Page 1
ཕྱི༈་། 《སྤྱིFནི་ཉུ,7,
Earth Summit and Lal
Vol. 14 No. 23 April 1, 1992
India - Pakistan - U.
Ethno - E
nvi
The LTTE, JWP & The
What's Missing in Jal
ASSessing Premadasa
IMF Model in India
Third World Publicati
Structural Adjustment
U. AKarunatilake
 
 
 
 
 
 

■ 凰 suggessages * ܘ - ܕ - ܗ - ܘ - ܙ V 。
50 Registeed a GPO, Sri lan kā CD/43/NEWS/32
Inka’s input :
- Ravi Prasad Herath
S. A. Triangle :
— Gen. Mahmud Arif
nasaviya
- Panit Mulleriyawa
- Steve Goll
- Shan Lal
OnS - Martin Khor Kok Peng
& The Shining Path
- Susan George
on the Guy'nor

Page 2
Why there's so in this rustict
There is laught:1 arxi light Earter IITIOrigst these rural darTsels who are Lisy sorting Out tobacca leaf in a barn. It is one of the hurdeds of such barris spire; i cilit III the Tid : Tid 1p. Jurit I y intermediale zorg wher & the arable land rEIThains fallow during Ili: rail 54-57.
LLLKSaHL S LaL LLLL LLLLLLLTLlMMS aamaLLLLLL SDuuaLa0 akC CS LLLLLL LLGLLL LLLLHHL HCLL Ca KaLaLL LLLLL L LLL gold. to the value of over Rs. 25. Tillion or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

胃 ENRICHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry rhai borings er TilkyTTE: fit t) ihe secand highgst nurrber of people. And these people are the tobacco barn owners, the tobacco growers and those who work for them, in the land
Il cd in the har T1s.
For them, the tobacco leaf means rearingful Work, a comfortable life and a secure future. A good enough reason for laughter.
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Shariпq алd cагіл9 for our land and her people.

Page 3
Briefly . . .
Unit Trust for Janasaviya
Jana sa wiy a recipients were given Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 units by the Ceybank Unit Trust in a new scheme launched on March 25. Recipients were selected from 30 areas where the Janasaviya Overty alle Wiation program Op 8 ratas.
The distribution of units was "a means to take tha Share own ing democracy to the grass roots Ewe I"", a Ceybank Unit Trust SOOk 953sman said. The Ceybank Unit Trust is managed by Unit Trust Management Company Limited which is a joint venturg between the Bank of Ceylon, Carson CurTn berba tch, Merchant Bank of Sri Lanka, Unit Trust of India and War. dley Investment Services )Hםng kong) Limitad.
Reason for delay
The Elections Commissioner's report on the 1989 General Election was delayed because election petitions and local government elections interve - ned, Commissioner Chandra - manda de Silva said in a press release. The report was Out only this Ionth, and there was public criticism about the delay,
India protests
Sri Lankan High Commissioner (Ambassador) Neville Kanaka ratne was summoned to the Foreign Office in Delhi to be told that India was 'concermed" about Contin Uing incidents in Wollwing Indian fisherman, their boats and the Sri Lanka Navy.
insta│ment:
Loan
Slow implern Conditions, es|| tisation of state likaly to dgay the Second tra
Carl, SULIrcB5 in The first inst million dollars millinn dolar || W35 gi W3 |last
Whole court
President Pri. meeting of the | Opolet (C) Luri tBTS that le Lanka would s port promotio
ום יותו חנtleם וחטrם be inited to : cal area. Any
up апy whara wi OT mTOrg Of 15 BXDOrt WOL | | wileges of an The emphasis
agricultura | expr: i Ent said.
BoC loses
The Bank d Writter off Rs äs iad debts Without adequ the Auditor Ge Wea ed irl a re Tet, SOTë not pay back
tՒlt: eight loans amt 55.5 mill | ibri.
The report sai Tillion du 5 frd had been given
· or adequate sa
amounting to R given to 17 c. granted against ties. No acti tāk tg

elayed
3 tation of IMF Decially pori waVĒLS, Vā
the releasa of 1 chd of an IMF Colombo said. art of 75 from a 450
DaП agr веппеп!
October.
try an EPZ
amadasa told a Export Dewati | Of MishigWhole of Sri C0 C0 bis F1 exzопе. Export Ild no longer iny geographiEr trorise 5 et th 70 par Cant סf ו נזdu : tiםrנ] e njoy the priE PAZ, 9 Sid. WOLIld Ba Gr i Corts, the Presi
Rs 406 m.
f Ceylon has է 4DE milliւյrլ after ending tata security, na ral has report to parliaborrowers did Byen H. single SE related to unting to Rs
d that Rs 288.3 Ti 44 persons
Without any Curity. Loans s 697,878.524 ients had begin
Weak SecuriDr had been possible reco
Very of Rs 229.6 million by the sale of assats, the Геport said.
Tigers grab tank
Weapon
The LTTE captured a powerful anti-tank weapon from the army during operations in the North-East at Walio ya. Twenty six soldiers were ki II ad and sixty were wounded; two tanks were also captured.
Drought ki IIs 75 per cent of crop
Officials estimated that 75 per cent of the Yala paddy crop would be ruined by the om going dro Lught, the sa we rest in recent times. About 3000 minor tanks hava dried up.
Tea plantations are also facing a severa threat, about 45,000 acres could be doomed, officials said,
LAMARA
GUARDAN
Wall, 14 No. 23 April 1, 1992
Frits H5- 5.
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
No. 245, Union Plac, .2 = םנbוחםIםC
Editor : "Wil Brw yn do Silwr a 475E4, 4 בBחם חםIB שT Primtad by Amanda Press
B2/5, Sri Ratnajathi Sarawanamutu Ma Watha, Colombo 13. Telophoапв; 435875
CONTENTS
News Background ם טוrrespondafנCt Environment (2) ל Dit 13 IMF and 3rd World | Pakistani Prspicitiwa TE Pges I'll |7 Medi 1ց Jä 133 Willy 24

Page 4
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Page 5
The Earth Sum and anka: A P
Rawi Pasad Herath
ME in his jour may upon this planet earth, had one frid for S. Tā i ti e vironment. But today de O his own folly that friend - the erħwir Corriment stards dewa statead by man's own actions.
| 1 Corder to Teat mai "5 EJäsic
needs this process has been carried out without rhyte or reason. Thus during the last decade, e viron T1 Eta data al
des Illic to each hawe
beel war da lized.
Country
TO Flygrt this dB StfLICtion ür ät least to stall the speed of thÊ pTCCBSS, delegates of 115 Countries are due to Teet in Brazi | is a fa W II ont Hi5, to reach a historic accord on glviro - TT 3.
TlB conference Il Brazil Du|| pose the delega tes serio Luis prob
| ems. Two of the major argas to be tacked would be to identify the harmful e amats
to environmental development emanating from the developed countries and to plan a lifastyle for the nations of the Third World in consoling with their traditions and Cultures.
Realization, though late, has Coma about that the Todel plans of actio ir troduced to
Asian Countries by the nations of the First World, hawe caused Fa serious de poletion of en wirionmenta resources to Serve the commercial interests of the industrial nations of the West. Teak forests of Buria and Indias cedar and 5 al treas have beer decirated to ser We the eeds of the rich nations. 1donesia has rawa geld 1 million of hectares annually.
How has this unifortunate situation affected Sri Lanka? How responsible have the surveys been in this regard? The situ
ation is a challe af hon est a sv.
Sri Lanka H pola CEO in the lis1 ES DE Other C CaTrị GC Cut th instructior S TE West faithfully.
Today o Lur a Socio-political ad T OrE EUCLI tE | ti :) text | in these sphere a more realist mational oriente the re (; ):iia ti ficting interests tia.
Let us for defer questioni planet earth wo if we peep in tion of the U p2 0 1 eä r th1, i t I ing, FC Cording of the Scietist: tՒ1Bril the Earth 30 million spe Of Which] a [] has bEn identi rity of tham the tropical Co.
Cre re5uft . developmental the destruction O Ėarth åt 3 than 10,000 tir for man's evol. ti Cally thề quar life destroyed is ex 3 Thia til Tg W of the world's i 5 found in the it Would take a period as decimate the SpOGcies if ! available data
Sri La ka is the accord Oil if [Hg 3Tt. T tiolä | respol, Whdrawer we

mit lea
ge which needs "Ա ԼյT:
as secured its of poor nations ountry that has a directions and eiwed from the
Iwareness of the forces is keen
than previously. the recent trends
35 iridicat thält i C and a Tore di policy to Wards of the Con
b) a COm BS BSSèľ1
the time being hOW ing this uld exist. Instead to the composiartirillä kiri dom could be revealto the statistics S. ACC Cordig to
is inhabited by Cies of animals 13f3 i 1.4 mili. O ||1 ified. The majoare resident in un tries.
חdBrסווח f thBג brocess has been
of ärnir13 | |lif i speed of more nes that it took Itin. Mathematill of a lima | 20,000. Further sals that as 18% animal kingdom tropical forests, only as short
30 years to entire animal the presently
re Tai S. Stati C.
a signatory to the protection
hus it is a паsibility. Hence are it de Wolves
this
Of the pro
on us as citizens Country to help fulfil Wisions of the ACCOrd.
Even 30 years after independence it is rag retably noted that a comprehensive forest resource5 Conservation pola ni has 110t bg en Undertaken With the same intensity of committent that it dBS BrvBS,
A short period though it is, When Comparad With the World's life span we cannot forget that the land space We OCCupy is ConTipolāra tiwal y Sall and that the plant life on that Smal space has diminished with gut any notice. Within a period of 25 years the for est Cower of tha islarid has bosser Clared 30,000 a Cres for : LI I ti wat i economic crops,
In the circumstances, Sri Lankars have to endeavour to save nearly 3000 varieties of wild filo Wars, 450 typ as of reed (bamboo road) and about 170 Species of orchids, which speak for the very ancient history of this is and home of ours.
During the past 10 years a gf[]LI[] []f WC LImg F1EDFlạ truIW interested in the conservation effort have been able to gather a large quantum of data and wital cues relating to the is|land's Enwir commenta | rgSources. The members of this eco-group are School Children who hawe pooled the money they receive for travel as well as pocketexpanses and hawe set Lupo a fund to meet the expenses of their activity. These young enthusiasts hawe so far been a Eola to collect 3000 photographs and slides, and ower 1500 wa rieties of anima I species and wild flowers complete with a their detailed information. Coor
Y Carn fir used o'r page {5}

Page 6
PREMADASA
Pro and Con
Stave CO||
W0 years ago, the right be =
longed to the death squads. Jittery teenage soldiers man med checkpoints around the capital. Searching cars for revolutionaries. Jeeps filled with pro-government anforcers patrolled back roads, plucking suspected ultra leftists from their residences. At dawn, Smoldering Corpses appeared on highways, beaches and river bārks.
Now the right belongs to tha Young, tha hip, the promiscuCLS. Downtown dance clubs teem with European tourists and the Sri Lankan jet set. Youthful gay Drostitutes called "beach b) Coys" Comb tha Coastline for clients under the eye of a police force whose officials worry about F10W, to regulate the flesh trada without offending tourists holding hard Currency,
The transformation of the secLurity forces from bruta counterrevolutionaries into easy-going Vice Cops reflects a broad change in the Sri Lankan South, where a civil War that took tans of thousands of lives from 1988 to 1990 has yielded suddenly to Calm and to economic growth. The stock market is rising, hotels are packed and businessmen are talking again about making their island lation Asia's next version of Singapore, the insular republiC to the east wie Wegd as a symbol of prosperity.
The architect of the still talta tiwe paaca is President RanaSingh a Premadasa, a political alchemist who reportedly hires SUTCerers and astrologars to baltle his parliamentary opponents, styles himself as an heir to ancient Buddhist kings and courts international bankers to invest in his accelerating program of capitalist revision.
Opinio about Mr. Premadasa, Who Was elected in December 1988, is sharply divided between
4.
among Sri Lank Tial tiO 15 that idar E TEds Of TilliЈПЕ government C: Soma say tho
in thE StյլItՒ ի purchased at Cribe as a stee rights abuses, of the death sq. him as a tirely.
Both camps of f_j t UT 13 Country of 18 known little EL gllIliC 13 tred f
Critics say th; is an egocentric holds democrac was responsib thousands of ex While crushing ist uprising. T brutal and pre wages Sri Lank: the far Ethnic Sirifiales ing a separati: force.
Il a T3 CE rit, tiסוח En Lוחeachנן Of Mr. PTam ad tional Party act: mentally infirm, m ir 8 C1 es, Wasti a gold throne, I enemies of the "ignՃrant and Said til at durin fight, he hire Southern India оп opponents.
Mr. Prada through stata nE LB ựg tg thETT15E | his speeches a races. HB S about his in Hg be Coring presi |fft tha: || 5 || || the advice of predict he wil abroad,

Karls and Was tari I gumpir1ց հLIrldOf dOdr5 il to offers annually. price of his - pgaco a5 bB er tod high, w1ät Critics dB5p cost in humanincluding the use ads. Others see
if quirky, sawi Cor.
WOrder What sort will bring to a million that has t bloodshed and or nime years.
at Mr. Premadasa FILII thoritaria Who y in disdain and for tells of tra judicial killings
the island's leftThey see him as +jLIdiced as h B a's remaining war, i rith, where his e army is fightst Tamil guerrilla
unsuccessful illon, eight members asa's United Naused him of being proclaiming false ng state funds on to laborating with state and being selfish." They Ig the leadership di SOCTES frD1 to Cast B wil Sp8||S
sa communicates aws edia, which iglingתנChrםJg5 tי and public appeeems not to Worry le DWE TSE 35. Sin Ce dant, hE has never Н. reported1ү оп
astrologers who | die if he goes
Bradman Weerakoon, the president's admiring biographer lists among Mr. Prema dasa" s formative influences the ancient Buddhist warrior-kings of the Sri Laikā Middle Aģes a5 vl 5 Margaret Thatcher, Britain's former prime finister.
Supporters say that Whilō hē may have his idiosyncracies. Mr. Prema dasa is a ga пшine deГпоcratic populist and understands the political psychology of the island's Sinhalese majority, whose shifting attitudes and deep-seated prejudices have shaped in dependent Sri Länka's history.
The sa Sri Lankans say Mr. PrВПаја855 BC LITTIGП saw Bd thв country from a brutal Cambodian-styla revolution led by the People's Liberation. Front beginning in 1988.
The United States and other Western governments stood by Mr. Premadasa during his capaign to crush the Fort. In fact, the Bush administration is proposing $ 10 million in Credits for Tilitary Buipment. Now Washington wants him to clean up his rights record, and some say he has taken steps to do so, Reportad disappe arances of young Sri Lankams are dè Clining, and Mr. Prema dasa has аgraad to сагrу ошt most recommendations by the human-rights group Amnesty International.
Much of the ambivalen Ce toward the president appears to Jgfect am BSS-355 ment that the Evils HB häS COT1frOT1ted On tha island Wara greater than the evils he may represent. I think he was What Sri Lanka na adad," said a Western diplomat who has followed and Worked with Mr. Pfernadasa for Several y Sars, "" || I still de test him. But ha may Hawe Eee the right man att hE right time.''
— PWashing för Freyr Seryjsce

Page 7
CORRESPONDENCE
Why mourn Soviet
disappearance?
o one, including American Proggidgit George Bush, would have imagined that the
United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) would beno more by thea end of year 1991. The complete disintegration that occured in the former Soviet Union stun
led the whole world.
Even the opponents and rivals of the Soviet Union would hawa not wished the dissppearance of this Country from the World Map. Instead they would have preferred a weaker, subservient Soviet Union which could be turned into their market.
When Considering the magnitude of this event, mour nors area few, nationally and internationally. Often their contributions are lotadad with self contradictory logic and arguments as to why it happened in the Soviet Union the way it happened.
Trotsky’s Wiews
Many, including the Trotskytes of various hues, try to say that it is because of Stalinism that Socialism failed in Soviet Union, and Soviet Union came to this disma | eld.
They argue that if the Soviet
Communist Party would have listened to the warnings of Leon Tгоtsky regardiпg bureaucracy etc. they could have avoidad the Stalinist blunders and horTOTS
But they stop with that. These brand of Trotskytes don't talk about Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution or about his altitude towards the peasan. try ai rhymore.
They should be reminded of a recent aphorism quoted in a Sri Lanka English Magazine. "Stalin was the greatest Trotskyte ever born'. This statement is not complimentry to Trotsky.
Another kind of leftist interpreters put the blame on Gor
bachev's weakn that led to ti of the Soviet U Boris Yeltsin is
They forget tha or One Yeltsi mar history.
They put for of the reforms ir Khrushew wera c interruption an Socialist Soviet been sawed. For is an innocent ciple of Khrush: last Russiam C at të Tiptod to s LJnion from its
It is quite pւ all these Marxist oftist interpraler and 'mourners' f gical controversy the (Communist) the sixties of th
ideologicial C
This controver gical de bate or mics as it was ted after the 20 the Communist So wiet Union in Castle CLIT With | existence theогу Stalin.
Later, led by the Chairman Communist Party offensive was World Scale agai taken by the Sic Party,
Not only tha COTTE Ct Gya | Latit and works of S CUSSed il 19 debate, but my CDT1CGrming the Communist Move discussed.
in this strugg| "genuine marxis by Chinese Co Chairmar Mao the revisionists

9 ss for tha gwelts 9 disi n t egration in ion. For them
the wilain. ! Cine Gorbachev, tam 10t Tak9 r.
Ward the view litiated by Nikita ontinued without d interference Jnion could have them, Gorbacew but faithful dis*W, F3rd Was thig
ommunist who HWՅ the Soviet dernisé.
zzling as to why , Trotskyite and S, COTTET E TOTS Orget the ideolothat raged in | World during
is century,
controversy
SW Or tha ideojthe great poleCalled the starth. Congress of
Party of Ha Which Khrushew is peaceful co
and attacks on
Mao Tse-Tung, f the Chinese " an ideological aunched om å 1st the positions viet Communist
question of thig in of the life talin was disCourse of this riad problems
international : Bit Werg 50
e between the t-leninists ad Inmunist Party Tse-Tung and 2d by the Soviet
-ist Party the marxistחuוזrוחCo Leninists concluded that Soviet Union was no more a Socialist Country and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was more a Communist Party, it was ra wissib list
Party, a Capitalist party. Social Imperialism
The once Socialist Sowiat
Union thereby became Capita
list Country. In other Words, with the might it had, Soviet Union became aп imperialist
country like tha United States of America.
In the sixties and SEWerties of the 20th century the two SLIDErpowers United States of America and Soviet Union contended f World Supremacy,
The marxist leninists usad the term Social-Imperialism" for Soviet Union. At times thay ES WE || Said that Social-imperialism i.e. Soviet Union is TO TE dangerous enemy to the people Of the World than the old Uited States' imperialism.
The fact that the POS t-Stali Soviet Union developed into 白门 imperialist Country is effectively prowed by its foreign policy HC OS.
If not in terms of imperialism how can one explain its invasions of countries such BS Czechoslovakia, Poland IS WW || as Afghanistan?
if not in terms of imperialism how can one explain its "master" attitude towards the (socialist) East European countries ard Mongolia and its exploitatio of these countries?
If not in terms of imperialism how can ong Explain tha Broznaw doctrine of Specialisätion for Countries of the 'Socialist block" which in fact T1S3 S tät these countrias should big for ever dependent on Soviet Աnitյր for everything?
In this context, should tFIE progressive mankind mourn the death of Soviet Աnign?
They should fee glad that one imperialism with SÓ Cialist label is dead and the Confusion
it created to their da triment is .Eחם וח םח
W. Sinnathamby
S

Page 8
CORRESPON DENCE
Coconut and Heart diseases
дп expatriate cardlac surgвоп Dr. Tony Don Michael, the head of the American team of heart surgeons had told a press conference in Colombo that the 'arteries of patients in Sri Lanka Ware ra TTOWer and Cases Were more complicated than in tha States". (Sri Lanka News). He had also told 'people to avoid heart diseas a was to avoid smo - king, avoid coconut oil, eat more fish. Check Colesterol level and avoid heavy meals at night".
In U.S.A. and Canada people Will not touch coconut oil or biscuits Ur other food products Contain ing Coconut oil. They Will not touch Coconut oil even With a ten feet pole. They hawe dewba loped s LIC li avversion to CO COmut 01.
It is high tima Sri Lanka Shdud fid asub 5 itta oi Es
pecially for those who hawe cholesterol problems. Export of olive oil will bring in much
wanted foreign eXchange. In California olive growing is a multi million dollar industry sup
po ting Seweral thousands of small and large scale growers and their families and giving
employment to several thousands of people. Inspite of the large SCHI le production of Colliw Es ir California, olive oil is expensive and they hawe to import olive oil from other countries because of the large scala consumption. In the Supermarket a bottle of 32 FL, OZ (946 MJ) Extra Wirgin Olive oil (No Cholasterol) cost U.S. $9.29
(Rs.390.18). People are health Conscious and the Tes are people who have theo money to
buy olive oil at this high price. Olives are also good to make pickles, sweet preserves, salads etc, The Doon a c is fed to animals.
Oil producing varioties of olive plants can be imported from Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco
6
China etc. The closer to home will not cost it Lanka will tran of charge.
Pakistan had trees over 20 \! may have done La rika I Go Warri port the oil pr of oliva plants at a subsidized polāri ters etc. W to plat them, be plantad bety, and Co Con Lut tre lands where Ot Wi fild it di Olive tre es contr ser Wation. O livWE wer' well in the dreas, OI 11 Lh I wisited a 50 tation in the d 10-inches of Ti Southern Califo plantation is Toney.
Do not wait to be done by
The Earth. .
YČort fra Jed fr dina ting - with 2
based, over 9 We EE Ğ I Wis |ast decade o
true and real islands eco-sys effort nearly
to be expended
This heritage presented at th Tenta Colfere in the first is sure to giwa tion of having ir1 am endgaw display the proud history t բOS885sts,
The members CoTi sists mainly the rural areas Tä W lateria |
The Ital COs59r W:

countries are and air freight ch. Perhaps Air
port them free
ntroduced olive bars ago. India
that too. Sri ent should irrinducing varieties and still them
price to farmērs, no a reintere stad
Olive plants can egn teå bush ES es, in marginal tĒES ir 0,5 it to gro's. bu t3 to so il CGC ) r1
tre 35 Will grO W Dry Zone (Vanni) September 1991 acre o iwe pold - Bisert (maximilu TT) ліп per year) of nia. This oliwog making lots of
for researches the Agricultural
Department (Research 8f Horticulture Division, Kandy) which did not even acknowledge my letter dated 20th March 1991 on the subject of Date Pains and Olive trées, polpāla, 90 lU kola, karapincha and jasпniпе. Their research will take several years of delay, waste of time and money and narrowing of more human arteries. Use Conmon sense as your guide, mport the olive plants and plant them and then take it from ther 6. Research findings can be obtained from other countries, F.A.O. etc. Sri Lankan Government's help, support and encouragement are very important. Wish all the bost for the olive gro, Wars in Sri Lanka. Your readers could Write to ma for more information etc. P.S: Please publish m y address too so that any ona interested Cotild write to T13.
W. T. Sarawalapatra
F. O. Box 1131, Mgdicina Hilt, Albigrita, Canada TIÀ, 7H3
on page 3]]
24 groups district O forested areas ited during the r so to gather a widence of the tern – on which Rs. 800,000 had
.
of Lanka, if a world environnce to be held alf of this year, us the satisfa Ci been partners LIr to pllt (C.I. Tiagnificient and hat this gour Is y
hip of this group of girls from
of Lanka. The or his Elwiro - tion card project
is the foi Wer Cofferings | rrr1 CW3 from the templa altaf, True they earn a pittance from this activity.
While the tendency of the natura law is to allo W th wretched of the earth to remain marginalized, their labour is utilized to sustain national në eds and aspirations. WD have grasped the truth of the moment. Yet the entire membership is an unemployed Workforce, numbeing nearly 16,000 girls and boys of Sri Lanka's Turid | backwoods, clamouring for the sols of the soil, Wherever they may be to help exhibit this cornpleted task before the nation states of the World.
If this Were to happen, we really would be helping the magnificient beauty of our wild|ife to be un raw Bled before tha eyes of the World.

Page 9
ENWIROM MENT (2)
JVP & LTTE
W. I. S. Jeyapalan
wo major armed conflicts
hawe taken place in the south in this century other that the atti ta Til Comm Läl ri Ots, The first Such Conflict Was the JWP insurrection in 1971. The period of active conflict lasted in some places for a few weeks after April 5, 1971. During this period insure rectionists attacked 92 police Stations and established control ower 35 polica a reas. They also took and held the famous Singharaja for East in the wet Zon 9 and Ritigala strict matural reserve in the dry zone, Because of the direct confrontation in some
jungle are as aerial bombardmants å| 5 u took pola CE as a part of the anti insurgent activities of the security forces.
This a lasted only for a f) W Weeks, JWP was mot Tagrouped to change its insurrection strategy and start a gueril
a war, The first insurgency of JWP had not much impact On tha elwir of TEt other thall that they Tade some jungle areas Es the Centre of Conflicts. In Some places arried forces bom
bad the jungles.
In the second insurgency of JWP JWD JW the activa period of
Conflicts which startad with tha reirTiposement of state of emergency on Jшпа 20, 1989, lasted several months up to the beginning of 1990. But wery few direct arried confrontations With the security forces were reported, including a few ambushes and land mine operations.
The major part of the dirty War was carried out by killing individuals, political opponents, Security personnel and the ir family members. JWPWDJP may be expected to get some supLJOrt HITDIlg SECurity for CBS Qn the anti Indian line. This newer happened partly because of the
Tie ir 5 ri II Tricri{{kr irt (OSLCחקיH - שוטו" iffץ
JWP/DJW killing of thO SÉCurity the active anti Of thE to untry': Frgmädasa and dra Wal of thę Keeping Force
Tig Gower dirty wartyp I ger C y activities any noticeable from JWPWDJ.W. tarily but not p ned JWPWDJW : beginning of 19
| for tiri TE a NORAD spo| metal study district adited b C | mot thë E JWP äldr G Cor ו CBוזנta | (:tחם וחחנrr monta | Tat ters probably more well as having f|LI en ÇE3 in TLIr: because it took portant 9 Cologici ding timbar cutt Cattle and Sandri. its a forcement զLit a savaga.'' study of Hamba
JVP's Concer pattern in the Breas is als 0 m חt iםח arB PläIItati[]T15 Whit hill country. T Cupi Ed SOne of |Onging to pola 1 a 150 bur Ted d'O areas. Foreign pami E35 in w Olwed ing i Mom erag W E3 li a reas als possible targets
WP's Concer it CE. E. OWr the world and guerilla rin thB matLIral istir! the jLIngle base: destine activities ging and simila

S of thg famili 35 personnel and Indian approach 5 new president the partial with
di al PBF CG (IPKF).
let started a
of countar in 5urwithout facing gшегilla offепsive They hawe miliolitically contaiactivities by the 190.
sports including nsored environof Hamba tota y Michael MCWärérie S5 of th B matters of en Wi... " I wirthe JWP was significant (as ën or mous ina | Hamban tota) Up SBV Brä| ima issues, incluіпg, and straying > rimo Wall, a | though methods were (Environmental n tota district.)
about land use LI POCO LJr. try to 3 o te Worthy. They fawr Lur of taa :hı darı İri a t e t Fığı hely forcibly octhe lands. HEIlations and they wn several tea 3g riCLu ItLI ral com - in bigScalo farma la a rid Md Hao became the
Of JWP.
for the environJnderstood. All Tost is urgerts ts haveחBרחWEם ct of preserving s of their calStopping logr & Citiwitias d|5)
means a way of stopping outward information flow from their areas, Togethor with this thay aso de veloped a con Cerri about the longstanding problems of the rural poor and forest farmer population. This also includes some relevant readings.
JWP and DJW utilized anti Tamil and anti Indian Santinents of the Sila e 5e rima SSOS aS the centre of their Struggle in Ofdär to Cao Wert it to a broader liberation struggle (against the presence of Indian forces and the Tamil militants) as a short way to social hega Tony. But the basic concern of the JWP on socia| and regional in equalities highlighted in the 1971 insurrection also remailed as a part of their politics in a little Way.
The terror and dirty war used by JWP/DJW and by the security forces to annihilat e each uther a rld to Creat B a II. BT1 VirOn
Tert of iritimida til to mEk the population obedient also have an impact on the law ironment. JWPWDJW started it with large Scala killings of politi C8|| opponents, security forces and their faily The Tibers i ÇLI Oding children. The Government a SWered With Counter killings of youths with suspected background Cor in suspected a reas in a па55 л/ау,
Sinhalese geography has been sown with the charred bodies of the youths. Bodies of the ml LI rodeared you this wara throw 1 in the Water bodies and rivers on which lost of the surro Lilding willages depend for their da y to day itilization of water. Bodies Were throw'n in the Sea. At least some people known to m a stopped eating fish for Some time. People were horri
fied by the occurrences. Breakdown of normal life and rule of law affected every avenue Of socio gcolonic life of the
people.

Page 10
The a reas of the Conflict S in early 1971 and late 1980's are the most degraded part of the Sinha lese geography. A map of degradation of the environ
ment in Sinha lese area 5 will coincide with the map of the a bowe insurgencies. The land
degraded by the century old practices of slash and burn and other forms of land extensive agricultural practices coupled with extensive cattle grazing, overlapped by destroyed jungle and destabilized beaches are the areas of the socially pena
lized rural poor. Thay hawa Tot be a abduct ad and Thuridered and dumped into the sea.
Thea y still exist as the hotbad of the next insurgency, No military strategy can destroy it. fact the the Government Startad mechanized logging of Sinharaja (the largest rain forest of Sri Lanka which was the bäst of tha 1971 UWP ing Lurraction) after the insurrection. This was a bandoned in 1971 after mounting protests of scientists Bhd NGO'S.
EN WIRION WIENTAILL CON SE0). UENCES OF COMMUNAL POLITICS AND ETH INC COMFLICT IM SR LANKA
Communalism and environment
Sri Lankan ethnic conflicts are basically a manifestation of ethnic competition for and resources and power, The parliamentarya ad nonviolent agitation of the famils for
regional autonomy commenced in 1949. From the beginning It ha environment of the north
and east provinces became the
important victim of the ethnic conflicts.
Tamils have a geographic contiguity in the north and east provinces. They consider
this region as their traditional home land. The them Singalesa government, led by D. S. Senanayake wanted to counter Tamil agitation for federalism by destroying the basis of federalism - the geographic contiguity of Tamils. He promoted the theory and practise of state aided colonization in the north and east
B
provinces as a federal dẹTTlämt Ved that thUs Trincomale CO
This was the ground of stat ha la colonizatio ted argas. Th that existed as the Sinhalasti Wasit and the north a 85 t prov first casualty. tad Co Lu Inter , ad hoc settlem and east provi of defending t Such Settleman Was it u ths East. But rmi I na tio r ha | r able to polish til section of the Jaffna peninsul district.
In the histor tal degradation the 1950's air wery important of the intensific tion to estabili: Ta Til sett || 3 mer east provinces.
State aided : zation complet ethnic characte ргоviпce.
Changing eth region of Batti rai district (old trict):
Ethnic grou
Sinhalas E. TäTi5
Muslims
Similar cham
The Old Bat cornale e distric caloa and Amp devastated by destruction of by ad hoc sett |55e. This Crea munal Violence in the old Ba
id 1955. Si and would be Ga | Oya irri

[ B1S''W' Br i t t g i. Het also boliee Who Contro IntTOI Sri Lanka.
theoretical back8 Sponsored Sinn in Tamil dominaa natural jungle a buffer between dominated south Tamil dominated inces became the Tamils also starOlorization and ants in the north Ces in the nang ha mother land. ts Of the Tami!5 h successful in in thia north Ta10 WT15 t S W TE
OO ad SS 3 population of a to the Wali
ܒܕ
y Of BrvIronmanof Sri Lanka ld -60's was a
period becausa ation of competiih Sinhalase and its in the orth
Sinha lasB Colomialy changed the of the eastern
niC ratio in the a loa and AmpaBatticaloa dis
project and Tamil villagers were involved in thesa first commu
a riots.
Fight for the environment and land resources by tha Tamil
farmers of eastern province, and the fight of the Jaffna Tamil middle class for the professional, Commercial and other economic avenues and opportuninites and for power sharing coincided with, and notivated the growth of, broader Tamil nationalism. 40 years of struggle for equa. lity and devolution of power on regional grounds consolidated the unity of the Tamils.
In the early periods Tamils and Tamil speaking Muslims found a common cause against the Sinhalass colorlization in the eastern province. Then the Government started to manipu - late the Muslim leardership of the Bäst with the h Blp of the southern Muslim leadership and successfully created a rift. This made the division of the old Battica loa district in 1961 possible. The old Batticaloa district was divided to create Amparai district in order to carvo the hintarlands, jung las and the Musim dominated Southarn part of the district away from Tamil dominated areas. This complicatad the situation and intensified the conflicts by reducing the carrying capacity of the Tamil and Muslim dominated coastal areas of the east. This was the beginning of the Tamil
1901 1953 1953. T981
5. Α. 11.46 1585 2181
55.13 47.98 AS35 43. Á4
37.33 38.80 35.24 33.45
es have taken place in Trinco mala distric tod.
Calda and Trin(present Battirail district) was le in discriminata the environment ts Sā. ad the first comat H local ewe icaloa district in ha les 5 | abourers Sattlers of thig tion settlement
Muslim clashes in the east as the result of the cut throat Competition bet Ween Tamils and Muslims for the left-out resourcas in the degradad eastern Coastal Strip, This has given a ne w dimension to the ethnic problems. The ethnic situation became tense dua to these developments and the continuous refusal of the Sinha leso goverri ment of any sort of devolution of powgr.

Page 11
Since 1977 local and nationwide communal riots with the involvement of the Sinhalese security forces became frequent. Ali | thea Sinha lese versus Tamil communal riots ended up with mass displacement of Sri Lanka and Indian Tamils. This was followed by voluntary encroachTets, extensive clearance of jungle and vegetation in crown lands. This was carried out by individuals and NGO's to start ad hoc refugee re-settlements. In many placas in Wanni district poor sections of the refugees who hawe nothing other than their labour, started felling and salling fire wood Whenever they found no other work. This causad further destruction of the enwir 0 1121.
SOME MILITARY ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE NORTH AND EAST PROVINCES
Among the 8 districts of the north and east provinces, Jaffna a part from a brief period during the IPKF presence - has functioned as the main base area of the Tamil militants. During the IPKF presence the Vanni jungle became the main basa area of tha LTTE. Tamil militant movements newer established similar liberated zones like less administered areas in the eastern province, even though they have established their strong presence in the less urban and the jUngle clad peripheries of the east.
The entire north east provinces are situated in the dry zone, More than 80% of the Sri Lankan jungles are also in the dry zone areas. Almost all of this dry zone jungle Overlaps the ethnic borders and пеarly half of it lies within Tamil doTinated a reas. This has enabled the Tri
militants to utilize the jungle in the Tamil areas and successfully extend their
actiwities in Tost of the dry zone jungles in Sinhalese areas. These jungles also extend waгү
close to the sea outlets to Tan Thil Nadu.
The eastern provinca is a
Very narrow coastal strip with a concentration of entire Tamil
and Muslim p to the Coast a colonizations in the wester pe Wiched boft Wär and the sea, the Created Gewira | the TBT i I militar less Were als th Envirore lät LTC of th || and by the diw nic geography.
The few geo gē5 Tā ri the lass de welt heral maturg of Sinhala se a reas,
as and the fre a movements Coastal areas Caused by the riu Water bodi 33 r and streams.
The military ge penins Lula is very pвгліпsшla has П BLIt tha geogra Wely diversified ized tracts of jungle like clust buildings with di agro forestry, I together with of paddy fields a ending up with HIVB Sand durt
Strips, Closa p Jaffna beaches
With many mac boats and ski:
adds to the stre the peninsula. , also has densely With a wider Suppo Ort ånd fili Wär. This is til ргоӀопged Sгі La fic:.
LTTE'S NEW
CHA MIG ING E TAL APPROAC TA MILL- WI ILITA MENTS - 1983
Since the bag 1920's, environm Fle SS Was abse politi CS of Si nationalist elemt them believed it in the jungle WOT derful migdic

pulations closa the Sinha lese some areas in pheries. SandSinha lese areas aastern province
challenges to s. These prob
intensified by tally degraded atticaloa district rsity of the et n -
raphic a dwa rintatants hawe is ped and peri p
tha adjourning peripheral jungIndrance of the from urbanized to the interior merous la goons, di river Systems
graphy of Jaffna ресшliаг. Јаffпа o jungle cover. phy is extensiWith Wag t u rb anrod scoil a reas, ers of Concrete ense homestead almyra h growe:S bon walleys with hd depressions, lagoons, externas and coastal roximity of the to Tamil Nadu hanized fishing di Sailors also tegic nature of Jaffna peninsula populated a reas hiddle class to an ce the at hic e base of thig nka ethnic Con
APROACH
MIWIRO MWENH OF THE WT WOWE-1987
ginning in tha en tal Consciou 5from populist lese and Tani|| Its. Most of a n d sB t tlerinentS
geSi Was ine to cure all
the social and Biconomical ailments of the population. Tamil militants also wrongly inherited Some of thes idegas.
In the early 1980's almost all the Tamil militant leadership invited Indiam Tamils of plantation a reas to settle in the north and east provinces as a way to solve their problems of Stateless
ness, and lessness and ethnic discrimination. With farsightedness Indian Tamil leadership
refused to accept this call. In the late 1970's and 1980 ' 5 - indiwidual Ta T1 il rebals started to organize themselves in to militant Towements, Most of the cadres of thG militant groups in the beginning cama
early
from Jaffna peninsula. They came in contact with jungle areas in the la te 1970's. They
have established farms and small camps, mainly for the purpose of training and absconding.
They came tojungles Without the familiarity and knowledge of ecological factors involved. Many of them at that time had not developed the awareness of how to make Sus ta ina ble usa of jungle resources to achieve their goal.
Alter the 1983 riots militant movements emerged as a force in the north and east provinces They also started to collect taxes from illicit timber fellers as a means of raising funds for their activities. La ter some of them got involved directly in timber business. This was the time when the flow and circulation of money in Jaffna district increased by the 1970's boom in cash crop agriculture and the 1980's boon of remittances sent by people who had migrated to the developed west. This skyrocketed the demand for and the price of timber as buiding materia I and raw material for furniture in the Jaffna peninsula.
In the early 1980's discussions about the abuses of tha junge environment of Warni district started mainly a mong som a Jaffna university students. Most of thern wera sympathizers of wa rious militiant Towermets, Their awareness about environmental pro
9.

Page 12
blems was partly created by their university background.
() rieda tiOrm CO LI TSBS together with the mail studias in botany and geography at the University of Jaffna provides |gct ur S OTI environmental problams. Literature on the activities of the green movesents in thם west were also available in tha university library, These Circumstances also helped some students to realize the gravity of the problems. This awarenss also influenced advanced cadres of some militant movements in the
mid 1980's Some of ןh5טוB students also later became the intelligentia of various moveTTT fTil 5.
Song militat movements responded to this with Hig enforcement of heavy fines on timber transport, while some other militant movements were still inWolved in logging, transporting and marketing of timber in a big Way.
In the beginning a few partlphlets including a pamphlet TE= |leased by ERCOS EX POTESS ing CD 1 cern about the enwi rommern ta li abuses, appeared. Later in 1986 LTTE started a poster campaign about protection of jungles and ITEGS.
But most of the se de Welop - ments took polaca in the Comparatively rich north where militant mowe iments hawe) war i Cous Other avenues of raising funds, This did not affect the poor eastern front for a Wery long time. Stress On eastern province Environment and junge, which was da vasta ted by Stato ai ded Sinha la Colorizations, frequet droughts, flooding and by two major cycloпes in 1964 апd 1978, was heavy during this tima.
In the early second half of the 1980's, by physical elimintil Of TELO || 1985 ET TE effectiva enforcement of banning of other militant groups (with EROS as the Only Bxception) in 1987, LTTE gali med monopoly OWer th9 land and reSOUrCes including Strategic Coastal areas and jungles in most parts of
O
the northern pr east also they B: .lםtfחסם
ti5 intere Sti oo of the rei LTTE to justify th tion of TELO Ca.
папtal. They a destroying the Tarini Ealam (i
east provinces). Tarkating of ti Wanni jungle,
During the IT started to grow fledged guerilla || ju rigle LISO also quantitatively it developed guari EastĞrn pro WinCE: development of the | Tial Pga. (IPKF) started i Jäffa jenis Lula the Caltre of C activities of the
With to il guerilla activiti jungles, tha r TOr ödd Dr the jungle, Th oth Efi for fra jungle to fell ti
fie Wood il C loakages of 1 for
Tliis ii5 tia ir
the gLIerillas to Later they Start the vulns rability
Eוt antil thחEוח proteacting it. Casa of the
division also. respond to the апviгопгт впt iп By arresting ti and confiscating used by ther, Crack down of illicit tilbgr feg
The presence jungle has serio for the Wildlife. TOT ITTFt S i holes which air SLU F'Wiwa | Of Wil || grazing ground also taken by m 3Ctivities, Abowe partially depend for food and alimi

Owin ce. In the stablished partial
tB thatסון טg tו asoпs givеп by le bruta gliminadres was en wirolecused them of EnvironrTierit and T tՒ1E rigrth Hrld
by logging and Tibor from tha
lid 1980's LTTE w ito a fullmovement. Their qualitatively and Croased. LTTE a bases in the H. Bu t Lurn til ti1a
GOfic: TSG With :e Keеріпg Force C0 C0 og T 1937, Cor1tirLugd tO bo3 i wil and military
LTTE.
CreaSB of tha 35 Jad53d i thig milita 1 t S. bBCaT1 3 a possessive of ay had to Stop Bly entering the
it bear or collect rder to prevent
lation,
nitial responsa of the environment. ad to understand of the environrecessity of This Was the LTTE T Corter They started to natura and jungle 1980's. Imber smugglers motor Vehiclès thig y Started to thig netWork cof Iers.
of militants, il tha шs consequences
During the SulFOI COSE to Water a basic for the life. Part of the of the Wildlife is ilitats for their
|| |i|ital t5 a 50 on the wildlife a protein. SOTI
of the wildlife militants used to eat are endangered species.
Some trees and plants such as a ricanut, coconut and banana are traditionally used wholly or partly for street and house decoration purposes. This habit of home gardens has been followed by the militants on the coast. Deaths and wictories are Célébrated With ext:815 |WE Striggt decora iOS, SCT etimG5it ex tends throughout the north and east proVinces. There is also a growing concern about this custom of green de CO rationS,
With the IPKF take-ower of Jaffa town, LTTE was forced to withdraw it's headquarters to the Wanni Jungles. For nearly 2 Yeäf5 thay WB. Ta fũT[:eti tữ li lựa in jungle. This gave them growing familiarity with the jungle Gn wir Onlinent,
During the brief peace before the Outbreak of Eelam War II, LTTE had take Sofile steps to protect the environment. Their Wong's front declared magrowg forest areas of the Jaffna lagoon as protected bird sanctuary, LTTE also controlled over felling of tres in the hormestead gard Sard Other gofrestry, According to a news item that appeared in The Island on Jung 11, 1990, they hawa total y banned felling of palmyrah had
maTgo sa tre ĝis in the northern islands, Thay f13 WE first imple: mented condition om fel ling of
trees in homestead gardens and agroforestry by forcing people to plant double the number of tre gs befo) rB Ĥ popolying fOr a pOdromit to f=|| trggs, Thér thgy hawe imposed a total ban in some areas like islands where the environmental degradation is very high,
The IPKF LTTE wars, the exception of the very early period, mainly took place in Wanni, Trincomale, Batticaloa and Amparai district, IPKF talso used Carpat bombing and Systematic sheiling in the centres of the dense forests. Il som E3 pola CBS jug || 3 areas were burned. In this period only LTTE mastered the jungle. Later when they came to an agreement with the Sri Lankan

Page 13
government, they were also alloWed to ust the Sinha ese side Of the dry zona jungla ta stage
F Wydad de Stabilizg PKF ad their supporters such as EPRLF and TNA, the paramilitar y colactively formed by the anti LTTE fractions of Tali | Tilitat row e
TETS
This period the war extended from the Tami || Side to ho Sirihalese side of the dry zone jungles. The main battles betWeen TNA and LTTE took place in thƏ depths of Yala National Park. This ting LTTE also :j|- solidated in Wilpattu National Park in the north western proVir1CE. DLIring this tima thay also developed to control and Extended their activities in most
parts of the dry zone jungle, aven iTi Sinhale se dominated El raas. This externded thi 3 E3 | am War II to the entire dry zone
jungle a reas of Sri Lanka.
Eri Vironmenta | Cor Cerf of thg TäTi I militats and the Siha BSE security forces, seems to be limited by Ethnic bÖLindari 85. NEws about B nwirnmental abLsē5 by Tamil militan t5 in Yala National Park appeared in news media in the last week of May, 1990. The news appeared in the Island on May 23, 1990, which dascribed it as follows: "THE elephant found dead as it posed a da ng Dr to illicit fe||lars of traes for timbers... around 200 cart loads of tirTiber has been trarsported regularly... bulldozers hawa been used in logging operation." According to the press 'large herds of deer, Sambhur and wid buffaloes were dwindling. Thosa could have been slaughtered by arried youths. "
The Communal approach to nature and er wirion mant is a starious defect in the approach of the Tamil militants and then Sri Lanka security personnel.
Pressure of the Tail it activities on the environment of the Coastal région is wery high since to mid 1980's, With the only exception of the Puttalam |agoon, most of the rich, Lininhabited mangrove areas of Sri Lanka are in the lagoon rich CDä5t8| Braâ Qf thé norf änd BäSt
provinces. Afte placв thгошgh
HILJär BC:tiwities COasta || CIVITOF beaches, sadd Wes exist. Withi bilization only
lacking easy a
Whe sea-Eas activities in Cre: E II y selected th fûr thğir. Clandı activities. This te sivė Huu Tän probles to the the CO3 Sta eri . name of anti : sa curity for CaS t Hi5 a Tä With : bombing.
Similar devel place in the in north and gast provinces ha WE dry zone juigi Both guerilla a militants and a Witics of those in creased sincë During tha || P LTTE I EH1 jungle and bJt
War efforts it
Jungle.
Thв гmaiп p;
War II also to
dry zo e jingl
Litsid the Tt The rotate de CT easing COr tr Vitis of LE. T. the dry zono ju irg SiT ha | GSE E
According to
report for 1989 naturo por O te CtiO! ted on May 18, " Park remais C year now, and
| ||W roma i Ya E3 | k || C vide facilities f observation."
Willpa t t u Bu | OCC upation ads closed and rem to visitors. At tu pana (Yala) rera ind aC Cess the situation
Juli Bj rnd July the 5 g t W0 lati.

ir destruction took
the century old , the richness of Til est, Such a S Lines and mangroLi Ti Lich de Sta
ir B 35 CCESS.
Ed Tari | Militat sed they ra t LrS TE LE CE5ES astimВ sea based extension of inactivities caused a richest part of ironment. In the guerilla activities asso de Waista tard 5H3|| lig and Feri |
bpment also took tEfjör |ärld of the provinces. These a rich part of the = S of Sri Laka . citiwit is of Tari mti gerilla acticurity forces ha WE
the Tid 1980's. KF presence the withdrew to the - LTTE and PKF's it alsified in the
art of the Eela ok place in the a, both inside and Һ вast proviпces. welopment is in| Eld Wr:ti11 i I Iimi li tal t5 il ges of adjoinTERES,
tha 96th als 14JH | by Wildlife and In society, presenWill pattu National ised for the third Yä |d BO|o:k S |||||| accessible. Only on til Les to proor Visitation and
galo W had mo the park was aiTS illa CCESSibol 3 hough the Palaburga OW ad i ble till | May 1989, ad deteriorated in last year. Both anal parks AffeC
ted by the Eelam war II wero
mostly situated outside the north and East prowin Cas.
Other serious environmental problems Caused by the confiict are the outcom a of the hostilities between LTTE Hnd Muslim extremists and home guards collaborating with security forces. Muslim and Tamil civilians became the targets. Thess conflicts caused much of the Musim and Tamil displacernents in the northern province, Easter displacement caused high stress or the Coastal en Wiro in B nt, Most of the northern Muslims forced by the Tamil militants to wa cate their traditional Willages are displaced to the a reas around Puttalam lagoon, the one in the area which is supporting the rich est coasta environment, including the largest mang Tawe forest in Sri Länka.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES Aji Mai 1
Canada, U. S.A. for 1 Copy L/G USS 50.00 for 1 year USS 30.00 for 6 months
U.K., Germany, New Zealand. Australia, Netherlands, France, Japan. Hollan l. Philippincs,
Austria, Norway, Sweden, China, Ireland, Switzerland, Nigeria, Belgiuiml, Denrin ark, Paris, LCHF1l011.
USS 40.000 for Il y cal T, USS 25.000 for 6 TT1011 tills
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Page 14
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Page 15
DEBT
Making 3rd World lm
Sisira Wijesinghe
OSL)
բeaking at the 90th Nobel
peace prize diversary symposium here. Dr. George, associate director of the Ams. terdam institute, said that IMF and World Bank initiated debt and structural adjustment programmes in the developing world have deprived Third World nations of most state functions, except the maintenance of public order.
These programmes, she added. have led to a net transfer of capital from South to North, instead of a reduction of the debt. In fact, the overall debt burden increased and caused environmental destruction, unemployment, drug traffic and increased emigration to creditor
3 it iOS.
"As long as banks which have
indirectly benefited from billions in taxpayers' money are not affected, they wiII stiII continue to receive hшge iпterest рауments from Third World debtors," sh8 SBid.
"Indeed the attention of many analysts is only drawn to Third World debt in so far as it might affect the global financial stability. The proof is that Latin American leaders no longer now even gather to demand a reduction of their debt burden, which was once an annual rhetorical ritual in those countries".
Meanwhile, the banks themselves have been 'wildly overcompensated for their ill-advised ending, she argued. Since the mid-1980s the banks hawa avoided paying S 40 billion to S 50 billion in taxas by creating 'reserves' for expected losses on their outstanding credits to less developed countries.
* SIsira Wijesinghe Is a correspor der for ffig Writer Press SarVice with whose permission this Rгfficle Is rвдгfлган,
As a crisis, пatiопа powerf and a a CCOrdi Nether ELIE,
But during a (1981-1990) d ceived by these ëd to Wë|| QWal George added.
Tho 'most po giants" hawe Third Wor|d at their currencies in to debot problea DOrtt ra. W Tateria plum meting worl
The public Cracies were red of civil servants r Creating Lunempli
private sector Social budgets f cation, housing
Ware slashed,
The United Nat Fund (UNICEF) that half a Tii|| each year as a the debt crisis, 5
Debtor lations debt in ruined |Ost livBS while sheltered aboro : Tark5 CT fra C foreign bank a matically become Sid George,
debted Third Tants devota 25 BX}Drt réWHILIES | and are simultan to devalue their Only traditional banks) allow the T1B nt to remain

Dotent
result of the
the World
Bank and the Monetary Fund are the
Third World debt teTOSt.
Il political agencies in the world, “e not accountable to anyone, ng to Dr. Susan George of the
lands-based
піпе — year period ebt SerwiCe rêbanks amountS 700 billion."
Werful monetary pressed пmany ions to devalue when they ran ms, and to exIls regardless of d market prices.
SDC tor bureauLiced, thousands andered jobless, oyment in the as well, while or health, edu
and transport
tions Children's has pointed out on children die direct result of ha said.
"pay back their li welli hoods arid the elites are di i dollars" 5, Those with CCOultS LI t| rich at horma,
World govern-60% of their to debt service eously directed
currency. The function (tha ! local govern
in charge of
Transnational
Insti
it s main taining internal social control and public order."
'Over the past decade, both
IMF and the World Bank hawa assumed dramatically expanded roles, especially in the policy and decision making process of the recipient as a result of the debt crisis."
"Some Third World government:5 after learning which sida their bread is buttered on hawa almost stopped trying to obtain more. We now live in a world where the IMF and the World Bank, acting as surrogates for tha major creditors, have become the planets most powerful political agencies," she amphasised.
Solwing the debt crisis means a vital step to making the daily lives of millions of potential migrants worth staying at hom a for, she Said.
"Usually in warfare, one has the choice between fighting and surrender. But in this war, no white flags can be flown be
cause the option to Surren der does not exist."
But if the north continues for a not har decade, allowing
debit to Wage un declarad war on the planet, in tha year 2000, the 18-year-olds will hawe known nothing but powerty,
("Салгіншed on page 30)
13

Page 16
WWF AWD 3rd MWORLD
Panaceas and public op
Shaпт. 1-а
ven as it strives hard to thg image of a TmarketCFightgrj ||ldiam Ð CCTID TÎlW abroad, the government has to strain every nerve to sustain its own
image at home. It wants to convince the foreign investor that it has the will to make
the new policy stick - this is what the Prime Minister means when he says time and again that there is to be no going back on it — and take Such foilow-up action as may be recassary to make it work. At the sa më tim g it is anxious to assure the public of its determingtion to keep in check the twin dangers of inflation and unemployment which often accompany a transition to a free3 : 3 Con Ormy.
It is idle to pretend that the two jobs can be done with equal facility. The question whether the new policy marks a sharp break with the past or only a new stage in an evolutionary process, as Narasimha RäL will havE II, is a ITSE quibbling about words. The real problem for the government
is that the me astires në të ded to Will the Cofid 3: if thig foreign il We Stor and the deci
sions required to a lay the fears of the public are at times diffic U It to recocile.
The tensions resulting from the contradictory pressures on policy-making show themselves in many ways - in murmurs of dissent in the ruling party, in the government's extreme caution in handling such explosive issues as food subsidies and exit policy and in the alla crity with which it takes one step backWard after it has taken two steps forward and finds that the ground under its feet has grown Slippery.
A policy of half-measures and un Easy Compromises is naturally dista ste fu to those who are
14
Whքlly opposeC course or feel being puTSUe{
ցnough, They ive advantag to t. mont since th T 3ith1e r t C:h Ճptions nor to T support, both in the legislature, the necessary . tion for What t why they can ir Tellectual Lux —поthing apргоа
This is flot t government is C Cor that it some strike the right E its thinking is : trä ry po Lulls.
| ti iS . TOTE: t : is a || 100 0E ngựự []]|[[:W. Eã Out in the abse Gor Sgr SLIS, WF fentes of Opini priety, there is it C är be aā course by the ( tics of any well.
Any increase Eulence in the can indeed W
de Signed to out of the mo is stuck today.
Wat ES SF so far is preci the Overa || Feat. CUTS 3 H35 ble E
TO STE ext: tha TESLI It of cultivated by N. Maloha Sir make it a poi of antagonise from the T1, Bt due to a grow the country t pain less way crisis created debt burde a geable budegG

inion
to the law that it is Tot energetically have one decisver the goverriney are obliged se between hard 10) iliS 5 Lufficient sida and outside ard thus SE Çu TE del CCTatic Sal Chey do. That is indulge in the Iry of an al-or
Ch.
argue that the the right track How Thanages to iälla Cg , Whiama WÉT subjected to co
emphasise What wious: that the In not be carried ce of a na til 13 ||
at ever the diffe
i ion oni tis pro3 o do Libt that sily thrown off b5truction ist täC-organised group. ir politica | t Lr
present situation reck any policy L|| tie e CO 10 y Tiss in which it
ved the situation sely the fact that til to the IE W in pretty subdued.
nt this is p erhäDS
the low profile ETä Sin’1 häa R a T1d igh both of whom it mot to provoke those who differ ut partly it is also wing realisation in at there is lo
of Tastering a
by too heavy a rid to ) Li Tila taltary and balance
it requires, in
of payments deficits and that, What EWBT the risks involvBd in the new course, politica instability can only add to these. Among other factors, the new scalario in Russia and Eastern Europe and world-wide scramble for foreign capital hawe had a sobering impact on the public
tood.
This does not meall that this political truce which has prevai ēd gro far can be taker for granted. The hardsip suffered by millions of poor and lower middle Class få milias bBod USD of the steep increase in the costs of iwig and the fear of lay-offs wuHich häLInt5 wurkars in ObJSOles cerit pola TLS are a Stadig i Witation to opposition på rilie:S to Cash in on the gro Wing Ta= servoir of popular discontent.
The old ideological hang-Ups and the painful business of having to shed old illusions make it particulary hard for the Left groups to reject this invi. tation. That is why they are so anxious to register their protest against the new policy.
Whether they will go. So far as to create widespread industrial unrest is still far from certain since they know that this can only add to the gravity of the economic crisis and to their own difficultias in West Bengal. Even so, the gowerrent cannot take any chances, It wi|| hawe to do What it Can to avoid a showdown for nothing can de rail the new policy more effectively than industrial strife, The change now under way indeed demands something more than the skill needed to drum up majority support in any division in Parliament. It calls fr a lati Oma COSeSUS,
This does not meam a priÕr agreement between the parties con a controvarsia i SSue S. Al
Nehru's days,
("Cari ir lied cor page 2 (0)

Page 17
Pakistani Perspective
The new global scenari
General (retd) Khalid Mahmud Arif
he loss of One Superpovverhas
been the gain of the Othar. Despite the many imperfections of the communist order, a bipolar World had an in-built element of check or oth the superpowers. There was a ray of hope for all mankinci that tha politica I and Tiilitary excesses committed any Where of the globa Wii || bG Criticised and condered if not checked and prevented. The Sovjet Collapsel ha5 remoy Scd that safety wave. The United StatBs in n DW in a position t. influence the World affairs through political pressure, coercive intimidation and selective morality
For nearly half a century CoTi Timuli ST and Capitālis T1 had developed an adversary relationship betwBạn thām. Communism la SO. CGHS9d to Q Se a threat
to the West. China, weak and vulnerable, is involved in her interna affairs and Has ngyer
exported her philosophy to other countries. Tiny pockets elsewhere — Cuba, Albania Etc., — may s Urrender to democracy soon. With communism out of the way the Wester attention has been focused On the Islamic Countries, An upsurge of religion anywhern is wiewed with suspician in the West. Such Countries ära Subject to politi Call pressLIre ånd blackmail from the US led developed states directly and through tha international financial institutions which thay Control.
During the period 1979-1988, the United States had little option but to Operate through Pakistan to provide assistanco to the Afghan freedom fighters. The U.S. Strategic objective was to evict the Soviet forces from Afghānistan. That aiT ach i wlad shg Started to dista Ce grself from the interial conflict of that country. For the Mujahideen the exit of the Soviet forces was only a part of the struggle. Their country
r Bmains in turmg 召 destabilised
T11||15. 3 50 LJ CE ) million Afghan
in Pakistal caus burdan on har TE SOLITICS AN tlement is impor stability,
Those who India would b to dismantle
establishment World of the Would be s Pakistanto di terally. The a nuclear-free has been ov time. There discu 55 a nucl safe South A
OW
The Iraq wa General Schwaiz admitted that it strengthen Israel bë Commission the Interation set up by Rar observed that ' till: tration systematic Controlled and redia and the of the Gulf wa a low the corrgic the people. It Bush and is a Committing the Crimes of the included trig inh of the Iraqi w. H gainst a II mort haviour.
The Gulf we declia in the United Nati 15 The UN Securita

O
it. For Pakista, Afg FhE) 1is tan r g - f anxiety. Three refшgees remain ing Considerable mងឧgre financial arly Afghan set"tant for regional
feel that te prepared her nuclear Іive iп а ir own. It iuicidal for О so шпіӀаprop asal of South Asia "ertaken by is need to ear-weapon sia proposal
VāS vidā, kopf has publicly Was fought to l, They two memof Inquiry for all War Crimes Say Clark has I 9. BLI sF1 adiigally manipulated distorted the Press coverage r aid did not t pictura to reach has accused dinistration for “biggest war вглtшгү" ". The5в JT a TESS EL I ri | Unded soldiers This of civi || bg
Witnessed a
status of the і Огgапisatioп. y Co Lun Cill be Calė
a glorified debating society wiling to surreander its authority to a mighty hijacker. The collapsing Soviet Union accepted the As herican dictates, Justone veto vote might have a verted that War. Hergin lies a danger for the peace in the future, fore coun. try becomes the judge, the jury and the aibiter, any international order based on such a logic many lead to a new disorder,
The international equilibrium has changed Previously, to contain the former Soviet Union. America wished to be friend China. The Soviet collapse has how p It the America hea ! Con China, at gast termporarily. China is too large a Country to be ignored for too long. She is ideally located to influence events in the world in general and in the CIS, Japan. India and South-East Asia in particular,
The Soviet collapse was a blow to the Indian foreign policy. Much to the delight of Washington, India and U.S.A are busy developing a multi-directional relationship which was neVer so close ever since India gainad independence. These relations are being expanded in the political, economic and military fields, Politically, the U.S. Indian diaוis projecting Ir וrמסווByrחסh äs å regional po W er and ELi|- ding her up as a countarweight to China. To keep exploiting the American sensitiwity India may delay the Scott lament of har border dispute with China.
As a quid pro quo India no
longer criticises the American Tilitary presence either in the Gulf region. In the economic field America has helped India in securing loans worth S3 billion from tha international
smonditary agesicies to thwestome her financial difficulties. The collaboration in the military field includes training facilities, sala
15

Page 18
of hardware to India, joint planning, Tutual surveillance of ta Tgiet areas and sharing of intelligence covering areas lying betWall the Seisitive Per Siar Gulf region in the West and no less sensitive China in the Bast. America has also provided to India dual-purpose high technology computers to be used in her weapon-oriented nuclear and missile programmes. A flurry of top-level high and low visibility wisits between the military brass of the two countries has set the parameters of their military Cooperation.
The deve l'oping Indo-U.S. Consection has further emboldened India to browbeat her eighbours. Har inter francs in Sindh Pakistam, continues una bated. She accuses Pakistan of providing help to the disputed state of Kashmir Who I have ri:5em in revolt against the denial of their fundamental rights to decide their future. A state-sponsored terrorism has been let loose on them by India in which people are killed, women are raped houses are detolished and the inter slational hILITias i rights agencies are de nied entry in the state to in westiga te tha atrocities Committed by the administration.
Kashmir and Punjab are the self-inflicted injuries which are hurting India. She wants to externalise her internal problems by falsely implicating a foreign hand. Hildu funda Termita | is| is On the on rise in India. This is evident from the composition of her parliament. India is also facing a da ngar of disin te gration from within. Sikkim, Assan. Tamil Nadu and Punjab are symptoms of Such a process. In har own interest India should lear 1 a lësson from the disin të ration of the TSW hia Sowiet UiO. Her neighbours wish her well in maintaining her Unity in their own interest. They would like to have a stable and friendly India in the subcortinent to enable this region to fight its commoп enemү — poverty.
China would Comé under increasing Americal pressure of One pretext of the other. The reasons could be human "rights
16
ViolatioП5, thв rights and patt port of Some te O Tot fili United States ( India, the era E/75/ BF7ëf is d She has now Can bandwagon Asial riWal. Th this chai are Korea, Burma ani bat tha Nobel the distinguishe and tha recat Dalai Lama with Milister? India bet can be usi CrĘā tā trouble i
| dia had 5 lationship with had as much is the Arab court regio r1 as sha * ted during the har struggle ag Stյviet Umitյm. T ing U. S. cornir used by India Oi!-rich Gulf Co har long-term s the ragion.
The people EO E3 d5 Iliad thai E g O'W' E3rh r m Brn t through the ballot. The pro: JOWornsfl BIt COI Was mot a CCEptab Which call the that African cou ly, the Wester Tot rected 5GH demise of demo
The rea SON is
SSSS SC:ti,
Work.
The U.S.
Ta in LI sa tisfac пmilitary pre5епct a source of C. FJr | it hg duratio can presвпt:в iп räS räti 5 Linlikely to Unde change.
The collapse has put to test of the Europear highlights the t gffgctiwg intor la

issue of copyIts of the ex:hnologies which få WOLF Wit | th Jf. Amari C. FOT
Of HC gad did closed. oined the Amerito e circle har Other links in Jaբan, South d Tibet. RamamFriz S. F1wird to di Burmese lady meeting of the ta Britis Prie Burma and Tied a Sa base to
Chima,
trøm g hilfita TF1 Tgraq. The Gulf war lated India from is in the Gulf va 5 e 3 rier isolade Cade3 lcorng Afggainst the former he new developlection Tay be to penetrate the Litries to further trategic goals in
of Algeria hawa r right to choose for themselves oro Cass of fra spact of a rightist "ming to po'Wer ]le to the poWerS political tune in ntry. SurprisingCOLJПtriВg HayЕ arply about tha cracy in Algaria, 10t diffiCult to a morality is at
a relations re
toty. The U.S. 3 il tha Gulf is Oficer for Iran.
of the A The Ti
the Gulf region with Allerica are rgo a significant
of Yugoslavia the effectiveness unity. It also sefulness of the | leadership. That
courtry is different from what
it was under Tito.
Such are the obtaining realities. Politically, America has emerged as the only pre-eminent power, at least for the present. Economically, despite the strains оп thв Аппегісап вconomy, a tri-polar World has come to the fore with U.S. sharing the honours with Germany and Japan.
Thã tựựũ #CCT1øml[: giants Gегппапy and Јарап are kпосking at the U.N. door for permanent seats in the Security Council. Japan has recently passed a law por mitting her for the first time since 1945 to sand har military forçe S abroad as a part of the U.N. peace force.
German y and Japan - had financially supported the U.S. led military Operations ägäinst Irac1. These two Countries will play lm Creasingly importa m t roles irn the World affairs, even when they are not military powers yet.
In the prevailing geo-strategic scenario PakistaПs foreign policy las Come under Stre SS. The World events hi W e 10 WÉd fäster than her anticipation. Best with internal political difficulties, the exterial developments hawa baen relegated to the back burrier. During the gulf war, a pap existed between the government response and the public expectations aroused by wested interests. The government launched a damage contro operation a little too late. The war placed Pakistan in an unhappy situation. Sha sant military forces to Saudi Arabia and was yeat called a reluctant partner in Combat, a feeling which continues to linger in the Gulf regio.
Pakista-U.S. relations are at a low abbo. It is mot Lun Com FT107|| for tha two countrias to differ with each other but there is no need for them to be hostile or a crimonious. Prudence demands that the iSSugS Und Gr dispute be discussed quietly and comprehensively through diplomatic Charlt 1ëls and not in the Press. Notwithstanding Pakistan's cur

Page 19
sent eConornic difficulties, tha Stoppage of the American aid is not the end of the world. The United States has played this game before and Pakistan is used to facing such a pressure. Such a jolt is not without a silver lining. It gives a much needed reminder that all for Sigri aid has strings attached to it and there is no substitute to standing on one's own foot.
Pakistan's response to America should be matura and dignified. If America wishes to discontinue with the aid let her do so. It would be wrong to compromise principles for the sake of expediency. Pakistan respects the laws of other Countries. The Pressler Amendment impinges on the sovereignty of Pakistan and, therefore, she has every right to condemn it. Would America like any country to legislate a one country law directed against her?
America claims that India and Pakistan are de facto nuclear powers. These two Countries, therefore, deserve e qual treatTent. Nuclear proliferation in South Asia has become a fact of life. Those who feel that India would be prepared to dismantle her nuclear establishment, vast and expanding as it is, live in a world of their own. It would be suicidal for Pakistan to do so unilaterally. The prevailing realities indicate that the proposal of a nuclear-free South Asia has been over taken by time. There is a need now to discuss Ea proposal of Creating a nuclearWeapon safe South Asia. This would be a pragmatic approach to por a went nuclear blackmail i the Subcontinent.
Any technology Once Spread Cannot be era sed, Human brains cannot be wipad clean, If the nuclea ar hawe states are genuinely interested in a nonproliferation regime they should set the pace and implement their own obligations under Article 6 of the NPT to porowe their biomafides. Then alone would they be justified to plead the cause of пuclear поп-proliferatioп.
Foreign policy begins at home. There is no substitute for interna || Cohesion and unity. Politi
Cal differacias democratic proc ht to be
TaSol Tocratic means place for gшtt
democratic order ly there is perty The Governier tion hawe rhosaCra CW is to fl. ha wa to mod gOver Tent is g tolerance towar ad act fairly ti a II.
The oppositio that the govern
The
The C At ||1: Deep CLr || || TF
What
Nor s Trippi Past |
No, ju That With
(Walu E
The G Fifty
St E What's TFE is twi Stäté
So yo (The RW Ed He re. But p| High r Changi To W
T. C. FI
(Ha, t TE M Ha de

arв н рагt of а eSS. These o uged through dai. There is no ær politics in H ... And, regretfull
of it in Pakistan. -opposition rela
-dived. If deo
LIrish both Wi their ways. The
xpected to show ds the Copposition l) 'WWII ridis (I) TA and
m O LI g h t to earm ment enjoys the
public mandate rule for a prescribed terin and that its own place is to occupy the opposition benches for that period. Political battles should big fou - ght politically in the parliament or legally in the courts of law.
They should not be taken to the streets. What the opposition did in the parliament on
December 19, 1991 did not enhance the cause of democracy. | t s ur 1 dignified beha wiour Was a matter of shame. Let us rise and do something better, We can do it.
Guv'nor takes a holiday - no exchange problem
i Ly'r or pourrs, his C är pour TS 3 crossing, Waiting for the train
in his Cushions, ColÒ Lur from tha mist y glades descend with their pluck,
are they to him, not nymphs ffEms Gwen though thũy sing ng bare fagt in silver anklets the running spring?
ht: sees the
Tea Maids
15t fifty kilos of leaves and a bud with luck, may be, will bë
firing 8 fragrance
addad) t en kilos of tea
iuv'nor thinks (even on holiday) ;ios for just fifty chinks
bad factor input then the snag. ost of P says the WB Ce thg Fred MP ппапаqеппепt they say's the drag
u need a Priva te Eya. Guvnor's glass to his own glass eye
s so inflation Whats Tore
rts 5 prch growth overty? That he says is only sloth) management overheads? 3 the pi | low for the a cha in tha had World Bank salith.
itu W'n or dozes, se a ing dollars fa II the leaf baskets, and the train Clatters hat train needs World Bank attention) ymphs chatter by, as cides there'll be travellers cheques for all.
բast
the Car Horns Cal |
U. Karnati lake
ל1

Page 20
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Page 21
MEDIA
De-Colonising News
Martin Khor Kok Peng
events and traids to a large extent determines our responses. Much of ling na WS that is raad World Wide comes from a few agencies or magazines controlled by the West. As a result, there is a dominance of West-cer Eric analysis that Ofter distorts reality, especial y where the Third World is concarned,
Hoo we perceive the World's
For instance, the 1980s have been portrayed in the Western
madia FS a decade of boom for the 'world economy". Yet the economies in most of the
Third World were declining due to the da bt crisis and falling commodity prices. The Uruguay Round is overwhelming PorTrayed as id bätt le dWĖer far Th gugi di ES, YEt for the Tiri World to real issue Was the Wg55; al territ to ry Open Thist i World markets for WEsteliss, Service coil panies and for foreign investors by expanding the powers of GATT into new ar Eä5. The Parlata inwäsion Or the Gulf War are portrayed by the American in edia as a good wersus evil fight, but from a Third World perspective it lay be perceived as a demonstration
that tha West is prepäred to use brutal force to get the Third World to 'tog its imë”
and to ensure continued domi
ance Ower World resources,
For the past five years, a group of Third World journalists ad citizens' associations hawa bean trying to break the West's media by making available news reports and analyses from the South, and circulating them in both the South är the North.
The TV fra' WarWay West Work falt that it was not enough to Corn plain about western. I media
CGri tröl, go it ! news exchanga ting journalists
(lainly from t to contribute tC Network Feat LIra the ser wice prowi. weekly, is publ Spanish, Portu Hindi and Beng ted to about a papērs, tagazin grcյսբs around appear regular like India, Tar L-Uruguay, Keny: å rei al SCJ CC casic by established , pers such as Perg TribLa E (London) and Y WIէ: ԱԱ
The features mainly by Third davalopment at rollmentii lists, :
B 1iwigs Of Third Wor Ciations and t World public. TI for instanca gi to tha grą SS r. many Third Wo. Save the Enviro thern finarı Ced d jects. They ha W depth analysis affairs such as ir Creas irrig pool', Uruguay Roum frDIl a Tilt || WW Equally import: highlighted the tiatives of Third rities and grou appropriate tech farting, innovati for the poor, indigelous heal Cooperative hou
Recently, the Network bagai Tagazines, aWa

started a si Tıpole system by i Tı Wiand thinkers g Third World) a Third World s Service. Today 25 fOUT featur BS ished in English, gese, C in ESE, | ad distrib) Lthousand lawsgs and citizens' the world. They y in Countries gania, Jamaica, Tid ||rar änd inally picked up Wester || The WSpathe Vr7ferriërfor77/ ind the Gardar World Press Rig
TE Writtēli World Writers, ivist5 änd erwiand they bring ind perspectives d Citizels, a SSO - hikers to the 1e feat Lires hawe 'ren prominë i cë gts battles in |d : ut rie:S t) melt froWelopment proprovidad i= of economic the debit Cri5i5, terty and tha d negotiations, "ord perspective. t, they hawe grassroots ini| World COITT1upos in pro Thoting Inology, organic we credit systers atgrnatiya and th systems and sing.
: Third World publishing two ia ble i feither
English or Spanish, the monthly Third World Resurgerica and the fortnightly. Third World Econofics. Both aiT to be a forum through which So Luthern perSpectives can be pro Tnoted and thus gain a fairer representation in tha internationa | märket place of ideas, as well as provide a guide to citizens' associations էյgth in the South and North as to what Third World groups. communities and in tellectuals are doing and thinking.
Third World Fg5 urger7Ca aims to provide Third World analysis OII ä vide range of iSSugs including the environment, health and Basic I Beri5, international affairs, e COII Com i CS är Cid CLI E LITE, Its inaugural issue in September 1990 focus ad om "Seeing Gream Through Third World Eyes" and Carried articles bW J05B LLItzenberger (Latin America's wellknown ecologist, now Brazil's Environment Minister). Om de - for estation änd suddÊ Ë CologiCal collapse; an analysis by Indian Erwiformentalist Wandana Shiva on global Warming and North-South relations; by Malaysiam activist Mohamad Idris warning of how the political and commercial elite Ware coopting the green label to par
petuate their destruction of nature; and reports of how Communities in the Tir
World are defending both the EnvirOrrTert and th gir basic rights. Subsequent issues of
Resurgence hawg highlighted how the Uruguay Round is threatening the sovereignty of Third World COL tries; why the EastWest rapproach ment has da nga - rous implications for the Third World; how the Gulf Crisis is perceived so differently when geen froT - the South as cotrasted with the North; the impact of 500 years of Colonisation as We approach the
19

Page 22
quin Centenary of Colornblus" lan - ding in the Americas; and the plight of the world's indigenous people.
Thro Wor/ Ecolorscs on the other hand aims to fill a long felt need for alternative, Third World oriented news analyses ol e Com om i C Gwerts ad affairs Booth at tha international and national levels. Much of the dominant coverage of such critical trends as the da bt crisis, the Commodity Drica da cine, tha growing power of transnational companies, the widening richpoor gap, the moves towards privatisations and deregulation, are a Il Morth oriented and establishment orientèd. The fortnight|y prowides Speedy but indepth analysis of current affairs in North-South economic relations. Its early issues have focused especially on providing a blowby-blow week-by-week analysis of the Uruguay Round talks in Geneva and Brussels, The magazine gawe a detailed account of how the GATT talks broke down in Brussels and the implications for the Third World, The magazine also covers a wide range of North-South issues (investment, transmational corporation practices, debt and finance, tochnology and in tellectual property rights, trade and commodity prices) as well as the national dimension of development (poverty, rural dowo lopment, social inequalities, basic needs problems, and alternative development strategies). Third World Economics is meant for development groups,
rasa arch institutas and economists.
For the specialist, the Third
World Network publishes the SUNS (South-North Development Monitor), a daily bullet in on
O
South-North is Genewa by weste a list and anal Raghawal. The fo Luded i 198 until 1989 by
ely read and re World economic ducting negotial GAT T ad Coth 3 Valuable resou
rThak er S a[1 cd B COr
(Third World Y ffff Fā. Malaysia, Fax.
r is editors. I'r 75fir yr O. de' 7gr. ia | Corro 7, 7 7.200, Ιντμαμέιν vartЛf Ragyhav: Watsofis. Fögrri Gелауа 70, Sw
Making. . .
'FF FF FFE W
a Lusterity and te іпtegгatioп.
"Islamic Jiha Paths are only Sh1 E Said ir ref rebel gгошps Middle East an
ThĒ answer
Couraging the in North's ra growth while t Survive a few
Cutting down E Debt causes po is få | Luxury we afford," she cor
- "War

ues produced in an Indian journst Chakravarthi SUWS had been O and published EDA. It is wildspected by Third diplomats Conions in UNCTAD, " fora, and is a "Ce for policy Omic researchers.
Wafiyork, B7 Cā 710250 Perта пg 04-3587 05:5aRoberto Bissio, er Mundo, Miguel
67 MW, prif o wiriadau ; SUNS: Chakrar, Palais des C-504, 7.277 fizeral)
(13 hdgeץ וזיט"
ital social dis
ds and Shining the beginning," er er ca to armed active in the d in Peru.
is not in
| ita 5
to follow ckless path to he poor try to more days by few more trees. Werty and power ty сап по Іопger cluded.
World War work
Features/IPS
Panaceas and. . .
(Cராlாச ரீரா நகரE )
is an approach to prolems which seeks to reduce the area of disagreement. In effect this amounts to keeping the opposition to a particular policy with in bounds where it cannot be marg. inalised. This ought not to be too difficult today when, Whatever their public rhetoric, most parties Can see how se Werely limited are the options before the country.
The two mai 1 rea5 ons for the increasing debility of the political system are the prodigeous increase in the demands being made on it and the tendency of Organised groups to se ek redress of their grievances outside the limits imposed by it. The problem is by no means peculiar to this country though its size and diversity make it look altogether more forbidding here. In view of the increasing strain on the political system, the only way in which the parties can help it to perform better, is, as Ca L5 Offe, tha Wa Il-known German social thinker, has cogently
argued, for them to find newWays of Cooperating through informal discussions "" shieldad
from publicity."
What is decisive, ha rightly con tends, is 'whether the organiSed intere Sts affected by state policy are prepared to renounce the of structional potential (which)
they passess in great пneasure even as the interdependencies resulting from a given policy
bgcome more and more extensive The turn of events in this country seems to hawe put this very quastion at the top of the national agen da,

Page 23
MEDIA
The Indian Debate
Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar
The recent agitation by some
journalists
he running of the Navbharat Tinas has focu in three issues touching press freedom - ther ween newspaper owners and editors, the eX politicians should get involved in pressma right to translate Copy. The Sunda y Times prominent journalists, owners, lawyers and
views on these three matters,
getting a
specifics of the Wavbharat Times dispute to the
Most owners refused to be interviewed, and this biases our survey against them, but they hawe only themselvBs to blame. Most senior journalists uphald the right of proprietors to lay down the editorial policy and make major changes. Cho Rarnaswamy was particularly forthright in saying that a proprietor could not be expected to ta ke final CiE I risks ir There| y to promote the opinion of his editor. Girilla | Ja ir fat that thë importance attached to the editor's Suprema C y was a particu - larly Indian concern arising out of socialist ideas. Howaver, there were differing opinions on the right of proprietors to interfere in day-to-day matters. Many felt it was wrong, would low or journalistic standards, and affact tha people's right to know.
India has more than 20,000 journals, most of them small and edited by the owners. Ewan is bigger journals, owners areo progressively becoming editors. So the owner-editor controversy is actually limited to a small (but important) section of the press. The freedom of expression means that anybody is free to start and to edit a journal. În larger ones. owners typically hire staff, Can they be deprivad of control be. cause they hire editors instead of doing the job themselves? This would probably be un comstitutional and a departure from international democratic norms.
Freedom to start a journal axtends to sectional interests like
political parties tions and Item cular religion body suggests of a political should bt intl own ar. Nor W. pect this of a sectional intera editorial indepe Tanded for the The rĖa som f. beyond free ex ners. There ar. the right of thị and the importi dards in the pri at || Bäst 50 TF pressures from ticians, busino Sectarian inter E However, it i to legislata i BditCbrs i r a fe of sectional in trolled by own pher Thomas o high standards With at the et sional levels. I proprie torial inti shes quality a drop in Credibilit
If wers a editorial control many will lose ting new jour the number of for journalists." rather than imp of expression.
Another likely be for owners members Or. SU

Lunion S -- ower Issed attention elationship bettent to which Itters, and the
Of Mr 7 dia sked Doliticians their Way from the broader issues.
trä i E3 organisabers of a partior region. Nothat the editor party's journal 333 lernt of thig ould anyone exOLITFla run by any St. Why, then is indence ofte de - | big newspapers. or this goes well pression fr - 3. Cother issu 25 like 2 people to know, ance of high Stani3SS. Paopla figed journals where advertisers, poliSS intg T83S tS and !sts are miillä I, S hardly possible independence for W Elitë journals 3. TESS t ii) ir3rs. As Christof The Times says are best deat tical and profesall the long rum rifer Crice rdimir - 1d Wi || Cause 3 W and circulation. 'e deprived of Thomas says, IT 1 tar EBS t i rals. diminishing papers and jobs his will Worsen TOWe the freed
OUl'OT W U Q appoint family DIT WES-IT E S
Editors. So tha outcom a Would El a fi || || 7 thE Imber of EditOTships available for professional journalists, Som 9 people, lika M. W. Kamath, feel that even knowledgablg Owner's Fire nok in S3 me ClEiss ä5 orof25si or1 a l edi - tors. ExperignCE SUgg9Sts OtherWige... OW rer-gdi tors | ik G Aroorn Purie of ridia Yoday and Ashok Adwani of Business India, with no previous experiance of jourrialis T1, have be a ter their professional rivals hollow. There are fär Tore C3 5E 5 Of 0'W efs succeeding than failing.
KH Lush wat Singh Says that
editors are generally subject to Tuch Tore pressura in India tha abroad. I myself have bg e ad editort Wice, Find Can testify that some propriators apply pressure to satisfy their political, business and personal interests. In many mofu 5 si towns I have wisited owners (and a las journalists are regar ded as rack at eers. One Way to por Comote exCelle CE unha po Ered by por 3SS Lur ES Would be to h1 WE2 journa is owned by journalists. like g MM 7 de i Fra C3 är ffig Independert in Britiäin, A possible source of funds could be Wenture capital funds designed to finan CB High – risk in Westments – these are just coming up in India, suspect the biggest problem will be not funding but the willingness of top journalists to for Sake high sa laries for the risk of a b Lu SiirleşS Werture,
Next, the issue of the press Versus politicians. To what extent should journalists try and get politicians to support them in their internal Struggles against owners? Most people interwig. Wed by us including politicians, falt it was undesirable. The exception was lawyer Rajeev Dhawan, who felt that press freedom included the freedom of journalists from control by owners. Most also felt it was wrong for journalists to get housing
21

Page 24
and other parks from the government, as this WGLIld er gode til Bir independer Ce.
Politi Cians are usually happy to support agitations by journ
alists, in some cases, this is for legitimate reasons, but in many cases they want to
ingratiate themselwes with journå lists, hםping tס get 日 good press in return. Most journalists in Small towns are Compromised by their association with particular politicians, and it is Worrying to se a that cancer Spor 5ead to large, la tica | dadi | ieg LCO.
It is tempting for unions to use political connections to raise their living standards and Wii the industrial disputes. But do the journalists of these unions really believe that, given the right to interfere, politicians will stop at just trade unio issues? No,
POTES:
DISTRIBUTORS FOR
they will ing witab interven ing in e too, and that W deadly dag er to Most respondent In ent's rights to for breach of p. this power shou ciously. Ram Jet Si Sed the ggi to Codify its pri of leaving ther covering a verythi
Journalists Ci ask the govert if Wre is violat The Worst violat in the thousa provincial journa a recent article jo u rna lists i rl SITE pарвгs arg hirect Workers, someti Ora | CotrāCE, T public at teni tio |
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ly want to start ditorial atters ill represent a pres5 freedom. s upheld Parliaindict journāls rivilege, but felt |d be used judihmalani emphafor Par|iar:1811t. iwi leges instead m open-ended, ing.
in legitimately ent to inter were a labour laws. is take polaca lds of Saller ls. According to in Sunday Mai/', 1 gridi 15I only as cas Lal חם urelyכן E5וח he irony is that usually focusses
on large papers that are the high est paymasters and ha WE strong unions that thwart abour law wilations,
Finally, the issue of translating English articles into other language. Most people inerviewed agreed that it would be wrong to place any legal constraints of this, But W.P. Waidik of EFsha, the Hindi news agency, voiced the view of many in saying that translations must
not be the Staple of any iOLIri Fl. SOTO a SO argLI9 that it ruould impede the
growth of Wernacular newspapers. Houwe wer, translations cut the cost of publishing, and are vital to keep alive Struggling papers.
In the long rung, I am certain translations will be defeated by Original Writing im Indial al
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Page 26
Agricultural Extension link in Janasawiya
Ranjit Mulleriyawa
J蠶 is tha TÖst ambitious poverly alleviation programme yet to be launched in this country. It is in essence a participatory approach to rural development targeted at the poorest and most underprivileged sectors of the population. Janasaviya operates on the premise that the combined delivery of consumption benefits (a mounting to RS 1458 per family per month), capital and technical assistance for in Westment and income generation to poor households will gable them to break out from the constraits that powerly CT2: TES,
An objective analysis of the - Janasawiya programme"s perfornance during the first two yearwould seem to indicate that resuits achieved awe fallen short of expectations iп ппапү areas. Inadequacy and ineffectiveness Of the technic | Fassist3 CE COTIpoment appears to hawa been major factors stifling programme per for rimarı Ce.
Major constraints
Agriculture is the primary occupā ticorn of most Janasa wiya baneficiaries living in rural areas. Increasing agricultural production is therefore essential for any meaningful improvement in socioeconomic status and quality of the rural poor. The biggest ConStrait to in Crea sig agricultural production in the peasапt sector is the absence of an effec
tive agricultural extension Service. Our willage lewel agTic: LI I tura | extension ser wica hias
The Arusher fx fast agroriginfor holding LS EOLLLHS tLOOkOkuLee T aLuGGLLHTGCkCS LLLL first professes o'er 25 years" experiLu Y LLLGLH LET LLL tttlLGGtmTTS LGHCLLLLLLS L Ot eteGGGY HGTTSS tM TTkS ASSLLLLLS N'a yere Techror'rar, he has Freri fı LLLLSLLLLLLaLLS SYaaLLLLLLSLS LTGGGGGGGGOB S K fja herf: rg plaf fjs surfél fri she flry Zōrie for fer y Fir:T Erregi experienced the airies of life as grass rag
24
never been ver ever, it has no totaly ineffecti recent absorptic Wiya o 1ha Sewak Bxtension wol "Gramā Ni|ädF. Granna Niladha layם סt חסקu roles - extensic Hua lature Exercis ing CC often take prec tension Resul fa Timor ha 5 wirt advise hit or tes.
Thanks to J is now freely poor in areas is operation a many of these ble tO effecti Credit for ico tivitie5 bei CäL15. tension Suppor few cases in yadda AGA din district has on fa || || 5 triu COTS farmer families are of 370 Nika Weratiya al |istructors ca || 9 OOC) farmers are Janasawi These are clear
Farer EKEE
If Janåsa wiyi and achieve it tives, it is es: diate steps be void in agrii at Willage lewe tion to bridgir gap Would 5 tra ining and d mer extensic barefoot Doc small, activity of farmers (FL The objective nity based axit not to train a but to provide

- the
"y Strong. HowW been raidered we following the of Kr Ushik Tmä aS (willage le vél "kerS) i r to the Iario Cadre. The ri is now called two conflictimg 01 - ad Cort Tol. being what it is, t functions Ceder. Ce Over ext? The peasапt םe Lחס טוו ually agricultural That
a nasawiya, credit wailable to the w har e Janasa wiya . Unfortunately,
people аге uпаway utilise this Tia generating a Cthere is to ex
*E. Lat"S lake a point - Ridimali.vision in Badu ||a
ly two Agricultuto service 6,900 Spread over än Sq. Kilometers ! so has two Agric, |ad upon to serve (4,800 of whom ya beneficia ries). ly impossible tasks.
Insionists
is to bear fruit s laudable objecéritä| thät immBI taker to fil. lig Culturå | extensitori | . A logica || Solu1g this extensio EEm to g the eployment of farlists (similar to
tors) to service Centred groups IпctioпаІ gгошps).
iT SJ (:h a CorTimuETSi Service is Jricultural experts,
farmor represen
missing
tatives with adequate basic knowledge and skills needed to improve their present farming systems. The goal in such an approach, is not to develop the peoples' agriculture, but to teach thaпп a procass by which they can develop their O wiwn agri CLI Itura.
beneficiaries to be the most marginalized, po orest and least articulate segment of our rura | population. If their seeds are to be a dequa tally met, they require services Which a Te easily accessible. A Community-based extension service involving trained Farmer Extensionists ensures easy a CCESS to extension.
Јапаsaviya tr
Training Farmer Extensionists
Traditional class Toorn Oriënted.
lecture type training will not do for this type of indiwidual. They would respond best to
Pārticipatory approaches to training With heavy emphasis on onfarm demonstrations and oil-farm adaptive research. Such training is best conducted within their respective communities and it wi|| take at least two cropping Seasons to 1штп ошt a co пpeteп ( fa fer extensioist. Cost of such training will be no more than Rs 15—16 per Janasa wiya family per morth ower a two year period. This is barely one per cent of the monthly dolg received by each Јапаsaviya family at presert. Should there be any reluctance to ever experiment with the above proposal, it would do well to recall the following:
"Progress in human affairs, Whether in science, Or History, Cor i Sociaty, has come argely from the bold Tëadiness of human beings Olto accept piacerea solutions to the way things are done, but to Offer fUniä metal Chä||erges in the are of reson to the accepted Way of doing things........"

Page 27
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