Page 1
O BERLIN WITHOUT C)
Vol. 14 No. 11 October 1, 1991 Price Rs. 7.
REVOLT OR PRESS
THE (COMING (CONF
A MATER F STY
EWWERO
COLONSATION AND D
CHINA's WALL OF STEE THE S-S. PAGT: An Indi
THE R. INDIA, IMF AND THE CONGRI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

HECKPOINT CHARLIE O
- Rajiva VMVijesing har
鷺
A·
இ 羲、 リ 鷺
50 Registered at gpo, Sri Lanka odioenews/9
Y TINDAWAL GRISIS
|URE MOWE ? - Mervyn de Silva RONTATION — Desmond Fermando
LE – Radhika Goomaraswamy AS PROPHET — Ajith Samarama yake
ммЕмт
OUTHERN CONFC
- S. L. O. end is
EMOGRAPHIC BALANCE
-S. Sathananthan
: Inder Malhotra
ian view - P. Sa hade van
'EGI0MW
ESS - David Housego

Page 2
Why there's SO in this rustict
There is laughter and light barter amongst these rural dartists who are busy sorting out tobacco leaf ir a bat Ti. It is one of the hundreds of 544ch hairs spread out in the mid and upcourity intermediate zone where the arable laid remains talo, during the gf Šorl.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows as il lucrative cası çırıp a Tid the green leta Vee:s turn t gold... k. phic value of over Rs.250 million Crimore annually, for perhaps 143,000 Tural folk.
 

M ENRICHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings employment to the second highest number of people. And thes: people are the tobacco batta Tiers, the tobacco growers and those who work for them, or the land and in the barris.
Fu them, the troba CCC leaf TT18-års mea Tingful Work, a cornfortable life and a secure future. A good enough reason for laughter,
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people.

Page 3
Briefly . . .
ANTI-ARCRAFT GUNS
TO TIGERS The Tigers had been given anti-aircraft 91S, among other sophisticated
weapons, by the Premadasa government, UNP dissident leader Gamini Dissanayaka told a press briefing. He said that 17 such guns had been given and they had definitely" been used during the Elephant Pass battle with the Sri Lanka Army. Another rebel, former Education Minister Lalith Athulathmudali said that the LTTE had been given such arms without the sanction of the Cabinet, "which is contrary to the Constitution". The Defence Ministry issued a fat contradiction of the first charge and explained why it had helped the LTTE to fight the India-equipped T.N.A.
WILL BARE ASSETS
At a mass rally in Kandy UNP rebel leader Gamini Dissa na yake proposed a Permantent Commission to probea the assets of all politicians. Such a commission would reveal who had amassed Wealth after taking to politics ; he himself had no objection to any probe into his assets, the former minister Said.
HAMDS ARE CLEAN
Ex minister Athulathmudali showed his hands to the massive crowd at the Kandy rebel rally and said: "they ar a clean; theo y hawa not been stained by doing any dirty work for any maharajahs, nor have they baen
Stained with Eo that he had anyՃոE murdert ted on tyres.
CDMSPIR. WESTED
The Gang Priest, tha W Gпапissara told of Tonks at
Public Library a a gгошp of peop interests, finan
OWEFS, Was el TOppłę Presider a Tha Who Fra humble origin Understood and for the bett gr
have-ripts. s MOT A
STRU
Opposition TWO B3 da a public meeting the campaign ti President was Struggle, and t know to whic president belon
She said tՒlat had not been arms by the gi Country would rienced the the north-East, been able to di arbitrarily, and and treacherous be avoided in t executive presi had to be abol
TWO MASS O The World E Sri Lanka a : million, the bal, USS 80 mili recovery loan. Was given it Cording to a Tr the World Ba

lood". He said als 0 not had ad and Crea
CACW. B. Y
TERESTS
I ri riħa high éin. Gallaborla la gathering the Colombo Uditorium that a with Wested led by foreign deavouring to 1 t Prara dasa, di risen from S di WO always stood mielt of thig
CLASS GGLE
Leader Sirilake told a
at Ja-e la that O TETO E FE
Qt E CISS hat the people th class the gad.
if the Tigers provided with Were the hot have expclood bath in Or a na had D such things f such foolish
El CIS NETE LO he futura thë dential systern ished.
WE LOANS
ank has given an of USS 40 ance half of a 01 e Collic: The first half id 1990. AcEå5նry 5 ՃLIrt:E Ilk loan was
followed by the IMF approving a US$ 500 million dit facility.
GOVT. GROUP THANKS IMF
6. The Government Parlia
mentary Group adopted a re
solution thanking the IMF for ''te
9°1erOLIS assistanca, Which is tha largest sic G Sri Lanka's membership in
the IMF — August 1950".
An official communique Said that "the Group was of thE unanimous view that the decision of the IMF to make this facility, available is an endorsement of the sound economic policies followed by Sri Lanka undar the leadership of the President and expressed its fullest confidence
in the leadership of the President".
GÜARDIAN
Wol. 14 No. 11 || October 1, 1 g g
Price Rs. 7.5
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. NO. 245, Umir Pluca, Colombo -2.
Editor: Meruyn dg Siwa TalВрћолв: 447584
CONTENTS
News Background 3. BOh appar tiSIT G Westminster System ל The Regiքր 9. Cq fii: 13 N. M. 15 Sirimawo-Shastri Pact לו Environment (2) O Return to Berlin 23
Print0d by Ananda Pross 32/5, Sri Ratnajothi Sarawana muttu Ma Watha, Colombo 13.
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NEW FR
Sri Lanka: Tovards a mult Report of a fact-finding mission
What are the roots of the Conflict in Sri L. evolution of the conflict? What hopes are democratic society and how can the internat
These are some of the questions which sioned by PRO, sponsored by the Norweg NOW B and Written by Neville Jaya Weera, Civil Servant in Sri Lanka, it Will be of it inistries, researchers and all those Workir
It contains a review of the history and ca of political parties, ethnic and religious gr groups and non-governmental organisation peace. It also looks at the impact of Pres lengthy interview in which he not only e. outlines his understanding of multi-ethnicit
The report makes recommendations for a are already being considered by the gover
ISBN 82-7288-148-9
Published by the International Peace Resear 0260 Oslo 2, Norway.
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OM PRO
-ethnic democratic society? :o Sri Lanka by Neville Jaya Weera
inka? How has the ethnic issue influenced the
there for the emergence of a multi-ethnic onal community assist the process of peace?
this report attempts to answer. Commisiam government, Diakonisches Werk-EKD and
development consultant and former senior erest to international donor agencies, foreign g in development in Sri Lanka. uses of the conflict and examines the role oups, the military, vigilante and guerrilla S in the conflict and in the pursuit of ident Prema dasa's presidency and contains a xplains his past and present policies but ty and his vision for the future of Sri Lanka. chieving peace and multi-ethnicity which imaրt.
ch Institute, Oslo, (PRIO), Fuglehauggata 11,
owards a multi-ethnic democratic society?
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Page 5
60AVSTITUTIONAL (20Up: CAN THE UN
DISLODGED ?
мervyn de Siwa
he energency was extended
by Parliament with the customary ease - 131 to 72. The SLFP and its Left allies voted against the extension but the UNP and three smaller (Tamil and Moslem) parties teamed up to en Sure a very comfortable majority. Prime Minister D. B. Wijetunge gave two reasons to justify the regular monthly extension - the war in the north and LTTE terrorists behind bars, and in the South the WP terrorists held under emergency powers. 1,800 'Tigers' and "more than 5,000 JWPers' were the figures he gave Parliament.
Interestingly, the "dissidents' voted with the UNP. The Gamini) Lalith/Premachandra group, once a gang of 8' and now a 'gang of 11" does NOT intend to dis
sociate itself with thic UNP. On the contrary, cx-Minister Lalith Athulath muda li's speech
makes its abundantly clear that the conflict within the party has very much to do with personality, not policy. (See Lalith's critique) Indeed the basis of the Critique is the party's re-structuring in relation to decisionmaking, the concentration of power and the overwhelming role of personality.
Why the In the un precedented step, the gravest possible, of impeach ment? It is increasingly clear, in Iny view, that this was more of a tactical move than anything clse. And a preemptive action too. President Prema dasa, taken apparently by complete surprise, prorogued Parlial II let on Aug. 30 for a month. But for the impeachIment motion, he could hawe dissolved Parliament.
Once the impeach ment motion was 'entertained” in Hinc with
Con 5. Li tiu tio DH.1 Ti Speaker inform Thc I came t signed by 116 So low the S Ccss H. Tilly inquir gation' that th bce I obtained
lawful means.
to the House lis citu fr Will participate of Commonwea
What will la the impeachпет ed before Perl receive 2/3rds Ime: Il 5 |50 of UNP almost Votes from the half its parli Would have to up with its lo emy'', the SLFF to top 150. I leaders would situation that the public as th Of Sri Lalkı' ; tical party, tE Tulling clas 5 år
1.
If the impea rejected by the C3r Eccepted b not passed by Presi del conti fice. But what 11: Tit Will Cl H including Int n) all, to keep th eTrı İle Tit iII. II14 PTC III: das El llisi Who Carl Win t lle Halse ad Pi: Millister. Minister would choice. Mr. Pr sident and MI a s Princ Mini Ceivable"? Hoyw El I El Tragement

P BE
2guirements, Mr. ed the Presider. Le: 1e['er to li III government MP's. peakr must eE: into the talletLe signatures halwe by other than He Will Tcport In this matter on 1 India where he in a conference lth Speakers.
ppen if and when it motion is plac
inct Will it suppo Tt? That 225. With the
certail of IO-5
Smaller parties, lII1:n til Fly group) de sert El Tid te:Tl Tng-standing “cho, for the II1p til Even the rebel"
Il tot en tertai Il a would be seen by e virtual collapse i St Tongcsit pli1: Voice of the ld the Establish
chment motion is : Supreme Court y the S. C. but Parli lent, the nuts to hold Ofthen of parliaAs to pass bills, Cybills most of c. Wheels of gowti"? President tC invite. Il MP he confidence of fill the post of AT SLFo oč be the obvious eInada sa als PreTS. Bali da Talaik c ster? Is it conlong would such llist? I 5 the Sri
Lankan system likely to acquire wllt used to be a chi TO Ilic feature of post-war French parlia eta Tis Illin? And til Italial malady too.
If the impeach ment motiotu does Il Dit see President Prem Eldasa's exit, the Presidency will last at least till 1994,
L. T. T. E. FACTOR
For the first time in Tecelt politics, the crisis seems to be exclusively "Southern as well as a crisis confilled to the cstablished political order i.e. the main parties and personalities in the Sinhala South, and the institutional structures, parliaIllent, executive Presidency, and judiciary. And yet, the most contentious issue, the principal propagan dist weapon which both COI testa It5 a reso keen to Wield, is the war in the north, and the LTTE. The Copposition evidently believes that the nost da Timaging charge al gali Ist the Presidency is the supply of arms by the government to the LTTE in the period befo Te the departure of IPKF. Opposition uses
the most emotionally charged word - treachery, or betrayal (of the armed forces). While the government has justified
such supplies in situation where the IPKF haid Created a Tamil National Army (TNA) and liberally supplied the proxy force, the Defence Ministry has been prompt in disinissing the accusation about anti-aircraft weapons given to the LTTE.
It is simply impossible to exclude the war, the Tamils and the "Tigers' from even this direct confrontation between Sinhala power conteinders.

Page 6
-
LALITH: deep
the last 2 years thcy all feel that they have been diminished in status, they have been neglected and ignored. They fought the elections risking their lives but today the question they ask themselves is: Is there El place for us now? The ordinary member turns to the branch president and the branch president replies, there is nothing I can do for you'. The branch President turns to the Pradeshiya Sabha Member or the Prowincial Council Member or the Member of Parliament for relief. But, the only answer they get from their electe di representatives is to there i5 nothing I can do for you'. There is a deep sense of frustration at all levels of the party. This is unacceptable.
“If we do not right this positio In Ino W the party will face great electoral reversals in the years to come. Already this is evident in many parts of the country particularly in the WestCITI PT o Wince, the So LutheTim ProVince and the Rat парштa District. If we do not correct this situation our patient long-suffering party cadres will be driven t{} teach LIS a les son. If We say WC do not need them, soon they will say in return that they do not need us.
"I remember with poignancy two particular incidents - first the casc of the Dehiwela / Mount
in the party
Lawinial MMC, Pere Tal. At the
Tor Hle vas on put up poster: ölır presidentia strong was his
le in Sistesi () Il posters wearing Only green shir but he was fear pened to hin?
Пew НdП II istra he lost his j El existelce hi The purpose totally misunde thTeate:Il Cid Tot
befo Te le Coulli appeared. Ther inquiry, invest II iSSicili to la His family incl children Wait f
The second is that of ill littee Member district. He cl: In enlbers of hij: the Lerro I bec C1 for til UJINIP. to the party plight and as sa maiikayo. At parilta WFL till" In embers but streets now'). told that if th he could go to Department. "Y R.s. 2/'— II eII bg: aid le a We'. LE
major "Michael Base" in important military Success
to India, for 'talks'
Second important Succ
Who\e the UNP "rebels" and the Oppositi Ut most to Capitalise Con the go Werriment's SG Lupi in 1989-90 to the LTTE to T.N.A, the Sri Lankan army has destroyed
Weliya.
after
several hundred soldiers in the Elephant Pa: under Tiger" seige for 25 days,
fight the PF
This is 6,000 to
Meanwhile, the LTTE has invited Minist da Than Who recently returned to the island
in Jaffa leg Otiations On a political Settlement.
that could a

NEWS BACKGROUND
felt frustration
Mr. Lakshman hight of the terof the few to on behalf of La cal rididate. So commitment that բulting up the his one and t. He was poor less. What hapSOCII after te tio Il took ower b. To Icke out e Wrote a play. If the play was ir stod. He was to stage it but i do si hic disסוn I טטis bנe I igati con cor comk into his case. uding three little "or h1im1 in Wai I1.
içidel II Ticca 11 Executive Collfrom the Kandy imed that 5. a fallily dic d in L1 se they worked He complained leader about his hic said: “a pith ih dan api maha ('We arc also We året to the He was promptly at was the case thc Highways TנוסHn hHWe yט uט :Iship fec back iter, this young
E2SS
On try their ply of arms KF-organised
to LTTE's the Second Ips rescued
SS garrison,
er S. Thonfrom a visit ad to forma
man wept and told me his plight. His fate is the fate of the average party member.
"These complaints and stories I have heard in many parts of the country at party youth seIllinars, at local Government election meetings, at official functions and at many party discussions. The complaints were endless but thc message was lolu di and clear — the UNP was on its way to forget its own party TT1 e il bers. I hawe acted il the interest of these and others who have suffered and now I have to bear thic burden of their defence. The party, instead of applauding my humanitarian defence of the weak, has penalised me i Il the utmost.
'With a new portfolio being assigned to Inc in February 1989, it was With c Ithilliam that II lookcd forward to serving with the same freedoll of action that I had been used to. We had hither to worked in an atmosphere where "the mind is withillt fe: T and the head is held high". However, before long it became increasingly clear that the style was changing and that We had to adapt ourselves to it. Intelligent mental proccsses WeTe. Dit to full Ticti CT. THc cold hand of authority was tightening its deadly gTip, stifling and
finally sinu ffing out whatever hopes there were of achieving those standards of excellence we Were aspiring to. It was apparent that We are following some policies in mical to our country's interests. Contrary views are not tolerated. Aca
demic and other attainments are ridicli ed il di the CdLici telare hill miliated, may be due to folly and per versity born of power. By a series of lici ministrative acts purporting to be Constitutional the status af Ministers are being diminished. Politicians are neglected for officials. Secretaries report on Ministers. Indeed, the entire government

Page 7
group had to act as mere cyphCrs. A patronage system hostile and dangerous to liberty has been thriving. When a Government rests upon purchased slipport true political libcrity beC 0 Illes i dead le Liter. Those Who ne Wer felt hefejre feel 110 W ånd
äTE A Walk cled Out of their lethargy to 5 ce to What a dread ful
situation We are Teduced to.
When taking this decision to resign I was fully aware that the total might of the Gover Il
ment Ithachinery would be arraigned against IIle. The radio and thic TW CEIl findi lo time for L5. Can ) Ille expect anything m.) Te from the I11 when up to
10 W they hal We Incot cweni Çal Trici the news of my resignation and that of my colleagues who followcd me? The state contolled Ilewspa pers hawe sunk to such Emiserable depths that their servility hawe made un committed readers lose whatever credibility they may have had. Though I have ma dc it Wery clear on sew cral occasions that our Stuggle is not against any particular individual, but Laga inst an institution, that it is a crusade to restore the dignity and powers of Parliament, the ser wille ne W
sheets of the state controlled press have thought it fit to un
lcash personal attacks on Ille and my colleagues, displaying not only thicir per versity but also their total bankruptcy of argu IT1CInts t0 mle et Ours.
"Such puerile attempts shall not hurt me mor discourage me.
You will recall that it was in the precincts of this very House that I was critically injurcd in 1987, as a result of a grenade thrown at us. My miraculous recovery was largely due to the blessings received from the members of the Maha Sangha, the clergy of other
den toiminations a of good pcople of life, in this c I shall always
"I am confi Wery same ble TIE: WH1 cm I a Irl El ni un pri Inicipled p£1 pers, asi II : stru. Illy colleagues speedy recovery politic of Sri La and riddled witH El S Sociaticd , with t of power in gli a Inteelhereb reignty of Parli People: Els yw hos We sit here.
The cvets til in Sri Lanka to parallel to the King Charles I of Commis in
TRC (
Ninety one Of many
Thεί μιας Who feign That the The with er
Nody' i 're
Ir Moscow The Testa No fiercy Arld Trul Id,

ind the thousands from all walks
Ountry to whorn
be grateful,
dent that thicsc sings are with
being flayed by
group of new5Iggle along with
to el sure the of the body nikal, no w II orbid I the ills usually he concentration
CDIC pe TSOI, LÜ y the true soveai. It life e Tepresentatives
at are unfolding day have a close Struggle bet w cen A II i the House British History,
Lord Macaulay in his monumental history of England stated that the King was faced with a decision to govern in harmony with the House of Commons or in defiance of the Law. He resorted to scveral Systematic unconstitutional acts and made himself a despot. All the Kings acts of treachery and violence eventually ricohetted. Due to the courage, prudence and Scnse of duty of Speaker Lenthall, who with his now follous words “I hawe neither eyes to see mor tongue to speak' caused the triumph of Parliament, it was a great day for the Commons, a disastrous one for the king
because the Speaker upheld the right of Parliament. Nobody was closer to the struggle bet. ween the Crown and the Conmons tham the Speaker.
DLOUR IN THE SUMMER
SOLSHENTZE
Clear the Court. things uns aid. Press Barons take es. Such venerable spectres 'ed wondrous surprise in thirty six State didnt wither but gently swept a way ed laurels on complacent brows.
wheel turns fill circle.
for the Trials, "r's twinkle as thin reports flash
for the old Guard. Cry Treason shrill le tup, in haste, each grey tumbril
Such silence speaks
They are back But passing strange
LJ. Karl Inatilake

Page 8
Bonapartism: the cause
Radhika Coomarasamy
he quics tio in of iLimp each ment
las boccomme il tricalitely linked with the political survival of three of Sri Lanka's leading political personalitics, of Titans, as emotions begill to ebb and flow, both sides have begun to Imake propositions which serve the political exigencies of the moment but which will only fuel anti-democratic aspects of our political life. Those of us who are committed to the dellocratic process must resist the threat that is often thrown in ouIT direction' 'you are eith er with us or against us'', and ly and separate the Wheat from the chaff. What aspects of this process need strengthening and what need revision
Let us begin with the president, It may be said that the root cause of the present crisis is the perceived Bonapartist style of the present executive President. Bonapartism is the term used for a le al of State Who cultiwates a separate a Llid per 50 Ilal political base independent of the party. The Bonapartist leader is usually driven by a populist vision of a special destiny to uplift "'the people'. Bonapartism also implies a style of government which does not fully respect the autonomy of interImedia Ty institutional forms, willether it be the cabinet, parliament, thic bureaucracy etc... which a Te alccepted to conform and not hinder the vision'. The personality of the indiwidual president triu IL1 phis
ÜtHır interests 1I1 תבשילים. these institutions ELS EL 11atter of fiat. It could be argued that
the last president also exercised this style of govern Ilent - witness the Icferendu III of 1982 - but because of his age and his personal style, he appears to have gotten away with it.
The revolt of the parliamentaria Inis is therefore a challenge to this perceived bona ir partist style of the President. His response to the crisis, however,
6
II this clash,
h1as I1 ot be eI co I1 < instead, he ha more Bonar part parliament, the dissident IT1CITibe Attorney-Genera dissolutio to it There was a 1 a
Will ble to the lle: W LI lid tk: Wolt and set it tET I låll Conciliti l1:1P5 setting 1 í in his own par grievances and h ting some of th: by his legislato few dalys there: tempts to reme especially at th Lif the 18tll. It See whether th
CCC 55 A Bonaparti is not enough II CIE. Thic President Lust. at a general clic sidential electio поге арpropriat tic Way of rem President. BLI LI the President h; ted SCLC a cL5 section 70) of o and therefore h impeach ment. to be het Td for gement, but in to impeach the strengthen parli cracy, it is 1: do. Il t le c01 certain anti-den tions and pract Create Limhealth y may be a plea Ili def eia T5 b) LI time ill our pil to Ty, let us try the correct way
Though the E strengthening th Parliame It is there: Te çerti rebel conspiracy disturbing. Let I - "ווטf

of the
: of generosity - S beCOp 11e even ist – Pr Oroglling
UNP expelling is, conveying the l's opinion CD he speaker etc. ternate approach President where stock of the re| motið Ti åI i Ilзn process —рег20 millittee withty to look in to onestly confron2 problems faced T5. II till: läst
-1L: חrt: hEEוh H ly this situation .e group Inecting
Temains to be 111 8uItשr111 - rיו 15
st style alone for in peachstyle of the
El tested citc. ction OT a preI - that is the e ind democraOwing an elected it is alleged that is also commitWhich Witolkte the Constitution Le is subject to The case has yet ' : Dy fill:il ildthe present rush Prst ill a men tå. Ty. dc110cessary that We : acce55; bTie5 t () T1C] cratic mð tiwaices which will precedents. It tät Will fill t for the first15 t-Colonial hiss and do things
eneral call for c institution of a healthy one, In a spects of the which are very ITT ET LITT ETEL I A
crises
a. Impeachinent as a means of
avoiding general elections
In Illany newspaper articles
and in press conference, the rebels have argued that they LLaLLLL L0 HHHK S SLLL0L S LHHLLHtHH aLLS
Cluse the President WES COI templating dissolving parlia II ent, If this is trulle the Il it is al 1 LIIIhic althy way to approach impeachII1LIt. It is als Slid that if a 2 / 3 majority is not received, the rebels and the opposition Will low a 10-confidence Inotion on the government, lict the govci IIIlent full and thcn replace the go wcTI ment with a coalition majority.
Inpeach ment is a personal LHLHHLLLLLLLL LLLL SLLL aa LLL aLLS det. It is TOt i substittlte for the will of the people. It cannot and should not be used either to avoid general elections or to change governments Without consulting the people. To do so is to Ilmä kc impeach Illerht an El Intidemocratic die wice.
Secret Ballots - The New
UccOLI Intih le Parlia II helt
The rebels and the joint opposition are calling for a
secret ballot when the impeachment motion comes before parliament. Their argument is that the special circumstances of intimidation Tequire such an action. They also argue that if the public ca. In vote in secret, why can't their representatives also wote in secret. Parlia T1 en taria 15 having to thild osc a mong themselves to replace a vacancy such as the Speaker is very different to parliamentarians acting in the public interest. To ask for El secret ball it ill this context is a fundallel till mislunderstanding Of the la ture F11i Tole of the elected representative.
II Sri LalIka Wher MPs hawe long been assaciated with chits, jobs, and patronage, it may be easy to forget that the legislator's main task is to
(Corfired ar piége 3)

Page 9
Speaker and Si
Desmond Fernando P. C.
he procedure for the removal T the President is contained in Article 38 (2) of thic constitution. It provides that any MP may by a writing addressed to the Speaker give notice of a resolution alleging that President is permanctly incapable of discharging the function of his office by means of mental or physical in capacity. Alternatively or in addition he may allege that the President is guilty of:
(i) Intentional Violation of the constituti CI
(ii) Treason (iii) Bribery (iv) Misconduct or corruption
involving the abuse of the powers of his office.
(v) Any offence under any law involving moral turpitude.
The writing must set out full particulars of the allegation or allegations.
The resolution should ask for an inquiry and report by the Supreme Court. It many be noted that three of the grounds viz (i) treason; (iii) bribery and (V) any offences under any law in Willwing moral turpitude constitute criminal of Tence5.
The first ground is intentional violation of the constitution. The Indian constitution (article 63) provides that proof of violatio II of the constiLu tion is a sufficient ground for removing the Prcsident of India. ID ST1Lanka the violation Illust be intentiữT1Hl.
S 38: 2 (b) provides that no notice of such resolution shall be entertained by The Speaker or placed on the Order Paper of Parliament unless it complies with the Section I have referred to earlicr and Turth CT confo TIIS with either S.38: 2 (b)(i) or S 31:2 (b) (iii). S 38:2 (b) (i) specifics that it shall be signed by 2/3rds
of the whole nu of Parliament; specifies two c firstly the not ned by not le of the Whole
bers of Parliam that the Speake Such allegatior merit inquiry a Supreme Court
I should the Whole sche to illpose a guards.
Stage
At the first Speaker en tert whic Te not les Illc II libers hawe firstly be sa grounds are 8 38:2 (ຕ) Set be satisfied th half the numb Parlial ent haw
Clearly a foi al Sign Elture pri obtained by fra representation be a signature. be satisfied t of the allegati and report Court.
The second specified in S Parlia Illet. If 2/3rds of the MPs vote in i solution is ser for inquiry a II Supreme Court
The third st before the Տur Supreme Cou Will the lak determination t procedure to b out in S 129 (
ution. The

upreme Court
Iber of Illerbers
S 38:2 (b) (iii) Iditions Wiz that Ճt should be hig8 thā Tỉ ( } no-half Illu Timber of 11 CT1ent; and sic condly It is satisfiel Lihat
or a legations Ind te port by thc
emphasise that Ille of Tell Oval is 11 Imber Of Safe
stage before the Hins the notice s tla. I half the signed the II nust tisfied that the Fıca se set dit in coldly he must at not less than T of Ille Tiber 3 of e signetl.
rged signature or Weditc) have been illud du I ress or InisWild 10 till: W
Thirdly he must Ellt II: T millore ons minerit inquiry ծy Supreme the
stage (which is 38:2 (c) is in It less than whole IIIb Ic II of L55 f1W) LT thic Te1t by the Speaker indi Tcport the to
ige is the inquiry Tele: Colt The rt after inquiry e a report of its Parliament. Thc e followed is set 2) of the constinquiry has to be
conducted by at least five judges of The Supreme Court, presided over by The Chief Justice. The sitting shall be held in camera unless the court for spccial Teasons directs other Wisc.
The report has to be made Within two months. If the Supremic Court holds that the Presidcnt is not incapable of discharging his functions by reason of physical cor mental infirmity or that he is not guilty of the allegation5 contailed in the resolution that is the end of the latter. --
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Page 10
However, on the other hand if it finds that he is incapable of discharging his functions by reason of mental or physical infirmity or that he is guilty of any of the allegations then We come to the fourth stage,
The matter then cómes up beføre Parlia The Ilt and he Can be renoved from office by a two-thirds majority. S. 70 (1) (c) provides that the President shall not dis501 we Parliament after the Speaker has entertained a resolution complying with sub paragraphs (a) and (b) of S: 38.
Question
In his interesting and wellphrased letter to the President published in papers, the Speaker raises an important constitutional question. He refers to S: 3 of Parliament (Powers and
which states '' speech, debate shall not be li ched or questio or place out o
Subsequently Constitution o force providing of Inmatters rela' tary procedure
That constitu in S 125 latt 5 hill hawe 50 jurisdiction to mine any ques the constituti enables the PT the Supreme question of law iIIlportance.
Not I withsta T. sicoI1 s if the I the Speaker in on to intepret
Privileges) Act. No. 21 of 1953 .38 (2) (a) and
VASA O
2OW, 2nd
Colom
Telephone

hät freedom of or proceedings ble to be impealed in any court F the House'
the Republica D 1978 calle into for : Ilulilber ing to Parliamen
in chapter X,
tio Ili al 50 state5 le Supreme Court e and exclusive lear and detertion relating to II, S 129 a 15 C) esident to consult Court on a Ly r cor fact of public
ding these pro wi978 Constituti 01 his letter goes Articles 4 (C), (b), Article 70
(1)(c), 70 (3) and 70 (4) of the constitution.
What if the Superme Court in the cxercise of its consultative Jurisdiction gives another interpretation? He then goes in to say that he will use his Residuary powers under the standing orders. Why he has sought to make reference to S:3 Cof The Parliament (Powers and Privileges) Act in this context is not clear,
Surely the Speaker must act according to law even if his contention that he cannot be questioned in any court of Law is correct. Again after the 1978 constitution was enacted are the Speaker's interpretations of the Constitution relating to procedure binding? The Speaker seems to relish confrontation with the Executive and Judici Elry and should have been born in 17th Century England,
PTCHANS
Cross Street, .11 – סbו
: 4 2 1 G 3 1

Page 11
China's No-Nonsense
inder Malhotra (Special to the L. G.)
NEW YORK
| attention here is under
standably focus cd on the Soviet Union. But the Americans do kecp a Wary eye als o con China. And what they hawe been perceiving of late is not calculated to add to the sumtotal of their happiness. On the contrary, they have reason to be unhappy and embarrassed,
In the first place, the Chinese are completely out of line with the rest of the World in Icacting to the cli IIlacteric goingson il What is sotmeti Illes called the “ So wiet Dis-Union" and at other tilles "othic Non-Swiet Unido"". With the Unit cd States in the lead, lost other coultries are applauding the Soviet
Union's ITarch to Ward5 dCIl Ccracy and the devolution of power froIII, the wirtually col
lapsed Soviet centre to the republics. But the Chinesc arc un impress Cd.
Beijing's view is that what has happened in the Soviet Union is wrong. Indeed, the Chinese leadership is reported to have Sid that the TetTeat Troj 11 Marxist and revolutionary orthodoxy and the introduction of capitalisil in the USSR would newer have Laken place, had the Russians not chosen "Wrong" leaders in thic first place.
This is clearly an indication that Mr Deng Xiaoping and his cohorts are determined to 50 manage the succession in China as to make good their boast that events in Russil would in no way affect their country.
The point could be made that the Chinese hawe a right to In anage their affairs als they Like without any interference by anyOne else. But that, ut fortunately, is not the governing philosophy in the United States which sometimes sees itself as the country in charge of the "unipolar world' and wants to
LI se this wanti promote thic cl ånd human T. globe.
The tri Luth ) ewel before is State F11 C In L3 lg: started coming Preside Il Bush fire for being hard-liners eye. con "solid prog 10 Cracy in til before loose Ilj strings to the Mikhail Gorba Wen used the * "kowtowing'" Bush's China I
After all, hål Sident Weru and extended t FAW LI Ted Nati des pite its poor rights' And, in hadi tille Chines receiving the Ineeded so bdil
The only af. ad III i Illist Tatili from stressing of the Sino-U; erica's investin talling nearly laris, used to be had become in A Imerican con rights. Previou refuse to coul cussion o Ill Cl human rights. had started giv and diplomats ing (In this vi
Moreover, sa ministration, C. a delegation of Westigate into c lation of huma thing which In refused to do Chinese hawe no comforting bel a rate and Teve tWO successive

THE REGION
Approach
ge position to se of democracy ghts across the
the latt CT is ime wery sharp inst democracy out of Beijing, had come under soft' on Chinese n while insisting ress' towards dele Soviet Unio) ng the purseclbattled Mr chow. Some had vivid expression to describe Mr
olicy.
dn't the US pre'd the Congress c) China the Most yn (MINIF) i status Tcco Td on hul III a. In
any cause, What e done even after MNF status they
y?
pologi a thic Bush could offer, a part the importance S trade and Al2nt in China tofour billion doll: that the Chinese tore receptive to :eF IS OII hul Illin sly, they used to tenance any dislina’s Tccord on But, of late, they ring US officials a paticnt hea Tall subject.
id the Bush adhina had allow cd Amnesty to in:omplaints of vioin rights, somedia “stubbornly"
still. But the W shattered these iefs in two sepling incidents on days.
The first incident took place at a banquet given by the Chinesc prine minister, Mr Li Peng, in honour of his British oppositic number, Mr John Major the first western head of government to visit China after the Tiananmen Square outrage over two years ago, Mr Major chose to use the banquct to raise the issue of violation of human rights in China. Presumably to lend greater weight to his concern over this subject, hic stated that hic had received a letter from the opposition Labour Party demanding that the human rights question must be taken մբ,
"I have also received a letter,' shot back Mr Li Peng. "From a Chinc5c historian. He has Te Tind cd IIc that at the St Tt of the present century, Western powers had bullied China in utter disregard of the rights of the Chinese people. That ' bullying cannot continue at the end of thic = century".
The Chinese rebuff could not hawe been clearer, especially after Mr Major was compelled to Inake substantial concessions to China OVer the iSSu es connected with Hongkong's future. But the blunt exchange between the two prime ministers was followed by a more brutal episode, significantly, at the Tiana II. men Square and i Thwolwing three members of the US CongTCS S.
The three some – two democrats and a republican - had gone to China on official busiInc.55 and had been received courteously. On the penultimate day of their stay they decided to pay homage to those Chinesc who had laid down their lives at Tiana in Inern Squairc in Junc
1989. For this purpose, thc American legislators went to the famous square carrying a
flower each which they placed (Солгiнited on page II)

Page 12
/лdfar EсололЈУ
Fundamental Shift in F
As India enters an era of uпprecedented change, David Housego finds the ruling party's traditional monopoly on power col challenge and questions whether the SCC
new measures is broad out of its troubles.
ndia during the past 12 months
■器 passed through what has probably been its most Iloillel tous period since independence. The economic ricform i It TOduced by the n?" Congres5 administration of Prim: minisTP v Narasimha Rao gP frther than any previous der egulation measuo towards integrating into the world CCOnomy what has been a highly protectionist country.
Reforms Were precipitated by India's coming close to default earlier this year on payments of its foreign debta shock to national pride that ts reflected the failu f
doctrines of self relin and central planning that 11HWE
guided economic management over the past 40 years.
The Congress party which has had an almost literrupted monopoly of power sin CC independence, has come LIII de T chalienge as the natural party of government from Hindu militant movement, the Bhill Tsil
tiya Janata Party (BJP).
The BJP now controls three north Indian states including: Uttar Pradesh, the largest
is the main Oppositin party in the Parliament. Its success in the June general tions riding on the back of several months of HinduMoslem violence in north India
reflects widespread disillu. sion with Congress rule and the appeal of its alternative vision of India as a Hindu
St.
The assassination of Mr Rajiv Gandhi, the former prime minister and leader of the Congress
O
enough to pull l
party by extre Sri Lanka, brc) temporary end tion of the Int family.
It ha 5 left til without around which over the long of the patty, oyer which dir Its confusion 1 mentation of t of Indiaľ poli
The collapse – India's leg removed a COI dian foreign | traditionally Soviet Union weight to US world. It is give an impet separatist ind ments which : of the Russi: model for the for independel
Many of th tutions that h dia since il
Nehru fra. The 1iance, snciali ning, seculari
gress party -- or no longer
Political pa Willing t0 ČS natives of T and of an II) mulated to II of giving m the states, B to be the f if a Slic CS5. seeking to ac 11Gת טF econס

O CUS
յ Congress ming u n der ope of the իt ՃՃ LIntry
economic
T1ist Tamils frCIT ught at least a
to the dominallia by the Neh, Tu
he Congress party
national symbol to rally, divided term leadership
and uncertain ection to follo W. reflects tible fr Elg he centre ground tiCS.
of Soviet Union lding ally -- has пегнitone of Inolicy which has looked to the as a counterinfluence in the also bound to is to India's own regional moveee in the example an Republics a ir own campaigns cc or auton (Til Y.
e ideas and instiaye Toluldledi II1Independence - thc work of self-resm, central planism and the Conseem under attack
clewlit.
rtics are still unpouse the altermarket economics, dian union reforlake a virtue Olt OTe auto 10 IE1y 10 ut these are likely Lundamental te licts ful centrist party hieve higher Tates growth.
THE REGION
By comparison with the eco
nomic reforms in East Europe - or the more ambitious restructuring undertaken by Indonesia - the policies adopted in India seem modest. They include a programme of fiscal and balance of payments stabilisation: the removal of most industrial licensing, the lifting of restrictions on the further growth of large companies; trade deregulation: and further cncouragement to foreign investment.
The measures mark a funda
nental shift in direction - away from an environment where the main focus of business strategy was on obtaining licences to one where increasingly competition will determine which firms succeed.
The measures give companics
a new freedom to expand capacity to ach icwc o high yolu IIlt production, to diversify into other products and to grow through mergers and acquisitil 5. For aggressive, Well managed or financially | Strong groups, they provide tremendous opportunities.
More vulnerable ones fear they will not survive. In this sense the reforms mark a turning point in a country where capitalism and profit have long been regarded as dista steful.
The shift in direction Was
announced against the background of El witual halt to commercial lending to India by international banks because of fears that India might default on debt repayments. The external situation still remains fragile, Forcign cxchange reser Wes are low although India should soon start drawing on a new S3bn Istand by credit from the international Monetary Fund which is due for approval by the board of the Fund.
India still is not able to count on automatically rolling over its short term debts. It will - need over $9bn this finan

Page 13
cial year in fresh funds from th, C. I multilat crá| institutions, donor nations and commercial banks in order to finance its current account deficit as Well as loan repayments con its outstanding $70bn foreign debt
H}Wewer, the institutioIs a Lld the banks belicyc that Far Inore radical measures are needed to improve export performance in an economy that generally suffers from high costs, low productivity and poor quality. Mr Michel Cailindessus, the managing director of the IMF, recently told an Indian Ilie wyspaper that "the support of the international CLI T1 Lulity is quite dependent on the boldIless and determination of your national efforts'.
The type of measures thcy are pressing för include a sub
stantial reduction in high domestic tariff rates which make it more profitable for
industry to produce for the domestic IIlarket thal for exports: cuts in the labour force in the heavily over manned public sector, the phasing out of government directed and increased autonomy for public sector Companie 3 ind nationfllised banks as a prelude to privati sati u II.
It is hard to sec how sectors such as telecom Inuications, banking, steel, cars and electronics will be made internationally competitive without substantial inflows of foreign capital and technology. But suspicions of foreign Illul til at i Ill:15, 5 till Telli.
The confidence of thic inter
national financial markets in India will not fully return 111 til the gover 1 Inert is hea
di Ing furth cr down the path of reform. The best guarantee of I Illi Italii Illing the T1 TT1CI, TITLIT Would be for India to 5 cock — and Dr Manmohan Singh, the finance minister, has said that this is his intention - a further three year loan from the IMF under the extended fund facility. This would provide S5.7bn over the period and closer monito Ting of the Indian ccoПО Пту.
Although I 50Ille Of his a Wire that the at the first hall, many in and the Congre leited in the
Experience e that where all ring progra III through with t| of an admini Indonesia - it chance of succ El se - Liht' Ilia im CCC i Örtlic: LT of an inflation ting out of c devalati fu that leid5 t) tio II of the cui [
China's
(Caprir i'r Head = on the spot , beth siled, Th El 5 IIlll back lettering in E: the victill:5 cof tragedy,
No sooner h than the Chin Weiled and askE dignitaries to banner and de tly did so. E the ed of the Were about lo ho II e, tic Cli lodged a 'strol inst their "flag in Cliä os inter Said the Chile had caused "g among the Chi
The informed OI) has been b a Dgered by th the Blush ad mailtai Iled a th
So much fo for human right i Ing at least H What about the ship's assertior of up heaval tha Soviet Union t Il tot take place
eädi hard
Chile se jf not

Dг Singh and colleagues are : 11 : W · 1C: El STL15 step in a long the government iss party are half T slipp OT t.
lsewhere suggests
IMF Te5 tructulis carried le full backing
Stration - a 5 in
sta Ids TOT: ess. In India"3 threat to macrolag:In tnt to Illts 1:lry spiral get(Introl - With a elling inflation further depreciaTé IlLy.
THE REGON
At 70, Mr. Narasimha Rao seems an elderly figure to be leading his country through a period of turiniul Lucius change. He hils pTOved a stronger and Impre c] car - Eleaded Pri II - Mi Inister than many had expected. But als the head of a minority administration he remains poli. tically vulnerable.
His own i Istincts for cautipus cha Inge Ca Ilič through in com 11 e Tits he Illa de immediately after the coup against Mr Mikhillil G[]rbachev -- seemingly Warning that it showed the risks of hasty reform. BLI E the pressure of events may not allow the more leisurely timetable that he and many senior Indian officials would prefer.
No-Nonsense...
for page !?) y Flere blaði li en they unrolled an Inter With White nglish hon ouring the Tia. mānmen
Eld they done this ese police inter!d the American pack up their art. They quielit this WS Ot affair. As they leave Beijing for Iles o g) Vernment ng protest' agaTallit interference nal affairs“. This, se foreign office, reat indigation' nese people.
American opini3th Sadden el and Lose e Welt. Bllt ministrati CT has undering silence.
I the crusaders is for whom BeijES I O LISE, BLIÉ
Chile se lealer1 that the kind It h:18 shäk cm the O its Toot 5 would
in China
ers are nothing ı elded
realists.
They are therefore not oblivious of the impact the break-away of the Baltic and other Repub. lics from the Soviet Union is bound to have on the people of Tibet and Xingjiang where separa tist scn timent is strong and has been growing. Last y el the Chile se llad lo critish a 11 albortive tu prising in Xingjiang (thic na Ine itself means New Territory) which was allegedly fomented by Afghan muja hideed operation from Pakistani soil. They are also aware of the dangers inherent in the situation where Kazhaks, Uzbek
and Kirghiz people live on both sides of the Sino-Soviet border. Furthermore, the Chinese intellectuals in the wanguard of the
Inovement for de Theocracy hawe Welcomed the Soviet develop
Telts.
But there are two factors in favou T of maintenan cc of stiltu Is quo in China on which the leadership is evidently banking. One is that a vast majority of Chinese is viscerally fearful of chios, having suffered a decadelong a narchy during the Cul. till ral Revolution. Secondly, as Mr. Wang Zhcn, Chinese wicepresident puts it, the People's Liberation Army is a wall of steel to protect national unity and preserve social order'.

Page 14
CONWGRESS
Power rests on fragile
K. K. Sharma
M P W Nara 5 in hai Rac), who heads the minority Congress government in India, is an apparently phlegmatic prime minister who has shown remarkably a lacrity in initiating urgently needed cconomic refor Ins in the few weeks during which he has been in power.
He has done this without forming a coalition and with only occasional consultations with the opposition parties, which together outnumber the the Congress members and
their allies in parliaillent,
National this
earlier third in just over two years, have led to hung parliament. With Mr Rajiv Gandhi having been assassin atcd in the middle of the election, tle Congress has emerged as the single largest party but with its leadership issue only tempora Tilly resolved.
elections year, the
Political instability is inherent in the situation. This could be prolonged as rival parties contend for power at a time when no single party can hope for a majority.
For the present, the Congress is faced with a formidable, if divided, opposition which has strong segments that aspire to replace it in the next elections,
whenever these Inight come
The threat to the factionridden Congress - which Mr
Rao has so far unsuccessfully
tried to weld together after becoming the consensus choice of its leader as an elder
statesman - comes mainly from thc Hindu-revivalist Bharati ya Ja nata Party (BJP).
This now has as many as 117 | l1embers in the Lok SabhaL , the lower house of parliament, in contrast to the nominal two members it was represcinted by When Mr Gandhi was Prime Minister. -
12
The BJP all governments til states, includin -important Utt thu5 con l'Ols of the Hindi rapid accretio brings to the with strong, pill policies of Hi that II1 any II tractive.
The BJP is opposition, prn the :ïl Lernative eager to gail playing an effi in parliament However, its the states it träctecil froIII1 disciplined ful carries the sti wers would leading a blo ment on tille shing a Mos Ауodhya,
But it's fieve, allow cd the B. effective oppos. parliament. As shown in the moderates with find it easy to many issues ( taken extreme The threat to gest from the
Mr Rao is the fact that it has emerge Gandhi era, is factions and c. hidden tussle f
Many of it yearn for the Gandhi famil: considerable II Gandhi's wid born Sonia, band's place.
Mrs. Sonia Diceting large gress membČr; and others ir

base
ready for IIns the Il foul Illo Tthern g the politically a Pradesh, and
large seg mc Ilits heartland. Its in of strength Ore El Llew force blicly a Ilino un ced Illi Tiationalism 1dia. Ils fild a t
ly the Official moting itself as to the Congress, respectability by ctive Tole both and outside. performance in controls has deits i Image of l. Ce : Ild it 5 till gina -- its folloՀtly appeal - of ody mass movei SS lle Of dem lEI STIE I
Ted calci Tc5 halwe P' to Ct 5. En itil, alt localist in
the party has past, even thic in it will not comprise in which it his Views publicly, Mr. Rál is StromBITIP.
reakened also by the Congress, as i in the poststill ridden With intinues a barely ir the leadcrship.
i Il eIbcr 5 stiII Lumbrella of the
and there is Tessure OD Mr w, the Italiano take her hus
GL indi has been nu Tibers of Carlof parliament the party still
THE REGION
proclaiming loyalty to her family. Their immediate aim is to persuade her to contest the parliamentary by-election from MI Gall dhi’s constituency of Anthi and, by implication, to lead the party.
Mrs Gandhi has maintained an enigmatic silence on this, although she has left for a trip to the US, suggesting that she has decided not to enter poliLics. However, while uncertainty over her role continues, Mr Rao's position as leader remains weakened. He is now in the position of having to deal both with the traditionally fractious factional politics within thic Congress at the same time that he copes with the challenge from the CPp0Si iOI.
The Prime Minister has already been embarrassed by the revolt from the Karnataka state Wing of the Congress on the issue of sharing of the waters of the Cauvery river with Tamil Nadu, a state ruled by his allies in the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK) whose support to the government is vital
Il parliament.
The Cauwery waters issue is the first warning signal of trouble from Within the Congress party. It is also indicative of the powerful pressures on Mr Rao from the states at a time when the Central government is weak. Many states a Te ruled by non-Congress parties wanting to dilute the powers of the centre; some want to secede from the Indian Union.
A wag has said that Mr Rao’s is a minority government on daily wages, constantly at the Illercy of the numerically stronger opposition parties and the Congress factions which he is in no position to control.
(சேr: சா நாg 1)

Page 15
Crfief
Environmental degrada southern violence
D. L. O. Mendis
thnic conflict in Sri Lanka
has been given wide publi
city abroad in recent times, as being between the 'Sinhalese
majority and the Tamil minority'. It is said that some Tamils are da Inanding a sepa
Tate state, from the government which is allegedly partisan toWards the Sinhalese, or actually controlled by the Silhalest to the de triment of the Tamils. Such global publicity often originates from a widespread cx patriate Sri Lankan Tamil community - the Tamil diaspora - Who claim that the “Sin llalese government" is bent con genocide of the “Tal mil minority" in their traditional Tamil homeland's. Attempts are then made to counteract sach bad publicity by expatriate Sinhalese in different parts of the world, which often reduces to an effort to defend the human rights record of the government, which too has been criticised from time to time in the Incidia.
NL1-chnic Wiolet conflict in the southern areas of Sri Lanka has never been given such ex
tensive publicity in the global In edia. Any conflict, however Wiolent, without all ethnic
element is less news-worthy than one which has, especially in the West where the average newspaper reader believes that "tribal violence' is a characteristic of most developing countries. Thus the brutal suppression of the southern insurrection in the recent past went wirtually un noticed outside the country.
What were the causes of the violent conflict in the south?
In this paper an attempt is made to answer that question
small,
A : per re il Conference on Affairs Septemb in Beijing,
in terms of e gT1 il tin Ove nearly twentysouthern area which has been
El mongs tengine
since 1968.
The H Iլը:it:Tit iI i Sri Länkai
טnנHis t - חWטוkT of the ancient history dating third century twelfth century 1957). These consistel o Systicis E4. In di THic ft TI cr cc porary of sea system, and per systell. The la
IllecilIm størage reservoi s Tall TciserwiniT Els village til link village in the | OT INDITE
st Wors.
The dry zon of that countr rai Infall Conly d CELS I 500 about October The wet zone hand receives du Ting the mort and all the
south Wcist mons April til 1 about SW 11011500Il t: dry wind over for about է1։ Thic ancient i had been built to support irri

tion and
ܒܒܤ-ܒܝ
at the Pugwash Scien: L & World er 17-22, 1991
Il vir Ille till de
- r a period of five years, in the of Sri Lilika,
under discussion er 5 i Il Sri Lanka
irrigatio Works halwe long been of the Wilders Wrld, with a from about the 3. C. to abilit the A.C. (e.g. Leach Hacielt WÖrks Tiver diversion storage systems. insisted of tel1sonal diversion "manent diversion Liter consisted of and large scale Ts, of which the s were described is, because every dry zопc had of such small
e is that arca y that receives uring the north
Scal son, from to about March.
In the other 5 ne rail a 11 theast monsoon,
TiTi fall of the 0 ) 1 fr:) IT - El bolt September. The hus blows as a the dry zone alf the year. Irigation system in the dry zone gated agriculture
throughout the year. The major benefits Of these Incient Works were irrigation, drainage and filo Cod control. Il contralist, thic major benefits of the Water conservancy Works established in ancient China were transport, flood control, irrigation and defence. (Needham et al. 1971, Mendis, 1990).
A very large Illi Iber of small Village tanks, established at about 30,000, had been built in an area of about 15,000 square miles of the dry zone.
The reason for this was not understood by engineers who thought that the 511 all talk represented a stage in the
evolution and development of irrigation Works. (Brohier, 1956, Needham et al., 1971). Some social Scientists on the Other Hand had Tather different wicw5. Leach, for example said
"". . .although the II major irri
gation works provided food for la bure TS EL 5 Well as amenities of palaccs, the
hydra Lilic system was not of cruciall importance for the society as a whole. When the Central l govern Inc Int was disrupted, and the major works sell into disrepair, village life could carry on quite adequately, for each village still possessed its own smallscale irrigation systems which
were maintain cd by the willägers themselves. (Leach, 1959, 23). '' Thus Leach was of the opinion that the small tanks functioned independent of thic large reser Woirs and channels. However, Brohier in a historic paper to the Royal Asiatic
Society (Ceylon Branch) on the the Imajor irrigation works in and around thic ancient capital

Page 16
citics, Anura dhapura and Polo Innatuwa, titled Inter-relation of Groups of Ancient Reservoirs and Channels, had said:-
"The Jayaganga, indeed an ingenious memorial of ancient irrigation which was undoubtedly designed to serve as a combined irrigation and water supply canal, was not entirely dependent on its feede T reservoir, Kala WoWa, for the water it carried. The length of the bund between Kala Weva and Anuradhapura intercepted all thic drainage from the high ground to the east which otherwise Would hawc Tu Il to Wastic. Thus the Jayaga nga adapted itself to El Wide field of irrigation by feeding the little
village tanks in each subsidiary valley which lay below its bund. Nat infroquently it fed a chain of village tanks down these
valleys - the tank lower down receiving the overflow from the tarık higher up on each chain. (Brohier, 1937, 70)"
Brohier a future SurveyorGeneral and the author of the first definitive documentation of the ancient irrigation Works, The Ancient Irrigation Works in Ceylon, (Brohier, 1934, 3 volumes), was describing the inter-dependance of the small village tanks and the large inter-connected reservoirs and channels. Leach, however, has chosen to ignorc this study when he (rather rashly) said:-
"The major hydraulic works are not created rationally and systematically but haphazard as pieces of selfadvertisement by individual leaders. But once started; such constructions survive and can be enhanced by later adventurers of the samc type, (Leach, 1959, 24)
Brohier himself had apparently forgotten his classic study on 1 hic inte IT-Telation of the major reservoirs and channels in the dry zone when, some twenty years later, he presenta four stage hypothesis for the
14
evolution and the i Trigation sy STi Lanka. S) Joseph Needham Wisit to s Ille i irrigation Works in the company others, Ic-publ hypothesis in h classic Science in China. (N
1971, 368).
It has been 5 1983 etc.) the 1
ulciating a Wron of a statellent
nedy, a well-re rity on irrigatio to the small wi the dry zone ha
the village t village cattle Tous for effici 1934)
TEnc, 5tatement assum cd by ir Ti to Ticall thalt til talk WE15 a Sta lution and d irrigation reserv fore that large and should late village tanks. B. 5 cal of his co w I this et To The OLIS i his Preside itial Engineering A Ceylon in its 50 (Brohier, 1956)
The consequ wrong interpre nedy's statemen and its authorit. by Brohier in be repeated lat in Cambridge.) reaching. The partment prepa Water Re5 Oul TC of Ceylon, plu Survey Depart based on this number of suit identified usin con tours On th an inch topo sheets, for a the Imajor rive island. A with of water and was used with of any possib

development of stems in a псiспt Til E time later, 1, 3 fer a bricf of the ancient
in Sri Lanka,
Uf BThičГ НП ished Brohier's is monumental :lanıldı Civilization eedham et al,
hown (Mendis, BrC) blier was eng interpretation mälde by KenCognized autho1, who referring
Ilage tanks in ld said:-
alks like the
El TC ) 2 - ency, (Kennedy,
hild later been gation C ngineers he small village ge il thic evoevelopment of DiTS, and thereTeservoirs would : Ieplace small chier placed the 1 authority on Interpretation in Address to the 5Sociation of th Jubilee year.
: Ices of this äition of Kelby engineers, tive enunciation Sri Lanka, (to r by Needham Wicc to be firIrrigation deed a Map of *s Development blished by the nent in 1957. hypothesis. A blic sites were the 100 foot : Cnc II ile to raphical survey gé T-5-TWD 1r5 in basis in the In-basin balance lil End Tesources Lit consideration lity for trans
bäsin diversio 11. It hal 5 been pointed out that in effect this 5ẹt the clück back møre tham 1500 years in water resources development planning in Sri Lanka, because the Jayagi nga described in the reference from Brohier quoted above, was a trans-basin diversio II channel built in the 5th century if not earlict (Mendis, 1989a). Criticismlı of this 50-ci illed Water Resources Development Map has been studiedly ignored by the powers that be, and two major new reservoirs have been built in recent times ill the southern area, based only on thic 'authority' of this map,
When the first of these, the Uda Walia, we Tesier Wolir was being built in 1967, it was pointed out that the correct location for this major reservoir was a site about 15 пiles upstream of the present site (Mendis, 1968). It was
also pointed out that this site did not fit into a proposal for long term development in the South described als the Southern Area Plail, which would ulti, mately depend on trans-basin diversion of excess water from the southwest wet zone to the SiC) u the 5t dry FO TE The gigantic Uda Walawc Treservoir built in record time, submerged an unknown number
of sill all village tanks built in ancient times. This of ԱԼlլITEէ: conformed to tle Brohier hypothesis on which the 1957 Map was based, and by and largc pleased some el ginee Ts - t)) whom big is
both beautiful and builtiful.
Land acquisition and new Scttlement Llider the Ile W Uda Wala we reservoir soon ran into
difficulties. One report has 5Hid:
In fact the Official land dis
tribution never occurred. Once the land had been levelled and prepa Ted, pura na willagers, infuriated by the coming of outsiders, forcefully and disorderly occupied the land (DeVroey and Shanmugaratnam, 1984, 85).
(Crited ரா நாg: 1e)

Page 17
elected directly by
| people Will exercise pari par TI, ODr. At
N. M.: The pro
Ajith Samaranayake
The let Constitution has it itself into a tangle because the Presidetial Systen has introducEd fl dicinsktly in the sprere instrument of state power. The National Static Assembly is no longer the Supreme instrument of state power. There is here a duality of power. A President the րը որlt and therefore entitled also the an in strument of the sovereignty of the
least partly the facets of power concentrated in the legislature as the Supremie instrument.
This clichotony is not merely a the Oreticial al OTI lly. It Will le a source uf continutus conflict leading to the breakdown of the Costill
in itself,
(Dr. N. M. Perera - cital analysis of the new constitution of Sri Lankin probin Lulgated on 31 -8-1978).
a Light by its fo Telocks
the most sudden political ry SriטIlt IIltIllסc perately gropes for Ը: Լի" ETThirteen years after the adoption of the 1978 Constitution the pund its and the purohitas have departed thinki Ing that there need not be any longer any room for prophets. The stage is bare and in the background has risen the tsudden cry of impeach ment. Only one figure has exploded through the
by catacly smically Crisis of re
LE Ilka de5
circula II bient daIkiIlless and cast EL II y light on the undergrowth surrounding it. The
personality of Dr. N. M. Perera stands solidly four square between the con L1 il try al End her crisis.
In a nodest 112-page book cintitled a Critical a 1 alysis of the new constitution of the Sri Lanka, Gow crniment prÚJmulgated on 31-8-1978 Dr. Perer the the political wilderness cast a prophetic glow on events. The booklet long out of print is now the most sought after prize of
iI
The writer is a raciare editor of the rேty 1.
Lhe political When he wrott M. had for th his seat in ] the first electic Jaye Wardenę wł Milliste after publicly regrett, Parlialent of
other left lea N. M. WELS, efi Per er at Y:
is now al Ille L1 sident UNP gr
Nanayakka Tall Perera PhD, D
Ille of Sri La scholars änd Het Was als 0 try's lost char boyant states. El Id econo II list tellectual, spør he was a Tare who combined a good man զualities of : Eleven years he belongs to of low extinct
N. M. Perera 5, 1905 as a sc H5 Illte T MIT had slipped and steps and for overwhelming Which kept thi alive. Speaki Tt:T ir til: Assembly N. father was Na rage Abraha II body at Th about him pa Tå II. IT Wä5 b) hut. My fathe Imall, an old He 5 ta T tcd ce grew with gre: Wa5 Tıfı 5 Çı cill hait till he die . . . | bוחנa ct
“Thotalanga
The boy whi his old-fashio

bhet armed
cognoscenti. that bok N. e first time lost Tia II cnt si TCC Il til 1947. J. R. o be cal The PTi Ille
that election d that exit from N. M. and the ers. That y cair :ated by Wincent yan tota. Pereira ber of the dis}նք.
Pathirage Martin Sc (London) was nka's outsta nding political leaders. Colle of the CCLIIIis matic and filmCl Politician scholar and ints an and thinker Tennaisa Ince man the humanity of with leadership il Tairt stailtil II, it. after his death a Tait tribe
human beings.
was born on June WCI month child. 3. Johana Pere Tal fallel on solle long it was hcr motherly love : premature baby ng long years National State M, said: "My nayakkara Pathi
Perera. EweryJtalangl kle W Titicularly as Albaor in a small er was a 5 mai 11 -fashioned Inan. nt by celt līd it difficulty. He ist. He grew his :d. He also wore
Martiya'
o was botn into led lower middle
class Initiou of Collabo North (he was derided by political rivals as “Thotalanga Martiya) beca The come of Sri Lanka’s most sauve and confident political leaders. At Ananda College
he was already a first cleven cricketer. By the time hic proceeded to Britain for higher
studies he already had the good looks of a Greek God. Sitting at the fect of Professor Harold J. Laski at the London School
of Economics he earn cd the BSc (Economics) and capped this with a Ph.D. He also sublitted the thesis for his DSC
on A comparative study of Parliamentary Government' but by an ironic twist of history he was conferred the degree only while he was enjoying the hospitality of the British Crown as a political prisoner during the years of the Second World Wr,
N. M's great contribution to the re-awakening of Sri Lanka a 5 a left leader, trade unionist, parliamentarian and an inintellectual is too well known to need any fresh chronicling. He was not only the first Leader of the Opposition but also the first Marxist Mayor of Colombo. He was twice the leader of the Opposition and twice the Finance Ministc. Of him Sir Ivor Jennings, that hard-to-please mandarin of the British old guard, said that if
hic had lliw cd in Britain he would have been an ideal Labour Party Prime Minister.
His guru, Harold Laski, predictcd that he would be Prime Minister of Ceylor.
N, M.'s great contribution to the evolution of parliamentary traditions in the infant Sri Lanka democracy as her first Opposition Leader is considerable. He was an impressive oppositionist and a formidable debator and his presence in
15

Page 18
white suit and red tic along the corridors of Parliament Was
El fälliliar Ile. HIC WAS DO flamboyant speaker like his colleague Dr. Colvin R. de Silva but his arguments were characterised by close reasoning, cogency and som etimes i El coruscating wit. Often he
borde Ted on intellectual a Tr0ga Ince but in private hic was A. wcry endearing person living a surprisingly ascetic life in selfsufficient domesticity in his home off the Kotte Road at Borella.
F. become
right wing critics it has
source of LIII liited amusement that Sri Lanka's forcmost Marxist should also have been such a correct cons. titutionalist but submitting to thc no ose of legality was a conscious decision the LSSP took at an early stage. Their wisio Elı of – Pa, Tiliallent was that of a platform where in the full gla Te of public at tention the great drama of politics could be played out. N. M. as Opp) - sition Leader achieved some stunning feats such as on FebTua Ty 12, 1959 when 11 LSSP MPs beginning with N.M. had to be ejected from the chamber
of Parliament when they opposed a mendments to the Public Security OrdiIltitlct
brought by the then Government f S. W. R. C. Bamda Tal Imi ikel, Parliament was suspended every 10 minutes and the following MPs were ejected from the House: N. M. Pe Tera, Dr. Colwin R., de Silwa, Robert Gill na Will Tdenc, Leslie OG Ie Warde 1C, Edmund Samarakkody, Will Moonesinghe, J. C. T. Kotalawcla, Dr. Hector Ferna Indo, M. P. Jothipala, Y. P. Jayasinghc, C. R. Beliga Immana (not a member of the LSSP).
It was as a committed parliamentarian that N. M. in 1978 opposed the new constitution of that year designed to impose an Executive Presidency on the country and it is not surprising that the forces seeking to restore the powers of Parliament Il years later (prominent among the ranks of
16
which arc lany Old Presidential should find ir prophet. Marxi mcn tarian, Tadiq. N. M. Peel W. his titles. He volutionary but radicalism Will of a situation rian society chɛ de y 0 til to tİ was a radical
every 5 CISC at symbolised in
Power rests,
(Carrrired fra.
Such 15 I thc government the оп апy $пар V gress's motorio floor managem ment happens
Mr Rao is
fact that Il another early e country has g violent and tri polls in less th: a COI) unist
The people wi ask for their
For the time is also protecte sus a Iunong all Certe , Electi II Läckle the EC01 they have di crucial is slics - drawal of the - and the Licen forced til save itself.
It is possible situation Whe Il Tı ise Would b. the or the oth sition groups groups combi they could ni issue on which a stro Ing publi which they ha ments they fel withdraw.
The BJP SOIlle Confront government an more intractal

pillars of the Establish ment) him the only st and parlia:al and reform CI 组盟,祖 symbol Cof began as a Itempered his in the realities in a scImi-agratracterised by a radition. But hc in politics 1n ld this is best Eisco IIl Titlent
to the drama of parliamentary politics. Not for him the aloof philosopher states Iman on his tablets in pontifical isolation, Dr. bclieved in the theatric of Parliament as the most open public spectacle. That is why he is today's lone prophet.
Writing
N. M. Perera
(Note:- Some biographical ma
terial appearing here has been culled from Malalgo da Bandhutilleke's Sinhala biography "NM" (1990).
лл рдge І3)
fragility of the it it could fall o te if the Couusly inefficient ent in parliato fail.
protected by the party Wants lection after the one through two illmatic national an two years. As member said: 11 stonc us if we
otes again."
: being, Mr Rao !d by the consenparties that c o nis needed to nomic crisis. Yct TTc Ted oni 50 II 1 Ĉ. — such Els Wit H1fettiliser subsidy government has coll promise to
to wis ualise a
such a c{3ImpTOdifficult, When er of the oppoT, worse, all the ned, might feel it give in ) In Elin they had taken c position Cor () in d given committ they could not
has already had tations with the di it will be ewe ble Wilhem it acts
Environmental . . .
5cientists from a considerablic distancc in time and space, has a familiar ring. It smacks of the claim to exclusive occupation of traditional following typic:
distance been given recently, in terms of irrigation ecosystems:
on the Ayodhya issue. For the present, however, the BJP is holding its clf back because of the co T1 Inom Wish to avoid elections and because of disagreeIncints with other grCll P5. Front-Left members are openly critical of the party's communal politics,
opposition National whose
notably the
combine,
Indeed, Mr Rao su rwiwes
from day-to-day, hoping for an in circase in his party’s numerical strength by the - טוןt unlikely break up of such partics as Mr W P Singh's Janata Dal - the dominant partner in thic National Front - which is torn by internal and personal rivalries. Clearly, this is a fragilic basis for the kind of strong government that India now needs.
disselsions
{Солfinited frorн page ff) This comment by social wie wing the sccnc
hortlands of the
The Sinhalesc governments, by a policy of aggressive state-financed Sinhalles et clonisation and re-settlement of traditional Timmil a reas, sought to end the Tails' exclusive occupation of their homelands in the north alld east. (Pծոnambalam, 1983, 3)
A response to this longpseudo-criticism has

Page 19
SIRIMA-SHASTRI PAGT
Another Persp
P. Sahadewan
hat the Siri malvo-Shastri pact
of 1964 on the state less problem of the people of Indian origin in Sri Lanka has been a Subject for discussign (See, Prof. Shelton U. Kodikara's views which appeared in the correspondence column of Lanka Guardian, 15 July 1990) even after a quarter-century of its conclusion, is a point d'appui to the fact that it hä5 inflicted se y cre injury in the lives of several lakhs of people who were repatriated, thcoretically alone, voluntarily to India. This inference may not be acceptable to all thosc Sri Lankan researchers on thc Indo-Lanka. Il a ffairs who have ardently supported the pact un mindful of the agonising process which the repatriates had undergone. More than the Sri Lankan Government which, by denying them citizenship rights, to quote Huge Tinker, "imposed upon the Indian Tamil population a form of "apartheid which was just as severe' (The Bariyar Tree: OverSS Εηigταητς fromт Ілdia, Pakis'" and Bangladesh, Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 20), India should bear the responsibility for the tragedy that Occurred in the lives of the repatriates for two reasons: first, perceiving the problem as a major irritant in bilateral contexts, it accom II) ()- dated the pressures from the Sri Lanka Government by acquiescing to take back a sizable number of Overseas Indians: Second, it did not discharge its promised duty to the Tepatria - tes by undertaking effective mcasures for their rehabilitation in Tamil Nadu.
Whether or not the 1964 Pact was a horse deal, it is a fact
The III for is a Re Tearch sfide It ir the Salih Asia, Srides Effs far of rhe School of Inferra Fioral Studies, Jawarharsal Nehru Uri i versiry, New Delfi.
that Siri Indy do B Lal Bahadur Sł agreement with the views of th people concerne rary, establishi based On th c sta 1 Inade by the Affairs Ministe im Lhc Lkok Salib foote Hirigiften, 26 that about 30), sons indica tcd High Commiss that they wished away to India, contcm del that people concer I basis for the 11 tiation and set His argument I on two ground Singhi's origina the Lok Sabha that 300,000 is opted for repat as is evident f the debate (Lo Wol. 35, no. ( 1964, Cols. 122:
N. G. Ranga:
table to them Of Indian OT
Swaran Singh:
Ceylon, 1 di tions with th sons of Indi
J. B. Kripala ni:
Whatever may the rect is al a mongst Our settled the Te return to Inc. fact, Inay n. cor pleasant, (emphasis ad
Ranga: It is
Nambiat: DO
say that all people Want
Swaran Singh:

ective
andaranaike and na stri signed thic out a scertaining c callers of the id. On thic cont1 g his; ::i Tg LI DT1 (:I1 t FLudlyט קטnt FטנITט: Ildiä. In Extcrmal r, Swara. In Singh hal (reported in November 1964) 000 staticles s pcrto the Idill ion in Ceylon to) CODI1e str:ligh1 tPrg f. RUdikНТa Lle yi: Wyss of the L'ed forned the hdo-Lanka leg. tellet in 1964. may be disputed 5: First, Swara II
state lent in did L10 it illen til ita teless persons riation to India, TOT 1 tot F
5 re 5, 23 November 5-6) given below:
s it (pact) accep(sta teless people igin)?
When I went to I have consultae leaders of perl Il Origin there.
It is a fact that, be the reason, good percerrage people who are Whiōji Want LJ i El, It is a hard be convenient
it it is a fact led).
it a fact
J (JL1 Irlean to the fi Wt laki
COLl Eck?
I do not say,
Hic Ill Barul: Fort f f i yɛe reed rijf PT ve (IF greertierf they car
yif o'r ar agreer? er (emphasis added).
Swaran Singh; I do not say that all the 525,000 people are Willing to come, What I a Il saying is that there is a good percentage of these people.
Ranga: What do you Thearl by a good perceritage? (emphasis addCd)
Swaran Singh: ... wh) want to
come, whatever Ilay be the conside rå tiÕII, and fier Fi FPTher runs into lakhs, I may say. The Te is 10 doubt about it, and this is evident from the approaches that have been milde to our High Commission for granting travel facilities for colling over to India and for arranging their repatriation. Let there be no doubt on that score (emphasis added).
The above text reveals the discrepancy in the Hindu's reportage. Even assuming that Swaran Singh's speech in the Lok Sabha contained information regarding the three lakh state less people's Wish to come back to India and therefore what the Hindu reported was correct, the questiris a Tise here are: How did Swaran Singh reach that conclusion? Did really thrce lakh Indians Overseas in Sri Lankfl write letters to the Indian High Commission in Colombo expressing their intention for repatriation to the country of their (or their ancestors') origin? Or, did the Indian High Commission in Sri Lanka give the Government of India a false information? Or, did Swaran Singh cook up this story in the face of a scathing criticism made against the Indian Government by the opposition mem
17

Page 20
bers in the Lok Sabha. Swaran Singh alone knows the truth.
Even if thrice lakh Indians Overseas intended to come back straight"(1) to India, was there any need to have a separate bila LeTal agreement оп their repatriation? They could very well have acquired the Indian Citizc Illry under Article 8 of the Constitution of Indja:
"Any person who or either of whose parents or any of whose grand-parents was born India defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted), and who is ordinarily residing in any country outside india is so defined shall be dicelled to be a citi7 cil of India if he his been regist cred as a citizen. Of India by the diplomatic or Consular representative of India in the country where he is for the time being residing on an application Iliade by him therefor to such diplomatic or consular representative, whether before or after the comICC leht of this Costitution, in the form and manIner prescribed by the Government of the: Do Thilliol of Ildia (or the Government of India'. Of course, in that case, the repatriates would not have becolle eligible to receive certain facilities and concessions such as repatriation of their assets and their continuation in the cmployment until they were physically repatriated to India. For that, the III dian GowernTinent çould have scilight a Tlegotial Lcd settlement with the Gower miTent of Sri Lanka 5iT Če the number of persons involved in the whole exercise was fairly large. In other words, if the Els sertion of Swa Tan Singh was t T Lle, India should havet L Tied to a Tiwe at El settle 1 cent wi til Sri LElka (). In the facilities to be gгапted to the three lakh repatriates by the latter, instead of stipulating the InuTuber of persons for Indian and Sri Lankan citizenship.
Another question is why did India a gree for the Tepatriation of 5.25 lakh persons when, aic
S.
cording to Swa quoted in the Hii lakih stateless cy opted to come b
Prof... - Kodikara
ded that Swali Tam ment was in facil sewenties when til registers were O. plication for In Lankan citizenshi thall hälf al mi! people applied f zenship, while applied for Sri ship, Why did a ber of stat c1 css Lit ir citi: repatriation to their free choice" apply for the Iind out of compulsi the survcy conclut Fries ånd The Tr Udesires. The The Tara il People diari Origin frui iri Sri La piká rů K. P. Bagchi & ( could arrive at conclusios: Mo: triates secrlined to to seek Indian C: to the compulsior them by thic rej applications for citizenship prior Sidon of thic 1954 With it was Lhe red by the propa carried out in t plantations that Wolld be given, ship to remove Statele 55 less, il 1iTe through a I1 bilitation progra It influenced th a rosy life W. good sala ried en a house of it govern n 1 cintal li t.t.i. dTeal I'll that longer be consid ing and undesi become Indians Als C9, IIn El I1y TEE confessed Col t India that they triatiol beca, LISE that they wer therefore had to (See Coordina for plantation

Tan Singh as du, only three ets cas Indial. Ils fick to Indiji?
als 0 COD te IlSingh's state: b01..115 0ut i 1 he citizenship pè11ed foT :t pdiam and Sri p. True, Llore Lion Sta teless or Indian citia bolt 600,000 Lältlıklı citize. Tilgigablo Tull 1persons opt for nship and thus lil WWII it Or, did they iam citizenship II. Balzed ÖT :ted by Yvon Ile Las Bibin, Tze Expаггiation of of Recer r IIIthe plantations India (Calcutta, lo, 1984.) one the following ist of thic -- Te pahave preferred itizenship Wing 1 imposed upon cil of their the Sri Li Li kill to the conclupact. Coupled i Lucient i Wic offeeganda campaign hıc Sri LalIka Lil the repatriates bocsid es citizeIlthe stigina of better settled effec[iwe Tell - IIllic ill India. em to think of ith regulalır :ınd ı ploymı eInt, li:li ild, heir own and }ill:15 in Indial ; they would no Iered not belongred but Willd among Illidiil in 5. a triate fillics heir arrival in opted for repathey were told : 5La telegs and lewe i Sri Laikal, ting Secretariat Area, The Repa
triates from Sri Larika, Kandy, 1976, pp. 23-7),
All these proved false to the ignorant stateless Indian Tamils Who Were other Wise not keel to leave behind in Sri Lanka their kith a Tid kin who happened to be Sri Lankan citizens; the place where they were born; the countryside where they toied; the home where they married, where they galwe birth to their children, ate, drank, danced and slept, performed their religious ceremonies and buried their dead. In this context, it should be borne in mind that a great many of the Indian Tills of Sri Laikal llawe list
their roots in the country of their ances Lors -- which Ilıca 15 that, Eis a Sri Lankan author
argued, the essential psycho-social pre-condition for Indian nationality, i.e., the social fact of a genuine connection of cxistence, thic substantiall conInc.ction with the country whose nationality these persons were to receive, did not exist (RC) y Muthaya, Repatriarior of Ille Tamioi people of Recent Indiar Origin from the plarifaria's of Sri Ları ka to Ir dia (Mimico), pp.20-30). Such emotional linkages with their land of adoption ic. Sri Lanka, associated with the hardships the repatriates were to experience in the process of repatriation to India H1cil resettlement iTh Talimi 1 N:1, du, enor mously influenced the decision of the Tepatriates either to retract their earlier plan of repatriation or delay to the maxillum extent their physicial repatriation. The present case of about 80,000 Indian passport holders who do Ilot Wish to opt for physical repatriation to India should be viewed in the above perspective,
In the face of rejection of the SiTilly-Shah St TI PLC:t of 1964, one could ask, given the complexity of the state less question which remained the subject for nearly LWo de cades of aborte di Indo-Lanka negotiations and correspondence prior to the conclusion of the 1964 Agricement, what was thic alternate way to and the state of stateles Sness Of the India. Il Tami 157

Page 21
In Cur endeavou to ans wer this question We Tay emphilsizc the fact that there were L Wo factors . . declared and undeclared - responsible for shaping the decision of the United National Party Government under D. S. Senilma yake t3 decitizeIllise nearly line lakh persons of the Indian community by enacting citizenship laws soon after Ceylon's independence in 1948, THc factor which wäs ofte i declared public by the Ceylonese leader5 i Was related to the IIIdiàn Tamils' intention of 'permanent settle III e It” in the island and their integration with the indigenous population'. They had all along maintained in their memoranda als well als in their speeches that the people of Indian origin in Ceylon did not come to "“settle do WIl per IlmaIncently in the island, but primarily to seize the opp C) Titulities for cmployment'. They pointed out that even after having liyed in Ceylon for generations, they had not got absorbed into the indigenous population and had retailed their exclusiveness in “religion, language, social tradition and occupation'. Instead, it was alleged, they maintained close and cotills social as well as personal contacts with India by visiting it almost ewery year, and Temitting parti of their salary almost every Illonth to their people in India, III, the light of this, the Ceyl)- Ilese Gover IIIle11t maintained, there was every indication that Indians in Ceylon had neither forgotten nor forsaken their home country', that most of their had no intention of making Ceylon their permanent holle Hild 15 Such werg 1 he ics idents' but it domicile' of the Island. Consequently, the Ceylonese leaders concluded, lost of them had reasons to be loyal to India and were, therefore, its nationals. Under such circumstances, the Ceylonese gover II lent Wils prepared Cfer its citizenship on these persons only after ensuring that they had 'a genuine and abiding interest in Ceylon and an intention of per Inanent settle ment". Mere residence for “ “ten,
W titյTլ
twenty, y Üf inte Titic
citizens was the purpose. (
I EL C L
cd it5, citiz,
stipulated ir fer to cistablish til:
tէle iT l
intention their “ “ pe
(Quoted in
T
problem
of II di T1 (C) Ti Issues and pris I riferiori. Si Wol. 5 July 19 pp. 405-6);
The underlyi fller 1:5 til: S
ship
of th 15 :
Lo ques Lic.
e III dial T basis sic
tizenship
deliberately Int Strictive so is its al II bit all not indisputabli pri Ermarily poli
the lede
point St. FE rship Per
7. Enis al Lijn : Ludi
of th
t: ptople
Willd IIlcal electoral streng
in Sillese stituencies in
ViIice di. Il
and the Täällil 5 tu
representative SiIlhalle se cons
Fèt
of the s|
ÄI. Si Thail csc w
candi II1di:
dates, II Il Telu lil
threat to the e Of the doi|11|11:
tical
party, the
got accentuated T: Tils WIl 5:
1947
Geleia lic
ed the te|cctitul
candi
dates in
a plantation p
Before sugge solution in t
1954
pact, it
highlight cert:
the II tion. Sets
ΙΤ1:ι ν bccn
ndian Ta. II
With Dut in ther: Stilte tha' 5 much
gration" in dis Tcl tid I5 I THI
tries.
Indeed,

Lrs or declarato be Ceylon's 3 t l adcquate for eylon, therefore, nship laws which Ilia qualifications e borra fides of of making Cey"Illa lent home”. Ermila Phadis,
of the people gin in Ceylon, sible solutions": dies (New Delhi), 63 - April 1964,
ig factor that ini Lanka T leaderIn the Ébora fides Emil COITIILIT iity I the enactment laws, which were dc rigid and reto exclude from those who were r indigen o Luis, was tica l. To make light, the UNP ceived that citicn fraichişe ment of Indian Origin dilution of the th of the Kandyin most of conthe Ce Ti tral propossibility of Ineing returned as of the Kandyan tituencies in the litting of Kandyo te between Tival other Words, the votes formed a lectoral prospects nt Sinhalesc poli: UNIP. It is fel T. when the India yen sie:Lts in the ections and help1 of several left areas, which hadi opulation. sting a possible e place of the is necessary to li Il facts about 1il es Late populainvolving ou Tlitical debate, we E no tcr [T] has abused as intecussions of race li r I World coumits very vague
mancint
ness is the source of its most explosive potential in verbal dialectics. The accusation that the Indian Tanni 15 di di Ilot integrate With the indigenous population was un doubtedly an excuse for the Sri Lankan leadership to underta ke drastic actions 5uch als de citizenisation. Like several minority communities in different parts of the world, the Indian Tamils may be regarded as "pluralistic minority community, who have desired peaceful coexistence with other minorities and the majority. They wish to III laintain their identity and cherish certain distinctive characteristics which they consider important för preserwing their identity.
Also, to call the Indian Tamils as "floating population who were to often Wisi ing the colultry of their origin was not proved by the statistics provided by the Ceylonese gove Tın Ilment itself ill the 1950s. Their abiding per Inancint interest in the island may be substantiated by the fact that while almost the entire estate population had applied for Ceylon citizenship under the Citizenship laws by the deadline i.e. 4 August 1951, thc number of peuple registered at the Indian High ConmisSion wal 5 Tather small even thi") - ugh there was no deadline. During the period 1948-53, 1822.72 persons applied for In. dian citizenship, while the Sri Lankan Gowerin ment received 824480 applications for its citizenship. India had rejected 10,491 applications till the end of 1960 and Ceylon 691975 till August 1960. By October 1964, 134188 persons had been given citizenship by Ceylon and 234488 by India. All these figures suggest us to conclude that all those people who did not have, in the line of the Sri Lankan Government’s argument, al perinterest in thc island had opted for Indian citizenship. By refusing to apply for Indian citizenship even after the rejection of their application for Ceylonese citizenship, the state less Indian Tamils established their horia fide intention to
(Cση τηIιεί οι Page 2.Ι)
19

Page 22
Environment and Colonisation (2)
Land Colonization Sche
S. Sathananthan
T control thic risc in unemployment, which followed the mid-19th century slump in
the coffee industry, the colonial State sponsored the settle
ment of land less farmers on Crown land in the Dry Zone under a II instruction by Go
vernor Ward in 1857. The economic aim was to boost paddy output so as to compensatie TOT the decline in the import of rice (Mills, 1933:133), which was critical since labor on the plantations was paid in kind with rice (Bandarage, 1983:213). The colonial State provided irrigation infrastructure under the Irrigation Ordinance of 1856 3ınd initiat cid latıdı Ellie liltion sche Illes. The political al iTI was to avoid land reform necessary for employment creato in the Wet Zone by transferri Ing the “excess”, um employed population out to the Dry Zone. But land colonization was a temporary expedient, which was attempted intermittently and only when a shor tage of rice or high level of un employment demanded such demographic adjustments; as such, it remained a low priority until the 1920s.
The Government Agents (GA), Mr C. W. Brayne, for Batticaloa District drew attention in 1920 to the operation of the landmortgage-foreclosure cycle in Batticaloa and the Co Discq L1elt rise in un cmployment. As a remedy, he suggested the circation of a 'peasant proprietor system’ (Brayne, 1920; 4) to protect paddy cultivators in the Dry Wome. But in the 1930s, the concept of peasant proprietorship" intermeshed with a political goal of Sinha lese nation illism: namely, the colonization of the Dry Zone by the Sinha|esc fIOIT1 the Wet /011 t) recreate their ancient irrigated civilization (Moore, 1985:45), and official policy ca. Inc to view inter-zonal colonization
20
as a long ter II demographic shi
The environ II with regard lo lonization sche anticipated by forol i 1927 wh the transfer of Silla lese CT peasant of the to any part of entails as radic I1םirUrlmיlis titl Condition of li the trasfer of yokel from the low the Mendip baked soil W Häusa peasant dustriously...ill, he emphasized Colonization W t) failuIrcʼ. (Cl ıTıqil Te:C () [11 T115er] colonization. Ti th:15 055ęTVätio the fact that farmer's knowl Wir III1511 is wisdom hal indi Titler to Sol, his own cxperi farmer's Linder enviro IIIlent t graphically spi is of particula wiew of th: c between the Zirnes.
However, co assumed that it planted fro 11 ther, and espe Wet to Dry able to launch cultivation all tion; although dication that
lists were tes the i fa II ilia Ti patterns and C rements in th It is not surp nist5 fTequent settlements (F.
This Clice led to reledia

Th€S
and systematic Tt.
ental problem inter-zonal coImes Hild been Governor Clifen he remarked: untryנוט "יוט 1 l: of a Kandyan Uentril 1 Privilige the dry zone a a change of it aid of his iving as would a Samle Tsetshire fairlin-lands beis to the SLT1 . itll which the wrestles so in... Nigeria'; and Further that SLI Ch. 15 foreløGrned ifford, 1927:304) ded intra-Zonal The relevance of in derives from the 53 LITce of El edge of his enthe accumulated d down from supplemented by ence, Thus, the standing of the ands to be geocific; and this I significance in limatic diversity Wet and Dry
lonization policy h c får mers trans: ä Ti I tO ELITO - :cially from the Zone, would be into successful 1ost from incepthe Tc is II i Ilprospective colotcd to i si cert Elin ty with climitic : ultivation requic. Settle11: Tit El Tell. rising that colly abandoned the armer, 1957:20, 1).
1 for goill er o sio in provisions (S.33,
2nd Schedule) in the 1935 Land Development Ordinance (LDO) which represented in fact the first instal cc of State interwel tio in the area of CIW if Ilmental management in pical sa Int agriculturc,
A 1937 report again drew attention to “5 bil er Cosi0,i1,... in itlea5t one of thic to "pleasant proprietor' schemes' (SP, no WII, 1937:18); and to Te medy deforestation and consequent soil erosion, the silting of rivers, malaria and floods, it was proposed in State Council in 1942 that "the government should acquire these lands...for the purpose of reforestation and other Soil Conservation me:1- sures' (Debates of the State Council IDSCI, 1942:2227), Howewer, aliena, tion of land conLinued because of the economic imperative of creating employ
ment foT u Temployed Sinhalese which also discouraged long term programmes of en
wiro Ilmentally sound land Lise,
The leader of tlıcı (CP drc w attention to the weakless in environmental assumptions underlying inter-zonal colonization: "although Our ancients (sic) had a most wonderful method of irrigation, most of the basic factors which were necessary for its success which existed at that time hawe now been remo WCd. For example, the large scalc cultivation. . . (and) deforestation of the hilly regions has fundamentally altered the possibilities of restoring the ancient systein in the dry zone areas, particularly in the plains' (Hansard, Vol 30, II, 1958:2927). He cited further the failure of the United States experts to he cd protests against enviTon meIntal - degrada tion i1 the Gal Oya colonization scheme (Hansard, wol 29, 1957:824). As an alternative to colonization, he suggested that drainage facilities be provided for "a large d. nou It of fertile but Water

Page 23
logged Wet Zone lands, thereby Inaking cultivable, so as to "tackle the problem of landless
ness without cutting down a single tree' (ibid:826). In other words, he, too, recommended intra-zonal colonization. H.
was supported by the Secretary of the CP, who criticized colonization policy because it "sought to tackle the problem of the cultivated areas. . . by transferring the problem elsewhere. It was... a temporary expedient designed to avoid the problem of (Wet Zone) land
reform. . . this policy only aggravated existing problems and created new ones" (Han
sard, vol 30, 1957:21 05—06). The contribution of colonization to environmental degradation should be evident from the decline of forest cover, for example, from about 75% of the land area at the turn of the century to 25% today; and the for est areas in Vavuniya, Anuradhapura, Polon na ruwa and Ampara are facing further destruction. Newertheless lil Indi colonization, which Leach condemned as a solution. . . of staggering ineptitude" (Leach, 1962:13) and was referred to
disparagingly as and a cմw" II lopment (Hans 1957:2020), rema In a Tit Lihcile a
policy.
One objective of inter-zonal c t shift th: bála, Ince in fawd) lese (Peebles, Was effected from the Tam 1944 (de Silva, Ta mil leadcrs (] 1957: 1272-73); a Linder mic Tel Sinhaltist and groups. This le Member of the argue that, by le 5e in Tamil-II) the Dry Zone, was "adopting a licy of setting of the people a (Hansard, wol 2: The Secretary pointed out th "led to år ints aggravation of flicts" ('Ha 15 d.
(To bo {
" No Call up charge within city II mit5 “ Vehicle acc
Receipts issued on request ' Company credit ava Ca|| 501 502 501 503 Dr
ệAset 息
Another Aitken Spence
 
 

thic "two acres lethod of deviciard, vol 30, ined the dominif development
: of the policy tolonization was : demographic of the Silhi1990:37); which lespite protests il Congress in
1986:213) and Hansard, vol 30,
di consequently atio ms between Tallil eth Illic :d a (Sinhalese) Opposition to settling Sinhaajority areas in the Gower Illnet deliberate poաբ () Ilt section gainst another' 4. 1956:1358-59),
of CP also at this policy !1sificatio al Id com mil LI na 1 coniwol 30. 1957).
Continued)
IF OG LEID
255 froT 1 GE| Cited Stands
la Eo Ig
B[]15Ո4
Ser VI Ce
Faulty . . .
(Corri'r Aled frorni: page. I g)
make Sri Lanka their "permanent home for whatever reasons.
Given this fact, the most appropriate solution wollı ıld hawe been automatic conferment of citizenship on all the state less Indian overseas population (with exclusion of illegal immigrants) in consona cc With the internationally recognised principle of siis soli by amending the citizenship laws of the island. In other words, the Sri Lankan Parliament should have enacted the Grant of citizenship to stateless persons (Special Provisions) Act of 1988 long back iT the 19ճt):
To conclude, the conclusion of the 1964 Pact may be considered as a diplomatic truimph of Sirimavo Bandaranalike but a failure of Lal Bahadur Shas
tri. It may even be a landmark in the history of Indo-Lanka relations, but to the stateless
Indian Tamil population, it is a document fra med to promote bilat cral relations bct ween the two countries at the cost of their illerest.

Page 24
Return to
Rajiva Wijesingha
had first Wisited Berli Il ciri
route from Moscow, after six weeks hard travel, manily in Yugoslavia, and then in the Soviet Union. There had lowever been a day or two each il various East Europea. In capitals, and Berlin to was like
that, a hurried glimpse of the Pergamon Museum, a stroll di Will ULCT der Lil de Il be Teft
now of its mythic gran deur, an impressionistic awareness of of the stark contr:15t bet Wee Il drab East and blooming West; нп then, exhausted as I was, El 1 d. In Cot talking millich i 11, the h Elsty jo Lu T They back.
Five years later I returned, to stduy the city more thorollghly, in a week snatched as all my holidays were that sumПет га пл the tedious and all consuming tilsk of setling down to a thesis. I spent in fact only three days altogether in Berlin, sleeping whatever was left of the night in the railway station: it was enough then, in those heady days, given the energy I still possessed, to see
all that I wanted to. One day hadi see Ined e In Cough then for the East, för its once grand now abandoned churches, the fantastic historical museums full of the products of GerIn an exploratory energies in
thc First flood of Tiationalis III in the nineteenth century, and
the ma Twello Luis Copera too, wheTe -
Pärsil", I 17 EITT ble -I Wit טיוט
I saw a compelling Ole Of the Il 15 productions I have Il es Sci.
Equally important, at the time, was the phenomenally low cost of everything in the East.
I was ble to eat my fill which had been impossible in the West, on my limited stu
deilt budget. In crossing over at Checkpoint Charlic — Hi rcmark Eble experi en cc, for the
border guardinisted on." looking
22
Berli
at the tops of actioT 1 had h belonged only i was conpelle di ti (IGCTIILAT Lits El 5 German Oil artifici E. Le O. The still ha We w 511 fficed foT E West, Wā5 mort to see all I W. enough for til Only the oper been difficult E 5 III: Ik Iliote handed over go foi come of the .u8Eטh טLh
Fourteen years the newly unite ilar disparities efficient West 51 O. Wedi do Wil If sed the border TOT CIwer EI1 hill buTg. "Whe Tı We Berlin the t{յ11II 5prll ce st:itioIls ET TIE: IL 11 Illes Was IIlarked.
The costs ho this. Despitic til rency, despite t mtiv Line Tit, it i times as Illic) journey in the as it did in th the disparity w; the prices of f. diffTc1ce5; ELS
(peta ticket 5, I checkei con office. It was
my 11 I חט חשwש vided I only El side the Confe still spend thr the Opera Ho wonderfully Lake, the bil lle! of the Shrew, It Seen before ting productio Wespers that tended to two occupation.

Tilly CEATS, ET it her to thought fiction - one 3 change 5 West rks intoנ:ch m es, at the highly f one to one. :r which barely slack in the : than enough inted Eld at he whole day. a might have LI E the Te TatlıcT surreptitiously it 1 ile a ticket best seats in
3 afterwards, ill d Berlin, si IIiObtained. THE Get ITall train ter we had Crosand stopped It fit Braidefinally got to "Eist between the
of the West, s of the East,
WCW er reflected
le Linified Curhe freed III of :Cost nearly ten 1 til Ilık
Weste TI sect 3T e East. Though as not so great, Cod too showed did prices of the first thing fit the Tourist 55 ble I fiul Ild nited f.IInds, prodi Slacks, ou Lrence itself, to 'cc cyclings at set a ٹانتlا :Intergetic Swall I of The Taming which I had and an exciin of Sicilian was clearly inke the Russian
All striking performances; and parallelled, one recalled from other journeys, not only in the capitals of Communist countries, but cycn in the provinces, in Tbilisi for instance, or Odessa. How was it achieved, one wondered, given the stultifying efect the Communist system. Other Wise seened to have on human endeavour?
I have heard the suggestion that what one saw was merely technical competence, albeit carried to a very advanced extent: creativity itself was lacking. There in ay be some substance in this charge, given some of the horrors perpetrated in the Visual Arts under the descriptil II of Socialist Realism. However, some achievements in literature, and in music too, suggest that the dicho torny is not so simple. The problem, 0114: To Cognizes, does have son Ilething to do with the public slip pression of personal initiative; but that cannot always be prevented from bursting out in privatic, as one sees in the ertrepreneurship that marks South East Asia, and in the opportunities for interpretive excellence that the perfor Illing arts provide. It is true that what the statist approach contributes to is the tech Illic I skill, BLlt that afteT all is a necessary basis for individual genius to build on; and that even if not allowed fTee Teil – so that föT in stance, the best music became suspect, the best | iteratuITe had to be Written secretively - will not be crushed by any system.
But that un fortunately is all East Get III a. Il y see II lied to hiwe been left with, at the Timoni elit of Liniol: excelle Illice as fa s athletes Went (begging, that is, thic quicstion of artificial hormones), and performing artistes. What had happened to the nation that, a couple of decades

Page 25
earlier, seemed to be leading the Communist bloc, industrially and economically?
I do not know the answer. All I can suggest is based on Speculation, Iny interest in the fact that whercas, while I was Young East Germany was near to being thought a dewcloped nation by the eighties it had slipped back into stultification, Als Compared with say Hungary or Czechoslovakia, or even Poland. Perhaps this wat because the sort of fertilization that the strange position of Berlin in the fifties had Prmitted had wanished: perhaps it was because the grey and wholly Outloded men who took over in the KT em lin after Khruschevos abortive efforts at reform clamped down hardest where they felt they were shown Լlբ most; perhaps it was very simply that awareness of the prosperity of the West made the rulers of the East thenSelwes more Conservative, more defensive, and in the end more Callous. Whatever it Was in the two decades before reunification, disparities became worse and, far from the time When East Germany could POTE:- sent itself as an alternative model, it turned into a disaster El Tel.
Hence the mad rush, not indeed towards TC unification, but to the absorption of the East by the West: not what Gorbachev must have hoped for when he began the process of Glasnost, the development of Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals as a social democratic paradise, but rather the frenetic embrace of Capitalism,
eycn 1 In its more extreme firms. Hence indeed, goiпg along with this, the tП1егgence too of fascism, of the sense
9f alienation the deprived feel in a consumerist Society, the resent file It, and the thrust to
wards the assertion of exclusive id:CI titics.
For that is what is happeIlling now in East Germany, as the impact of unification hits hard est the area s lcast cվuip
ped to deal - 1 Il Val F Stat enterprises that vived through t lics has led II1 eIn t; il
ulification of El II- t 1 lcceptance of Il Trils, has coil iiil flation Tali ID1C) WES West Wa: possible. The large-scalle un Inskilled labo in a larket O Light to neal ment, there is the Tequisite pi th. E are ess development in
El TC El S.
The Free D. has understand
LElix, il centiwes : scale to get ove but they arc partners in a is more conserva and subsidies applied as wide TCC) in Til en died. E clearly being ex Pete. In its ow areas of it are hence un test, es gst the young, all cWen of Nic-Ni.
Berlin of coul yet shal Tc in an decision, by a to move the cap Bonn has confir eLIphoria of uni| 1sly, Berlin was being the best united Germany, perhaps than an European city ally on a grand W Els i 4 y cast to take adwana With the cent I10 W going to II lind valles will Til ent Will for Tity will dout in Incasurably. . 0 ПЕ СНП Still With which onc Who belongs to the city, will 5

With it. The ree Support from preWiously sur-נl0lding monopt ) Wa SL II: techaddition the the currency on ! hasis, and the West Gerlan tributed to rapid ent Ilıcan while rd as fast as consequence is employ II ent of 1 T 4 1d cye if economy this II|10Tc in Westa shortage of Cofession:ll ski ||18 en til to flid 1 the deprived
*mocratic Party ably advocated 1п a very large r this problem, inly the junior gOWTIllel that tive than liberal, are not being lly as they have last Germany is pectical to comI1. This large unable to do; Ipecially amonid the emergence LZi clerients.
st does not as y of this. The Till TTO W II margin, ital ther c from " Immed the ili ti| fication. Obvio
Te Cognized as
Symbol of a ft T fair Ill Teg other orther it is corlceptu
scale. Business : : b.3 11 Ind to Wält ge of this, and ral govern Ilent
love there soon, rise, employsh, a n d prospctless increase The disparities note, the else Call recognize
which part of oon be part of
the pa 5 t. It is Bonn indeed, most of all perhaps in the whole country, that will feel the negative effects of reunion, in that all the vast buildings put up recently to accommoda te government offices will lie empty, Land Values have already begun to drop. The impact will not in general be too drastic on individuals, for the Rhine walley can surely absorb a few setbacks. The city itself however Will soon go back to being the SImall town in Germany it was
.ם יורקfם ר
Berlin on the other hand is likely to be more than the capitill just of Germany. It is uniquely placed to be the cente, not only of the new EuroPeä Il Community, but even of El larger Europe that includes at least parts of the East too. Despite its decline in other respects, East Germa Thy wa 5 Efter all still as much a centre of learning for the Socialist Bloc is Moscow was, if not indeed a T1 ote 5 (phisti Cated one, If offcred a great many schoalrships tu other Eastern Europeans, and doubtless those who are back in their own countrics will still continue to look to it as a model in their various fields.
Some of cours C a Te still in East Germany, and given the opportunities reunification has opened up are loath to go back. One such whom I met was a a Polish medical student called Paul. Later I T calized that hic was the only in habitant of the place I had spoken to at any great length, apart from the hotel employees: the Conference programme had kept us busy and, though it was held in the Berliner Congress Centre in the East (no hot water - we have much to do here yet, said the West German Chairman), and though there were Hungarians and Yugoslavs and Bulgarians, the Te Was Ilu ole fra II East Ger IImany.
Paul's family was still in Poland, but hic was clearly in no great hurry to go back. His placc of study was elsewhere,
23

Page 26
but he had cine b Ccalls C it was so much Imo Te alive than anywhere else hic could get to easily. The urge to go further West doubtless cut decp. Certainly he would settle down in West Germany if hic had the chance to, and sco w Could any one else in a similar position.
to Berlin
That the is the Tale (CGTmany will fined itself playing over the next few years as Europe staggers through its period of transition, Just als West Ber|- in was a point of contact, Ilarkedly so before the Wall came up, and even afterwards because in one directio at least access was free, so given the absorption of a country that must still even despite itself maintain its easter coTections, Germany as a whole is likely to be a conduit of
ideas across Eu II105t cosmopg Once, is likely
part in this pr however is tha ties, the strain
country to lool !nט1ftilat happ betrayal of whi ing nation cou What a bra We ci
Bonapartism
(Солfїнцесї froуу; ра
tilke : StEind legislation. H regard to these lation is the he is judged, Tc-electi I. TI right to know Sentatives wat public iImporta by Some tati
With the C
of
HEMAS (DRU
36, Brist
Colom
2
4

ɔpe, Berlin, the itan of Cities to play a great cess. The fear | as in the thirWill Cluse - thc inward again. , it would be a it a long-sufferdi a chieve, and y a ould providc.
೭)
om pieces of is action with pieces of legisbasis col which he basi5 foT his e public has the " how its Te preIn matters of nce. It is argued here is a climate
ompliments
GS) LIMITED.
ol Street,
1bg-1.
of fear and intimidation. That was the case in the Philippines
and Bangladesh but no-one asked for secrecy. It seems that
anonymous letters and secret ballots are a peculiarly Sri lankan style of rebellion. It is not a healthy style for any democratic system. In honesty we must also ask ourselves, whether this call for a secret ballot is really a question of fear or a question of having your cake and eating it too. Governments may rise and governments may fall but the MP Wints to lavc the Same privileges. This is an extras ordinary state of affairs. Onc finds it qui te stra ngc that many leading personalities are asking the Speaker and Supt reme Court to pander to thest instincts - Soline of the Woreside-cffects of Our democraicpractice.

Page 27

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Page 28
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