Page 1
. . . . . . . . .
== -—
Vol. 14 No. 21 March 1, 1992 Price Rs.
ΟΡΕΝ
OPPOSITION: LoSIN
MEDIA
PLANTATIONS AND
JVP: MOBILISING TI
NEW WORLD ORDER
EXTRA-JUDICIAL KII
 
 
 
 
 

— Rajiva VM/ijesinha
G STΕΑΜ
- Mervyn de Silva
THE KANDYANS
- Ariya A beysinghe
- Stephen Levitt
HE MONKS
- Sarath Amu nugama
— Warasimha Rao
LLINGS
- t/S Report

Page 2
Why there's so in this rustict
There islaught 41 arid light banter arriorigst these rural da Tsels who are busy sorting Out tobacca leaf in a barn. It is one of the hurdeds of such
bări: spread CLIL 11 the Tid Tid tip.CII Tiitty inter mediate zore where the arable land remains falo, during it: CIT 5:50.
Here, with careful ilir luring, tobacco T.J.'s is a LLLLLL LGLLLLC LLLLC HLL La LaLaL CLCaLaLL LLL LL gold, lo he valle of Cove Rs. 250 millign ormore annually, for a rhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

в ENRCHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings erriployment to ihe second Highgst nurrber of people. And these people are the tobacco barn owners, the tobacco growers and this who work for them, on the land aid iri irihi: harmıs. For the IT, the tobacco leaf means Tearingful work, a comfortable life and a secure future. A good er Jug'ı Taşım for laughler.
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Shariпg алd cariл9 for olur land and her people.

Page 3
TREVIDS
JWP TO IMTERNATIONALSE
A Vetter from Soma Warısa Amarasingha, current e
der of the WWP, and other |
documents found on a SriLankan picked up by the French po/їce frт Рагїs have revealed that the UWP plans to infеглаѓfола/їse their cause and also infiltrate political parties, the Daily News геported.
According to the docu(nents the JWP had already infiltrated some parties and other orgainsatfолs in Sг Lanka, the report said. Two Sri Lankans were picked up
by the French police, one
Wasar 7 tfia Wa 7 der - ||
Gал7 fг7ј Кооп алd his brother (ur) - патеa) "under suspicious Circumstances" the two теп "" are apparently mem - pers of the JVP', the Daily News said.
TULF BACKS THONDA
The TULF has Lur 7ā 7 imously decidad to back minister S. Thorndarman's proDosa / for a federa / forr77 of go wered as a SOLO to the ethnic issue, the Sunda y Times quoting a TUVLF po/it bu rea L/ merpnÉber, said. The TULF had been advocating a federal set up for a song time, the meniber P. Josep f7 said.
CHILD ABUSE: NEW LAWWIS
The Social Services miг7/st гy p/aпs to (EW la WS fo Drawenk chs/- dren under 18 entering to шrist /h ote/s u naccompan ied by parents or gша гdѓалs. The Children's Ordinance is to be revised to cope With the widespread drug addiction and prostitution
ηνα/νίπg Cήίγα reη.
introduce |
sta të banks,
| Briefly
Great be
After Prim Finance Minis turiga said in the two stal ''irso weat'' rushed it will the Taxt då people поt Bank of Ceyl ple's Barık to be owned merit aird, ''' Support of t for the operat banks, past a bB guaranteed ment", a Fil statement saic
Ericr, Presi had said pou E people had b totalling six and not recov | Minister's Sta liarTment follow
dent's disc I cos five point dro Tärket index.
ASSuring d there was no the goverrile re-Capitalis ing turing progral
"We can E around", Cabi Rani | Wickra
press briefing.
LAPRA
(GUAR
Wol. 14 No. 2"
Prigg F
Published fr. LEEGLIEr'di Pi
No. 24,
CC 011
Editor: Mer ТвІврҺгап Printed by A 82/5, Sri Ratnaja Mh waitha ( Tuho

т
ink crash!
: Ministër and iter D. B. Wijeparliament that B hija riks Wigre he government a statement, w, LIrging the to pa ni C. THE In and the FagWould continue
by the governfurther, the fu || ha go Wernment iOS of the two ld present, will
by the governance Ministry
.
det Prima das licly that "big 2 En given Carl 5
billion rupees ered, Thg Pring tement in parWing the presiSures led to a p in the stock
le positors that need to panic 1t als 10 Un Ced 3 and rg–5tr LICT for the two
ring the banks net spokesman hasil gha told a
DAN
1 March 1, 1992
8. W. 5)
"ortnig htly by Lublishing Co. Ltd. піоп Plв св.
JO - 2.
ryII do Silva 田) 44754
rand Pres
thi Sarayana Tutt u .13 טנFווןם|ם:
: 3 Eg,
China Bay blast: incompetence r
Experts investigating the January 21 Chima Bay airforce base explosion believe that mishandling of explosives by unt rained airman caused the blow-up that killed 22
and injured a hundred. According to these experts ordinary airmen unt rained in the handling of explosives had been filling aircraft bombs when the blast occurred. The damage has been estimated at Rs 300 million.
'Significant' return
Mannar's first batch of returnees from a refuga camp in South India arrived at the Talaimannar pier om Februa Y 23. Navy Commander Clancy Fernando om hand to welcome them said that this more than other batches that had arrived in Trincomalled earlier was more significant. Mannar, the Admiral said, Was in almost 100 per cent Tamil whereas Trinco was half and half and therefore TO TE S tätig.
The 500 fisherfolk who re
turned to Mannar are the
first of 2300 natives of Man
nar who have agreed to re
turn from Mandavan refugee
camp. Of 118,000 refugees
registered in India about
30,000 hava said they wish TO TEt L T
COMTENTS
News Background 한
Prabhakaran
Tars Rai Far th3m
Tiga for Sri Lanka
The MH di Dewolopa That 8 Human Rights 1Ս
Fri Witti sia tito 1 11
NaW World Order
-- Indial WiiCW 14
Buddhaputra and
Bhumiputral? (3) לון

Page 4
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Page 5
UNP under str Opposition ind
Mervyn de Silva
fter the impeach ment plot
failed, there was a period of confusion. And then slowly but surely tha government found itself under attack from thany quarters, and these oppositional forces, consciously or not, appeared to advance according to some coordinated plan, No more. TIlo iSSLes Temäin but the assorted anti-Premadasa groups have fall en by the Way or hawa lost heart. Or Worst of all, work bat Cross-p) Lurp) OS 9 S.
So, division rather than unity, Confusion rather than coherence, characterise the national political process. The DUNF stood for Democracy, with a Big 'D', deliberately playing to the external "Good Governance Human Rights" community, With the Paris Aid Group meeting as the D-Day. The DUN F duo had the "One-Man Show" as the target, with Democracy as the issue. In selecting this single slogan, the D UNF Was extremely internationalist in its Orientation. The strong global current will sweep away "the Dictator' and carry DUNF to an early election and polls Victory.
The SLFP, tha i official opposition, shedding its traditional Sinhala-Buddhist dress, had also seized the "human rights' armour, partly because a radical pressu re-group led chiefly by Anuradda Rat Watte and Chandrika Kumaranatunge, had becom a the ase candant coterie in an increasingly disunit od and confused SLFP. As long as Mrs. Bandara naika was not just the recogmised but actiwa la der of the party, the SLFP had a personality which could not be matched by the UNP dissidents (neither Gamini nor Lalith, to be precise) nor by any other personality on the political scene.
The DUNF was trapped in its own logic. The main cause of
the nation"s Ii President Prem Presidency. BL. the presidentia mentary neede amendment tha sed by a tw. Tü SLFP Wā the advocates change, , , , but tia | g |ection. Al tion would be Bandara naike. sidents put fc Candidate, Mr. win. If the "D contest, Mr. Pr B. Would win DUNF Woud ||
The next turr anticipated by Contenders. M suriya, exploitin{ the Thonda män did the SINHAL GUE (SAS), to Opinion, on a This totally dis official oppositi tha S.L.F.P. ald S.A.S. Sgt the opment, which had to recogr WE ARE ALL :
Tha trouble N though was tha issue-oriented ( ength) but even Thondaman wis talks with the Welupillai Prabh mant Thodani prectedly furiou his trip (not S. A. S. lost a c then Mr, Jayas struggling hard hala passions o A but the Sinha only a weary nightmarish sc plantations of t lands becom in North-East " "EE|

ess;
isarray
ls Was mot även a dasa; it was the it a change from to the parliaa constitutional t hilad to be baso-thirds majority. S sympathetic to of Constitutional after a PresideAld Such a el GCcontested by Mrs. If the UNP disWard their own Prema dasa would issidents" did mot emada sa or Mrs. after that the Se al leverage.
1 of events wasn't any of thea major r. Gamini Jayato the maximum propiosas, formA DEFENCE LEA
mobilise Siālā non-party basis. oriented the two OI || ITTOWBITTBilt S - the D.U.N.F. The place - a devethese two parties ise and respect. SINHALAS NOW.
"with tha S. A. S. t it was not just its source of str-targeted i.e. the til to Jaffra fOF LTTE Supremo, 3 kara l. The mo. in, Lunder Lunexs fire, abandoned lis form Lula) the éar target. Since սriya has bagn lo Whip up SinËr 'n gw' threats la pшblic sparas ya Will foT GUch Tirios lika the le Central highpart of the AM', if the tea
State S are privatised or the management 'commercialised". The Thondaman bOgey has quietly dropped dead. Only if "Thonda' announces another trip
to Jaffna, will the scary scena rio enjoy a re-rum.
Without "Thonda", the Indian
Tamil spectro, the S. A. S. is in ainm less search of enemies.
But the HELA URUMAYA, the Sinhala ultras who formed an SLFP caucus or 'ginger group", have in the meantime run away with Gamini Jayasuriya's platform. The key men ara Tilak Karunaratne, ambitious, sophisticated, rich and quite young, Dr. Ne wille Fernando, Mr. Jina dasa Nyathapala (ex-UNP) and S. L. Gunasekera (lawyer-ideologue). Though the UNP has played 'the Sinhala-Buddhist card" for political-electoral purposes, the SLFP is identified by the average Sinhala voter as the more authentic advocate of Sinhala-Buddhist interests. For this reaS O F), the - HELA U RUMAYA ca finish what Gamini Jaya Suriya started but it has to wait a
while. Besides, its futura Will be decided also by the inter13 I politics of thB SLFP i.g. leadership. Does Mrs. B. retain the leadership? I should think SO, But how does i she contribute to the SLFP cause by
mounting a spirited challenge to the Presidency when she is by no means fit enough to address island-wide rallies. Will she gradually transfer power to Anura, now the National Organiser, and acting Leader of the Opposition? What then of Chandrika who is regarded by the party leader as the most qualified Contender for leadership?
The DUNF has a 80 year old President, the much respec
(Солтfншғd on page 9)

Page 6
PRABAKARAW
Ready for settlement
(Interview with Franklin Raviraj)
t first the Tigers chief soulded annoyed and said: "The
LTTE feels like shooting you for your newspaper's disruptive and misleading reporting of the ethnic qLigStion".
said: 'Go ahead ad shoot me if I am responsible".
The he smiled aid said "You are also responsible for What goes in Your newspapo. as their representative. Tell your Editors and Management tha we are angry with their attitude
'Not only Thondaman, anyone Who Wants peace can cote from the South and are We Cole. We area not terrorists or ra CistWar mongers, We don't Consider the Sinha lesĘ people is our enemies or even as our oppohan tS. We recognise the sepa - rate existence of the Sil 1 a la nation. We respect the separate Culture of the Sihalè seg. Wa don't desire to intefere in any way with the national lifa of thg Sinha lese people or their freedo.
'Economic strangulation is the last resort of a weak anemy. By starving our people it is an at tempt to weaken their resistance and det armination to fight. OLUT people hawa an inexhaustible thirst for liberation and will not yield to the pangs of hunger.
We have opened the doors for peace. Some countries thought We are drunk by War. So we told the will the Sinhala government put forward a raaSonable set of proposals to the Tamil people who have been Cheated for gan erations with many pacts, accords and agree
E15.
Even after the sacrifica of OVỄr 40,000 lliw os and millions worth in property we find that some opportunistic Sinha la politicians and Buddhist clergy oppost a political solution with
A.
out putting f
of their own. ""Thig y don't
tive solution",
" "Sri La ka think in the si dia did, tät v position weakn сап, crush ш5 force. We wal political settle Linder United hn y larga Scale Jaffna perminis u
DIF LI Witt Sirit: Wying i Kru5:Fli Others
Of FEi A trati Breisi horn With E Mixed
He fix And fir (C) ni ad |п a c{
ti |
He por VEC II - H3 COL TE T S Tg. F THE St: The Ti5 That it Back ti
Mayb.
MI|I LI
Ragres Raw Աlut

With UN
orward proposals
law an altera
military analysts 11e terms a 5 Ilwe speak from a 385 - anti that thåW
through tilitary Pri that un 13 ss a
Brt is reā: Nations auspices 3 it wasio of the
auspices
Lus to close the doors to peace. This Would Totiwa te Lis tor Wards permanent separation, as Our main objective in the past was Tamil Ealam.
"If Wg ara giver no other option by the Sinhala military they will be forced to learn the facts of history which We earlier taught the fourth largest army in the world. Our determination is umsha kabla".
a will, only lead
Gorbys lament
manship got him down. his idea really. Each puny clown
scher tried his had with the Titans, May be of all ir had it tough to make the breach
straggled through. A motley Company tors to this ir past and each to Eich HSSL0HSS LCCC C CLL LCLaaaC or he painted old and out of data. ita granicy he coined his media fat E.
Space Programs with Star Wars. Afganistan Ed With Nixon": fata in Wietnam LLLLLL LL LLLLH L a LaLLLLL LL L LLaL bridge Alexander crossed) for their young dead חi וp Ban Way ha did himםחEu - חם וחוחר si ta L was rBxt domé in by seltsin.
LLLLC aLLS SLLLCLL LLLLLLaLCLLCL LLLL LLCL LCCL they are Wiser (He is of cours just sad,
ldn't make it) . What made him betray Wat World and the Hard hamids thāt madeg it SLLLaLLLLSS SLaLLLL Y aS LaaLLLLLLL CCLL KLL LLLS CaaaS LLLLa aaHaaHaLLLL LCLLLLLCLLL LLL LLL LLLLLL ry forgas and the Shining steel Ild a Now World SScures until thay sold it to the lgբrt LIS մrtlar,
: scholars blame
S H aLLLL0 LLLLaLLL LLaLK LaH LLLLLL LLLLH LLLLLH isors to a class that always betrayed ions they talked of and othors mada,
J. Karunatiliaka
- trd

Page 7
Tears rather than tea
As violence engulfs Sri Lanka,
опе Д
Woman is fighting for her beliefs
Stephen Lewitt reports
de la Balasingham, Wear ing a black shirt, cradles her Chinase-made automatic rifla. "This is my home now I must
defend it,'" she says of the city of Jaffna in the north Of War-tor II Sri Lanka, Her
Australian accent is clipped by years spent abroad.
Balasingham is an Australianborn legend in the making a
heroic and potentially tragic legend. Born Adele Wilby in Warragul, Wictoria, she trained
as a triple-certificate nurse in Melbourne arid Perth before her se se of adwerture took her Out irto the World in 1972. Now, she is om a journey of Corg Cience which has takan her from humanitarian nurse to gun-toting guerilla.
Sie took her first Stép älong the road to liberation fighter (or terrorist) in England in 1975. While she was studying at the South Bank Polytechnic College, she married her Social Science t Litor, Anton Balas ir 1 g här. — E Tarihi | and spokesmarı for the Tamil Tiger (or LTTE-Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), the guerilla group locked in a vicious civil War of secession frČIT tha Silha lease-domillät Ed Sri Lārikām g[]'ựernment,
Tha Tamils, descendants of southern Indians, are fighting for a separate stato in the north and east of Sri Lanka. Their opponents, the Sinhales, make up Tost of the island's 16 Thilli cor population. Massa Crês om both sides and hard-fought battles have been the altark of Sri Lanka's Conflict S in recent months, the government push against the Tigers has taken om a na W intensity.
Locating the Balasinghams in tha war zone was a Challege.
The Sri La ka and 70.000 lTitl failed to find it ed out to be
The Sri Lank plied me wit permit to wiss island's north Br the headquarter:
Tigers. The part of the tri thaj 3k T-stretc
land in morth-C: that separates checkpoint from Checkpit. | 1 shattered, deser ing S and the g in the road by garia CO 1 tra St para dise of Sou
| tra Welled by the governme which Strafe r during the da ended whe ferry, weighed Watering With a wide neck and deposited skirts of the of Jaffa, where WithoLut th Ea Tig
Alton was a thoughtful-looki a cademic, bespe a goated beard, a shy witality, hair and gang making her app har 41 years. stand out in a Ad E, la Cal Tri ES HI
WCT18n CăTry both carry caps cyanide (the tr Tigers) as in Capo t Lu TE3.
TՒlց Tigertheir fanaticis implicated in t

for Sri Lanka
Australian
arted for Cas ia soldiers had hem, but it turnrelatively simple,
al militar y su pa three-day Jaffna, the n-most city and 5 of til Tallii most da n gero Luis was crossing of ro-ran's er tra | Sri Lanka the government the first Tigers' the north, the ted farm buildaping holes left miles are in to the tourist th erron Sri Lamika.
night to avoid ! Π: helicopters gb e 5-gli road W. My journay a battle-scarred down to the people, Crossed of tida | Water me of the outblacked-out City nothing fillo wes ers knowledge.
Is || Expected: Ea Ing, middle-aged ict accid aid with Adele Exudad or short row ng, boyish frame ear younger than They would not crowd - except 3 r" rifl3 aS SOr Th B a handbag and Li les of potassi LIIT ade-mark of the Suran CG a gain St
- infamous f0f - hawa HELIn he assassination
of the Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in May. They hawa also be an implicated in tha Car-bomb death of Ranjan
Wijeratę, the former Sri Lankam
deputy minister of defence.
Anton deries Tiger i WolweThat in the Gandhi ässäs sifat
iO1, ''although What is Cle life "Wh 3 1 50 rTla y ha We be Earı |bst?ʻ" The deputy minister "was a bona fide military target"'. Their conviction in their cause is absolute,
Adele and Anton showed up at my hotel in a battered white war, accompanied by their dog and some young fighters. Except for the guns, we could hawe been Ela family off om a picnic. Instead, we headed for ai gLe rilla tra i ling Carp On the outskirts of town. Jaffna rolled by like a painting from the Apocalypse. Buildings tilted at Crazy angles, roofs balanced precariously on steel girders bent like ribbons by the heat of the ince Indiary bombs. Houses, shops, churches and libraries lay shattered, their brickwork Eu ||8 t ridd|3 d a d Et|ä5 tBd.
"After tha India 15 | 3ft |last year, the War started again." Adele says, ''The Tigers re
took the city and much of the
north and east of the island. Thë Sri Lankan Air Force Igtaliated by bombing Jaffna,
targeting civilians to promote te Tror in the Tamil Community for supporting the Tigers, Twothirds of the city was reduced to rubble."
Among the broken bones of the city, life goes on. Schoolgirls ill white tunics bicycle to class like flock of Chattering doves. There is a noticeable absence of boys and young men. Thay have Either filed to the refugee camps in the South, been killed or are fighting with
the Tigers. Wehicles are also sparse. It is as though the city has been blown into another century: no electric
power, petrol nearly impossible
5

Page 8
BLOODSTANE
S. Lanka a teardrop-shapedo island about the size of Tasmania, is separated from the southern tip of India by 40 km of water.
British Colonisefs introduced plantations, particularly tea and
rubber, and imported Tamil Cool i es from Southern India to work on them in -pre
free ñ Cg to the rative SinhaІesв.
Sri Lanka (then know as Ceylon) gained independence from Britai i 1941 a 1 d. i 1956, a left-wing nationalist party, the MEP cate to power under the leadership of Solomo Bandärä naike.
T MEP EDE SSE the official language and Buddhism the state religion. The Tamils, who were mostly Hindu, remained a disenfranchised minority and their reSentment at the government gPC W.
The Tamil problem was Contained by emergency laws until, in 1983, a group of
to find imited food stocks at highly inflated prices. Posters and murals of slain fighters are everywhere.
When we arrive, the camp is preparing for an attack. A Tonument to dead fighters dominates its centre. The Tigers
have suffered military setbacks lately and photographs of slain comrades paper the wooden
hut which serves as the camp's ha adquarters.
Adola points to a large painting of a handsomĖ young man dressed in the Tigers' stripad camouflage. He nurses a child Om his should qr5.
"He was a collarder and E di ed i di recept botte, she says, "His wife is also a fighter - a commander. She has just given birth to his second
E.
Tamils artibush patrol naar Ja" tack sparked a Tamil violence island as the
rewепge, killing
for days.
The Lib Brati. Eelaim, financer gd frol Idiä Self som i ft gr Strongest rebČ 0 W ar tha Jaff
thE) E "Su ing C
In an attem բEaCE քlցTE Erild;
Sri Lanka T1. g. Tigers, the Ind sent the Indian Force (IPKF) t 1987 and a negotiated.
Tiss Ift
government fic hunt d'OWr)
Lulltra-left Siri hE mo Weet Whi up in the Sol believe up to SLIppOrr Ers WEr
Child. "I afrai it hard to cope outnumbered; a: have to hawe a mentality. The highly Totiwa te was with a gir leg while attack ment stronghol PaS5. SFBe"5 IE WOrk On a WDL Carl get back ir
The Balasing when it comes the Tiselves Ant Adele speaks ( of their relatio tWO Lili Elai surface, Seamed Whal W9 looka W3 Camma fror "But looking d SOLIS, WE found SE Sibilitig S, fee

;D TEARDROP
ed an army ffrha. The 5wave of antithroughout the Sinha ese took յ and lՃՃting
con Tigers of i and organisestablished itWards as the է| group took a peninsula in iwil War.
pot to brok ar a It between the Wernment and ian government Pвасе-Кевріпg O Sri Lanka in
CEāSEfira Wa G
a Sri Lankar
rC fra a to ha JWP, dT
à les B Tlationalist ich had sprung
th. Diplomats 50,000 ЈWP 'e killed.
In the north the relationship between the IPKF and tha Tiger5 deteriorated. The Tigers declared War on the | dia 15 after the suicida of 12 of their cadres being held by the IPKF. It took 15,000 Indian troops to take Jaffna from 2500 defending Tigers.
After tha India TS Withdre W in 1990, leaving 1200 dead, the civil War began again With th3 arbo Light of a Sri Lankan Army patrol in Jaffna. The Tigers retook the City, which was the almost all rēduced to rubble by thig Sri
Lankan Air Force bombing raids.
A major setback for the
Tigers came when thaү үлyегg implicated in the assassination of Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in May. That hās | Ost ta valuaba | Indiä Support ad reports that tha Tigers are making up the funding shortfall by trading in harcotics hawe be gun to COTT Cerri internation El å gen Cie S.
d she's finding 1. When you're s We a Te, you wictory-or-death se people are d". Yesterday,
who lost her ing the go wernd at Elephant aarning how to den leg 50 she to the fight."
hams are shy
to talking about }r 1 looks af H5 3f the early days nship. Wa W era gs, who, on the
to B diffe TB It di at the Culturas m," she says. Beper int0 Our
We had similar lings, approaches
We were open of the World,
and Outlook. , , to the needs together."
up the thread: the post-Wietnam early "70S Was a pola C9 for liberation groups. When We were a young couple, we spent a lot of time with exiled revolutionaries, attending meetings and protest marches, We supported the African National Congress and the Palestinians. Slowiy, we found we had developed a mental attitude to use olur knowledge for Oppre SSad people. Because I'll a Tamil, We became involved with the problems in Sri Lanka. This was an adventure we saw We could share together.
Anton picks "London in
Adele expresses her sympathy With the Tamil people. "Whon your work with people, you

Page 9
build trust and with the trust comes responsibility. Because feel So strongly for these people, | came to terms with Brmed struggle early in 1978 after the anti-Tani| riots in Sri Lanka, At that stage, we had begun to visit India regularly where We trained in Tiger-run military Camps in Tamil Nadu,
"Then in tha July of 1983, after a massacre of Tamils in Sri Lanka by rioting Sinhalaso (Sparked by ar attack om a Sri
Lankan Army patrol in Jaffna by the Tigers), the leader of the Tigers, Phrab karan, asked
US tO b) BCOThe fu||-trÎle Cadres and we moved to Jaffna. Here, We're involved in the political tra ining of the fighters, among others things.
"The more emotionally involved | become with the people, the
more tampathy I feel for their Oppression. First it was the Sinhalese, then it was the | Tidias."
to broker a hẹtựựgøm the
Iп ап atteппрt рBace agreегT1aПt
Tigers and tha Sri Lankan government, the Indian governTÜnt Under Gandhi Sent 3
peace-keeping force to Sri Lanka in 1987. For a while the ceasefire held. But relations between the Indian Army and the Tigers soon deteriorated, The Tigers declared war on the Indian troops which, rather bloodied, withdrew in 1990.
Adele recalls those) dan gerous times which cemented her resolve: "When the war broke out between the Tigers and the Indians, tha Indians firod into a Crowded marketplace. All the casualties came to the hospital where was staying. Dozens of civilians came in with injuries from motar fire as well as bullets from the Indian heliCopters. There were rows of injured people.
"As I worked, I became aware of a noise lika a tap driբping and I look down to sae it was the sound of people bleediпg to death. I remember all the young people torn apart, old people coming in with no legs,
bodies cut i ble ding to c
juries. . . it was Was furious,
dare thay cort this t0 il n'OCer
Anton explai from the Tari | "When genocid you, if you : yQ LI Will be w and I had a educatOin and, spiritually oppo We can justif defend fra adom tence."
Adele Corti
Army singed Where it ki Were. It Came Wera in the a Tai With soldiers Everyone was SCG Il al Wh it 3 |
But the people US: F10 IOT O gɛ used to trä wall
from head to
"We would
the day. Then, Would move F1 ) LISB. Somitir поt have a ho More oftes, thair sleep in the pi often Welt w days.
"Severa til death by sheer OLur house was the army and , f81 C 3 i a rıd hid lay there, hol as the torches SWept by us. hOW they misst did.
"O Hothar
Were in a lo been surrounde( under a blank had been sleep and had just Could haar thg the Window, se the blanket ow; told Anton: the y Come." | tle to eter de äd,

n half, people |Gath, Eorain in
a Tassacre. I thought, how le here and do it people?''
ns the argument
JC’s It Of Wigw: e is forced upon don't fight back iped out. Adale
libera Wester
although We are ised to violence, y it mora|| y to and our exis
Les: "'TE la
Out the area 3 W tha | Edders t0 kW Wg a and saturated it looking for us. Elsked, "HAwg you ady in the area?" З alІ supported IWG US away.
around covered foot.
India
lie low during
, at night, we from house to T1ëS, WB WOLud ISE) to stay in l II Ot, We would addy fields. We ithout food for
35 We escaped luck. One night Surrounded by "We climbed the in a field. We iing our breath, of the searchers I don't know 3d Luis but they
OCCISO LSE which had ... I was lying at because we ing in - a field COTE II, W Soldiers outside arching, I put 2r Ty head and Tell me when was expecting and shoot us
WWE
"Fortunately, the village people - Who are intelligent and Stromg 5UppCrtẽrs = We'lled the army Captain that they had seen us running down the palh. The Soldiers left and we ran into a rice field to lide. It was raining and we had to lie in the Water with rats and snakes. Later, the army returned and surrounded the area. Wè took a risk and aft the field before dawn because we knew the helicopter would spot us in the light. We made it back to the house and were just drifting off to sleep. When the people started calling, it's the army."
"The Willage Woman covered me in clothing and the called us into an alley. They had staged themselves every 50 Tetres or SD and Caled us On when the way was clear. In that Way, We escaped the three circles of soldiers who had surrounded the area."
The Balasinghams death by a whisker several times as they slipped through military nets. The Adele asked for a gun and cyanide, As she preaches sacrifice to others, she CE rrot be spärlig om herself: "We can't think about ourselves; We only think about what we Carl Lio for the Deople. WBT1 death comes, we're prepared for it. In a revolutionary situLuation, you hawa to think like that; otherwise you will always
e SC aped
be worrying, panicking and Tietally Unstable, The StressäS We've been through haw B
brought us closer together. You Can't graSg thOSG bords."
The future for Adele and Anton Can only be described as bleak. Even if Adele finds her way back to Australia, she runs the the risk of facing charges under the Foreign Incursions (and Recruitment) Act 1978, which prohibits Australian Citizens being involved in the hostile actiwiti CS of othar natio 15. She has not communicated with her family in nearly two years, a deliberate cutting off from the things. She has lowed mostin preparation, parhaps, for the ultimate sacrifice.

Page 10
The Media and Develo
Rajiva Wijesinha
ecently, uncharacteristically R it appвагеd, thв Јараese Ambassador found himself atte Centre of a Contro versy for suggesting that our Media is not as free as it could be. It was notable that, polita and accommodating as the Japanese ara, he did not in effect withdraw from that position, despite the Stor:IT that the TOT EJTES
siwa alements in the media SOLght to OU SE.
His position is particularly
partinent, given that occasional
ly the claim is heard that freedom of expression is a Wester luxury that countries
like ours, trying desperately to emerge from under-development, can afford. Human Rights, it j5 Clai Tigd, a rel SL bOrdinate to Economic rights, End people must put up with all sorts of oppression in the interests of the master plan that the State is implamänting.
Though never really tenable, such an argurTiant may have seemed just about coherent in the days that State Socialism held sway as the dominant ideology of the Third World. Now, we the ill effects of paternalistic forms of government and Centralized controls hawe become patent, the argument is an absurdity. In any case, the Asian experience itself has for decades made clear the opposite. While China for instance goes through regular periods of self-stultification, Japan developed apa CE precisely because, With a free El CornoTilly, it twilled fred OT of i for Tatio ni too.
It was therefore in order to assist, not criticize, that the Japanese Ambassador suggested the need for change, if all the tools at are at o Lur disposal are to be productively used for development. Japan has after all financed Rupa wa hini for ever a decade now, and during that period has had to See its cov
B
erage of public steadily more : not need foreig Charactariz, it SHOW, EWE IT it is a die-Ila ח = Bחם סח חf who is a War W i CitiT Fātiger til those who put together, not th: who claim that tied, certainly in Whose respons from tha fact O behalf of progressively go
As with most t:Duntry, the pri subtյrdination D media (and ind to thք pOW (which became sarimina Lely Witl began with Pre dare. It was that W ha taw'r regardless of W fortunataly - an
One obowio LIS things are ver than they we
same principle
ve more riigi det Premada sa hava bgen adt ranging from th of insecurity
suffers from ( exa Cerbälted by fighting in hi: simgular porsoro mation, ""Suբrer a recoгoi pв ing mada a
post he has rising in the Superiors.
WHä tüWÈT O 3 reasons, the g belind Stat9 a: ara Clear en OLJ ! in which appoi not on object חנriteria, but tם loyalty alone. appointed to п

pment
: Owain tS gFOW absurd. We do diplomats to 5 i (E-ITH IT are significantly, show that takes ot its subject, that he is the In the hero of such materia|| a adilis tratorS, their haislds are it the Wig Wars, a is apparent that the Cai TTS thE Statց haw B t Tore Shrill.
horrors in this inciple of total f the national евd the пatioп) G TS of State idatified indiin an indiwidual) sident ho Who de Cread 9 did Wą S 13 WS,
at it was. Urd this is the area in which
y much Worse ra ba fora — tha Ta S beer a popolied ly under PresiMam y reas Corn5 LICEd for this, IP greater Seri. Se Mr. Prema dasa which Fhas been the recent illS party) to the |ality of forTho' who holds rhaps for a Wjoke of every o CCL piad Whilė regard of his
tha pårticula T general principles Use of the media gh. In a context tlets are made
tively assessable what is terred those who are
naka media policy
Jaya War- "
(which has alone continued to be unashamedly subjects to that principle) have nothing to Commåmd thạm but their Capac1 tỵ to publicly sing the praises of their leader. The wider interosts of the nation - and indeed of
Hit Badar him Salf — a T53 lost sight of in comparison with their desire to win and retain
favour. The result is more and more sycophantic coverage, and greater and greater denigration of anything assumed to be hostile - for it is always easier to Will " attatio1 boy regat WEB aggression than by productive aпalysis. No attempt is mada in the process to en shrinê objectivity and the public interest as primary motivation.
This is tha saddar in that the presant socio-political dispensation cries out for openness. As no tad before, in a Con text in which everything was Centrally controlled, it was understandable that criticism had to be muted, because to criticize would have been to challë nga a monolithic ruling ethos. Now h0 W e Wer that tha na ag BTET T of many things, and in particular the economy, has been and is being developed, and: that competition is an essential part of the prescription, criticism be contes essential. Without open discussion and analysis, the background against which, decisions can be taken is incomplete, and hence contributes to less efficiency. When instead; the media is treated primarily as a Wehicle for reinforcinq the public image of state personnel, år opportunity is wastad. Morg alarmingly, it contributes to the assumption that no criticism can be made of anything that might remotely embarrass anyone commected with the est -
blishment. Proceedings the President would probably condemn are woefully indulged, on the assumption that he might hawe
sanctioned them.

Page 11
There were away with Tillions (or
those who got murder or with both) under the last regime, for this reason, and with the media still shacked the sama latitude seems to be available now. Thus, while rumours proliferate, and confidence is correspondingly reduced, corruption and inefficiency too can flourish.
This perhaps is what the Japanese Ambassador was trying to tel us, The tremendo us economic and social successes his country has experienced, it cannot be sufficiently stressed, hawe to do not only with its en Couragerient of f tee er tarprise, but also with its liberal democratic political system, and the freedom its media enjoys. It presents in this respect a healthy contrast to China, where the drawbacks of ån open economic system without greater freedoms are increasingly apparent: the possibilities for exploitation while indiwiduals make a quick buck, the restrictions on initiative and unorthodox talents, the inefficiency of communications and information systems, The Contrast With those Countries in the Third World where control of the media has gone hand in hand with increasing social and economic disarray, Without even the excuse of an idealistic if impractical ideology, is even more starting.
One of the saddest aspects indeed of our situation over the last decade has begin the increasing inadequacy of the
media an compared with other Countries we once shone against.
Ting Was WHET Sri Lanka newspapermen took oVer vital managerial positions elsewhere
in Asia. Now, Whila indiwiduals who still excel might find jobs, a cursory glance at newspapers elsewhere indicates the dege - neration that has set in here. To take the English language press, with regard to which comparisons are easy to make, Our papers have to a great extent lost sight of the principles that news should be about facts that have begn investigated and assassed, and comment
should be ba structive; wher for example, EWE E COULT W35 3 COIII (IOT) the writing ir English langua sur Eed and elega critical, creative is a Country ur trol. In India, un Certainties, have been in keeping free tions alive, a keeping the state under re' vital, The ele course is not league; for a entity however much || Ess ham OMWI.
What can be matters? The n the governmen out of all recog abandoned the sion Bill the A. rence had Sug some in sin Cerity to divest itself trols. Yet, ewen impeach ment mic President, and thoroughly into yes-men, it is of title before a bunker mental self-destructive. is lot to be ex predecessor's in häds COTE to a form is essent to keep the inst when he must toes, reform of
The proposed are clearly a st direction. So it are the polars ti press, which mi awareness thät trolled press in U with the interes not of the pa party in govern r to set up publi bodies is long ticular Rupa wa hii rust be freed t ductively, both producing high

anced and COnhas in Thailand which was not where English second language, the expanding }e press is aSit, the substance and aliva. That der militäry Condespite political the ne WSpaperS the for front of erTiOCratic: tradiid their role in powers of the fiew has proved tronic media of in the sale state- сопtrolled it is certainly -fistë{i tham CLII
done to improve arter in which t first amended inition and then Media CommisParty Confegasted indica tas about wishing of partisan Conif the abortive tiоп rattlad the drove him more the hands of only a matter he realizas SLICh ity can only be
|f his regime Coriated, as his DW is, Orice it
Conclusión, relyחס al; andif ruments through work on their the media.
private Channels 3p in the right BB8 סח Bחם טס set up a UNP
ght indicate an
the state-con$t ba Corn Carned is of the nation, rticular political lent. Legislation :l y accountable Yverdue; in pari add the SLB C с сопреteрго
ir 1 t 3r ThS Of
quality docu
mentary material and analysis, as also im bringing aliva the developmental process through participation rather than preaching. They, and what might be termed the press that belongs to the public, hawe a wital role to play if the opening up that is happening in other a reas is to be adequately momito red. in Such a Context, to keep the media fettered rather
than opening it up too, is both illogical and potentially disastrous.
UN P under. . .
(fired for Page )
tad lawyer, Mr. A. C. Go on 9ratne, and has now made Lalith Athu lath muda li and Gamini Dis5a na yake ''senior Wice-Presidants" of the party. (It already has 7 Vice-Presidents). The move reVeals, rather tham Con Caäls, thẽ strains and stresses...... again, like so much of party politics in Sri Lanka, personal rathar than ideological-political.
In such a national situation, the kind of above-party Coor
dination of oppositional forces, we witnessad during tha im
peach ment crisis has collapsed,
The presidency is under attack. but it is issue-oriented (Banks,
Tea Estates, Air Lanka, etc.) rather tham a well-planned Go Icarted attack. It hurts tha
Presidency but the damaga is "acceptabla", not serious or lasting. What these issu 8 Oriented expose is a structural WOakness in thb decision-Taking set up. There is not enough professional - technical back-up or not sufficiantly close Coordination.
'crises'

Page 12
HUMAN RIGHTS (U. S. REPORT)
Political and Extrajudic
Pi: killing by the GowErnment's security forces, ting LTTE and tot har Tiilitant groups, and Vigilantes continued om a reduced but stil large scale. According to government Statistics, the press, and nongovernment H | obserwers, the Te wera Toughly 71 C) mon Co Tiba tant deaths CauS (d by both gover - ment and antigovernment forces in 1991, compared to 2,600 for 1990. Of the 71 C), Tre til 31 650 OCCITEd il the Wa Ttorn northeast and bordering FI TE 35, MCTEE, that 90 of the deaths in the northeast were attributable to deliberate attacks by government forces, most in ret Hiliation for LTTE ättacks, and 182 to deliberate attacks by the LTTE, usually om Sinhalese and Muslim villagers, Roughly 380 of the fatalities in the northeast were apparently a CCidental deaths dua to military action. In the south (i.e., all of the country except for the northeast province and bordoring aras also affected by the Separatist War), ai ëstimated 55 civilians were killed in politica violence. Two LTTE car bombings in Color into accounted for 37 of these civilian deaths (as Well as 17 deals of Security force personrı el), The two bolombings Were dire Cted against military targets (the State Defence Minister and the military's headquarrers) and were Carried out im busy residential and commercial areas of the city. In the south there were also at least three instances of wigilante-style. killings, charattEarizia d bbw multilated or burried bodies left in public areas. Six burned and bullet-ridden bodies were found in May and amother in September. These bodies
were not identified, and responsibility was not established, a third incident, three JWP
suspects released from an army camp in October were "taka from their hortles H week latar, and their burnt bodies were
O
found the next
office T är rested Subsequently re job. The in Vesti пшіпg, according Cills.
In the past, W Wer 2 Tar 110 Tig Circumstä tial e y Ճբinion of a Observers, inclui bers of the themselves, link CLIrity force m Vigilante group that Vigilan tes the knowledge a of government gOW ET T1 Tigert So Lu ex träjudicial ki 50 Luth W Er fr the privatig satt especial y again and supporters continued offi Vigilan te group have been brou Curity forca me two vigilante C բrd Catadings iri other human rig dar Casas. Th 1 (ם) 1388 חדוםfr of the Casas hi by the end of tion I. C.), ow killings and With e SSES ald backlog in the and the fact are not given ThoSB respons ar 1 (d in ti Thid a tir such Cas GG ar brought to just
There Were
ments during
11 Lurder Cäsa : 3C ti wist Ric: Här
A Lugust 1990, TËéral Citad i 15 to indict the implicated in is no evidence WĘstigation sinc TU8 TY Ëdri Oppo. חםIIטוy ITחta

cial Killings
day. A police il tha CSG Wāds lista tad i iis gi tion f 5 com tiJ to police offi
hen SLIch killings COITIT 10 T, stri) sig Jiden GB and tha Wiwide rarige of ding Some ThemSecurity forces 5ed in diwidua || SGSterm bBrs to Somme S. It is likely operated with Ind acquie scance officids || 1991 ICE5 claim til flsg llings iri the
quant l'y dug to tling of scores, St JWP ПЛЕПНЕНТЕ i, f) ther träd :ially condoned El C: tions. " Charges Ight against Sembers is at least as Es, and legal itiated in eight Jhts-relätad mur - ese CSS date 1991, Only one Bd EE en rasolwed 1991 (see Secwing partly to in timidatio of p a r t ly to a la rge judicial systgT that Such Casas Special priority. i ble for killing ig Witnesses in e a lost ever ittl. to law develop1991 in the of human rights de Zoysa. In the Attorney GeIfficient evidence police Officers the Case: thera of Vigorous in:e then. In Febsition parliamenCreate
independent Commission to inWestigate the de Zoysa case Was defeated. In August a JVP Suspect leading police to in arms cache in the south reportedly escaped from a police Vehicle and his body was later found under a bridge. There wera mo arrests irm t ħ ea C35e. Four policernen who allegedly beat to death a suspect in Custody in Jung were charged with murdes, and res in ais iad in custody at year's end.
in the east, there Were at least two vigilante-style killings of civilians in April. In one incident, the headless body Was left in a public area with
a poster claiming that the 'Black Cobras' had killed the person for helping the LTTE.
The preponde rance of Evide: indicates that security forca personnel, or people closely allied with the security forces and probably working with theis knowledge, Wera responsible. Credible sources claim that Muslim Home Guards were responsible for some killings of civilians in 1991, such as the attack om a bus in tha east in which six were killed in February. Other observers claim that a Muslimin Tob, saaking revengo for an LTTE attack on Muslims, was responsible. A limited number of deaths in
the northeast in 1991 Werg attriboLIta ble to similar violenca between ethnic groups, often
sparked by LTTE attacks on civilians. See Section I.g., for a discussion of deaths resulting from internal conflict.
Disappearance
Dissappearances of both Tamils and Sinha lese, usually young mer, Con tim Led im 1991 on a Ver y larg a scal, though raduced from levels over the past 5 years, during which time it is ea timated that as many as 10,000 persons disappeared.
(Солtinшеd pл раgа 73)

Page 13
PffWarfisafio
The Kandyans and the
Ariya Abeysinghe
hē Kandyans evoke today the
liwa li est interest as a area of study politically, economically and sociologically, The Kanda Uda - Rata or the five) Countries On the hill instis a sense of prida in Sinhalese who live in the hill country because that is their homeland. The Portuguese sh Cortered the Sinha la nama tO Candea, using the name for both the Kingdom and its Capital, Semkada gala nu wara. The Dutch and the British followed the same practice. Among the Sinha lese, the Kingdom contin Led to be called Kanda Uda Pas Rata or Udarata, and in the eighteenth century tha Capital was referred to as Mahanu Wara, the great city, a name which it Still bears. The Sinhales a people origina ting and living in the hit country are Kandyan Simha le 58.1
The last independent kingship of the Sinha lese to su rwiwe in the island, Kandy finds its origins almost in the beginnings of Sinha | Ea se civilization, in a tradition which links it to the hydraulic civilization, of Anuradhapura and Polonna ru wa periods. From its rise to prominance in the sixteeth century to its final destruction in the nineteenth, the Kandyan Kingdom vas forced to Withstand a sustained period of aggression from European invaders, Portuguese, Dutch and the British. Its power of survival and, indeed, of growth and adaptation aria a mark of the strength and dynamism of its indigo nous people and institL tions, its subsequent fata, folllowing tha de thronament of its monarchy in 1815, is everyWhere evident in contemporary Sri Lanka. Its art, architecture, dance and drama, folk tales and festivals and in mamy other fields, the traditions which der i we from Kandyans are a liwa and wigorDius. Robert Knox, Rev. James
Cordiner, John I H Lugh Boyd, F General Hay M |ife in the Kill people,
After tha ar Kandya in proWin in 1 815, a Bo sion ers were ap The native org tration Were pr Were to Exercis the Superintende The British W the Kandyan a SO Čia | Structura st Until 1834, posing a reside
The British r. it a rem Hrka ble Sri Lankan ECOT dla Of thea, 1 St key feature W. tion of coffee crop in the m move resulted it of the Self Su economy and Kandyans in t ad. The il tro 1890's and rubb. in indentured it was dong in tish When th[]y ton and Sugar indig enous Kan Bred and immi labour found W way, Constructt. Waste lands. O La inds Ordinan: were used to tomary lands in Crown Lands b ablished about of Wihara gama lands Wera C) British. 2. Since consciousness . Wäds the Tost fo that confronted Ceylon in the t lowing the Cassi an Kingdom', formulated the

Plantations
'avy, John Pybus, Robert Andrews, acDowell record gdom and of its
ExHtion of thig :es by the British Färd of Comispointed at Kandy. läns of adminisësẽr wed but thay Ea authority under ce of the Board, are the heirs to inistrativo ad
and maintained merely superimпсү.
le brought With tra i5 formation of omy in the midh Century. Tha as the irl troid LICas a plantation id-1830's. That the destruction stair'ığd Kalıd yanı lisledging of tha air own homeduction of tea in r 1870's brought Indian labour as Fiji by the Briestablished Cotantations. The yans Were. Conrant in den turgid Jrk in road. Tailin and in estates. "dinance Templa and the Grails under their custhe concept of 3 Carna firmly est8 OO.OOO a Cras and Devalagama fiscated by the 'the national f the Kandyans midable problem the British in 1 ree decades folin of the Kandytha British TUllers Colonial policy
which finally received legal reCognition through the Crown Lands Encroachment Ordinance
Of 1840. The terms Of Sale of Crown Lands increased, From 1 835 to 1838 the aver
age annual sale of Crown Land was 6412 acres, in 1840 alona, 78.635 acres were sold. The Kandyans rebelled in 1842 and 1848 against this, 4 J. R. JayeWardene speaking in the Parliamet on 10. 08. 1943 Sumara ised it as:
"The government of the day aimed With the Land Ordinan C3 of 1840, adopted the role of the highway robber and took away, chiefly from tha Kandyan peasants, the land they lowed so much... today. When We a see the mountain ranges covered with plantations, we feel that they stand as an immovable monument, not only to the enterprise of the British plan ter, but also to the dumb sufferings of the people whose homesteads they once Were. . . ."
The harsh en forcement of tha commutation systems (the fixed annual land tax) in the 1880's, led to social distress and even led to the deaths of poor Kandyan Sinha les a by Starwation as reported by he Mersieur - it also led to the sale of Some 9.1% of tho lots and 5.3% of the lands listed for the Island as a whold,
Awailable historical data suggests that between 1833 - 1930 som a two and half million a cres of Cro:Wm Lancis Wegre sold to priwa ta individuals. Tho impact of this arge Scale transfer of Crown Lands to privata parties, o Was particularly evident in certain Districts such as Kegalle and Nu Wara-Eliya. In tha Kegalle District with 836.6 sq.km. only 2430 ha. Werò a Wailable for Village expansion by 1943 where
11

Page 14
as the land needs was 2833 ha. of Crown Lands. By 1946, the highest percentage of landless agricultural families were reported from Nuwara-Eliya (41.8%), Matale (38,3%) and Ratnapura (32.2%). Tha Kandyan Peasantry Commission (1951) reported that irl Kot male for example 2723 out of 7504 peasant familias (or 36%) were completely landless.o In the Willages sur rounded by plantations, joint ownership patterns such as ta thurnaru beсапте спtrепched due to pressure of population on available land and whilst conceding that plantation agriculture developed on the tera-firma of colonial land policy ha Wing its own in harent merits, yet its many consequenCes were socially, politically adverse to the Kandyan people, It was John Davy who co
Terted that -
'the history of British rule in Sri Lanka after the 1818 Tabellion cannot be related without shame, Nome of the members of the leading families in the Kandyan country have sur wiwgd. Small-pox and priwations have destroyed those Spared by the gun and the sword. The descendents of the low or social classes bacame a pathetic and lethargic".
This is why some British Gower nors like Sir Henry Ward even under guilt feeling Wrote as far back as 1856.
"It is only by extending to native interests, the same attention and encouragament that we pay to those of our countrymen that We shall ever realise the benefits that ought to be da rived from British FU || B. ..."12
The plights of the Kandyans werie voiced in the Mlatio II a | Stil ta Assembly by Messrs. R. Pramadasa, M. P., Sunderalingam, 13 M. P., A. C. M. Kaleel, M. P. C. A. L. Marikkar, 14 M. P., and Dinesh Gunawardene. It was then Minister of Agriculture and Lands Ho, Hector Kobbakaduwa 15 who voiced that:
"Let us examine, Mr. Speaker, the social impact of these
12
plantation raյ To the peas of the Whit neighbourhoo quake in his era of living E hopes, The
5ed Tt Of the bits of many E with gates a with guns : with bases White Sahib and acted O the king c: Ha dellied villager, and tres pa 55ed W most bruta p ETTE TIL STW beck and trembled in hi
So after nea reform law w Lanka governm homa land and to the Sri Lal tiопs Corporatit D. B. to manag Plan for Mana tad by late | Si Iwā, 17 as the tation Industrie existing Agency a gement to Ha but privately m Se C tOT. DIE to: and partly mar encies of state agement organ
A number of foreign corpo agencies is r submitted preplications for 22 new planta be established plantation re-st of the governi Cations Hawe 449 estates C. by the JEDB total cultivatior estates is to a res. TheSa E divided and we E3 TITTE Tt 0'W) the manageme рапies are to to the privat Indian, British Hongkong com for these est:

in this country. rht the presert Ce H. Sahib ilı - İliS was an earthlife. It was an orrors and buried g5tate5 in thn Ð village beca me ngland. Secured ld fences, armed ind bullets and ind whips, the became a king the axim that do no Wrong.
access to the anyone who as inflicted the Jinishment, GOWarts were at his cal and they S présence."
| y 140 years land asted in the Sri Ent the Kantlyan they were given ka State Plantaand the J. E. ge, in Spité of a gement formulaDr. Covil R. de Milis ter Of P|H 1s using the the v House and ManWè a state o Wed апаged plaпtatioп high overheads a gement in effici - plantations manizatic I15.
local companies “ate management eported to have -qualification ap - management of tion companies to
ir ti lē ructuring a policy ment. Pra-quålifibgen că Ilad for Trently managed artid SLS PC. The 1 a Creage of thease Lil 300,000 hectstāts ār to bē Stad with 22 go W = dחarlies Hנן וחסנו d) of these ComI be la rided Over a sector. Several I, Malaysian and panias are bidding ates. 10% of the
ownership of these companies ara to be given to Workers frede of charge, Tha actual Customary owners of the land in their own homeland - the Kandyan peasantry has na stake in these companies. Others who gained citizenship the other day will Bengif it from their lands. Although it is claimed that an inwestet of Rs. 6460 Million. (from 1878-1939) was made in plantations, not much benefits was reaped because of mismanagement and stata intervention machinery. Marginal decrease in production in ostates hawe occurred despita sa parata Statea Ministars for crops like cocoľut JEDB and SLSPC have massive debts and owes state Banks ower Rs. 5.5 Million. None of these in Westments hawa be fitted Kandyans in whose homeland lies those plantations. The high in Cid C3 Cof land lassass ir tha Kandyan a reas has not been resolwgd ewen under the Land Task Force. The Kandyans Hawe not only lost their lands, their distinct social grouping is no longer continued in census emUmerations and in the registration of births. Now, Gwen the chances they had to expand their villages and get land which belonged to their traditional homeland is prevented by the proposed plantation privatization schemes. No politician who claim to be a Kan dyam Sinhale se representing Kandyan areas fighting for the Kandya in Sinha lesa
cause spoke about the poor up-country peasantry, Whereas Tamils are fighting for their
homa land a gainst Sinhalese. Al | parties including Sinha lese are trying to find a solution to Tamil issue forgetting that the poor Simha lese peasantry who account for a majority base for power in the country have been treated unjustifiably historically and economically.
The Kandyan villagers should also get a minimum of 30% of shares in the proposed Companies free of charge like the way of 10%, is to be given to workers in plantations. If not, not so long, a radical novement might erupt in the plan

Page 15
tation a reas and creata a ne W situation in the la te nighties. All uneconomic estates should be alienated amongst workers and Sinhala Willagers with inWestors owning bought leafy later factories. New crops and QugrowEr models could be introduced Lising private firms to develop such lands. Over the next decade the plantations model Will have to radically change to meet the aspirations of the people who livia around them; if ignored, a dworse raper C Lussions Would be seam, There fora, it is time that tha plight of Kandyans are seriously examined and issues solved without much delay.
(The Wiews Gxpressed are per5Orä/ of fé älfsor Qf f/S
far MOttes
1 P. B. Sarasgala - Sinhala Sahitya
Wansaya p. 309-3II.
S. B. W. Wic Il Fili: || Kandyan King,
L. S. Dewa Taj Ki Ingli] lil bf Couls. I'll bJ0. 1972.
2 Prezo: 5 de til ILEI
1990 p. 4.
3. K. M. d: Si:
ISI.
4 J. R. Jayeward.
CII Ilie Approp
5 D. Westurlıp Tu sleg Lille P, Widly daıy;L JoLıI
5 G. H. Peirsis (1';
for Illations in S.L., A.S.,
7 M. P. Moore (1
ill Politics bridge Universi
8 J. R. Jayewardc.
9 B. H. Farmer.
gailt Ceilt.) Illigatit
Political. . .
* Cont Fr) red frarr; page) 70)
Although exact numbers aro not known, knowledgeable sourCas Eestima te that 114 persons disappeared in the south (18 in the last 5 months) and approximately 785 in the northeast (90 in the last 5 months), although опе kпоwledgeable sourca bglieves there may have been as many as 1,000 disappearances in one of three eastern districts alопе. Disappeага пces in the south Were attribu tad to se Curity forces, vigilantes who may bG tigd to Security for Gø5, and insurgent elements, but the de grad of responsibility for each group was not clear. In the northeast, government forces were judged responsible for the majority of 785 disappearances in 1991. Al - additioE II 300 persons believed captured by the LTTE in 1991 as remailed unaccounted for. Thoro were reports of the LTTE abducting persons in the northeast and holding thêm far Tansøm, lim a fe W CaSes, families have testified that JWP data ina es known to have been released never returned home, presumably be
t:äuse they wer known persons their release.
|rh the east, Iotable improve lity of hur Tiarnitar to visit detaile bar, the army іпрӀеппепt iп ATinesty Inter Tada til for r of family The Tiba area Tade, a CC go w 3 Trinta | Cor. SOUTCaS. In thi lines established and the milita girminated di S: data i E ES frol placed persons
As of Octob attorneys had b. suits (far fewer asking the produce missing ernsmelt 3. Luth Ori to respond with suits in northa but the Preverit Act (PTA) perm

kremistik:Ta - Social organization in the dail, 1951, p. 33.
a - The Kandyan Cicylon : 1707-1750.
d Commission — S.P.
- History (if Ceylan
*E!e — ( 1943), STt2echi Tiiti Bill (10.4.43).
Il 14 — 1959) Land
dily tax in Ceylon "|1:1|| "" til II:
8) Agrarian TransBritish Sri Lanka.
385) State and Peif Sri Lanki. Calty Press,
nie (1943} (op. cit.
1957) Poleer Pein in Ceylon.
10 A. Ab cysinghe - from Ancient Land
Tenure to Modern Land Reform W. T.
11 John Davy. (1821 - An Account
of the Interior of Ccylol, London. Long Till T.
12 Sir Henry Ward (858). The Second
Minute on the Easter Province,
13 HISET-17. E, 2. C1 258.
14 Hallsari –4, 3, 5, Ibid.
15 Halmgard Parliament Colul III 1049
153. Dece 1991.
15 National Statg Assembly — Land Reso Fill official Tepcor. W kl. 15 Nc3, 10 Part I... I (O. 10.75 p. 1455.
17 A. Abeysinghe (1979) -- Land TenLL LLLL SLSLLLLaL LLLLLaLLLHHHSLLLLLSLLLLCHaaaLS Wol. II.
18. The Sunday Observer, Jan, 12, 1992,
Page 24.
19 Proceeding of the Parliament de
bate, 4 December, 1991.
00 LCHHLL S LL LL LLLL CLLLHHLLLLLLLLL
— 1937 p. 159 (piral 8, 20).
a killed by unor forces after
there was a ment in the abiIan organisations es. By De cert1häd begu to so the cases the 1 Etiola I TE COTTapid notification ters when arrest) Jrding to nons ganization (NGO-LIiti3[ ,וrtfסח 3 betwee TI NGO's ry have almost appearances of CampS for disthe re.
Ir. Sri Lanka ro Light 20 Ian W -
tham in 1990), Gwere to | por sons, Gow - ties are required in då y 5 to such circumstances
io of Terrorist its a 12-month
de la W. The Government Contimues to Claim that falsa la mes given to conceal identity and
the possible departure from the country of Finan y detaine es complicate the process of accounting for dis appeared persons.
In January the President appointed a commission to inquire into allegations of abductions and disappearances occuring after January 11, 1991, the identity of those responsible, and tha whereabouts of the missing people. The Commission
Was als0 campo Wered to report O In legi I m 3 dSLI TaS to bo3 takbar
aga il St perpetra tors and lo a Ssess current law relating to the problem and remedia measures necessary to de ter futura incidem ts. A C Cording to government
Sources, as of October the Commission had 195 CaSaS bgfOTo it and in the COLIrse Of
its Work had IOCated 25 pgr5O115
whom family members had re
ported missing.
(АллчаІ Sг тfе Перг Repргг.)
13

Page 16
New World Order
Narasimha Rao'
he Summit Meating of the Security Council which
attended two days ago enabled leaders from all parts of the World to take stock of the breath-taking changas that are taking placa im the World aro IIrd us. While we may have had differing perceptions about these Chaiges and differert ideais on What the new structure of int Girmatia | f : la Lios should bb, W3 W a Ta Lited im LIT CO II wii:- tion that the cha||enges wa face require much closer international C[]{][][? Tatia Tĩ thãm hä5 heeft thẽ case so far, We also agreed that the United Nations will Fha WC to pola y an Erilları Ced role i the main tanın Cg of international peace and security, which is another way of saying that there must be greater international cooperation.
The theme of this polen ar y meeting is "Global Cooperation and Mega Competition'. I understand this to mean that in the world today there is greater econotic competition but also the need for greater cooperation amongst nations.
In answer to the relevant issues raised by Prof. Klaus Schwab, I Will try and structure my presentation to first II y look at the evolving international situation in both its positive and negative aspects and then try and project to you how India se es its own role in this changing scenario. I will also deal with the economic reform process that India is currently engaged in and also consider the outlook for the future. (1) International Situatio:
There are both negative and positive aspects to these changes: On the positive side: (a) The acute threat of a nuclear holocaust as a result of mouri ting Confrontation between
two riwal military al lian cgs has receded.
"" (Porfirye Mffr fs fer Ra's Speech får rhe
Forld Ecgridre Farr, Darts)
14
(b) End of the changed the si regional issues Overlaid by Com West rivalry,
(c) The massi popular will at has brought der rčSBritative govo väst majority oli Old Dora tained COpUls universa || Wālidit Over the de Cade that this has long time.
(d) A new and tunity is row E tids of thg WC a II E: W StrLIC tLI PË relation, in a hibited atmosph OW L IS 1+ r ii 1 E is equitable, de ponsive to the rity as they ar of the ggr) Lurd. an opportunity a ger Line i SySt E security based rol of thi 3 UT1 i
On the negativ
(a) Despite the War and of t between riwa IT nuclear weapon: pois Of Ta SS remain in subs There is an att tuate these arsi is of a few ci tify this on the need for 'polici Cept of Dolici failsafe and may productive in Besides, O C -- Ti East-West Col transformed int( North-South Cir
(b) The break-u So wiat Unio F resurgen CF of
sub-nationalistic ral parts of th ha5 happend r

Cold War hig tuation vulgrein are no longer pulsions of East
we upsurge of cross the globe mocracy and repTE} t S to the peoples of the cy has thus atiwe and äl most y, Looking back S. Old Carl lot appended after a
historic oppor|vailable to rarid to bring about I of international free and LIrlinIeTe. They cal structure which Inoratic and resneeds of hunae actually found There is now LČ) put i rito pola Ce of collective In a more active t M. I t if1 S.
a side :
end of the Cold it confrontation тilitary alliances, s and other weade 5 trictio Sti|| tid Titia | Tu Tibors. ampt to per J Enals in the hanLIntries who jusa basis of the ng'. The cong is not quita b) a CO 1169 COL! I'll t{2r
th a long TLIn, ust guard against frontation being з а пвw typв of
frota til.
3 of the erstwhile as led to the ationalisti: ad
trids ir SEWEle World. This mostly in a reas
ܗ
where the safety waive of democracy Was mot so far availabla, This would perhaps indica ta ome aspect of the efficacy of Democracy in diffusing tensions arisiring out of plurality. What the world has scrupulously avoided is the temptation to encourage [EndEII: Es ||H CHIl ||Edd to t:305 and confusion, political instabi
ity and economic crisis.
(C). There is a dan ger of a new ideologi CH || Orthodoxy replacing the old, imposing on Our minds and prescribing rigid pre-determined models for vastly different situations. We accept the need for a Tuch Wider role for the 'market' principle: and thara should be a congerial environment for entrepreng Lurship; and there should be fewer controls on a conomic activity. Neverthe less, for countries where pOverty and destitution are përVälisive, the Stätte Carlot absolwe itself of the responsibility to involve itself in ecoloric desision naking. It has to accept the responsibility to ensure a Thirihir Ili al digg ree of socia | Weifare to its people. There ara also cultural differences along nation S. In our Society for exampl3, an indiwidual is ilin portart, but at the sama tirile there is a strong sense of Coin unity interest as well. In | dia the cohesitor of the family, the community and the vilāg īs arī ir rtā Vālē. This is often regarded as charactaristic of a bäck Ward kild of Country, but this is tot really so. The Condi LiCS are so different. It is, the refore, necessary to allow nations and Sieties to de terring the ir. O specific socio-political and a co10 TiC system Ewen While asserting the Universal values of der Cracy and Hu Tallis ad acknowledging the greater efficiency of the market principle in most for is of economic activity.
(d) We are concerned that the now wave of democracy that

Page 17
has triumphed in many parts of the World and the lessening of international Lensions, Wi|| || Ot b5 Sustaired if sufficient attertion is not paid to development, Authoritarian is feeds or econdmic discontent; the foot soldiers of fascis are drawn from the ranks of the desperate and dispossessed. The democratic spirit is an Uniwersa val Le and aspiration, but strong and enduring political institutions are required to nurture and sustain this spirit. Economic crisis and social tersi com cannot provided the en wironment reeded for such institution building. Development, the refore, beco Tes a precoddition for sustaining democracy. It is in our own interest as democracies to keep development at the very Centre of international concern and cooperation.
It is not safe to assume that development will automatically follow democracy. This combination has to be consciously
worked for and brought, about.
HOW does Indiä Wigw théâSé changes in the World and what does it see as its own role in a changing international situatitյm?
India is a self-confident democracy. The Indian mind is deTocratically oriented through arid through. It has a combination of individual is and collective wisdom in action, which has been demonstrated for thousands of years. Whether it was a non ardh or an Emperior at the top, the Indian Society did not a ||low its de Tlocracy and har - mor y down the centuries. Social life was ano y nous, at the same time autonomous. That has given us te a 55urance manifested iп ошr тереated dвmonstration of an a bility to absorb shocks and crisis and ernerge with our polical institutions and Committent to deriloCracy ewer Stronger. Ours is an evolving and dynamic society. Conflict and tensions are inevitable in process of social and
economic development. They ar a also the prima mowers of Change and adaptation, What
is important is that our dam ocratic: institutio 15 h 3 We been a tota
to Contain suc provide the Illa solution throug
TOCESS,
India is als success story W haps gen Grally forty years of . Thert, India ha: de welop its ag extent thät it i: SLufficielt i fic: growing popula rT1 o)(dc3st SLI rpo|LIS Wherı you COr has a populatio people, that is ment, althoւյgh mists may not and in any awa||
tot 3 LETH:t HSG
fil LI r - Plari hHS HSG Hr OLIg a highly dive Stor. Tg C än impressiwa skilled and exp fj : d t} Chiri sold of Wor fine job for th: pā mias repres E3 the Incidiaith (3 CC), ned a degree sophistication,
Takes it reas Յvarl Edgar tg |enga of the ir ket place.
The есопогтлit ir dia TLs this background liberalization pr gical Contin Läti tegy of devel
by India. It is Sary to take | and higher it The decisions Wel Considere
will continue a po T e Cisely be Cau ground I haw g ar Evolution, | [India Flava a CCE geS 35 19: Essai|| of the Parliame in November li all doubts on
An India wh ful democracy truly dynamic a

sh conflicts and as for their regh thẽ pplitical
o an economic hich is nat parrealised. I thig planned clevelops beer a ble to riculture to the s not only selfiod for its fast tion, but has a in most years. sidar that dia
fi 84 O Ti || || leal ChiVeים חם:w Etםhighbr acknowledge it nt, SLI (:(: eoss does TIL JCF att til ned davalopment it ito axistangg rsified industrial o Lu I tr w mow lil FIS Corps of highly it rig Cod Scinti|is: ai || 1ä To War, in ara rlding a iny of the Comted here. Today nomy has at taiof maturity and which naturally dy, willing and accept the chalteratioria | Tar
: reform process be se en against ... The economic ocess is the loII of the Stratedנןםt adחHוחקס a proCESS ng CeSոtlia to a m EW a wel of growth. We took Were ... The process I d is irra Wersibble S3 Cof the backexplained. It is The people of apted these Chariry and the Tes||LS 1 tary by-elections 1st year, removed that score.
ich is a SLCCBS5as well as a rid outward look
ing e Corno T1 y can play a significant role in this new and changing World Order. With its Vast and growing market India сап become a powerfшI апgiпе for the growth of the Asian as Well as the global economy. This is of great significance at a time when growth in severao developed есопomics appears te be de celeration and access to their markets is becoming mor| difficult. An economically dynasilic and politically stable India, by itself, is an important masSag to the Contemporary World.
What do | foregee as the Chall Griges å head for Indial and there are many. I have deep, faith in the wisdom of our people and their passionate at
tachment to the unity of India as well as to democracy. The
Indian polity does face challenges from tarroris T1, religious funda = Ten tidlism and Separatist tel - idencies. Howeygr, the Se cha llanges hawe not o war Wilhelmed the Country and our political institutions have demonstrated sufficient flexibility and capacity for innovation to meet these challenges,
The economic reform programme will continue and in fact should accelera ta, In the short
run, of course, there will be constraints on account of an inadequata infrastructure, the
continuing high rate of growth of population and slow progress in eradication of power ty, illiteracy and disease. The Govern
ment Will undoubtedly shift its focus from direct economic
activity to remowing thase major
CO list fair its on our growth. We ärg Confident of success bacause
inida is politically stable, has rich reas our Ces and managerial and entrepreneurial skills Comparable to the best in the world. | believe that your partnership with India in its march towards development would be mutually Te Wafding.
15

Page 18
Ve. Se TVC. 33 C
th smile t
WI
581131 cor yi
Call Air Lanka at 421161,
 

ARLAN KA*
If's II fasle of Prfarlig
ur Travel Agent for Further inforiilation.

Page 19
Part (3)
Buddhaputra and Bhum
Sarath Amun ugama
Maw comercial banks, hotes for tourists, newspaper advertiSeTTELS, ar TW CT1, Tercials depict a new economic orianta tio. The Consumerism that has been established goes beyond meeting day to da y needs and tries to enslave the Thind,..., DOLUB to this strateg}''' the cities will prosper while villages suffer. This new mentality being entrenched in our Society is foreign to us. Short cuts, profit motive, antrepreпeurship, selfish less, curling and instant gratification are its characteristics. IF
Many of the monks who were later to form the MSW at tempted t0 protest against this gró Wing Consumerism. The government broke Lip mamy of these meetIIIl-S.
With the spread ethnic violence monks were drawn more forcefully into the arena of political agitation. From the beginning they Were recko nad by government as a CtOS in the da Ta. Parathasarathy, foreign policy advisor to Indira Gandhi, was requested to discuss his proposals for ethnic peace with senior monks. "They are my Parathasarathy's said Jayewardene, thereby legitimizing the monks' role as advisors on the ethnic issue, Monks War3 in thig forefront of der monstrations against Indian inter Vention, aftan in Co||usiom With government authorities.
However, once they perceived the Jayewardene government as "unreliable", they began to follow a more independent course, particulary by establishing the MSW. Whii || Loth the UNP and SLFP Ware prëDarëd to LISo thea monks, it was the JWP - tha Sinhala based revolutionary party that raised thair sociāli rol t) new intensity. In the case of JWP there was no ambiguity
15 WFryda 18, November 1988, p. 25.
regarding tha m like senior Tonk eed for both sel the discharging por sibilities, JW a premium On th The JWP sang ha i the first gro Lupit participata in parada. About a monks clad in Säffron red TobE the bald O' BF ikku Front. F Special role To oned in the pat ԷյցՒ1|Tlt] լից ԱWF Later monk5 par! in all JWP spons: tions.
After the signi and the launch insurrection the
and above a cry. University : "Motherland first,
35 thair battle to boycott cla: SCHI | Childre
slogan to "Mothe second". While presented their
first Piri
The 1980s the politicization of What started as 1940s had now All Sinhala-base ha We Establised zations among th compete for mon fEring materia bi residerices, Mer trips abroad, sta
i COrlStriu Cti Piriwelas arid Luri recruitment cer for different II Tha Ethic C an opportunity to openly eng and politi Call it was presenta of national conce regarding their

miputra ?
Oks' role. Uris recognized the lf-realization and Of Socia resks plat:Bחסוח P eir political role. orgnalization was ng of monks to a May day thousand young their disti; tiwa is walked Linder f the Soçi | i St ecognizing their Tiksi Were positi'ade iT1TEdiately top Leadership. ticipated er irrass Or Bd dem OI1strà
ng of the Accord ing of the JWP slogan 'Motherecame the battle students adopted da gree Second" cry and began G5 -es. Se Conda y a manded the Irland first, school nksם וח שחuסW wers is: Mother
a Second".
in see the rapid Sinhala sang ha. s a trice il the becomia a flod. d political parties
SU pop(ort orgarıi - e Sangha. They ks' favours by ofBrefits — officia | Cedės Banz Cars, tsחgוחtחdiנ]]e a .f tEmplesם חב iversities becama i tres of Toks Jolitical parties. onflict provided
for the monks age in social
Fçtivity Sin Ca d as a probler rn. Army de Libt5
pro per role had
to be suppressed in a time of crisis. This approach was taken to its logical extreme, as We sha II 5ge la ter irh this eS5Fa 'y, b'y th - JWF Whlich began to wiew the Tork as Tot har foot Soldigt in the revolutionary struggle.
Monks Against 'Catholic Action -
Another Source of insecurity for modern Tonk is the growth of rival religions, The SLFP is usually identified as a defender of Buddhism against the intrusions of other religions. It checked " Catilitյlit at tion" in th a 19508, took DVer der 10minationä| SchQ Ols evicted catholic nursing nuns, provided Buddhist preachers more tirtig (Wer nationa | Irădio and secured employment in the higher eache los of the administration and armed services for mora Buddhists. It also singled out Buddhism for special status in its 1972 CD 15 tit LI tidl.
The UNP, on the other hand, drawing more support from minoritics, including a Roman Catholic block vote, is more SLI Spect. The dragging out of the ethnic war led to the suspicion that the government was unwilling to go all out militarily against the Tamil guerrillas. Thase fears Were compounded when publicity was given in Sinhala media to the involvement of the Catholic Church which provided shelter to the guarrillas, operating in
Catholic-dominated a reas like Mannar. The trial of a Tamil priest Father Singaraiya and
other priests accused of aiding tha guerri Illas, the the sta termants of Rev. Deogupillai, Bishop of Jaffa ad tha Lu Tiber Of Cotholics among the guerrillas were closely monitored by Buddh ist monks. 16
Intarnational conspiriä tors hawƏ urged the Catholic Church to enter remote villages of
16 Wii B, NOW ember 1988, p. 11
17

Page 20
the Very poor. A dangerous le pard has dofn ned the Whita Cas Stock to Convert impower ished Buddhist willaggs to Catholicism. This is only first step on the road to Eelam. Those lay Buddhists who used to visit the temple to attend to sięËds of monks hawa no W fallen before the church and make the sign of the cross. 17
Ulike tit 1950S WHE I Buddhist leaders complained of the influence of Catholic action" in the higher strata of government, the present threat is perceived from young Catholic priests who are adhere its of 'Liberation. Theology'. They live with the poor and in the pours uit of their Congregational tasks become a direct rival of the socially oriented monk. What amounts to a case study of such an encounter is found in a article by Tira nagama Ratasara, a well known Buddhist monk. Ratnasara describas his experiences with a "liberated Catholic priest in the Angurukoawawa village in the deep South. The priest lives in a poor Tal's house ad rides a bi Cy C | 3. He teaches in the village school "Where when he arrives the children welcowe him with joy" He brings clothes, milk foods, medicine, and chicken coops to the village. Once a week a Bting of Christia WOLIth ära
held. 18. When a Buddhist tampe is built the "father is the first to offer flowers. The
article ends on a pessimisic note,
Today, with Angumu kola wewa as its headquarters about twenty willages in the area aro being 'developed" by Catholics.
This is a 'religious hunt" for O OUT TLIFE Eopole. Ca a II this lead to peace in the Country?
On the Use of Violence
Though Buddhist doctrine prescribas a fi fr77 să ad Buddhist social practice bears its influence We see merous instances of dilem mas Created by this
17 Vonswiss 18. NwEmbar 1983, p. 12. 18 Vilni vida, 18, November 1988, p. 26.
18
teaching. The
the needs of th eties. The cli the di ETT Tld of
The decisio
to take to wi strLiggle for a se induction of in island, and the WP LO LSE "FE ece" created ing degree — fic: Let us examine i Fach of the the case of the Effect Silhala, a guerrillas the st supported it will servation. (The tions — (a) tho: th, 3 Eth Ord (3r lan [..
| ali TT || ||
as thg Sa arra B (b) those who Marxist Orielted those associate da ya TOW em Eit.
small both in influence.) Uпli! PLI lingu rata Wh
Wah Walsa att the Conscien C2 0 refusing to grant tē slai. Dāris at tempted to rasi by making a dis of Violet Tamil
ent Tali | Teb argument that ! ":5 S, tur
by highlighting
of Eelam. A5 Pg sing tha MSW "Militancy is a in the language ( ism) and in its picion (Conspiral all in the text c the argum Ent against the "co are a dited W. the country on
This approa Buddhist perspe vida Which Cor gendered by C the experience
13 S.J. Tambiah, M זה נוסחו פח r IHםWW bridge Universit
20 Gä na naith ObeyE
FT Cart riser : Siti: il:im tist3 Assi

LGISiOn E) ë (Weën a Buddhist SOCiassic: irista rice IIS
DLitugern Linu.29
of Tamil youth C|er). Ce in their para Le state, te lian troops to the decision of the wolution ar y wio - item mes of WaryIr Silääks. their responses Se instancas. In 3 Sri Lalka, in rmy kill ing Tamil ajority of monks hout Sario US re
rв Mere excep32 W HO || Weri 01 5 betWggn Silareas organized 'kisir Paola rar77a, Supported the parties and (c) with the SarwoBut they were nuber aid in חחטk frחטחB thB r& o, according to empted to save f Dutugemuiu by “hUmän“ StätL15 ts) Si Hala, moriks olwa tha dilemma til Ctilor bogt Weari people) and violEËIS. Th3 Tari he Sin lä |ESe are 2d against them the racial basis ter Schalk, analy - manifests puts it, wident not only murdering Eelamaggressive suscies), but above onsciously turns of being racist spirators' Who anting to divida a racial basis".
h is given a ctive in the WrftrĒStS ra CiS - olonialism with
of Asoka
ord Conterior ard gr, LOITclOI CTy Pruss, 1976, p. 17. Isokoro, Madrifforts
: Շքltimեք, 5 Լյt:ia! iation, 1988.
History has cursed us with Colonialism which changed our historic path. Today our people are paying for this diversion in blood and rb Lillets. Tost who fight for barren earth are nothing but savages. Arhat Mahida's father, the King Asoka cho SE D härma Wijaya because he realized the futility of fighting for land. It being so, we are compelled to characterize those who do not live together but quibble about historic homelands aid thereby break up their not har land, as Well as th OSe Who g UCourage th[]m, as sawaggs,*"
The epithet 'sawage" (177/ecca) resolates With anti-Buddhist cornotations in the Pali chronicles. For the Tonks there were inmadja te reasons for such a usage. They had special reason to fear Tamil attacks. Tamil guerrilas appear to have singled monks out for pulishment. The temple at Nagadipa was attacked and Buddhist monks out for punish ment. The temple at Naga dipa was attacked ald Buddhist monks Wara lewicted. Others f lead from temples in the North and East. Even those in the border areas Were in danger. Tamil guerrillas injured and killed over a hundred Worshippers at the Sacred Bo tree in An Lura dhapura. Am attack on the Temple of the Tooth was anticipated. A busload of monks. returning from a pilgrimage, were brutally murdered at Araria awa, leading to a joint appeal to go Warn ment by the Mahaharayakes së eking military protection for the Sangha. Madulu wawe Sobhita Writes of the insecurities of the sangha,
Today, the Buddhist monk is assailed from every side. In the North and East Tami terrorists have flattenad Buddhist temples. A faw days ago terrrists atta: kad the Trikāmadu for est hormitage, killed the monk there and offered his flesh as alms to the Bud. da, The massacre of Bhikkus at Asia 7ťa sa Wa is un precedanted in history... The heart of Sinhala Buddis is the Sacred
21 Wirsyssa 14. Juns 1388 p. 1

Page 21
Bo tree. The assacre at this gitte ha || C. Wed for "th o Lusands of years, is an attack on all Buddhists. The Sacred sita which is usually bated in in cense and Water was bathed in bood.22
The characterization of Tamil rebels as "recas' helped the Toks to exterid their på tronage to the arried services. Military commanders, after assuming office, worshipped at the Temple of the Tooth and met the Mahamaya kes of Asgiriya and Malwatta to obtain their blessings. Bodhi Pujas were held in leading temples to seek the blessing of gods in ensuring the safety and success of military perSon| || Morks Officiated at militär y function and the central army Canton ment at Panagoda sa W the erection of an impre35 siWeo 'chaft ya" (pagoda).
Though the induction of Indian troops (IPKF) helped Sinhalase troops first by en forcinga Ceä Sefire, and later taking over the fight with the Tamil guerillas, Buddhist IT (OkS Wgro ree | Loctant to recognize this development as they strongly opposed the Indo-Lanka Accord. Also the terror tactics of the JWP prevented any favourable, or even objective, assessment of the Indian COntribution. ThUS the fOCLIS Wa5 placed on the misdemeanours of the Indians and their alleged Conti LI ing links With the gueril5. Madu veiva Sobitā tāks such an approach:
Te months ago Indiam troop5 were inducted here saying peace Would come in Sevenlytwo hours. We Kuo W that the Sinhalese of Trinconaled Stayad or i1 their lands even a midst great difficulties and threats front terrorist S. The |PKF Cam B to disa rm the Tarti i terrorists. But il addition to giftig fifty |akhs of rupe es (to the Tamil administration) the joined hands with the Tigers and have now began to exterminate the remaining Sinhalese and their monks in places like TrincormmHIgE 23
22 winiwida 13 May 1938, p. 15 23 W ir i'w fada 13, May 1383 p. 15
The wict , Sed il the SOL security forces groups on the ted major probl: gha. While thi find a broad Co wiews regarding
did the IPKF, t violence to th9
Titi C.
We can ex at in terms of (a) tha JWP, (b) i the UNIP regi T1 in perceptiоп о Sangha hierarch Toks and til Eta y squads".
The Mols a
The JWP is party which dra: ship from rural It has la Lu n c:hed On the Statë ty 1987-89) withou Sekirë's obser WE the social Com JMF in 1971 5
In the first pl ment is un q. of the youth
añt th[]'s G Wựh cipated in it
any males, . information a the Overwhe suspected ins L la Buddi5 t
Hg Concludes las to wig W 1h - Si 11 al Bud spearheaded by COLIIl try.
Of all the Sr cal parties, it W Set Out delibera ta Oks s group. This de the party's erTıp as opposed to t ÉS th: TT Dit OT kar revolution. upon universtie: recruitm:1 t. Fi
reaSOS, YOU Flg had come to c ficant proportio sity population.

which was unlBath by the JWP and wigilanta յther hand, Crea315 for the Sana monks could insensus in their Tamil sa paratists he extension of South Wa 5 tra U
iring the di lamm
the Toks ad :HB Toks ili 2, (c) differences f widence in the y and (d) tha vigilantes or "deth
und the JVP
a revolutionary Ws its memberSinha a youth, armed attacks wice (1971 and it success. Obeye1. tions Tegarding positio of the till holds good.
act the Towe - ivocally a revolt of the co III try, o actively partiWerg predonithe statistical so reveals that ing majority of ir gan tS WETE SİT
that on a simply 2 insurgency as dlist movement the youth of the
i Lankan politiWäS -- tha JWP that itely to mobilize a wital support cision reflected hasis on youth, he working class, of the Sri LanThey looked S as C en tres of or a variety of Buddhist Tonks onstitute a sign iof the univerThe egalitarian,
'Sinhala buddhist" ideology of tha JWP appealed to the young monks. Referring to the 1971 insurgency, A. C. Alles states that Buddhist temples were used for concea linent of arms and ammunition, as hiding places for members of the movement, and as OLItposts of the JWP. Members were posted to abandoned Buddhisit te Tipolas to do propaganda work a Thong willagers. The decision to launch an attack on the government forces in 1971 Was taker i a Bhikku HOSta I of a LI rn iwersity.
Though the monks did play a important rola in 1971, it was in the la ta 1980s that they bgca ng Crucial to to WP. Tha JWP was prosclibed by the gowern
ment following the anti-Tamil riots of 1983. While the top |E adership wErt und erground" they maintained their strength through 'front' organization 5. Three key "fronts" of the JWP
Warg (a) Luniversity and Senior college students, (b) Buddhist monks and (c) Women. Each of these fronts; had its distinctive Constitution, office bearers, bu diget and publications.
Organization—wis a tha JWP had
th1reBa dBib qr tm13m ts, (a) Za ra/ orga irriza t iiiJ r 75 - th E COLLI r t r W Was divided in to five zones, i.e.
(1) Western and Sabaragamuwa,
(2) Central; (3) Rajarata; (4) Uva and Eastern; (5) South. Each of these zones' Ware subdiwi
ded in to districts and subdistricts. CB ritra | Commit tga member S Wera in charge of each district, while each zone had two high level party leaders as political and military secretaries respectively.- (b) Vationa Čom Trees on education, finance, military organiza tion and propaganda, (C) froff Cargā ir izatio ris, i.a. the thre mëntiom god garliero as well as "fronts" for Workers and y OLIth.
If W e takc3 the morı ks orga rnization for detailed scrutiny we find that Fach of the territorial divisions - zone, district and subdistrict, häid är bra rich of the JWP Bhikku organization. Thus it could be called the most cortprehensiva "non forma l' Sangha grouping outside the traditional Sangha hierarchy, based on NF
19

Page 22
kaya. The JWP organization Was radical in that it cross cut Wikaya differences by establishing itself as a Tri-Nikayika (3 sect) organization throughout the country. Monks from all sects were free to join.
The importance attached by thea JWP to its monks organization can be gauged by the fact that it was placed in charge of a top leader D. M. Ananda (alias Disama yake Mudiyan selagė Måndasena), generally reckioned to be the No.3 in the JWP hierarchy, after the leader Rohana Wijeweera and Genral secretary Upathissa Gamanayake. The following description of Ananda's career highlights the various strands of of support which gave the JVP its strength,
A native of Wariya pola. 35 years of age. He graduated in Arts from the University of Kelaniya il 1980. HÊ Was a Buddhist monk when he entered the Uniwersity, but gawe up robes in his final year. Thg gader of the Socialist St Lident5 Urniorn i a t i Kelarni ya Uni - versity and the Secretary of the inter University Students Federation. He was the organizer of the countrywide protest against the proposed white paper on education in 1981. Till the proscription of thig, party he was tha presidet of the Socialist Studiats Union of the JVP. His importance increased tremendously in the years following the poroscription and while functionally the Tost important marii iirii the organization, he was in the eyes of his party Comrades, No.3 in the organization...?"
While the monks were deployed for JWP propaganda, they were particularly useful in agitation on special issues which tendered to give he party a good image a log the youth. Monks Were in the forefront of agitation against the White Papër on Education, the privatization of tha Medical College, Piriven a reform and tha Indo-Lanka accord. They a|so participàted in student a gi
24 է: A, Chandreprema, Profiles Of IEE des", i Maria, 5 FET y 1990).
2O
tation for highe University schol higher Salaries teachers and O
id for tha hi general elections also used as Co temples and ur Fl Ostels WW 3T LIS Se:S.?5
However, JWP fOltEd vi a when their parti path of 'revo ulti Thara is Somes H deliberately by ding the usa o ti CL || Sri’y tha ; politica | Oppone
Tielt officia || S. JWP leader, tool tion that the J gage in ViolenCE the Desharer
ārāy DJ W) v
lot the arme JMWP. YLI Sk tids Egtvny SSI) is? AG får as
g, D.J W S organization. bars of the J non-members i that Som EJ || UNP the SLFP who are aga iri Wadiimg a rm against the of the Indiam ist the Tari | who are agai
Wing Sri Larıl the . Ther ger O East, who a
second Kardyi Rajiv Gandhia who are agai councils and Want Sri Lanki Sikkim, Brea a
In reality the da Cisions of to tions of thB pa | appropria te Täti Siðfia | Cor SubThis was know of JWP Sangh
Ac Alles insurg. Cor. El Apoth" р, 597
26 Sri La fika Sering
y El TELET 1988,

r pay Tets to larship holders,
for university the employees lding of early i. Moks Wer5 Luriers and many liversity Bhikku ad as Safe-hou
Tok S WETE CO1major di lemma decided of the ion ar y wicolen Ca". mbiguity created tha JWP - r + Järf Violвпce, рагassassination of ints and go WernWijaweera, the k up the posiWP did Ilot Bl. That Was the Јалтаѓha l’їуаhic la said W3S
division of the ựựFlat thế: {{{h Titat:- the DJW and JWP We Bre Were TESS peopleS There ar a memWP, as well as it. We believe embers of the and other groups, inst the Indian lies, who are fifth Columnists $, who are agaEelam terrorists, st India SwalloKa, Who opp)()5 E3 f the North Eld re against the a convention of по Jayewardепе. nst the provincial who do not A to DB ant Er Sib ir tie DJW 23
DJV CHIritat. Cut RE: political saCrty takan at tha zra, dividivisional level. in to the leaders 1a Organization,
, טנbוחt:y 7577, Cityldח? IỆC:tä ries Ltd., 1975,
lay fries, 13 No
though it is quite likely that the general membership accepted tha official party wiew. The JWP's Commitment to the DJ W. however, was now or in doubt.
How did the Toks react? HBrB wé m Lust also Edd arl Oth Br dimension to this question. While tha DJWW JWP did Carry out assassinations of its opponents, it claimed that it was only reacting to state violence.
When the public protested peacefully against the Jayewardene-Gandhi pact of betrayal, 142 people were shot. It is it is situation that the DJW Was born on ä Solid founda tion... It Can Callad the Thorn 0po - Iy tha t Mr. Ja yeWardene and the Idir fifth Co||LIFists hald O the use of Wiolence."
It is correct that UNP "Workers' attacked the MSW during the signing of the Indo-Lanka ACcord leading the JWPWDJW toWards Counter violence. Yet mamy of the organizations in the MSW began to rethink their positions once the JWP began to dominate the anti-Accord opposition and, more significantly, began using widespread terror and wio Hemica. Th 3 major politi = cal organizations – SLFP, MWP and the Sinhala Bala Mandalaya
distä Cad thamise | WEES from the MSW, SO did its Chief 101 kS, particularly the Maha na yake of
As giriya, Palipa na Chandananda. About this time the eactions for Presidert Were anno Un Cgd, The SLFP candidate Mrs. Bar
da rämäike, issued her manifesto. With the support of ethnic Tiritieg i Tid that SLFP
pledged to establish two provinGia Councils in the East - One for the Tails and another for the Muslim S. This Tai Sed a storm of protest. The SLFP which opposed the creation of even a singla provincial CO Un Cill in the East, ựựh am thE. W. WEfB in tha MSW, WựerĒ TO W going even beyond the Accord by agreeing to create two provincial Councils. Gamini riya gole, President of the Theosophical Society ad a lliwg wira of the MSW, openly repudiated the SLFP and
27 Wije weer a, Sri Lanka Surday Tir7FF,
13. NWE IIHFr 1983.

Page 23
threw his weight behind the UNP Cyril Mathew another MSW
hero, went further. A special Hall". ha said, "Should be inVented for Mrs. Bandaranaike
and the SLFP for the betrayal of Sinhala BLIddhists".
The withdrawal of the senior Toks from the SMW |gft the JWP monks in a quandary. They COLI d Cot repudiad te the wicience of the JWPWDJ.W. On the other hard, their Serior Tornlks did not come to their rescue. In this situation the JWP monks reacted to the impasse in seweral Ways:
(a) allowed tha JWP to assa SSinata Senior Toks who were supportars of
the UNP or Left Parties.
pressured senior monks in their temples, regional orgaizatins and Kara kā 5ā - awa's to desist from supporting the UNP or SLFP,
Criticized serior Toks Who did not support the WP.
organized a national and in
ternational campaign against at täcks O JWP Tonks,
(b)
(c)
(d)
The assassination of senior monks including Pohaddaramu||e Femaloka (patron, S, KP), Thãmbu gala Sumang siri, We || a tota Pannadassi and Kotika Watte Saddhatissa and many leading priests of regional argas, hawe been attributed to the DJ WJWP. These monks had broken the rule imposed by the JWPWDJW that they should not end supOrt to parti 95 i Which Were il fawo Lur of the Accord. The WWF7 - Vida attempts to resolve this dilemma by suggesting to its readers that the JWP was not in Wolved in these killings and drawing at tention to state ki II
ings of young monks. This response became necessary as Senior monks including those
in the 'non-violent" sections of the MSW, openly condemned Parma loka" murda T.
The SS assilla titol Of PETa loka
Thвго арpeагs to be another step in a political conspiracy. We have received information that this was not a killing car
ried o Lut (DJW). On ra: Tent of a CE monks, publish a of 23rd Decem the CCC Lusio coterie of monk WF E Te Lla E torture, disrob (young) monks. Though not wi JWP TokS W
bү th
pressure On Stirl both within a traditional org
monks organize g7 ra /ha 5 Was a r r Te Tiple of the
of strength whi to impress the S ment of Asgiriy Soon after thi the highest d bodies (Kå råka
tWO ES LEblish mër tions Condamni and seeking pr 11 Ok5 W 10 ha. to custody by
When the JWP terror tactics, I rm C 1k S W Éa Tq {
"traits Sad Se AS a rĖ5 ut so
and and others tailed their relig activities.
While pressu put on chief Sangha Sabhas, paign criticizing tion" was also dhist reformars of Anagarika D be al critica | OF la ck of Comi Sang ha leaders reformist monks, pathizers of si Criticized their porting the UN for Worldly bene Cal vocabulary \ ("nksסוח filling by pro-JVP mo their elders.
Critique of
Leadership
Iп ап, essay | kחמוח ים וונLסW
28 Wir7if vida 20. Jam
1989. p. 7

e Desha premies; iding the StateTiti i group Of d in thea Divayima Eber, WĊ Carme to that the Te is a S in this country ire of the arrest, ing killing of
sible to layer, 'e also exerting וחם ks frחם וiOr IT ld outside their anization. JWF d several saryaaged near the Tooth, a show chi Was designad Jag ha est 3 blish - a arld Malwatta. s demonstration ecision making Safi ha) of these its passed resolung the Accord (ot 30ction for tha been take illarmed services. eS Calated their eading Buddhist characterized as 1 t - "death threä ts" The Feft the is - drastically curJious and social
Te Was being monks through a public camthem for "inacla Lunched. BLI idff []. TT the tima harma pa la hawe "the 5| 0th as it Terit" of thig hipo. La ter Con, Who Were SymOcialist partië5, chiefs for supP in exchange
fits. This Criti('lazy, spittoolWas ras u rr3 C tad
1ks to Criticize
the Sangha
Π Μήνη νίαa, Η
Kumba lagentin Lu we
Jary-Februa гү
Dhammamanda presents a critique of Sang ha elder S.23 He beg= ins by broadly classifying these eders:
drn Sr Lā kā ūt of about 30000 Bhikk US, ower a
Sid are Way kā 5. Suc na ya kas hawe been appoint Ead at provincial, district ad Subdistrict | gwell. Il each district there are chief, deputy, chief I disk Fra 17 (HdjLidicator of a Cclesiastical law), deputy adhikara, etc., for each of the sects,
Hg thig de SCri S thig fLICtions of these Nayakas, which he claims are incorporated in in their sa n na s or letters of appointment. These functions are: The protection and enhanceThert of the Buddha Sasara, ensuring the safety of the sangha, fĐ5glution of Conflict, among monks in order to safeguard sang ha Lunity, ensuring the Welfare of the Buddhist laity and giving leadership to the Sri Lankan nation.
However, says the Writer,
these leaders have deliberately shirked their duty and hawe tragically a | lowed international Conspiratorrial for Cgs to drag down the Country, race and the B Luddha sasana.
Contrasting present sloth with the glorious heritage of a Bhikku, he says that in the past monks like Kuda pola and Waliwita. Sa nga raja placed "the motherland first" bgcause "Without a sovereign territory", language, religion and Culture Carnot flo Urish. Ho'W th a r . did the Naya - kas IOS e Sight of their mission ? According to the Writer, British Colonialists Were responsible because they converted sang ha of Commonly owned property to priva te o wlership of the Chief monks, thereby making them Selfish and "this' worldly'. Thus the monk lost sight of his 'patriotic tasks" and became a seaker after money and property, The Tonk who was previously engaged in the yuga awara (historic task) of pro tacting the race and Sasana noW began to Waste his tima in th a la W
29 Wrfwida 18. Nowambor 1938 p.3
21

Page 24
Courts, li tiga ting with teacher, fellow Torik, and lay supporter in order to gain Wealth, pro
perty and position". This decline had many consequences Politicians have used monks for their own ends. The Catholic Church has conducted a subtle Canpaign to encourage Eelamism,
discredit monks and Convert Buddhists to their religion. This is dua to the Weakness of Sangha leadership fragmented
on party, sect, caste, and parshava (groups within a Nikaya) lines, Learried monks, Who obtain doctorates, perfer to go abroad to spread the message to foreigners while their own Countrymen Suffor.
The Writer the comes to his
immédiate ConCLT1 –
When the young monk (Podi Наптири гиwo) who entered the University together With the village Dayaka's (lay supporter) son begins to fight the anti-Buddhist aggression of interrational conspirators and agitales against cut backs in free education killing of unarmed people and the massacre of students, they are assaulted, tortured and imprisoned. Many others are killed and burned, But Some Mahad yakes know nothing of this.
Next Cor CS a broadside åt thĒ Nayakas:
Chief priests hawa no time for these problems. But they have title to invite a Minister to declare open the new teппplв. Thaгana, ршII down |re 18 Cubit Buddha Statu 3 and build (in its place) a 88 Cubit Buddha Statue, lay
rā fū ir tā ātroom and trade in the car for a Te W. Tode | Datsun.
The Writer con trästs these selsis COT:Erns With the COTiilitTEE - Of young in Oriks EldConcluded by inviting the Seniors to relinquish their positions if they ca mot fulfil their responsibilities.
22
Monks and Opponents
When the arr Vigilапte group offensive agains monks faced : Unlike their pa had gone unde who had spearhe tation үлгетg easy Stage many of ks, who had b. radical attacks, tëd Bärlier, Wer. come to their time Mahanaya J. R. Jay Warder poWar and his dent R. Prenigd acceptable to ti
The Wya i.
chief monks W. as saying: 'yo more da Tigero L 5 Ern Talli TerTC ding to this jou
OkS Were killed by their JWP monks resp. sis in S3 Wera 1 W TEdEdred, för CT for misleading t supporters of Their statements publicity in thE others gawe Lupo Other countries. COTE SLIDDOrtër5 and joined the J had retreated There Were må disappearапсе с tings of la ymc heads and the Carded robes i
The poetry and lished in journals a ya Wiswa ra 73 and la tio | Sinha [ a ] irna de pict the : ng monks who Ca USe" defeat gd all cases they JWP viole CD är Ett tio | th innocents.
II a. 5 HOrt 5 Griff Ta M W TE
30. Wi'r rhwng 18 M.

Armed
ned services and s la Lunched El : this JWP, young 2xtreme danger. rty leaders wo rg, TO u IIId, IT OkS !aded public agi
targets. At this the Senior onirrie the brunt of like the come quoB not willing to rescuta. By this kas' "bett noir 18 W35 Out Of 5 JCCESS Of Prg sila sa, Was quite Пепп.
s indignant about ho were quoted шпg ппопks were that the NorthTists". 37 AC CorIrnal hundreds of ing tortured and armed opponents Corded to this CriWys. Some Suriticized til JWP nam and be carne the governet. Ware given wide | media. Song robes or fled to It is likely that gawe u po robes WP guerrillas who o jungla camps. my reports of thea lf monks, sigh
With 5 ha vya discovery of dispublic placas.
short stories publike Wrida FawI the largest circuвwspaper DJVaylilemmas of you
find the ir "Hoy
by violenCB. In ramai Silat ld seek to focus 2 wictilization of
tory entitled A let a young monk,
nvembgr. 1988, p. 4
Mahida, H2 i 5 hi5 Chiff Tok's favourite. Mahind a gets on very Well with the village youths who, despite their difficulties, help the monks to repair the temple and string up coloured lights for FSO 7. When the villagers fail to contribute to temple charity, the che if monk loses his temper. Ma hinda pacifies him by explaining that their Congregation is poor Wet the W in Bwer fa il to Send food fOT the k8חסוח
Опе day, the peace of the village temple is shattered, Maidas father, vilage Carpeter, his eyes full of tears, Conweys a fateful message
"You te || Teg fat har that Ma || i (younger brother) was absolutely innocent."
"YoLu ko'W tha t he is inno — cent. He and his friends had fired the brick kill and Were chatting on tha Lake Bund when the armed me castle. They put hot Coals into his mouth and threatened to kill him if he did not give infor
mation. I have look Éd everyWhere for him. He's Thot t0 be found."
The father falls at Mahinda's fest in Worship and goes looking for his other son. Mahinda standing wery still "like a rock statue" sees in his mind's eye has younger brother who had unsel fishly taken over the burdens of helping his parents. Without the brother's generosity He could not hawe bo ECOTE a monk. Mahinda's reverig is broken by his friend Gunapala who comes with bad na WS,
I" rowed your father across the r|w ts. Neas the is Libbes Estate there were a lot of people looking at a body which had washed up. Your father took one look at it and started vailing It was Piyadasa Malli.

Page 25
"Enough Gunapala. I cannot Cry lika my father. I had a hunch it would come to this. DC) ma a favour, plaas ook after my father."
The following morning Mahida W35 gole. His roboS Were left behind. The chief priest Said "Mahinda isa good perSOr. He may have given up his robes. But he had gone to do good."3
The ending leaves the clear impression that Mahinda has joiled the guerrillas. In a poet which has the same thale, the ending is more explicit. The monk sheds his robes, takes a T-56 submachine gun (the T-56 came to symbolize JWP military strength) and disappa 3 rs in to the might.
Conclusions
Most writings about the Sri Lankam Crisis land to dËSGC ribË the Sinhala Sangha as a mang| it hic organization hawing "clear Cut" views on ethnic and political issues. In reality it is not 50. At the forma Eva thore arg thig sa mgha's institutional strLICtures for thig making of promoum cements. It is rara that they mako pro our Cments on o Lu bli C iSSLILIS. Informal", mDrks pArticipato in a variety of organizations with their own agendas for action. Charismatic leaders of the Sangha work to build coalitions of these organisations so that a common position can ba articulated. They do lot often succeed. Nor does the success of such coalition building dependentirely on the sangha. The strength and cornmitment of lay groups become Crucial.
Second, we see that the notion of Sinha le 5 e "CLI stodianship" of Buddhist is so strong that Tonks are willing to rationalize the use of violence against the 'other" , even though it contra
31 Warify fada 24. July 1988, p.22.
Venes the basic dhism. The arg tegies adopted di e Tla favour rea, JJ Witolik... |ln directly in line we encounter i Tidles Wh) link the Buddhist ( Sinhala state. I a century of "P S" its iltele stripped as soc Sirtā āti"
Third, change cation, particul venas and LurniWé ging patterrns c the Sangha (I this essay) are 5 tra la Of radica Titted Tonks. still operate w oa 'Sihaa-B was this strat: an important s the JWFP. Thig iT influe:Il Ce is lik
FքLIrth, thoug! lence again st UNP tid the L lized by tha r terms of the r "real politik" , the dra w o 1 classi tā CCets lity of the mor papa karma) and D'f go tifil is literw'E hitaya) when tE tha subjects o!
Fifth the co cial revolution among radical are willing lot tha " use of wiol but also in II their robes and This phenomeno riըtit:tablB in porary Buddhis poses the radic B Lidd hist self le Buddhist interpr İnter Wention.
Sixth, We s of Sinhala mor social reality it dhist symbolism

talets of BudLu Telts and stra
to resolve this ed tha domain of
this thay WBrü
with tha sang ha the Pai Chirothe fortunes of Church with the Despite more than rotestant Buddhi:ual overlay Was yn as the modern faced a real crisis.
5 in Bikki LI Ċ) Li L Ilarly in the Pirir5i Lies a 1 dichi: - Jf Tg CTU itt to mot Fanalysed in
Creating a na W socially Com
they, how a weer, it in the traditiuddhist" axis. It which formed U oport gro Lp for
membership and aly to increase
the use of vioto Tami is the left was rationaa di Ca | Tok S i
Bēds of modern ty attempted to : Buddhist taXof tha in wito labiks (a na ta charian interpretations Ention (Bahujana - ney in turn Werg | State Violet 1CE).
Titr met to SOis so strong Toks that they only to condone ence by the JWP any cases shed take up the gun. which has been SGựBral C[]T1[[:r11t sociaties juxtaal Tonks perSOr 3, ssness' and new eta tioms of social
ee the attempts liks to Lundar Strid n terms of Bud1. When dealing
With SgCular not iOS | ik a thiCity, damocracy, raWolution and widence, monks attempted to relate them to their culturally prescribed world of symbols. They go back to the examples of th9 monks — Wariya pola, KLI da
ha pola, etc., Who Confronted State power. Communisrin is understood in terms of the Bud
dha's prescription of communal lliwing (absence of private property, sharing of alms, etc.) for the sangha. This leads to the continuous 'oversimplification" of complex contemporary i SSG LJES.
Finally, is contrast to the Conventional WiiW of Sihala T10 nks as a Confident, aSSerti we power group within the national polity we find that they perC#ỉWg th[ạm5älwas as a degrlựed, aiena ted group indequatoly racognized by both political authorities and the Buddhist public, They believe that they are "Used" by politiciä ns ad um le SS better organized. WOLld be outmarl e Uwered by "for ign Conspiratorial forces" including Eelamists ald ROTla Catoli CS.
The irtir LIsidorm of minorks in to the area of revolutionary politics has resulted in a loss of their Charisrn H. Monks ård af r65ted, stripped of their robes, publicly humiliated and gwen killed by armed Sinhala Buddhists, This change in perception has baen noted by the monks tham= solves.
When demonstrating monks are
taargassad and assa ulted they aro forced to run for cover with their robes tucked up. When they run about the streets |jke la WIIn en Will the public exhibit religious de wo ti on? Will mot their bhakt i bog destroyed 732
This divinding of social esteel of and for Buddhist monks may hawe long term i Tripolications for recruitment, education influencë, and the religious vocation of the Sinhala Sangha.
32. Wrify a 24 July 1988, P. 17
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