Page 1
Vol. 14 No. 7 August 1, 1991 Price Rs. 7.50
ELEPHA Mervyn
ETHNIC
lzeth
INDOCHINA Rajiva V
KASI Mushahia

کعبے
| Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka OD/09/NEWS/91
NT PASS
de Silva
CONFLICT
Hussein
REVISITED Vijesingha
HIMIR
Hussain
* ବିଷ୍ଣୁ

Page 2
19 R
Why there's so in this rustict
There is ligiler inici light 1: riler artir rigg; this: LLLLLL LLLLLLLg gGlea LLLL LaaaT aaLLLa LLLLLL LLLlaaLLL LOHO C S LHHLLLLSS S LLLL LHHLLLL LLL LLL LLLkLkLkL LL LLLLLLHHH bar:5 spored tot E ir 1 ha: Tid ard Lupi:Jurtry LLLLLallLLL EELaaaH aaLlLlLLLL E kLSkt LlL LHHLLS falla",," LI TIng the Duff seius 31.
Irre, with areful mLlrturing. Tobacca grows as a LLLLaLaLa ELcll LLLC aLLL Ll TLLLaLaH LlaEES LLLLLLL a gold... to the alue of cer Rs. 25C Tillion of Tore initially, for this 13, ral folk.
 

ENRICHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und of laughter obacco barn.
LtltHLLLLLLL LL LLL LLLLLLLHH LLLL LLLLgD GLLCMrLTHHLHHL LL !lır: :::: İıd highçisi rumber Çif people. "Ard these Perple are the trnhacco bặrn &J.L'114:TS, thị: Tr:barrr; grovers and thogg vho ogrl, fut ther, tri heland iri thi haris,
LCCLL HLLS LHu LLLlHlHLLGL LL LHLaaala LaaLTlTaa akaGLS
a comfort: he life and ; secure future. had
er Ligh T2,45; ar fr-3r la lugh 13:or.
Ceylon Tobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people.

Page 3
TRENDS
TO BE DEPORTED
Three Tigers who stabbed three Tamil expatriates in Switzerland are to be deported by the Swiss authorities. They stabbed their countrymen, it is a leged, for not птаќїг7gу солfrїbшfor 5 to the TTE.
IN TAMIL
Mr. La With Ath Lil Wath ni Luda/i, the Education minister,
гер/їed fг) Талтї/ fо ога/ 7 Lisest for 75 a5 kad ir Par:Miament by Jaffr7a District TULF MMP Kandia F Wawa rat 7a 7. MMr Aff. Mats ir 77 L da / was given a round of
applause by his fe/ow MPs.
LA FRA
GUARDAN
Wol. 14 No. 7 August 1, 1991
Prim R, W. 5)
Published fortnightly by
Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
NO 25 UiO PIECE,
CCIO TEI) – 2.
Editor: Meruyn de Silva Telephone: 447584
CONTEMTS
News Background 3.
Parliament
The Region - 7 Ethnic Conflict (2) North-East (2) 12 J. R. - Five-star Democrat (2) 15 Indochina Rgwist Gd (2) לך Correspondence 2 New World Order 23
Printed by Alan da Press 82Y5, Sri Rat najthi Sarawana muttu ME VỰatha | LIITT HJo 13. T:IEբtitirlia: 435375
Briefli O RM REJ
Journalists the goverпment' Tission bill. of the Sri L. Jou Tlalists AS: Lunariously de ject the bill, a tha decisio Prema dasa.
If the gover proceed to ir bil itt With star tests of journ decided to lau aign in Colla political partie Li nirris a I d Cat
| ganisations.
Mr H. L., D. editor of the ser wer) preside C ing Journalist mԵating.
A POSEE
OG I The influE Hild Li said in a Iі пеd report Preladaga S C3 to face a n el BC that they were presentatives C people reflect: taistil ti:LIs reisit th' a fresh peасе the idea WOLul bability be repo Tigers who Tamils groups the Hindu said
THE LITTE Häs tained that an North and East, un conditional, r betW Best the is goverПП в. пt.
Meanwhile, formed its ow Tinisters for " Jaffna, the H The LTTE's de top militar y C Dallas Warm Ma been give th: Cabinet Affairs At on Balasing given Externa

Ꮴ- a r .
ALST ECT
hawe rej3cted 's Media CoAt a meeting anka Working sociation it was cided to reind to convey
tO President
rimErit should ple at the nding the proa lists, it was Chl a Calpoboration with 5 and trade 1 er riassi or
Mahin dapala Sunday Obat the WorkS ASSOCiation
R TO THE TTE
antial Madras
Coolbo datethat President || tg tg LTTE іоп апd prove
thë Sole reof the Tami|| ad Mr. Premalinking towards
procesS.. Blut і іп all prougոant to tha old all other
is contempt,
always mainy talks on the besides being must be solely and thig
the LTTE Hlas cabinet of Tami | Eelasi in indu reported. auty leader and JIIITarder GgThe Fidra rajah has 2 portfolio of
and Defence; hafi has been Affairs Eld
Yogaratnam Yogi has been named Minister of Finance and Internal Affairs. Tigar
Supremo Prabhakaran's posiion in this was not clear, the Hindu said.
MILITARY. POLICEME N AR RESTED
Seven military policeman in Anura dhapura, including a Captain and two liautenants, were arrested by a military police squad from Colombo for allegedly helping a businessman to smuggle banned goods to Jaffna. The busiless Tan, a Sinhalase, was also taken into custody.
Meanwhile, following detections made by the military police, a brigadier based at Am LI rad hapo u ra is Lunder imwestigation on allegations of bribery in connection with the issue of permits for Jaffna bound Contra band.
IM PARLIAMEMT
During the debate on the extension of the Emergency Mr. Rani Wickremasinghe, Leader of the House, said that the SLFP had lost every election since 1977 and Mrs Bandara naike had the audacity to say that the people Wanted her to stay as party leader. He said that Anura Bandaranaike was more popular than Mrs Bandara naike.
Mrs Sirimawa Bandaranaike, Leader of the Opposition, said that the Defence Minister, tha State Ministe T for Defence and the Government should be held responsible for the situation in the North and East, Who gawe lor Tyloads of arms to the LTTE, she asked. The Opposition Leader said that the Government was not honest in trying to solve the conflict. The conflict was like the beggar's sore for the government; for thirtean years no Solution had bagi fourt.
Mrs Bārdāra laike Said that the government had deliVered the peace lowing peoplg of Jaffa to the LTTE.

Page 4
NEW FR
Sri Lanka: Towards a mul Report of a fact-finding mission
What are the roots of the confict in Sri LE evolution of the conflict? What hopes are democratic society and how can the internat
These are some of the questions which sioned by PRO, sponsored by the Norwegi NOWI B and written by Nevilla Jaya Weera, Civil Servant in Sri Lanka, it will be of in ministries, researchers and all those Workir
it contains a review of the history and of political parties, ethnic and religious g groups and non-governmental organisatio peace. It also looks at the impact of Pres lengthy interview in which he not only a
outlines his understanding of multi-ethnicit
The report makes recommendations for a are already being considered by the gover
ISBN 82-7288-148-9
Published by the International Peace Resea 0260 Oslo 2, Norway.
"ORDER
Please supply copies of Sri Lanka:
Paper: Rs 200/- ISBN 82-7288-1A
Please invoice us (trade and institutional C D Remittance ................. enclosed. (Prepa
Name: .....
Institution Organisation: .
Address: .................,
Signature :.............., ....................
orders to: Marga Institute, 61 Sipat

OM PRO!
i-ethnic demoratic society? o Sri Lanka by Neville Jaya Weera
nka? How has the ethnic issue influenced the there for the emergence of a multi-ethnic ional community assist the process of peace? this report attempts to answer. Commis
an government, Diakonisches Werk- EKD and development consultant and former senior terest to international donor agencies, foreign g in development in Sri Lanka.
Causes of the Conflict and examines the role roups, the military, Vigilante and guerrilla ns in the conflict and in the pursuit of ident Premadasa's presidency and contains a Xplains his past and present policies but and his vision for the future of Sri Lanka. chieving peace and multi-ethnicity which 1mBրt.
"ch Institute, Oslo, (PR1O), Fuglehauggata 11,
FORM
Towards a multi-ethnic democratic society?
8-9
rders only) Purchase order No. ..................... id orders supplied post free)
Date:..............
hana Mawwatha, Colombo 5, SRI LANKA

Page 5
ELEPHANT PA Strategic and S)
Mervyn de Silva
he Elephant Pass garrison,
With SoIIle 800 Silliä lä 501diers a Ild at le:15t 20 officiels has been under seige for almost a month. Two nearby camps Werc täkcn by the “Tigers" before the seige commcmccd. The LTTE supremo, according to the most reliable sources, has thrown into
this battle some 3,000 teenage recruits, young braves that In eeded to be bloco dcd. Skille
newspapers place the LTTE casuilties it. We Wer 10, With the Army losing nearly 400 men, Will Illore thal double tillät number Wounded. Certainly, it i5 = the kind of battle that the newspaper reader and the Inass mind Can IIn ore e asily grasp, Exchanges in the ten year guerrilla war left more fuzzy images, except for massacres of civilians.
This seems a more a set-piece confrontation. There is the Elephant Pass garrison, a known, solid object, surrounded by malrauding rebels, who will certainly Imassacre the Tien il sicie if the beleagu Ted fort falls. Ewell the idio Il borrow ed fTOT Sadda. In Hussein ("the mother of all battles') helps not only to roIn articise a War that his remained a mcssy, brutal, Confused and seemingly incomprehensible, but to Inake it comfortingly neat and tidy. Only the soldier in the jungle, advancing sometimes only 4-500 yards a day, kL10WS the diffe Te Ice - 10 st as he often is, in thick jungle and scrub, and pelling Talin, and gripped by the Sinhala soldier's greatest fear, the lurking menace of the LTTE's deadliest weapon, the land-Illinic. That of course is what accounts for the pace of a d will ce, Spline days no IIl Corc than 300 yards.
Phase 2 opened last week as OPERATION BALAWEG AYA itself approaches its first month.
This is a conflict and its 1 can lewer bc f eithe Imilitary C NT must We for ing and the exte 555 in äitin Cf | co-all thCT. Cf Peace Accord al 1 likely to becom of India, emph: ta Ince of that di T larly when the II accused the LT Tre St LTTE ac up sympathiser: SeTiLIS ET TOT E ti Sri Lankan Tai
The seige Wa: Colombo III u St 1 by thinking tha Ilt:טות נוidEHIT LTTE militarily commander, Pi tinctively turns When he Sta Tts his enemy has 5. of opportunity' to re-act. He a his enemy's II c. to rmake en Dr"T11 o' to Teta iТ the ini Passo i5 a cl: 55i of this collino choice of target Imo T (e. Th e sig T1 phant Pass is b strategic.
Thomas Abrah ly well-informe ponderit reportit PTH bli kara T1 El Cabilet of Illi for the provisis. of EELAM. M. had reports that häd Illä dit his fi after September explained to hi hitli decided to Ti Id Iesu Ille f time against th latest speech, W

ASS:
ymbolic
politico-military Timea ning therefore ully measured in ir political terms get the fact of timrial factor. The Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, the Indo-Lanka 1ci the man most
Prie Ministe Isised the impormension, particuIndian authorities TE, started to tiivists, Toulded Si And Ima de O Se Il back the nil refugees.
s a Tucssage that 10 t dccclive itself t this was the o pressure the . As a military "abha karan insto his gun just til sul spect that otted a "window . Hic doesn’t like cts; he pre-empts ve. He is ready Lus sacrifices just iative, "Elephant c demonstration, In place. But the I says something ificance of Eleoth symbolic and
La II, the extreTimei HINLW corres;- 2d recently that is appointed a listers evidently yn ail government Lich earlier We the LTTE leader rst public speech * 1877 yiye 1 5 cadres why he ejcct the Accord.'
ightinբ. . . this e IPKF. In the we are told, he
BACKGROUND
sul IIIT1 ed th1e clLI TreII1 t 5itli E1 ti oIn, military, political, in the filterIIll th of the Gandhi assasi lation,
LLL KLL0LLLLL S aL S LLLLtHtLCCLLD S LLLLLL the Eclaim stTLI. glc i wis on course, and "liberation' was
no idle dream,
Elephant Pass commands a cause Way Which is the Only land 11.İlk betwee Il the Jıffrla Peİl |Il5 LIII, the LTTE’S “ + 1 ibe Tited zone", and the (Sinhala-dominated, more or less governmentcontrolled) IIlainland. If the heavily fortified garrison falls, all access will be by sea or air. Sri Lanka has a small navy, and a smaller air force. The defence budget has reached its 0uter liIlits in the Wiew of Our aid-givers and, more crucially, thic IMF. When the IMF pledged a 500 Inillion dollar Extended Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) for three years, it was noted that the inflation Ta te has dcclincd, and the budget deficit has dropped from 10% of GDP to 9%, and that the exchange control system Wisbeing dis Inantled. But a senior Sri Lankan official observed that 'defence spending had upset our plans" which con templated even better economic perforITTELICC
But Mrs. Bandaranaike, and the Opposition in general have been protesting that the Armed Forces are not receiving all the funds needed. If the garrison falls, all land links to the Jaffna peninsula, the Tamil heartland,
will be cut off. The physical divisiol of the is la di will be Timore of a reality. The physi
cal separation in that event could be morc than symbolic. The **11 beräted zone" would bic for all practical purposes, "Eelam'.
(Corrified or page f)

Page 6
No Power Struggle -
Lasantha Wickramatunge
Opposition leader Sirin a Barida rarake, i di exclusive interviery vith The Stiriday Tirres denied reports that the SLFP was frI fhe throes of a pover struggle.
She said [here ivas " io attern pro by aryone so keep her son Artra Bandaran af ke otur of the party presidericy,
Excepts from the interview:
Q: There is a great deal of speculation that a power struggle is on in the SLFP. How serious is the situation
A: There is no power struggle in the SLFP Certain sections of the media are carrying out a relentless campaign against the SLFP, particularly against
til C.
In this context, I would like to refer to 'The Sunday Times' special report of June 14, 1991 under the heading 'Bomb blasts and Intelligence bluffs'. It refers to happenings at thic SLFP Central Comittee Ilectnig of July 8. I must say the references of the Central Con
mittee meeting in the report are half-truths. It is from such references that the impression
is created that there is a power struggle in the party.
The appointment of five new members to the Central Committee was a legitimate exercise. The president of the party has thc power to appoint 11 membcIs to the Central Committee. There We Te five wacancies in the CC caused by deaths of members and resignations.
Appointments to the CC arc entirely the president's right. It was said I had lot consulted the CC before making the appointments. Whoever said that does not know the party cosntitution
Q: Would that mean you will be retiring from Politics?
A: No I have no such in tention. Firstly I do not want to
let down the p been with us.
lot Walt Il t main in the pa the people is ti the leader of t has also agree understanding.
Q: Is there als ing to make An the General Secre
A: No such de arrived it.
Q: It is also s a plan to keep A party presidency rika Kuma Tanati is the position?
A: I slid cal T1, at tempt to kce.
But if (Ch ändrik the party with he sec how W C C & Ewe In A nl I ra hlas is welcome to I do not think his views on hic T5 elf has said tention of Vying Sc ha 5 Said ev join the SLFP strengthen the g
The so-called Anura and Chi non-existent. I ment that is stories.
It is the wis) that everyone sh( I hope all an too would joi fight the gover
Q: It is said king in terms for a settlement issue?
A: I believe pact and the can fo TIm the t ment, Ewe In th I have had disc express cd the si
The governm concrete solutio

Mrs. B
2 ople who have Our people do 3. I shall Te. rty. The wish of lat I should be le party. AI ura . That is the
0 ään Lu 11 der StandJruddha Rātwatte tary of the party?
cision has been
aid that there is AIIII r: OLIt Of th C
to bring ChandInge in. What
ier, therc 15 10 բ Anura dut,
a Wants to join :r group, I don't Lin Clippose it.
said Chandrika join the SLFP. hic has changed it. Chai Idrika she has no infor leadership. "el if 5 he is tó it is only to Il ti—UNP forces.
Tift betwccm indrika is a 15
is the governspreading such
L of the people uld get together. ti-UNP parties 1 the SLFP tu
lett.
т не плүпif the B.C pact of the ethnic
that the B-C TDPA. Irmanifc st isis for a settleTa mill parties issions with have
me wie W5.
nt still has no 1 to the problem.
NEWS BACKGROUND
Even the All-party Conference after two years has failed to colle up with anything. The APC is not cycin meeting now,
Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe kceps blaming us for not giving a solution to the problem. The solution must be given by the
.tוrTTIltr:'ורָ
Elephant Pass..
(ராrd நிர்ரர நரச 3)
The maner in Which o 50 ships of all kinds including, fast attack craft, command ships, landing craft, passenger craft and supply Ships' (Diresh Patavana Suriday Tires) have gathered at Trinco harbour is als 0 more than symbolic. It is a sign of what could become the political geography of Sri Lanka, with Colomboʼ 5 s o yereignty over Jaffnıa only noITimal. Day-to-day administration will gradually become an LTTE responsibility. True the LTTE does function as a skele till administrative service, cer. tanly il revenue-collection. But the fall of the garrison will land to a situation that will be regarded by political historian15 Eis il turning point.
On the other hand, if the Sinhala Soldiers are rescued, and the garrison saved, the beating that the LTTE got militarily, may justify Major-General Kobbekaduwe's prediction of the beginning of the end" of the LTTE.
Such military rever ses for the LTTE will coincide with the greatly improved Indo-Sri Lanka relations, dramatised by the visit to Delhi of Foreign Minister Harold Herat, the first South Asian minister to meet Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. And that in turn follows SAARC discussions on countering terrorism, and the crackdown on the
LTTE in Tallillnadu.

Page 7
ADB US $ 50 m. Ioan
Private sector, 4 banks, ND
Tiyalite Sectic) T industrial P:Niijii here as well as four private sector commercial banks and the the NDB and DFCC will benefit from the USS.50 million loan the Asian Development Bank lending Sri Lanka. On soft loan terms for its third development financing projects here.
An ADB new5 release issued in Manila indicated that the money will come from the bank's concessional Asian Development Fund carrying a service charge of 1% per year and replayble in 40 years, including 10 year grace period.
Under thic loan terms, the SriLanka government will re-lend the funds to six selected partici
pating credit – thc NDB, D BELTık, Hatton
Sampath Bank :
The PCIS W for medium a Watc. Sctor idl
The project i cing private Sri Lanka's ec export diversi employment, I a 1 value to indust estimated US additional fix expected to be result of the p 8,000 new job created.
The project
VASA O
207, 2nd
Colom
Telephone

NEWS BACKGROUN
B-DFCC to benefit
institutions (PCIS) FCC, Commercial
National Bank. and Seylan Bank,
ill on-lend them hd la Igc scale priistrial projects.
Sain ed at enhai, Sector activity in Onomy, assisting fication, Creating ld adding greater rial products. An S. ft) Illillion of ed investmentis generated as a roject, and some s are likely to be
is also designed
PTICIANS
Cross Street, bg — 11.
: 421 631
to assist
the government in in pleil enting industrial and financial policies, CT COLI TF1 ge a greater participation by cominercial banks in long-term Гіпапсіпg, and improve the institutional framework of the Capital markets through the training of practitioners and professionals in the Securities business.
Additionaly, ADB is making
a US$240,000 grant to assist the training and research рторram of the Securities and Exch
El llEgE (C) 11 Irinis5i0n,
These funds will be used for broker training, investor education and library facilities with Consulants to implement the technical assistance engaged by the ADB.

Page 8
in Parliament
Lalith on LTTE, SAAR
Education and Higher Education Minister Lalith Athulathmudali:
For eight long years we have been debating the emergency regularly and this must be the longest debate in the history of our parliament. Since emergency covers a whole a Tea sometimes the debate gets disconnected. I want to say something about the universitics. All schools of thought are there in the univer
Sities. There was a time which you like a person you called him a progressive and when
you don't like a person you called him a reactionery. In u iniwer sities it is ma t Lura 1 to have differint points of view. What we must guard against is one group trying to impose its will and suppress another school of thought,
There should be the spirit of tolerance in the universities. Since the last emergency debate the importance has now shifted to the LTTE. WC Illust Linderstand first what the LTTE is about. As far as we know they are for a separate state. LTTE is very clear about that. They appear to believe thcy can ach cive this by wiolc ncc. And they also believe when they achieve that no other Tamil group would have any role to play. All other issues are determined by that. Several opposition speakers hawe said limit the emergency to the north and east. They won't say that, if they understood the LTTE.
I do not understand the logic of those who say the emergency should de removed Trom certaill areas of the country. I can under stand if they say that certain clauses in the regulations should be removed. In fact, government on its own have been revising the emergency regulations. I understand the LTTE will not talk of a political solution with them. But you know, at the sa me tille, that at the end it is a political solution that will evolve. We Ilust hawe the det CTI mination to meet the LTTE on their own
6
ground. They have said that for 30 years. Ilust be dete TI terrorists to But that is, o. ting against th ПјпOTIties. W dicterimined to violence, We in mined to uphic the minorities. For one til that the Eleph will be relieve realise that political soluti and the key solution is the paying tribute the morth II w. that a passin who is low I "That our off the average; fighters. But that we must initiative into have scored in the past. It concentrate in
I åIT told ti cent of people
An inform
ocial Scien
Hlave for a the need for a
maitio il base in til Besides the lo social scienti Lankan and c) Ille he Te to the socio-econd Čof Sri Lanka. Janasawiya, H Development, I Foreign Direct Development, іопа1 Cooperati Impact of the such like is social seicnce scholars. They and resources information, a unaware of Tese a Wailable.
Several instit

C
are supposed to they are planning That Ileans we lined to fight the the bitter end.
Course, not figh: rights of thic tile We must be
fight separatist ust also be deterld the rights of
ng, I am sure int Pass gali Trison i. We must also he kicy to the on is the east, to the military
In orth. While to Our forces il 'ish to mention military Iman, etired, told Ine icers are above they are fierce it is necessary no W ta ke the Lur hands. We any victories in is necessary to the major area lat about 30 per * of Jaffna halve.
left the area and gone to various other places including Colombo. Today terrorisim is an international thing. In the 19th century it was restricted by national boundaries. It is good the SAARC conference is coming in November. We must take the opportunity to get the SAARC countries together to fight terrorism. We have now recognised that a joint effort with other countries is necessary because terrorism is operating internationally. After Rajiv Gandhi's death, India seems to be taking new steps not taken earlier, I think if India had taken these steps earlier, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi would have been living today, and also several Tamil leaders who were killed. The Tamil Nadu government is setting up 18 police camps in
the southern coast. We must IOW lake list of the new mood in India. The Sclect
Committce that has been proposel is welcome. O ilçe we hawe: met the threat of willence, thern W c shall hawe to givic cour attention to the political aspect. Warious changes are taking place in the World. The Soviet Union has applied to become a member of the World Bank when you here have blamed us for joining it.
nation Centre on the Social Sciences
ists in Sri Lanka long time felt centralised in forle Social Sciences. :al community of its se ve Tall Sri foreign scholars obtain data on mic development III for m:H til Oil uIllá Il Resource abour Migration, In West Incit, Rural Environment, Regoil, Privatisation, Gulf Crisis, and sought by Ilany researchers and was te 11 luch time trying to locate nd compile data Lrch that is already
utions in the coun
try realised that the Te is a genuinc Inced to improve and strengthen the library services and informaltions available to the community of social scientists. They jointly formulated proposals for improving the infrastructure for social science information and library services.
Institutions, such as CIEN WOR (Centre for women's Research), ICES (International Centre for Ethnic Studies), SSA (Social Scientists' Association) and the Marga Institute have their own special collections of books and documents, but with the exponential growth of recorded inforIn a Lion and growing inter-disciplinary relationships between subjects, no specialised collection cal cover the Ima 55 of information available at present and envisaged in the future. Coopera
(Солтfпшғd ол Page 3)

Page 9
India's
'bleeding wound'
"Afghanising" the Kashmir conflic
Mushahid Hussain
as Afghanistan became the Soviet Union's 'blic.cding would' exacting a political, Inilitary and psychological price that Moscow was ultimately unWilling to pay, similarly Occupied Kashmir too has been transfor illed into India's "ble.cding Wound“. But the Kashmir cUIlflict is also being "Afghanised in Timore than just the fact of
it being India's " "bleeding Wound. The conflict among Kashmiri liberation groups is
surfacing, the RAW seems to be engaged in terroris IT similar to the Illa lle T L Hlat KHAI O Wais, S is testified by the Rawalpindi blast on May 8, and incrca singly, international observers including those in the United States are identifying Kashmir as a **regio I al col flict’”. Il fact, the Solf? SubCOI111ittee in the US Congress has threatened further slashing of the already suspended Americal aid to Pakistal should Pakistan, in the view of the sub co III Littee, be " in wolwed in a betting terrorism in Kashmir', i. e., supporting the Kashmiri freedom fighters.
Two recent state ments by Indian leaders - one a private comment by the Prime Minister and the other a public pronouncement by the leader of the opposition - are also instructive in providing i perspective on how badly the situation in Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK) has deteriorated. While Rajiv Gandhi publicly conced cd that the Indian military “ha 5 gonc berts cirko” in suppressing the freedom movement of the Kashmiris, the first such statement by a major Indian politician, Prime Minister Chandra Shekha I made some comments do II Kash TiT to the visiting Pakistani Foreign Secretary Shehryar Khan which are quite revealing. Chandra Shekhar told Khan I don't have an emotional problem about Kashmir as Nehru had. I am quite a realistic politician and I
Would like to (in Kashmir) ba Lie5 - Cf the Siti What are som tics of the Sitt that Chandra S t) during his II På kiiställni Fore: STc of these i ri a frighten ing pi whose three mi ::l. TC WagiLug a El gainst o ver Whe * Troops hawe : il : Te Liit its clf oil a S30 industry and th bering 300,000 all segments col curity Tachine regular Army, Force and the Policci; * Curfews i Lld Kal:5hInikOws aT Ilirk Of KSHIT dity and peace for it the title of Asia'; F. Within an 18
Wides Tead, SpQIl taneous po for liberation transfor led it surgency that i Indian security increasingly so tary equipment: ing by the Ind freedom fight testifies to this * FT He II St Kashmir (plus : Assam) halve be the schedule of in II dia 01 aC: bed conditions; * Twice in the India has soug Pakista ili assist daughters of tW III dian Kashmii sed from the C freedom fighter: Given this c. accident that II of all shades

See a Solution sed C) In the reali
til Li”. e Of the realilation in IOK. hekhar allu dicd neeting with the ign Secretary. ealities' present to file of a land llion inhabitants heroic struggle II Illing oddis: replaced tourists lised to pride Illillion tourism CSC troops lluminclude virtually the Indian seincluding the Border Security Central Rese Twe
the crackle of € today the halllir, whose placihad once earned of 'Switzerland
month picriod, indigenous and ollar Ilvelt las today been O : guerilla i IlՏ targetting the Tm ElchiT1e With histicated liiLhe brutal killlian army of 81 irs on May 6
esca lation; time since 1947, East Punjab and el excluded in general electi CI5 :CCLII It of distul II
last 18 months, ht and received a DCC in getting O prominent proTi Muslims relicaaptivity of the s
ontext, it is no Indian politicians of opiшіоп гапg
| THE REGION
ing from Rajiv Gandhi to Chandra Shekhar aTe concerned over a crisis whose solution, within the Indian Union, is 10 longer in sight. Recent events in the Kashmir Valley are poin
ters to a long hot summer. On March 31, two Swedish engineers were kidnapped by
the Muslim Janbaz, Force, the first such abduction of foreig
ners by one of the e se Werell groups that are currently engaged in armed struggle. The
Muslim Janbaz Force had made it clear that they will mot Tcleasc the Swedish engin eers until ''Amnesty International, the United Nations and other international bodie 5 send their ob SCT
vers to the valley to sec thC crucl acts of the II dial. Il CCCLIpation forces'. On April 23,
the Editor of a leading Urdu daily of Srinagar 'Al-Safa', Mohammad Shabaan, was killed by unidentified assailants. And the day after his killing, there was a complete general strike to protest the first such incident against a journalist since the uprising began in Occupied Kashmir in earnest around DCttIIIber 1988,
Compounding the Indian problem is a security Inightmare that defines the Kashmir in su Tgency as an increasingly Islamic Movement and Wiews its close proximity to East PLL njab as creating a “security opening” in India's jugular in the northwest via-a-vis Pakistal lil Chi IIa, For install Il Cie, C) in e of the prominent groups in IOK, the Jan Inu Kashmir Stilldent Liberation Front (KSLF),
who were responsible for the kidnapping of Naheed Imtiaz, has rena Icd itself as "Ikhwal
nul Muslimcen (Muslim brotherhood). The Islamic component of the Kashmiri struggle is also evident from the linkage of the Kashmiri freedom fighters with the Afghan Mujahideen and rcccintly after the liberation of Khost, Wisiting journalists saw at least 500 Kashmiri Youth fighting with the Afghan Mujahideen. The JKSLF's parent party, Jammu Kashmir Lib cration Front (JKL F) traditionally es poused a secular line seeking an indepen
7

Page 10
dent Kashmir. And it is perhaps no accident that the Chief Exccutives of the пeighbouring states of Occupied Kashmir and East Punjab arc persons with high level security cxpericnce. The Governor of IOK. is Girish Saxena, a former head of RAW, India's Premier foreign intelligence agency, and the Governor of East Punjab is the former Chief of Army Staff, General O. P. Malhotara. Incidentally, these are the only two non-Hindu majority states in India and both these regiOns have been vital in any military engagement that India
has had with Pakistan in the past, -
Most informed Pakistanis, including the military and non-official analysts, see the struggle in Kashmir as being central to the future of the
balance of power in South Asia. Ironically 20 years after India had managed to tilt that balance in its favour following the creation of Bangladesh. Pakistan is Very clicar that it will not play into India's hand since India seeks to Pakistanise the problem by presenting an indigen ously-generäted upsurge as cxternally-fomented violence. It is precisely for this reason
that Pakistan has chosen to continue, business-as-usual, on bilateral relations with India
(two accords were signed only last month on such Ililit try issues as prior information of movement of troops during mililay exercises and air violations)
Additionally, both the President and the Prime Minister, in separate statements, called for a political solution to the Kashmir question. In an April 28 chat with journalists, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan underlined the need for an absence of military conflict between Pakistan and India on Kashmir adding, ‘it is not apргоPriate to explain what efforts Pakistan is making to defuse the situation (in Kashmir"). In a recent interview with India Today", released to the рге85 On May 4. Prime Minister Nawa, Sharif called for a realistic approach' on Kashmir so that
a solution is honourable for He added th Such a serious We don’t Tesol Will squeeze all of 15'. The tC sig II accor related issues timic when til Kashmir is esc a pointer to business-as-usui bila teral relatic notwithstanding Kashmir.
For Pakistani th Cre were two
An Informat
(Carified fr
til El Id shiri it was realised, sity in Sri Läll! the Te SOLITcc5 f. lopment aire sey To optimise limited Teso Liirc efficient coordin ties, INNESS () work in Social established ena borating librarie resources. The Serve the c011 Scientists. El Id fa of information. to a mi Ili Illu walste Kloss of i: also the duplica by local and f. Who Work unaw; bility of prior I tation, Marga Co-ordinating LetWOIk.
INNESS is bt a policy board c sentatives of institutions, on III atters relating activities and be provided. T Regional Devel (CRDS) which ha: d) CLIII metation c has joined the fifth member.
The Ictwo Tk ill making availa Con bibliographic to grey literat documents. A s

found which is both countries'. at Kashmir is Tlatte that * * if We it, Kashmir the blood out Army's decision is on militaryWith II di Ht H. lC uprising in a lilting is also
this basically all approach in In S With India,
the uprising in
policy makers, options on än
approach towards Kashmir. There was the 'Bangladesh route', which the Indians
secured through a quick cale
Sarian operation mid Wified by an Indian Army, which was superior in numbers and weapons. The other approach, which Pakistan has apparently adopted in regards Kashmir, is the Afghan modc1", essentially a protracted War, which has inade Kashmir into a bleeding wound for India, raising the political, military and phychological costs of its occupation.
ion . . .
Քո բgge B) Thg Cb f Tesources is a vital meccsa today, where 11' library deve'erely limited.
the use of the is available by ation of activiInfo Timation NetSciences) was ling the collaS tíð Share thei T Inct Work would LI Inity of social cilitate thic flow It Woli reducc In the present information and 11Íöll Of research Јгеigп persoппе| Are of the awailaelated doculeInstitute is the Coltre for tulis
*ing directed by omprising reprethe cooperating
fill important t(II) collabortiwe the services to The Centre for Op II1ent Studies is set up its own Lu 11 Icfcrra base network as its
also cooperates Iblic information Ll data relating cure unclassified cheme of inter
-library cooperation exists where documents are lent on a libraryto-library basis and there is also a flow of information on оп—goiпg projects.
The il frast Tuctul Te for the smooth functioning of INNESS is being providcd by the Marga Institute. Its library building al Li 6l , Isipa thana Mawatbha, Colombo. 5 is being cxpanded El Ind from August this year library facilitics will be available In a wider basis to researchers outside the Marga Institute itself. The library which will be opened Monday through Saturday for extended hours in the evenings, Will 5 con be fully automated.
At present The DEWINSA (De velopment Information NetWork in South Asia) data base which holds over 12,000 records with abstracts provides informa
tion on current development activities and socio-economic research in six South Asian countrics, na inely Bangladesh,
India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, This data are published in monthly bibliographies of 250 records with abstracts. They are supplemented by annual cumulative indiccs.
The first INNESS New 51 etter which is just out gives the social scientist information on studies in progress, workshops and seminars. A centralised da ta base on "Impact of Wiolence on the Child' has been set up to collect available information on the subject.

Page 11
Ethnic conflict (2)
SPOLS SYSTEM
zeth Hussain
hat was the compulsion
behind tille TeleTitle5S W Teckage of the administration by successive gove Thrillę Eltsi after 1956? The familiar explanation is that the sight of supplicants crowding the gäte, änd the power tio te wärd L. Hille chose II 0 Ines i Ll - flated the egos of politicians, whose idea of enjoyi Ing power was to abuse power. This explanation is not really convincing. Some, perhaps I many, of the politicians, including the powerfull ones, who it must be presumed were not entirely tỉt:Whiti []f [[]T1[[:TI1 #h{}llit - thē: future, must have viewed the spoils system as self-destructive foT STi La Ilka.
Some other, more powerful compulsion was at work, which had nothing to do with inflated political egos. Thc nature of the compulsion should become clear if we ask who really were the major beneficialties of the spoils system. The politician in power had to reward his electrate to the Tull extent of his capacity to secure re-election, and that involved among other things appointments, transfers, and pro III1 otions in the state Sector. The Ministers, more particularly the ones controlling huge corporations, had to reward not just their electorates but others as well. Most of the politicians Werc Sinhalesc, the electorates were predominantly. Sinhalese, nad the spoils went mostly to the Sinhalcse, so that the Sinha lese who constituted 74% of the population came to have 85% of the jobs in the state sector, and of course much more in
the armed forces. Many of the politicians were probably not collunalist at all, and were
quite prepared to be fair-minded to Tamils and Muslims, but they were operating within para meters which "ineluctably favoured thic Si Hallese. We See
here a Hegel which a purբns lized without fully conscious was the Sinh di Falce il tion, which w
been so expedit II e It hild been basis of comp tions and pro on seniority an be required b Of liberal den herefore to b majorita Tian de State sect.
The Hegelian Seen to have B in the sector Well. The det: ject are being de Silva's judi article The Im 1is II om Educati Take-over (196. Versity Admissi led in Co|| Natio Tallisi : Moder"Il Sri Li
Roberts, 1979) that thẹ Sĩnh WETE: all clul
privileged gro twentieth Celtl served that it thalt çoull III. Vers Hl suffrage CC01 ICCTS WILE
servation that Congress leader tlcccբting լIn because they r tages for the
The Challe Elce of the school system 1880, gathcret 1431 , iiite; if it CulII il late
Eikic-ower of the 1, L11b Cr". If had been decl Iulibert of EBL increasing, the

נזss iטia Ll prcc e W Els being Teits being made The purpose altese ascelt to the FidministrilCLI lid Illot have Liotus if Tecruit
Strictly 0Il the Jetitive examinamotions strictly ti merit, as would y the principles mocracy. It had le jcttisoned for III. Ocracy in the
TÖCCSS i CaII b c een in operation of education as ils : On this subtaken fron C. R. ciously balanced Jact of National[]. T1: TF1c Schöữ 18 I) a. Ind the UniOn Crisis (inclu!ctive Identities, ini di Protest in LInka - ed. Michael Pointing out
nale5 e Buddhi55 cationally underJip in the early
Hry, de Silva obWas E. Sillä lion 1 t last Ei fter uniin 1931. This Our Carlier Ethe National 3 Clme Tound to iversal suffrage ealized its advanmajority.
ge to the domiChTistilL1 Illission I began around strength after 2d after 1951, and ill the schools 1961. Although Christian schools iIning. whi1e: the ddhist schools was former hiid C
tinued to enjoy disproportionately high grants from the Gower nment. In the 1939. Budget. 75.2% of the funds went to Christian Schools, while the Buddhist ones received only 19.3%. In 1959, the 735 stateaid Ed Christia SchoolS Teceived a grant of Rs. 28 million or Rs 118 per pupil, while 1257 Buddhist schools received Rs 20 milliol or Rs 64 per pupil. Further more, the bulk of the English Inedium Schools, the 11urseries for the later flscent to elite positions, Were ill Christian hands. Obviously, no majority in the World can reconcile itself to bcing cducationally und cr-privileged. The schools take-ower of 1961 was inevitable.
But there remained the problcin of thc Tamils having adwantages in the education
SECtor; the consequence of the excellent schools system estab
lished by American missionalrics in predominantly Tamil areas. The answer was found il the 5 che In e5 of StandardizElLion introduc: ed after 1973. The Sinhale se have con Vinced the Illselves, by and large, that standardization was meant only for positive discrimination on behalf of students from Educationally under-privileged a reas, a strategy which had no ethnic dirilen 5'i Orı to it whatever. The competitiveness of the Tamil students III ay have been reduced, but so Was that of Shalese students from cducationally priwileged areas. However, just as in the case of the spoils system in the state sector, the major beneficiaries of standardizatio hawe been the Sinha lese, not the Ilinoritics.
Besides, it would not be uncharitable to suspect an ethnic In otivation behind standardization if we remember what happened prior to its introduction. Under the 1970 Government, the charge that Ta III il examiners had been favouring Tamil students was not proven. There followed the In easure decreeing lower qualifying marks for Sinha lese, higher for Tamil Illinedi 1 students, il Sciclice 5 lub
9

Page 12
jects, while in the arts subjects the requirements were reversed. The measure was too blatantly discriminatory because, at that time, science graduates could get the more lucrative jobs. Hence, it is not un charitäblic to suppose, the resort to stada Tizatia II which wa45 Officially Ineant to benefit allunder-privileged students, irrespective of ethnic considcrations, but which actually benefitted the Sihalics Ilore than thers. A process appears to have been in operation in which the real In otivations were not quite clear to the beneficiaries the Ilselves. It fits into the paradigm of the majority seeking the dominant position to which it belie weg it is entitled,
In the usual discourse On the Sri Lankan ciconomy, the expansion of the state sector after 1956 is seen only in terms of socialism. This is a simplification, though there is no doubting S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike's commitment to sociais II. Of the Scandinavian Wariety. But what he actually instituted might be called "AfroAsia El socialis III”, of sort instituted among others by Nehru
in India, Nasser in Egypt, Sockar II i 1 Indonesial, Sekoll Toure in Guinea, and Nyerere
in Tanzania. Il Latin Ame TiCl4, Peron of Argentina seems to h:1We be cL1 of th1e saLI1 e ilk.
The dynamic behind AfroAsian socialism was the aspiration to upward mobility of the lower middle-class. It Was invitable that in secral AfroAsian countries the dollinant elite und LT the clonial 11:15ters, consisting of feudal groups and thic westernized bLLI Tgeoisie, had to come under challenge after decolonization froll thc Tunerically more preponderant lower middle-class, who could claim to be closer to the people and the Tefo Te Imo Te Tati COTä list. The crucially important point about the lower-Illiddle class is that it lacked the higher educational and technical qualifications, or the business skills together with the requisite capital, to ESCeld to ele leves. It Could
O
do so only t 55 CCİOT. WT lo vyèT I middle-C: through army Syria, Cor Iraq acco Il dated as Lanka, it w Els in had to be LI the state sector
We are gener hn We Of COLITS significant local Sri Lanka ATi'
lad to hWe figuration bec: was peculiar ir der-privileged time of indepe La Inka I stal te si fore L. ACC 3110
riddle-class a IInore specifical 10 We T II iddle- C revolution Was aristocracy 0f t and the Obeyes with the Kal if the Riit Witt the trillvirate te: che r5 and cians, who fill spearhead of Sinhal ese lo W. That was why SIÇialism til ITIE peculiar hybrid, billed with , l Il Eltheila fibri ni C chal Lil Willi511. lism mainly fo the ethnic maj. ly Hegel's para We had a gri thought in all tingםmlטWiis pr SiC) cialli5, Ill, whe hal instituted for the benefit majority.
It is not real plain the dogg the Sri Lankan Asia Il Socialis I 1977, and even t though its disast become all to before 1977. A hald be colle ya di Estructive, enti haemo TT hage of sources, had to the same becau purpose of the

hTough the state the Afro-Asian lass took power, to lips as in Egypt, , or had to be | in India or Sri :Wit ble that the Tic I elephantia sis of
alizing here, and E to filmw fОг | WTit 35. III -A5ian Sociali51 El pEl Titicular conuse the country I having all unmajority at the Il dece. The Si ector had the reHal tE mot thc: la Wer s El whicle but ly the Sinha lese lass. The 1955 led by the Kolc lle Ball dalilikicos tekere's together dyan aristocracy es, supported by 5ք m:Ճ Tik8, 5 chool ayurveda physincti C ed a 5 th: a specifically Er liddle-Clā55. Bildārā laiks 2d out to be a SocialisII comwhat should be ny sociallist, eth. It was sociar the benefit of rity. Here suredigm applies, as Bealt eller WHO sincerity that he Scadilawian Ics i flict hic
ethno-socialistill Čof the Sinha lese
ly difficult to ex2d persistance of variety of Afrofrom 1956 to hic Teafter in fact, Tous failure had apparent long state sector that st, parasitic, and niling El colossal the nation's rebe preserved all Se it served the economic ascent
of the Sinhalese. The Sri Lankan version of socialism reached its apogee under the 1970 Governпепt, under which discrimination against minorities is also regarded as having reached its apo
gee. The contradiction is only an app:i TCIn t oIne.
Contrary to what is usually
beliewed, ethno-sociali51 continued under the 1977 Government. It cal III, c [0 PC3 We T With a collillel to a liberalized ecocomy, and Cobviously had no illusions Whatever about socialism, BLI L Ll In der the 1978 Constitution Sri Lanka was declared to be a "democratic socialist Repub.
lic." The leader, who had his own notion of what socialisII is supposed to mean, equated it
simply with the state sector. Despite the liberalization Sri Linka s till had a vast stite
sector, therefore it was socialist. At the silme time, official policy was in favour of privatization, which was not however carried out to anything like the extent that was possible, as shown by the 'peoplisation' now taking place. The Colossal hacilorrhage of Tesources continued, and that provoked something that i5 5 biza. Tre that it Drobably has no parallel anywhere elsc in the world. The Finance Minister of the time took to fulminating in his Budget speeches, year a Titet year, about the criminal squandering of resourCes through the State 5 octor. Biz Eirre, because it Was - El TıcıbcT of the Govern Tinent, a Cabinct Minister at that, and not a member of the Opposition, who was fulminating against what was being done by his own Government, fulminating ineffectually because in corrective action was being taken, and no one imagined for a noment either that any corrective action would be taken. What it showed was that thcre was something virtually sa crosanct about the state sector, under the 1977 Gowernment als much als under the previous governments since 1956. It was sacrosanct because the echic 15 celt of the Sillalese required cthnosocialism and å ITILSTET Stilie SLCt Jr.

Page 13
However, to argue that the 1977 Gower III ent was also an enthusiastic practitioner of ethno-socialis III is not to delly that its economic strategies are significantly different from what had prevailed since 1956. The slogans of the liberalized economy, the open economy, the outward looking economy, and free enterprise, all certainly reflected a shift frill thic C0 til Illa lid economy. Business coli petition increased, and that seemed to ha ve aggravated Our ethnic prob1EIS. Under the ea TliCT COI1mand Sconomy Sinhalese business interests were seen by the Illinoritie5 15 fäWÖured, bllt. ÜIlLe. the grip of the state on the economy slackened Illinority business collapetitiveness could have increased. The Tails seemed to be colling into business in rather a big way, and certainly as never before. Did that provide Colle of the Illo tiwa tic This for the 1983 pogram? It will be remembered that in the initial stages, young auxiliaries Ineticulously targeted Tamil business premises for burning, before the whole enterprise got completely out of hand. It will be remembered also that the Te followed the letter-campaign against Muslim businessmen, assuring them that SL S HHGHaaK S aaH SSLLLLL S S LLLL SS LCLLLLLSS The Cicco II Comic di Ile Isido Els of the 1983 pogram was explored in an interesting paper by the late Dr. Newton Gunasinghe. The casc might be un proven, but the Commonsen 5e of the matter is that a command economy could certainly promote the purposes behind majorita Tian democracy, in this case the economic El scent of thic Sinhallese, far bett Cr than the liberalized economy required by liberal democracy.
In this article, we hawe 110t tried to explore the totality of our ethnic problems, going into the rights and wrongs and all the complexities that are obviously involved. The purpose has been only to establish a connection between the break down of liberal democracy and our ethnic problems. The argument is that Sri Lanka was rather peculiar in having an under privileged majority at the time of indepen
dence, which and it must be standably, to a the quick ascer priwilcgcd majo. of dominance, Which Could hav by liberal dem tated by majori
The argumen a further probl lese su rely esta nant position l which the leg of the minoriti htlye been acc{ much difficulty. the Tamil prol Imcasurably, an did We come t problem with tatives bec{} mi Thị discrimination The shortcoli Government, t Bild Ilılır de Toll S: Indian meddles factors to be ta But, in Öur wie lell has been lative ess a II Practically ever nizes that the would hawe bet had the Bali nayagam Pact b or a decade l: ChelvEin älyl gali II 1 tills Scells, t) theory. In fac La ICE t ) a 1.y full de wolution. ther decentrali be continuing,
eyes. If W Sinhalese facto imbroglio, igi factors, it WC thic core-probl cal (obsession, a persisti Ing ca jected against Whic the cas being eroded of the Sinhales But this is to lem to be ex I
The hypothe tality is not thät the Sinh; accomo dative cthnic proble solved. A peo

led in eluctably sa id quite underI momentu infor it of the under rity to a position
E 111011-11 1111) e been obstructed ocracy and faciliElrią I de TOCTäcy.
, however, Taises eII. The Sinhablished a domirefore 1977, after iti III a te i InterčStS es could surely Iodated without Why, then, did Eble Ill Worsenil imd why in addition o hawe al M15 li T11 Muslim represeng vociferous about against Muslims ngs of the 1977 he intral sigence less of the LTTE, to Imeness, are all kell into acco LInt, :w, the core-probEl lack of Ccon 10ng the Sinhalesc. yone today recogTamil problem in solved long ago ara Tallike-Chelwileen implemented, ter the DudleyPact. At least be recognized in t, a fierce resiskind of meaningcor even any furzation, seems to at least at elite Te to i Sollte this: }r ill the çtıIliç lori Ing the other uld appear that em is a hierarchithe expression of Liste-mentality prothe minoritics, te-system itself is thгоugh a process e coming together. -bטcomplex a pr טו
led here.
siis of a caste-menIn ea Int to suggest ilese Çan ile Wer be and therefore ou T 15 can never be ple or a society
an lunch Enging essence or cultural constants that can never wary, otherwise there can never be radical change, whereas most societies have shown both continuity and radical change. The paradigm of + Simha la Buddhist cha lulwinism", which has distorted our thinking and influenced foreign scholars who have sought to enlighten us on Curcth nic problems, secms to assume some sort of unchanging essence mong the Sinha lese Buddhists. So-called 'Sinhala Buddhist chauvinism" should be understood, not as an unchanging essence, but in terms of the socioeconomic processes outlined in this article, which allow for the possibility of change.
does not haWe
We require a 'paradigm shift' on our ethnic problems, by w nich is meant new norms and perceptions about them. This might be advanced by a more precise understanding of them, as well as by the logic of the situation which dictatēs that we Solwe our ethnic problems or perish. Perhaps it may not be over-sanguine to hope that the shift Inay
be occurring. Professor Mick Moore of Sussex University observed (Sunday Observer,
(28) 10, 1990) ''The other significant change is that for the first time, in quite a long time, there is a ruling group in Sri Lanka which is not communal in the very broad sense of that term. He went on to observe that it has had a very significant effect on the attitudes of
the ethnic minorities towards the government.
The paradigm shift has to
be in the direction of liberal democracy if our ethnic problems are to be solved, as that requires respect for the rights and legitimate interests of our minority ethnic groups, as well as respect for the rights of individuals no matter to what group they may belong. The Government has to move in that direction and none other, even if it does not become fully liberal democratic.
(Cartir Head för page. 22)

Page 14
NORTH-EAST (2)
Muslim as Distinct Grc
Bertram Bastiampilai
oreover, in the recent past, the Liberation Tigers saw in the Muslims, a group not
merely in different but hostile to
then and their activities. They alleged that some of them had ben informers, and as even actively colluding With the security forces of the state. Here the conclusion about Muslims as informers is neither convincingly logical nor quite rational and adequate. The number who moved out of the North and East in the more Teče Tit weeks had so much to complain of conditions and practices under Tiger management. Any of the se could very well hawe been im for Illers too. Then there still could be in the North East some supporters as well as Tankers of groups which have been repressed and not tolerated by the Tigers today, a few of those groups are actively opposing the Tigers in conjunction with the security forces and their ranks from the North and East could have supplied intelligence information to the state, gathcred over there from supporters,
In the East however, evidently some of the Muslims seen to hawe shown themseles to be hostile to the Tigers and acted in collaboration with the state security forces. This conduct is understandable when it is realized that the Muslims claim
to be distinctive and demand the right to chart their own destiny. But with little love
between Muslims and Tigers the East has been bloodi est plagued by attacks and reprisals.
Yet, in spite of such a gory and far actured scene in the East and an equally distressing position in the North when Muslims feel unsafe to live, if there is to be peace, a settlement that is to be peace, a scittlement that is reasonable and just and, above all palatable to the Muslims
12
has to be reac CII erge as tho the North-East. tion to assum Community col from the Northimperative to : recognise 1 Would inspire : them the Musli. identity, Tamil they be,
To settle Sihlala-Tai i federa 1 uni similar set-up devolution of po bility could be regard to the vi popullation dist Nðrth and Eas DIT I TJ Wicial 1 larger constitut should be a m recognition of a of the Muslim El lly as suggested kumaran, a cant for each Musli exception, with cated power E With, iri additi On the Provincia IÎ1ElliteTS Call be C. states there co Special sessional the Provincial other sLIcb uni the North and Or to prepare le Il a titlers. III || th could be provisi in East to TEPTIC5e1 taliol been possible unit. More over, lent for Musli. be devised a сопstitutional
them; a strict ethnic ratios lo I טLy D
and in the coi and order enfo Can be a mica

pup
hed whoever may Sic in charge of It is al III is calcula
that the Muslim lld be dislodged -East. It is also lcknowledge and El TTL 11 CI Ella confidence among ns have a separate speaking though
the funda Inental conflict ultimately Il or some such With substantial Wer and responsithe solution. In 3ry large Muslim Tibuted over the t El Tegional Lulit In it within any ional framework eans to provide lll Tights and dues 15, Constitution1 by Prof. SuriyaOlall systel III, one I 11 EC3 til Without precisely demarLind prerogatives On a restric Lion il Coll. Incil ilı - such : onceived. As he Lild also be two Il committces of Council or any t, 0Ile cach fOT East, to screen gislation on such e PTocess there on to the Muslims enjoy a 35% that Willil mot in an overa II a basic arrangesecurity should Part fT om the provision for application of cally in cartola in recruitment 1 position of law rcing machinery S.
Security of communities, both Tamils and Muslims, have been endangered by colonisation. Local population ratios were not respectied and should be respected if a peace sttlement is desired, Moreover, it is essential to consider the grant of redress in cases of more recent in roads, especially since 1983, into ethnic proportions in the colonised areas. But in respect of the Muslims, their right to be in areas where they had been for years should be inviolable, and voluntary settlement of anyone any where should be acco modated; what is undesirl ble a Tid needs alba Indomment is any settlement programme used by the gover Ilmcnt to change eth Inic spatial relations in order to maintain control over minorities or a minority. There should be a distinction between hotel and and immigrant ethnic groups, sponsored by the state when settlement is arranged.
For communal reconciliation ald durable peace a settle Ille-Ilt negotiated between the Muslims and the Tamils in the North and East through their representatives is vital. For peace and harmony to be there an environment of understandi ing between the Tamils and Muslims needs to be created. In this process, religious and educational leaders and those involved in social services and community work can play a positive role in building bridges of understanding and creating confidence .8טmunittנnסlmOng C:
There should be no feeling in either co Ilmu Inity that they are a threatened or besieged group and of one as hostile to the oth cr. Only through the cultivation of C)The EA I 10th CTF Could better Lldestanding be built. And such perceptions could be engendered in schools through teachers and

Page 15
in Society through community leaders. The present idea of the adversa si al Telationship among Musills and Tamils should be jettisoned. This is best achieved by the government or its forces ceasing to create tensions between Muslims and Tamils by their conduct or leadership. The use of Muslims or Tamils to pick up intelligence by the gover II lent Ileeds to be halled.
It is Lucs|lc55, and i Triclic wat now to harp on phases of the Tamill-Musli Lm c Icon l I Im tlcr i mill ble ole äi Other for cx LT -- mism or duplicity, Nor is it worth while to argue on and on about absolute and relative rights and concluding that bloody conflict was incitable.
A more positive wholesопе attitude of rectifying wrong and doing right should be taken by Tamil and Muslim leadership, Tamils and Muslims need not live i D1 a state of pe TimaThe Int bellige Tency; they hı idi. Co) — existed cordially for years. The
Tallil si shtyll I ll loL view the Muslims as a suspect group beca 115 c. of their nexLIS with
the Sinha lese Hind they should not be viewed as a political or security problem. They ought to be inade to feel and think as a part of the Tamil speaking peoples by being treated as equals in every sense. An atmospheric of Lundersta ndi Ing and
respect for one another has
to be built.
The Muslims, even though
Tamil-speaking, need in any
scitle in ent a more positive and constitutional recognition as a discrete group with rights; those should be no con descension toHLHLLLLLLLSS LaLLLLS L LLLLLLLLSS S LaaHHaa act to remove Muslim feelings of injustice, and the Tamils should not see themselves alone as the legitimate group in the North and East. There ought to be not exclusive approach considering any Muslim organisation as subversive to Tamil interests and meriting elimination. At the Salle time, Muslims should steer clear of infectious intolera Ilt funda Illenta1issin for fundamental It tituldes
ܦܧܨ allow no room understanding
n t סtlatiטוחט טi1C
Furthermore, the media hal Tails as Sir reportage of c0 in the Nortl fairect and c. losses perpetrat 1este and the Mo guld It al
What bil-falli Li Muusili Tı ılıds for IIled. Also, to consider 11 Li T15 but ei w protection and punishment ald
On the other Of fear and i Musli Ills CT. TI be dispelled by d) f cool fide nec golwern Incent Sul
Settlets East and arbit 5ed TCE OF TIL Illil
In the North not be appreht will Incit be equi: EL ny åtte lupt MILI 51 imis to act of the Tails : di ed forth Will be encouraged t the fold of the peoples LIII det a F'TELE2 WT k || C. Wis:
There ought to coexistence with or provincial ) provides for sepi tcd ethnic atid In ent of the two and Musli Tills. satisfy the bas Musli Tls to liwe own բttiples. It at the sa Inc t intercom II unal tension 15. The 15 the Tilli 15 fear of discri in resource all Sinha les c 1 lor
Much of the national gover developed in the North-Eas excrcisable bol

| for compгопnise, of otherT5, a Tld of then.
the military and Ve t0 tTeat the i Lankan - the In Illulal Violence h-East IIllust be well-handed and ed OIl the Sillauslims by Talils one be reported,
lic Tallis to it needs to be inthe Inilitary his Llt 110 t only Musen Tamils need security and not IIլ է:
hand, any sense I1 scClLI Tity El IT1 (2T1 g T: Tills leted S LJ positive measures
building by the
il the NT th i rary a Trest and 5. The Muslims and East should en siwe that thcy als to the Tamils,
to coace th: cept the dictates should be abill1. They should Q remain Within - Ta Lilli l-speaking tly new political led for the island.
previli benign in à unit, federal, r regional, that lrate, u linterTupcultural developgroups of Tamils This should ic leed of the along With their would contribute ille to lę Cresc alxieties äld Musli IIls als Well nced to have no ninatory policies ocations by the by one another,
functions of the ment need to be good measure to t լIIlit and be h by the Tamils
di Muslims Within their Icspective areas. For a settlelent, With these elements that have been outlined being a part of it, to be forged there should be MusliITIS – Tallil discussions and negotiations. They ought to be allowed to agree on a specific settlement with very little interference by the Sinhalese dolinated governments. It may well be a long process that would involve concrete steps to dissipate distrust and build the conviction where peace could be perceived as Illutually beneficial. Patience is needed illeed.
It is essential to foster ongoing even if sporadic, i peace negotiations, and the leadership of the Tamilis a n d Muslims in the North and East should engage il thell, BLI LI E i'r ffiċj ML15 iTIS clairns for auto I10 mOL15 manageIn ent of their areas and affairs and for freedom and equality in the North-East should be acknowledged by the Tamils and the government. Immediately, the Muslims should be Te5 LÖTE: di to their homes in the North, and their hardships because of the Sinhalese - Tamil conflict ought to be alleviated: tension minimised; and co-existence of the L Wo communities in the North-East actively fostered.
Obstaches will be not there in devising logical and objecLive solutions but more in coping with the present perceptions of the two communities. Even Indre formidable will be to get the Tallil Tigers who are presently operative always in the North and oil find off in the East, to make any moves and to inspire confidence in the Muslims. It is difficult to say who could bell the cat. But it is in the interest of both parties to seek
a way out. Then there is hope of Sol Lltico II Cor cl se the Price to pay is too much for both
.unitiesנןזנןrםם
A minimum base for solving differences is the proposal of a system that säfeguards cultural and communal autonomy of both minorities, preservation of
(Carnirrized Fil Page II)
13

Page 16
...and D, 3 month deposits
LLLLLL LL LL LLCLLL S LLLS MATS LLLLLL
20
Չար:SE
..
(Fil-, 'IIIIIIII
t:lբil:Il 15.D5[] F 27,680 Capital and Reserves 리모, FE미 Deposits 1.BՈFEFF ET: 341,g구 Gr:5 : AESEt: 33.
B
Prili EOEFE EE. 1高. 1 Proultir i'r 되, 11 Dividurid delari 1. ":
Rogistered by the Central Bank under section 2 of the Finance Cornpany
Acro of 19.
Hira Purchas Finlarics), MHirach
Filtilitiլ:
HEAD OFFICE
CIT OFFICE
KAP
Arturadhapur: Baldafala Gапрала Galle
 
 
 
 

Risi. "OKCIO)
15.15ն 15.50 ՔLiք, եTԱ 1901 17.5미 205.21 1559,835 Ti, 435 235
, 3 13.53 23.5 ք, 13[] []:քե
18
. 15629 1322 I.F) 3463
A.M.LJ. Jayawardena (Chairmam & Mariging Directar)
Mrs. Y N Perera (Deputy Chairman) K. Wikilarisal Consularit Director)
A.M. Moragoda Executive Directory
T. M. Jaya Singh Exkulw: Direçler) K SElly Ft TI
AIF GĦTI li: M. Sgrill
1 : Sill Dr. L. R. Lu, Jayawirari
Principal Lines of Busness:
e Financo, Loasing, Leagg Purchase Finarice, Liban arit Financ8, Guarante:B Facilities, Negotiation of Bank is, Merchandising, Trade Finance & Insurance,
uL0 kaLuLL LSLuLOLYaS LLLLMaa S K K0LK S K
0LL0S S LLLLL LLL LLTatLLLL 00S S LSS a0KLaL0SS LLa00 KKSK
LLL LLLLaLK S LLLLLLL L0L KK0L
Officies i
մairla Matara -
Paul Bira ||g|Tb|| s
| Kurunggala s
T TaTb-utillegama LA ... - s .كانت التقنيات تفتح الترسيخ - - - --- سياسي

Page 17
Part 2
FIVE-STAR DEMOCR
Piyalı Gamage
uite a number of cvents
during JR's regime provide us With indicators of exactly what he thought of 'a completely independent judiciary'. To begin with, JR" reconstituted the Supreme court leaving Qut 12 serving judges, four of thcm being demoted to the appeal court and the other eight being left out altogether. This unique event in the long history of our Supreme court was scarcely calculated to cI collrage schior judges to be 'collpletely independent'.
When a special presidential commission (SPC) was appointed by JR to inquire into alleged abuse of power during Mrs Bandara naike's regime, she challenged the legality of the SPC before the appeal court. On 9 November 1978 the appeal court held that the SPC had no jurisdiction to inquire into, or report or make recommendations in relation to Mrs Bandara naike’s administration betWeen 197 () and 1977 since that was a period prior to the enactment of the SPC law. JR's response was the Special Presidential Commissions of Inquiry (Special Provisions) Act No.4 of 1978 which was rushed through parliament and which declared that the judgment of the court of appeal was null and void and gave retrospective effect to the offences alleged against Mrs Bandara naike.
On a Writ applica Lion made by Felix Bandaranaike, the Supreme court found one of the members of the SPC, K C E de Alwis, "conduct unbecoming of a judicial officer' and held that he had become "unable to act and that he was disentitled to hold office and function as a nellber of the SPC inquiry', The impugned judge petitioned JR alleging that the
judges Who ha him were biass til til TIR" did not toss til the waste papei a select comm Iment was aբբ: into de Alwis's Badlanaike e "He (JR) has his power over by removing, d of Liffice, me: been elected tC general electio poses to demo I cover the judici two senior jud. court to the having to de against the vitu II Who elded his in disgrace." March 1983).
littę tę for LI TE not guilty of I11 alde agai Inst th
Early in 198: in two separate petitions to the III dc T Article | till til. I o L. Rät lässä Til Tiller Il police II: Til hl, fiscated 20, OOC) pamphlet print in the otle ca C}{}01e WäTclena ( when she welt piti ya police st after a man arrested, she h and placed in the first case til: da Images in R: paid to the cor: police officer c the other the st t0 pel y Rs 2,50|| the complain an that the damage both cases shou state fund5 áIId ( policemen be in Inoted.

AT
di found against ed and were hos - go Wernment, JR. he petition into * basket. Instead,
littee of parliainted to inquire allegation. Mrs
ploded in anger: ilire: dy exerciscal the legisla turc li ring their tlcrms Tiber 5 Who Hlad Hepal Tilialı elit i a t a 1. He no w pro1strate his power alry by Subjecting ges of Our highest h L1 milialtitul CF fend themselve5 eration of a Illin ill dicial career (The Island 9 The select colle accused judges the ill legations em by de A1 wis.
, two citizens, cases, submitted : Supreme court 26 of the ConstiLe Der emitipola C:ữTT1pl:1ỉThẽ{l th{1t d ilegially concopies of a ed by him ani Se Mrs Viviene :(In plained that to the Ko Iluation to inquire who haid be el ld been kicked der HTTest. In Le COLITt a Willdigal 5, 20,000 to be in plainant by the oncerned and in alte Wa.5. Tiered ) in da ma ges to t. J R ordered :S and costs in ld be paid from }rder: cid that both n mcdiately pro
Paul Sieghart, chairman of the excCutive committee of Justice (the British section of the ICJ) interwiewed JR on these matters and later reported: "(The president) conceded that the promotions and costs out of public funds were his decisions, at a time when he found the Supreme court a hindra, ncc to some of his policies. The conclusion is in escapable that he was deliberately seeking to teach the judges a lesson, in order to make them Imoric plia - ble to thic executive’s wishes. If that is so, these were grossly improper acts; but for the immunity from all suits the president enjoys under Ariticle 35(1) of the Constitution, they might well have been criminal
offences un dier Article 116(2).”
Three days after the judgInc nt in the Wivienne Goone
Wardena case, un ruly mobs came in state-owned vehicles and invaded the houses of two of the judges who had heard this casc I and also a house thic third judge had till recently Occupied. They shouted threats and obscenities at the judges. Later a person who gawe his name as Kalu Lucky call cd at the Daily News and claimed it was he who organised the demonstration, adding it was a democratic right to express onc's views. The police (who worked directly under JR) took no notice. JR himself told Sieghart that "the right of peace
ful protest was available to the people of Sri Lanka.'
In September St.
1983, misunderstanding
WI about
the taking of oaths by the jud
ges of the Suprene court and the Appeal court, they were all treated as having vacated their posts. The court houses were all locked and barred and guards placed outside them to porc We Int access to the IL. Subsequently all judges were given fresh letters of appointment commencing 15 September 1983. After inquiry into the 13th amendment to the Constitution one judge wrote a judgment which displeased JR. He pub
15

Page 18
licly denounced the calling him “un reliabl c”.
These are just some instances (not all) in which JR gave clear indications of just how much he favoured a judiciary which is completely independeit'.
i Freedom of expression both verbal and written; the right to Address meetings."
Way bäck in 1972 when JR was leader of the opposition, the United Front gover In Ilment LLL0LLaaLLLL S LaLK LLLKLLL0LS LLLLStHLLLL bill. The bill was challenged in the constitutional court by JR. His lawyers urged: "Clause 16(1) :absolutely prohibits publiClti Cn in a n e W spali per of the whole or part of the proceedings of a cabinet meeting. Clause 16(2) prohibits publication in a newspaper all docuInents passing between minis
ters and the secretary to the cabinet and the publication of the whole or part of any
judge,
cabinet decisio ved for publi Secretary to thi provision const Willation of specich and expr J. Said in the case: "Secrecy i fundementally perpetuating bu Open discussio public issues a na titiltil health.
th1 cr"c shouldi Tob List debate. aspect of free involves the rig cist of the the government
The bill W, law as Lhe S Council Law Whe In the boj Llp in parliam
led by JR stag But R did ng
any of this - playing politi be cal Ille leid
Irin eL1 t he certEiI| the Press Coll.
N. WAITILINGA
70, K. CYRIL. C. P.
COLOM
DISTR BUTOR'S OF 'RWER"
HARDWARE MERCHANTS
BARBED WIRE,
OffiCe
Phones:
WOOD
Sales Department

unless approation by the Cabinet. This tutes a flagrant e freedom of :ssion. Douglas Pe1n tagon Papels 1 government is El Inti-democrati C callČTätig: eTT" CTS. and debate on e Vital EO olII On public issues be open and The essential lom of speech ht of free critiureaucracy and
as pas 5 cd into i Lanka Press No.5 of 1973. ll was taken let the UNP
:d a Walk-out, Li really beliewe - he was only CS. When he of the governly did not repeal tilla W. Instead,
he nominated his own Council and to head it appointed a trusted kinsman, Whatcwer he may have said while in the opposition JR was not about to deprive himself of a handy Weapon to silence criticism. Almost the first official act of JR as prime minister (ten days af LeT hic WELS SWOII i Tn) was t0 take over the pro-SLFP times group of newspapers using the Business Acquistion Act (whidh he had promised to repeal).
Very soon after that came the Parliament (Powers and Privileges) bill which was enacted in great haste as a II alter that was "urgent in the national interest' and became law on February | 1978. It was under this law that two editors of the Ceylon Observer were fined because their paper had carried picture of Peter Fonda and Jill St. George in a boat, with an incorrect caption. This event led in turn to Mr S. Nades an being charged under the same act when he published a criti
(Caririnied on page 22)
M & CO., LTD.
ERERA MAWATHA,
B 0 1 3.
BRAND GALWAN SED SHEETS
3. MANUFACTURERS OF SCREWS & WREN ALS.
433143-5,27669,28842

Page 19
Part 2
Indochina Revisited
Rajiva Wijesingha
f course the levity with
which the Khmer Rouge had teated religion had proWided the with both excuse and encourage Illent. The same thing, I was to find, has happened too at Angkor Wat, where time and time again l came across stalt Lles where the head had been crudely hacked off. Some of the larks were quite recent, and the plundering Was still going on, We gathered, the international market for antiques being a lucratwo attraction that could not he easily resisted Once the practice had collenced. TEc Khmer Rouge II lay Incot originally have engaged in the practice themselves, but they had begun the process of destroying
the buildings wilfully, usi Tig them for target practice on occasion; the Wietnamese so
all to the cultural heritage of the arca, hadi golle further; Ilow the dealers, their appetites whetted, were easily able to find agents of all sorts who had no difficulty, given the size of the complex and the density of the ju Ingle su Trou Ilding it, in eluding often enough the few young soldiers who tried hopelessly in isolated groups of two or three to guard the entire site.
What the Khmer Rouge had destroyed in the palace complex at PhIom Penh was the III Palacc, built by the French in honour of Louis Napoleon, one of those structures of steel girders and glass plates that sprang up all over the world du Ting that period. Incongruously sited in the Illidst of ellegant temples With curved roofs, it still had a bizaTTe clari in its despoiled condition, the glass broken, the iron all rusty and in places twisted. It was understandable that no attempt had been made to repair it,
The Horir er is Fresiderir gy" the Liberal Party
su Trou Inding it though the bes restored to leal first splendour,
That must h cious decision. was aware of resources, giver tially impressi were im är säll : Religion Was I raged, and th number of Inծl in all the tcTıpl young (given t the tolder Et:Tit taken place In any hearten it they heard I Lanka; the 5: I. Theralväldi. Budi 1otei befoTe i Thail and is ap and indecil he of what arc nities of colo as opp poscid to sable Mongoloi have per wadcd in the regio wit bil the II 101 however hatch which provided trast with Wici! cularly with La because they h build up stead with in Colc religious order to restoTe : gri with rema, IrkElbl
The Ill Öst -- TIK of penli Ty in tb1è: Mus clu T11. self is striking tion within գլ The cha Tacit: Killers 15 the East Asia beca 5 täidable Whe sustained devel art over nearl and the compi gthened when the culture reç dous impetus

had all been Lutiful buildings enough to their
ave been el con 5Elsewhere one the paucity of I the other potenwe temple that itate of disrepair. lo longer discouere were a fair nks and a colytes es, T110 st of them he decination of Tation thilt ha Inder Pol Pot), gly excited when was from Sri timentality about dhism that I had Il Wietnia II, 11 d. parent here too, ightened because erceived as affiuT and culture, the more recognid influences thält Other countries 1. ET Lhusias III lasteries was not 2d by prosperity, al marked connamn, ånd partiJs, where perhaps We beeD a ble to ily ower the years crited disruption, i hawe be: Il a ble :at many temples
SCCESS
ticeable instal Ilce: ohI10 m Penh wä5 The building it, allıd the collecite magnificient. ization of the
Greeks of South mc quite under
5āW th pment of their :וחa milleniu ץ Ti 50 m Wa. S strendonc noted that ei wedi a tremenin about the 8th
century, with input from Indonesia that secims to hawe intermingled productively with mainland influences - just as the cultural eminence of the Greeks ow cd much to their contact with the Persian cm pire, and its impact on open-minded exploratory energies. Most vividly underlining the similarity there still stands out in my mind a 9th century Harihara in bronze, as stunning in its stylized inpact as the charioteer at Delphi.
That, and many other splendours, are housed in long halls With elaborate roofs, built around a charming central courtyard. A few attendants sit about desultorily in pairs in the courtyard. By and large, one has the Museul II t.) O Inc self - except for the bats, who fit about between the roof and the ceiling, squeaking incessantly. For some time I wondered what the Iloise was: after identified it, the statues some how sected more appealing, the Museum more memorable, in its tarnished grandeur.
If the Museuil was a Serendi pitous discovery, Angkor Wat of course was something long åWaited and drea med of, and the main inspiration indeed for Imy trip. It proved entirely satisfying. The main temple itself seems to me surely one of the three or folur Imost magnificient structures in the World,
In addition thcre were all the other monuments I had not really known about separately, most notably the Great City, Angkor Thom, with its vast royal compound, and the Bayong Temple, 54 four headed towers thrusting upward to the sky, all bearing the features of King Jayavarman WII, which were repeated again at the five elaborate gates into the city, each of them led up to by a double line of statues, in greater or lesser states of disrepair, rcpresenting men and gods drawing on the serpent ropes that churned up the mythical sea of milk.
The tour was not cheap, but it included everything; flights
17

Page 20
to and from the little town of Seam Reap; two nights with fu board at the Grand Hotel there (excellent service, and excellent food, contrary to Tan’s warnings, once We had settled On the Cambodian menu, and charming enough for one not to mind to Illuch the fact the power supply was cut off soon after dinner, leaving one to sweltering heat and the nightlong threat of mosquitoes); transport two cor even three times a day to and from the ruins, which meant journeys of up to thirty miles, depending upon which temples We Were exploring; and a very thorough guide service, for a group of just three of us. Our group was particularly lucky to have the only relatively old guide still in service, Mr. Huy (he had spent the Pol Pot period hiding in the mountains With his family). He was immensely knowledgeable, and his enthusiasm for his subject and his anxiety to convey as much of it as was possible survived even my falling into a pit when I tried to explore the dark recess behind one of the statues at the very top of Angkor Wat.
Fortunately an iron ladder checked III y fall, and though the Te was lots of blood and my limbs were score for days afterwards, the wounds were superficial; Mr. Huy obligingly claimbered all the way down the ladder in search of my spectacles and, though he
muttered indignantly at me for a quarter of an hour afterwards, he evidently desided that we could be stretched to the ut most. We were up before dawn the next day, so that we could be taken climbing on the roof of one of the outer pavilions to have a view of the towers of Angkor Wat against the rising sun. Later that day, at the temple of Preah Khan, built by Jayavarman as a tomb for his father, he led us over fallen masonry and through dark tum incls, tapping all the way with his stick to frighten off snakes, to see the most exquisite carving of a Devada 5i. At Ta Prohm, the to Ib
18
of Jayawarman’: practically ever been wrenched trces shooting ches and trun stones, he to along the fad T f (notwithstanding in our group h claring repeated as he hau led bi another height, difficult far usually CCT rect.
It was altog taking experie: especially evoca the revelatill C Lld Hildluis II1 Well to create tural identity. thing similar ci in PolоппаТ u Wa pels of the C but by and lar philosophy heri recent period back to the til dyan kings too of disjunction thesis, of emph ferences betwee Hinduism (and the 11 and everyt than identifying pertinent simila ! culture on t enthusiastically gethe T. Angko I nantly Hindu, Buddhist, but intermingled at joyous fusion. explains the c of life that th vey after so not only in bas-reliefs that of 5 ccular and mythological, varied statuary tectul Te.
It is the In airc most hic Ely Tcs toration w C) ha d donc a gi colonial period to get involver Te lillit 5 to 1 France after a diplomatic rela Phnom Penh.

5 mother, where y structure has apart by massive Tots Lld bral. Ilks through the ok us climbing frd IT1 level IOCIfs that the Swiss advertigo), delly in great glee Liimself up te yet
"Easy for me, you.' He was
gether a breath[ıcC. What Was Live for Ille was if how Buddhis
had blended so a positive culI suppose solleIl be discered , or in the te ITampola period, ge the do Iminilint
of the 13 Te (and this goes 1g Of thic KELT
) has been one Tather till I l synasizing the difIl Buddhis IIl di indeed between hing else) rather thic II much mðre Lics. Thc Khlet ı Huc haid bole [1d cd Egjith thWat predomiAngkor Thom lects of būt
both sites in a That pe Thaps oil pulsive sense a buildings ctյոmany centu Tics, he magnifici cnt abound in both, Teligious 5 CCITES, ut i 15 C in the and the archi
dians now who ily involved in rk. The French cat del 1 il the , and are keten again, but there what they can do. I has no formal tions as yet with India on the
other hand, as the only country. outside the Socialist Bloc to recognize the Hun Sen govern
ment, can Illove more freely despite its Ilore limited resources. Though one heard
complaints about what they are doing and in particular about the in discriminate use of cement to my of course totally untutored eye what had been achieved seemed perfectly
acceptable. Certainly it would be folly to wait longer, in the hope that sole thing better
Would ultimately come along. With little expertise in the country itself, with Khmer Rouge forces not too far away in the jungle (some paths leading away from the more dista It Tuins are forbidden, since it was not too long ago that the Khmer Rouge were laying lain d11 i nes on them), with Conly adolescent soldiers to guard thern against all sorts of depredations, the more Work that is done of the sites now and the sooner the place is opened up to more tourists and a responsive infrastructure developed, the better for one of the great inheritances of the world.
On the last day Mr. Huy tok us to two 9th century temples in thic little village that had becn his birthplace, twenty milies away, and the even further to Tonle Sap, the great lake of sweet waters. It was a centre for inland fishing, and We went out in a boat through hundreds of houses on stills, to a somewhat larger hut inhabited by a dozen or more adults, in additio to their children, where they cured fish as well as rearing the II in large pens staked out in the Water, Having had a very full programme ower the previous two d:lys, we h:1d not gone out at all into the town of Sea In Reap, so this was ou T only opportunity of seeing something (of the | life of the a Tea. It Wa5 of course a very special sort of life. Our Swiss companion, who had spent a long time in Indochina in the course of his life, was of the view that most of the fisher folk must be

Page 21
Wiset namese, since they seemed fairer in colour and in any case fishing was not really a Khmer occupation. Mr. Huy indeed had already told us that there was a section of the settlement that was a Wietna mese colony, Perhaps the charitable view was that they
were introducing an occupation
that could prove productive for the country.
Anyway, whether recent or not, the life style was Temarkably organized. Little boats chugged along, or were paddled around, Selling bread and wegetables, while a couple general stores for dry goods and commodities had becil set
up in the stilt houses. There was also a bar, where people were drinking, and what Mr.
Huy pointed out to us, closed
at the time in the bright morning sunshine, as a video parlour; and also a couple of police stations interspersed amongst the other huts, like
ther on stilts. In one, we saw a
shining array of heavy old guns lying in a back room with the door open. The lake
Was massive, long way to the West, and the Khmer Rouge still presented a
ånd ex tcnded all ||
threat to some parts of its shoreline. Where. We were however, in the Inidst of bustling but peacefully ordered
activity, it was hard to imagine that there was still a struggle going on, and being encouraged, in the country at large.
It was my birthday that day, and in the evening, back in Phnom Penh, I celebrated by going out to dinner with a student I had met the day before leaving for Seam Reap. It would be more accurate perhaps to say that he had picked Inc - up, ha wing Ime in the street as Stranger on
a likely
Stopped
whom to practice
his English, and offered to take Inc. around the city on the back of his Inotorbike.
His name was Lundy, he Said, because I come on a Monday, so my mother call
(Солтiлшеid on page ಜಿಜ್ಬು
Cf |
Muslim as , , (Сол тілшғd fre
and cthnic Heri peoples, and their political I end Some sugge made ea Tliet an be initiated in
It is unhealth conflicting part their subjective the reality and t ched in their uny This will only of the co III mulaill pTomise is esse. dinal change is solution and b. subscribe here. PeaCC PTOCess bu t this sho 1 El COITITICICCII
The Te Te t'W) and social back two different c and a high level among both gro these, the conf aspirations aim a Tid Muslims vi ha lese do II limat will Illo doubt over come in al пепt of the conflict. But I conviction oblig accoliodative at as power-sharin and other cic yic Tect) Il Cilt the co tiwes of the Tar With the stance majority. All tive of race or be allowed to c and the differ be able to cont affairs as in a or union of colu Tse a speci CateT LC) the Mill With in the Tilff or region. Pos contribute towa חties iן חuוון ווGO f
Muslims need Sure sense of is territorja 1 ba5c1 One could draw perience of Fir with the island whom assuranc

} age of the two afeguarding of ghts. To this Lions hawe been action should egard to them.
to allow the 25 to maintain perceptions of гс па in entrenelding positions. bafflc a solution conflict. Contial and attituimperative to a th parties should Initially, the
ay be gradual ld lot deter it of it.
different cult u Tall grounds of the 5 mmunal groups
of cohesiveness
ups. Added to Ficting political ing the Tamils
s-a-vis the Sined government be hurdles to ny final settleTamil-Muslim beräll bılımla Illistic ges o Inc t} create "ral ngements such g, participation es which could nflicting imperamils : Ind MLIsli[Ils s of Sinha lese :itizens, irrespeccrecd, need to njoy equal rights Int c'OITim L'Inities
roll their i Internal federal polity egions with of
a strictric to Islim aspirations il federal unit. ver-sharing will rds peace among
a plural polity.
to be given a ecurity in their and perhaps -eX טth חנ1ptן
land in dcaling ers of Aland to 's of autonomy
and self management have been constitutionally and in practice
guaranteed. In regard to mixed settlements of Muslims and Tamils, Muslims may be able
to draw upon past experience when the Holy Prophet assured in Medi na to Jews, and health CD15 alike all equal rights of citizen
ship without discrimination
Tolerance and understaning between the two collin unities which have a hoary record of co-existence need to be brought back again
as a II i Individua, 1 like Eastern Ibrahlil asserts; to hill thic enemy is state colonisation,
which drives Musills and Tamils to compete for what is left behind.
The L.T.T.E. has in a state ent, reproduced in a recent issue of the Tamil Nation, spoken of a secular Sct-up and tolerance under their dispensation. They have pronised to the Muslims their due rights, and privileges and made clear that they shall Tot sufficT , discriII) imation, Irlı fact, they have argued that it was left to the Tamils to Woice the injustices that had befallen the Muslims in places like Galle and Put talam in the rccent past, and that there is greater danger to the Muslims in the East from trends like thic Sinha les c coloni
sation plan than from the Tigers. They hark back to an entente in the late eighties in
Ta Inil nadu with Muslim representatives and that the Musill leadership in the South which is unable to look after their own kind the Te Will Illot ble to do hardly anything for the Muslims of the Eist. The L.T.T.E. sees hopes for the Muslims with the Tamils and not in a separation bet Weem the LWC communities. Is this mere retoric or will the Tigers translate all of it into reality. Once burnt, the Muslims will be twice shy - this is certainly clicar now.
But the East is today redder
still with so many Tamils falling victims to Sinha les e Yi Indictive military wrath in the after maith of a fatal line blast When two soldiers died. This has compounded an already Complicated 5.Cenario.
19

Page 22
Соглrespoтаелсе
Lyn Ludovvуk
1 thank the Lark போrdia and Mr. Wittä chi (LG Wol. 14 no. 4 15 June 1991) for the opportunity to make some brief extension to the argul II ent carried in my review of Lyn Lludowyk’s memoir, (T705 e Log Afternoons: childhood in colorial Ceylon). There a Te ho Wever Some preliminary misunderstandings on which I beg leave to COIm Tinent.
III the circums Lances in which the review was written, it was important for ninc to II nake clear that I was expressing my view (of a class Cor category of people to which I myself belonged. I certainly did not pu TpoTt to speak for a whole class. If Mr. Wittachi cor any one else disagrees with what I wrote I am IIlost intercisted in hearing his OT het wiews,
It is quite true that in our OW In various ways, Lyn, Doric and I Werc Telated to the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, but anyone who kncW Lyn would not suppose that his vision of socialism was constrained by either the ideology or the later history of that party. Mr. Wittachi's comments Coll this äTe therefore quite irrelevent.
I have Ino antipathy to “knowing English’, nor in Ilny relationship with Doric as his student and for T a short time Els his collcaigue was there any indication that he would hawe cwen LII derstood Such a c01Iment. The only grounds on which I can imagine an antipathy to knowing anything at all is as a defence against sheer emotional HOTTOT.
The main argument I would like to present here has two a spects - first the failure of the English-speaking class in Sri Lanka to fulfil the obligations inherent in its implicit claim to elitic status, and the other, the deprivation that all of us must suffer, to varying extents, through separation from a language community,
20
Throughout the early deci tury the Engl English-educat privileged gro) editsclf and ellte in whose future of the Were highly fil el 5 Which blish Sihle Hindu-Tani of the national El nd thc5e ha political succ. the Illid-194 control of the has chained Ime It ill the My argument (Tgins in the tLITY Illembers speaking class, or whatever, h benefits of pri have not, gener obligations in position we ol ble Said that have, but man Opinion, and i allone, is tha portion of thi been o weTWh el with their own and have not of any obligati rity of the pc. compense for this colonial think, is vulgar may be other W.
The bowe political view папу W נןםlt1 The argument o Of the coil st self-evident and the en vir Ille Of Luis who ar group, class Constral illed. M Il10115trites the clearly when h "plurely Laikā I be in comprehe i II thic World" i före be restrict El II (the T. The to be that any

he nineteenth and ics of this celsh-speaking and d were a highly p which consideras treated as all hands lay the country. There ignificant movetempted to estae-Buddhist and ights to control polity and culture legislative and iss Since at lcast ls. Nevertheless, English language a major instruontrol of power. is that since its Tincte enth Cenof our Englishgгоup, categoгу, ave claim cd the Fileged status but ally fulfilled the herent in the ccupied. It may many individuals y have not. My t is my opinion t a significant s category hawe ningly concerned personal interests cycn bec aware on to the majopulation as Tethe besto Wall of benefit. This, I ity, though there forms of it as
is a personal, and I am sure
Cũ11{{:st it,
in the other side els much Llore has to do with
t by which all te part of this ir Callegory are ir Wittachi de
constraints most e Sluggests that locutions' would Ensiblic els c where nd should thereed one way or Suggestion seen 15 Writing for a
wider audience must look for standards set in some outside centre from which all standards emanate. This is an appalling culture cringe and it is sad to think that anyone would choose to live within such self-erected fences of Latin granar or any other kinds of barbed Wire,
Looking back on my years as a student of Lyn and Doric, in the language' part of the course, one of the things they conveyed to students was the creative history of the English language and, now, I see, by implication the creativity in the use of all language. This creativity can never be the sole prerogative of an elite, and the major disadvantage from which all of us, speakers of Ceylon English, have suffered, is severance from a linguistic hinterland. If wc were to abandon 'purely Lankan locutions” where would Sri Lankans writing in English go to nourish the creativity of the language they use". Though thcre is nothing specially Lankan in the sentence I cited from Lyn and that Mr. Wittachi quoted from my review, it is indeed said if he does not understand lt.
With reference to Mr. Wittachi's
P.S., it is not for me to permit or to forbid wulgarity. Whatever determines our be
haviour, sociological or otherwise, for most of us there are times when the decision can only be individual.
Gehan Wijeyewardene
EC and not EEC
This is in reference to a article tittled "Lesson of Tcr. To Tism. A neW Indo-Sri Lanka relationship" on page 3 of La Inka Guardian of July 1, 1991.
The European Economic Community is now referred to as European Community (EC). But the article states everywhere EEC. I think this is Wrong.

Page 23
It is regrettable, this mistake has occured in an article Written by Lanka's leading foreign affairs cominentator and journalist.
Sivakumu aran Wipula Llande
Wat tällä
Note: Dc Silva erred. Habits die hard-El.
Separatis in
Izeth Hussain in L G 01.03.90. stated that the Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan Tamils constitute two distinct ethnic groups' (p. 19, last para). In the L G Öl.07.91, he states that they c:1n be regarded as distinct groups in some senses” (p. 4 para 5), How come, this qualification?
Mr Narasimha Rao is from Andhra Pradesh and is Telugu speaking. It is now accepted that the terms ARY AN and *DIRA.WIDIAN' airc Imisused. T0 say the PM of India is a Tamil-speaking Dravidian, is a Inis no Iller.
It is smart to say that the Tamils were the first to take to separatism. But it was the
Mul Girls who Ttalised it first.
Historical conditioning is certainly behind the highhandledness and undemocratic behaviour of cw cry nation, state, people, language and religion. Each nation work on the preImise that their Country, pe Oplt, language, religion, etc. arc God's creation. How far this is implemented, depends on numerical strength and or military prowess. It should be for our good, if our thinking is ration. alised. Otherwise, wc should concede. I 5 T:Hel's bicha við Ll to Co. It should be accepted that religions - not created by God - al Te to al great extent Tespon S1ble mðt for propi ga ting peal Ce and accord, but, for fomenting dissensio 1 and discord.
However, Izeth Hussain's essays a Te enlighten ing in some way 5.
MP de Sily Colombo 5.
The etуп "Cey Dr. JaDı e — R LI: that the Port
(which gavc ris "Ceylon") was de
krit word, “Sin cquivalent to 'S I). This inte Im ()TC n n . mytl
marinc history ,
Medieval Cli India. In Ocea. Il a tlլIt tւy the l collihalder C
15th century, b
of Portuguese Cheng-Holcom of 62 ships an bigger than lost Cof his tille, C Dı0 StTa Dıger tÖ. Wisited the is 1: according to **fiwe y el Ts later expedition whi Sinhalest king sColle of the II kingdom and to to China'' (A La rika, 1981, բ: This being th tuguese word, English wariant attributed his a Chinese als) mark con IIn any which were ill control in the as Cochin (* '''Ko sh u (""Mo —ku — ta (''Shih-ta'). T բrthen Ltd in th, Sea Trid idh Hige (1988), auth tirւ Grce Il, the m of a British sh Grcel a ls Sta Clı incesc na wigat to plut Illgret practice in m Tould A.D. 2 butiOT15 t() {} hlaye bice I1 QWE Occidental hist{ history glorifyi of Ille die wall El like Vasco da Ali Eble hi5 Russel also s that when Port into contact kingdom in

tology of ro"
5 sel points out uguese “Ceilao e to the word, : rived from Sansmala", which is in hala” (LG July : pretation relies l tlili OI - the f India. Occa, a controlled the Ild Persian Gulf fiSiOIl Of Th:1Wal e Ig-Ho in the efore the a di Wicut naval power. mended a fleet 128,000 menEuropean navies heng-Ho is also Lä Ilkä. He first 1 T i I 405 äT1 l K. M. de Silva, he led another ch 5ized the his queen and its f the ok them prisoner History - p/ Sri .(86-87 .ל le case. Elle POICeilao' (or its Ceylon) is being derivation of the have left their oth cr place names their sphere of 5th century, such -chih"), Mogadi—sh Luʼ) and Jidda hic se details al Te c book, "Way of of the Ocearls” !d by Richard an:lging director ipping company. tes-that though ors were the first C | Compass iinto) äTitle navigation 70, thei T CoInit Ticean exploration 3rlooked by the Tians who wrote ng the discoveries Iropean explorers
Gama. orian like Jane hould recognize Liguese first came with the Kotte 1505 (almost a
century after the visit of ChengHo to the island), they could not hawe encountered Sainskritspeaking ethnics. Further more I also hawe It ÇLIC CITOS5 any references to Portuguese adverturers in medical India. and Ceylon showing great inclination to study a dead language,
Silicii Sri Kıtlı
Osaka BioScience still laբi1i1
The Sovereign People
Our constitution is based on the conccpt of the sover eignty of the people. What this meams is that the three El TT15 of governm cnt — the executive, the legislature and the judiciary all function under powers er trusted to them by the 50vereign բeople.
SC it was with considerable surprise that I read that Mr. J. R. Jayewardena (in a lecture delivered at the Y.M.C.A.) speaking of the need for a referendull to a mend certaini provisions of the constitution, said: “*I think no democratic nation in the world (he presumably meant 'no other') has this unique power given to the people by its legislature." It is un fortunate that Mr. Jayewardena thinks the powers of the sovereign people are in the gift of elected politicians transiently
in office.
The Sower eign picople hawe reserved certain powers to
themselves which they do not wish the legislature to cxcrcise without their express permission given at a referendum. This is of a gift to the people by the legislature.
Mary Balding Ma labe.
Gandhi Assassination
I a propos your coverage of the Gandhi assassination (LG July 1).
(1) In your News background, you quote Minister Lalith Athulaith muda li a s stating that, Rajiv Gandhi may not have died if Mrs. Tin dira. Gain
dhi had acceptcd the Sri Lan
2

Page 24
(2)
(3)
22
"222 סח טCabl .
kan proposal for joint patrolling of the Palk Straits''. I Wonder why minister Athulaith muda li’s Imemory has failed to see that Rajiv Gandhi was given a second lease of life on July 1987, only because the naval rating who swung the gun at Gandhi in Colombo missed his target.
The India Today report which you republished, calls poet Kasi Anandan, the LTTE elissary to Rajiv Gandhi in Delhi, an insignificant political figure among Sri Lankan Tallil circles. Between 1972 and 1976, Klasi Anandan was a political prisoneT under the BandaIranalike regime. Hic was one
of the three political prisoners (other two were Maavai Senathirajah and Wannai Ananthan) Who symbolised the change in the traditional Tamil political leadership. He tried to infuse this change by attellpting to oust the
Weteran FP stalwart of the Eastern Province. C. Rajadurai in the 1977 general election. This did C Teate a leada che for thic TULF Old guard and Kasi Anandan paid the price for losing in that general election. No body loves a loser. But to say that "he was never taken seriously as a political figure', in Iny opinion, is filla WCd.
What confidence one can have in the opinion of Congress (II) sources, regarding the Rajiv Gandhi-Kasi Anandan melecting of March 5 th"? Isn't these same sources which denied such a meeting in the first i Instance? Si Ice Cow it has been acknowledged that such a meeting did take place in Rajiv Gandhi's priwate residence, how about asking Sonia Gandhi about what transpired between Rajiv and Kasi Anandan? Has the LG able to receive a copy of this purported If so, Will
you publish it in full for
the record 5"ח 11:Sw חסT. port which Na de san Salty Rajiv Gandhi has been ex coTTect and Sınday Times Com Tricc tibni lil T. Will LG fl150
S
Osaka Bio-Science II
Jaբam
Ve did nos spot | Tirre Corrèctic) 77. ETTyr".
(4)
Press RE
** Our Organisat ed within the fram mocracy and L. country and W. continuously insi: unity.
We are fully fact that the W. jealous over the rapid growth w period, a Te tryir our image. For our President ( was take I i I1 t May last year an un conditionally ower the protcst public and polit At the time, ments lade : directly and indir and underline to L10 Lc - that o LI trade union oppo again using the to poison the
members and sy'n We strongly neither our Leade ganisation had with any of the We hawc Wehe Iller all terrorist, act Country.
We have prov desire to safegu and interests o' the just struggles withill the fram mocracy.
LUP COUNTRY PI Sarath Athlukiorale
Vice Presiderir ېg FIF

republished restates that "e Indra als 0 met Qn Märch 5th posed as inthe London did print a ld an apology. | do the sa Ine.
chi Sri K1 Itha
SILT
the The Striday We regret the
2lease
|015, Were TOTIIIe W Tk. If D -- aws of this e hilye becDı sting on racial
iWare of the esteld in te rests Organisation's ithin a short 1g to da mage Ell example, 'handra sekara II custody in i was released after six days, made by the ical parties. the Sanc clicoveral efforts 2ctly to ridicule us. We regret r political and ELS TE DICE: Sa Inc Incthods IIlinds of our
pathisers.
believe that r:S 13r the Orny connection -errorist groups.
wities in this
!d our genuine ird the rights the people by
dialingues etc, 2. Work if IO
OPLES FRONT
R. N. Salih 'fri'r fra Trip"E 5Ferrefary
SPOLS.
(Сол тілшғd = from Page. I г.)
It is appropriate to conclude by referring to an observation in John Stuart Mill's great essay on Coleridge. He noted that the Conscrivatives of the time were In en of property and redoubtably powerful. They could be changed 'not by the in practicalble method of converting them from Conservatives into Libcrals, but by their being led to adopt one liberal opinion after another, as a part of Conservatism itself."
Five-Star . . . .
(ConfirILed from rage f
cal comIncInt on What ha d taken place. Mr H L de Silva, appearing for Mr Nadesan, submitted, inter alia: **Members of parliament have freedom of speech. They do not have freedom from criticism. Immunity from criticism is not part of the doctrine of parliamentary privilege,' Mr Nadesan was acquitted - but it had been a traumatic experience for seriousminded citizens concerned for the integrity of their rulers.
On 22 July 1982 JR's govern
ment completed five years in office. On this sa. Ile day a public meeting was held at
the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress Hall. Professor Sarachchandra began a lecture entitled 'The decline of Lankan culture in recent years". The speaker started off with a reference to the government's Open economic policy When a gang of thugs in the audience rushed to the platform and beat up the speaker and several others on the rostrum including some Buddihist monks. A person called Piya sena Jayaweera, described as an assistalt to Mr Mathew made it statement to the press that he accepted responsibility for trying to stop Mr Sarachchandra from attacking gawe Tinment policy. The police (under JR) took no El til OL
And the Te you have a portrait of Our five-star dell crat.

Page 25
A New World Order?
Kalinga Seneviratne
bout 1 week after the bombing of Iraq had stopped,
ABC Radio Levy5 Said One IIlorning that the National Farillers Federation Wants Australia to start trading With Iraq innediately, "because we can sell the Irillions of dollars Worth of mot only wheat, but also wool, sheep, barley and sugar.' Finally the media has found out that Iraq is populated by not only Saddam Husseill and his one million ATIlly, but by people living there, who eat and dirink as we dö. Hopefully. Il ext time they will not Tefer to da Ilms, pipelincs, milik powder factories and power pla Ints as "Inilitary El 35e Els”!
So when we talk 1 bolt a New World Order, are we really talking about a new order Cor about the Thalistering of the propagation of hypocristy? As the US-Iraq conflict dragged oil апd the war began, what became clica T to Ille was how the Western media overtly became the propaganda tool of the US War Ilächlil C.
I Was relinded of what the Pakista Ili Jour Illa list Altaf (GTALhal y Tate bolt the Weste:Tl media in 1984, at the height of their campaign against UNESCO's idea of EL Ney World Communication a Tid InfoT TIL tio 1 Ordci. Altaf said, "The Power of the media attains awesome heights when it Eicts in u nison, particularly in defensic of some perceived threat to its
own interest. A campaign is un lcashed and a mighty To T gocs up, drowning every note
of dissent. Prejudice turns into judgement and suspicion into conviction, while facts and eWidcnce are swept aside by the volu bility of the media. When
Edired Persion of a falk given by Kalirga Senevrare e a serirar or 'The GWWarrg Carry Rer. riors", held at the University of Techrialogy ir Sydney, Ausfralia. Fler is a Media Researcher at the Uni of Tech irid Sydney and the IP5 - Pressagerry's Australiா சராசராச்சார், "
the US alını olund: from UNESCO foT the Wester I its old War aga
Inforati O uס Were pulleti portrayed as a ternatio Tial intr TiTi World C. hatched and its Malta T M Bow, culptit”.
If you rcplac Iraq and Maht Saddam HlISSei qui o te describe behavio LIIT OF TE Since the US troops deployme bia.
Sicc declari George Bush hai the teltml + cTGä til Order' but it The Western I has inte preted as getting Tid of mass destrug World dictator they prefer to COLT5e is Sadd: This is under that the West Americans and O Into il ny a riley LI pils Of īss th C Dnedia is ei ignore the fac precisely these that hawe first in Lug to use th mass destructio Ironically the gas shells to b, 1920's, Whal tr Euphrates rosc inst Britt st LT11 Coursc know tha WEr the first fll to use atolic used Napalm def In ethods of ch in Wietnam.
While sluich the Iraqi pote Weapons of Il which IlleyCT ha

d its withdrawal it was the signal In edia to revive inst the so-called Imunication and der. All plugs , UNESCO was hot bed of inigue Where most inspiracies Were Director General as the main
UNESCO with I MBOW with ... I think that precisely the e weste T1 Tmedia announced its Il til Saul di ATEL
ng war on Iraq s frequently used ng a New World yer det filed it. ledia of course it, among others of the weapons tion from Third i cor despots-as put it. First of lm Hussein.
the assumptic 1. particularly the British cal hold It Of these Wealdestruction. But ther ignorant or that it was two countries used and contlesc weapons of
. British first used omb Iraq in the ibic scn - of the in rebellion agaitary rule. We of it the Americans the only country eapons they also olic Ints and other Le IInical "Warfare
was told about ntial for using lass destruction ppened the mas
siwe US and allied le Tial bombardimcnt of Iraq u sing fu cl air bombs cluster bombs, nap. alm, B-52 carpet bombing evenagainst Withdrawing troops, were not seen as methods of mass destruction.
When Saidla I11 Hulssein ElinInclinced his intention to withdraw from Kuwait just before thic ground offensive began the Americans refused to a ceas:- firc to let this happen. During the two days this issue was debated, no Western Journalist had the commonsense to ask a Pentagon spokesperson how the hell can they withdraw if you are going to bomb them from the air. The Journalists probaly thought the Americans and the British are civitized people -how can they do such a thing
Throughout the conflict and up to now these double stannards are apparent everywhere in the media. Naji Al Hadithi the Editor-In-Chief of the Baghdad Observer told an Indian
Jouranalist just before the out
break of war that "The problem with the Americans is that they hawe dealt for too long with the illiteratic theiwes of the de sert, Bedouins, pirates and rotten shieks. They don't know how to deal with Arabs who arc not idiots. They can’t understand us“.
So rather than talk and try to understand people, the US manipulated the United Nations system - whosc job it is to A void Wars and a Trange a cea5efire, if war breaks out. Insead the UN was used to wage WaT and whic in the war started to reject negotiations or a ceas: fire.
The US also bribed, heavily debted Egypt into joining the alliance and almost certainly promised Syria modern weapons. There were also various other bribes paid to UN security council members to get their votes for the war resolutions. All these were done in the process of creating a new order supposedly based on justice, peace and morality
Meanwhile, the most ferocious military attack was launched on
23

Page 26
Iraq, slaughtering many thջusands of civilians and destroying the country's infrastructure. Thc deliberate allied hitech killing of civilians was covered up and said to be unintended, collateral da Image".
Finally one of the most bardaric massacres in the history of civilization - bombing of a retreating army - was hailed as the "great 100-hour victory of the allies' So what we should be asking is whether this socalled new World order is a drawback to the barbaris II11 of the 18th and 19th centuries European armies particularly that of Britain and France went around the World Tllā SS El Cring native people and grabbing tilheir naturall TCS OLI TC est sic I WIÇ ç the industries of the West.
Watching the progress of Scic Ice and tech Ilology, a qua T - ter of a century ago, the great American Dr Mai Ttiin Luthcr King said thatt "we have guided missiles and Irisguided Imen.” I think what we are witnessing is Lille Tles u lts of this e Tal
The Gulf War has created sorrow, anger and immense resent not only among the Arabs and Moslems, but in most parts of the Third World, What they see is an American attempt to use huggery to rever se the United States” decline as fil. Il CC UTILIÇ power. The fact that the US had to go cap in hand to Germany and Japan, the defeated enemies of the second World
war and to Saudi Arabia One CF the World’s Illast al It OC Tatic regimes to help fund the War
is an indication that the much trumpeted A Tierican might may well be. Il core a II imagination of the Western journalist then the reality.
Recently, I have started writi Ing to a II i International newsagency as their Australian correspondent. Everytime I write a story on the Australian ecøT10my
i iiss bbw iii 1 u 5 t) Llc I thit Wet are a Third World economy and our place in the New
World (Ordet the US WILs to establish can not possibly be Con the Side of the U.S. As Richild Firmer sic i Ill the 'Australian' recently, our allies ir The Gr. If I re for er er nie 5 U 77 the farr'. ق
But why doesn’t ou T media reflect that Teality'. I think the cartoon which appeared in the Sydney Morning Heraldi cx plains it wery Well - this was a re24
production of
picture of the (which lapp Car C ( earlier.) In facil cartoon, rather angry I felt ver
During the Gul Cadle of civili; quently used III cTibe Baghdadwithout doubt a Teräsul Ie, I WII: cof you are a w; Al-Khwārizmi i from the Baghd: developed the s braic for Illu liitik ce Iltury Which til to the listics and the In de TI - Ilissiles a lost destroy centuries later. tant contributi to Wester Il civil introduction . university educ:
| th|Tık th alt of cultural bi: it is lifair to Clula T i Ildiw jidilla PC LICET 5, W: In ore closely a system which t de Ilies the hi5t() of the Ill-F ations and igni and babaris II lonialis Ill of c. tralia And Lit this education tcInce : Ild Iic cultures especi ched by non-C in Asia and
Many of us these regions We Want to p fe8510Ils here ! CCIT : : CLI e Il. trying to est but when We selves and are capable and This is Wery c like the Illed I education.
Il C1 clul Sic H11 i Incident 45 ycars ago. JOLITrill i5:t sikt dhi at the independence y'r flirtk s 3 he sil ply sai
The II ( Lion de T10cTacy, fr vidual Hoces Without hind worship and ideas. Nobod.

a front page descrit Tillä sisälçTe l a few days well I saw the
than being y sad about it.
f War the te TIL zation was freckingly to des-a city which is in archeological der how many Te that it was Imathellä tician ld Academy who ystem of AlgeIs in the 9th liliki LHC fou Indscience of balldevelopment of which iro Illically ed Baghdad 11 ALother imporI Baghdad Inadc Iigi till Was thic of institutional
til I.
When We talk is in the media pick OIl partilirl a lists. It leed till lök the education (o Imy knowledige rical achivements uropean civilizpres the brutality pf European coLI Il trics 11 ke Austlet lands. Also de Ilies L1 e xisthless of vibralt ally those enriChristian religions th : Middle-East. Who colle fOIl fild that wheİı ractice our bro. he problems bet When We Elre a blish blir selve:S have proved our. seen to be highly knowledgeable. OmniC Il in a reas a, literature and
I let Ill recal which happen ned
When F. British 2d Mahat II (Gal. Ileight of India's struggle. L'*'ha f du |oofer, tỉl'Îlor:#TH" d is a good idea".
of participatory eed II U T L hıc indiis to knowledge ance, freed of so forth a Te great
· would dis:Ig Ice
with that. But what the Gulf War and the media coverage of it has shown us, is, as the Mahatma said 45 years ago, its a good idea but yet to be rea
ised.
Unless western Cvilization and particularly the Anglo-Celtic societies learn to acknowledge,
understand and respect teT people, I'm afraid We at going to have mort conflicts
and bloodshed.
Indochina . . . .
(Cantinued fra page ?) og
me Lundy.' He had neither mother mor father now, foi both had been killed in the time of Pol Pot. So had four brothers and sisters. He lived now with his grandmother, fail old lady whom he took the to meet, in a TOC Tl a Tid part of a verandah on the top of a three storey house. Earlier, as we travelled through the city, he had shown me a fairly prosperous district with elegant
houses set in small but pleasant gardens, where, he said his family had lived in the
time of Lon Nol. But no ltյոք :er remember." He was illst tWCil" בטוחנו יין
” Tချိုးဖို့ came to Ille then the hopeless sense of loss I had felt on reading "Dr. Zhivago', many years ago, not so Imuch at the story itself but at the description in the beginning of the wholesale change in particular life styles that revolutin of ten entails. Doubtless the phenomen has occurred often enough, but it is always Polg nant when it is brought to Ole's notice (and that indiccd is rare enough, so infrequently does one really move out of one's own limited sphere of experience), and the more S. while II it is accompanied by the loss of individuals so that no Ըtillective melory Temais Is a link. In Lundy's case, even if he himself was not very clear about what had been lost, the image of his grandmother bringing him up alone over the last fifteen years, sceing him go Caiff as a soldier to the Thai border to battle Pol Pot's troops (there had been so Ine fatal skirmishes, he said, and once they had let him pass when they light have killed him, because their quarrel they claimed was with the Wietnamese), and then having him return without any clear future ahead of him, struck Ine as profoundly said
(To be continued)

Page 27

Knight
rmOVe

Page 28
We are a different kind of
There are a multitude of Guard
() They who guard the fre
They who protect the b,
O They who guard the der each of us is entitled a
Each of us is a Guardian to others
dependency in day to day life.
But the difference is our Guardi
for your future. We are truste
momeV, guiding you on how to
and your dependents tomorrow.
So
For you
PEOP
A Differen
 

Guardian to you.
ians during your lifetime.
edom of speech & expressi Jon.
asic human rights of mankind.
nocratic freedom to which
s citizens.
who look to us for their
anship rests on our deep concern
ld Guardians of your hard-earned
spend and how to save for you
Reach out Today r Life-long Guardian
LES BANK
: kind of Guardian for you.