage of the lies in military acy; internatioa United Nations een regarded as el Cumbrance, :an be used to in St Ein Enemy. rent configuragths and Weaktemptation to ems quickly to force is likely
if tg | G |
Ippear that US d its will to nate the World
imediate future. y expressed that NJWWO a visi T15 iCh the US |BädS W. "Among the world only the a moralstanding to back it Lip,
15|נtם וזכitחiםם E thë popularity ld Major increase of and afterar. Does this ipolarity in interid its heter achiLIre ? || dû 10 [ JS is in Wariably :h it 5 h aggmon li (C World balance of
: ta tā termis for But there are ting tendencies
War C är pro vid
| Elärdershi Ita= a tional Droblems Complir; Hitled and | 50 that thay II: tiwa Hiid CF - This is reflechät inter|1ätin 3 | 3 designed and to deal with
the problems the solutions for which exceed the capacity of a single nation. This vision of collective leadership and interāti prāti is pārticularly evident in Europe. Not only the Soviet Union, but also France Flave erTıp haSized the necessity of such a leadership il landing World affairs. President Fis fisic o is Milittler and is reported to have stated that France is not ready to accept or to unreservedly back the US and its polici ES. In relation to the Gulf conflict, He said,
The US di Fra GB do It
haWg at a || the Sam8 COri CE– ption of an eventual interlational Conference on the settlet of the Israeli-Arab conflict. ... It is up to the UM Security CounCil to Organizo the peace, No other authority can serve as a substitute. (Time, February 18, 1991).
The EEC particularly France appear ready to confront Pax American a that would attempt to dictid te terris im internation | affairs and Crises aragment. In spite of the fact that the Soviet Union revised its foreign
policy approach after 1985, it do as not maan that It is ready to play the role of a junior partner to the US. Andrei
Kortner puts it in the following Words:
The main goal was achieved, the Soviet Union joined the World Community in protest against the aggression, the flagrant violation of intanational laW, and at the San13 ting it did not become a junior partEr of the US un res ar vedly backing all the actions. (New Timas).
is clear that the Amorican B is 110t 5trtյI1ց
There for it fgar Of Paix well founded in face of COUT1 tr:r for CBS.
23

Page 26
(2) The US is aware that it could not alone bear the expепditure of a longi drawn military
exercise. It was estimated that the Gulf Co Tiflict Cost S1 (OC)) million a day. The daily cost of the Wietna11 COflict Was S230 million a day in 1991 dollars. According to one esti
Tlate, the replacement value of a || US iTi|itary hardwäre would bie S4 liri | linrn. The US "wwa Inted
t) liit its Share f War Expenditure to only 20%. Paul Kendy, a Yale historian, Hä5 emphasized the fact that the
US stands in dапger of repeating the Tista kes of imperial Spain or Edwardian Great Britain by making commitments of men, money arid Tlaterials i cliff grat
parts of the world that are too massive for its economic and financial base to manage.
The TIME magazine (March 4, 1991) carried a special feature article entitled How Many Wars Carl the US Fight? This är ticle has rawa | Ed the lilitations of US militar y Capacity.
Ling the Cold War Peri ta gol planners boasted that the US
Was prepared to battle the So wiat Union While si TTL Itäne3 ou sl W. Waging a 5 Irina || er
Conflict a gain St another, les 5 formidable fog elsewhere in the world, Ever before the outbreak of major fighting om the ground, the Gulf war had sever el y Strained US military reso Lur CGS and raised troubling questions about America's ability to fight one war defending Western Europa against SOWiet Onslaught – Tuch le 55 1 1/2. The US deployed 75% of active tactical airplanes, 42%, modern battle tanks and 46% aircraft Carriers in Operation De5 Ert Storm 46% of плагіпе согр"s maпроvvвr and 37" of ar y per solla | Were da ployed in the Gulf conflict. They Wera supported by British, French, Saudi Arabian military personnal and hardware.
It is highly unlikely that the US Would in Creä se its futura milit Hr W expenditure as such a increase requires a heavy reduction in non-military expenditure. Its budget deficit would reach $300 billio this year.
24
(3) The presen de: Tio Cratic mow advanced Capital imposed a restr expen dit Lure and
Liclear and military hardware
Tore thān five demoistrated in Of WWestfarn Eurt in5 tällä tiJ Of The other impo the new peace
it is liked wi Rights Moween լից Greer
moder T var Voi El Wicaf mirienta || C. also have a de On Wildlife, T. mEnt, Grgen m Human Rights
addressing the
|il ke di With Tot Existence of HILI the Very exister things oor Earth
Thessa (CO) L1 tal strongly gains 1 cama design for Mk Vitkē (March 4, 199' his doubt by si dream of a E (dominated by likely to come tr
Let II a low, EastarT proble We expect is the War is situation of WF änd Extremely Halliday in a article (New L. has Co Tectly är out, "the issue. is claiming to issues" which апd long-terпп delay in findin those burning a new hiddle Haliday ident issues, namely redistributio o ration of Palesti to the imperi control MiddleI would sugge
||St. LHB de IT Secularization : and the assu

Ce of a strong em 5 in the ist Countries hawe airht ori Tiilitary installation of ther high-tech In early 1980s, million people the capital cities pe against the Cruisg rissiles. rtant aspect of Wellet is that th the HL Imari till the East aid lowerTent. Any be an act of :arnage. It will vastating effect в реасе плоув|O Wement and the Powerlet are issues which är e only the future Tiiskild LLIt alSO nce of a || Living
’acting for Ces act : am y Pax AmeriWOT |d d'Ormination, f the NEWSWEEK 1) has expressed lying that "Bush's W World Order
tha US) isn't ue anytime soon".
tu Vide 15. What could thig afte Trath of Middle-east the 1ich is very fragile W3||ti|| E. A 5 Fräd Very interesting eft Review, 184) ld clearly pointed 5 which Saddal confront are real de Tad definite solutions, Any ig solutions for issues may ignite 3 est conflict. ified four main Arab unification, if ti | Walth, liberg and resiste rice a list attelt to -85 to Tl TESULTICS. st adding to this ocratization and of the Arab polity rance of social
justice to the ordinary women äid Teri Iiving in the region.
Most of the critiques of the Gorbacheviar) far Eign Jolicy missed these in portant aspects of the problem and presented their arguments Comple taly: ignoring the post Cold Wär World räility. In the course of the Gulf conflict, some commer tors hoped änd en wisioned the re-energence of cold-war conflict. This third Worldist position which seems to hawe wery close affimity to Bolshevism, took a stard against the War because Saddam did mot have a chance to Win it. My anti-war position, which is pacifist and social democratic, is completely different from this position as I am against the war because it is and will be essentially destructive and
undemocratic. This applied to both interial and in terratical wars. The Tail weakness of
t Fee Soviel foreign pjolicy is not that it led Soviet Union to Support the lJN reso | LI tion 5 O n Kuwait, but it missed ad 5 Som
of its Criti CS did, fo rais the above-mentioned issues in a rigourous and effective way in the Tidst of the Conflict.
What would be the ill ediate outcome of the Gulf conflict? Two mis conceptions have surfaced in answering this question. Taking Suez crisis in late 1950s as än änä log y. 50 The Commentators argued that Saddam Hussain Would a merge after the war politically victorious even though he faced a militar y defeat. Nasser's fight with British and French imperialism in order to gair Control o Wer it 5 teritory - Suez Canal - differed in many respects from Hussain's invasion of Kuwait. Nasser's notion of Arab unity, as Halliday has pointed out, "was linked to the qшв5tion of popular control and of democracy". The military defeat Qf Saddlm Hu55älf WLld necessarily lead to a defeat of his political project because his politico-military project was based om i ferocious authoritarianism.
The second in is conception envisages that the allied victory over Iraq would lead to a limperialist dominance in the region,

Page 27
What flows from this argument is that Saddam's military defeat may aggra wa te problems in the middle east and make the finding of solutions to those problems more difficult. Here again, | hawa my doubts. As I rithern - tioned before the War broke out in a differet international c: cortext which is marked by the non-presence of a single world power. The US was compelled to retreat from its initial position that the Iraq-Kuwait conflict basically differed from the lsrael-Arab issue and two should
not be linked. It seems that the Soviet— EEC motion of the inter-connection of seemingly
distinct problems of the region has received Worldwide acceptance, in the midst of and after the conflict, there has been a general Consensus that a permanent settlement is required for the larger problems of the middle east. Newsweek (February 25, 1991) summed up this COI sensus as follows;
The basic enough,
issues are clear There Wii || hawe to
be some sor ra ng Gment tC lity in the hawe to be ; to foresta | | b | tries possess Other um COVE 0 huge armi Pä listem iam Wo healed. And,
Saddams of a gap between the law-not World Will hawe
The allied w strengthered the fact weakened has Clearly TeY US dogs mot h : cal programme Conflict situation substance of and Soviet prc as the only be manent Settlema prObleams, Arab | hawa Tea | isod tha rarian leaders, them 5 Elwe:S haw|| Ward to find
VASA O |
207, 2nd ( Coloml
Telephone

I of forma | afpromo la slabigulf. There will
3rs agreer rests ack mai | b y Columing ru clear Cor Il ti Oral W a 3015, es. The Israeliu fild Will hawe to to deprive future issua, the wide the hai Wes and 5 of the Arab a to be narrowed.
ictory has lot US, but has in it. The victory ealed that the WG "wid ble polititO la Ce the postTha refore, the pre–Wär Frarch posals remained Isis for the per - it of middle east
maՑSBS aբբյBâl r ԼC) tnot the authoriEt ut tha massas 3 tO Come forolution for the
problems confronted by their Societ i 535. BBC has reported (March 8, 1991) that the masSës in Kuwait and in Some parts of trad Fire already organizing themselves to demand democratic, popularly accountable rule. Not the victory of Saddam but his defeat has contributed the democratic Struggle of thë oppressed in asses, I do not say tät Lh8 defTocrátic forcés wi|| gain politica power in th () CCLIstrie5 Of the middl8 Bä5t in the in Thedia te futura, or do II state that sportaneous proces5 as collid successfully ach i'w 9 peace, democracy and just society. However, I strongly believe that the forces which ara at Work internally and internationally Would create a Thore fa w Courabië C di tito thi that which prawäi ed il the Cold War period, for the achievements of these gains. As E. P. Thompson has stressed that "there are not only theories and traditions (but also practices and even social moveTights" which would decide the filla | OutÇOIT 5.
PTICANS
Cross Street, յt) = 11
: 4 2. 1631
25

Page 28
Polis and Peedita Pant
Zuhail
though the cost of dying
appears to be Ewan Ture umberäbe than the Cost of living (the manest coffin is now a mere Rs. 10,000) it has newer aspired to be the mother of political revolutions.
Nor hås it had any tak er hecause the peeditha pa ni hiya of our politicians have tackled this probem so soundly that I have often Wondered why they failed to aply the sa The technology to solve their hardy perennial - the rising cost of living, with the Himalayan heights thrown in for political colour.
If they would only do so they may even succeed in sending the politician in to permari erit retirement. If you look around the Country you will discover that by far the largest in number and With the Widest popular backing are the Maranaadara Samajayas death donation societies,
If you say that this shows people are mora concerried about death then life, you are absolutely right. The older World from the days of the Pharoahs and until the industrial revolutiOn, b) Lurist of the · 5 Cenne, WEIS concerned not so much with gaining immediate ends as with the final end itself.
Hence the pyramids, the im Erhirs and, with us, still the dagobas, The energy that has gonë into the building of these amazing Structures is a mar wel to the ETT World. But it Ted Cot be so When you consider that ew en the kingdon of the awer is within your grasp if you have the right bearings and know where you are going as the Marana ad hara samajayas have so s Luc CCS SfLilly Sho W r.
In early every willage of the country and even in towns these
모H
Societies have bErs to TEälise Orle of their fi SETId Off to th
On the Othe CCT Cerm is not Wh:r it COrle life ämd lliwing be taken out politicians. Th Wada ya they h ended, the W. tellig ble constri touched their
Look at the Campaign to ele to local bodies organisEd that the 3 || FC:t05 äl legislatura and parish puпnр.
But a people's a death dcratio d Concept to immedia te respi gone bankrupt. which, like til Waadaya, has b people is mo man's greed.
There is golo Who a ra trust organisations goods rath er t Some death dic are tгуіпg to t ta rig St5 W i thl liwi I read recently hara Samaya a kind Of Hu|| house the living be the right si to Tak to tä k cycle of birth
NeWS from a
Halley's comir to present itsel mised glory in ing to the lë frd T1 the 85 tror

hiya
helped the ir memWhat must Ele
t needs - a good
.Itlחםt Wאםח 3:
* hard this sare
Sth o Wrth by ther) S to organising which appears to of their hards by e pragarraave bJg er reconry Word am un imCtion, häs harily |VE35.
on-going election C. representatives it is so centrally Die Would thirik og for tha miational mot for tha: || 0 Ca |
i organisation like
TI SÖCiety, FÖLJd WFC: Era SG onse, has rarely
Whereas a co-op 1e prajathanthra e e I thir LIS L O F1 tlla re WL In era Ele to
d news for those ing to people's to deliver the lam governments. nation Societies Jian CD th Sir III1 g (: 0 T1 Corn St.00,
of a Marama u d
blossoming into ding Society to NOW that Would
Jrt Of Flpproach
è charga of our
and death.
COet
let With faid f in all its pro
1986 is, accordtest information omers 50mgwhere
far away showing off everything to thë high hea wens a three hundred fold Thore With 10 maked eye to Watch the amazing spectil Cle,
Many earthlings were disappointed When it failed last time to reveal itself as it neared the earth in its regular 76
year Cycle of appearance. Some SE TOT OTETS EWET Wonderad what her it was going off track, and that is one reason why ES 0, the European Southern Obserwatory in Chile, has been keeping a clo5 Eal Eye even after it whizzed passed the earth in 1986,
The astronomers say that tha
Comet is now well beyond the orbit of Saturn and is moving from the iner solar system to the Outer. Its three hundred fold brightness at the time of loca-- tion has surprised thaj astronomers who are wondering
whether it has hit something.
When the comp3 is fa from the sun it is thought to be a 'rmo u mta im-sized ball I of wa rious frozen gases, some dust, and fThāy b B Sturm E: T[]L'k'. Whem ClữSer ta : the sum the Clust and the gas boil off its surface and help to form a coat of many thousand kilometries a cross its body.
When this catches tha sullight the coat and the tail of the CCT1 et acquire its CUtStanding brilliance, But-the increased brightness they say may be dua either to a collision or to a Wi
lent gust of the solar Wind carrying streams of particles from the sun across the whole solar system,
This is the first tissa HstroOmers hawe noted Such a flare Up of a Comet fUrth est frOIT) the sun.

Page 29
Book Review
E. F. C. LUDO WYK, Those Long After Childhood in Colonial Ceylon. Edited by H
Goonetieke with a Thome, Colombo: Pp. xix., 96, Rs. 175, paper.
well remember the first time | met Lyn Ludowyk. In 1950 the University of Ceylon interWiewed all candidates provisionally accepted for entry; he was Dean of Arts and chaired the committee for that Faculty, He Was, om first appearance, forbidding to the would-be uridergraduate - his strong, asymmetrica | face and measured OWements of head and hards. | remember trying to iTıp ress the Committee with a recent book by Sir Herbert Read I had recently read, as I do the seriousness and kindness with which he treated those attempts. His |ife (and this book is part of it) is mot only important as that of a Sri Lanka scholar and personality. He is representative of a class, a culture and an historical phenomenon.
Ludowyk was born in the southern Sri Lankan port of Galle in 1906, received a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1936 and was appointed Professor of English in the Ceylon University College (later to become the University of Ceylon) tha same year. He retired early, in 1956, mainly because of his wife's health, and moved to England where he
lived ti || his death i 1985. Throughout those last thirty years he main tained a passio =
na te interest in the counrty of his birth, its people and the multitude of friends, students and Colleagues who ait har continued to live there, as Goonatileke and Colin-Thome, or were scaltered around the World. In contemplating the English-educated Sri Lankans of the nineteenth and twent i eth Centuries, he his to me among the most Worthy. There would, of Course, be much disagreement on any ist, but I should say that I do not think our class would be looked on very kindly by Com
"Meloir"' Lake House Bookshop,
by Percy
Teritators of til gaWE a WEry 5 բ: id-twentieth-ce Lanka, parti Cula dents.
I Would sugg dāmatā | C; här är: English-speaking 'wulgarity'. Thi. the very Comme ship associated
through the er tenth century a is, Eeliov, ä
importån C, bi mora do Cum et Bistablish tham |O'W. M. Bwrth (353 tids from Mich Sri Lalkan OW for himself as Canada, may s of situation wit Wyk Wä5 place rning"" that his | has,
So many s. riod had to d fruit and drink, ПU ljВПНПНЕ",
ovely bunch 'ML ng beans ""The Jawa
Clémenti-Smit|| the solo verse a ta vërm i th the others W join in or the the shy Lyn rayed his stLII out there (a ured for party ning out to minic, singing fertiale parts f which thia tot haard of — so at first that I a Sinhalasa ir 7 the Fa fra i Wy, 1984, p. 45)
We hawe to genesis of this the descendants māinly the DL

OOS
A. l.
Colim
1989.
|e fшtшre. Lүп cial meaning to ntury life in Sri
ly to his stu
est that the funteristic of this
class WS Owerrode even Idable scholarwith this class |d of the Ilinend bayond This matter of some It needs much ry evidence to | can summon ss, a brief quotale! Ondaatje, a making a name a no welist from uggest the kind in which Ludo| āmid tha ''imealife and career
ings of that peo with legumas, "Yes, we have ". I've grit a of COC). Its". on your collar', Jiwe "" ... Dorothy in Would sing is to 'There is a town" while 'Could drumkan ly 3 chorus, Ewan LLIdo Wyk batdies and came plantation fawoting) on Ce, turbe a superb | both mâle and or Italian operas har S har meg Wer they all thought e Was sing ing baila (Running Picador, London,
u nderstand thë
class, partly in of Europeans, itch and those
who worked for them during their period of colonial rula, and partly the natives who transferred their traditional privileges into those of pampered underlings of the British regime. The English lang|Lage was the necessary instrument of this role, and later the Weapon of Continuing domination. Though benefits were une qually distributed there was a sub-culture of general inhibited hedonism deveoping throughout the twentieth century - the hedonism consisting of alcohol and synCopated rhythms, suggestive songs in Ceylon English and middle-class Sinhala, Hollywood films, Bulldog Drummond and the Saint, cricket and rugby, political activism and sweet, milky cups of tea.
It is of course ironic that a popular art form of eighteenth aid nireteenth Century Italy must now be used as representing high intellectual European taste in the particular contrast We may-discerns in Ondaatje - but in that too is a lesson. Our Vulgarity was not really in the forms with which We indulged ourselves, but that we had ri () means to do better with ther. A few years ago I attended a celebration of the 150th anniversary of my old school which followed a quite rivetting game of rugby played between the school team and their long-time rivals. The celebration was males only, We drank expansiwe imported Scotch out of plastic cups, listened to a rock band playing new versions of old tunes remembered from my childhood and watched the younger "old boys' dance with each other,
Ludo Wyk's task was to imposa standards on this social, political and cultural mess. As Professor of English he tried to convey standards of judgements with which this middle class could approach English, Europeaп апd world literature. In his creation of English drama in Ceylon, ha carried this purpose to a much larger public and in his socialist vision he probably hoped, but never got very far, to convoy these standards
to tha sociopolitical process itself. As con 2 of his most creative students
27

Page 30
wrote, recently,
Reviewing his own work for the local theatre in New Ceylon Writing thirteen years ago, Ludowyk regretfully admitted his failure to encourage playwriting by local dramatists. I think it unlikely that such criticisms and self-criticisms would E'N'EST | EV DET
made, häid Professor Ludo Wyk, not retired prematurely from Sri Lanka and the University. His research into island's culture and history had already borne fruit before his departure in Rert Kri ir ffie Kaya Kingdom (1948). It would socrier or later hawe yielded more in his teach ing and the = a tre work in Sri Lanka.
Perhaps also in the lifa of the County ät lärge.
This small, simple book, published post humously by lan GČ Onetileke, creates images of a time long ago, recalls the tongs of a familar voice, but here often using the idiom of his childhood. One Sri Lankan critic has dismissed the work as the ramblings of an old man-wulgarity, it seems, is alive and Well, But it is difficl Lut for ore who knew him to evaluate the book objectively. There are things, so illuminating, which One did not know before, but Would perhaps mean little to the Casual reader. Orie example is the Confession of his dreams of Cricket and glory:
The major passion writ large over this period grew out of the fantasy that I was already a fine Cricketer. Some of my friends, undoubtedly, nursed the sama hopeful illusion themselves. I persisted longer in TY fantasy, even when all the evidence was fatally stă cked up against both hopes and drea Tills,
The last time I saw Lyn was with a friend who had not mat him before, His comment on leawing was to the effect that "He is mot ||ike a professor at all, he is just like one of Lus". Lyn's modesty and self-deprecation allowed him to be both the guardian of standards and Companion to all who sought his company. Not only did he dream of success at Cricket, he attained it at Scouting - though one
would not kno
E O LITT
Scouting, in sidedless, see activity, a hot off Centre. p. While it Este attractions of reā|| y to te Cricket. It C er the sum of Our enham Cing the It is Percy C te | Is that "'" by 1 of thirteen King's Scout Empire".
More importar tical implication thing to which having shared for Tight, but significaпсв, і
OW.
| studied : g fourth forgot it as attractive pro: stated. There pärison betwee poorly illust books with th and the great readers in En the Whole W. wince. So it w sense of loss knowledge of Yet the wor|| Of Thy Seri which responi 50 LJ15, 5The ewerydä y obje WW i 5 ITTOTE). TE3E ma through t | ESSE thë Eva Il nov | rough texture phrases whic enotionally c. part of the r tā scenē
afted for r ha | E5E3... Here is the which a CaSS se vers the link. interland. We phепomвna in | ization, perceivo economic: det fr starkly presente ad its CCT SEC irid iwid Lila li
Gehä III " ALFs fra filiar

w that by his
ipite of its manymed a marginal
3by, a little bit leasant enough | d, with all the
a game, but поt compared with tainly added to pursuits without if wa | UE. olin-Thome who 31, 9 at the ag E was the WOLI r 1 gogeSt in the British
it for its analys. partly som ena may respond he cultural en Wicarrying greater Է thE բյa85agք
Simha | Esse Lup} t_0 standard, but Si ES TE pacts Were preWW i 5. Thi () (CC). Th1 = En the i-printed, r Fred Sil hā|E5E gir frowsy storie5 tar excitement of glish which took rad as their por C)= as With no great that my little Sinhalase faded. which I kit W Ses, the World ded to the sights, | Iss arid ta stess Of Ct5, 3 TLJ i TE adi|| y available to colloquial Siri ha
through English. сап gauge the
of Words and made the World i crete. A gr: a të T ange of the na
king W ther WäS |
11E
machanism with
reates itsefa 5 with its own may analyzë: Si Lu Ch tar Tns of Socia - ed in le rest and minist, but her, d is the event uences for the
Wijeye war den 0 || 1 Watfолä! University
tՒl rՃւյgh Siri - |
The Left Side,...
(Солгїгішеd from page 72} becomes over active; smuggling,
over-invoicing of LCs and under-invoicing at the other eld are lethods used to keep this market a live.
Casiпcs are becoming verү
famous – exceedimg Sri Laika hospitality. Nowhere el se in the world ara generous ser Wings of expensive foreign liquor and cigarales, breakfast, buffet lunch and sumptuous dinner offered to all their patrons - totally fire. The tribe has been domiCi || 3 d. PILISH HILIS es i Co| om Edo W, permaniert Suites at 5 Stär Flot als for change of Bds a TE: per ks. They mingle freely with top politicos and the elite, and offar handsorT e do na ti Orns to government sponsored movements and cash prizes for sports.
Why hawe we permitted Casino operations in discriminately? And Why tax free to a trade W1058 mora | LI prightness is questiona - ble, when industries that earn foreign exchange and generate employment are subject to more àn TrE in CrBäSEL täxEs?
The government of Sri Lanka has acted wery naively to make a band of foreigners million aires overnight. It has overlooked the impact of moral degradation and cast aside an opportunity to amass much needed revenue and valuable foreign exchange. if casinos are to stay then they should be located as a group im a specially designated ara a such as a is laid in Bogoda. Tea Casirio island Cain e Wantua || y develop into — a fun extrawa ganza with am ab Lundarnice of water sports, different Cuisings, hotels, etc. The land should be leased and the reawei Lie of all casinos, though managed by private owners, should be Corn - trolled by the government and sizable percent be fiscal revenue. A study could be made of the methods adopted by other coLintries to ensure that the government is not depriwed of the major
earnings, and also to ensure that the gamblers too get a fair deal. This revenue Could fund the Janasawiya programmd or at least dafray the major
costs.

Page 31


Page 32
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JOIM
BANK OF
CHILDREN'S SA
Give your child one of the m in life -
Financial security for a stab
If you have not, it's time you
Your savings today is your c
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ABA WAKERS TO
 

il Security to your
010S
THE
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Iost important things
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I thought about it.
hild's security tomorrow.
у
CEYLON
τΗΕ ΝΑτιοιν