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LANKA
UA
Vol. 14 No. 16 December 1 5, 1991 Price Rs.
Mervyn de Silva — The Es
Mamik Sandrasagara —
M. h. F. Jayasuriya —
Reggie Siriwardema -
Ghanaka Amaratunga -
Piyal Gamage — The C
Amita Shastri - The F
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TRENDS
Solve politically, Ec
Following a legations of fitur??a ? rig Whits wifo/afio ris in Sri Lanka the Europea 7 Corl77 mu - nity has asked the governrrent to find political soluon 5 to its probierns. The FC had earlier resolved to tig aici to guarantees of human rights fr? recipient courtries.
figl'? — rā raking government 0fficials have beg g ) Europe to explain steps tak, by government to safeguard har rgis.
A private TV station
The Maharajaf, Gголд алс Singapore elecom riterratio. 7ā" are expectedy to ser A privately owned and operated "W Station in April. The est. stated cost is Rs. 250 Million. Where Wi// {bg irro Voca/ politքса таи, 5 ог 15 ?"חַgrärזis.
50,000 prostitutes in Colombo
"Where are over 5 (0.000. Tige and female prostitutes for 7 år f' drurid Color jo, a 5U rvey Fias eveä 'Pi. Vr the City there are Close to 200 First figs.
A House of Lords?
Ile A/W Party Солfereлее YAPC) is delibera ring a rewilWa? / of the Serrare, or a si la ika Style Halse af o rais, foΜοννης a Suggestion by the Libera Pary. Алттогтgy г/nose
W/77 World i Cfari? Eier if fff, It) III:քriեմ: Լ1, Presiderits, p Speakers of
Crief Juliwsifices f /acted by the W. E.g. for fr
Privatisatio
"" () "77"Fergā, MVC) Saffa fā Erik a ma' the fås beer goc Егтр/oyees U/ Fls fria/a, File cyLiate a fy ( 7 yiyo ha riks i'r ffurffigy of fi) firy to r/g, T,
Tuwo mor
Whe WP . 770 të radhës 14 Waya ti'ake amc Barda. The 5g admitted sigуп, fлттpgachment Presider Prerr
Infected by
There are a Îffected people Who are urg, Carry a 7 Loft Worff fasi ya W EJOS We cases , Covа геої їл Sгї Niig gst irrated not itaar AMD (SSE fect the Text few ya Ferrja nda, tig rä f j f /fiskā stify : 3ёл, Nглаг" гт Сел/,
LA MELA
GUARDAN
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PLI JIlish Et fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
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Briefly News Background Goiya's Looking G. The Case of Sawa
ATThy CHITE)
Democracy and the FoĘf Sri | Prou
Plantations (4) Siglf Regulāti ing An From Devolution tit ME di The Shri Dabata

5ίίτης, η this proposal finds be retired 772 Mir 7f5fer S. arfiament and 5oria WfWW Ebe?
people, others
postponed
sation' of the the Paople's 5ank of Ceylon" oned, Bank on president Vad ffig 15 land. # Chairmar7 0 f
who had been is by the SecreaSUгү,
2 expelled
S gxg a' Maoil two assrs. A riya ratne | 3. A. Mi/ť/7/
yw: MMPs fydd ng tha recent motiori against ā5ā.
Lt Linha Wa "B
O'r 800. Ailfis ir rhis courtry vare that they 丐easg,卢ea草* eve. Only 42 fra ve ba E Y7 dis
La rinka so far. 800 wѓho have S fosfa of Colo/do fousàros wEr ars, Dr George Director (Ger eerw faces ťa) a Jiray('j'.
ETS
ass 8
O
13
14 archy 17 i Fedargli5ri 19
3:3
24
LETTER
Uduppididy I'm grateful to reader P. Kiru pa na nthan for correcting he taү informing L5
that ''R. R. Dharmaratnam of
the LSSP contested in the 1977 general élection in Uduppidyʻ (LG. Now. 15).
However I would have been pleased if he had included how many votes Dharmaratram attracted against TULF's попiп ве апсi ultimate winner T. Rasalingham, and whether he saved his deposit. What does Kirupanan than mean by saying thal Dharmā ra tra T1 was 'drawing sizeable support in his nati wa Uldupp iddy wil lage"? Was the exit pols conducLed in a my of the gan arall elections contested by DharTa rätma in to corrobora te the voter preference in the Uduppiddy village, if not the Uduppiddy electorate? In the absence of such an indicator, how could one infer that the Udupipiddy village was
supporting Dharmara that (who had been a loser at every election he contested)
exclusively sind richt the Winning candidate?
grant that in 'many a 12 fighting in LTTE ranks', as asserted by Kiru pamanthan. But Siwara ja n, the allegad master Tind in Rajiv Gandhi's murdar Was a 1 2 y el är old il 1970, ad mot i 1991. The political and social enwironment in Uduppiddy of 1970 was completely different front the one in 1991.
1991, year old is
" Kirupāmam tham also need mot Lunduly Worry about being battered by my 'gre at knowledge". All the comments which send regularly to the LG are sia ved änd screen ad by an eru dite editor and only those what he feels deserve to be printed appear in the LG.
Sachi Sri Kantha
Saka BioScience 115'ti. E, C)Saka, Japan

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Briefly . . .
Rej-oins SLFP
Opposition Leader SirimäVo Bandaramaikea's younger daughter Chandrika has rejoined her mother's party, the SLFP, a long with ba || 1 tha polit bureau The Tibers of har Bahujana Nidahas Peramu na (which again was a split away faction of the party shg formed with the la te Wijaya Kumaran atunga). Chandrika's brothar Anura, Nationa | Organiser of the SLFP, has protested that his sister's re-adission to the party is father founded Was 110t properly conducted.
Meanwhile, the UNP rebel MPs led by Lalith AthulathTudali Bard Gammini Dissa 1.Flyake who lost their seats in par lia Therint after the W. Warea Sacked fror the party ha WE formed a new political orgaTisation Ca ||gd the Democratic United Nationa Front.
Buddhists oppose
The Council for Monitoring and implementing Matters Pertaining to Buddha Sasama and Buddhist Affairs as i formed President Prgrada sa that 4 in finding a solution to tha ethnic problem the Norther and Eastern ProvinCes should not be accepted ES traditiolä | HtmlE| āds of the Tamil people and under Co : i TCL Tista: Es should the sa two provices be merged.
Among the signatories to the memorandum submitted to the president are the
W 3 mara ble Madih e Palma saha Maha Nayake Thera, Maha Bodhi"Society president Gamimi i Jayasuriya and Ali Ceylon Buddhist Congress president Professor M. B. Ariyapala
Yogi attacks Tiger politica
Yogi in his , ower the LTT radio "voice .
attacked Tari | Minister Jaya la |leader M. KE not helping it was only the Minister M. G. who haped |last Week.
Yogi also : LTTE WOLId to Sri Lärka "5
Suspecte group &
Sixty suspe of the LTTE with arris and the Bad Lu||la di Cordon and se Among those six Women.
Ca LIght ir
Thirteen Sri youths who en ter Norway been detained tigations as the political asylur
MO
Mr Thondam be pea Ce ThakE riet, haS In Ot ''greem light c by President told Island Wipulanada. E Iman, tha Mini: and RLIral | 1dı. ment (and pol kers" Luri ion b) he was hopef. tion to tha COLld be EWI middle of next
Refuses
The LTTE a ar The Sty Offer

TN leaders
| Wing leader weekly address E's Clandestira of Tigers" has Nadu Chief |itha and DMK rubidi for h9 Tigers, It at TN. Chief RimäCHäldra them, he said
said that tha Il Col SLIrr Erld Er arried forces.
d "Tiger" arrested
Cted members were arrested | arriuniti oniri strict during a ärch operation. är Stadt Werg
1 Morway
Larka Tami | attempted to ille gally have репоIng Iпvesy hawe Claired T.
light
ап, the would — at in the Cabibввп showп а a red light" Premadasa, ng interviewer S. 3 Lt M THOdstor of Tourism Istrial Developantatio WoroSS) said that il that a Soluat hini; Cyflict wed by the month.
апппеSty
is rejected the conveyed in
baflets dropped by governTient aircraft Over the North.
Mo return
MCSt Sri IίνίΓιg iΠ
Lankan refugees India are reluctant to returri hom, al Indian government official told the Press Trust of India. Official Estimates put the total number of refugees at 200,000.
Places filled
The seats of the sacked UNFP rebo BS ir Parlia Tiglt hawe already EO B 9 filled, the
Elections Commissioner said last week. The new MPs have bean draw from tha
district lists of the last genera l election.
JWPers arrested
Polica arrested nie JWP suspects in the Ratnapura district. They included a
military wing leader suspacted to have Committed tan mu rdors. Police also ropad in a ganja plantation in tha vicinity and uprooted 37,000 plants.
PLIS Out from C-Plan
Canada and the United Kingdo have announced Lihat they will be withdrawing from the CCIOTTE O Pla, after four de Cadas of participation. These two hawe been leading donor nations benefitting many developing countries in Asia,
Mear Self-Sufficient
Agriculture Development and
Research Minister Dharmadas a Banda told a public meeting that Sri Lanka was
1 0 W 85 p9r Cent self Suffiсіепt iп гice, the peoplв's staple food.

Page 5
Same System, S Powers, Anoth
Mervyn de Silva
11 til S. W. R. D. BandaraURäike, Prime Mi mister ) . S. Sena na yake’s Leader of the House and the UNP's No. 2., quit the party to establish his 0 WIl SLFP thc :0Il est for par lia minentary power was primarily Right Ws, Left, with class and ideology seemingly domina ting, if not defining, the struggle. But the leaders of the Marxist (revolutionary) Left came in fact from the self-sale English-educated, Colombo-based elite. Family has remained an important factor. The debate within the Left was influenced by toisms" (Tro Lskyism vs. Stalinism) and by international currents of thouքht,
Mr. Bandara naike decided to leave the UNP largely because he realised that Old Man D. S. was gTC) co II i Ing his sĊI, DLL dley. (Thailt fact was la ter con fi Titled by Lord Soulbury's bchaviour When D. S. Fell off his lo Tse and Sol u lb) LI Ty Tushed back Trom Lgridcon),
Sir John Kot clawela, much older than Dudley, was also to lcairn all that when Dudley rather than he, the Leader of the House, was sum IIloned by
the Goyernor-General. Si John häd t: Wäit i5 tur.
It wat 5 S. W. R. D's de Cisjon til form the SLFP that la de the m 1:5 t significant structural change in the island's politics. By the SLFP's intervention, the character of the contest for political power was radically altered - Right. Ws. Centre, to
begin the steady decline of the Left. In ovemcini's role as an autono Indus actor. It beca The an appendage – Philip Gunawardena becoming a Minister
in Dudley Senar and Drs. N. Colvin, and Lt. Trotskyists) acci in Mrs. Bandar Front Cabinet,
Stailinist Ehefe fra three decades, t CP's Picter Keu of ideology, if With 'family' decisive force
SLFP, Mrs. Band the SLFP ed dominant persi Laika II politics, ble t'ETcat to L President J, R. J righ i mð vor, Presi
The UNP ha island since 1 { gest in nings.
MTS. B. had bet ted into a nonof her civic righ Wardena, who the post-indepen Irister model i to executive presic El luto Critic and Cynical J. R. Sta institution with a najor rupture parlia Tentarist (a) Parliament duced to a rul Sri Lånkain dem heart and its (b) the blatan Lly [ hle L WC-till iIjs sixths) majority and legitimise e" act, every whil
the Grcat Lead spirit of indep rt St. Witzll in
judiciary, the ci police and the (c) the steady the Tamil com

28
er Style
1 li yake’s Cabinct M. Perera and : slie (three expting portfolios El Taike's United along with the re of the pas L he pro-Moscow Ile Illil. Thic ed 1 the Cold forin, *II lerging as the
in the rival, El II like beca me ET, the other" *IIality in Sri
thc sole crediC UNP leader, lly e Wardena, and dent Premada sa.
the , the lon.
S govered
77. , .
in legally converDerson, stripped ts by Mr. Jaye. Ells çları ve Tited dience, WestmiA “ “ GaL II is "" lency. As the cold-bloodedly Til Cd the me y his personality with Sri Länka's past followed : itself was rcbber-stamp and Ocracy lost its Will to resist naked use of (actually fivet) legalise very dictatorial and fancy of er, er ticid the endence II the stitutions, the wil ser wice, the national press. alienation of munity and the
OUND
BACKGR
leadership, growth in Ilost of all "Tigers'.
dlc mocratic Tali mill and thus a parallel Tamil militancy, the separatist Tamil
From the Tid-7's, one of the main airIls of the UNP |cader, J. R. J., was to era sic Mrs. Bandara naike one Way or another from national politics. His technique was to dividc the SLFP by the most insidious devices. To do so, he concentrated on the Bandaramai ke family, exploiting to his advan
tage, the party's strength and Weakness.
While Anura Bandata na ike
joined the party's deputy leader, Maitri pala Sena na yake to form a "new' SLFP, Mrs. Bandaranaike's SOIl-in-law, Wijaya Kumara natunge, tea med up with the radical Mr. Hector Kobbekaduwe to challenge the 'rightists'. The political behaviour of thic SLFP was more or less controlled by its long-standing Tiwal, the UNP
Once Mr. Wijaya Kumaranatungic Inarricid Mrs. Banda Tilnaike's younger daughter, Chandrika, the politics of what the SLFP and its off-shoots, Were 10 T e C) c55 he di recL consequence of thc ma noue Wres of the master of intrigue the puppet-master JRJ!
As his final Second terrn drew to a close (and thoughts of a third term had to be abandoned in the context of 2 armed revolts) the main features of thc political situation were (1) a rapidly cInerging JWP rebellion in the south, more passionately and crudely "patriotic' than Marxist (2) the Drcsence of an IPKF in the north-and-cast battling the LTTE and its impact on Sinhala
3.

Page 6
opinion in the South and (3) a fierce contest in the UNP hei Tarchy for succession, particularly among Prime Minister Premadas. And se ni Cor Iministers, Gamini Dis5a nayake, (La mids) and Lalith Athuahmudali (National ScCurity). An equally important front-line figure, with no presidential imbitions but equally keen on office, Finance Minister Ronnie De Mel, had already decided that Mrs. Bandaranaike and her SLFP would be the win Inc. Son hic was El star con Lhic SLFP's election platforms,
An in trigue-infected SLFP was now I confro Inted by a | 1 increasingly divided UNP, by Lo mcd 15 ccrtaill of who will be picked as party candidate.
President JR made up his Ilind when thc JWP insurgency hit Colombo and the JWP proved it could paralyse transport at will. Already party secretary Ramjan Wijeratine had reported to JR that a majority Qs UNP bräIlche 5 Held the wiew Lihat Primic Minister Pre Lladilis3a. would put up a better show against the formidable Mrs. B. than Mr. Dis sana yake. Evidently Mt. La lith At hul at hil udali was Tot regardeki a serious alternalLive to Luc FM1
Ever since then, and Inore so after Premadasa's polls wic
tory, by no mea Ins a Tu Ila Way victory, the UNP has been exposed to internal friction,
There is no serious difference on policy, except perhapson the Inost critical foreign policy issue, the attitude to India. The problem is personality and style but largely because Mr. Prema da sa comes from ili su Lial group that is NOT the Lira di Lional nur sery of Sri Lanka's top politicians, whatever their ideo) - logical inclinations. Mr. Premadasa is not f'To min the Englisheducated upper middle class i. e. the domina Ilt social 5 t Tatum,
The extraordinary power Wesed in the Executive President by the 1978 constitution did NOT invite the slight est expression of concer in frem the Cabimet or from the UNP Parlia
mentary group. said proudly ''n. objected'. This to a question th him. Not Wete protests from the
the U.S. A 1ı çıt the c) il stituti וי 53חיthe Electi L Gä malige, il Tegl, to the L. (i. On ted matters, İlh il, bare Wat Was 1977-1979 in fol the judiciary, th cess and par 11 : II the i dillimistrat the police) at Why didn't we science-stricken' ly 1 cave go Wei party? Why the C of tb g: (C IIILI (bi1"i early 80's and t rights of the and the issues i chilic conflict
For th: Cll thereforce we han, Y explanations. Th tative change à killing of Rich and the discover body. It Wils revulsion and 5 that this little to express ill
trait of young What we WTC te is 5 Luc.
Thc Lurder (l paign was by th de Zoysa was Wraբբing սբ. circlest Tiited C then, local and : a more colvin Lihat Lil Till Clut T rights. This is politics, but with external il the lät LCT IT e: I Il-gow er Th III E DI both, is still Ti
A5 FCT Lht: c. Lic confrontati T1111ch L:lcảTCT. same p OW CIS, but because t thirds majority, damental cha Ing Tent pe Tsonality The Westernise

As J. R. himself Jt 0Ile minister was in response at I had asked 1 le Tc h {}w15 of Commonwealth ter all, it WAS on under which verc held. Piyal 11ır accIı trib L1 t (}r this and relis patic intly laid di ne betwee T 1 1T , Yi 1 l 1 TCS — e electoral pTOcinta Ty practice, ion (especially il the media. se lly CDl"liberals' quietnment a I dor cafening silence wealth until the his only on the Tamil minority nvolved in the
Trcnt crupti. Tı e to fini other ere was a qualifter the bru tal ard de Zoysia of his to Tured that ho TT cor al Ild ense of Jult Tago journal strove ou T. Cower pCTRichard, and i I1 tha t LG
$ a Inti-JWF Calle ower, Richard | State Terror" But hic Wellampaign since 1 broad, de Im:1Inds ing explanation aige lower human
politics, local working closely gencies;. We the T | n s T t g1 IIle5 4) T a bodies or it cI tirely clear.
xclusively domeson, things are
Same system, sa Ille abuses ..... eret li 5 Il LW -
very few funes... but diffeAnd that's il. d intelligentsia,
which includes professions, bureaucracy, business and the upper echills of the Politi C1 ESTElish Tinent, finds Lille II lain and his style offensive, an insolent challenge to their value-syste Il and their interests. Ald this collective response e II braces the topcrust of all the major parties. T Es tilblishment Strike: 5 Bäck,
The newly formed D., U.N. F., the party launched by the dissidents, is close enough in In alle to the U.N. P. to suggest SS S SLLLaLLLLLL SS LLLLLLtttLL S H S LLLLLL that It IS L ble United NatiŮill Party DU NF stands foT DE MC)- CRATIC UNITED NATIONAL FRONT. Its Preside it is Mr. A. C. Goon cratne, a leading pro-UNP lawyer Who once led another "rebel" UNP group, Mr. Rukman Sena maya kic's pa Tty which performed so poorly at the 1989 parliamentary polls, cwcn at Dediga m H , fortinero pri nine Iminister Dudley Senal na ya ke’s brough. Rukman launched his party not only to keep the Sen al 1 Hyake na me a liwe in mational politics but to challenge thc 'Jayewardenisation of Sri La Ikas largest mass-balsed party.
The Te | e4 e5 of DO LUNF aire of Course Lilith Ath Lilithm li da li and Ga II limi Dissan 3aya k C. In the past two months, Lalith hH 5 di Ille all the running. This has puzzled many UNP'ers. Lalith is a Royal Oxforde il clted ci slicker Whi Cnte Ted Parliament only in 1977, whereas Gamini Dissanayake, Son of the SLFP MP, Andrew DissaInayake, had his seat in the hill country, and his other "home' in Kandy.
A hird UNP front-bencher likely to join the DUNF leadiership is ex-Finance Minister Ronnie de Mel who began his political care er after a brilliant school and, L1 niversity cal Tcer al Bad : long public ser wice. Thc ex-Fince Minist the Liit the UNP, and after the briefest of exiles in London, joined the SLFP, Now he's expccted to be back in the UNP rebel" camp as a first step to DUNF Illenbership.

Page 7
There can be no doubt that this trio represented the "cream'', so to say, of the Jayewarden: cabinet. Their group behaviour is a study in the clash of class and culture. Within the PARTY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT. The struggle now in the Open is more than a challenge to Mr. Prema dasa and his populism. The roots of the conflict go decper into our society, culture and the clash of class interests.
EAMILY PROBLEMIS
On a Saturday afternoon recently I had a long, nearly two-hour, chat with the SLFP |leader, Mrs. Banda Tanaik c in her Ros II cad Place H1 do Inc. Si n cc the early 50's, the SLFP has been the only credible and radical parliamentary challenger
Hic con 5 ervative U.N.P. In Sri Lanka's pre-and-post independence politics, Mr. SoloIn on West Ridgeway Dia; Bandara naike represents a strange but fascinating paradox. Named after a British governor, looked after by a Scottish governess, and sent abroad at 18 for the customary "Oxbridge education', SWRD wä5 also the first UNP "“dissidcnt". On his fra il shoulders was thrust the surprising historic task of becoming the unlikely spokesman of an emer
gent, Sinhalal-educated national bourgeoisie. It was more a cultural re-assertion, tham the
dcliberatic Advancement of ecoIonic Interest. After 450 years of colonial rule (Portuge5e, Dutch, English) national identity was the main problem, and self-expression the pressing need.
The B.J. B. (Bauddha Ja thika Bala
vegaya) provided the idealogical Sinhala-Buddhist shock-troops.
In the next stage too we find history in an ironic, playful mood. The new class' Loo welk to fight the old, cstablished on its Own, Tigede d State intervention and party patro nage in the initial stages of its self-advancellent. The convent-educated widow of S. W.R.D., from a feudal, Kandyan family, was entrusted the historic task. In doing so, Sirima Bandara naike slipping easily
into an ordain a formidable inly serious UNP....... thus, President JR decencies of b
and the M.C. game te rob rights.
The family-c. dership and larg of the SLFP's make-up hawe party with t 'transition', a D. word. It si I ceive of a pi outside the fall current self-infl
The larger qu is whether t
“Hዘዘዘወሀ” \
he Go Wern naturally j outcome of th President's Sup crackers outside plex to celebr The Supreme has windicated of the Preside Rani Wickra II: for IDldustries spokesmen, H that the ruling suffer any lo T) but would e. from the ordea, through fire y burn or emerg steel," he said. In thic shortverdict has defin ed the GoycTT Elle the last traces to its parliam The Governm strengthened since the eight be replaced by
With no elect the Ilex L three Parliament or the impact of UNP will only long term. TE has lost two soned campaig Athulaith muda li na yake, and th doubtedly be electio 15. MTC
ל

d role, c mergcd politician, the helt"" to thic the reason why iolatcd all the urgeois politics I, Tulce 5 of thc
NEWS BACKGROUND
cmerge as. El significant “third force' or will it try to undermine the Premadasa leadership in what would ultimately be a take-over bid. In the shortrun, it will try to pull out the "dissidents' who are already
her of political 'hidden assets" in the parlia.
mспtaгу gгоup. ntred party leae residual traces Dissension, conflict, and difeudal mental visive tendencies are the lost burdened the prominent feature of our nale problems of tional life and politics. The SLLLLL LLLLLL 0LS LLLLSLLLLS LLLLL S L S LLLa S LLLa S SS LL SS aaL 1 pl y cannot con- IVP insurgency Wcre the most rty leader fron violent form of expression of ly. And so its this basic fact. Now the two icted wounds. major parties are also seized estion of course by this larger, powerful force Le D'UNF Will of in ci Dal warfare.
/IEW hent camp was be the exten, to which the two bilant at the dissidents will be able to percase, and the suade the UNP's grassroots orters it fire level Workers to cross over to the :) It Cl- the II. Mr. Athulath mudali and ate the verdict. Mr. Dissanayake claim that
Court judgment
the judgment nt,ʼ" said Mr. isinghe, Minister
and Cal binct - was confident party would not g-term damage, Il crge stronger 1. "When you go ou must either : stronger, like
:ern, the court tely strengthenit and Tellowed of a challenge :ntary majority. үү 111 be Parlia|Incit, dissid cits will party loyalists. on in sight for years either to
the Presidency, hic split in the be felt in the
ruling party its Inst se
Crs in MI. and Mr. Dissa:: | 735 Will Lu -
it in the next important will
their new party has already received 48,000 applications for membership, and that more than 75 per ccnt of them are grassroots level UNP workers who want to cross over, "In some areas, We have had branch presidents and secretaries coming over to us." Mr. AthulathIn udali said.
The UNP has a higher core of committe di voters than the SLFP, which is why it has been able to win elections continuously since 1977. The political impact of the expulsion will depend on how much the UNP's base the dissidents will tak c away. The last Presidential and Parliamentary elections were closely fought, and the swing of a per centage point or two would lake the difference between defeat and wictory for the ruling party.
Two major questions relate to the impact the dissidents are
going to hawe on the debate on the ethnic issue and on relations with India. They
have not spelt out their policy on either is suc, except in very broad terms.
- Thomas Abraham

Page 8
Justice Fernando's Judg
The 8 UN P ' "reg" lost the is geats, J Luistice. Faisin asido, bвпch,
MP's wera Bxpelled from
Cla irla O.
in a dissenting judgement, held that the
been given a hearing. In the case of the two Cat
Mr. Atu | āt HTLu da li and Mr. Said thay
Prema chandra, Mr. JL. | id ard da CG i Wadd the Cabinet. Som 3
the brilliantly argued judgement of Justice Mark
The case against Messrs Premachandra and Athlu llathmudiali:
I have now to consider the illegation against MessTs Prer Inach andra a nil AthLiliath muda li that they III islę di Lindi deccived the Cabine con 288.91. Learned Preo-5 ident"s Couns el submitted their beha. If I Hat Secrecy Wa 5 necessary, during thic period when the requisite signatures were being collecLLLLLLLLSS S SS HGS SKL0LLLLLLL LLLL S0aLLLLHHHS L0 justified upt. 27.89 I, when the notice was received by the Speaker; or even right up to the time on 28.8, 91 when the President was informed by the Speaker that he had cntertained the notice. Thereafter disclosure could not hiwe caused any prejudice to the notice of resolution. It is not clear when these two Petitioners signet, The material before us suggests that it is possible that they signed after the Speaker had writter to the President: but that would be in itself extremely grawe misconduct; and it would not in any way mitigate their conduct oil the 28th, for it would strain he's credulity to assume that on 28.3.9 | they had not Ima de Lup their hindis to sigri, and decided tel do so only KaLLLLL S LLSS LaLaaL S SLLL S aaaLLLLLLLallS S LL take, in their favour, the more lenient vicw, that they signe di bcfor the Speaker received the notice. When as Ministers, they joined in a vote if confidence in the President at the Cabinet Teeting on 28.8, 91 they thereby represented to the President, LLLLLL S LL S La LLLSLLGLLLLL aLLLLLLS LLLLa they were: mot E55 ocite:il With the Notice, and that they sciid Incot Carl sider thai there was justificiLtic TI for presenting ai resolution for rcm cival, But how could they possibly have had confidence in H IIIHI whose removal from office they actively desired" Even to a person who know that they had previously signed thic notice, LLLLLL S LaLaLaLLL LLLLHHLLLL LLL LLLL L00LLLL0 that they had clıEåriged their II hindis, LLL LLKaaLLLLL S HH S S LHaCLL S LLL LLL HHHLLLLLLL that such a resolution should be supported. They lied to the Cabinet, and deceived the Cabinic. The Cabinet is charged with the direction and control of the government, and operates on the basis of collectic responsibility, Deception completely underrhines loyally, trust and confidence, vital for its քunt.titյոilւց,
Members of democratic institutions owe a duty to be frank and CA. TI did
5
with their colleagu
IL Is III C Illi Li of 5 Lich iris Li Li Li Ili 5 t he :h Fritter
honesty and fair judges function in know what they and if they disag agree, and what Proceedings in F generally picn. I or unpublished la Er lil Lher to il Il Tegar LCD Lihle : too, ther is a gif towards recognitial right to frcedom or
TEcy" is C L Lur L :II'''ith tilt נחנgtם by full disclosure: Lr, Luth, and nothi is Labject C 5, tal L LI LI confidentiality in A IIieli Eer of Parl or otherwise dece guily of a strict is
The House may of Il deliberately I Es E. L.IIlelp L.
III 1), H H in making 1 pers) contained words
Inici mit to bi Meliber had be: contempt (Profumo' 246).' Erskine M. p. 149)
N. lesser still:1 foT E Minis; et i СНbinet Hпшi Сili 11 Hy be that Lur expects high Stand: 3r holdiers of publ Lics is considered characterized by it false promiscs ar. be; Titiy be Ticit. Ii 15 cl.III1 it acci. SllLH wie WS. T1B Ll not give their bles of conduct, especi: high officers, and
5 Tel: Wai, IL IHL [ thi Ministers Dreceller If this CLIT. H lower the lift is a
s

ement:
tha party and f the 3 judge y should hawe jinet Ministers, Sti: Fernando excerpts from FEI), es and the public. İyi İtı the Workil : ns, whose affairs ized by openness, disclosure. Thus op en Court; people decide, and why, ree, why they - diseach has decided. Pilial II-IL LOC ETC thք բublic; 5ecret w: Hill regula Tions democratic Society. xecutive govern Tient rowing global trend 1 if the citizen's if Tation, D) e Ilhered by practising է truth, but rather the Irlth The Whole ing, but the truth, ry provisions for the public interest. iariıcıt. ", Y.h Ii:5 [ ) tives Parliament is breach of privilege:
tret the mäktig misleading statement
G. Luis: re:: JJ Wood thiit 1:ll sitä Lerilent Whith Which le la tCT adç truc, il former п guilty of a grave & Casic : C.J ( 1952-53) ay 20th ed, 1983,
can be acceled | Til Lij I. E the met proceedings. It society I1J Inger its Il politicials iç uffle; that poliL7 ble a di Tty galme, 1 timidatin, bribery, id deception. May DICTIC CITEt it: instituipt Lr acquiescc in ufts tertain ly must 5ings to 5ich mormos illy in the case of Li Flex i. e Sale a CC3 (0 E Eyer Liver Jurges }','',' thin çi. Wy:: pplirable til Minis
MEWS BACKGROUND
Excerpts
Free Speech
L aHaLLLLL S SLLCLaLD S LCLL S CCaaLaLLCLLCL gawe no explanation ilt all for their coriduct, alth, Lugh in regar til to the other charge they alleged that the cilit: 'ELS It clic t free speegh and lissent. Learned LLLLaaaLCSSS LaaCCL LCaHHLLLLLLL LLC LLLLLL behalf that they might have given half a dozen explanations had they been asked. He wentirel to suggest that premature disclosure was avoided con account of apprehelsins abo LIL the personal safety of themselves and Inernbers of their family. This is unacceptable in the absensc of even a suggestin B5 to the nature and source of any articipated threat, and nothing but a serious threat would CLL LCCLLLLL S L LC SS S LL L C LLaCCCaL kilice they felt ble CD disclose thicir role within a day or Lv (). He also, submitted that disclosure IIlight have prejudiced the ultimate passing of the resolution; not only is this highly CCaaaCLCS aL CLaaLLLLLL S S HHHHH aaaCL LL0LLaLLaH H SLaL S S CLaLHH SLLLLL S La els Lure plurity at the highes. Il cyclis of executive government can itself be founded upon deception and falschood, Deceptibi may have been Politic Jr.
expcdient, but it was neither right
Ior honorable. In the result I find
ht =
(i) the charge was clear and LIIl
ambiguous from the incep tij ll;
(ii) the facts are un disputed; the only uncertainly lics in the possibility that these two Petitioners may have signed the notice of resolution after
it was delivered to the Speaker, which in my wiew would aggrawate Tã thor tham mĩ Liga Le Lheir conduct;
(iii) In explanation has been offered in their affidavis, nor is one to be fČILI III in the doç:Luments pot duced; the: explanations suggested by Counsel in his submissions are speculative; äCCOfdingly, är 31. Il CCCC 1 L he: Ting Would have made no difference; and
(iv) the misconduct was grave, and cxpulsion was intrinsically a perfectly pгорег репаlly.
I hold that the expulsil of the Petitioners in S.C. (Special) NOS 5
Il cd 8/9 L Voyals Wallid.

Page 9
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The nature of the rural informal Credit market in Sri Lanka
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Book review Towards a theory of rural de Welopment
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Book review
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Premadasa Udagama
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Myrtle Perera Western theoretical perspectives & upbringing of the child in the traditional family in S. L.
Malkanthie Gunawardene Interactions between Care-giver and pre-school child - a case study
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Page 10
In a Goiya's Looking C
Manik Sandrasagara
t is always good to Sce Olur
selves as others see lus. This is not easy When We are attached to Our Wie WS.
In order that an English reading public hears another version of our Society's rapid disintegration into anarchy I spoke to Malwilan Sri BrahāIliaina Wannina yake Mudiyan selage Mudiyanse Tennekoon.
Mudiya nse is a Gow iya from Thimbiriya wewa in Wyamba.
Early last year, the editor of the British journal. The Ecologist, Edward Goldsmith
who prcdicts a glo o Iny i future for the world if present develop
ment trends continue, introduced Mudiyansc to European audiences as 'the in with the answer' in his one-hour
biographical programmeon British Television. Mudiyanse's pe cris in this documentary directted by Nicholas Claxton (who also made the critically a claimed Pricc of Progress") Were former U. S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Hcad of the F. A. O. Edward Sao u Ina au di the widely respected "Father of the Green Revolution' Norman Borlag
In 1971 TellIck CI Was ir Tes
ted along with Roha na WiJey: wccra, and others for alleged complicity in the J. W. P. uprising. There was no charge brought against him, as Ten Die koen insisted that no ar III ed insurrection was required to destroy the system. He maintained that it would destroy itself.
The latic Upali Sena na yake,
foundcr of the National Heritage Movement was the first to int Tod Lucc Tel Tiek Con to Colombo audiences, Sena na yake, in an interview published in the Ecologist in September 1982, refers Te arrer T 7 seafrig" fgre 直 The Caerfyrdd Sir y fyny! Trier.
to Teilheko a Will be the Ind will flock her traditions from
be so becausic
cannot be sust: bilem has got tu
On the 31st
year a 1 a Lu die II at the New Art Colombo Call pl. b011nd When M scd hell unde of Dr. Nail d ing advocate of niya".
In January
famous tcc wis Dr. Dawid Bell; On 1 EL LLIIe : Iind t carned hi II, a
in the English returned to Sri several sequence for his six-par HAWE I HEAR tradition and in
Ten Ilek. Il is a cult figure in al Geel Move
The followin. Пy CUпwсг5ati u I further ' illi Lista WiEW If life.
POLITICS
With the Ital LCrs the land.g the carts stop пiles beca пс mandiya' (Small || I || 3 WTC night beca Inc. til mandiya' (Big carts brought Wi arrack and g. port. Strange go customs follow waders took b thc tre a su Tes COLI I pri Inca Wal Lhus bccalle th b) Li si cs5 With "Kanaka pulles"

Glass
5 fl.11.2 Wys: "If You Lu el a titl nւյr y C Lith e le: I you. This must curret trends imed. The prout of land”.
if OC. DET E St ice of students is Theatre of the is listened spelludiyan se addresr the auspicies e Silva, a lead
“Jattika Chita
1991, Britain's ion personality Imy whose film5 Il vir I1 Ilent llawe
large follo Wing |-speaking world
Là Llk H. Lc3 film s with Tenneku On it series THUS III)" based o 1 ora i digenous culturc.
fast becoming thic i I1 Lcr ma tiii) IlIII: E1 t"-
g extracts from
is with him will te Mudiya, Ilse’s
ls came the car
Tabers. Where ped every six Kld Kldl.
Bazzar). Every
they stayed the 1 Miha KādBazzar). These th them coconut Jods from the ds, new laws and ed. These inack With the
Uf Jur land: forests. Cirts, e first transport D11 iddleII1 c[1 OT TLIIn Thing them.
With the carts also came the
United National Party.
Every "Kada mandiya' also had a Tobacco or 'Suruttu Kadc'.
With these “Kades' came the Lanka Sama Samaja Party.
This Kada mandi Dialoguc
where the "loud mouth' became King took place either under a “Pacha Gaha' or in “Kopi Kadc". This was how politics first came to the village. To support this
Conflict
C Oriented system villages had to provide the natural resources, cheap labour and votes. Wery soon even in
agriculture a traditional farmer became the pupil and the city "poth karaya' or theorist became the teacher.
How thc I can a villager resPect systems advocated by poliLicians? We see politicians as those possessed by Bala Karma.
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
The students of imperialism became our political leaders. P. S., Dudley, Sir John, S. W. R. D., Phillip, N. M., Colvin, Dr. S. A. Wicks, G. G. Pon nambala m, Chelva nayagam, Picter Keu nC man, J. R. -- they all come from the same background. We had to listen and follow them. The politician and the platform became the new stars. They screamed and shouted like Inad men casting doubt and fear. This became a new religion. Monks and Pricists, also join cd this bandwagon. Sri Lanka was made up of over 24,000 small villages who had lived peacefully for centuries. Kings fought battles with merccnaries – villages did not participate in this madness. Even today with radios, TW's and the Press the simple villager is still Lunin wolved. . . hic cannot understand this power lust. How
can for example a villager understand impeachment when Cwen Colombu plund its cannot
understand it?

Page 11
THE BUREAUCRACY
Centralised political domination is only possible because of a
Bureaucracy. They protect the laws and institutions Linder which they exist. The bureau
cracy Came i nt o being in Portuguese, Dutch and British time i orde T t extend theiT i Ilfluence in the Willages which they had decided to control, govern and exploit, Our colonial masters went away but the bureaucTacy remained This beca Ille Lihat new Col. Till i5 m.
TRAL DE UNICIONS
There was a Sanitary Service Department in Colombo called "Sandi board Mahat taya" by the village. This became the first Trade Union. With the growing dependence on the port for niä ny of the necessities of Inodern living trade unions were soon able to control the country with
strikes. The village however Temain ed una ffected. With the expansion of the Bureaucracy
villagers were given small jobs by the government and they in turn joined trade unions and very soon the entire country was caught up in the fight betw cen the Government and the Unions; or between capitalism and socialism, communism or In arxism as they called it.
EWANGELISM
In the Wanni for every 5 or villages there was one temple. A wil la ger from the area was always the incumbent and the lin cage, village based. We րilrticipated in the occasional “Bana Pinka ma” and the "Malvati i Wendeshi". As outsiders started inwading our lands on various colonisation sche mes new tcmples were also built and monks came with them. They brought
with them new customs and helicfs. This, they called Buddhism. Our beliefs and customs
they called "folk religion'.
**
In the village we consider our 'Amma' (Mother) as "Buddhas’. For Luis there are" папу Buddhas not one. We say Budi
Budu" ,"טוחAm Maniya'nıc", "Buç Marlie". T WELS associated
() Llr m cothers Bliddhas we c le:Armed froIl
111 T i fath cr5 Fa 11 The Tie vry "Pä5 Cver taught 'a ki tell is what is A book we kn sion of individu; El Te ta Lught by e. One book call each claiming t
EDUCATION
When 'ı kuru' ; the whicle for thers, father 5 a. to be our tea Welt to the te Here they lear regulations. Exp S. Li L LI Lcd for the A new class e new Innen tality. child who was 1977 took up 30 mile II. Геђc | a a Ind oth crs to p benefit tcd by th a Ind conflict ped one family fig Syste 11 teaches Monks lIli Stud Wided - why? I monks learning || the Pirivena Syst Cated III Conks wi knowledgc devoi The villagc Inc. Was applicable Бі рiгivena educal thle : PԼյIHE ' .
RELIGIOUS DO
A Sigiriya miliden ind i Catin — the se cd Illa II Our village relig this. "Kiri Rasa best illustration culturc both Sin Willages across this as the only the energy of th Rai T1 de termined When there is di ignorance. City however seek don

Appo", "Budu iu Na nde", "Budu
Word Buddha With reverence.
Werc the only :ould see. We hell and from d other elders. l Ischola, how1 ru" ir der to
in some book, W is the ob5èsils, We villagers Xperience. With e Illany books, be the truth.
ind books became . education, Mond eller 5, cca 5ed chers. Childre Imple to leas II, "ned Tules and erience was subCðr y and words. Energed with a For example, a O years old in i Tills i 1987 — gli Est thic State Tot CC. L. W is? ATII is dealers
dars. How can ht, unless tԷ1t: the il to lo 5? ts : E -
instead of village from their elders II e Il Crėå tcd edu. th a theoretical d of experience. nk taught what to the village led in onk taught
MINATION
resco shows a g the 'Mulabija" TE —- the bo Tc5 t. ion is based on . Da n no' is the bf our collective hala and Tamil, Sri Lanka know truth. Rain is Le Kingdo[Il and the Just King, rought, there is based doctrines lination. Every
villager was a free person, who under Teligion bc.came a slave to some doctrine that sought to control lifestyles. Mahasen is today worshipped as "Minneriya Deviyo’ — Why? Hic eliminated religion and re-established a Water Culture.
THE NEW MORALITY
Today we are harvesting the result of " Sa da charaya” or Neecha Kula banda naya”. This new In orality came to the village from the city via religion. The youth started seeking new truths instead of doing what ca me nalurally, All thi: Yakkas', 'Bhuthayas", Perethayas" and Kunlubandanayas" in their minds came to the forcfront. "Mahasam matta' (common consensus) turned to parliamentary democracy brings with it a million opinions and plenty of confusi On i II d C. Iuflict.
LANKA"5 MA I LJE.
The buddha once told Ananda that what he had taught is only like a handful of leaves when compared to a forest. Life itself is the learning process. This cannot be put in the pages of a book. When people leave their latural e Invironment, they become conditioned by their new environment. In our wil lage, the 'Wewa", our cattle and the forest came first. This, we protected as tcachers. When the town influence crept into the willage, the emphasis shifted to other things. The radio, the bicycle, the tractor, the umbrella, the se Wing machine -these were the new necessities. This, We cannot stop. Desires will grow in proportion to what we know. We are now a part of the world linked by modern communications. We must however mot be stupid in our decisions. Land may be limit cd but we have been farIllers for centuries. With the current worldwide inter est in organic food we can return to the land and market our priceless genetic diversity. This is our real- culture. Why must we sell our Mother for less?
(To be continued)

Page 12
Amnesty International reports on Unresc
The case of Sevana Air
ens of thousinds of people
have reportedly "disappeared" in Sri Lankal after being detailed by the Security forces it recent years, yet the government has taken fe w steps to acknowledge responsibility plublicly, to investigate the faite or whereabouts of the "disappeared" o to bri Ing those responsibl C for 'disappearances' to justice. Amnesty International believes that the government's lack of Action (Wer the years to curb “disappearances' and extraju dicial cxecutions committed by the security forccs has contributed to a sem se of impunity among security forces personnel
confronting armed opposition, and his give II the iTıp Tc55'i örı that the government condones
these gross violations of human fights in certain situations. This impression was reinforced when the Indemnity (Amendment) Act was passed in December 1988, providing immunity from prosecution for acts done 'in good faith' between 1 August 1977 and 16 December 1988 by government and security forces pcrsonnel and others in Wolwed in cinforcing law and order. It was fllrther Teil forced in January 1991, when a Presidential Collission of Inquiry into |n yolu Tı tary Remo'yal of Persons was created with powers to investigate only new cases of ''disappearance": that is, only "disappearances' reported to
have taken place between II January 1991 and 1 January 1992, The C0 il missic) (1 15 m Çt
em powered to investigate the tens of thousands of reportedi ** disappea Tances” which Coc
curred before January 1991. It thus appcars that the governII ent docs not intend to prowide proper redress for the
relatives of those who 'disappeared' in carlier years.
This paper contains details of a group of at least 46.young men who disappeared' in one
s
coln II unity in S. kad i late 1989
All of the WE be detailed at
са пр. Епnbili pit District, at the appeared'. In
Te la tiwes had Te til fra Lil Witle: officers that the Wä5 i Ildeed det: the time these ; tailed, the Sixth was stationed a According to the the Sixth Artill Coult of this çalı III ary 1990, the se sers held thic hed. No prison the camp, ang hawe been unabl elsewhere. The know the fate They fear they extra judicially bodies secretly the hours bc For handc WCr to ing to thic Fourt ment. Many ci that their sols be a live solic un acknowledged
A im nesty Illi Dit klip W, the t pri5oners wh › FTom Sewalla c:: included in thi lify aspects of
"disappearances period, and d continuing pligl peared' who h no clarification tics of thic faite and Hill, we no III through official
For the two young men di SCwili Cai Tıp, hawe persisted bpLIL LI I 5 LI CCC 5s sul Thc y havic pe Lil gover Ilment and authorities, req tion the Whe

plved Disappearances
my Camp
luth CTIn Sri La II - and early 1990. :re believed to Scy: Iha a TTITY iya, Ratnapura time they 'disէլ: Veril | Ըt1sts ceived informasses or military This sing person Lilled the Te. At ouths were deArtillery Unit t S: wa, 1:1 Ca, T1 p. : relatives, when try Unit moved p in la te JanuH. Ili d other pri“c simply wa niscrs temained at | HC Tell tives e to trace the III It latives do not of the youths. may have be. In killed and their disposed of in e the camp was soldiers belongli Gemill I m LI , RegiJIl tille to hype or brothers illay whicre, held ill
det en til IT),
erhati la la di 3 es otal nu Tiber af "disappeared" Lilip. The cases s paper exempthe patter I of ' during this eIllstrate the it of the 'disapAwe so IH I laid fra il tille autho i - of the youths, eas -- If Tedre 55
channels.
years since the appeared' from their relatives in à deler mincd 5ed Tch foT the II1. i 1 cd nunc T COLI 5 5ccurity forccs I c5 ting in formaIcabuts T atc.
of their sons. They have cotacted mellbers of parliament as well as local a Tcl Llati Tal huma ni rights orga Inizations. They, like the Telatives of TT1a. Thỵ th{Jusands more who have 'disappeared", live with the anguish of not knowing whether their children are alive or dead. In the words of one parent, 'For so long, we parents of the "dis
appeared' have survived only OII olII Lears".
The 'disappeared' listed in the second part of this docuпепL а ге пЈStly young me п. who attended schools in the Embili pitiya area. Like maПy others of their age, they "dis
appeared' between August 1989 and January 1990, at the height of the go wern Iment cam paign to eraldicate the Jalatha Willil Lukthi Pera muna (JVP, People's Liberation Front), which had been Waging a violent campaign to overthrow the government since mid-1987. Reports of "disappearances' in southern Sri Lanka reached a peak in this period, but became less frequent in the months after the leadership of the JWP had been captured and killed in disputed circumstanCes. "Disäppe arances" have continued to be reported from thC SO Luth since, but at a considerably lower rate,
Despite the reduction in odis
appCar:ln Ces" in the sollth, government forces continue to be cited as responsible for
large numbers of 'disappearanCes'' in northeastern STi Lanka, where Tamil separatists are fighting for a separate state. Over 3,000 people are believed to have disappeared' in the northeast since June 1990, when fighting resumed between the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eela II (LTTE) and Sri Lanka government forces. These more recent 'disappearances' in the northeast hawe taken place in circumstances similar to those in the south described in this

Page 13
paper, and i 1 50 Ille cases inVolyed the same military units earlier deployed in the antiJWP campaign in the south. This has reniforced Amnesty International's belief when gover 11 ment forces under take largeScale counter insurgency operations against AI Ined opposition, the Sri Lanka government appears to be prepared to tolerate gross hul man rights violations committed by its forces.
The cases sullmarized in the table below all concern people who were reportedly detained by thic a IIIny and illustra le seVeral features of the widespread pattern of , 'disappearances' which prevailed at the time. Many of the "disappeared' were detained in the middle of thic night, taker fram their homes by groups of men in plain clothes who threatened and abused the occupants of the house. With widespread violence also being committed by the JWP, confusion could be sown by security forces perso nel opera ling in plain clothes, at tempting to civa de recongnition and their legal responsibilities, They coften used un marked Vehicles without number plates so that they could notb c traced, and soletines claimed to be police. III some instances, however, witnesses to the arrests recognized those who had comic to the house als soldiers. A Witness to the detention of G W Riu Wan Ratna weera, for exaltmlple, reportedly recognized the Illen Who had come to the house as being members of the at Illy, despite the fact that they said they were police officers. In other cases, circumstantial evidence pointed to the respon
I See Sr Triki - Tie Norrer FHAYYLIPI right F : 'js'affror y fra da "If I garfied rayflier, (A| Index: A SA 71491, September 1991, Earticr. between 1984 and mid-1987, Ainnesty Internaticial recorded over 680 "dis appea rances" in the northcast for which Sri Lanka government forces are believed responsible, From mid-1987 to 1990, when the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was responsible for the security of the northeast, AIIIIlesty Internatiomal recorded 43 "disappearances" attributed to the IPKF.
sibility of sect silic for it ձլIt by In t. It i Thus, S P Pras Wäs tibducted a yellow Lance էյtt:n 5 et in a l day at Sewar Hand Liwala had Camp ta sign Tequired by til weekly.
The security tl: nied that th a person who tcd Yet som le á Trled the LT LI Il er who was; T had scen the p in detention. alth Dլյgh K P | W 345 Scarl II det Cln110 by EL his relatives h; official acknow fact that he h; Solic prisoner, have injurics, bei tings or oth
LITIC. Ruwan Tepcortedly scen in early Dece. swellings appa from beatings. 1989, K D : Al oy See to have right side of h his Tight butւց,
Torturc Hold
pČa T to hlave be at Sewa na cam Wh) was rele Camp till Amin that he had bee 1 TJ In th in a T), vert h the showers, ai been blindfold Weeks. He had jected to sever: ture: Ele had b bottles, Tubber ket i stumps; he pe Tided fron a With cigarettes. tighte ned arou. causing great p shocks had twi to his genitals. Visible on his consistell with E COI tillre hic de 5 cri|| II. In had been

rity forces luctions carried plain clothes. In tilla Handill Willa by men driving car which had title earlier that a army Calp. just becn to the i 1. As hic W:LF e a Trily to do
per
forces frequently
!y had arrested had been abducetitles relatives
th from a prisoleased ind who
erson concerned
For example, 'Tabiathı Kumlar: ention at Sewa na or Iner prisoner, |ve not Teceived
ledgement of the ld been arrested. 5 WEDI 5, cel LC} apparently from er for 1118 of torRatna weera was at Sewa na camp mber 1989, with rently sustained On 21 October sius Stephen was buT In1s db WD1 the is back, and on ck.
i ll-treatment ape Ti com in on place 5. One prisoner :ased from the 2sty International In kept for about communal bathe got W et fron ld that he had ed fort se veral also been subIl for 5 of to Ieen beat en With hosing and crichad been susbar, and burnt Loops had been ld his ankles alimi, and electric cc been applied Marks remail body which are the foT 13 : 0 f bed. This young I bducted by men
in plain clothes, and the security forces had de nied To T somme time that they held him In his account, which is supported by the account of a nother prisom er releas cd from Sevä mai camp who Amnesty International has interview cd, torture and ill
treatment were widespread at the camp. He once claimed to hear a prisoner being beaten
to death.
Relatives of some of the "disappeared" believe that their child Ten may hawe been detai - ned for arbitrary reasons, such as private animosities. At the time these detentions took place, accounts indica le that 1 a 1 y people were being taken in as JWP suspects by the security forces the b5is of lis 5 drawn up by politicians and other influential people, as well as on the basis of in forma Licin supplied by other individuals These people are suspected of having used the opportunity of a counter-te Tror ca. Il palign by the security forces to include personal opponents in their lists. One person interviewed by Amnesty International described being instructed by a local official to supply na mes of young people who would be Lake ni in systematically by the security forces. When this person queried this and refused to cooperate, he was told 'What do you know? We will go in the middle of the night and take one from here, one fr o IL1 The Te, and who will know?””
The parents of over 30 school boys from the Embili pitiya arca who have "disappeared' have collectively appealed to thic au thoritics on numerolls occasi cons to account for their TiS - sing so ns. They have been unsuccessful so far. Among others, they have appealed to the President of Sri Lanka, the Prime Minister, the Minister of State for Defence, the Commander of the Army, the Commissioner General for Rehabilitation, the Secretary to the Ministry of Defence, the Presidential Adwiser con II International Affairs, and the police authorities. They
11

Page 14
have sought help from the leader
of thic parliamentary opposition party, from the Chief Justicc of the Supre IIn c Court
and from the local government administration. Om 14 October 1990 an opposition member of parliament asked a parliamen ta Ty question about the fate of thcir children. On 24 October 1990 the Minister of State for Defence denied that they had been taken into custody by the Til ei forces. Il -- NEW CT becT 1990 the Superintendent of Police, Ratnapura, appeared to be stating investigations when he took statements from some of the parents about the circu Instances of the arrests and "disappearances'. Since then, however, they have heard no more about the investigation.
The parents
boys hawe also
Preside til Coj quiry into Inwo of Persons, but been reject cd E 5io) I 1 beca Lise, l sands more, th its tet Is Of Tel
A III resty In urged the Gov Laikai to exte reference of thi Inզuiry into In' Will of Pers15 It restricted only those cas be LW cen 1 || Ja 11 January 19: reco IL1 cm de d L Si JI. bei Ima de to Lhose Who
Ըէլ St:3:
Reported cises of "disappearance" from Seva
Persuria I dëfails
Listed
Reported date arid
im Order
Reporte
Place of arrest
K Rupa sena, age 18, of Embilipitiya. Studelt Elt Konkatuwa
School.
G. A. Rohana, age 18, of Embilipitiya. Studert at Embilipitiya Central College.
SAARG Blunder
he cover story of the current
issilic of INDIA TODAY is om INDIA'S FOREIGN POLICY which in the journal's wiew is los ing direction. On the reccnt SAARC fiasco, it says:
Confusion on the Soviet front is only matched by bloody-mindedness in the neighbourhood.
12
2 August 1989 at about Opin.
2 August 1939 at about 10pm.
About the TT fourth pitiyal. of the ולו Unit
Army
Last month's fiasco is a case ley-l sources : clear instance lomacy. "You how Illu chi hat1 President Pr the MEA,”” say ign Secretary. eded in rebuffi tling the su mm for Saw Couri Ing India caused da Image. First

of these school appealed to the In mission of Inluntary Remo wall thei T cä5 e5 häive: y the Commisike many thouey i faill outside: FET ETC.
ternational has FETI Il est of ST i d the terms of 2: Coi film is gild III of Voluntary Renoso that it is to investigating es which Occur ruary 1991 and 2. It has als hät the Co IIIIlismore äcces 51ble Wish to subtilit
"“Disapp Carances" have regulllarly taken place in Sri Lanka since 1988 to 1990 they weTe reported in the south in Tumbers that constitute, in global .historic pгорогtions 5וח LET From June 1990 ''disappearances' have continued at alarming lewels i the IJTL ble 5 t l CICLOTding to a sinilar pattern. These tens of thousands of "disappeal. Tarihces” Still Ille el to be i Westigated so that the relatives of the "*disappeared” and amy - sur wiwing victims can be given a proper II eans of redress, and so that the government can de Tonstrate conclusively that it will not permit. In embers of the security forces a Tid her Officials to contiue t) crit grave Ebu Inları Tights wij la til This with impunity,
na army camp, Embilipitiya, Ratnapura District
Df the date la Trest.
ger f Fref
six soldiers from my camp at the mille post, EmbiliWh, CT: El Klub-luit Sixth Artillery
"ås 5 tahti III ed.
SAARC 5. Il llit : in point. Topil mit it Wils à of windictiwe di p
hawe 13 i del red there is for : mada sa within
s a for mer foreThe MEA succc1g him by scutit. BL1 t i[1 Tet Lu T1 | point of pique,
itself long-term of all, this hic l
Other fri fryrtar fior, including a dadi ricara rerParks (a keri
K Rupa senal was reportedly held at the fourth mic post
camp until it was closed about foll T months after his ETT ST.
G. A. Rohan wast reportedly held by the Artillery unit for about four III on ths after his a Trest. Since the n, relatives have no knowledge of his whereabouts.
ped Pakistan and Sri Lanka to mount a propaganda War against the '"bully' India, Second, it delivered a serious blow to the grouping which should ide
ally bc India's platform for building a status of regional leadership. Finally, it gave a
beleaguered Premadasa the opportunity to play the India bogey, puting dissidents on the defensive. It was a classic casc of cutting your own nose to spite your In eighbour.

Page 15
Democracy and the Pe
Reggie Siriwardena
a hawe moted tha diffiW; in studying historically pronominal usages in any language, of obtaining reliable evidencia regarding the spoken lang LIBgla of earliear times, We are fortunata in the case of Sinhala that we have a record of Kandyan usages in the 17th century by Robert Knox who, as a British captive in the kingdom for minet een years, knew colloquial and not literary Sinhala. In the chapter of his Historical Relation of Ceylon (1681) devoted to "laws and language", ha says: ""They hawe sewen or eight words for Thou, or You, which they apply to persons according to their quality, or according as they would honour them. He then lists of eight words have set out in the Table. Knox doesn't tabulate them but pola CBS them in serial order, and adds: 'All the sa Words are gradua ||y one higher than the other." This last statement is rather loosely expressed, since it is apparent that after the singular form of three of the pronouns Kאסוח Places the plural form. I have therefore in tabulating the [] [[] = nuns set the plural form, Where it was given by Knox, on the sama ling as the singular,
but otherwise preserved Knox's Order.
Knox's transliterations of these Sinhala pronouns are SOTL W1ät
distorted by th with which h them, but it restore the ori thopi are app Eass the beg immil
hours which Sir WS addresse position of si Considering the it is noteworth änd thamus ala tion in which K Were only ess thannunnanse. ÉWar h15 de SCEI in the social :
WTO E
What Sihalf in the 17th multiplicity of T010 L.S 59, Er tinued to be the twentiet multiplicity can other South : ELịropean feuda|| Strongly hierarc rimedieva | timas With the bim SBC Ond persons We have lookt lier parts of SLgg Est that w Other South reeded an e a secoпd persoп because the sc they were used of castes.". It that down to ni
-
TAB LE
SECOND PERSON PRONOUNS IN KANDYAM (17 CENTURY) AS GIVEN BY ROBERT K
Knox's forms Actual Sinhala for
То, Торі The THopi Սmba, Umbela LJпbв, Umbala mai Thãmumm BhaוחםT Tomisi, Tomsela Thamusẽ, Thãmuse Топпапxi Tha murinarisë

ersonal Pronoun
a foreign accent a probably spoke if not difficult to ginals. ThO and ropriately placed ng as the prosituate the perd in the lowest Libor diri alio... | |
Other proloums, IW that thamus g from the posiпоx places them, honorific tal
Thause, howided considerably 3-Cala SinCe Knox
possessed the Century Was a SE COfid perso al of which conn use down to CBT TIL Fy, and this be paralelad in էsian languages. ism, even in the Chical society of could manage BTY Systems Of 3. ргоп ошrns that 2d at in this ear
this paper. why Sinhala, and Asian languages. Bora te array of PrO10 Urs va5 Icieties in which had a gradation is well known ear-Contemporary
-H-H
SPEECH NOX
TITS
times tho and thiopi were used to the castes who were lowest in the hierarchy. In the reverse direction, Knox himself mentions that the Rodi (who were accorded the lowest places of all) were obliged to use the most ceremonious terms in addressing
even ordinary people of other Castes.
What has been taken place
in the twentieth century is that Sinhala has been striving to develop pronominal usages that are Thore appropriate to be modern democratic society. The process, sha suggest, is going on but is still incomplete.
Let us look at the contemporary situation regarding som e of the pronouns that Knox lists. Th 0 and thopi havo virtually disappeared today, EXCÉDit wher a speaker uses them deliberately in anger as an insult. Howewer when I Say this, I musi not omit the case of Yasmine Goomera tine's "Uncle Frederick - at least, because it is an enterlaining story. This was Frederick Obeyesekere, the son of Donald Obeyesekere and a Cambridge graduate and lawyer' Who in 1950 decided to con test the Dompe seat in Parliament. Since he was a kinsman of the Bandara naikes, the SLFP would have been glad to give hin nornination, but ha SOUrd the Offer because ha despised mass parties, and stood as an independent against his own nephaw, Felix Dias Bandaranaike. According to Ya Smirna Goonerating in her family reToir Relativo Merits, Uncle Frederick stood up at his elect. ion meeting in the Doпрв Town Hall, and in his "Tost Polished Cambridge tones' de. livered a speech in which he addressed the audience as thopi:
"And So, finished Uncle Frederick, beaming kindly from the rostrum on the vulgar multitude below him, whose

Page 16
growing irritation he mistook for murmurs of approval, at me not attempt to influence thopi in these important deliberati O15. That is Ot for me to do. But if any hare F18'WB Ei – (d3 Sir B i t) E g Sto'W their waluable w Cotes om me, ti | W || || Off tg this:
encouragement thopi have my gracious permission to do so."
וLIt:fוח b B has hard aוחJ! | onger life than tho and thiopi as an expression of ra lation of
power, And I said in the beginning of this paper, it was in the days of my childhood
the normal pronoun with which middle class people would address anybody who was barefoot and in sarong or cloth and jacket. When I made a first attempt twelve years ago to treat the subject of second person por Cor10 Luns in an artiCl3 in the Lanka Guardia - a rather superfical and amateurish article, | low thirik - a Christian priest, the Rev. D. J. Kanagaratnam Wrote a letter to a subsaquet issue of the journail offering som a interasting information about the pronomina | Usages of missionaries. He reported that in the first Sinhala tra 5d tion of ting Book Of Common Prayer (1820) God was referred to as Unvahanse, the cilergүплап as Uппапse, aпd the people as tho and thopi:
'Ewan in the 20th century ti || th: 505 t F353 for 5 W Gro ra taim ad a long with "obawa Hasta" for God and t'u Tiba" and 'Limbela" used individually and collectively when people 3 Td Te ferred to. Some translations even have ’t hope hith osavapalla' (lift up you hearts) and "kapa || ā" . Eind "beepalla" (eat and drink).
However, Sinhala nationalists in the early part of this century were mot a head of Christian missionaries in their use of prono Luns of address. Argārika, Dharmapaia followed the norms of his time when addressing Working class audiences,
speaking to them as unbela, The lar WO transforted public political discourse in
14
this respect w leader A. E. G.
When I was , in the "forties the LSSP, Henry Peiris, th ilegal Samasan baCame am M. | Parlia IIle It HGI gur his politit: Gooriesirha. He Gotonesin ha mat impact on the by addressing til time HS mahat men). This, C Wirui et attacks list police, Fei the self-respect as id broke the is ity. Henry Peir give for the and delectatior Cornrades, imita simha speaking in his heyday.
While une from political li of Goresin ha's singular and this pronoun C i live a Tiong mi in address to 1 for a much lor The Cherry O Takes his stude of som E DE DIE thETT18E lựB5 im." they sy ty to | tldn't tlւյլ է) է still Sol pop Wig a rail thi but thitis sil Umbit a || 1 ha time.
However, the the direction Cratic porcom Timäl a long time in fact. QIlCe thé pronouns had was riño se Cond readily available diary Cor Warsa 1 place the leare of equality with Was OT: t O' L to stiff är di S boë Lused il Writ mal 5peech Đs, Q bad historical pl impossibly booki Sp gạch, Tham!

rä5 th 5 lāEOLIT
O IE5 i Hā.
a young student Hnd working for used to know an editor of the hajaya, ha at Er P. first y Peiris had beif a with A.E. 3 tari me that de a tretmen dous working class em for the first varuni (gentleou pled with his on the imperiaris said, raised of the Workers fer of Fauthoris given used to Edificatio ad of younger til 5 of Gabrietä55 Tee tingS
la , di Sappard ft, as a result וtfסנE ,חסWHifסון חf Ural forms of ontinued to E) idle-class pop ha | War orders 1 ger period. In | Chard CHICH W It Trofilov say that "they cal || [elligentisia BLut
their GT wat S. thät t Hier är le in Sri Lanka a same position, er i 5 dwindling
moved it in bf 11) r B deT1) - | usage was for peded by one Cold liera Chica declined there persoп ргопоuп for LISB i DriO is Order to r om a footing Otself. What IGE? Ole WäS ti | tted: it could ing, or in forr in dialogue in ays, but it Wäs sh for eʼwer yda y Sa, Wich d
come down in the World since Knox, was too patronising. I know a middle-class person who once lost his temper when a policeman addressed him as thärnus B, arid || füt:ä || Hm occasion when a film director Was T1 Ost Lupset and a pologetic because one of his assistants. Who didn't know ng, had said thamu So to T1E, 'Tha IIlusel My heaves' the director exclaimėd. Peas a rits and Lur ban Workers could and did use reciprocal umbe to each other in familiar CoWarsation; and this usage has been adopted by Som middle-class T1 a las (less frequently by females) when they are Ort a footing of intimacy with each other; but it obviously unu sable by non—inti
Hit S. I had w 5 b5 El tid ta ohe has existed for a long time in the southern dialect, but in my experience (almost entirely urban) of Sinhala, have Tafelly Heard Tit Lusad. I krew a lady froT är aristo
cratic Kandyal family who had adopted the for T thama, but this generally sent the urban girls who Warked With har into fits of giggles.
When I look back on my OWI practice in the 'sixties änd "So Wentias, | reca il t Fält most Oft Bon irl Simhäld ConWEr
sation, I would avoid using a prono um by addressing the person by name: "Ram i he te gedare
yana Wadh a?" Or, if | WHS speaking tD SOBOT WILF Who | Was BSS familiar, "MiG
tar Siliwa Tiokakdhg hithanne?" | believe this was a strategy that
many others besides myself adopted at that time, and this pointed to a hiatus is prono
nial forts,
However, the de Tlocratic promoun that has en Tierged in tha last two decades or so to fill
this vacuum is oya. It was a nost certainly first adopted ir i urbal Speech, Where tha
reed for Such a pronoun would
hawe been felt most strong | y, though Lher är rico field studies or which to base this conjecture. When I wrote on
the subject of second person

Page 17
promo uns twa IWE
said that
үaars
sti häd a
ago, I in hibit
iom aga inst LI sing oya to stran
gers becausa it see med to me to o brash. Course of that
in decade
However,
the FläWB
overcome those feelings through
חWם yוח
habituation to
that
usage and through hearing the prono un awer y day around me. What is particularly significant
is that
such persons Conductors
8. 8 O peOnS n OW
bus LIS
oya to people in trousers whom
a generation ago
they would
only havE addressed as mahat
ta 'Wa.
This is a striking assart
ion of gauality across the class barriers, as is also the habit of
WOLIrger
bus conductors of add
Tassing older middle- class Thales
as Uncle.
Of course, it is
|ILIE:
that the former practice of calling anybody in trousers mahat
taya
could
not have
been
sustained in my case because trous cors are no longar a badga the bus conductor of
Cof Clä SS: ра:0п Self.
is often
in triju Ser 5
hi
Whila || belieựt saying that o' urban speech, it confined to it. T Contact With fu Tminima || || hawe by knowledgeable it is rapidly tak Willage, especia yo Luger generatio i plausible a sug{ J. Uyango da ha that university back to the wi city carry the u and that it is : tha media — fill radio plays and think, there for expect Oya to ingly the standa address to pers the spea kar has C. — whether intir
intimate,
Does this me be coming a nel por Jo Lull of ad
VASA O
2O7, 2nd C Colomb
Telephone :

I am right in a emerged in is no longer 1ough my own fa || Sinha la is been assured observers that ing root in the ly among thẹ 15. I think wery estion that Dr. made to me Students going |lage from the age with them, lso spraad by ms, tele dramas, popular novels titi W3 CF -CrBa5חE iוחנgCנ rds prono un of
Orls With Whom ir claims equality at Or -
a in that Oya is tral all-purpose dress? No, Wa
still quite some distance away from such a development. This can be readily perceived if we recognise that no ordinary citizen would dream of addressing a Minister of even a higher officia | a 5 oya; he would have to use an honorific such as nhath LIma, DT Gwen tham LInnan Se. What this means is that the old feudal and caste hierarchies have lost their force, but they have been replaced by a new political and bureaucratic hierarchy, and some of the od pronominal usage:S hawe been transferred to that context. In short, our linguistic practices and the ideology they in Carna te sti || Carry with thern a living legacy of the feudal past, which runs counter to the democratic or sociali 5 t discourse wa hawa takan over in the
course of our political de wel opment. That is why our linguistic usages, our thinking and our social relations are so often shot through with contradictions
PTCHANS
ross Street, o - 1 1 .
421 631
15

Page 18
Plantations (4)
Secession or plu
Paul Caspersz
he question of integrating national sub-identities i El a general uninational identity is largely a question of the relationship within the same nation-state between the majority national group and the Illinority national groups. This relationship is basically one of exclusion (the majority solves thic problem by remowing the minority or the minority successfully secedes) or of inclusion (the majority comics to terms with the minorities willingly Inake compronisc settleme is for mul. ual living-together). Exclusion and inclusion with the various possibilities under calch may be depicted in the following dia - gга п.*
* developed from Robert S. Bates,
Carral Unity ford Differsity: A 5 fildy iri Religia-Ethic Group Relaria.
States of Ame violation of and hu ma In Tij
left With solutio G. Solution D, minorities so larg ned als the Tamil Tal Imi Is, is not
Short or medium take place o Lully period of time, I of solution G.
only an instance
Therefore, only G rerlain in ti
Solutio D. C h:
sed and someti day and time a vexing problems minority relation a period of vi or less peaceful
Ceyler (Sri Laika), Doctoral Thesis cannot be rejec to the University of Chicago, 1974. moral grounds,
Majority-Minority Relationships Solved by
Exclusian Inclu
extermination expulsion secession a55 плilation 5св.г.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
legal and
strict (E)
If we have to reject solution A as most in moral, solution B as nearly as illmoral as solution A, and solution E (urged as a solution not only in South Africa but also during a period of time in certain parts of the United
16
grounds of pr: possibility. In Estatc Til Illil Il a formidable : the prag III1 a Llic | Sion. The IIIa would cxclude

| ralism?
ica) as ag Tess luma dignity ghts, we art C, D, F and in the case of e and well-defi3 and the Est C practical in the terns, and can weer a very long recisely by Willy Solti F is if - 5 || Lutiji (G. solution C and
field,
as been propo. les used in Qur s a Solution to of majorityships after either Ole ICC CF II10 Te negotiation. It ited a priori on but only on the
Ision
:gation pluralistic ÇÇE: pili T1C:
(G)
15e al II i
CLISI QHT 1 il T"
(F)
1ginatic political Sri Lanka, the
Ei tion al groll p is Lrgulent against tics Of Secesjority Sinhalese
5 goluti II) C Con
grounds not only of pragmatic politics but also for certain valid emotional reasons, such, for instance, as appealed even to Gandhi, who is said to havic prayed at the timc of the possible disillemberlict of India that what God has joined together, We should not lightly plit Els under. However, those who exclide the solution by secession are for that wery reason all the Ilore obliged to work the solution by pluralistic acceptance, the Estate Tamils would, I sub-lit, be prepared to work towards this solution. Another word for plura listic accepta Ince would be integration which has, however, to be correctly understood.
Integration
Interation has to be economic a T di Social. Economic integration implies that the estate ccono 11 y III lust not be, actively or passively, an enclave in the national economy but be wit Ily linked with the rural and the urban economy. The interlinks should result in a diwantage for each economy tak en separately and for national economy taken as one whole. Social integration implies that the social inter-relationships between estates, village and town cor city have to be interlinked in Such a Inner 5 to promote the steady and coordinated development of each sector of the population taken sep. a rately for the achievement of the aith of the ste day and coordinated development of the popu
lation taken as a wholc.
Econonic in Legration des not mean 5 LIbordina Lion of the Costa tc to the willage, Il cor of both estate and the village to the town or the city. The exploitatico II of the willage by the town, or the development of
(Corrinité ¥é:

Page 19
A case for anarchy a serious proposal -
Piyalı Gamage
In his " " Parliament of Who Tes”
P. J. O'Rourke has this to say about government: "This oozing behemoth, this fibrous, tu Tour, this monster of power and expense, hatchcd from the simple human desire for civic order. How did an allegedly free peoplc spa Wn a vast, Il III pant cuttlefish of dominion, with its ten tacles in every orifice of the body politic?' O'Rourke also writes:
*"Politicians are interested in
people... Fleis arc i DateTested il
dogs."
All We Want, all we need,
We do not will We do not need politics and politicians. History proves and the current World scene annply demonstrates that government by the people'' (which is a euphicmism for rule by the majority) brought about by free and fair elections, does not necessarily ensure a free and just Society. Hitler and his thugs Won power in 1933 in frec and fair clic ctions under the model WtiIII ar constitution.
i 5 civic Tider.
It was an -- II il sisiwe electora | victory that sent S. W. R. D. Bandaranai ke into power in 1956. Recklessly he passed the Sinhala Only Act without counting the cost. (Though he tried to make a mends liter, his opponents would not let him.) In 1977. J. R. Jaye war den c wom a 5/6 IImajority in the legislature in clean, fair and free elections. What happened? He wel shed on his campaign promises, abused his parliamenta Iy Ii Ij (vity to give himself allt horitan power 5 sard total immunity frČim sluit, proceeded to abuse that immunity by breaking the law se veral tim cs (including insulting serving Supreme Court Justices, promoting police lawbreakers who had been found against by the Supreme Court, inviting his party supporters to use 'violence' if necessary to
Ċ1 S LI ITC li wicc td presidential ele sacked 12 Super Te placing them w deprivcd his r Tiwa1 of het civil years, to çık over quarters using ei extend cd the II parliament by
a Towdy refere impersonation a openly resorted parlija i lentary i ! 11 years hic was
40,000 public ser Over a wage den
by his inflatic policies, crushc totally by gra
group of news was openly anti M5, Gandhi : c off a massive ri in the firm of and financing el C, etc.
() Lur wat er 5 år CT1 es to have gi every Salti mbH Inci that pro rilised The German peo 1933,
It is ab 5 ural tון Tn mcטWטg 1} majority of the cally gurantees democracy. Wh politics is polit troubles were and their greed free democracy of gover Tin Ilment. politicians and elections als W (olside T the f
1. A Parli Ille II a very costly
occasionally hi: Lihat all clecti CT a decisiwc Tc.5 LL11 clection bccc Ille: doubling the exp

ry at the last : tions et C., etc.), me Court Judges "ith his nominees, lost charis maitic : rights for seven her party headnergency powers, fe of the first six years using 1 d'un in which ld Wiolence were to, never held i lection in the in power, sacked wants for striking and necessitated nary economic d press freedom bbing the only papers Which ...U. N. P. called ow and triggered Ctaliation by her arming, training the L. T. T. E.
e not the only ne gung-ho ower o and scata mouch hem the IThor)n. plc led the way in
to suppose that elected by the woters automatiLI5 a fait and frce at is wrong with Licians. All our caused by them for power. A requires changes It docs mot necd it does not need 'e know the II1. illowing:
tary election is
El ffair. It can Lppen (e.g., 1960) ioes not produce and a second 5 necessary, thus C15 C.
2. In every election in Sri Lanka hundreds of peoplc are killed
in pre-poll and post-poll vio1:1 LC,
3. Election offences not only creatic bitler il|- Will but al50
result in costly, long-drawn out legal actions.
4. Despite all constitutional safeguards ethnicity, Wealth, caste, class etc continue to play unwholes one roles in all elections.
5. Thc party system has split the nation in to hostile camps.
5. It is linde : irable that the country should breed a class of professional politicians who make politics a career and strive to bccome experts in political survival and expedience. Every citizen is a potential legislator and should have a fair chance of becoming one, which is not the case at present.
7. Politicians grown old in the pursuit of office tend to lose their youthful ambition to serve the country selflessly.
We Illust- and we can -dewise a method of selecting our governments which eliminates every one of these shortcomings, a method that is inexpensive, violence-free, one which leaves no room for clection offences, or the unfair advantage a rising from ethnicity, wealth, caste etc., one that is free from party rivalry. AND GIWES EVERY CITIZEN AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BECOMING ALEGISLATOR This is my serious proposal:
1. In every electorate the CInmissioner of Ecctions prepares a list of those qualified under the law to become Members of Parliament. (Those who do not wish to be parliamentarians can
17

Page 20
ask that their names be left ՕլIt,)
S S LaaH LHHLLLLK S S LLL LLLLHHHHLLLLLLL S L På Tliet Will bei dTä Wii frill
il ba TTC| Linder the 5-trict C5t 5ccurity control such as cxists for the National Lottics i cg. 3. The members thus chogen will mect and elect a Speaker and select by lottery executive colnInittees to administer the govenIllet, 4. Each collllittee will elect its own Minister by ballot. No one over the age of fifty will be qualified to be a Minister. The Minister will have a cas ting wote but no other advantage
wer the other Members. 5. The Ministers will meet and elect by ballot a Chief Minister from among themselves. The Chief Ministcr will hawe a Casting w ote but no Other adwantage over the Other Ministers. 6. No Chicf Ministic or other Minister will be per mit tcd to serve more than one parliamentary ter II. 7. Executive power will reside in hic Board of Millis Leir5. 8. Political Parties Will continuc to exist but their Tolc will be limited to acting as pressure groups to lobby for thc policies they advocate and recommend appropriate legislatiCT. 9. The Head of State will be a constitutional President of the sort we had prior to the 1978 Constitution, obliged to act on the collective advice of the Board of Ministers.
Costitutio 15 are brought about not only, not even most frequently, by Constituent Assemblies. In Sri Lanka only the 1972 Constitution was made by a Constituent Assembly. The Soulbury Constitution was i II posed on us by the Occupying Power (albeit with the concurrence of the elected caders of the Country) and the 1978 Constitution was an unconscionable coup impudently perpetrated by a legally elected party which abused its huge majority and violated its mandate as soon as it achieved power. The 1978 Constitution was drafted by a Parliamentary Select Committee, not a Constituent Assembly. Conceivably,
18
even a successf could produce could impose tiu tiom such as i:
The basis
democratic cor every citizen along with all The principlc gates arose as alternative beca! could not pos Ille et together delegate (Melib is just another is certainly not File:Ce5 Trily er f. legislate than ai
Remember hơ PT FP7 or — wash peasant in his
het is fit to 5 it throne. With Ol literally, wc Lihat democracy IIlam is als gC
as a legislator. Is the electil sacrosa lict that
up with the ext the Imidless ki| ness and ill–Wi by electio 1 1 distortioIls cal
creed, ethnicit cynicism of ) Ways bearing
election is only compromise if ( can be de Illo cr E tions as We long as parliam at regular inter citizen has a being a legislat
Of course barest sketch, IT: ELS LTD S T T Lhei In Would be: l. RC5 toT; til view of legislat 2. Giving the powers and gr the scope of hi 3. Abolition of cil; 4. Totally free from any kind 5. Restoration Service Commi Judicial Service their status und Constitution; f. Abolition o censorship of th

Lul military coup å lede Who a dccent Consti5 suggested here. of the CGT elek LCCpt was that was a legislator | Other citizens, of Clecting delea second best Illst all citizes isibly physically
Therefore a er of Parliament) citizen and he better nor ewen er grualified fo ly other citizen. Robert Knox's the Illud coff a paddy field and on the country's I taking Lhis Luu
:an still accept Il €a D15 thät One bod as another
Ask yourself: e principle so We must put rbitant expense, lings, the bitterII brought about alpractices, the lsed by caste, y, Wealth, the ld Inen etc, alilı Tind that a Second-best lemocracy. There 1. Cy with (); Lit elecknow Lhש m, 5 ם CT IS H Te changed vals, and every flir chance of T. lis is only the Many parallel cessary. Among
of judicial re10 п; CD1 buds III an real eatly increasing 5 H ctivities:
thic Press Cuun
:ing the media of state control; of the Public ssion and the Commission to er the Soulbury
f all forms of e media 1 caving
it to the Court5 al One to de al with any tres passes by the media;
7. Rep Calling the clause i II
most recent legislation prohibiting ministerial decisions being challenged in the Courts of Law; 8. Resto Ta till of Sectio 1 2 of the Soulbury Constitution;
9. Repeal of the Parliament (Powers and Privileges) Act of
1978, etc., etc.
Secession . . .
(Člo PT fir Ed srcorri page 76i) the town to the detriment of the wil lagic is basic to the model of industrial capitalist development. Similarly, the separation of estate and village and the exploitation of both for the benefit of the comprador town or city is basic to the model of imperialist colonial pseudocapitalist development. The subordination of the estate to the village and of both to the interests of the Lurbanı and Tura, 1 national b LI orgeoisic i s basic - to the III1 o del of national bourgeois development in for Iner colonial countries which had a plantation sector with an originally iIlmigrant Work force,
Steering our course carefully a way from these three models, we have to understand cconomic integration as meaning, in the long ter II, the oblitcration of the echolic distinctions betWicci town, Willage and estate and, in the shorter term, the building of economic relation. ship between town, village and stat that Wil Wik to the advantage of all. We shall later on consider some ways by which such economic integration may be achieved.
Social integration does not mean social lation. In social integration the chief fields are thic cultuTal arts, education, political life and religion. In these fields each sector of the population should be allowed freely to seek to preserve its own cultural identity. The ideal for Sri Lanka is not a unified homogeneous state, but a unified het erogen€20 LIS SILA Lct that allo Wos, ceWen encourages, pronounced diversity d'm ững the groups that coalesce into the unity of one state.
similarly assimi

Page 21
From Devolution to Fe
A Review Essay
On Monographs by H de Si/wa and
Amita Shastri
H. L. de Silva. An Appraisal of the Federal Alternative for SriLanka. Delhi wella: Sri dewi Prin Lers July 1991. pp.41.
C - Suriya kumlar:Lin, L.Devolution iri Sri Lank A.: Origiris Hind Concepts Colombo: CRDS. Monograph seTies, No, I, April 1991. pp.29,
he two monographs under review are significant for
the current debate on a political solution to be ethnic problem in Sri Lanka. They evalla Le the existing provincial cu LIncil system Hind the potential it liffers for a Inore participatory fort of g0 W e Tinance to resolve the conLentious I () ble III if the northէ: El : 1 :
The first monograph has been given considerable publicity recently (see Island, 10 August 1991, and Daily News, 11 August 1991). Its author is distinguished | 3. Wyer, H. L. dc Silwa, who walls appointed a President's Counsel under President J. R. Jayewardele. The T1) in Cograph seeks to cwaluh te the sluitability of an 'lindi luted federal system of gweri) llen L" in Sri Lanka. In doing So, de Silva is responding to the advocacy of federalis III als El 5 Jalution to the Tallil problem by se veral notable speaker 5 of Ta millil origin (both lindians and Sri Lankans) at an academic conference in Madras earlier this year, before the assassination of the Limer princ minister Rajiv Gandhi. He call tinns against the acceptance of this * * facile idea' and argues that the provin
cial council systeill which was introduced by the Thirteenth Amendrient to the 1978 Con
stitution should be given a fair L Ti: | ,
As de Silva points out, the C0115 tituti (Iläl Sche II le fils, hi (). Il ed through the Thirteenth Amendment in September 1987 was not something imposed solely by the Sri Lankan government but
the CLlLC II e of c.) [n 5 li | tia titris io , nearly three ye !?H Is t שוח וW HTTינEC חון ון 1:** dון 1: t11:1ון 1 ties' (p.3). Afte the discussion 5 lderstan לו וLI s I | Li tip 1 Wյ լI l Wi [hi T1 t. h1e iiri of Sri LaT kål i difficulty pose Liireet Fre event of a chan Except for the in Amend Inent rep pris Fils negotiate 1986, to 9 While le fild sary at this pic thic cluse that lĘ down in the the North East p cil (NIEPC) cu | unilateral decla. pendence by its Minister, it will any objective ot NEPC operated ti The for any 31 chal 1 Ces CT faill II the devolutill ex It be abad II dc T in transigence of mielt S. IE1 di blit hely ignores E F the Sri Lil || i El Tit fb || L. Wyj their promises a ing power 5 to coil II cills, especia north-cast, wil groups who had Willing a 55 ent
had placed thens tial Tisk thrin L1 the NEPC, Yet, be given the pe arms. El Ild fund their au thoTity le more de pendent fOTCes a Tld incre i5 creatures,
tibi se element 5
Sri Lankan growe ti;i li kis today for r

deralism
C Surfyakитаran
mog0 tiations rt Ild Ver al pcricid of its between the
Sri La Ilık ilimci 1ber of Tamil parr la Llc 1984, Lhee were held with ding that any d hawe to be til ry fra Ine virk bec: L1 se of LH1c d by the rcferendum in the ge to feder: lism. terim merger, the resented the pro'd from 4 May December 1986. ls it "'In necesit to go into !d to the breakdministra in of TOW in iCial Colinmi na ting in a ration of Inde5 il fibriller (Chief ild be clear: T t, os erwer Llıat the for Ioj slor a C ' D i SSE35; II, 'c' So he argues, pe Timlet should led Coz Of the
extrem ist g SC, de Silva hic in transigence Kl. Il g0 W er 111 e 1 L ng through on ld swiftly devol. the provincia | lly that of the are the Till
given a mote 10 [H1C A CCT elves at substangh election to they failed to lice personnel, s tibi establish aving them ever in the Indian :Elsingly seen as It is precisely With which II LIH: FIIIl Ilf st IL In the Ilost in
El C- .
tractable part of the politicoIllilitary equation in the northEE St.
De Silvą continues to advancc the old thesis regarding the deep-seated fear and apprehensions of the majority community whose position worsened and deteriorated under colonial rule, and was threa te ned by an aggressive minority who had once enjoyed special privileges and benefits. Regrettably, the beliefs of Sinhala Buddhist chawinists c. El tinuic to irlf JT IT the ideas of those who are the custodians and interpreters of the law.
Despite the tragic events in Sri Lanka, and the now publicly admitted biases in the constitutions and laws that have been promulgated in the post-independen ce period, he continues to advocate the necd for a spirit of "high er nationalism and spirit of a nity, tolerance and con promise" and hold's the view that federalis II Would necessa Tily exacerba te interethnic differences and rivalries and pave the Way for secession. His chief arguinent against federalis Ill is a quotation from Nordlinger citing the fear that a grant of partial autonomy could pro wide the impetus for demands for greater autonny. And despite ewide. Il c c al ni numerous studies to the cintrary, de Silva contin Lues to Imake al case for a unitary constitution duc to Sri Lanka's small size, scarcic resources, the efficiency and speed Jf Centralized administation, the In ecd for a nation wide uniform organisation of administration, the g Teater cohesion and unity created, as well as for the tradition of unitary government that exists on the Island.
He cvinces surpise that there is enthusiasm with the federal system in India despite the irnpositio Il of presidential rule in various statics. He, however,
19

Page 22
seems oblivious to the fact that according to numerous observers, the problem in India has too often been control and interferecc excrcised by the Center and its leadership which has led to regional reactions, mo Te Often han a problem of a mis Lise of powers by state gover Il Tents. He looks on the agit El tið Til of new ethnic groups for separate Provinces in India and the government's recognition of them in a negative light, rather than as a positive recognition of regional differences and interests. (p. 20)
Interestingly, however, de Silva proceeds to argue the 'federal principle" has already been in corporated into the political system through the Thirteenth Amendment, even though forma lly the political framework remains a unitary one. De Silva differs With the view of the Imajority opinion in the Supreme Court (Sri Lanka Law Reports 1987 (2) 312-410) and its interpretation of Wheate's definition of El federal constitution, charact crizing it as being unduly narrow and unsound. He agrees With the minority opinion in the case: that the restrictions on the habitual exercisc of legislative power by the Parliament on subjects al located to the provincial councils i mor LI TIL to the federall principle being in place in Sri Lanka. He feels the exercise of power by the Parliament on provincial matters “quite exceptional" and “impossible' unless the central government controls more than six of the tight provinces. Likewise, unlike in Canada, the Governor can reful se assent to provincial statutes only if the Supreme Court dicter mines that a statute is in consistent with the Constitution. He views the res, LT ictions on parlia III CTI LA Ty
power over provincial coulcils as being merely in atter 5 relating to thic ''Illa Inner
and form' of legislation. He argues that the provincial councils, in effect, legislate over an cxclusive field of subjects and that the statutes passed by them, in effect, do not constitute "subordinate legislation'. In his vicw, the provincial councils can legislate on the concurrent
O
list of subject: restrictions. He the position o Court which co governor is at al Il act i El acci instructions of (pp. 34-38)
Disagreeing W Court, he feels th A med III et chi: titution to a and that the position current Sri Lanka i 3 T difficTellt frio Il til: in India. C. I 5 e any demands structure of go, could decrease ficatures, a ddful. I functions, t) L. bl. Confer incr iI financil Ilåt vices a Te Llm Wä constable in: contet of regi (p40) and woul. what powers a Te before conced powers. Insted, Il eed for Co Tist tions to de velo I central contro autonomy. Thi: tio 15, pro-Ce Tit II It ignotes the f de cal de 5 ha 5 bei strong centralia. the state, espec
15.
It is the issue With signific powers Over Cer proves to be th to accept for this that consti the problem an fr: rs of seg mer majority continl and represente argu III c. Thts, It his wiews häWe wide coverage it Seems Lo hävt com Cc Cd ing cC0, 1 ! mo5. di Ticult 5 to (II) ("" nitional their developmer Ei Dde Settlement, maintain law it regions, to the Northern Provin

סום ithייל ב, H15 - 3 also challenges f thc Supreme
intends that the | times required "dance with the
the President.
rith the Sufisicine at the TiTi telth inged the consLIasi-federal do Inc C0Ils titution:ll ly obtaining in tot substantially Le federal system quently, he feels for a fel eraill er lillent, which the centralizing “ther subjects Hindi : provincial list, eased auton Only ers on the prorated by "any ld equacies in the ibn al auto Il my'' ' | Walt til k 1.3 W being demanded ling additional he argues for the itu till c) y c Ilfor appropriatic ls as regional s clearly El ca. List point of view. act that thic past in precisely the ing tendencies of ially in the eigh
lf merger coupled El LT, provincia tains libjects that e most difficult de Silva. IL 15 tutes the crux of over which the is of Simhales: Le to be To Flected
in de Silva" is perhaps why been giye Ti such 1 L hic Illed ia. He no proble II with Erol çivier the two ubjects relating "") land Tesources, E., Lusc, älie nation (2) powers to Il a Tider i In thic Ta mill-majo Tity ce. But he stroll
gly objects to doing so to a merged North-eastern Province. In his words, the single IIlost intractable formidable (p.26) to the federal systein in Sri Lanka 5 the lines of territo Tial de Inarcation for the proposed Tamil state. As he succinctly says, 'The 5 1 LI tiiii n from the Ta IIImil point of view is itself a problem from the Sinha lese point of view" according to which'... the federal demand is thought to be a cloak for the exclusive possesion and appropriation of a sinificant part of country's territory' (p.26). The idea that the whole subject of land, land development, land settlement, and alienation should be a regional subject solely is considered “a nathema" to Sinhalese opinion. He Feels hal since the only areas now available for future expansi 31 and Settlement le the Norther Pro - vince (NP) and Eastern Province (EP), it is “'un conscionable"' that the 74% of Sinhalese population be asked to to concede ctrl of 30% of land and 60% of coastline to 13% of the Tamil population.
Clearly, the latter figure omits the significant Muslim and estate
Tamil popula tion t () be H.lsC) found in the region. More impotlantly, we halve hele the
familiar argument of a IIajority community raising questions about the resources the Illinority hawe car want to hold With 13ut taking into account the large a reas of lational political, ecnomic and social lise Over Which thic majority Co Th T1 unity ha 5 increasingly established control. The argument has a familiar ring to it; similiar arguments having been made in the past in Ur der to establish disprotionate control by Ilaijority o ycir seats in Parliment, the official language, recruitment to government services, university admissions, and effectively over public funds a l d projects. A. S. a counter to the few ident II. justice and un fairness” of the Tinority delland, de Silva proposes a new sche Inc which would be 'just and cquitable' (p.28) - and Lhal is to sub-divide the EP for El di Illinistrative purposes for inhabitation by all three ethnic groups in proportion to their

Page 23
population in the province - a solution which was proposed by JR and agreed to by Rajiv Gandhi in the Bangalore meeting in Nowell ber 1986, but which was rejected by all Tamil politiCál parties who insisted on an algatio the NP With the EP. How the administration of the three sub-divided units, with their non-contiguous territories would be carried out is not spel lcd out.
In a particularly interesting arguIlment fi LI In d in thic book... de Silwa raises doubts about the validity of the pri claration made by JR declaring NP and EP to be one administrative unit under an emergency regulation in contraldiction of the provincial CounCls Act No. 42 of 1987, section 37 (1)(b). He basics this argument on a narrow interpretation of the 'law' used in Article 154 A (3) introduced by the Thirteenth Amendment, which has the effect of excluding the emergency regulation under which the temporary In erger was cffected. As a result, according to him, there is no need for a referendurn to diclink the two provinces
In short, de Silva points to the paradoxical nature of the process of devolution that is underway in STi Lākā When he COIC | LIde5 |hat Sri Lankans are practicing the essence of federalis in even while professing to be “die hard unitarians'' and foresees : problem of 'acute constitutional schizophrenia' for future judges and lawyers, he has no problems with the existing distribution of powers and functions between the Center and the provinces. his main cause for concern being the possibility of a merged NEPC claiming control over the subjects ostensibly devolved to the рго
vinces by the Thirteenth AmcndIII. It
T m Con Li Tarist, for C. Suriyakumaran, the author of the second monograph under review, this schizophrenia is not a problem for the future but of the present. In his monograph, Devolution in Sri Lanka, he concretely irivestigates and identifics various pro
visions which in and inde cd, dysf att Lin ment of ha patory and dece1 Illi. Ilt.
SLIriya kuIn a rai Likās sti
Which hills Wici diver5 e coltexLs agencies. This
public Eldrilist finance is evide Inı iddi til, he professor at th of Econoliics Science. He ha 5 connected to Con regional the Bandara naik, Pact of 1957,
The monogral piece of clear-th exposition. The LII found cd fears the heed for a nority needs HII process of 'pol, treated il a restr ced fashi 01. difference of p the monograph it asserts that Wolves a sharing power of the pro With the center. ''These powers a the constitution ancial resources they may not be to the Whills or pos:4r ty. The Cen: ill tradicable pre: tain national p dcfence, externa SimLE 1 e 15 tion, it has ob| բeriphery to ho; port the latter's
and authority, res ou Tces, il
finance, il do SC3, Cori.”" AS
these ideals are
t) a 11 Li tjbllt ire b:15ic
g(WCTI: Il C all To Suriyaki ma Tn O[Im1eL1cla tLuTe Fdi. the division of quasi-federal, u etc.) is It IT gen line process is importa t. F

e un satisfactory inctional for the monious particitralized develop
i 5 0 Ille of Sriost civil ser wants experience of and international experience with atin and public t in his analysis. has been wis iting Lidol School and Political also been clos cly SWIRD's id cas evolution and :- Chelwa nayagam
bh is an a mazing in king and lucid dilemma of the of a majority and :ceptance of Iliid interest5 in a ver-sharing' are ai 1 ed a Tid ba lan - In a complete er spective from rcwricwedi carlier, devolution i 11of governillental vinces or regions To quote him, Te cint Teilched in along, With Tinfor the Ill, and varied according fancies of either ter obviously ha 3 гogative on cerColicics 5 L1 ch 15, l affairs, money, ly, Lunder de woluiga, Lion15 to the nour and to supEl reas of power in use of functions, in e velop 11 cnt and hic points out, mot TestTicted ethnic society to del cratic d development. "an, the Tormal Dipted to describe powers (federal, Inion of states, laterial, but a of devolution He asserts that
"...while the politics of devolution has been divisive, the pri inciples of devolution arc in fact highly integrative' (p. 5). When the causes of dissension and discontentment of social and regional groupings are honestly removcd, an o werri di Ing national identity has a chance to grow, This is an insight which substan. tially applies to the approach adopted by the Island's sprawling neighbour, India, but one which analysts like de Silva u nfortu na tely continue to miss.
It is Suriyaku IIlaran's view that the devolved structuers sets up in Sri Lanka "reflect many shortcomings, most of which, it would seem, are the result of inadequate formulation by the Center." To adequately recognize the needs for identity, security and opportunity for its
peoples, devolution needs to adequately resolve issues of territory, language, land, policci, judiciary, provincial functions and finance. He Cinn siders the Accord and the Thirteenth Amendment a "radical de par
ture from previous patterns with 50IIle resemblance to thic BC Pact arrangement, but Certain ly wider than even the later in scope and content.'" In his wiew, it created a provincial system of offices, powers and functionaries with a potential for genuine devolution. The provincial council functions ostensibly include all the critical functions relating to police, planning, housing, roads, irrigation n, lil ind, industrial plai n ning, taxation and borrowing. In this his view substantially concuTs With de Silva 5.
However, he identifies several 5 horfälls demonstrated by the Inanner in which prowincial councils hawc functioned in political, administrative and financial terms. In his view, thcy emerged as badly served institutions alongside the Kachchicri and regional office structure.
They suffered from inadequate staff, facilities, and funds. The Central government chose to
interpret powers in a restrictive manuer over a whole range of subjects which were apparently
l

Page 24
Within the provinces such as law and ordet, public services, e duCEation, transport, pla Tn ning Fınd development and so on. It also interpreted and used the capping provision over "National Policy' (Il the 5er Wel ist Of The Center in generous fashion to effectively cover subjects which were osten
sibly provincial ones. Similarly powers in the concurrent list LLLLLL S S S LLLL SLSaa S HLHLKLLS
similary generously construed by the Center. Important powers relating to land, port and hårbors, foreign trade, and foreign filia Doçe Teil ailed on the Teste ved list of the Center. He considers
the position of Govene Tin lor, as presently constituted, possibly a "serious block to genuine autonomy' but which
could be alright if it were rightly interpreted in keeping fully with the spirit and substance of a genuine democratic devolutil.
Thus, in Sutiyaku maran’s view, provincil councils were frill the begining not destined to function properly or effectively. They could not undertake meaning sul or progressive development and social activities. And the arrangeLLLLLLLLSS LLLLS LL LLL L S LLLL SS LLLL to da te al li) W for ;i dece In tra
17ed administrative Til her thai devolved power-sharing' type of process. The underlying factor reponsible for this situation has been thic reluctance of the Centet to diy est it Gelf of the comt Tools i L Has exerciscs traditionally since Collia time 5,
Totally neglected by the system brought in by the Thirteenth Amendement, hOWéVer, Were provisions for the special needs of the Muslim Illinority and, by extensi I cancē Il tra til FNs of all Illinority populations. Also neglect cd were provisions for effective minority participation in the structures of Central governIn ent as essential ingredients to en hänce Ila til al Lunity and integrity.
Hic call 15 al Inced Lð under Stand, accept, and straighten out several concepts and arrangements if the goals of participatory develop
mc T1 t H. T]{d Ethmit to be attailed. sizes, at the he cess of devt chiTacteristic to: wers between the Tegions. The prði about ai pe Tfc1 Tim : of a receipt of fl behalf of Cel i Ilces, CCTS e Luc. to do a Way With of dual control Ce Inter and to powe Ts W. C. their ad Illi Tis TE Wicial C.C.) LuL 1 cils provisions real and finance are i "Wiceid y T. Ll. c.
Tliittee T L H A II el is need til eith er very restrictivel: or to redefile
Пле Пt HПti there reinterpret the II vely for the C. defile the Ill to the In fUT THE
provisions shou so as to allow progressively d Ię wę Dues for the provinces shoul allowed to acti
Th 1:1 ge S. Cill I CES
ding, even whi gotiatic II and al such aid is the El Celtet. T
circui 115:1 ce5 s tral powers tc. hari 10 lize geI needs, at ta e vel restrict provini (p. 18)
In Telä til to issue of the LIII and the II erger, finds nothing : thic existing nu III: T. ca. With th of an oversize the a dwa ntages : of builda Tie 5 til ar 5 Tour d'Or if i'w Whichl a re draw considerations of Id – cth. Ilic chi III i Id. Silla lese I the EEP cou adjoining provin

: Satisfiction a Te As the emphaart of the proLu LiCJI. ii5 i L5 f sharing of pc. : Cente T ind thc cess isn't merely ince: Off"un çti. 15 Inding5 fırtımı ilıd inter by the provntly there is need he current system exercised by the fully devolve tain subjects and Li tion to the proi. He feels the ing to pla Th Ting In adequately proPC un de Lle lid II et Tid there reinterpret thern y for the Center hell to A.Ilie Tidis need to either wery test fictiIt - clearly strengthen provinces. Such ld be structured for fios gillited it Ilid iTect SC LITces CF : provinces. The טT, bטWטd, more wely explore and of external funle the fictu#| Illeuthorization for prerogative of e effort in all ould be for Cel
advance and Line national "uslyנitשnנct חנויי נ: cjal i Litiatives,
the contentious it of devolution Siti I riyak u I ma Tali I u acrosanct about ber of provinces. e SinhalesC ficar NEP, he presents if a dell arcation
crciatic a 5 fel W. 2 units in all, "n out kèëբing
wat hic TSH cd a Teas aracteristics in
majority areas ld be joined to ces and a can
to ill-type arrangement and subcommittees would perhaps, in his view, ser wic to protect Muslim I rights andi entitlemeInts in the merged NEP. Such än H Trangement would be appropriatic for other minority groups such as the hill-country Tamils too. He also upholds the Inc.cd to provide the capital city with a I a LILOnoril's Tational Status of its (WI), administed to reflect national olutlook and featu Te5. Such a structure Walld reap bencfits of the larger, regional scale while also safeguarding smaller minority interests.
In addition, to
the integrative intent lution, he prescribes leasures that need to be taken to enhil Diccio national and minority security. He also suggests meaSures that leed to be underitakcn to increase the representation and incorporation of minority interests at the Center. As he says, this as an aspect which has been "amazingly neglected in the whole discussion about the integrative possibilitics (or other Wise) of devolution, despite being "so essentill, and obvious.' (p.21)
strengthen Uf die Wo
The monograph is the first of a series to be put out by the newly-established Center of Regional Developine net Studies and should constitute essential reading for anyone interested in public affairs II he isl. Id. The series pill to present carefully researched studies by experts III each field || L. cancisc, Teall ble form and to advocate solutions. If this and the next volume put cout in the series (see C. Suriyak urm":ı, Ta I). Fiscal Devolution. Colombo: CRCDS Monograph series, no. 2, April 1991. pp. 45 a II e any indica Lion, they promise to Inore than fulfill their objecLives and should be given serious consideration by policy-makers i Sri La kä.

Page 25
Media
An Independent Authc
Chanaka Amaratu nga
1. There shall be a Sri Lanka Independent Broadcasting Authority consisting of 10 members of whom 9 shall be approved by the Standing Commitee on Social and Public Affairs for 6 year terms, 3 every 2 years. The Secretary shall be approved by the President for a 5 year term. The membership shall consist of distinguished persons from the various ethnic groups in the Country, shall have diwerse politiCal wiaws and shall include atleast 2 professionals in-the field and 2 eduationalists, Meetings of the authotity shall be held at
east once every 2 weeks.
2. The SLIBA shall by statu te be established as the body responsible for radio and television broadcasting. The SLBA shall exercise the powers, respon - sibilities and obligations wested in it through a Director-General and a Board of Management of not more than four other per - sons (of whom at least one shall be a member of the SLIBA) for Bach entity under its purview.
The i'r fer is eller af flag Liberal Parry,
Ace Radio Cab
Computerised meters
" Carth 1)
El 5
Tha -- S LIBA 5 as desired, AC consisting of thгеe persoп5, 田f hопогагу areas of special it might secure Criticism and är ta tiwa man and whole field of
Among the for tha SLI BA ! blishment of norm in thea | only of politic: avery field. Thi Clud a the necess ing officia | ann ( required to do si ment. Equally
ment of all sh; permitted, so and едшal opр buttal is made
The President request the Sil from broadcasti mättar in the ni While the right powers should b usa should be ca
LITT TO ned to y )
* No ca|| up charqe with in city | Tm | ts " Wehicle ac " Receipts issued on request Company credit ava
Call 5O15O2 5O1503 or
ệAset
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ority
all also Set up wisory Councils
IIII IT ro tår function ing in Շaբatity, il
Concer 50 that the constructive wice of represenWOT18rl Over the its activities.
aims laid down Shall be the estaIT partiality as a Dr. ESEr tätig Tot a news but in S Sh3 || rotraity of broadcastJUCETTE TITS W1BIl to by the gover350.015ible comidgs should be
long as a fair of tunity for rea Wailabl9.
may in Writing -IBA to refrain 1 g] ä rn y p} H rtiCLu|ar ational interest, lo Exercis SLC 3 porr Titted. Their Is Éilfully snoisliittored
and, without breaching confidentiality, the SLIBA should in its annual reports draw attention to instances in which its might feel it was precluded from broad
casting items which negd not have been withheld in thց national interest.
The SLB A sha || encourage the BStablish Tent Of broadcasting systems outside those under its own management, while ensuring that similar standards of Objectivity and so on are observed as enjoined upon its own organs.
While refraining from did acticism, amongst the particular resP0nSibilities of the SLIBA ` shi be ensuring the full exploitation of the educational potential of the broadcastiog media and extending its availability to a reas that have been relatively deprived in thĖ pas t.
The SLBA shall also be enjoined to pro wide such training facilities as are possible f aspiran ts in the field, independent of the particular facilities provided by the individual broad Casting entities under its cotrol. Such training should Π Γ. Ι. be only of a technical nature but should develop management and
I r Ido rs Ler)
ess, from selected stands
le
501 504
Service
23

Page 26
production talents in the field
of broadcasting, The Standing Committee on Social and Public Affairs (1) Composition - One non
inee Fach fr Corri EJ || Te Cognized political parties, Cabinet Ministers where relevant, in fields s Luch as Education, High ar Education, Information and Public Adrlinistration ind the Chair men of each of the bodies appointed by the Committge, The Committee shall elect its wn Chairmal and Secretary for it more that one term of two
years from a mot Who dÖ TIL SE Function (a) 5 HH || Th 3 ke 8 tՒ1E following t Others that tha require of it -
( 1 ) The Publi
mission (2) The Sri La Broadcast (3) The Ed Lu. Board (4) The Sri La (5) The Arts (b) The Comr at |g35t Or). Ce go
The Shri debate
M. H. F. Jayasi riya
countries ar 2 gyda môr a lly kr | O Wrth CE, the outside World by their names as they appear in the Constitutions of those Countries. The English worsion of our own Constitution proclaims to the world that We shall be known as 'Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka. However, a section of our local Thedia, for reasons best known
to themselves, has decided to deviate from the official practice. After all these years of Sri. We are now told that We should change to Shri, and, as if to show how wery serious they are they now proudly claim to be "The
English Daily with the largest circulation in Shri Lankal'
This proposal raises several
important issues. Firstly, should any national of a Country or a newspaper be allowed to pontificate om a matter of such grad ve
importance as the correct Way to spa|| the na The of their country? It is quite a different
Tatter if the State, after hHving solicited the opinion of experts, recidas to rectify -- What hãBS
been shown to be an Error. In the meantime why jump the gun, we might ask P Why This Lyn Saer I'll lly haste ? Should Tot the State Step i ad order th BSB pe Oplä tL) des ist
from their folly, lest we become laughing stock to the outside world?
THE se cond iss Le the soundness of
ET CETTS the proposa ||
24 ܢܬܒ
itself. Do Es with linguistic opinion it does dred per Cent traf 5 litgration III i ta Roller possible in te W1gre a Serie паrks are епipt their phonetic tings of a gen: as newspaper not possible.
case of some ! to take do ding approxima Sanskrit word, of which is a while its WoW quantity. In të the Word i5 tra
a Wgrti Cã| Stroké distinguish it f and cerebra | si skrit and El above the i (to long). This bei as stated a bow E 11d in CLIr L. has beer CL St. |iterale this Si This sa me sh i to rem der the (such as the O word pLr Lisha), we hawe G ES although the s original Words same. S in ambiguous. For also since no in that it 5 wo w El i be urged that

gst its members We Ex Officio, The Committee pointmetns to Odies and any Prussit TT" Hy
; Services Com
lka | Ildegarden t rig Authority tation Adviso, y
ka Press Council Counci|
1it te33 sha | | mn ee t er y three Thon
it accord well science? In my not. Om te hunaccuracy in the Sanskrit WordG
script is only thnical writings S of dia Critical yed to indicate wall u Ba... lil wriral nature, such articles, this is
Herce, in the
Sounds, unë has with correspon
tions. Sri is a
the first letter pala ta I sibilant, el is long by chnical Writings
sliterated with e aboWe3 tha — S (to
rior the dem ta Il bilants of Så nhorizontal line
indicate it is ng impracticable , both in India wn Country, it mary to transbila It with Sh. s also employed Cerebra|| sibilant ne found in the As a result ha and PLurusha, ibilants in the are lot the Shri therefore is this reason and dication is given s long, it cannot Shri is prefe
ths to consider the reports of the above bodies and any other institutions answerable to these bodies. Based or such reports, and other relevant considerations it shall make recommendations to tha President änd the Caillet of Ministers and to Parliament
for Considerationi, discussion and
action de amed appropria te in a reas under its pour wil - W -
(c) The Committaa shall, with the assistä Cea of the Auditor Gargara and the Public Accounts Comitteg of Parliament as required, con sider the accounts of the above bodies and related ministries.
rable to Sri. It line purpose of the proposed change is to secure maximum accuracy in promount:ĩng the word, than, Shree (where the final ea Would be pronounced long, as in the English word 'sheet") seems to be the clo5 est approximatior to the original word. In India, Shri and Shrimati are amployed as titles of courtesy prefixed to the marTmes of mem and Women respectively. So, while On the OE and We are n-k- ing a vigorous effort to let it be ko Will that We ar a rätion with a Sovereignty of our own. the change, on the other hand. Of OLIr nam B to Shri Lanka Carl b= Count - productivé. Not only does Shri smack of being very | diam, but also it can be a tong] Li Ba twister to people who are alien to this part of the world. Ewe our own forefattlers found it to be so. That is why instead of borrowing the word as it is, they adapted it to our lang Lage as Sir eliminating both the palatal si bilant and the loring wowell,
and thus making it wery easy to pronounce. Siri is both Fali and Sinhala, whereas Shri is Sanskrit and Indian. So, if at all tha Governmant is Conside - ring a charnge, | Would sug - gesi, in a || serio Lusness, that we change to Sri Lanka. This
would help us to protect both Our political as Well as lin
guistic identities, while at the så meg time naking it alas y for foreign as to por O m O Lurth Ce o L Jr
The

Page 27
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Page 28
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