Page 1
LANKA
Vol. 14 No. 5 July 1, 1991 Price Rs. 7.50
POLLS MURDER
93. and Lanka's
Poverty and de
(D IPKF., TIGERS
C
 

Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka, OD/09/NEWS/91
N NDA N MADRAS
- zeth Hussain
Mervyn de Silva Jon Swain Shekhar Gupta Amirudhya Mitra
Political Culture
– Jane Russel
ebt in Pakistan
— Akmal Hussein
GLADSTONE
34.95 (D POLLS

Page 2
Why theres sou in this rustic to
There islaughter and light banter 31 til Irigst these rural da TT18 els who are by L. 4.yy sorti T3 riit trobacco at in a barri. It is one of the hundreds of such
Earns speari oli in the Tici Ild LipCourry integr rimediato: zone Wuher : the arable la Tri remairis f::Ilu I.I. riii IriI1g th2 4_If :: ::.15.("Iʼ1.
Here, with careful riturturing, tobacco grows as 3. lucrative Cash crop ind the greet leavi's TL III to gold... to the value: if awer Rs. 25s, million KJT I Ticario
annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural full
 

ENRICHING RURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter bacco barn....
Tobacco is the industry that brings employment to the secord highast nurrber of people And these people are the tobacco bat I wilers, |H ixt:.F.".t.i greyçiçeris arid thoge ,,hir i WCrk ft 3T thăm. CT, the land
ri t: :r 15. For them, the tobacco leaf Tears meaningful Ļrk.
A Comfortable life and a 5%ure future. A FId
enough reason for laughl:T,
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people.

Page 3
TREMIJS
DON'T DCTATE SAYS
LAN KA Dr773 f5 173 We Ereër7 - TOP's By the Sri Lankan govern
Terť trať je vyř Joť je scrated to or correstic issues. Sortie d'orior Courtries had Temiaridad actio r a ga ir 75f Cerfаіл до/fсе алd лпї//tary offїcers for Frā rīgs vafo 75. T e gover ferts attifude fri firis respect Was further emphasised by a president a speech at a public сегеттолу. President Pгетаdasa said är f f f g fra Ligu raffon of fisha Kagg ägså Free Trāde Zone that providing ёсопотfс â755i5ta 77a (diario r7of £7 řWe ar7Wогтe thв гight to defgгтfлё Sri Lanka's political policies, or f0 firTa rica disrupť fwa 3/e-
7.
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Sa fad.
CAUSES DIARR HO EA
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OFFICIAL 'S HOUSE A BROTHE
A prison officials wife admfited in court that she rar
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äÜARDIAN
Wol. 14 No. 5 July 1, 1991
Price - FRES - 7.50
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
No. 246, Union Place,
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COM"
News Background
Gandhi A5sä SSin 31
LEliteT
Tigers
| Parli:I'ET|t
The Development
Politica | CLI litur:
Elections - 1991
Pakista – (2)

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Among throsë og de Scribed дшее п".
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Tergy Minisfer Ira toyd Pariaprica fлсrва58 5 frtered ty ress reports Of * hike , Կարting draft SQL C25, Stafgгтвгт
- LUES ANKED
-ם חושטוח לk BrחBH ffigy of trave/ псеforth you can Tiljor Of fir7785 If your Ebās fic: ring g allowance, a So on the rg Airākā. ay trave I was rice a year,
ve/ a//owалce5 for fra VS/ Slorg= 7.Ce5 ha Wg 750 Carrier aid Јffic car?трап је 5. is now get LS er day (South ther arr ployees söWars grid '50 way.
Briefly. . . .
Colo TTIEC Uniwersity's Wii CP Chancellor Professor G. L. Peiris complained to the police that his life is in danger. An Assistant Registrar of the university too told the police that a student unionist had made the following threat: "If the Vice Chancellor persists in his present course of action he in List remember that he Cannot tra Vel by hallicopter; ha must use road transport - and at that time Wa wil | look into that situation". The student had asked the assistant registrar to Convey that message to the WC.
Referring to recent developments an official said that the university council had unanimous y decided to Suspend a student for assa ulting another; and also that the WC had refused to extend the appointment of a temporary lecturer who had allegedly played a key role in the 1987 hostage crisis,
Mr Gamini Jaya Suriya, President of the Maha Bodhi Trust said at the opening of Anagarika Dharamapala Mahasgya at tha Kamburupitiya Gam Udawa premises that the nation saluted President Premada sa for ridding the country of wice and immoral activities. The president had taken bold and feare 55 steps, Mr. Jayasuriya, a former minister said. Mr. Jaya Suriya Was apparently referring to the recent Crack-down on Casinos and jackpot parlo Lur S.
TEMTS
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THE BENEF
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MERCANTILE Facilitic
HEAD OFFICE CITY OFFICE
模晶*
Anuradhapur. Registered by the Central Bank Bandara wela under section 2 of tho Finance Company Gärtpaha
At 7B. 1 Galle
 
 
 
 

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5,05 15 մ.5մ Mrs. YN. Peteral Deputy Chairman) 器 K Wilk, na rasah (Cons Lullant Director) 155835, 1523, A. M. Moragoda (Executive Director
274,823 13,53D TM Jaya singhe (ExecLitry Director) 2.3E#.D45 230,02, K. Salwi filhar
1E TEBEE Aller II:lle. M. Selvanath:n
229 2.252 R. D. Ċ, de Silwa 15.523 13.2262 Dr. L. R. LJ. Jayawardafta
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Page 5
Lessons of Terrorism: A
Indo-Sri Lanka
Mervyn de Silva
an exceptionally eventful fortnight, the commentator's first problem is the difficulty of picking the Inost significant - the results of Indias tenth general election, the after math of the Gandhi assassination, the still Ining suicide-bomber attack on the J.O. C. hors, the newly installed AIDMK administration in MadTas, Chief Minister Jaya la lithia's threat to wipe out the Tiger' mc nace, the EEC stai tement On the Gladstone affair. Where the EEC, an important dono T group,
said it found the expulsion unacceptable and the Sri Lanka Human rights situation
worrying or the IMF-World Bank's new delinds for faster Still Ctural adjustment.
While some of these news items, considered as part of a general trend merit attention, and indeed hawe becil discussed in Lihat fOTI 11 in recent issues of the L.G., one's initial reaction is to recognise El broad Indo-Sri Lanklin contex L. Tee Te li Ilks which 5:: Il t) be part of a larger pattern of interaction and shared significance. If this tentative reading is correct then we mily be entering al Inc w phase in Indo-Sri Lankan relations that would require revaluation and a necessary re-designing of that relationship. Certainly by Sri Lanka, the Inuch smaller and Weaker State.
The connections which one can spot at a first glance include the LTTE and te TTCorism, Tamilnadu and Sri Lanka, the Tamil na du government's at titude to the LTTE as distinct from its position on Tamil refugees and the question of Tamils in Sri Lanka’s North-East.
There are a150 some Other areas of common concern. Consi der the issue of Human Rights" and the role of the Army. Almost the same day that former National Security Minister Mr.
relation
Lalith Athli lithn strongly against Mfedicin SIII: FröyI (hic called the go w whitewash') : Black Cofficial II i I1 say about. El U.S. US lilitary trait Indian IMET) o human riglits per Calling it an "ul on the India. In a said India Iced from anybody or Immorality, civilis It was a brus se called A. Il ciri lity”
D () es this IIIe ; Ligh beseiged of declined lot followed by th the est while s that is alm st begging bowl, pr US ä Tid EEC Delhi decided cTeignty and f. dent foreign po ence of Iloil of the collaps. of Inom align me I pola T or mul! Lihat is the :ās conce I10-re tak Ild Te-define I rapidly changi I The Oppositi ti regrd Presi aggressive and dictate. Lo Siti Els so I much bil Some Oppositi war led of th; Eid-Treeze OT : cial policy in cha Inged. At however, Colc appear to be 0. length,
The explosic hqTs and Delh Airport a Të th organised terre by the select

A new
ship?
1 udali protested a Tellark of the liere spokesman er ninent's report | Senior South Delhi had this to decision to link ling program for fficer 5 to II dia’s formance, 1 Wa. Trall Inted Sllur" r IIly, the official not take lessons I human dignity, ed bchaviour etc. que diis IIImissal of :an ''conditional
all that India, tho 1 Ina ny fronts, is to take the path e Soviet Union, up CT power riwal holding out a ":lying for massive assistance? Has O protect its sow'llow an indepen licy path, the essignment, inspite I of the concept 1 t iIn :4 T1cW uIIni - ipolar world? If e, then India will e the initiative OD-align Ill cnt in a g World. 31 ha s prefcrred dent Prellä dsa's yers is tet "Don't Lanka” pos turc Iff a di blustcr. on Critics hawe danger of an cut-off if offi| pos turc a Te not least for now, [mbo and Dehli I the same wave
Ils at the JOC 's International : work of Wellrist groups which Com of sel sitiwe
targets are sendi Ing a simple political message : YOU ARE WU LNERABLE YOUR MOST TIGHTLY SECUREI), AND SENSITIVE BUILDINGS/INS
TALLATIONS etc. etc at NOT beyond our reach. While it is in conceivable that both operations were carried out by the same group, it is useful to recall that ea Tliet this y car, the Indian press, citing official sources, claimed that the LTTE had stablished links. With ULFA in Assam. There Were electi C1s in troubled Assam a Tid thc Congress Won most SElt5. However there were no polls in Punjab wheric over 20 candidates have been gunned down, It is the Sikh Imilitats who got to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's security staff and murdered her. Surely the Delhi airport outrage was the work of the Sikh terrorists, who fight for an independent KHALISTAN as fiercely as the 'Tigers' fight for EELAM.
Once again, a com I1 on threat should suggest closer coordination between Delhi and Colcomb C3. COLLInter-TeTToiTis II has bc.cn discuss cd in SAARC but
no agreement was reached, partly because India pursued its own line. The unstated
assumption always is that India is powerful enough to be selfreliant. Is it? The new Narasim gha Rad administration has some agonising re-appraisal awaiting its top policy-makers. India-Can-Go-It-Alone mentality needs change as much the 'Gang-up-against-the-Big Bully' line of thought in neighbouring capitals.
Meanwhile Ms. Jayalalitha, who abandoned her polls campaign in face of death threats, is evidently crafting a new
(Сол тілшегі ол раgғ 5)

Page 6
The Indian Elections an
Zeth Hussain
the after math of the Rajiv Gandhi assassination und the recent Indian elections, the situation looks distinctly favourable for Sri Lankal, at least in the short term. We cal Surely
expect strong Indian pressu Te on the LTTE to cngage in mea ning full negotiations with
the Sri Lanka Government.
The Indian authoritics are convinced that the LTTE arc responsible for the assassination, and Jayalalitha has been Convinced that she herself has been on the LTTE hit-list. The logical consequence of this, irrespective of the Indian judiciary's eventual decision on the assassination, should be the LTTE's ejection from India or the in
carceration of its members there. At the most a mere token presencic of the LTTE
and no more, in Tamil Nadu might be understandable. Jayala litha's latest statement, at the time of writing, is clear enough. The LTTE is to be rounded up and chucked out.
We cannot, however, be quite sure of this outcome because of Tamil Nadu's commitment to the Sri Lankan Tamils. The problem is that ejecting or totally incapacitating the LTTE might be seen as tanta mount to abando ning the Sri Lankan Tamils. It is very doubtful that the LTTE's rebellion can continue for long without access to the Tamil Nadu hinterland, and its military defeat will probably mean that there will he Ilo further acco modativeness on the part of the Sri Lankan
Government. A political settlement of a du Table order may Il tot be possible, For this realson, alba Indoning the LTTE might corne to be secn as abando ning the Sri Lankan Tamils. We cannot be quite
sure how far the AIADMK will go in actually punishing the LTTE.
There is no strength of the en IנitIIוחוחם ט
doubt i Ing the Tamil Nadu up to now. Since
4
1967 the DMK hawe alternatet Tamil Nadu, a have supported 11 PO WET, Ewe against the LT power. When power the LTT) lati Ils with K. to the extent Once rejected handsome dor LTTE BLlt is Ti a lidhi returne becarle buddies in power in M bę geel to be the LTTE bec; t{1kg. Cũ L1 f1.t {}f 3)t tחםנitIIנח III רוס Ta mills .
The crimit II Cv CT be el ä - has always stop Cf support for Of the reason f despite all the Of Tice, langua between thc Ta Naci Li and of S El TC not i deltica regarded a5 gr Collips in some : IW0 groups are their interests c tical at every
Further more, Indian border Nadu esche wedi Tamils were the to take to se the leadership Diltic Rail as war Independence da El C comodativenes; state prepared Anni d'Irai'5 a E the DMK's se par after the border there may be small separatist g Nadu, who are With the Naxali Nadu has by a Llp separatism. well support th the LTTE.
Thc Til III i Na has been linited tlnately strong c

NEWS BACKGROUND
d the Eelam Problem
ånd the AIA DMK in power in ind both partics the LTTE whic 1 if they were TF Willile LIt CF MGR was in E had hostile reEl Tunani dhi, even h: t Prabhakaran Kärt III a nid hi's 13tion for the S0-a) I ELS KFTud to power, they again. The party a dris could not antagonistic to Lise it had to the Tamil Nadu the Sri Lalkā. Ti
: Int has not, hoywtill one as it ped well short Separatism. Part I this is that * Commolalities ge, El Ild religion Illils of Tamil ri Lanka, they il, and can be distinct ethnic i GT1 ses. As these II ( It identical, al. It be iden
i Ilt. after the Sinoconflict Tani separatism. The : first in India aratism, und er of the charisy Naicker in preys. But Nehru's s or linguistic the way for and con ment of a tist programme conflict. Today four or five roups in Tamil il collaborati :e5, b) Lit Tal lil ld large given It call not very e separatism of
d 11 CC 11111 it ment l, but unfortTioլIgh to have
authorities
allowed the Tami Iilitants to break the law with shocking impunity. Particularly shocking Was What followed the bolub nutrage at Madras Airport which killed 29 in 1984. The suspects Who Were arrested were surprisingly allowed bail, which of course they proceeded to jump, More recently, the massacre of the EPRLF IIle II seen to havic been taken by the Tamil Nadu With light-hearted irresponsibility. A society which condones lawlessness to that cxtcIt is getting it drift from its In oral moorings, and a price has to bę paid for that It wa5 paid tragically by Rajiv Gandhi. Now the alternatives facing the
TNG overnment appear to be stark. It has to incapacitate the LTTE and having nothing more to do. With it, allowing the rebellion to collapse, or pressurizing it into meaningful
legítiltions.
In Delhi, the future of the III i nority Government is problematic. It can be stable in thc short term because the parliamentarian will not be in a hurry to face the hustings a gelin. But the horren dous probc.ms it will have to confront may make it unstable, Hild furthermore it may have to face di ST u ptiwe power Struggles from within the Congress ranks. For these reasons the Government could soon have so many preoccupations that it may not be able to concentrale sufficiently, Or El Ct decisiv cly enough, on the Sri Lankan problem, However, the motivation to help solve our problem should be strong because Rajiv Gandhi failed so disastrously over it.
The new Government may not in sist on the letter of the Peace Accords. The one-sided CCbInstralints on o Lur foreign relations Imake the Sri Lankans bristle.
A substiture Friendship Treaty, the draft of which has already proved to be prohlenaric, may Flot be le best Hay of Sur.

Page 7
touriting the problem. Instead, why Trof a reversion to the lurstated premise on which we had
excellerit relations with India Lup to 1977, which was a Sri Lanka carrior by itself pose ary security threat so India II could do so only hy getting together Hvith ar ex ferrial po Hver? A corviri cirug case for this could be developed, if it is argued filly and in depth.
A great deal will depend of course on the quality of the Congress leadership. Contrary to the usual assumptions, it might help if the leader is not a great or redoubtable personage. We Illust remember that after many years we succeedcd in coming to terms on the estate Tamils with the unassuming Lal Bahadur Shastri, Whom we must recognize from a Sri Lankan perspective as one of the finer Sons Of India. The image of Narasimha Rao seems to be a reassuring one, more particularly as he has consider
able cxpertise in handling foreign relations.
FT the first tille II dil is
having a Tamil-spčaking Dravidialını a5 lits, lead Cr il Delhi, Would it be too famci sul to hope for something like a new outlook, Imaybc sonnething qualitively different, from the leadership, or will it be more or less the mix 5 bcf Core? Wc hawe in mind Delhi's rather undemocratic behaviour towa Tds the statics, and som c times a heavy
hand cdness in dealing With some neighbours. Today Delhi has to deploy 400,000 troops
to contain Kashmir, which per
haps may not have become necessary if democratic norms had been observed by Delhi.
Kashmiri nationalism lost steam after the break-up of Pakistan, and it bicca me possiblic for Delhi to Teach acco modation With Sheik Abdullah in 1975. But in the next decade the deImocratically elected, and popular, government of Far ook Abdullah was dismissed with a show of Delhi's might which caused outrage all over India. It is arguable that there has been a failure in integrating Kashmir
into the India of D clhi's heav thc perception all of India's well, Delhi, tended to be handed.
Onc wonders , been sole ki II conditioning b According to R History of II Indo-Gangetic more easily ti kingdoms that peninsula which smaller regions pli teaux, a II di ri haps India's le Hindi belt we burden of Indi; ness, and may le:ld er in Delh flexible in deali ka's problein W with the Tamil
According to the Congress G collapse in ab years, after whi come to pow cr. formance i II E Pradesh, the cc Indian politics pointer to the Te: SOn to belie mily Come to s state of Eclan. of opportunitie Coming up to I tical settle Incint problem.
It III ay be tb. already been u sure fr0IIn the ties, and hence wer Road, Whi wed by further cicle bomber s t conditions foT J11 crit. The L] appeared to w; than Eelam, n they ca. Il gali El their struggle,
A final pol has to depend acco modative Ili Lalkali G (We'll

| union because "-handedness. III of practically neighbours as 1 El 5 SOTleti Illes rather heavy
"het het there has of historical hind all this omila Thapar's | dia the wast lain lent itsclif ) large unitary the sou the Tin was cut up into by mountains, ver walleys. Perders from the 'e carrying the L's historic greatbe a Dravidian i might be more ng with Sri Lanhile being firm
militants.
some analysts QVer Ilment could out a couple of ch the BJP will Its stunning per
iha T and UttHT ntre of gravity of is taken as a
fulltu Te. There is W hält the BJP upport a separate We have to avail S that may be cach a final poliDVer the Eelam
at thic LTTE hä5 nder serious pres
In d ii m a' Luthorithe bollb) EA L Floch may be follo
exploits of suidestroy the prea political settle"TE, which has nt t10thiTıg less ay believe that
by pro tracting
tical settlement partly on the Ss (of the Sri
ment, particularly
On the question of devolution which has to be understood as not just decentralization. It may not be impossible to be acco Tinoda tiwe because President Premadasa has only recently won a mini-gener Ell election the lcgitimacy of which is not questioned even by the opposition parti: s.
Lessons of . . .
ΥΟ απ τιπίκεί απI Pagε ά
policy on the Sri Lankan Tamil issue. She has publicly recognised thic de-stabilising effect that the LTTE presence in Tamilliadu ha5 had on Social and political life in Madras, its environs and on large parts of the Tamilnadu coast. Mr. Lalith Ath Ll llith Timu Idali ti : former National Security Minister has said that Rajiv Gandhi may not have died if Mrs. Indira Gandhi had accept cd the Sri Lankan proposal for joint patrolling of the Plk Straits. Yes, clust surveilla Ince of the Straits Will Tlake things I more di Lufficult foT gul II-running etc. But the probleII has bicicle far Timore Of :ı meliace to Sri La Luka aid Tamilnadu thall it was in 198586. Effective Security a Trangements can bc introduced only if there is the political will to
combat the terrorist menace.
As for ST i Lankal, a COTTmonplace observation should
surely be accepted by us now. If the JOC hors and its environs can be reduced to rubble, and the scene after the explosion reminds one of a small part of a residential district after an air raid, tightened security is by itself no complete answer. How long can we evade the stark truth?..... There is no military solution; пot any штоге, нпy way.
A part from a n attitudinal change by people and opinionImakers, there nust now be a restructured Indo-Sri Lankan relationship.

Page 8
Was it an TTE suicide
A. S. Fernando
he occupants of the vehicle
that is suspected to have carried the powerful bomb that exploded at Sir Ernest de Silva M11 wat hi had ea Tlier triedi t.) gain access into the JOC premises, according to eye-Witnesses.
They are now thought to have been all LTTE suicide squad. They had been seen spea
king to the security guards at the Sir Ernest de Silva Mal Wiltha ent Tance at JOC headquarteTs - Ittri we centre of the coll milltry's security operations.
The blast lateT. It է նiltlings Wellicles.
occuTTed III i Inutes 51ätterci Liver 2) and sic veral passing The e Ilire i Suicide
squad and the at the JOC eitrl to have been ki
Millister Lilith whom this Tepo|| scene, said he Lllflit 13 no Of t tending the thr close by - Thur Lādie 5" — wis 5 by the blast,
“I was away came rushing h; I heard of the said.
Minister Ath heard telling t", respondents whic hii il at thc 5 CET high time the S Illa de la ca) Incic
Abortive Rajiv Talks; Li
Jon Swain
ri Lankan police believe they
have made a breakthrough in the hunt for Rajiv Gandhi's assassins by identifying the myterious suicide bomber who killed the former Indian prine Iministe aldi 15 con look.cnrs.
They suspect that the Woman, whose photograph was taken In oments beforc the explosion, was an un married Tamil militant in heT I mid-thirties called Jayanthi. She was from Sri Lanka's northern Jaffna peninsula. They say Jayanthi was a hardcore ILmember - of the Liberation Tigers of Ta Inil Eelam - the Tamil Tigers - the most Fına ticill of Sti La Tıka's militant groups. Suspicion focused On the Tigers after the attack, but until now there has been no evidence.
The Sri Lankans also believe they have found a motive for the killing: the failure of sec
ret talks three in Ontas ago when Gandhi met two Tamil emissa Ties. The Tamils We Te
trying to rebuild bridges with
Gandhi aster bitt ETTE35.
Gandhi died
Tamil Nadu, Tail state, Wh in parliamentar explosion Was
woma. Tl with pl strapped to her
Indian polic Tigers are resp if their Willi
terrori 5 m in H independent he Sri Li Tika I eWi last week to W of India's Cent vestigation.
In the early 'S SETT ELS E Tal IImiils, pro wid training for Ili ern India. He cal of thic ST i Ilment B ut a | prime minister, än acco Td with government des peace to the giving the Tam sider ble lutIC independence.

squado
security gula Tds Il ce tire thought | led.
Athulath mudali, rter let at the 1:1d been assured he children atee big schools stan, Royal and eriously affected
in Kalutara and IĘ 3 SO IL ES explosion', he
lathrmudali was Wo foreign cThad spoken to le, that it was AARC coultries rLe li effort to
TE Motive?
many years of
on May 21 in India's south CTI ille campaigning y elections. The triggered by a lastic explosives
back.
i.e. believe the | 15 ibile becillusc Ing Thess t0 llise
struggle for altı I meland. The derice: was giyen ijay Karan, chief a bureau of in
1980s, Gandhi friend of the ing ar II1S and lita Ints in 50 lithwas also critiLank:1 n. g. "Er Ilter he beca Tc Gandhi signed the Sri Lankan iglled to bring country. While il m in tirity to niny, it denied
NEWS BACKGROUND
banish terrorismo from thcir
region for good.
"Some See 11 to Collfuse terrorism with fighting for humal n rights. Now, see, many civilians appear to have been killed or maimed in this explosion. Don’t these victims hawe huillan rights? So is it correct to cquate terrorist acts with fighting for human rights?" he asked,
Minister John E. A. m. crat LI Inge St. Minister A. J. RääSight, SLFP national GTganiser AThura
Bandaranaj ke and Additional Director General of Essential Services, Charitha Ratwa Ltc., were among those present at the scene when this reporter Wisited it,
The Tigers rejected the agreercInt and IL1di:ı 5 cInt 100,0))] troops, who soon became bogged down in a bloody war. The Indians were finally forced to withdraw, leaving a legacy of hatred.
Early in March this year, two
Tali mill envoys werc scent to Delhi to give Gandhi a letter from Welu pillai Prabhakran,
the Tigers' commander-in-chief. One emissary was Kasianandan, the Tigers, main representative in southern India. The other was Nadesan Satyendra. Both were from Madras, capital of Tatil Nadu state, near where Gandhi Was killed.
The Sri Lankan security serwices Said IP Tablığı karanı believed Gandhi would be returned to power and Wanted to restore relations. But Gandhi in Sisted the Tigers renounce extremist lethods and abide by the Indo-Sri Lankan peace accord, The Sri Lankans believe the Tigers were so angered they hatched the murder plot,

Page 9
Civil Rights Movement's statem
Kokadichcholai Massa Cre
The Civil Rights Movement "CRM, while of Sri Lanka is appalled at swift initial re.
What has been officially described as the gruesome killing of a large number of innocent civilians in the Kokaldichch Clai area of the eastern province.
* This appears to have been the result of the armed forces going on a retaliatory rampage after the killing of three of their Ilul Timber il al 11 di Illine blast. Whereas army sources are reported to place civilian deaths at 52, members of parlia IIIme Int of the area - rcport the death toll at over 150, and also that a large number of house hawe been destroyed. The press further reports that hundreds of civilians are fleeing from their holes in the area.
government to seriously, promi: dent inquiry, a Teljef to the i II rea Wed, stresses
of these l:Sl mented quickly
'It is () stress ance of givin organisations sli Sa Ils Fr{jIlticrc: tional Committe Cross, and the
issil foi ref demonstrated th to serve the peo try at the risk lives, all facilit tiom tio performo itarian Work ef
Education Minister Laith Athli lath mudali said he was shocked to read in the press that the leader of the MSF (the French salukyadana outfit operating in the northern war zone) in Sri Lanka had thought it fit to say that the report of the commission appointed to inquire into the Shooting incidet ir Which MSF per 50 mnel were injured Was a "white Wash'. The Tinister said that he took strong objection to the judicial process in Sri Lanka bGing Conriamned in this malar.
Could a Sri Lankan go to another country and call a Commission of Inquiry report a 'White Wash", the minister Baid.
Mr Dilesh Guna Wardena (MEP Colombo District) said that tra de unions had been banned under the State of Emergency and Workers rights were being stuppressed. He said that the Emil Berge C'y
IN PARLAMENT
should be lifted NOrt ad East, required.
Thg MP saic. number of yout detained without ged; they sho Luli to trial T TE EIE
Mr W. H. (SLMC Digamad said that hundre had been killed i Saddam Husseir Era WurT Akkara i ad Kini yä. ML come ""politi Cal result of the Ind rd, he said; the Muslims in the wince had been 17 per cent afti
Thousands Were i dri Wen (Out Mannar too, th And every da twenty five Sini were being kille he said.
Y FF FFF

ent of
Welco Illing the
sponse of the Elke the Imatter se al indepen
ld order quick jured and bethe importa Ice Les been i 11 ple:- and effectively.
ies thic iIin portg humanitarian chı 5 Medicis s, the Interna
!e of the Red UN high comluge cs, who hawe
ei com IIlittilent ple of our counof their own ies and protecI their humanfectively.
except in the Where it "WES
| that a ІагgЕ 15 were b Ping I being Chard be brought Stad.
MI. Ash raff ulla District) ls Of MusliT1S n Kattan kudy, village in pattu, Muttur slims had beslaves" as a ) Lanka a CCOO - | 33 per cent EastEarn por COreduced to er the Accord.
of muslims of Jaffna and he MP said. y twenty to halese soldiers by terrorists,
Page )
NEWS BACKGROUND
CRM futher emphasises the importance of looking into til: underlying reason and causes for such events, which have taken place right from the beginning of the escalation f violence in our country in the early 1980s. There is no doubt that the resort to retaliatory violence by the forces of the state, whatever the provocation from cruel and extremist OPP sition violence, whether this be in the north or the south, only makes more inexÓTable - thio spiral of violencc from which we must extricate ourselves if we are to lay the foundations for a peaceful and democratic society in which people of all communities are secure.'.
LETTER Whither Etymology
Tamil being my na tiWe tongue, I wish to acknowledge hill I goofed in not differentiating Between wither' and "Whither ( LG, May I5 y. I should Say that I also underestimated YÖlır. P*T- chant for bringing archaic words back into popular currency. T satisfy my curiosity I checked the una bridged (Dyfford English
Dictionary (Oxford University Press; 1987, Compact Edition, volume 2). You have stated in
your 'note' to my letter, only one interpretation of whither; "To what place?". In p. 3767; just above this meaning, it is also stated, “Now, in all ser ses, only archaic or literary". The first set of definitions given for whither' in the same page states, "a violent or impetuous movement, a rush; a blast cor gust of wind; a quiwering imov Cment, a tremble; a rushing or Whizzing sound; fig an access or attack of illness'.
I felt comfortable that the usage, "an access of attack of illness" does not differ much in context of what I have misinterpreted for wither' in - levance to parliamentary deILOCTACY.
Sachi Sri Kalth a
Note by Editor:
FFT her 5 richf Sri KTFishroo நீrfied III

Page 10
ASSASSINATION PROBE
Fitting the Piec
Shekhar Gupta with Anand Viswanathan and Kavitha Shety
in the history of the subconti Il cint has Ilmu Thuilt of such magnitude been launched. Nearly 200 of India's best detectives, faren sic and explosiwcs experts have been working 20hour days, for weeks, to solve one of the most conplex Ilmu Tder jigsaws in recent decades.
With the claws of the conspiracy spread across international waters, clucs hawe not come by easily - the CB1 even approached Interpol for help in the investigation - lea di Ing to Widespread speculation in the media, which either caused confusion or fouled up progress through premature leaks. Muddying the wat Crs further, politicians have been flinging wild accusations and heaping blame on all kinds of groups - from Israel's Mossaid to the CIA, the DMK. End the BJP.
Yet behind the commotion, the Special Investigation Team sct up by the CBI was cingaged in chasing up hundreds of leads every day. The progress has been slow. But last fortnight, as wital clues surfaced in Madras, Colombo and Vavuniya (in northern Sri Lanka), the Incedle of suspicion seemed to point firmly to Jaffna, confirming the handiWork of the LTTE. The crime displayed the hallmarks of an LTTE operation: a suicide squad and cutouts to wipe out the trails. The killings of Mahatma Gandhi and Mrs Gandhi were comparatively simpler as the police got at cast one conspirator alive.
INWESTIGATION Identification by Elininntion
Malligai. The stately building on Green Ways Road in south Madras is the hub of the manhunt. Everything about Case No. 32.9/91 registered at "Sriperumbullder is un precedented:
8
the manner of k. offered aid t and quality of th
So is the Int gation, the life are thc thrce that keep buzzi officials. In an 83 839227 througho day brings in calls. Eight hu south of Madr another half : lines arc IIlan Lied a crity. Every a fraction of a evidence, has S tional director staying in Roc Samudra hotel, : despite his brok
In this game, being given, in At India's behe dozen Illen fro Liberation Orga Eelam (PLOTE) Maldives for ill attempted coup la5t Week, ariTmi Torthl-cast Sri 40-odd a TI med hunt for clues and EPRLF, or Separatist Orga reas 01 to halte L all but wiped fratricidal battli
The business
quite the Way in thrillers. S is Per Ty Mason ching this the
an investigator. followed up as By nightfall, 9 routinely elimir was enough si investigations fc. to cautiously de announce somet your fingers cr

SS
Illing, the reward he composition C: tCäl rT1 ä 5 se1 blgid"
:thod of investi-blood of which
telephone lines Ilg. A do zcn (CIB 90 (57, 839 OO and but the days. Each about a hundred ndred kilometres El 5, in Colombo
dozen telephone
With the same a 1
lew lead. "'even Пm ili Iletire" U K, Dutta, a ddiof the CBI.
In 1759 i at y Taj
i pring in to action :C) Enkle.
To quarters are
holds barred. st, nearly three in the People's
lisation of Tail | jailed in the Wolve I let in tic Wêre Tcleased di E. Il 5 e It o Lankal t} join EPTRILF me1 t
Both PLOTE CC Strong Tamil ni 5ih tins, hawe he LTTE, which the in out in
器。
is boring, not Times are solved 1 CC T O Ille of LL5 A : I Alppir 0:1- ard way', says Each call is 1 pc Lential lead, per cent are ited. But there St. C in El
a Llit) p (official late: “We may ing soon. Keep ssed.'
'ONE-EYED JACK'' The First Breakthrough
As often happens in complicated crimes, the first real breakthrough scems to be coming from a lead which was initially ignored as being of no consequence. When the investigators released the first pictures of the alleged assassin -- the woman carrying the bomb, flanked by Latha Kan nan and her daughter Kokila, both Congress workers - they had deliberately cut out of the fra me the shari, Stocky, bespectacled and kurta-pyjamaclad man sporting a gold chain and a writing pad. It was only later, when the investigators realised he wasn't a journalist, that the picture was given a closer scrutiny. En largements of small sections of the kurta, using specialised cameras, showed a tell-tale bulge, indicating that he too was Wearing something, presumably another beltbomb, on his body.
Soon a lowly LTTE functionary, Who Was on a routine 5 Lipply run to the Tamil Nadu Coast, and picked up near Nagapattinam, identified the fourth man as a key LTTE operative. He was known as One-Eyed Jack as one of his eyes, damaged in an explosion, had been replaced With a glass prosthesis.
Immediately there was a puzz among the Culombo-based antiLTTE Tamil circles as well. Sithar than, chief of the political wing of PLOTE, confirmed that one of his aides, Babu, who had been in the IPKF's custody in Vavuniya, remembered Seeing al Cone-eyed man fitting the description in the CampBabu, however, told INDIATO. DAY in Colombo that he had heard the man had died while leading an LTTE attack. But

Page 11
information ca Ille il froIII i elsewhere as well and the investigators see III led reasinably com - wiced that the fourth in all was none other than Raghill appa alias Mathi Inagan. It is still unclear which one is the real lane and which one the Flori de guerre, the warrior's pseudonym. But He is believ çd to hawe hald H. hand in the killing of EPRLF's K. Padmanabha in Madras and was thought to bc planning to kill Per Lillal, the EPRLF chief currently hiding in the Encymity of Da Indiaka Tanya for Tests in Madhya Pradesh.
But the lead could dry up. Wat if the Imil hag Telched Jaffna, taking advantage of the first 48 hours of confusion' The configit is legs thain a six-lh (i lir drive from Srip crumbudur and the Tigers' speed boats could zip him to Jaffilia and safety in le 55 than two hours, Knowing that he is one of the very few Survivors able to LlIlravel what could otherwise prove to be a II cterial mystery, the LTTE will liquida te him. Such is the CBI’s dcsperation that K, KELT thikeyan, the inspector general heading the team, even offered to go to Jaflina himself to pursue the lead, only to be told by the Sri Lankan authorities that they did not wish to be 'an accessory to his Turder'.
GIRL ON THE BICYCLE
The Key to the Mystery With only a dismembered head
and three limbs to work on, the investigators hawe hild a hard Line trying to identify
the woman who combined Kamikaze motivation with a highle vel of training. But this piece of the puzzle also scells to be falling into place. Sorine IIleibers of PLOTE, including a mother and her daughter once picked up by the LTTE claiil that they were in terrogated i II WawuIniya by the Willa Il fitting the description of the human bomb, Other operatives from the EPRLF and PILOTE have also confirmcd that i slie was seel il Wawili Iliya, riding a bicycle, the name Nalayani emblazoned on its mudguard. Other names thrown up in the investigation are Sha
liLıi, Sh alJ0 a D14 could all be ps was helic cod to of the LTTE's called Shadow.
III mediately Were Scouting graphs of the wing, released propaganda. Il LC Els thos C il PC IPKF. For en sic experts picked the minutest pi in belt Wei cuum-Cleaning pieced together its front, inclu detta ta' T. WiTec wiTe con lccting gle-type twins' pellets were ap from H h, Tidwi, tified als those paints.
The absence the head Was these had been the post-nort are part of the The hirudi that
dead w III1 a III’s not in the pii lutes becfc3 Te tE: bei to a diffe gle. Another the bag seen shoulder before hanging from body, indicatir given it to he a degree of fa
Given the ( diately after t is fortunate th her body are good shape. Ti becn stuffed it and left in a Inorgue with in cluks of iCC t A few morc F the body wo completely, W traces of Walua
At Mad Tais den tal surgeons her age to be Hic: left Flaid the entire pal printed... But mot hald II ulich finger-print

Thanu which seudonymis. She
be a IneInber suicide wing
the investigators .ht group photoLTTE wyo I e I’S by the Tigers' hinery, as well issession if the and explosives up hundreds of eces of her dca Week-long Walof the site and almost all of di Ing the white and the elcictric ; it t cb th1": togwitch. The steel parently bought Te stre — idenused to grind
if ear-Tings from O Tilly SteTy || 35 Terimo ved du Ting el and To W : case property. is see in thic forehead but cture take Ih IiiLe blast is a SCTi
Tէ:T11 Լ:1||1:Til tl11= discovery is thilt slung on her the blast, is seen Lälha. Käl 15 Ig that she had r tl1115 5 uggesting
milia Tity.
:: Il fusio II i Ilmele blast, the CBI at the pieces of still in fairly İı itially thcy lıad 1to a gun my baց cIII cI of the othing but a few how owct the Ill. 1ours" delay and LIld halvc. Totten wiping out any
ble evidiece.
Medical College, have established 25 years. Since has been found, m hls been flIlgerinvestigators halve luck With the records of Sri
Lankan Tamil militants pre pared in 1986 when MGR had
decided to arrest them in a SWOOp.
THE FREE-LANCE PHOTOGRAPHER
An expendable cut-out Three weeks ago this little, Tudo WL) house il thic Madra 5 suburb of West Saidapict was just another nondescript dwell
ling. Few people trod thic rocky
il clic that let to the house from the road. Today, this house is the focus of World
media attention. Every Saidapet urch in knows Haribabu's house. In a room on a shelf is a fra II led photograph of Haribubu facing a colour photograph of Rajiv. Haribubu, 23, who said he'd be a famous photographer one day, became famous all right if only in death The sequence of cight pictures from his Pentex, borrowed from a photographer called Ravi Shankar, who is now being
interrogatcd by the CBI, giving the only lead to the assassins My Babu was innocent, some
people have led him into this." says his mother, Rukmini.
Investigators think she may be both right and wrong. Haribabu, they say, was definitely Imixed up with LTTE types'. It is possible that he was unaware of the intentions of his LTTE accomplices but the more acceptable theory now is that hic was äIl fictive accomplice and perhaps could not get away in time. It is clear that he was closely associated with S.
Bhagyainathan, the printing press owner arrested as one of the alleged conspirators. But
why take pictures that provide such v ital 1 c vidence to the SITT? Whatever thc Teason, the provide Il till 511 Tvival of his ca II era was a godsend for the SITparticularly as the video of the last Iloil. Its did not reveal much.
The SIT sources say that With the new discoveries it is possible to make a reas CoIn4 ble reconstruction of the crime. Thc kur talpyjima-clad man used Haribabu as his cover while the Wonal assassin exploited her proxility

Page 12
to Latha Kan nan and hicr daughter -known to local Congrc55 men - to break the inner cordon. If the security cordon had been na intained as it should hawe bcen, the bomb would never have got past a metal detector. The major mystery now is the LTTES Inotive, particulary after reports that it had re-established links with Rajiv,
KASI ANANDHAN Peace Inessenger or red her ring?
In the Sri Lankan Tamil Circles Kasi Ánandhan was never taken seriously as a political figure. A former member of the TULF and now on the LTTE'S central committee, he was famous for what he did best: writting rabble-rousing poetry. An example is the expression Italian - Parsi Killing Force for the IPKF.
It was a bit surprisi Ing for a key member of the family owning The Hindu group of newspapers that Anandhan ca ile for Ward, seeking help to meet Indian political leaders, on behalf of the LTTE to rebuild bridges with India. Rajiv readily agreed. I. K. Gujral refused to meet him. His attempts to approach ho BJP On the pretext that Hindu temples were being demo. lished by the Sri Lankar Агппу Jasna too were discouraged. He only met Rajiv on March
The Conspiracy
5. What trans Versial.
The pro-LTT Rajiv was symp; his "*" fraternal Welu pillai Pirab cd him to conti Since the meeti well, could th killed hill Co say it is more explained the II his party in its the Tamils sho to live within With great auton g0 WCTI ment sp that their depu si Ille T itu new Raji w at a fun 10 and, talking Wijeratine's assa said it id of the LTTE erous bunch () d=puty high cũi off a cable to F Berld Tik (cable no. 222 TecnuTiting the the Ineeting har so Well, would Such words foi especially while Lankan diploma LTTE'S M Eye on th Indial the Sri LHTıkarı
that the Anant a red herring. E
in Wes
Startling Breakthrough
Anirшdhya ПЛitra
P:o of the complex jigsaw began falling into place With the a Trest of S. Bhagyana ihan, 25, owner of a ртіпting press called BPL AIrjud Stationer5, Le Lters, Press and Binis and his nother Padma, 49, in Madras. They were charged With harbouring the key cons. pirators, including the human bomb, now identified as Shalini alias Shalu alias Thanu, member of the LTTE suicide squad Shadow.
O
Detectives say accomplices ha fied: Thanu and ja Tia-clad man to have the alia Haribabu Nair Bhagyanathan, P Others.
The breakthro Ravi Shankar, photographer fro babu is said to the ca Imera, reve that Shudham P

ired is contro
E wie W is that athletic, conveyed greetings to ha karan and asIllie his struggle, Ilg Went off as e LTTE Häyc IlgTess (I) Sourcts likely that Rajiv osition taken by - Ilin ä llnifesto, 1 Hat uld be prepared Sri Laikal built Comy. Sri Lankan kE: ST1:ll assert ly high colm is Delhi Tl into ction on March about Ranjan issination, Rajiv e the hEi ndiwork who are a teachf people". The 11 mission er 5 hot ereign Secretary נוhונח טCol) חו סוחI of March 10) CCIlWCT5ation. IT indeed gone Rajiv have used I the LTTE, talking to a
OTWIES e future
itigators share (fficals" wiew han wis it was artly to throw
Rajiv off-guard and partly to secure plausible deniability after the assassination. If the LTTE was indeed behind the killing, thic truth may not even be known to Anandhan himself as he too may hawe been uscid as a cut-out genuinely believing that he was on a peace mission to build bridges, assuining that Rajiv would be returning to power after the elections.
Analysts, including Sri Lankan Tamils, say the LTTE could have a twin motive. One, that Prabahakaran had felt humiliated when Rajiv invited him to Delhi in 1987, and put him virtually under house arrest un til he signed the peace accord' 'He has to be taught a lesson." he is believed to have told an associate. More pressing than Weigence, however, could be the LTTE idcologues' calculation that Eelam would not be possible as tong as India stayed united, Rajiv Gandhi have seemed to them the only leader With a trans-Windhyas appeal, capable of keeping the south and the north of India together, and thus a long-term impediIl cint to Eelami. Hi5 absencic could help thern exploit ethnic sympathies in Tamil Nadlı II. The short-term damage-loss of sympathy would then be more than offset by the long-term gains from the assassination, thus Sealing Rajiv's fate.
ΥΝ Γ. ΙΑ ΤΟ ΠΑ Υ)
at least nine ve been identi
the kurta-pyIOW also known s of Siva Tasan, i and Subha, adma and two
1gh came whicn the freelance In whom Harihave borrowed a led to the CBI 10 to Agency in
Madras was the hub of LTTE activity in Madras.
By grilling Shubha Sunda Tam the agency proprietor, detectives werc able to reach Bhagyana than. It was discovered that the press owned by Bhagyanathan was actually LIndet berlarii owTiership, the real proprietor being Balasubrama niam alias Baby, a
close aide or Pirabhakaran. Not surprisingly it was printing LTTE literature. The de
tectives also established that: ரோ: த ர:12)

Page 13
. TTE
Cyanide Warrior
his Tiger got his first taste
of blood at the age of 19. On July 27, 1973 Welupillai Pirabhakaran levelled his gun at A. Duraiappa, the Tamil mayor of Jaffna and shot to kill, beginning one of the most remark. able careers in the internation ol history of guerrilla warfare. This iced to the evolution of a militant organisation whose 10,000 odd armed members swear loyalty to none else than their commander, a Wisc old veteran at 37, and prefer to SWallow cyanide rather than be taken captive.
Born in a fisherman's family of the backward Karliva Tar Caste im Welvettitlul Talli, "Widely kl 01 WD as the smugglers' village in Jaffna peninsula, Pirabhakaran Was brought up on a steady dose of stories about the glory of Tamil history and so impressed was he, that later he often compared himself to the legendary Chila king, Karikalan. At 16, he dropped out of school to launch his Tamil New Tigers (TNT). The Choice Cf that a CT II y IL1 was to prove prophetic as the Tigers griew to become the most consummatc explosives experts in the shadowy world of international tcrroris II).
Fr TNT LQ RDX ha 5 beel a chequered history for the
Tigers. In the quest for supreInacy that began nearly eight years ago, Pirabhakaran's Imen
have devoured the frontline leadership of all the other major Tamil guerrilla groups (0 cinerge the unchallenged rulers of the Jaffna peninsula barring a few enclaves that still remain under thic Sri Lankan Artiny.
The Tigers' high Inotivation is baffling, since the Ill ovement lacks religious or idcological content. In fact much of the initial inspiration for separatism came from Christian pastors in a Hindu majority ethnic group"
On ideology, Tan began a s leftis an amazingly dcxterity, FCTII du fic II Ce Illiniste 1ğıllııılı dili, wlı ( wa I aga inst Lhe it to Pirabhak: articulation of (We are Tamil) His personal ch tique has convi thic ultimat! Felil II.
Pirabhaka. TäII yolung, predom 12-13 Tange. T already a Wa Te C the atrocities soldiers. Traini an oath of per PiTabhakat I til 4. cyanide capsuli guerrilla. In h credo of the P i 5 mot death — CIT to be death-andtbrce III this : boy 5 TaII1m ed with explosive: Lankan ATImy kulam, pawing total Tiger wi suicide attack 1984 when gue laded with E into the Ch:1 5 tätiðI I ET Jä.
Pirablı akaralı city shy and h up to research But supposedl the cyanide cu Siwa klina Tain, Ec Livist, becil II Swallow poiso I arrested. Glor. became the LT n On, builul טth to the cadres attitude to de: or their OWI),
The 3,000-stri is cquially m in close colm

S
lil groups which ts, hawe show practical ambi1cr Sri Lanka. Il Ir Laillith. Athluled a bloody
LTTE, Escribes da Il 5 effcctive Naargal Terrilar
kind of pride. arisma and mysinced cadres of inevitability of
picks his recruits inantly in the hese children arc if hardship and of Sri La Ilıkalı ng completed by sonal loyalty to ld the gift of a
to the ICW is behalf. The irabhakara, 1 CL1lt -glory. It Seers
-glory. Lcss tha T1 go some LTTE a truck loaded ill to the Sri camp at Manthe way to a ctory. The first was reported in frillas in a jeep xplosives drove Takacheri police ffna, killing 29.
has been publilas rarely opened :rs or journalists. y he opted for IL in 1974 when a young Tamil lic the first to rather than be ification of death TTE’S CTC) TIL ing up today in' rath eT c::ıslual Lth - the en c: my’s
ng Women's wing otivated. Skilled bat, they form a
part of the LTTE's suicide squad, the Black Tigers. Adele Balasingham, 41, the Australian wife of LTTE ideologue Anton, is Lluc uofficial head of the Women'c Wing. She also edits
the official LTTE organ, Voice
of Tigers.
The LTTE works in tight
horizontal compartments with
very few veritical links and thus little is known about its structure and operations. The fact that almost all its senior leaders including Pirabhaka Tarı hail from Wellwettit hurai has led to the group being branded as a "mafia' set-up by rivals,
Though the LTTE has a central committee, Pirabha karan depends largely on a Small group of close associates for consultation. Some of these associates like "Baby'' Subramanian, who is the rebels' main emissary in Tamil Nadu, have made valuable contacts with groups like the chauvinistic Dravid ar Kazhagam, are hardly known outside. Dissent is silenced brutally, often with a bullet in the head. It is said to hawe recently killed "Senkathir', a central committee member.
The
froll rackets,
y Tor arms Comesשחסm drug smuggling, ha vala
extortions and donations from expatriate Tamils, The LTTE is ewe knoWI1 to run a heriami shipping line with at least three fair-sized ships. Arms are often bought in Europe, through Taiwan or HongKong-based traders, then shipped to Singapore where bills of loading and containers arc changed and are then transferred to smaller boats on high seas near Sri Lanka.
Investigations conducted by Interpol last year revealed that 80 per cent of the Sri Lankan nationals sent to jail abroad for drug-trafficking arc reported
11

Page 14
to be Tamils. The Hashingtor. Post and Bogota’s Spanish pa per El-Tierr po first busted the Tigers' links with Colombia's Do torious Mcdellin Cartell. In return for helping the cartel by pushing dope in Europe, the LTTE's illen were to be trained at a millitary tactics school in Antigua, in the Caribbean. The
trainer was none else than a retired Israeli Army Colonel Yayir Klein. In By Way of
Deception, Mossad renegade Wicto Ostrovsky has admitted to the Israelis training both the Sri Lankan security forces and the Tigers. According to hill, deadly use of land mines was taught to the Tigers by the Israelis.
In the peniusula the Tigers collect taxes as any government would. The also
TElise Tij Illy by running the most elaborate hava la racket. A majority of
thic lakhs of Sri Lankan Talhills spread the World over prefer to send money through LTTE contacts. The LTTE keep the foreign exchange, delivering the equivalent in rupees back home. Lately there have also been complaints of extortion from expatriate Tamils. Last year the Danish police unearthed an extortion campaign in which lakhs of dollars were collected from terrified Tamils by the LTTE men operating from the the Danish to w II of Stul Ter, Billit as a rival group leader admitted grudgingly: "Organisationally, they are clean. No drinking, no smoking no Woma nising
and Inc) embe77, le ment. You dewiate, you die.”
At quite another level, the
cult of the Tigers would never come into being but for the insensitivity and atrocities of an utterly Tacist Colombo Govern
In ent, For Tore thal a dicca de no W, Sri Lankan forces hawe behalwedd like a molb. The har -
ass ment of the population peaked this year with the Government's imposition of an economic blokcade of the peninsula. Petrol cul products, batterics, candles, electricity, medicines - even sa nitary napki — ar c not allowed in thc
12
region in the the Tamils' wil in only througl bicycle-born c the Sinhala ma Inen from th Last week, pe at Rs 800 per To hili miliate | Sri Lank: Hill. Ail
linell y rained huntill I excreta ma de Y-12 tr
o weT Jal Tmii, N is no de Firth O' the Talks of the to be the only Tallils.
But now, the differet chal || 1:1 of stri fe have per cent of all lation in the pc ei ther for IIndi I thic West. running Out of desperate for th fish watching w their pond,' based analyst. trying to thwa So The times by f simply by put 'foreign travel little succe:55,
Colwchtional suggest that til see thic inevitab ment and IIlow: no, the LTTE an internal di compromise. E is such talk pr "* Did so II many 1 T1 mi|5 die in Wi is an organisat to death.
Also to its belic f that Eela just a matter else would expla gräve answer to ion on Way t contin uning t() caused such har TäIIlils. He sai thinking about now. We are next generation
(IN DYA I

ugope of breaking |
I.
El ST Ligglers fT1 inland and boat: Indian coast. trol was selling
1itre in the Ti mils,
force barrels full of fra il ChincseEl 15 port å ircraft Wyo I det there: f new recruits to LTTE perceived 5:1vinur rif the
1.
LTTE få ces a ge. Two decade 5 forced nearly 40 the Tamil popuninsula to leave, a, or Colombo,
And LTTE 15 Iman power. “It’s e LTTE. Its like tileT Tur:1 (111t (yf SELys ColomboThe Tigers are
OTCC. Sormetin C5 ing a Rs 2,000 tax', But with
Wisdon would 1e tigers would ility of a settletowards it. But is striken with 'Ilamics against lch time there OEESt Elfe TELigd: housands of our in The LTTE On held hostage
op leadership's Il, ultimately, is of time. What i
in Billasingham's * Tecent questc Tigers were fight while it Iships to fellow *"We are I10t fellow Tallis hinking of the
IT )
Jafna.
the outflow.
Supplies get network of
h:15 Tout
Startling . . .
(Crசரி ரீர நரச ")
" The assassin and Raghu alias Shivarasan had stayed in BhagSanathan's Willivakkam house for 40 days.
" Two other accomplices, Subha and Nalini, whose photograph has now been released, had also stayed in the same hoise. Their names cropped up du Ting interrogation of other SLI Spects and Bhagyanathan ICC0g nised them from a picture of the CTOW di taken by Hari babu.
The suspects had gone to Tirupati in a car hired by Bhagyanathan,
" Haribabu's involvement was more than coincidental. The ten frames in his roll have Cob WiŐ Li sily been shot to keep a
record of the killing - an LTTE practice.
* Ravi Shankar's wedding album show cd the presence of Bhagya - nathan, Nalini and some other LTTE contacts. He also used to go to Colombo to stay with his girlfriend Leela.
About 35 people have been held by SIT for qtil estioning. This includes Madhu Nayakam,
a lawyer and an LTTE 5내pPOT.Cr., from Trichy. It is susPeted that two persons had
informed him of the success of the operation and that some
One might Corne to hin for Illedical treatment,
Another key discovery was
from the examination of two linexploded grenades left be hind the site of the killing of EPRLF chief K. Padmanabha in Madras. The grenades contained RDX of C4 grade was presumably from the same lot is the one used at Sriperun. budur. T t pointed to a commion hand - the LTTE.
Investigators say the arrest of Subha and Nalini and регha Ps even the so-called oneeyed jack is a matter of time. But the establishment of the motive and the involvement of LTTE high command will still be complicated.

Page 15
WAPAYAF
Vicious Experie
here is a story the Sri Lanka. In
Arny officers recount often. A Lankan colonel, in a conversation with an IPKF Inajor, calltioned him against the LTTE expertise with mines and explosives. The major brushed a side the fears saying the Indian Army had the expcricnce of Nagaland and Mizoram. ""But thic problem is, each one of the Tamils you are fighting here has A-levels in science,' said the Sri Lanklin, Next week, after three Indian vehicles had been blown up by the Tigers using improvised explosive devices, the IPKF sent for the Lankan col II el f”T advice.
No army that suffered 4,000 casualties in a low-intensity conflict in t"Wi) years wil 1 e yer forget the experience. Even today the lessons of Sri Lanka are being taught Elit training Schools.
The Tigers' remarkable exper tise with explosives was the first revelation -- it was later calculatcd that 60 per cent of casualties had been through mines and explosive boobytraps. The Tigers had mined approaches to Jaffna and the network showed tactical and technological ingenlity.
First of all, the Illines mainly consisted of plastic explosive st Luffed inside plastic jerrycans, so II letimes even El Callowed trunks cof coconut-palms. As an IPKF Weteral recalls: "There Was (t sıred of Ille tal tip bu7z, al II letal detecto IT.” Yet the Te Was SC 1111ch explosive that it sent 15-tonne turrets of T-72 tanks flying away,
Thc LTTE had perfected the technique of manually blasting
the mines. Often they would wait till half of the convoy had passed, or till the only
armourcd vehicle in a column
reached the Ill way the deto switching on th) LTTE operativ c
"nearby house.
con lcicticd With wrks of electric s Cometi 11 es up 1 a Way, making i Elle IPKF to ei
LTTE Tcl T mille before it e. arly, horse-shoeson nel Clay 1o buri ed i Lil Wills the probable r поуement. The: ted by an LTT ting at a saf Officer of the C Te. Elle IllbCT5 5 ccit Major Anil D getting his cr away by a Clay Officer TE CELLS:
al III ledest but lIls Wer to the we just decidet electricity in the The Cls lities ill II ediately".
Blt it Wils the power off Tigers played a wits with the IP ực{1 ttlät bef ClVert the IPKI seit 11 || 5 ||11 eath it for Illi: to mine the El I Illerside of th Licitly they sci 1i1eSt) [1:5; tCl) { colum Tis Il Co L fi: Tegicon. A cley
lured the squal բerhaps the on

Ce
ine. The minc lated by simply e power by an Waiting in El Thc Ili mes Werto: il Eric ta Ille E: Wires to Elouses :ữ #1 kil{}T1{:LTo t impossible for Lble. Il track the to defuse the xpolo de d. Simillshaped anti-perге пiпе 5 у еге of h ) L15 e5 ä lC 3Thg
outes of a Tilly Se to w cre bola 5
E guerrilla site dista. Il ce. A Il Gorkha Regiment ng his colleague,
e e pak Gatdner, tire leg blown
In Orc. A senior We tried Li
the Te WELS, 1 C mincs. Finally i ti di 5; Collect entire peninsula. .dio W. T זון שזווי :
1 possible to keep for ever H Ild the bloody game of KF They obserre crossing aר, F collins always ad La Look berlnes. They begin roaches to the le culwert. Freqatched out the confus: Lle IPKIF milia T with the er trick, it often
il Ç0Il ml : In d'UT, CJT ly tamil speaker
in the patrol to the mil c5 trone foT
walk up to closer look
only to find a mine blow in his face. This would leave the patrol Without its officer or
interprct cr.
Officers relic Imber how shrewed the LTTE snipers had in picking out officers from among the IPKF columns, in art apparently taught to them by none other than Indian Army trainers in the days of the India-LTTE honeyII 100 Tn. Now, officers recall, it was ti Ime for them to take preCallutions: not wearing rank badges, sporting slouch hats, carrying heavy back-packs. Yet when the Tigers could not the spot officer they picked out the radioman always promient because of the antenna. LTTE strapped sniper chairs under the crowns of tall, co com ut plam trees and a single 5 niper sitting on it could hold up a whole column for days, firing one-Odd shot every once in a whilc to kill a soldier while the rest searched in wain for him or, iI sliter alger, blasted the daylights out of a nearby village. "We fought the Nagas and the Mizos and the Sikhs in the Golden Temple. But none matched the Tigers in their viciousness, guile and da ring, says an infantry veteran. No officer involved in the first round of fighting can forget the tragedy of Major A. A. Werghese, the only Taitlil speaker in al ni infantry regiment who walked into a house full of panicky women to comfort the Ill. An old Wonal pulled out a pistol and shot hill. From then on the Indian A FIT1 y learnt lewer to take Women
lightly in Llorth-easten Sri Linką.
3.

Page 16
IN PARLAMENT
War to win hearts of
Anura Bandara naike (SLFPGanpaha District) winding up the debate on behalf of the opposition said the predictions and expectations of the government had turned out to be a damp squib.
He said 90 per cent of the territory particularly in the North was still in the hands of the LTTE. The question being asked was whether L. Eıc LTTIE could be ta med; The more pessi ministic question was whether We were
losing the War ont of the bri and well armed
MIT. Bandari “"La Indon () boscir the LTTE on efficient killing World'
Hic said the hcarts and min people had bee
The govcrnim of a cting in fi
Several Tamils
Teader of the House - Rani I Wickremasinghe winding up the debate on the notion to extend emergency regulations told parliament that Several Tamils had bc.cn arrested in connection of with the assassination State Minister for Defence Ranjan Wijeratne and they were now und er interrogation.
He said that investigations caric d out so far pointed to LTTE involvement in the killing. According to a report from SSP Godfrey Guna sekeTal of the CBD Headquarters, a Toyota Hiace van had been used in the attack. Explosives placed inside the vehiclic had bee Il actiwa Lcd when Mr. Wijera tine’s car was passing.
He noted that in the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi the availability of photographs helped investigators, A. camera used to
photograph the meeting was
found intact.
The Minister said there was
no politics involved in the
removal of Arjuna Rana tunga from captaincy of the Sri Lanka cricket team. “The decision to Tell 10 ve hii il Wäs not Lake II by anybody here. The Minister did not interfere as there was no mà la fideo. he said,
Referring to the Kokkadicholai massacre, he said that he also accompained the Prime Minister
14
arreste
to that village army and polic observations in submitted to
Mr. Jayalath al report to the F
He said that
incl from the camp had be Batticaloa await There Wcre dif, to what took pl gers spoke to th during the visit deaths was 67,
Was continuing.
Mr. Wickel that the gover I With Lble LTTE not successful. mcnt to be bli was left untur Ille effort was mad problem. The to til k to the L
He said there progress since the war agains concer med. Tht areas particula 1 which wcre sti

Tamils lost
. The LTTE was lliantly organised guerrilla groups.
n:like said the Wer' had called : If the lost : machines in the
WAT to Will the ds of the Tamil I lost.
ent had H habit ts - E1 n d sta Tts. It
— Anura
has a bad dream in the
and acts in the Inorning.
HC said the government had a record of paying the fines of police officers punished for violating human rights and giving them promotions.
A commission had been appointcd to probe into the Kolkkä dich Olli massacre and it was hoped that the government will act on the findings of that report. Since 1977 there had been commissions and commissions but the reports Were not implemented.
ոigh t
d over Ranjan's killing
Elind spoke to C Officers. The that Icgard were the i Prcs i delt. SO 5ub Illittel a "reside.
1 6 1 r I my personKokkal, dicholai EIl Terloyed to i Ing investigation. Lre IT VersiöI15 15 la CE. The Willae Prime Minister . The number of The iInvestigation
in a sing he noted ment held talks but they were
Was the governmed. No stone and a genuine 2 to Slye the SLFP 150 ried ITTE.
hard been some
ist yeaT Where the LTTE was IT WAT SI
y in the North Llder LTTE
- fani
control. The strategy was being pre på Ted to Tout the LTTE.
He said the APC had its benefits. It was not a uscless exercise. The dialogue was being kept going.
He added that Mr. Bradman Weerakoon did not hold talks in the North. He the Minister asked what was bad with a federal solution to the crisis.
Such a proposal had been forwarded and it was being examined. What was Wrong with that? This was a crucial time for Sri Lanka. This was not the time to engage in communal politics,
Speaker M. H. Mohalled:
'''Parliament can play a more significant part in finding a political solution. All the parties are here and all are keen in finding a solution. We can Imake use of Parliament to find a solution. We Illust consider this".

Page 17
Gladstone affair and
Foreign Minister Mr. Harold Hernt told Parlial ent that ther: was no link whatever between the expulsion of former British High Commissioner David Gladstone and his "self-stylcd cTu sade on hulina. In Tights".
The Illinister made this statement in response to a question by Mr. H. R. Piyasiri (UNPMatara District) whether there was any connection between the expulsion and human rights in GLLLLLtHH SLLLLL SC S S SLSLLLLLLHHHHHHHHS S LLLLLL L in the British Commons by Foreign Office Under-Secretary, Mark Lennox-Boyd.
Mr. Piyasiri said:
We L1 Indic Tistand that MT. Mark Lennox-Boyd, Under Secretary of State in the British Foreign Office has stated in the House of CoInnons that the expulsion Of MT. David Gildstole CIl 29th May was notivated by what was describdled as the desi Tē to Stifle Criticis T1 O Sri La Inka's LI In sa tisfactory hi u II Inan rights reco Td.
The minister has already dealt with this question in Parliament, could the minister give more details.
MIT, Hert
Mr. Lennox-Boyd has referred to what hic describes as Sri Lanka’s “"Luns atisfactory record" on human rights. No country is free of problems. Sri Lanka is no exception. Níor, un fortu T1 ately, the United Kingdo Iıı itself. Many of our problems have been caused by factors beyond the control if the government. Several dcrinocratically elected governments are blittling El gainst the micmace of ter Torism. NS al democratic and open society We do not seek to conceal either our problems or the constraints we face in dealing with thЕП.
We have therefore explained thc situation in Sri Lanka at
the United Nat Human Rights נt ttנשנI נTט 5טhם li tion against LI
In recogniti) fides Sri La nominated to In LJN. Sub-co III rni Rights from is Wc hawe al 5 ICRC to operat and its reports iII1 Sri LäIıkä :ı the government seWe Tal 11 lecha. Ili Task Force I which keeps in diplomatic cor
in for IIl cd il di the actions we this field.
In fact, ever In Fitill has be Visit Sri Lanka. currently having only with gove and ministers, private organisa duals. This pi
Army h
Anuruddha l National List) talks bor Coke IC i back and the c the emergency t:0 Ilflict with gone on for that The media, esp CCIl trolled the W5 claiming sllcces: frn Ilt blt L5 i able to hold only
of the lirth
if tim c.
Silice the st claiming victori the a Tiled forc: to tok filish,
The Tc Td Tec in bravery of the were sacrificing go weTin Tincint shı:C01 public of the fa the front. Mr.

human rights
ins. In fact the Commission has
present a resolS.
1 of our bona - Ilka has been
: Imbership of the s Sidon Col. Hulla. Il t January 1992, permitted the :e in Sri Lanka on thc situation Te 51 blitted to
• Wic h: We als J si rims such as the Human Rights clbers of the ps in Colombo ctli but āli are taking in
Amnesty Inter:en per millitted to and a tea II is g discussions not rnTent Offici: 15 but also with tions and indivi"OC CSS . C.) Il till IC3
IMI PARLAMENT
– Herať
and we are quite open and El Collest aboLIt it.
therefore think that it is inaccura te to say that we hawe reacted against Mr. Gladstone because he raised questions of human rights with the government. It is not only Mr. Gladstone, but other heads of missions in STi Lanka have is been discussing the humal in rights situation with the government, The government has always given them a hearing and taken what m cais L1 Tes the government Considers nece 55 ary Where Fı justifiable complaint is mälde. Therefore, there is absolutely no link between the expulsion of Mr. Gladstone and his self-stylcd Crusade on human rights.
May I take this opportunity to reiterate that throughout this Ina tilt:IT the gelow crnment has made every effort to cnsure that the traditionally friendly relations that have existed over the years bct Ween Sri Lanka and Britain arc not stained by the regrettable personal conduct of an individual diplomat.
hold only
Rat Watte (SLFP said the peace Wn abolit :L n year o LII Intry was Lunder La W. THC är med
the LTTE Hä
period of time, ecial lly the statemedia had beel ses at the battle army had been " a s III all portion for this length
ate III edia was ies in the for Int is had been made
fairness to the soldiers, who thcir liv c5, the Lild appraisc the ctual position in
Ra twittc said.
part of north
- Anuruddha
The MP said about two thousand IncImbers of the armed forces and the police hald Haid dwin their lives at the front. A large number of families of service person nel who had clied at the front werc Illot palid compensation. The government should not allow the fallilies of those brave people to suffer, he Iloted.
He Said It Presidentil Adyi. LCC SS LLLLLLLH S LLLLL LaLLLLLLL zLL0HHH S LLL told the press that there was a possibility of resuming talks with the LTTE and the details of Such a move weTe. It before the Piria lent.
Mr. Ratwatte, requested the Ministe of State foT Defence to inform the ho Ise Tegarding talks with the LTTE.
15

Page 18
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Page 19
SRI LAMIKA
THE DEVELOPMENT
POLITICAL CULTURE
by Dr. Jane R. LISS e
he topic of the lecture is T. development of political culture in Sri Lanka: this is a topic that I have chosen for a number of reasons - the main one being that I a III trying to write a book on the subject and as I am not a full time academic, it goes along by fits and starts: A lecture such as this provokes a fit of activity and I have in yolu, a lear Lied and mainly Sri Lanka audience, the perfect ping-pong table for me to try out my googli est shots, if I may mix. Iny sporting metaph Cors so horribly.
The concept of political culture has fascinated me for a number of years, ever since I came across Pye and Werba's book on "Comparative Political Culture'. For lapsed liberal-marxists like mys clf (an ex-card-carrying member of the Oxford University Labor Club), it seemed a way out of the impasse that polilical analysis had got itself into in trying to describe the behavior of political groups and nation 5 according Lo grand impersonal theories, which although stunning in scope and design, scelled to bear in the end little I clation to life as it is actually lived by hunal beings in the environment provided by Cllr Inuch-abused, longsuffering, da Tling little planet.
I was reading Trotsky's Literature and Revolution'' yesterday: it's a remarkable book, written in 1923 when Trotsky W5 sti Milister Of War iil Soviet Russia, and I can recomIlled it to illnyone who wants to see what it was that indiced shook the World in 1917, but I must agrec with the un named Critic of the New York World.'" who is quoted on the book cover as observing that "This is a Ek of bril Lillt dialectic i WCT which ripples a fierce hurlor,
and through wil genero Is Love fo | lone of the title | are yet born'. )
But if Illi:TXi any other of it: ky is III 3r Mallisi Credited doctrile. 5ec 113 t0 h:LWC hand. It's cil Keyncs wersus st idealis Ill: mate spiritualism: Con in Westle Int. Th hlavc ba: el disc: all with what boredom on bel ticipants in the the end, a gentle to disagree beca cu IL1 es do Wı to
S.
BLut the ide; culture cle lik into this a ridity to open up псW in g :ht societies wilg i L1 Iniwers the si: Il C tille behavior to th: to being bQTT1, g educa ted, falling Imma, Triedi, purs u ir ing i family, w Old a Ild dying of Shakespeare': put it in class concept of polit peard to link With the microc tilt il mer jeva || da Wilci would
Defining poli Il tit St. Et15y: , probably some to fiTTilly dielny ti such concept b bear with in ef -five Illinutes, naill this jelly en cough to gai into the unique polity called SI

OF
93 - 99
lich shi Illes a T aı h luIi11. [1 ral CCt, inbers of which Nor ever Will be,
st-cninism or 5 sects, Trots - m, are now dis5, liberalisill too played out its ity and tired; lf-sacrifice Lild Tialis TI Vers L15 sumption weristills
.es e arguments uIssed eldlessly Tsult?: Llter
La lf of the pardebate and in Llen’s ag Tec T1 Cint use finally it all a question (of
1 of political e a fresh breeze for it see me Ways of lookthat while illall approach, at related political truly human: To Wing lip, being in Iowe, getting g a carecT, T15'orking, growing - th: six ig's Mall I. Or to ilicial e Tills: the tical culture apthe Illa crucis II1 Osil in a Way 5 t like Leonardo live ulders ECCd.
.tical culture is
And there arc uldטW טu whסTy c cxistence of Lit, if you Will or the next fifty perhaps we can to the wall long in some insight
Ila ture of the 'i Lanka and by
association (and aided perhaps by prayers) we may be able to shed some light on present-day problems.
Political culture is a lo 05 e terril: some might even think of
it as down-right hazy, though in that respect it is no Worse thal liberalis. But its 15
ness leads to il flexibility which can be liberating. Political thinkers are no longer constrain cd by the strait jacket of political and economic IIlig titution1g that 19th century analyst5 considered to be the di Imilant factors gowerning society. Marx, Bagehat, ACT i In ånd Lenin all hild One thing in coin in 1: a pre-occulpation with the formal structures of state power. It was as if the societies they looked at reflected the monolithic machines they saw around them - the turbines and locomotives that
drove the industrial revolutil hald been Sol Lleh) w sub 5 LI III el i to the Le yithill Stilte thit
resembled an engine with levers and gea. Ts. It was just a matter of finding the correct means of operating these levers and hey presto! one had learnt how to Imlinipula te the state for al given end. Not that the Se thlikers were Wrong for their time: most 19th century industrial states, with their vast pool of a powerless proletariat, an owcrified and
over dressed bourgeousie, illitera te picas antrics and decaying land Wing classes, In, 1st hil We
See milled as DT1015 tribus al Eld i Thull - man als the First tractio II en gines.
But foT the 20th century thinker, the mechinical häls given way to the electronic, Sydney Werba has described political culture as the spirit of the polity". If he'd been less Socratic ai di Ilore science-fiction minded, h c Imight hawe called it "the ghost in the Inachine.' Not that Scrates would have
17

Page 20
entertained eith cr concept, probably. "Speciosity' is what I can hear Socrates exclaim in my inner ear and Socrates is right to ut ter warnings against the beautiful and showy which may lead us nowhere. As with a new generation of computer, one must tread calltiously and carry a Big Manual, for here we are dealing with sophisticated and scnsitive responses with in a society akin to the Technisis f the hula lirain. At the froIntiers of this novel form of political analysis, it is easy for the woolly-minded to fall prey to making the vague, even bogus, sort of generalizations that Tender all serious discussion spurious,
Between the Scylla of 19th century formalism and the Charybdis of 20th century mystification, it is vital to steer by the doctrine with most Sri Lankans would instantly recognize as that of the Middle Path. This is how I shall try to proceed: with success, you must be the judge.
My initial step is to define political culture in terms I can understand as 'the psyche of any given sovereign or nation -state'. What I mean by this is that a political culture comprises all those characteristics -institutional, intellectual and cultu Tal — that correspond to the physical, Inental and enoticnal planes of the human psyche or consciousness. And it is by the cluster of characteristics that any onc sovereign or nationstate is individuated and thereby differentiated from any other,
I have divided states into the
categories of sovereign and of nation states because there are sovereign states which include or enclose within them
nation-states - for exaTn ble Kurdistan, Eelam, Khalistan, Palestine, Protestant Ireland, the Baltic Republics, Quebec and so on - which are not sovereign states and may never become sovereign states, but as nationstates have sufficiently well-de
18
veloped identit present time-fra cussion of their On their o Wn I
The characteri: titute the Ital political entity time are Wirtual was to try a II it would occu lecture. But I attempt some ki tion in order to to my argume ask you to bear it. First of cou In all c, and as w this in itself feast. Then there geable factors, s phical location, terrain and Illi In particular, it portant to note \ is an island, bi a peninsula, lan continental, as factor in the di political culture. would point ot Si LuaLited close t Japan, Cuba, M Lanka. Britain extent, islands a states - Sicily, C Tu5 – have One Com III o In: al need influence ena na la Tge Incighbor : or balance the Culture On the resisting the tem Éa Tı imper wio us, against all exte such as created 18th century, on
Once the state ced On the wo necessary to lo o proper: the lang dents and de welk raTy Or oral tra there is more tha or a whole grou their roots and Then the religio the type. . . whi or a theistic: Ino Wise, exclusive Then the family and its relation groups like cast

ics within the 1c to II e rit di 5political cultures Tcrit 5.
Stics Which con 5a-rupa" of any
at any given ly infinite. If I i list them all,
py the whole feel I rumust ind of itemiza
give credibitity it and I would with me through T5, there is the e shall discow cr, is a moveable Le the LIn claniuch as geograsize, climate, 1eral Tesourc c5. W11ld b5 illWhether the state g Cor 5 I all o T docked or subthis is a critical :velop Tent of a III passing l It that islands O continents - Madagascar, Sri — t.) El lesser djacent to larger CTSici a 1 di Cypvital factor in Il to delimit the ting from the | Indi 50 protect autochthonous Inc hand while ta til to create crab-like shell rnal influence, by Japan in the
the other,
is firmly plald map, it is k at the culture Läge, its anteccprict, its liteitions: whether Il one langIIage, p of languages, in terrelations: 1 Cor religions: ther monopoly lastic Or therJIT missionary: cor tribal system to ther lateral OT class and
tC hic Tachicall Structures like educational institutions, both forIlal and informal, and in the later a rel, We must not overlook nursery rhymes, fairy storics and children's games - the sceImiIngly trivial but sy 11 bolic expression of values that deeply In ark the psyche at an age when it cannot defend itself.
This leads us to the traditions of the society: how deeply timbedd cd is the tradition? Is th cre a Greater and Lesser Tradition? What are the Imyths and/or history of the political group? What is its attitude to the life and death cycle, to man's place in nature and the environment, which leads into the question of diet - is it vegetarian or cannibalistic or something in between? What are the dietary taboos and from this, what are the sexual or social taboos. What is the society's attitude to hygiene to Line" to scientific investigation? What is the mode Or III Odes of de55, of Ornamentition, hairstyle: what Hte the differences that Ilark the sexes il the se El Teaso Are there differe Ilces? What a Te the Tates connected with birth, puberty, Tha Triage, illness and death? But to these questions, Will le fīlī ti studens of anthropology, We must relate those factors more normally a 550 Ciated With 50 cio-e COIl'OITic analysts - such as birth and death rates, population growth, density L Tid age struct Lu Tes: the literacy Tate, banking penetrati I. Tate, availability and accessibility of media, transport and commuIlication net Works and then ,my DroperסנIסטthe mix of the c before we embark on a dissection of the supcrstructure of the polity.
However, within this interintdiate area, I would also include fields of study that the more orthodox sociologist might consider the preserves of the market researcher, sports commentator, art critic and criminologist. Whether it is the shadowy areas where the 'white' economy or formal political process meets th, C. Cxtra-legal, the und crworld,

Page 21
or the identification of sports stars as Tole-models cor the advertising campaign as an arbiter of status or social mobility, there is almost no topic which does not become grist to the political cultural mill.
Finally cof course we c) Ille t) thic relatively safe haven of the political institution: parliam cnts parties and pressure groups El TC easily recognizable institutions, within the constitutional framework, competing for the spoils of power. But there a Te besides the formal, organized groupings, informal and relatively disorganized groups which must also be cykell at — the frater nities for example - as Well as those groups, like terrorist organizatil 15 which, while highly organized, operate outside the constitutional system. These, plus the icons of establisherment identity such as national flags, anthems, holidays, heroes and public decorations and awards, all merit consideration in a full investigation of a political cultuise: to reiterate my watchphrasc"Tread cautiously and carry a Big manual'.
But if I had to compress the definition of political culturc into a nu tshell, I would say that it is the system of beliefs that hold a sovereign state together long enough to cina blc a public identity to a rise sufficicnt to give form to the name.
Having arrived at a reasonably satisfactory definition, the next question is how can one begin the investigation, OT mote truly. how can ome preparc for a beginning? First, by asking the kind of questions that night help develop the more fruitful sort of curio sity; for instancē, why do some nations at certain periods develop with a mazing rapidity and feel driven to conquer and impose their will upon other peoples, yet at others subside into placid stability and at others become obsessed with internal pre-occupations or deenerate into civil war'.
Researching into the rise and fall of nation-states, empires
and political cu globe and acro: manner of Toy History”, cal II b clarifying one's til is again r poti Ing to classif particular stage cycle according WiDiLDı. Scille of lead to dangerous Toynbee wis at h but le Lilla de c takes. He classif both the Til eT: äL1d SE1iʼ:1. IslHIT f)5Silized: Llat is lires were not ju stile-dead, extin Te Wiwal QT || TeslJ for II. He was half a century.
Then given sl One Tight say | inquiry, narrowi beco IIles essenti to Teta II Health hit, We Set L Wo d: of Imy inquiry: What I shall I take a SDapshot landscape in Sr and compare it landscape of to more precise as sketchy, I sh al | .. tist's impression sketch. Find t delineate the Illi u li Tes of the 1 Ild those tElät have and those that beyond recognit
I chose 93. a Watershed: an from the earlier Si imply because year thalt Llili versi Il Secret bil || 1nt Sri Lélnk: introduced part experillent, an e over the Ilext fi to be tried in other in every sovereign nation 5 til to be: tried ex-Colonial SHve r11,0 s t g l:A Tiing ex3; hlas to be South
HC) Wever, to beginning - with

ltures across the is ti IIle, in the bee's 'Study of - instructive in ideas. But cauequired: a tem" Ill L). Il SI ELIL EA of their fe til sine DarcWolltio call generalizations. istor 1 call gelilis, lein cilitary Hill isied, for example, wa da Buddhist Lic: Cultures :i:S ; thilt tillese: Çull tIst dorma Llt but çit, incapablic of Tectic II i II lmy wrong by about
Jch an infinite, plastic, field of Ing Cole’s Coption al, if one Wants and sa nity. I ites as the limits 1931 ill 1991. y to do is to of the political i La Lika in 1931 to the political day. Or to be da ta is of: a titeln p t an a Tthe thill Llib-ilaill Lereby hope to bre salient featscape, isolating bee Il CCT i till Chuis have cha Inged ion.
because it larks ab ITLi pot departurę period. Why? til 3: Wyli 5 the 1 || franchise With was introduced It was so ly by Way of xperiment which Llr decides was Some form T newly-emergent and which has oll in Several reign states, the imple of which
Africa.
begin at the the name. In
1931 the island which lies to the south-east tip of the subCC). Il til It Of India WLS LIII i Wersally known as "Ceylon": "British Ceylon', presumably to mark it off from "Dutch Ceylon", and som etimes als "The Crown Colony of Ceylon' or if waxing lyrical, The Premier Crown Colony of Ceylon'. (It in ay be noted that the last British Crown Colony, Hong Kong, is about to re-enter Chinas orbit Without the principle of universal franchise ever ha wing been applied.)
The Word 'Ceylon" is an anglicization derived via the portuguese 'Ceilao' from the Sanskrit Word "Si mala" which is equivalent to Sihali" or of the lion race''. ““The Ceylonese'' statics Chambers 20th Century Dictio
nary “ “ are: the Sinha lese”, and "'the Sinhales c' it defines as "the Ist Illicrius of the
peoples of Ceylon". Intrigued by this, I looked up Tamils' and discovered that they are "members of a people speaking a Dravidian language, Tamil, who can be found in southeast India, north, east and central Ceylon". A id in this contradiction in 1931 terminology, Whereby on the one hand there is Ceylon, island of the Sinhalest and on the Other, a Tamil-speaking people who appear to havc spread themselves outward from South-east India in to northern, eastern and central Ceylon, we hawe pinpointed thic central di le la of 1991.
But curiously enough, the name of 1. H1e is laq n d im 1991 is r1 longer Ceylon, but Sri Lanka, a cha ng: cffected by the leftoriented United Front governImet in 1972. Neither Sri" or "Lanka" rate i mention i L1 Chambers so I appealed for help to a Sinhala lexicographer and
Was told that 'Lanka" comes from a longer sanskrit word meaning "resplendent' and Sri
La Inka” thcrc Torc can be roughly translated as "bcautiful land'. Lanka' was the traditional name by which the island was known in Inyths and epics of the subcontinent: Lanka is the horne
9

Page 22
of King Rawana, thic al Inti-herc)
of the Ramayana.
A change has therefore been cffected and it is a change which places the island more firmly within the ambit of the sub-continent and seeks to empha size the relation of the island's people to their cultural and T2:1Ci2i l i T(]) t5 i E1 II1di:i, I[ "W QuId superticially scem to suggest that a more accommodative littitucic by the Sinhale se has been brought to bear with regard to peoples who have retained a strong affiliation with "Mother India,' like the Jaffna or upCC 1111 try TáIT1ils. But Il Cit sD: rathcI the reverse appcars to have occur cd (I use the word 'appears' advisedly) and the rea5on is the changc in thc power balancc from 1931 to today.
In 1931, British Ceylon was protected against any u II) warranteid i LiterseIeIlcē froIII British II dia by the Colonial Office in London, Ceylon was virtually cocooned by the Colonial Office for over a century: hence its "Premier Crown Colony' tag, and the C. O. mandarins being the Insst conservative Of British bureaucrats, it night have stayed il Lha L LIITEIl WCT id for Several de cades II. Te haid it tot bee II for the formation of the first Labor Party government (a minority government made possible by the back-bench support of the Liberals) in 1927 and the appointment of the redoubtable Sydney Webb, lateT Lord Passfield and the nearest thing to a Trotsky ever produced by the British political systein, as Minister in charge of Colonies. It was a seren dipitous coincidence that Webb Should af Tive åt tilg C. O. just als the good burghers of Ceylon (and I IIlean by that the classi, rior the co II I1I1 L1 rial group), the 4% of the population who were enfranchised according to the very Test Tictive educational and property qualifications then i force, hald sent off o Ille of th1 Cir Imily Imemorials, I TOT: pills hopes than anything else, Tequesting an inch of two more of Home Rule. Webb's reply, a Constituti OL i al CCT misiol under Lord Donoughmorc, El TriW cel i 1928 lid i Il 1929 Tec Il
20
T11 CIn He di L1[1iy eTS the solution
political ills a was implement
It is diffill Im Orc: shocked – the Colonial Of add that the CC tratia is il F. Ncttle Irlands ält: disbelief when it "MLH, T11 55 electo Tate", y el press in Londor In co I) på Teil', Echo de paris, wonderingly. B begin Illing of the Ceylon, and E relative success ballt a Til LIIi principle, it pa the e Tid of all E European) imp and protectorati Ceylon and BI emerged as sove 1947 à Ill it bec: obvious to the that the power India a 11 di Cey entirely in Indi
The di Selfri Indian or Upand the 51ւbstզլ half Hi Imillio II Was H 1949 ח1 tion by the Cey to this radical power balance. III dia had its of it. 5 D1) Tth cr"I l3 Cr La I El 1 Chini. the Non-Aligned its Article com ccr non-interference statęs, enableci lon Lo äTTivo stable Irelå tilsh by a "Loku Aiya attitude. And 5 Teliai II ed had ni
Tillil Illa Lir II Nad i Sri Luth Jaffna peninsul
Sri Lanka dcStiluations.
So we have a scenario Whe while wolu Itali | acknowledging il

all franchise as
to thic island's ind in 1931 it
d
to say who was - Ceylon's 4%, or fice. And I may
lonial adminisra ince a Ind thic lost howed in
I Was announccd. di QI a bi-sexual led the gutter : ""UTıp II eccdcnt Inur tilured the shaking its head 11t it larked the :ed f Briti le callse of the of the Secret ver 551 f'Talchisc ved the way for *Titish (fild other 2rial possessions 2S. Th L15 Bri Lish "itish II1dia, Tc— : regin states in Ime immediately discriminating bala Ice between lon had swung a's direction.
this let of the CD 1 lutry Ta III i 15 lent Celtic of state less persons kincc-jerk reacl Il Parlial ment ch1:4Ing: iII1 the The fact that Will problems on des with PakisFA Lld tillie Tise of l II10 vement with пiпg tle mutual of sovereign India and Ceyat a relatively ip, characterized Fırld IP) idi. III: 11 i** 0 it innight hawe
it the rise of is n1 in Tail IIdia and the
a III, III oirthern -5tabilized the
today, in 1991, *re Sri Lanka, y and over Lly 1 its Very nå Ine
its inalienable Indian connection, has had that connection TaIIl Tied forcibly down its throat by the Indo-Lanka Peace Accord of 1987 and the subsequent two year sojourn of a goodly portion of the Indian Army its soil.
However, the change of name does denotic a more accommodative attitudc where the Up-country Tamils, known formerly as the Indian Tallils, are concerIned. They hawe been re-admitted to citizenship and voting rights, (those that remain that is after the large-scale repatriation prograls of the sixties and and seventies) after a lapse of four decades. That this problem which seemed virtually in tractablic in the 1950's should have relatively amicably resolved by 1990 speaks powerfully for the cssentially plastic nature of the Sri La Inka II. political culture, The fact that the Ilıcıdlines a Te full of battles between the Tigers and the Sri Lalkal illed forces should Ilot blind us to the quiet, ongoing processes that are Inaking people's daily lives in other a reas morc acceptable.
Having dealt at length with Name and touched on foreign policy in the rush, to usc a Singlism, I shall get on to Form. And I shall start with population.
As with most other islands close 10 continents. Or large countries and directly on shipping (i.e. Wind). Toutes, Sri Lanka has El heteroge Ileous population. In 1931, it was just over five milli11. In 1991, it is Liver Sixteen I million, lil 1871, it was two and i la lf II illio I. With the benefit of suI11e elementary matheIl altics, 0Ile ca 11 sec that in the six decades from 1871 to 1931, the population doubled. Partly this is explained by the lowering of the death Tale souent on the artificially stimulated ecoIn only but mainly it was due to the Signific: it drop in infant Eind pregnant-mother IIn Ortality 'Elites and, last but Inostill portally, to the influx into central Ceylon of hundreds of thousands

Page 23
of Indian Tanils to work on the British estatics.
In 1931 there were 700,000
Indian Tamils in Ceylon 100.000 more than the Ceylon Tamils, (the name by which the collmunity who had been settled in Incor the In and eastern Sri Lankal for celtLII rics, if not min ill en nia, were called by the British and the Ilselves to distinguish their community from the newcomers). In 1931 Indian Tamils made up almost 13% of the total poplllation; today it is about 6%, Here we live isolated the profoundest change in the population flix in the last sixty years and it's a change as dramatic as that which the British brought about by its whole-sale transportation of alien Tamil pepples into the Sinhalese highlands over the preceding six decades. Perhaps som c ba lance has now been struck and this long-Ilunning so Te on the body politic of Sri Lanka Will heal itself. It should be noted, how - cver, that if the people of the provinces of Uya, Sabaraga muwa and the Central Pro Wince sometimes betray a shell-shocked psly chosis, it is due in no sila lway to the myopic greed of the British planting community and its Collah (Titors iT1 the Colonial administration who considered the re-location of whole population perfectly acceptable in pursuit of the quick guinea.
However, even with the for. ced or voluntary repatriation of over half the Up-country Tamil community, there has still been a trebling of the population base since 1931. Whereas the Te was approximately one acre of agricultural land per adult at the turn of the century, there is now about a quarter of an acre. It low becomics obvious why colonization 5 chemes should have become such an issue in the politics of Ceylon (and Sri Lanka) from 1931 onwards. For it was not just the Sinha lese leaders who circa ime:d if tal miks arid vast irrigation schemes in 1931; the Jässä Tallils to 3 vere sketching out colonization programs in the Wanni for their surplus populations. The pressure on
land was certai II a clash of interes שmunitiוחטט סtw ea Tilly acco 11 mod Teached regar din all dist Tibutiol
I 1999) | Wye im Io accommodati and colo Lui7a. Li o 1" le se il cortalin E5 ter Ill Bill No vil Ces Teinili Ils o cot Issues On political agend: that so Iiml In y ii r families llave h: Inassacred to Llr that tillis i SS lle outstanding,
The Other II indicator of ch: pulation from the baby and y
In 1931 the Ceylon was, reli Inil. LLIT":illy Stagger
pyramidal. Tod prominent bulE age graup, følle
bulge in thic lo present populati sembles St. Ex who his eaten : c) El FDTL il ble t) live with.
NOL that this unique to Sri this period in On the contrary that Britain it century, Italy after the 1st W, In any from the and R1 IS SaliIl Cil two deeadles if WWol.ıldli sh1 :) W p { a hligher thall tion of y llig population stru lanced, prone to the adoption of r The young are tánical and Cox look for pa nace all their il 15 T10 syncTetism l compromise its dealing. The Te i they 5:ly and :L youthful idealis to leaven the di CLI m5 en st 13 thåL

1 to bring about tS bu e t Weer tb1e5e s unless some ation Could be g the coin millof CIOWIl lands.
ust report that on wäs Teached by thic Sinha
parts of the rth-Ce 11 tra Prone of thle bolo odithe Sri La Ilıkalı ... It is a pity 1 n() cellt f:1TIlling di to have been erline the point relais fatally
lost significant inge in the po1931 til 1991 i s outh bulge''.
population of tively-speaking, 'cd; i.e. gently ay, there is a i Il tElle 15-35 wed by a lesser wer group. The STLCCupery's python 4 top hat - unlok at a Lld til
phen, Om, ei hon is Läl käl i CT to World history. , I would argue the mid-19th in the period 1) Irld War, Gerlate 19th century Ilies i Til the lågt Imperial Russia Ipulations with 11. Tal proporpeople. Such a It:ture is 11Libilinstability and messi:Anic CTeeds. by Tinature puriIt Tellist. They :als.... än end to w! They despise di characterize shobby double5 m lIch in Whlt 5 tT ) [1 g dal.sh of m is II e C: Cessa. Ty ull, conservative the middle-aged
and the late middle-aged would
like to hawe us çCa45c tanıp Cring with, but it is IncCCssary to balance youthful miranda
and the dreams of utopia with the credicida of a rational Worka day reality.
Matching the un matcheable aspirations of young Sri Lainkans (and I am here reminded of the title of a report prepared by a notable group of academics led by Professor Dudley Seers which Was considered an influential document when I first arrived to study in Sri Lanka in 1973) is and has been the most urgent proble facing decision-makers since the early sixtics, when the bulge first began to make itself known. Whether the approach is right or left-orient cd, the most important fact from the decision-makers' point of Wie W is thät Sutio L13 should be provided with all possible speed, and speed (as the saying goes) "is of the devil. Marry in haste, repent at leisurc: take decisions in has te lind you'll need all the luck on your side if they're to be the right ones Decision-makers feel morc and
more oppressed by circumstances beyond their control and they respond by clamping
down on all forms of dissent or criticisill be it constructive or destructive, just to give themselves the luxury of breathing Space.
We can report in 1991 that the State of Emergency that was first imposed in Ceylon for a few days in the run-up to the 1947 election by D. S. Semana yake has been in almost continuous operation since the la te sixties, Lunder governments of every different possible hulle a Tid his being de bälted i gli1 in Parliament this evening. But to end this particular phase of the discussion on a happier note, let me say that by the year 2025, all being well, the bulge should have ironed itself out, And thers We must allow future generations to draw their
3 wrı Çoclul SiC) IS,
YA F3, C. T. G. LEE: rre)
21

Page 24
ELECTIONWS - 7997
(Der Craf)
Local
Sti LU, N.P. STILEF, FP,
CՃlւյmեւ 국 157
Լiamբdha 3호I고) 2" }
Kal LutäTE 1 || 1:52
Kandy 253992 151320 M151:lle 75 고{)
RKLIrLII1gg3.l:1 교 50 : 2 Nuw:IIä Eliya է 7198ճ 59329 Gill 11:5ԱԱ4 153555
Militari 1377711 1Ս157)
Halimbantota 937 ESTO
Puttalian I2210 7,578 A ILLI Tahap III a. 13747D ES5
FPIQID III"L'yi 432 ցի
Badulla 17 고 7
Morgal 5871. 4707, Ratina pura T1823 1373. Kegall 1714. 93.382
District Total Registered _tilt mեi: 1, 177887 Gamրaha O8. Kaluta TF1, ԵՈ 1755
Kardiyi 819)
MHtfale: 교 14
KLITLunegal 837) ħILI wara Eliya 3358.
(Galle 5gg5
Mi tai TE 737
Hai Lib. In tota 3O8.
Filtfalii III | f
An Luri di Hip LITE 3.81
Follon när LIWE 777-8
Badulli 3973בנ
Munteragala 17미()T Ratnapura 505094 Kegille 1
(Part II)
T
Total Votes Received by
Government Elec
LSSP, SLMP SLMC. SLP
112
798.9
1172
고 24
|IE
134
E.
717ն
357.7
호:1
275
9.
557
2523
S3
11g
1873
TE
37.59
1 Εή
4.09
1065
1853
5278
3.
154
3)44
TAB
Total Registered W
Total Walid Wotes and
Total Polled
ETT
943.
4 고
5լյ%D75
1E1:5[]
OSI
255ԱE1
1379
21 13표
|
효고 5
2734 )
1고, J
31335[]
1575
3,935
445II
Tot
7311.
43
5981
1
莺1器晶1
վԼ13:4 2905ն |9უვნ
22.353
1144)
242교
1935
1989
111ճ4

BLE I Each Political Party at the
:tions of May, il, 1991
LL LLLL LS S LLLLLLLLS LLLLLSLLLLSL S S LLLLS S S LLLLLLLLS S S LLLLLLLLS SS LLLLLLS LLSLL
5g E44 1355 - 113 -
225 - m 1953 - -
38 5 - -- 2140f 24 -
TE 1435 - IճԼյն -- 6755 நீர் -
- 19 - - 102"과 - m
If:15 539 - 155 - 574 -
- Ifi51) — 45, 고g 효1『 807 {{lt;
꼬397 4:3 - m. 398 -
11 392 - m 1635节。一 3352 d8ülቴ --
--- |- m m 1428 -
553 GC) - 432 - 89 -
- m (81 -
79 2.93 - 1 - II)교 R8 -
m m 2" -
15, 298 (29 - 538 -
5 ! = m G2 - -
LE 2
oters, Total Polled, i Total Rejected Votes
Total polled as a Total Rejected as na
Valid Tu til Rejected % of [u [:al reg Luft III olled
5f5եՍ ÉE 7.2 | 73.3 『, 39.7 784) 8.9 4 『. 9.7 2005 77. 10.9 5E2լ]] 74,2 9.意
368 75.7 1卓。卓
38837 Τ3.Ε. 8.8
1. ՀԱ532 58, 7 9,
2175) 9. |[[]].
1933 T. E.
E 24}교 75.9 S.S
1437 7. 1.
3.913 TE}} 1.
2 1,583 7.7 1. I
43212 77.8 III
185 T, 9.
(To be Continued

Page 25
PA KSTA/V (2)
The Crisis of
Akmal Hussein
n the context of da Velopment,
government in Pakista 1 arg up against a crisis that has four features:
i) Economic growth has been associated with poverty, and in som Ea a reas growing power ty. Almost 40 percent of the people are unable to consume 2100 calories a day per person. There has bean impressive GNP growth (5.5 percent annual growth rate during the Ayub period. 6, 5 percent during the Zia regime, and just over 5 percent during the brief ten Lurë of the Benazir Bhutto government). Yet, after 43 years, a substantial proportion of the population remains deprived of ever the Tinirul Corditions Of Il LII Tar existern Ce As much as 64 percent of the popould tion does not hawe access ower pipēd diri king Water. (The percentage without “safe'drim krng Water is probably larger since piped drinking watar frequently carries bacteria). The housing situation is so bad that 81 percent of the housing units have on average 1.7 rooms which are inhabited by On average 7 persons. Finally, the literacy rate of 28 percent is arT10ngst th:8 IO West in the World. The Stal - di Tds of thog f'W Who Thök, G it to College are spira ||ing down at a dizzying pace,
The owerä || Consequen C3 Cof these features is a growing pressure om a fragile democratic polity. A significant section of the population perceives that there is nothing in this growth process for them, which is a factor in the resurgence of subnational groups. Consequently, a new conflict may be emerging between Centralized state structures and a polarized polity, which is associated with a heightened level of violence in soсівtү.
Develo
ii) The se com the crisis is thi a tibi rate. In
estimated that till : Lurbani p] OpD LI ower the next d is worse, it is C:entrated in Ilir the prohibitive basic services and the fila. gover 11 ent, a ion of the ul would be depri, Tur civic SerW percentage of Li
living in unst (called Katchi A ed to increase
today to 65 pe of this century, Social stress a lEm CB mã" bẽt:(. any future gove Thus, policies the LIrbasilizario, is aséd investment Ces is art impe able developm9|
iii) The third existing develo rising debt. Wi of indebtedness expam dit UrĖ On L poses, a 1 atter a||y accelera te Could land Paki tolerable debt is La til America C. an example of , when high gr attempted with debt. For examp in just four Countries ( Ar Mexico ard War ti || FC Ently OWE Their debt cols of the o Li tista midim to a developing debt servicing America TOSe, t ced a squeeze down (GNP grO'

pment
d element in a rapid urbaniz
Pakistan, it is 3 t CuTreTt tr (3 T1 dS lation Will double ecade, and What
likely to be Conge cities. Given cost of pro Widing in large cities, :ial sqшеezв оп gгоwing proportban population red of even miniicas. Thus, the Irban population twiced localities badis) is expectfrom 25 percent ricant by the end ' The level of d associated vioTE difficult for rnment to handle. For slowing down I rata, a I d icreis in basic sa Wirativ 3 of Sista ilIt.
Barat of thia ment process is til existig le Wells , and government Il productive plurit to substanti| GNP growth Stan into an in:Earvicing burde. En ble Luoted as what can happen With Tät 3S ar E3 high levels of la, thв total debt Lidtil Assorie:HI gentina, Brazil, lezuela) Was Lun" USS 282 lii (1. itit Lt ES W0 t Hi TdS |g loans of Banks countries. When JUrdens in Latin he creditors polawhich slowed with to a point
where real per capital iחt:8וחם actually da climad in som a Cases,
In Pakistan, the situation to - day is not as acute as in Latin America. Yet, debt servicing as a percentage of foreign exchanga Garming is already 25 per Cent. A a larTed MF has pola Ced a credit Squeeze which is already slowing down the GNP growth rate in Pakistan,
iv) The fourth feature of the development crisis is the rapid erosion of the natura | TēSource basa : The depletion of forests. desertification resulting from soil erosion and salinity, the rising toxicity levels of rivers due to untreated disposal of industrial effluents, and also rising levels of air pol|Lltio are not only making prosent lifa hazardo LIS, but limiting the possibility of getting out of the powerty trap in the futurg.
Failure to dewise a strategy that could come to grips with this development crisis has been an important factor in social polarization and the resultant difficulty in strengthening democratic institutions, particularly a democratic culture. The deepening of this economic and Social Crisis presents a challenge of governance to the three centres of power that purport to gover n : The civilian political elite (through parliament and its executive authority), the bureaucracy and the military. One of the factors that may well determine the relative power that each of thèse protagonists is able to wield may depend on the affectiveness with which it can prowi dè solutions to this crisis. In the ensuing Section II, WO Wvi examine ho W the balança of power Within the state structure has shifted from the bureaucracy towards tha Tiilitary,
23

Page 26
I. THE CHA ING ING IMITERNAL BALANCE IN THE STRUCTURE OF STATE POWER
The changing relationship between the military and bureaucracy, the two vital elements of the state apparatus in Pakistan. Can blå understood im the context of three analytically distinct but il tractive prOCESSeS, (These processes were conditioned by the dynamics of Pakistan's security anvironment and its foreign policy priorities, particularly the nature of its relationship with the United States).
i) Changes in the internal sociology of the military and bureaucracy associated with changas in the social origins of officers in these two institutions respectively,
ii) Changes nal quality of iri terrial Cohesio
ԸնIT S:
iii) The balar Wgen the statë о пе, hand, and in civil society ment, politica || p various fora oi sich, On the Ul
I this SBC ti a Tie CW th. ses influenced th il and bet Wêr and the militar
Over the last! sՃcial Ճrigins t ашcracy and th { tad from the la wider base in stata and the
VASA O
2O7, 2nd C Colomb:
Telephone
24

in the professioofficers and the Il of the istituti
ce of power betapparatus on the the institutions Such as parliaarties, media and * po Lublic Expo TĘS
her.
1, We will exSa three procesLe dynamics With| the bLIrea Lucracy respectively.
three decades the f both th1 g bu T9a army hawa shifded elite to a ha Lurba hiddle burgeon ing class
of rural capitalist farmers. Thlatter class did include Scions of some of the formar feudal landlords who had transformed themselves into capitalist farmers following the ''Green Revol Lltion' in the late 1960's, when the H YW Ta de ower CLI I tiwa tio T with hired abour an economically attractive venture. However, these capitalist farmers also included many rich peasant families who were able to move up the Social scale by reinvesting the increased profits that became available from farming. While the change in social origins of Officers in both the SE il Stitutions has been in the så T1E3 dira:ti On (a broadening of the social base). changes in the level of professional competence and indeed the internal institutional cohesion ha we mowed in Copposing directions with respect to the bureaucracy and military respectively.
PTICANS
ross Street, н0 — 11,
: 4 2 1 6 3 1

Page 27

Knight
|r \OVE

Page 28
We are a different kind of
There are a multitude of Guard
O They who guard the fre
They who protect the b,
O They who guard the den each of us is entitled as
Each of us is a Guardian to others
dependency in day to day life.
But the difference is our Guardia
for your future. We are trusted
money, guiding you on how to S
and your dependents tomorrow.
So
For you
PEOP
A Different
 

Guardiam to you.
fans during your lifetime.
>edom of speech & expression.
asic human rights of mankind.
hocratic freedom to which
citizens.
who look to us for their
anship rests on our deep concern
d Guardians of your hard-earned
spend and how to save for you
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kind of Guardian for you.