Page 1
女 THE PREMADASA PRES LANKA
THE TIGER
... and Pr
Gyan i d2, the u
Planning “Operat
 

IDENCY - Mick Moore k
PO, Sri Lanka OD/43/NEWS/92
Ε |
As TARGET
emadasa t00 P
- Mervyn de Silva timate Weapon
→ 0), P, Siva form ion Assassination'
— V. Jayamth

Page 2
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Page 3
TREMWEOS
STATE BANKS: AUTONOMW
The Bank of Ceylon and the People's Bank have bejen exempted from Treasury and Public AdminisfraffOr 7 Circ Mars a 7 /50) freed from certain provisfor 7s of the Fira 7C69 AC Wo. 38 of 1977. The banks wї// be g/wел одeratfола/ autonomy, free of govern(IFL CDrfros fo Bräse them to conduct their sendГng Operations on a солтTercia I ba55. This o IOWS a government de Cision to "restructure" the two state banks to bring then up to 缀 глаt/ола/baпkїпg sfалd
S.
PRIVILEGE ISSU E
Following an uproar in par/Nагталt w/ёл the Govагг7птепї алd the Oppositfол refused to co-operate with any move In the conduct of parliamentary business, the Acting Leader of the House Wifepa la Mendis raised a breach of privilege SSUе патing six Opposition MPs. The MPs are Richard Fathirana, M. K. A. D. S. GLI r 7a Mva rder7a, Arrarasri Dodar 7 goda S. A. R. MWaddитаћалаara, T. A. R. The varapperuma and Dr. МWevi//e Ferrпалdo. They are а// of the Sri Lanka Free
Briefly . .
Opposition Forty eight ( squatted in fr ппвпt to proies Si On Of freado
in the
protestir the refusal of
sioП
WETE
пепI to permit by the Opposi
The satyakri Hambar tota Di Mahiпda Rajap: Chif SLFP O
Bandaramaika M position Whip ra na MP, MEF
Gшпамуаrcle na
Me Tibeir5 Atha and Raja Coll Bandara laik :
WW OLIld a ISO b0
of thig - For|
Committee om t
Luti| th 3 GOWE
ted debita ta S.
No unilate
Pring Mii St
doлт Party. ILIIlga told F | ĞÜARD
Vol. 15 No. 3 Jung 1 , 1992 CCMT
P R 750
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Place, COO TEJO - 2. Editor: Mervyn de Silva TelephEng: 447E84 Frimtad by Ananda Prass 82/5. Sri Ratnajothi Sarawa na muttu .13 םmbםIםWatha, CםM Teleplo: 43595
News Background
Aids
Gandhi Assassinati
Tamil Militarism (2
This PTH THIS FE
Women and Hum:
Wioldtion

satya kriya Dpposition MPs ont of parliait "the suppresтn of expresHouse." They Ig specifically the Goverп
debates ca||gd
ion.
"a was led by strict SLFP MP ikse, along with "ganiser Anura MP, Chief OpRichard Pathileader Diesh
MP arld USA da Seneviratne JrB. Mr. AILIra said that they үсоttппеetings mentary Select hê - ethnic issue
нrпment permit
ra a CEiO
er D. B. Wija'aria Tent that
E
3
B
9
3
Sidicy 16
in Rights 21
the Governet would not take 'precipitate unilateral action". When a Select - Com
mittee was carefшlly goiпg into the whole North-East Crisis. TF1g Prile Minister
was referring to India's ban O Ath LTTE ard IOC daları
ds for similar action.
He said that the High Commissioner for India in Sri
Lanka had in a recent interview in the Sunday Times (May 17) stated that "the ban is a symbolic gesture." Sri Lanka's fight with the terrorists was not a symbolic fight, it was a serious fight, հE Saiti,
Trained in India
The Lankan LTTE guarilla who allegedly masterminded Rajiv Gandhi's assassination was orginally trained by Indian intelligence ser wiceas, the
Indian ni EWS magazine Mndia Today said.
Ouoting a police charge
she at the magazine said Siwarasan, a Lankan Tamil, "was trained in handling sophisticated arms and a munition, explosives and nication
COTE EL
-LIרחוחםtBIBG
WO rk, a d C|ge — Warfare at a training camp in Tamil Nadu during 1983 by certa in intelligence Drganisations."
No opposition views
Mr A. J. Ranasinghe, State Minister for Information, said in Parliament that ha Wi||
(ரொபர் 3 ரசரச 5)

Page 4
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Page 5
THE LTTE BAW
Political Pressu and Regional P
Mervyn de Silva
am under pressure." Indian
Prime Minister Narasimha Rao had confessed to a memb3F of the Sri Lanka ta a T that
participated in a seminar in Dalhĩ recently, Of SD Prof. Shetton Kodikara, one of the participants, informed us the other day. Yes, Mr. Rao was under pressure, and continues to be under pressure, not just from Tamillnad Lu Chigf Minister, Ms. Jaya la litha, who is running scared of LTTE infiltration and the steady growth of Tamil militancy in har state. The two explosions, one at the TV relay station, in Madras récently May be a sign of things to come.
But the pressure is not from
Jayalalitha and the ADMK alone. The whole political situation in India, and Mr. Rao's own position in the Congress party, are inded Causa for CO Car. K. Shankar Bajpai, one of India's most distinguished diplomats End OW a Visiting Prof. at Berkela y obser Wes:
The ghastly assasination of Rajiv Gandhi added to the sense of drift, which the choice of P. W. Narasimha Rao as prime minister heading the third minority government in a rouw, hardly di Timi=
lished. Wersatile as intellectual but with n0 political base, and an unfortunate reputation for rationalising in decision, ha had virtually withdrawn from politics by Chi OO sing n0t to contest the general election. He hardly seamed the man to cope with India's chalIenges. Yet, he started by initiating the boldest changes
attempted in thinking and fu India has see pendence".
But the LTTE domestic and f. policy. On this IOLES :
''The substan could be relied secular policies in creasingly crit policy as Wol changes. The E rally supportive out at the ST іпgly tепрtad gCOnomic polici grounds. The S
G Jamata Dal and Lok Da | Of Tha graatest di was within the tha COSE SLUDI Gadhi Welt al mic issues but policү . . . ."
WՒ11|B his str public's longif 'riational proble ness om de Vel awasøme. HB T – the qu'HTTG nadu and Ka sharing of Cau" Punjab tragedy, in Kashmir and
'hotting up' . problem.
Fina|| y there
challenga withi leaders. With st in their OW Pawar in ME Arjun Singh in

the ways of inctioning that
since inda
: issue is both }reigп ог regional , the Sama Writer
ial Left groups rםrt fסsupp , חם I, but they were
tical of foreign idוחס חסas BG | 3.JP was gene
of the latter, le time, increa5to Critici Sa tha Os Om populist
ame was true of of W. P. Singh Chandra Sekhar. fficulty however
Congress where orters of Rajiv - סוחםBG - חם gחם not on foreign
angth lay in the |g for stability, ms of divisivepment remained otes three issues betWae Tami|- nataka on the eri Waters the and tha violaca
Assam, and they f tha Ayodhya
is tha di TegCt the party from b ng power bases states - Sharad harashtra, and Madhya Pradesh.
These tensioпs within partу and government surfaced on two re Cent Occasions - the nominations to the powerful Working Committee of the party (CWC) and on the LTTE. AS Jag prea t Luth ra reported from Delhi for the DH News Service : "The most obvious blunder, as some Congress (1) leaders put it, is the dropping of union ministers Arjun Singh and Sharad Pa war from the elected lists and their inclusion in the nominated list. . . . Mr. Singh and Mr. Pawar were conspicuous among those who did not resign from the CWC as a show of loyalty to the party president. . . . . . Mr. Rao's bahawlio UT is 'an äcknowledgement of the insecurity that Mr. Rao feels. . . ."
All this happened in the month of May...leading up to May 21, the first an niwersary of tha Raji w assassination, a particularly im - portant évent to Rajiv loyalists, about 70 to 80, in the party that look to Sonia Gandhi for guidance. This then was the buildup before May 21, and Prime Minister Rao's admission about 'ʻpressure"".
A || that however is do mesti C. The LTTE ball Wolves Sri Lanka. The proscriptioп is bвіпg used as all instrument for sustained pressure on the Premadasa Presidency, another mowe in the game-plan which surfaced in tha (abortive) іппрвachгmвпt motion and the SAARC " "boycott' by the Indian Premier. Cuito clearly. Tha wetaran Indian diplomat, Shankar Bajpai, does not buy the "Bhutan excuse" He says: "the hostility between President Premada sa and the

Page 6
Indiап Нeaders was widely blamed as the reason for India refusing to attend the SAARC summit in December on the pTelext that since the Kiпg of
Bhutan could not COTE, alother date should be fixed." It was, in short diplomatic
pressure, a punitive manouevre to bring Sri Lanka to its senses, When the King of Nepal, a country strategically wital to India, particularly in the context of the Sino-Indian Conflict, took decisions that Delhi interpreted as "hostile", such punitive mEasսFE5 were also adopted. The most obvious was the refusal to re. 19 With 3 tra de-and-transit treaties when these expired in 1988. Land-locked Nepal is totally
dependent on access to India. The transit routes are in fact choke-points which Delhi can
use for coercive diplomacy. In July 1988, the King of Nepal bought arms, including antiaircraft guns from China, at that time India's main Впеппү. Nepal's panicky purchase of Chinese arms, says Dilip Muker. jee in an article in the Far Eastern Economic Review, was "the immediate fall-out" from the "Indian intrusion into Sri Lankan airspace", and the IndoSri Lanka Troaty which "Colombo was cowed into signing'. It took, he notes, a change of government in both capitals for good relations to be restored i. e. V. P. Singh in Delhi and Koirala in Kathmandu.
Actually, it was more than a change of regime. It was a change of system. His Majesty
had banned all parties and
political activities in 1960.
Pro-Democracy
ln bu ying Chinese arms, he
has violated the 1950 and 1965 treaties, Delhi argued. This view is contested by Nepalese offcials as well as scholars like Dr. Chaitanya Mishra, Readerin Asian studies at the Tribubhavan
Univ. India, he says refused to sign new trade and transit treaties or to renew the old
one for even short interregnum. India closed down 13 of the 15 transit points, thus chokingoff all trade. An increasingly
4.
harsh economic Tass agitation produced a pro-d T1 erit. , Irdiqʻs; ir Wices Were activ, this ""bвпign inte final outcome w Weakening of parliamentary elec India Prima Mji Koirala, Who O tO O stab |G : situat
For reasons th; clear, land-locks immense strategie India. Indian get Mishra, "d3mia parimeter along Himalayan chain Central Himalaya 1950 treaty, sigп
t3 r'y prirrne mirn Which was rapi internally, held
vestments and pr and derived part mCW fro Briti: during '47 - 49 India. In 1965, signed a compre assistance progra India agreed to Nepal's dëfton Cë
JS änd LJK a||
diad Wag Luna bg | cular need
It is well Me free itself from O dia, ad fr rivalries, produced Zone Proposal" orsad by 115 UN India was prowo to support the P By the la te 80's "extremely stress In March '88, I 13 Out of 15 tr; goods could flow fu all. Mäss U TE pa nied by tha TO WEIT Fant, säd against the Ki yielded power pro-Delhi Koira Congress.
The pressure its result mass support to the anti-King groups itias Was materia 1ү апd a propag moLInted is DEIH diplomacy was

situation led to which in turn впостасу поуеtelligence Ser}ly angaged in rwention." The as a dramatic the monarchy, tiопs and a prostor, MT. B. P. Wfa CGS a not On.
t area patently d Nepal is of ; importance to |-strategy, says led a security
the entire including the s. Thus, tha
аd by a herediistorial regime dly weakening substantial illoperty in India of its legitish India and , Independent India and Nepal thensive military m under which meet ALL of needs, with Ved to do so, if t0 meet aparti
pal, seeking to total reliance om Sino-Indian |ts OWT) "P8308 Which Wās ErdN members, that Bd. It TS fusgd еace ZoПe idва. relations were Sfu II" (Mishra). | dia shut down ansit points. No This included SL ES ECCC T1pro-democracy iolent agitation g. King soon passed to the and the Nepali
was economic, Un rest, Indian Congress and and personal... money mainända campaign i. The opеп reinforced by
others forms of pressure exerted by Iпdia's covert agөпcies, Івd by R. A. W. Democracy was the the instrument, not the central objective. Indian security interests Cam6 first.
With the reversal in Afghanistan (pro-Pakistan and proIranian groups have forged the governing alliance) has disturbed Delhi, about its northern flank where Islamic groups are engaged in the long-standing revolt in Kashmir. What of the southern flank - the Indian ocean 2 Sri Lanka is not subservient. Far from it. The SAARC episode showed that the President Premadasa could be bloodyminded and troublesome. He is also quite close to the Muslim community, and the Arab-Islamic states. A Muslim Speaker 'saved" him on an impeachment motion that its local authors and foreign Supporters Were Certain Would be
passed. That was the first round. S this the Second; Round Two?
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Rs. 2001- for 1 year Rs. 120- for 6 months

Page 7
LLSSMSSSLSLSSLSLSSLSSSMSSSLSSSL
T. B. Ilang
T B. Ilangaratne, hated and or evilled by Wested interests when he was a minister in SLFP governments, died in quiet retiement on May 20. He died a poor man, at dg 79, giving the lie to the Wicious stories spread about him by capital tits and their hangers-on Who COLld not stomach his socialism.
Ajit Samarana yake Writing about T. B. I langa ratne in thig Sunday Island, on his death,
said: 'He was one of the out standing patriots and proponents of an indigenous socialism which
would address social disparities of society, a Tl formidable contr ging the gulf awgs" and the
""His contributi TiriStar WaS T Ha first minist the S. W. R. Goyen Eñt h9 Employees' Pro a wide array of legislation. As in the two Mrs. Sirima WO nationalised the
YSL LLSSSLSSSMMSSSLSSLSLSSLSLSSLS
Briefly . . .
Y Corri rywed from pagya 79.
piracies" to be given publicity on television.
Mr Bandula Gunawardena (MEP); is this your demoсгасү?
Mr. Ranasinghe: "Yes, AS long as I am here I give publicity on television to Opposition conspiracies."
մյg I't
No going back — Anura
The SLFP's National Organisgr. Mr Anura Banda Tanaike MP told a seminar at Kurunegala that the SLFP could not to back to the earlier policy of a closed economy again. 'I don't say that the existing open есопоmy is good, but we can't go back
to a closed E
Ha said.
Mr Baldar 37 years af of 1955, 5 oci: aspirations of different. If understand th to be in the ever, he said
Abi
A candidat
Uniwersity L3 %, union • electic
of the EWE i He Was Igle later, and h Contest, D. Je tasting the p
A Stude" ment said th rance – of Ja

aratne dies
itself to the ; and imaquities ап who made a ibution to bridbetween the "awe Ots'.
om as a cabinet monumental. As
of Labo ir
D), Bandar än aikė
introduced the wident Fund and such progressive Minister of Trade governments of Bandara naike he
petroleum indus
try in the teeth of fierce סקטטsition from the United States Of
America which threatened to suspend aid; nationalised the insurance businees and esta
blished the People's Bank and the Co-operative Wholesale EStablish mënt . . . . . As a result he was the favourite ha te figura of conservatives of all shades. He was derided and ridiculed by the right-wing press and all kinds of base calum nies Were
thrown at his head".
SLSSSDSSSLSSSMSSSLSSSMSSSMSSSAS
conomy again, '''
nai ke said that er tha triumphs al trends and the the people 'WETE the SLFP did tot is it would have
Opposition for
ducted
e in the ColQITib0 w Faculty student ons was abducted of the electionsased two days g withdraw from
ya Weera Wa5 COost of President.
Council stateлat the disappeаyaweera was the
initial step towards the suppression of youth once again, It is an attempt to bring back terrorism to the campuses", the statement Said, MBBnwhile the police were continuing investigations to identify t1B a b du C: t O rS.
SLFP urged to continue in committee
The A, Ceylon Tamil Corigress and the Sri Lanka Musim Congress in separate appeals urged the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) to Continue participating in the paramentary Select Committee on the North-East conflict. The SLFP boycot meetings of the committee as a protest against the Government's alleged denial of free speech in the
House.

Page 8
South Asian Seminar c
NEW DELHI
concede the TE) has been d reduction in India's defence budget in recent times. But it
does not represent her demilitarisation". This State T8rl W85 made by Mr. Jawed Jabbar. Pakistan's former minister for information, science and technology, at an international serTinar on ''South Asia in the changing world order."
Mr. Jabbar said this in reply to the statement of Mr. K. Subrahmanyam, former director, Instituto of Defence Studies and Analysis, that "India's defence expenditure has fallen by 20 per cent in the last 15 years". At the outset, while Speaking on the dimensions of the new world order. Mr. Jabbar had rejected the world 'order' calling it 'intellectually restrictive and authoritariап in its meапing"". Iп а democratic world the appropriate expression should be 'new world community", he suggested.
The seminar organised by the Indian Council for South Asian Cooperation is attempting to analyse and understand the situation in the world after the Collapse of the Soviet Union, añd its impact on the South Asian region. Participants at the seminar included political and public figures and civil ser wants from India and the neigh bouring south Asian countries. The fourday seminar began on May 4, 1992.
According to Mr. Jabbar, the new world situation will be marked by ""a period of conso
lidation of economic multiplicity.
The Ti|itary UI United States
be increasingly This will happi na social Cont Fica fÕTI E XEITO Besides Americ cially afford to ently across th
Cooperation
He was nCl about CD ՃբBrat Asiam countries 5Uffer frOIT) "5 rio-type views. of regional CO sought Asian Imaim H Toman the less ho felt '' relationship WC of the day bet tries.
Dr. Mia UT Chairman of C ment Research positive in his appealed to this region to tackle the ir pr il literacy and di the clarion Ca and Engels, h and people of for you have but your power|
'"We the in the north | representing al veloped CO Lun
(term reprose lations) Still TE Now that th
Russia is a We type of under cooperate for
t. ThisחaוחםםI

in “new
nipolarity of the of America will circumscribed". an "due to interradiction in Amele Los Angeles. an 5 cam mot finaninter were frequa world."
Unlikely' wery optimistic ion among south . Most countries traight jacket steAnd the idea operation among countries will retic Ono." Neverthat fresh bilat ea ra uld be the order WE. Em the SE COU -
Rahman Shelley, enter for Developat Dhaka, Was approach and eWen the countries of come together to oblem of power ty, sease. Borro Wing of Karl Marx a said, “leaders South Asia LInite, nothing to lose
Ey, ""
World has Ghanged (a conceptual term the wastern detries), the south nting developing a mains unchanged. з Дmerica пs and
сопе to the saппе standing they will
their own dave
in other
words,
world'
means that the countries of the south will be neglected and continue with their problems of poverty and undardBwelopment. Hence it is in the interest of this region, that the countries get together and help SOWÉ each others problems.'
Multi-Polar World
""The dimensions of the emerging world Order Seem to point to a multipolar World With seweral power centres. While the configuration of this world cannot be predicted with certainty it seems most likely that China, Japan, Europe and India will emerge as the new power Cen tres. The US and Russia Will continue to have the Iloilo poly of stratagic nuclear power but several new nuclear POWet S (India, Pakistan, Japan and possibly Korea) are looming on the horizon", said Mr. Shelton U. Kodikara, a professor of international relations from Sri Lanka.
Prof Kodikara Said, the Ostcold war period is characterised by a shift from military-strategic issue to economic issues as the determinants of the foreign policies of states. "There is a greater linkage between economic and security issues that obtained in the cold war years', he stressed.
Mr K. Subrahmanyam, also said that "nuclear capability is no more the international issue". In this context he said that Americans were not interested any
more in making India sign the nuclear nonproliferation traaty (NPT). "Nobody Wants India to
sign the NPT. Y et e Very politician is going hoarse saying Two sha || not sign the NPT".

Page 9
Military Spending
Ha furher Said military inWestIt had declined im Tam Y COUNTtries. In India by 20 per cent in the last 15 years. So much so that it had come to the level of defence alocation of 1962. He also said 'despite the fact that Pakistan announced that they had all the components to make a bomb, the world remained un Tuffled." This he said was an indication that a conomic criteria was the main issue in the World. "The raising of oil prices by the oil producing and ex por ling Countries ultimately ensures that the money goes into the banks of the developed countries and Tot in their own," he added.
Mr Eric Gonsalves, a former foreign secretary, pointed out that there was nothing new about the present power situation in the World. He said it was the alliance of the same powers led by the USA which had dictated terms to tē rest of the WJT| after the Second World War. Ha ridic Lilled the idea of the world community saying. "There is no world community but only self-help within the regional powears."
Professor S. D. Muni, of the
Jawaharlal Nehru University (J-
NU), disagraad With Mr. Subrahamanyam on the issue of sign| Ing thi 3 NPT. IHG Said "La S make no mistake that the W E St and the USA are not interested
in imposing their will on making
US sign it. But pressing it right now due to Strategic reasons. They are trying to find new Ways to trap us in it (NPT), maybe in a round about way."
they are not
- 7 i'r Fres of India
“India neighb
ndiä is dalay WEtET ECCOT,
for augmentati ters during the cording to M fTom Tha Ba T
of Development taking part in
bilater at proble South Asian The day internatic "South Asiä i world order".
RahlTar
Wor T
ԼյI1
Mr.
母$ 己
dependant India for a fai
sions tյwar thE Chak mas, hafid Bigha corridor, 5 Tā
Of Bengal, als Solwad, hea add
Sgwr arall probl Bangladesh its
tist." TOWIE gong hil | tracts, for the 2. tural deprivatio was a major
However, he of disputes in be resolved th;
Cooperation. T
Asian Associat Cooperatiоп) п

should win ours' trust
NEW DELH
ing finalisation of with Bangladesh Drl of Ganga Wa
: dry season, a C
Air Rahma, gladesh institute Studies. He Was
th a discussion On ms faced by the tions at the four
a | Se Timirar On in the changing
said Bangladesh, parian state, is
the goodwill of r share of the
through it. Tencrossing of the ing ower of Tin
dispute over a |patty, in tha Bay eed to be re
ed.
Em5 Bxist With II
f. The "separa - it i t Ha Chittä
origina ting mainionomic and cul
is of the tribals,
3.
said a number
the region could rough substantive he SAARC (South ion for Regional 16Et:5 should El
phasise this. And while resolv ing the issues, care should be taken to preserve the territorial integrity and political independence of all states. India should present a low profile and Win confidence of its smaller neighbous, he said.
MILITARY SPENDI MIG
Expressing concern over the military expenditure in South Asia. he said it is mot only "un protiuctiva bLIt redundant in the present global context," By Cutting 25 per cent of military expenditure, South Asian govers
also
ments can release S 3.18 billion a year. This could go towards powerty alleviation programmes,
e ad ed.
Mr C. Gunasingham, economic adviser to tha Sri Lanka president, said for a propter Economic growth of the region one had to start with the political and bureau
cratic alig. “Most of the impagdiments lie here." Gro With iš "interactive." For this, countries
hawe to work together, he added.
Talking South-South Cooperation (between developing countries), he said there is Very little of it at the regional level. This aspect should have been the easiest, most logical and ecologically the most natural.
about

Page 10
STD director baffled, questions t Interested parties blow
AIDS scare
wor Milhuisen
hiri Lanka is rapidly acquiring an image abroad as hotbed of AIDS. We could hawe problems and We are taking measLurgos to prevent it. But this is
being interpreted by SוחםE interested parties, as though We arë hawing an en Or T10US
problem, said Dr. Gamini Jayekurs, Director Sexually Trans
Titted Diseases.
"| don't know why thay afG blowing it out of all proportions' he said adding that he has all tha data. "I dan tel you it's a local problem and
there is a potential that it can get out of hand. But you can't in Criminat e tha entire tourist industry. It is ridiculous to do that,"
Dr. Jayakuru citing Soms recent developments which he said Was too much of a coincidence
AIDS: New Question
Neville Hodgkinson
ife is looking up for Professor Luc Montagnier. After eight years and numerous inquiries, the world scientific community has finally accepted that he was
human immunodoficiemcy wirus (HIW), and not Dr Robert Gallo of the US National Institutes of Health.
While GallOrlovy faces a federal inquiry into allegations of регjшry and patent fraud, Montagnier has moved into a neW Aids research Wing at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, where he is direc
said: "First ther by the clergy i the proposed
where the go', capitulated and the project.
''Thes there i in Negombo whi was assa ulted. really activated they cracked di happened WaS trying to create bot HW Ed may hawe left pression Which intig rested parti
"This is the of Wrong im to the public "Suddha" for thi
"The Otlgt : a rumour took
tor of Cancer Tas tit Lite is 5uing t ermBrht for mi | in lost royalties test for detecti
However, ano Montaglier COTI important, has wed: that of de how HIV can Conditions in t} to Aids.
Ullika Soria of the 'HIV eq Montagnier acc WETW 5 tTDT1g C'ā5

le IIIOtiVeS. ..
up
3 Was tha protest n Chilaw aganist
rana Wilia hotel fernment finally decided to scrap
was this incident are a bolid tourist That's What thв policв апd W hard. What that they Wera
3 3 : El TESTI EISS AIDS but thay a wгопg iплWas taken up by
S.
un Wanted result pressions given : blaming the e disease.
cident Was When htյld, that about
i Barch, Tha ishe American gowions of dollars a rising from the ng the Wirus.
ther battle, which siders Tuch more yet to be resoltermining exactly bring about the he body that lead
American critics uals Aids' theory, вpts there is "a 58 that HTW I has
30 girls from a particular garment factory in the FTZ were infected with AIDS. This put
these girls in a sewere predi
cament. They were thrown out of their lodgings. Whatever tfår15[][]Tt thE. W. LIserl TEifLJ5#d [[]
take them to their factory. This
was a II totally unfounded. I wwent there ппyself aпd tested these girls. It was evidently
instigated by interested parties", Jayakuru said.
He gawa another instance of how this ADIS scare is being spread. There is a book now circulating in Negombo costing Rs. 25 a copy, The author is a weddaharya who says he has 5eer the AIDS Wirus. YOU 1990 an electron microscope to See the AIDS wirus but he Says he Hä5 ggg the WirUS. He has dra Will the WiTuS Which is a modification of what is published.
Something to do with Aids, without HIV, I don't think we would hawe Aids epidemics. There are obvious cases of transmission of Аids froпn опв persoп to another where HIW was the only risk factor."
But he says some people develop the symptons of Aids - the iппппшne system failing, and infections taking the body over as a result - without HIW being present or playing any part iп their illness.
Ewen When the Wirus is in the body. It may remain "benign', becoming dangerous only in the POTES EmCe of other organisms.
(Corfirited or page 22)

Page 11
A year after the Ganc
May 21, — it is a year, since fo Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assa
ated by militants.
MUIch Water"
flowed under the bridge and a V gamut of clandestine anti-national vities of the LTTE in Tamil Nadu
been uncovered. W.
JAYANTH
up “operation assassination.'
T filing of the charge sheet. the launching of a move Ten against terrorism and a decisi 0 on the banning of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) will be the only homage the nation will pay to its former Prifti E Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, who was assassinated at the temple town of Sriper u mbudur, near Madras
в үваг а90
The special Investigation Ten (SIT) which went to the Essassination has a most COTIplated its investigation here and has drafted the charge sheet. Legal experts in Delhi Hrg SCTUtinizing it, before it is presentad in the special court.
By listing the LTTE leader W. Prabhakaran and his intelligence chief Pottu Amman among the accused, the SIT has laid the blame Squarely at the door of the Tigers. As the hearing begins the intricate details of the conspiracy will come to light,
Much water has flowed under the bridge in this One Year The whole gamut of illegal, clan. destine and anti-national activities
of the LTTE on and off the Tamil Nadu shores have been segmented, and is to be deat
длth separately by the Cвпtral End State agenci ES.
While the SVT de als with just the investigation into the assassnation, the State Government constituted a similar agency, the Tamil Nadu Special Investigation Team to go into the major offences of the Tigers here, especially the gunning down of the EPRLF leaders, including Padmarebha in June 1990 and the citing of a TSF constable and a
civilian off Rar February 1990.
After the DM Tamil Nadu Wi January 30, 199 o i E t E' tha tracking do It Work, WES - t 3 cally,
A grana dä5 f theid il CoËT E dump in Tiru Clar de Stine. Op Wedaran yarım, A wery was the Tami || Natiola | E of youth from ned in Jaffna if tg |Ti|itat back with gol: create a solid b HET E besides EŠI munication lat,
To sum up sination," the L killing first on im RaiTTiat hapo L a larger scale EPR LF merh ir The ST las tablish that Siwārāsal, Cilm habha mission.
Harwing en sur по trace and identified or Wa Nadu police aft capades, the take of Rajiv G target. The re. was the IPKF op ment With Sri ki II ing of both large number the IPKF days. carrying out a

hi assassination
Te" lssinha 5 whole acti| Па5
SLS
Thānathapuram in
K Government in 35 dismi SSgd o 1, a Crack down tivities hare and | Will of thig LTTE ken Up systemati
actorү үлwas шпеаг1atoте, вп агпs chi district Ed erations through
shocking disco
emergence of a Ratrie Wä| FOFCe — Tarii Nadu traiand in doctrinated
Culture and sent and money to ase for the Tigers tablishing a comWork.
"operation assasTE rahe ar 5ed tha
a TSP Constablo Iran and the on in Madras, of the | Koda Tibakka T. Evidence to es'ong-gyed. Jack" on thig PadTa=
at that thay left were not gwen tieg d by the TaTi | 3r these two esLTTE moved to indhi, their prima son, it appears, ration, the agraеLanka and the Civilians and a pf Cadres du ring The Tigers were 'death sentence."
Between November 1990 and January 1991, Siwarasan and his friends travelled into and out of of Tamil Nadu at will, according to TANS IT sources and Worked out the modus opgrandi of the assassination. The dismissal of the DMK Government ad simultaпеous elections to parliament and the State Assembly in Tami Nadu, provided them the the op portunity they were looking for.
Though the intelligenca agencies Came to know of the lamding' of One-eyed-Jack in India, they thought that the targat was likely to be tha formar Chief Minister of the North Eastern Province, Waradaraja Perumal, who was kept under tight sacrity then in Madhya Pradesh. There was no clue that the LTTE was after Rajiv Gandhi, who anyway headed the hit list of other militant organisations in the Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.
After the Rajiv assassination, it became apparent that it was h3, hadi Work of the LTTE, The ing anuity of tha operation and tha in noWativa explosive devica used by the belt-bomb woman pointed to the hand of the LTTE. Subsequent investigations and the arrest of over 20 persons, both LTTE hards and their local accomplices, have un raw alled the plՃt.
Though India has asked for tha extradition of Prabhaka Tari and Pottu Amman, the Sri Lankan Government makes it appear that it has not received any formal request to this effect. Even if the island Government agrees in principle to extradite the militant leaders, the security agencies hera believe that the Pf a T3 da sa Government's writ does not run in the North and East and so it cannot be expected to carry out the task.
On tha quasition of banning the Tigers, the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Ms. Jaya la litha has been demanding this step from the Centre for the past six months.
(Cr7ff75ad o 7 agyis II)

Page 12
Gалdhї assassiлаѓfол
A different kind of pr
r. Jagdish Sharan Verma and
his team have created a record of sorts. The 59-year-old sitting Judge of the SupremE Court, inquiring into the security lapses that led to Rajiv Gandhi's assassination at Sriparumեսdur on May 21 last year, has gone about the task with diligence absent in other public fora.
The inquiry commission, which
will submit its report to the President before June 15 (according to the Judge's own
statement), has many firsts to to its credit, including keeping to a time-schedule.
Hawing Spant a litt le lundar Rs. 24 lakhs in its nearly one-year long existence, the Commission as mora-than justified it-it has gone about its Work in a business-like fashion, putting in shade several panels set up much bafore it.
Apart from inquiring into the security lapses that led to the Sri perumbudur incident, tha Commission was also told to suggest improvements in the
security system as a whole.
To the credit of the commission, it stoutly resisted pressures to enlarge its terms of reference to include within its framework the conspiracy angle that had been left out by the Chandra Shekhar Gower1 113 ri t.
The notification issued by the Union Home Ministry asked the COTT, TiSsi ol to find out " "What har the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Could hawg bagi averted and whether there were lapses or do reliction of duty on the part
of indiwiduals responsible for his security."
Further, it was asked to inquire into the 'deficiencies, if any, in tha sa Curity Syster and arragements as prescribed or operated in practice which might have contributed to the assassination". Also included in the terms of reference were the corrective
O
measures reqші matters specifia
Following the from the 'f: n tlסmissiוחםC aspects of th assassiàti0n, J Convinced that LO SÉparte the tion from tha 1 paпal.
For nearly th Rajiv Gandhi'. taken power at Government tri епlarge the term Only to give Up another Commis retired Judge o Court to probe aspects.
Mr. M. S. A. S to the Wara that till May panal had held total of 74 day: holidays.
On seven day held complete än to the T 30 Weri While the gli fully open to it an Open Stati
Whig official to submit stat under Rule 52(, tions governing inquiry ti || No On-Officials. We 3S lätta ag Now
Probably for COTT missior o wideos in evide the Special II w (SIT) and six Nadu Congress A total of 113 Exhibited before
Apart front plan of the բublic meeting Bhatnagar, Secu
tha Commission,

obe
"ad to ra medy thig
d
i chaos "usסוחב
that ||gd
THakkar at por obed a II 3 Indira Gandhi Iustica Warma Was
thëre was nead criminal investigawork of an inquiry
ree months (with
s party having the Centre), the ad its best to
s of reference - and than aբբՃint Si or hoaded by a if the Delhi High the 'conspiracy"
iddiqui, secretary Commission, said 5 this year the
104 sittings on a 5, which included
's hearings were |y iп camвra, a partially public Bining 37 were
the բrass - giving S.
5 Wara a Flowed en Frits of fält A) of the regula
commissions of
Wember 1, 1991, re given time till
Tibar 23.
the first time a inquiry used mCë — four frOIT) estigating Team from the Tamil (i) Committee, do Cuman tiş Were the paпеl.
pre på ring a site Տriքer umbudur Mr. A. P. rity adviser to also surveyed
three public meetings - those of the Prima Minister. Mr. P. W. Narasimha Rao, the Leader of the Opposition, Mr. L. K., Adwani and the former Prime Minister, Mr. W. P. Singh. At these persons fall in the "Z" category as far as the 'threat perception" is concerned.
Expart advice was invited from leading lights of the security establishment - Mr. K. F. Rusto mji, Mr. R. N. Kaw, Mr.
K. P. S. Gi || alid M. M. K. Narayanan. Security systems in
select countries were also studied for the purpose of arriving at Conclusions-especially on subjects like "acces control".
One of the more complicated issues before the Commision is: the role played by activists and leaders of a political party during the course of a VIP function,
Undenia bly, the principal role in providing security, to the WIPS is that of the police - but don't party activists hawa the rasponsibility in cooperating with the authorities in such situations?.
Mr. R. K. Raghawan, IG who was the overal in charge of Rajiv Gandhi's security during tha Tamil Nadu wisit, raised thg subject in his affidawit be for a tha commision. 'The unfortunate event (assassination) happened in spilte of this (se Curity arangements) mainly because of an obvious lack of appreciation on the part
of the organisers of the public meeting of the gravity of the
threat to the WIP and the need thегеforв for extreme coорвration with the polics in providing the highest level of security."

Page 13
The orgarnisers, in turn, alleged that the police had made inade- | quate security arrang ments with
differeпces remaining on the numbar of par Soms cleared to garland Rajiv Gandhi. All these
issues will be deat With in the commission's report.
The prescribed level of security and what was operated on the ground level, the role of organisations like the Intelligence Bureau in directing the security system, the role of the Centre in a State (Tamil Nadu) under President's rule, the withdrawal of the Special Protection Group from Rejiv Gandhi and its impliCations — a|| this and Timore Will be the subject matter of the fB pOrt.
And what about the near per
fect fashion in which the fascist Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam struck at Sriperumbudur?
A year . . .
" Coj) [7] Li orfo for" But the Gower taking its own ti an extreme Step b g . a - decisio I1 t On the death al fOFITI gr. Pri Theo Janatha Party Pr radian SWar as much credit murthy, for Cons for the LTTE rig it was spreadir i Tamil Nadu i ders Why the C Na rasimha Raj
tāk ti aS foreigп based п "ffroit LO | and SOVereignty obviously is in wer these []LIEisl
Tha il teres til tria I, when it b)
VASA (O
207, 2nd { Coloml
Talaph one

(9 eפPa זr Tent of India is me to take such b. ht may wel to be announced niversary of the Minister. The esident, Dr. Suy, who deserves Ed s M T. K. Ra Tais tently gunning |ht from the days g its tenta CleS ո 1989-90, wonountry and the
Government do sassination by a ilitant Outfit as 1ational homour ." The Centre по ћurry to anstions.
g question at the egins, will be if
some of the accused turn approwers and make the job easy for the prosecution and how far
the Casg Wi||
proceed,
The Werma Commision, which
Welt into the s if any, at submit its report It should hawe a
the role of the TNCC(1), the Ce
the State police organisers, inclu
ecurity lapses,
Տriբerumbudur, is to
next month. חם t to BayסI
AICC (I), the ntral agencies,
and th9 local ding the caп -
didates in making arrangements for the Visit of WWIPs.
The Jain Commission, Consti
tuted to go into
of a larger conspiracy.
about to begin will take quite
throw more light guing question,
the possibility is just its Work and some time to on this intriespecially if it
is to look for a possible connec
tion beyond th
Of thig LTTE.
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Page 15
Tamil Militarism - The
. . . . . Pooted in Tamil martial
D. P. Siwaran
ou are to kilow that in this and of Malabar, there is another caste of people Callad the Nayres who have no []thET đutW tham tơ sẽrựa in War, and they always Carry their as wither so ever they go. . . . they a || || iwe with the King and tha other great ||ords; IBVGrtht|g55 a|| Tactiva Stipands from the King or from the great lords with whom they
dwell, None may becotia a Nayre save he who is of Nayre lineage. They will not
touch anyone of low caste. . . The most part of these Nayres when they are seven years of age are sent to schools where they are taught many tricks of ni mbleness and dexterity. . . and when they are fully accomplishad in this they teach them to play with weapons to which they are most inclined. All Nayres are mighty Warriors." Obserwes DLua te Barbosa in his account of the Zatorin's domain (a division of the old chera Kingdom) - one of the earliest records made by the Portuguese within few yars of the ir аптy into the Hпdiaпa ocean. The feudal military system dascribed by Barbosa Was. Common to those parts of South India known to the Portugese as Malabar. In its southern and South eastern parts the military C3STES WBT kW a 5 Mara War, Kallar and Ahampa diyar; Of the Se the Kallar and Maravar had kingship traditions. This feudal military system was found in Jaffna as Well when the PortuEsa ariwed. The Palk Strait was known to them as tha Marava bay.
The Tamil country was divided into a number of feudal domains, called Palayams which literally means military camps, 2 the chief of which was the Palayakararthe commander of the camp. Most of the Tamil Pala'ya karar
Wera Mara war. a Body of Kal A hampa diyar W. ed Or t1 bit times of pe F hunting and military arts, ni and practică serving as will for à : OjmtriboLu 'th Mara War är of Wär fr si:X. tq 31 t i || th Four Waars of had to bog Cor kar ar liw e. On King and rel Service Whgne: qLJi Toad thEm t{
Thea military Tamll country | eighteепth caп armies were of developing Tegulations wh the peasant" i and 'gawa hin Solcdir."" J. Century French Cial WTO tÒ
soldier citize "dreamt of a that would territory of the which Each i be occupied W ign, but im according to t mепt, the gen Which h5 fill dS life would beag g EחLIםW חםחW taught the pro in military mai in thgSa Sa Tl tha Wataras r last da Y WLld rer, axaTCisa side ower the
. . . and fia rasign in thea to OS Were
frontis. "9 TF WS SEF Wä"g the Kallar, Mar

e Code of Suicide
traditions' - The L.T.T.E. May, 1991
Each Taintained ar, Mara war and arriors Who "ser W. ta field ard i ICE engaged in Ira in ing in the o u rish iing a rLugged character", ald age guards (kawal) tio.3 in Jaffna had to || Jarl the om the aga of eү were twепty age; then theү na wil laga kawal and given by the
urn to military
Ver tha king ra
do Sol"".
system of the
was yet a dream in tury Europa; its
in the process methods and ich "got rid of
In the te w recruit the air of a SBryan an 18th military theoretitrešās tisa on th3 п" (1780). На military machino Over the Who nation and in individual would without interrita different way հd Evolutive Bagetic Séquence in himself. Military |im im thildhood, thildrg. Tỉ ựựC LIlt} hã fession of arms nors; it would and 3 malors whan thBir סt כל טight u tBath th a childthe recruits, preSoldiar's Exarcisės Ily maka order country, when fighting at the le ideal Palayam пmilitary ппасhine; awar, Ahampa diyar
and Nayar Warg its 'oldEast citizan". The Palayam was sustained by a codified martial C: L | ture. As Wa sha || sa a latar the practice of martial suicide, Was Tost pre Walent in thB Kongu region of Tamil madu, which häd a very larga number of Palaya Ti5.
Early Europeans who studied the Tiilitar y syster of tha Tamil country were inclined to read the rein, some of the ideas embodied in the celebrated regulations of the Prussian infantry that the whole of Europe initiated after the wictories of Fraderick II. The 18th century British military historian Robert Ormas description of the military castas of the Tamil Country is typical. He Says ""Thay are ta I, We Thade and Wg || featured. Their arms aro lances and pikes bows and arrows, rockgts änd matchlocks, but whether with or without other weapons every man Constantly wears a sword and shield. In battle the differest arm5 Indyg i distin Gt bOdies, but th9 lance T1 en ara Tated tha most arī ir Blt, är id lead all attacks. This weapon is eighteеп feet Іопg. Theү tie Lundar thig point a tuft of Scar|ạt hQT5B hai T, and WhET thịB" attack horse, add a small bel. Without prëwidus #Xert:í5ẹ, thạy assemble in a delap Column, por e5 sing closa toget har and advance at a long steady step, is i soirne degree of time, thair lances inciling forward but aloft, of which the elasticity and wibration, With tha jing la and dazzle scare, the cavalry; and their approach is scarcely loss formidable to infantry not disciplined with fire arms."
The boome rar 1 g or Walai Tha di in Tamil – was arlothar WBapon that “played a considөгаblв part İm the Poligar (Pala'ya karar)
13

Page 16
wars". The Kallan and Maravan warriors plied it with deadly effect and 'could at one stroke despatch small game and even Like the Japanese 7. י"חBךח Bakuhan system the Palayam system was based on a feudal class structure of Warriors, farmers, artisans and marchants Whare the distinctions bg tween the casto statuses of the constitutent classes were strictly enforced. To symbolize this society the Tamil warriors, like the Japanese Samurai wore swords in everyday life because the system was maintained by their military power. Mr. Lush. ington who was sent as collector to Palayakarar (Poligar) country in 1799, desirous of wresting control of the vast revenues of the land, described the Patayam (Pollam) system of Tamil feudal militarism as extremely evil. "When this contribution (Kaval dues) is not quietly submitted to, torture and the whip are
applied, the whole people of the wil lags I put in to confineThe Int, every occupation inter
dicted, the cattle pounded, the inhabitants taken captive to, and not un frequenty murdered in, the Pollams...and such is thẹ dread which thay have inspired into the cultivators of the circar lands by remaining armed in the midst of a country otherwise in profound peace, that these requisitions are na war resisted." A fierce and ancient martial culture and religion was nurtured by the military Castes. As in the other martial regions of India traditional militarism permeated several levels of society. Therefore, despite the great temple centres, the heros and godlings of Tamil martial Culture were worshipped widely throughout rura | Tamillnadu. In Japan the Samurai nutured the values or Kyuba-no-michi (the Way of the bow and horse). In the Tamil country Maram was the martial ethos of the warrior
castes. There are three characteristics of Tami I feudal militarism which set it apart
from other pre-modern military Cultures. They are -
(a) the detailed codification of the modes of war, tha
14
Warriors"
Tit LJ als at C. thii.
(b) the reject
marticipatior Sanctioned Conduct of medieva | Ti NaC Cill arki
Oris Wi. ing througi wirture of givеп by g disregarded Of War in W i to be reje.
as modes tha TaTi World".E.
(c) the classif with flower: of wearing flower w the Toda by that fic of Ramayar BIILI םחן"" flowers for
Codified Tar taris T Was futur as the Purat of high Tamil S апd gгаппплат.
earliest Tai Buddhist gram Vearasoliyam, ti Willakkam (17th Swaminātham wo part of the WOf KS WTF: tises in whic CLUlture is Cori a ted. The perf fi Cation of Tri through the ag by the themati. marratives of Tarmi | CLI | Lura inscriptions, m poelгү etc.
Al Obserwati the British di mBrt håndbook that "all sikh t ratio ma | Or - re ii in times of pol the martial sp self'.5 The cu intorasts of . militariST W Hic Meiji restoration and characteriz

artial life, and KITO WI as Pura th
on of diving
and perfify y religion in thea war. The great |Tii| Commentat0f var says that հ sanctiom ""kil|- perfidy and by diwin e poWeo rS ds"" arE3 toj bD and that modes lving gods are cted and refuted lot belonging to speaking good
cation of War i; and the practice J a particular en engaging in of War denoted wer, The ашthог a hadotod that therner5 WOT
War'.
nil feLuda | mili3d and transmitted
thira i divisio T enthamizh poetics Tolkappiyam, the mBr, theחוחgfa matical treatise le 5 aiwite || akkana т сепtшгү) and Written in early ast cепtшгү ага COntain trgah Tamil martial feed and anotection and codiil Tartial Culture BS Wvas para alled lation of several lilitary glory in through epics, in or forms of
Din is made in an army's recruit
on the Sikhs raditions whether gious are martial: itical exciterient frit relasserts itture and class la panese feuda | :h sLI r Wi Wed theg partly impelled ed Japan's mili
tarist nationalism and its growth as a modern military power.
Similarly it can be said that the Culture and structures of codified "high Tamil" and folk
forms of Tail feudal militarism partly impelled and characterized Tamilnationalism when it becama militant. Therefore two aspects of Tamil feudal militarism which has been reasserted in Tamil reWiwalism and militarism will be briefly examined here. Thвү аге —
(a) narratives of Tamil military might thematized in Tamil Culture. The most important of these can be reduced to the basic form - Tamil King da feats the Aryans of north India and Causes his emblem to be carved on the Himalayas. The Pandyan King Neduncheliyan bore
the title "He Who Owerran the Aryan army'. All three Tami | dynasties - chera, chola, and Pandya - are distinguished by this feat in a wide range of texts and inscriptions.
These narratives like the Kamikaze – divine Wind -
legend of Japan's War with Mongols, hawe played an important role in the growth of Tail nationalism.
(b) Codified practices of Tamil
Tartial life.
1. Moothin mullai: the duty of the Warrior other to inCucate the martial ethos and to urge her sons to attain martyrdom in heroic battle. The concept of the warrior rimother's du ty was Central to tha gen BSis of Tai liitarism and later in Tilitant Tamil nationalism. It is a salient theme in L. T. T. E.'s current Literature as Well.
2. Awippali, Thannai Wert tal, Wallan pakkan, Pun Kilithu Mudiyum Maram and Marakka nchi: the forms of martial suicide and suicida battle of the Warrior as the ultimate expression of his loyalty to his comnander. Thesa six forms

Page 17
of Martia | Suicide are defined and described by the Works referred to above.
Pulla Vazhka i Vallan Pakkam
- the martia | attitud 9 of tha Warrior who goes forth into suicidal battle is mentioned by
Tholkappiyam, The other works refer to it ass Tarai Wert tal. Duarte Barbosa describes tha practice among the Nayar (of the chara kingdom). It was later noticed by British officials as well. It was also prevalent among the Mara var (of the וחסfrom Wh (וnטgdוdya kirחPa the suicidal Aapathuthawi bodyguard was selected. Thannai Werttal also refers to the Suicide of a Warrior om hearing that his king or commander has died. (Purapporul Wenpamalai), Punki lithu Mudiyum Maram is the Tartial act of a Warrior Who commits suicide by tearing apart his battle wound.
Another for of martial SuiCide mentioned by all the Works except Veera soliyam is AvipDali. Tarnil inscriptions speak of it as Nawakandam. Inscriptions found in many parts of Tamilnadu provide graa ter information om tha practice, Nawakandam is the act of a Warrior Who slicts his own neck to fulfil the wow made to korawai - the Tamil goddness of war - for his commanders' victory in battle. The Kalingathup parani, 1 Co - a Work Which Celabrates the victory of the chola king kulo tunga and his general Thornda ma ir1 the batt|e fOr kaling a describes the practice in detail. ''The temple of korravai Es de COrated With lotus filóWors "vhich bo oorm E3 d When the WarTiOFS si. Ced thair own neckS" (106) they slice the base of their necks; the severed heads are given to the goddess" (111) "When tha Eck is sic Ed and tha hoad i SDW ered, the headless body jumps with joy for having fulfilled the vow' (113) The epics chilapa dikaram (5: 79E5) and Manimekalai (6: 50–51) mantion the practice. To ensure the complete severing of the head the Warrior tied his hair to a bamboo bent ta ut before he cut his neck. Hero stones
depicting this all Over T:mi Caled Saawan | The Warriors W. ted suicide wer in Hero stones worshiped but were given lar exempted from
An area hamd galam) of the Ta. logy departппеп! Nawa Kandam is found widely nadlu (Coimb ato. bg saan at the Kailasanathar ki people call It Sав practice of M: isted in Kong early part of A Sawan Ka || U Moolanathasam Tai, depicting til rior holding Ւ left hand and with his right - is said to b shipped by t Muda liyars.13
Tha conjeaw, ara Kai kolar, which Was mili Chola empire into a specia ther a ara indic lar warriors pri dam. 14 Tho D., M. K. C. N. ] וחjBeWaraחס:0 Kaikola Cast3.
Apart from th of Titia S. called Wadakkiri ed in Tami| | i 5, the act. O fasting to de dishonour We in 15 The T the Drawidian the song of til king Irumbori suicide when capitive bү h compelling th: aiSSä Il Ce.
The Avippi Suicida aS t sion of loya mander is de the Tamil ps kadan (the d
 

actice are found пасНш, апd are all L by lo Ça IS. thus Comitnot only deified Sawan kallu) and tFair relativ E5 ds which Wert
X.
ook (TharamanTi| adu Far ChČaO - notes that "the iculpture which all owar Kong u
B, Salam) is to Thara mangalam wil also. Th 6
wal Kau. "The walkandam exdu til tha his century."
at The karai kgWil in Madug act of a Wari5 lair With his slicing his neck — 14th Cent Lur W e annually worhe Conje awaram
aram mudaliyars a wgawing Casta itarized um der the
and was made | militar y body; ations that Kaikoacticed Nawa Kan
four der of the Airladura Was H muda liyar of the
ese codified forms icide a method Liththal is mentionheroic poetry. It f a warrior king alth if some dire TE EO COTTB LI DO 1 anni teacher, and propagandist turned he legendary ches a i who committed he Was tak en is deries into a 33 i Tamil rem =
for of artial e utilate exprB5|ty to one's Comeply embedded in yche. Senchorruksbt of redrica) is
a phrase that is widely used today by Tamils as an expression of loyalty. One frequently hears of it in a popular Tamil song. The phrase stands for the ritual of partaking of rice by which Maravar and other Tamil military caste Warriors bõund tham5ữlựẹs to their king or commal der to dia in suicida | batta for him or to commit suicida on the da y ha WaS slain. Of Awip pali tha Pura poporul Wenpamalai (92) says "thinking of nothing but tha red (blood) rice the Maravar give their life as offering in atte." Tha Tritual of rad () r blood rice was described by tW3 Muslim travelers who had visit:
ad the Tamil country in the 9th century. "A quantity of cooked rice was spread before
the kling, and som a three of four hundred persons came of their own accord and received each a small quantity of rice from the king's own hands after he himself had ea te SOITE, By eating of this rice they all engage themselves to burn themselves on thea day tha king dies or is slain; and they punctually fulfil their promise."16 in modern times it has been observed that "" Wharh a Mara war takes food in the house of a stranger, he will take a pinch of earth and put it on the food before ng. commences his mal. "1" This act freed him from the debt of blood rice,
FCTROTES
I. The Book of Duarte Barbosa, 1518, first published 1812 English trans. Man sel Longworth Dames, 1921Hakluyt Society, I866. Reproduced by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi: 1989, Wol. II pp. 38-40.
2. R. P. Sethupillai 1946. Tha miliaham
LLLLLLLHH LLLLLLaLLLHS LLLHHLaaHHa S LLLLLLCLLS Madras. p. 76.
3. Robert Caldwell 1881. History of Tinneyely reproduced by A. E. S. New Delhi 1989 p. 104.
4. A. Mootootamby Pillai, 1912. Jafna History Navalar Press, Jaffna p. 104.
5. Michel Foucault 1991. Discipline and Punish, Penguin Books trans. A, Ilar Sherida, 1 l pp. 135, I655.
үcontinued on pagyar 24)
15

Page 18
The Premadasa Presidency
ls Democracy in peril
Mick Moore
Intro: The Significance of Elections
uring the first three decades after independence in 1948, the pat term of politi CS in Sri Lanka diverged from the typical Third World variety in three significant respects:
1. External agents and international geo-political issues Im pinged on the domestic political arena only to a limited extentand to a very small degree considering the high external Orientatio 1 of the ecolony, its consequent vulnerability to interrati CB || E. Welt 5 and p) TO CESSES, and the very cosmopolitan and
Western orientation of the Sri Lankan elite. The major reason ay in Sri Lanka's position
vis-a-vis India, India was unin terested in Sri Lanka provided other global and regional pow
Bis took the same wiéW. TETE vas US 5 tacit agre BIT ånt policed by India in the last
resort, that gveryone would keep their hands off Sri Lanka,
2. More directly ra la Want to the topic at hand. Sri Lanka fuctione di Wery Tuch like a liberal dem O Cracy of the classic parliaппепtaгү түре; organised 'membership" political parties con ested local and national elections in Coherent patterns One Of tw0 main national party blocs replaced one another in government after almost evary general election; rates of voter registratio rn and turn-out wera among the highest in the
world: the various apparatuses of government - administrative, legislative, judicial, accounting
EEYKSS SEEL0L KLL HHLL C SCLC HLL De VS sofi frierik Studies, Lornslers fry Df See
Wolf Fra 'C' Cor 77 777 WWW & Carlparaf svg Politics, Wo /', 3), W, 7, March 992, pp. 64-84 PUBLISHED EY FRANK CASS, LONDON
16
and so Orl = Wer in some degree At a less tangibl society relations
an important degre libera darrocracy Stato istitution5
important degre in relation to ed Ciati Ola | life Wā: liberal democratic widely acknowle.
3. Consistent previous points, TBSOrt IQ Orgas uמ Eוth חare iח general, but the for CBS Warg Weak, E by a II y Criterion budget, Equipm вxpвгівпce, powє
Within the pas Cor. So, this situatio Sri Lanka has wi TFF WF|d: begt Ween "domesti nä tiorial politics Considerably w formally in place
is of libgral currently serving may loosely (and see below) be ni Edo-patrimonial; E for CBS hawa both L15W in Siza ard ificant is nation
This papar at Tire the Curren democracy in Sri spacifically, it fo sets of issues: ( Why Sri Lanka wi då widt a 5 to hay, liberal der To Cr5cy: of the breakdow democratic polity. at Lurg of thig C Tmiem ta l systerim "politics of re-d For obvious reas proach is very "b chronological di епces are givөп.

a separate aпd ELOTOTOL S. ë le Wël Stata= WBB ä|50 t a supportive of societal and VE E D er 3 EU tOTOTOLS h oth Br; ä55O5 vigoгous, апd WBlues, W. Bra ged.
with the two not only was ised Willerica bili: domaiГ П natiomäl är med ind insignificant OI TË FIS LIG = |白T世 tra in ing
St S.
t dozeп үвагs in has changed sibly joined the the Iin kages c; and "interi Strengthened hile remaining THE irst ILdemocracy are a regime that imprecisely - described as ind the armad
grO WP er Of Thobecome sig - a | politi CS.
IEmpts IO Exaprospects for Lälkä. Morg cuses on three a) the reasons as for Terly so в a fшпctioпіпg (b) the causes 1 of the libera
and (c) the LIrrent gawernand of the emocratisation". ions, the aproad-brush; fe'W tails or refer
The Establishment of Liberal Democracy
The main reason why Sri Laka was So dewia n t (in COTTparative Third World Context) as to hawe a functioning liberal dепnocracy appears remarkably clear once oпе аdopts a compara tiwa perspective on the issue, Liberal democracy is relatively rare in the Third World for a гапgв of reasons. It is likely to be found, in the twoрагty (ог blocs), alternatiпgpower wariety, where there is a coherent elite group which (a) spans both parties and (b) is able to ITlobilise support across ethnic or similar significant
divisio 15. Sri La Tika exactly fits
His Todel:
Under CCCIE FUE . . . .
(Sri Lanka) developed än
activa indigenous capitalist Class, Ceylonese becoпe owпегs of largea estates in the la ter stages of the plantation boom, and profiled widely from transport, liquor distilling, urban development and graphita mining, as well as the more pradictabla activities of andlordship and commerce. This capitalist class was eventually to mova i relatively smoothly to replace British capital. But it was not purely a capitalist class. For a koy featuro of the moder Sri La 1kan polity is that this class has played a broader role than that of Capitalist bourgeoisie. It also occupied leading positions ir public administration, the professions and, politics and through socialisation in a few British Todel Colombo Schools, relatively through Anglicisation. and ConCBrträtgd residence and Sociā| il taraction in Og Colombo |locality, developed a dgg reo of self-consciousness which has made it probably the most da veloped class in thÊ Country in the Marxian sense of that

Page 19
term. It can usefully be labeled the elite. The political significance of this elite was ehaced by the diversity of its Sociāl and Conomic rots, and the fact that it continued to nourish and exploit those roots. They lay in most significant Sectors of the Country; all ethnic, caste, regional апd religioшs Categories; and both "traditional" ald "model" SOUCES Of Weath and Status. The residential basa of the elite was Colombio. ItS productive assets were either in Colombo or (by the 1920s) Within a few hours drive in the Low Country. Second residences were maintained near these Low Country plantations, sharecropped rice estates, graphite Tires and distilleries. TheS were to prowide the patrom Ege Tesources which gawe members
of the elito individual local electoral bases. Members of the elite were thus able to
participa te actively and simultaneously in two different poli. tical areanas: "their own localities and Colombo.
Liberal democracy in Sri Lanka developed a long "classic" (Euro pean) lines on the basis of the
colonial system of representation of local interests in the legislature. The procedure for
selection shifted from nomination to election as the influence of representatives increased in relation to state officials, and as the electorate was widened. The representation system thus initially scored much higher on the Contestaffor7 than on the inclusion criteria of democracy. The procedures and mor 15 of parliamentarism were institutionalised. As the system expanded to become highly inclusive, new political publics were inducted through political parties which, in classic 'European" style, were created by 'notables' already established in the national political a rena as prominent members of the legislature,
widingםזכן חם סultd gסB Gחס detail without much a riching the analytic picture. It is perhaps ET DOT tant to point Out that Universal adult suffrage was introduced as early as 1931,
and that th B elected Linder ad 1931 and 1935 Substantial dLIOl
management of C subject always, ti of the colonial
I am not sugg establish met of Iliamentary dem Lanka was inevit that it is easily the interaction b socio-economic C elite and (b) the preferencea for gг ower position and a "responsible' s a fra Tů Work of cratic institution | iko independan ( war to Sri Länkä to a greater exte where both Were
TTSS political and struggle. A Sri Laka de TO degree of affo tion which it
dia. DeTOCTB legitimacy in that legitimacy Tora distin Cit C in India; the + the elite into a CLI turg and th of democratic as an adjunct tc to large sectioп collar" middle arised abour thr movement and litical parties org det" Scions Of de Clife of dem intert Wined Wit in different sen These gтошps.
The Decline Liberal Den
THE BttàinmE dence and the democracy are lated processe. was a golden democracy in colonial rule, SOIThe reSpectS was also to S guarantor of dimensions of

15חBוחחWBrסg ult suffrage in
were givan y in theוחסח omestic affairs, the fina || WÉ3t0 administration.
esting that the liberal Or parbcracy in Sті able. It is rather explicable given etween (a) the haracter of the * British Columial adually handing power to such uccessor within liberal de ToS. Democracy :в, was handed ns by the British It thir in II dia attained through mobilisation result, in lacks the na list legitimahas attained in cy did not lack Sri Lanka, but perhaps had Pass bases than socialisation of ariant of British g transmission orms, perceived "class struggle" is of the 'White classes and Org"ough the abour
SE cracү
tha Bft ist pOarmised by 'dissithig a lite, The
Ocracy has been h the decline, ses of both of
of
Ocracy
int of independe Clima of liberal closely interre5. There ever age of liberal Sri Lanka becausB which was in anti-democratic, оme degree the some important libera democracy
notably (a) the autonomy of the public service from the intervention of politicians in routine administrative, personnel judicial, and such matters and (b) consideration of the interosts of ethnic minorities - especially the most articulate and militant of them, the Sri Lanka Tamils in major political and constitutional decisions. The ending of color nia rule was to lead to a substantial expansion of What om e might loosely term "social democracy. An elaborate and well-funded British-model wellfare state had already bag nestablished in the late colonial period. While this was to be expanded, the main advances in 'social democracy" in the postindependence period were largely in tha a reas Of Cultura, la flguage, and political and civil rights: improvements in voting procedures to guarantee indi - vidual autonomy; the ending of the colonial practice of granting low-level administrative authority to local 'notables' by wirtue of their position in the putatively indigenous and traditional status hierarchy; the major extension of employees' rights, especially in the public service; some security of tenure for agricultural tenants; increased "public influence, through political intermediaries, on the routinę activities of the public service; the wide ning of access to stuta employment; the anding of the privileges of private education; and the widening of the USG of local languages, especially Sinhala, in place of English. Many of these processes could also be explained in terms of the Sinhalisation" of the state - the creation of a polity that in both symbolic and material terms appeared designed primarily to serve the Sinhalasa Buddhist majority. The expansion of 'social democracy", as defined here, Was іп пmay respects a zero-sum game.
These preambles and qualifications aside, a useful perspective on the history of the Sri Lankan polity since 1948 is provided by the notion of the decline of liberal de Ocracy. In analytic, rather than chrono
17

Page 20
loical terms, this declina be seen as coппprising main sats of processes:
1. The increasing domination by politicians (associated with the parties in power) over other elements of the state apparatus and over society generally, and a declining regard for legal and producedural formality. A very large number of specific processes are involved. Some of the more significant were: close self-interested involvement of politicians in routine administrative issues; the allocation of virtually all public sector recruitment — and many transfer and promotion - decisions to politicians; the termination of the autonomy of the judiciary; Control of mass media through nationalisation or indirect coercion and porgssure; the in tro du Ction of ng W Constitutions or Constitutional amendments for
reasons of short-terri political expediency; the use of procedures of doubtful constitutionality to prolong the life of the legislature, placing supporters of the ruling party (or parties) in (discretionary) charge of a very wide range of state and public organisations - universites, co-operatiwas newspaperS, broadcastiag organisations, public corporations, local administration and, increasingly, statuto ry bodies Created for 'development' purposes; the appointment of supporters of the ruling party to senior positions in the administrative, judicial, polica and foreign services and in the armed forces; the widespread illegal use of state power and resources for the benefit of those in power; and, most especially in the more recent period, the simple use of physical in timidation against opponents of the regime.
2. The sharpening of ethnic conflict, above all- although the complete picture is of course more complex - between the majority. Sinhalese, especially the Sinhales C. Buddhists, and tha largest of several minorities, the Sri Lanka Tamils. A series of OLIIbra aks of violen CB – in fact In Wollowing mainly attacks on Tamils by Sinhalese thugs - be
пmay three
18
gan in 1958, a a Small pogrom provided Tamil unstoppabla mt pite EOTTOLS material costs changes of all the SG War all är rT3 ved, the fight TaTil State Con
З. Incгеasiпg | in the attempt power, and the sical and politic of the arried for so far successful integrity of the aside a number piracies, four mai been made to t by force: the C of 1962; the is leftist JWP Towe lesa youth in mil separatist . m tioned above; аг and far more dee rection by a rec in 1987-89. A below, the joint |ast 't W0 noveme has Heen far - reac
The Causes of
There is Cors to debate the decline of libera Sri Lanka. My for Th LI lñ tion1 is a: the first polaca, two, related bac Ses Which, While rectly responsible | İlg of liberad || d tributed in Some the polity under c. especially iп пmo des:
1. The polity b tirm of the intera |lowing three fac
(i) A modest mic growth, and rate of increase of material reso for appropriation through the poli
(ii) A high de all resources stir the dominant , butivist style of

d culminated in in 1983. This eparatism with
ment U m... DCSLITT and and freqш ent
gmments among | parties in Wol
fог a separatө in La S.
Sort to als o attain stätg onsecшепt phyil strengthening es -- Who hawe ly protected the State Leaving of minor CorsIn att ampts hawe a ke state DO W Er ) up conspiracy urrection of the ment of Sinha - 1971; the TalWEE II IT1Br) - |d a repeatad, p-rooted insuronstituted JWP s is explained impact of the mits on the polity :hing.
F Decline
iderable scope Causes of the | democracy in
o WWT titati WE as follows. It line can identify kground proce 5* not being difor tha de c3TOCra Cy COrl
Way by placing intinuous stress, e recent deca
CET e tha Viciction of the foէ DT5:
rate of econdthus a Todest in the volume rCÈS a Wailable and distribution ical system.
ad for TatariIu la tead boy (a) efarist-redistri
political disco
urse and (b) the continual induction of new, loW-status groups as effective participants in this system as a result of elec toral competition.
(ii) The fact that the "welfare state" (to usa a shorth and term) had been established in the late colonial period and largel y 'completed" in the 1950s and 1960s - especially in more symbolic, cultural and political dimensions (see above) - meant
that it was increasing y difficult to find Credible na w Wellfareist platforms to attract electoral support, especially the support of poorer, low-status groups. In this sense, the Sri Lankan polity faced some of
the samo kinds of Stress as thea polities of the advancead capita|ist Countries at around tha sama tiĖ.
The tension resulting from effectivo (new) politicisation which was not followed by anticipated materia | rewards appears to hawa affected in particular the "low Castas" among the Sinha lese, Who number about a third of the Sinha lese population and about a quarter of the total populatitյm. They were politicised relatively late and, despite adwances in representation, are still very much under-represented to thfa bẹ T1 Gfit of the do – minant Goligama caste. As is explained below, until very recently, increases in parliamentary and Cabinet representation of these low-caste groups were not followed by commensurate increases in access to power and resources. L'OW-Caste r6Sentment at political and socia | subordination has been one of the underlying bases of support for the JVP in its insurrectionary activities in both 1971 and more recently,
2. Similarly, and closely related, support for the JWP's insurrectionary path has been forthcoming from lower-status groups of all kinds in part because of the Continued domination of political leadership positions in all parties by members of the elite, or persons With elite conngctions. Thera Was SOma

Page 21
thing of a disjunctura between (a) the radicalisation of the political agenda and politica di SCourse and (b) the Social CorTposition of political leadership. The JWP was a ble to exploit this disjuncture; along with the armed Tamil separatist groups, it was the only substantial political moweet to be created and led by people of middle or lower-middle-class backgrounds - and people who spoke little or no English.
These tensions between Tass politicisation and relatively exclusive political leadership are found to some degree in almost any
polity. The Sri Lankan leadership was insufficiently active in co-opting low-status leaders
to diffuse the tensions, although substantial Towes were in fact Tade in this direction by president-to-bB J. R. Jayawar deng after he assumed the leadership of the United National Party (UNP) in 1973. The more direct causes of the breakdown of liberal democracy appear, however, to lie elsewhoro.
The most direct and wisible cause of the breakdown of liberal democracy lies in the gradual disappearance of the factor which, it is argued above, undarlay the emergence of liberal democracy in the first place: the near-monopoly se of politica | leadership by members of a relatively homogenous elite who (a) had been thoroughly socialised in to the mores of parliamentary democracy; (b) had sufificient "independent" in Corne that they did not dependentirely on oney earned from politics, did not feel strongly pressured to == Itin in this way, and could Contemplete the loss of power to rivals without feeling anxioLS about los ing the Very bases of their livelihoods and status, T= existence of libera demo| 22 de po Brided om a ba la Ca etween the political leadership of the elite and various presEles, Tentioned above, which constrained the elite from adopng Conservative or reactionary Cici ES Which WOLuld hawe resu IEd in the withdrawal of broader public Support for the parlia
The Int ar y SWS term. "other prassures" stгопger, and th bëēr Ost. With sation and am intr rial) transactiona litical Support, po a full-time job politicians, main status backgrour ced the 'gentlen cal leadars är E sionals.
One may cl political leaders tem үears into Categorias:
(i) Oldar leade grounds who oc positions by wir partү 5епioritү, personally hones because they ar or accumulated Ta two primE Mrs Sirimavo Ba ramains tha léia Lanka Frigdom the main opposi J. R. Jaya Ward I3a dar Of thia l
Cal Pri and made his sit 1978. to occupy for t
leaderS ir this active.
(ii) Highly E
of elite families to mowe wery r ministerial positi Lised for capiti by wirtua of pers
did COr (Ctjor competвпce), Т cludes in parti of leading mini Jaya Wardena's p. and presidency having greater stake in occupyi position than M. от J. R. Jaya people, Whem fac difficUlties, ten options, which cised of switch giam C{}{im tha position in a fL or of taking rew side the Count ned below, the

These Warious hawa bo COITE e balance has mass politicieasingly (matelist basis of po - litics has become Professional y from "middling: |ds, hawe repla-litiסAII p ,"חaך -fesסrם Wםח :
"udely classify of, say, the last thrge diff grent
irs of eitg backCupW leadership U9 of ag B and and who remain էt and LIncorrupt e ab | 9 to liwa family rasources. examples are in dara laikē, "Who dar of the Sri Party (SLFP) - tion party - and ele, who was MIP frT1 1 973, Minister in 1977, If executive pre– a post WaS en year 5. Fe W. Category remain
dLICatad 5 CiOr18 Who Ware able apidly to leading Dms, whith Wart: El a CCLIITILI Editio, Onal backgrounds ls (as Well as ha Category ini CL lär i Umber StВГs UПНgr J. R. orimo ministership 1978-88). While personal material ng goWarnmental Mrs Badaraaike | Ward û ne, SLI ch :d with DC |it|cal d to hawa the som havē Exering Dolitic:Flagrealistic hope of Iturв govагпплепt) лагdiпg Jobs outry. As is explaii prosent go Warn
må in mode of Capital
ment includes scarcely any pвоple iп this category.
(iii) Professional politicians propoer who hawe few Corre Ctions with a lite families, but start mainly from middle" social positions, often from families Who OWI and and are in busi1955. Politi C5 IS for the the
CCUU lation and Toute tÒ SOCial Obiity. They are an increasingly dominant Category, and exactly the kinds of people who have most to fa ar from ||oss of politiCal po War, for they ha w 9 fe W attractive alternative sources of income.
The changing social compositio of Sri Lankan political ledership has been explored in great statistical detail by Coomaraswamy for the period from 1931 t0 1986. Sh3 dOCUITEItS the gradual shift from elite to Tore iddo - Class Statu 5, and also explora show this has been aSSOCİāted With a drasti C da Clima is standards of behaviour. Within Parliament itself. Coomaraswamy also poro wides th 3 detailed background to an de Werht Which Fha popo Ba3d aftar har T3Search Was Completed, and which is central to tha analysis below: the Suddeg drastic change in the social background of governmental leadership at the end af 1988 whan J. R. Ja ya Wardene's term as president expired and he was succeeded by R. Prema dasa, also a UN Per, but a professioma | politician par excellence, Who was from a poor, low-cast family
and had fought his way up through the murky municipal politics of Centra Colon.
Premada sa Constructed a governmer from which migm ogrs of
the old elite were either excluded
or incorporated in wery subor
dina te rolės. He has since waged
a continual if low-key campaign of attrition against the remnants of elite presence Within the top ranks of his own party.
Colomaraswa Tiny's da ta permit Lus to understad how such a rapid change was possible without more Uphea wel within the ruling Party. For Linder pravious governments the response, whether Conscious or un conscious, of the
19

Page 22
elite leadership to increased lowcaste representation in Parliament and then in the Cabinet had been to restrict real power to inner groups" of elite backgrounds. There was thus an a SSociation between the increasing concentration of political power observed in the polity generally and the social broadening of political representation. This was most evident in the composition of J. R. Jayawardene's government of 1977-88. While non-elite and low-caste people Were relatively Well represented in Parliament and in his Cabinet, real power was restricted to a handful of younger ministers of elite status Who Wera Closely Connected to da - yawardene himself. The real power holders did not include his successor, Premadasa, despite his being Prime Minister and thus nominally secund in rank, The tactic of keeping non-elite politicians from the actual canters of power while according them formal position could not however, succeed fore wer. At the end of 1988, polity was in major crisis, with an "Indian peacekeeping force" occupying Tamil a TeaG in orth and eā5 t, to the irritation and anger of much of the population; and the (Sinha lese) JWP, taking a "patriotico, anti-Indian fine, o ngag ed in an insurrection which appeared to be coming close to overthrowing the government. Premada sa was chosen to be the UNP's presidential nominee as the only man a ble to compete with the JWF for popular (especially low-caste) electoral Support and marshall the muscle, organisation and ruthlessness necessary to arrange a favourable Election result and deal with the JWP by force. It perfor Ted as hoped, and at the
same time put a rapid end to elite dominance of political leadership.
Two other factors contributed to the decline of liberal democracy. was the ethnic issue, about which a great deal has been Written. Indeed, one could argue that the liberal democratic system Whose declina We ara lamenting barely ever encompassed the Tamil minorities at
20
all. Save the Lanka Tamils
represented ir any point sini ministratio W uiwersa | Sufi Not only hawe been excluded fits of state p ha We bean LI whole series C do We the "Si 5tät“ which uri dari 1 3d the population of
cultural and pt of the Sri La lation, Jaffra to specialise ir in white-collar
Where in the in the public series of legis
Tinistrāltivē m to language pol recruitment är mission, spiced a sion a l o U tb LI r S t against Tamils ceeded by the excluding new from the public in the early 19, ful of Tamil sep need to armed degenerated inti in the Tid-1980 explained balo political is President Jaya W\, While inutյի | about the ethn Centräl i SSUa risingl y simple instructive cont sia, Horowitz" E Sri Lankan ele simply been ini a Cómmodation b and Sri Lanka T Were a minority a STäll area. past-the-post s tion 15 to Par II; TTT t S "WE" TE and then overt of relatively electoral prefer Sinhalese Blect ments could alr Constructed on clear parliamenta One or other O. Sinha lesa-domini Not only was th

Oddi to ke, Sri ha We not been government at a the first adelected under age in 1931. Sri Lanka Tamilis from the beneItronga, but they able to resist a policies, termed alisation of the hawe directly ir economy, The the demographic
ilicā neārtā a Tamil popueninsula, tended education and employment else
sland, including sector. A long lative and adasures relating
icy, public sector I university adWith the occ - of mob violence had largely suclate 1970s in Tarı il entrānts : Sector, it Was '0s that a land. aratists first tur
struggle. This near civil War ls, partly, as is
W, because of ar ag Ear T1 et by "ard E1E. last; baten Written C conflict, the appBarS 5 LITPDrawing an ast with Malay
: plains that the toral system has nical to Ethic
tween Sinha lese 3 mils, The || atter con Centrated in Given the first"stem of elec- t. gn Werriח{tחד ularly elected own as a result mā|| shift S in ice in mainly rates. Gowernost always be the basis of y majorities for the two main ted party blocs. Pe 10 in Certiwe
for these major parties to compete for Tamil votes, but there Was a clear in centive for them
to ou tbid ono another, as they regularly did, in Sinhalese Chauvinism
The other factor contributing to the decline of liberal democracy is much Indra contingent; the personalities and behavio Lur of the eaders of the two main political parties at the time when democracy began to disappear and, eventually, the Whole polity threatened to dissolve - the late 1970s and 1930s, | hawe discussed these processes at more length elsewhere. The mai 1 ellerients are:
(i) The fact that J. R. Jayawardene, who absolutely dominated the political stage after his party took almost all parliamentary seats in the 1977 general elections, регmited or perhaps encouraged his leading ministers to build up private arThis with the state resources they controlled and usia them to intimidate opponents of all kinds. This was practised to a far greater externt then ever befora.
(ii) Relatedly, the extent to which Jayawardene seemed determined to u ndermin e the democratic opposition parties among both Tamil (the Tami United Liberation Front) and Sinhalese (the SLFP). By harrassing and discrediting democratic opposition, and giving the impression that his party would never share or relinquish power. Jayavardena helped open the way for the emergence of armed opposition, first Hmong the Tamil (separatists) and them among the Sinha lese (tha JWP).
(iii) The determination of Mrs Sirmavo Bādara lāk to retai for herself (and eventuay her children) the leadership of the SLFP, discouraged and drove away political talent, divided both tha SLFP and the dericocratic opposition generally, exposed, the party's cadres to harrassment from the govern ing UNIP and tho5a plements in tha police which worked for it, and thus helped drive youth into the arms of the more organised JVP.
(To be continued)

Page 23
HIWAW RIGHTS:
ννοMAN AS νιCTIM
By Amnesty International
he world's torturers, execu
tioners and jailers do not discriminate ongfounds of sex, Women are as likely as men to Suffer bruta abuses, if they question the status quo, de fy their governments or insist on their rights. In different countries with differing ideologies women have been jшdicially executed or murdered by governmant agents,
At least 24 of the 36 people stoned to death in Iran in 1989 Wēra Wome, Setel Cid to this particularly cruel punish TIGnt for Offen CeS SUch a S adultery or prostitution. Death by stoning is intended to cause tha TaxiTLIT Suffering to the Victim. The Islamic Peral Code stipulates that the stones should not ba so large that "the persom dies on being hit by one or two of ther",
Nonya mzalo Wictoria Mxenge, a prominent human rights lawyer, was shot dead near Durban South Africa in August 1985 by four men believed to be acting on behalf of the authorities. Victoria Mxenge Was representing 16 leading members of the United Democratic Front charged with treason when she Was, ki ||ė d.
Unfair trials and convictions
Women as well as ITE 1 spend years in prison after being convicted in unfair trials. Carole Richardson of Britain Was a Três - ted when sa Was 1 7 in 1975 and sentenced to life imprisonment for two bombings. She Nas released in 1989, w han it Emerged that she and her three co-defendants, known as the Guildford Four', had been wrongly convicted because of police malpractice which inclu
VOET
gOV Bern
trials ,
dition
SLICE
abLISB.
ded lying to t the confession the tria I in 19
stated that the received the de it was still O books.
Hundreds, i.
Of Wome as conscience, dete pвасеful םםקס HլյthւյritiÉ5, 5DIT having been ch O tria ... - Afte T brought the Na FR gWOLI tion Contin power in Sudar a number of W prisoned becaus
Giatio Wit. gQwar flmEnt.
TrES, WBr3
bers of the U. of tha major former governm di MahTOLId, former Prime M Pasirgt: SäTE dullah, daught Secretary Gene Ibrahim Abdulof Statė for EdL coup. They we September, rele in October, H for rother rm refused to si confessing to military govern

the world over who oppose their ments are not spared from unfair
апсd wrong ful iпmprisоппment. they are subject to cruel
other forms of sexual
IS rape Or
B Court äbout statements. At 375 the judge y would have *ath репalty if s the Statut8
not thousands a prisoners of
lined for their sition to tha a times without
arged or brought a military Coup tional Salvation Tland Council td, | in June 1989, -וחWr Bre i חB ווחם B of their assothց deposed
-וחinent meוחסpr ma Party, one parties in the ent: Sara al-Fawife of the mister and party Abdullahi Nag|r of a former al; and Rashida Karim. Minister lation before tha 'e arrested on 5 ised for two days d re-imprisoned inth when they a statestant pposition to the
9t.
In ad
torture
When it comes to torturo, Women also suffer brutal extrglgs of abusa, Maria JLI a na Medina was one of 64 trade unionists detained during a demostration il. El Salvador OTI 18 September 1989. She was reported y severely tortured for
thгеg days, and thвп realesed without charge.
Sha Clai Tad that sha had baam raped aпd repeatedly kicked in the abdomen, as a result of Which sha ha amorr
haged. She was hung by har feet over a stairwell and threatened with immersion in an electrified pool and with having her teeth pulled out unless she confessed to being a member of a Salvadorian guerrilla group.
Rape as torture
The rape or sexual abuse of women in custody by law enforce Tent officials is an international infliction of pain and and suffering, both physical and metal on the Wictim. As such, It is a form of torture or cruel, in human or degrading treatment or punishment and clearly prohibited by international standards. Yet rape is widespread and in some countries it is effectively condoned by the authorities to elicit information or a confession during in terrogation.
21

Page 24
In the Peruvian Andes, in areas of conflict between gowernment forces and insurrectіопіst gшегrillas, rape of wоппеп is widespread. Legal officials told Al representatives visiting Ayacucho iп 1986 that rapв was to be expected When trO OPOS Were based in the rural areas. They said it was "natural" and that prosecutions could not be expected.
In India ar OUnd 1000 of the women officially estimated to have bөвn rapвd ваch үваг belong to the Scheduled Castes (formerly "Untouchables") and
Tribes. Many of the wictims wearв гврortвdlү гарвd by policéã officers but these a legations are rarely in Westigated ad even Tora rarely result in PoliCG ha WD E ISO חסIIםriוחםם
failed to press charges of rape Wher tha a CCLS ed are if |Lentia || || local figuras with close links to thB police.
Iп Jапшагү 1986 Kaushalya Dewi, aged 50, and her daughter from Tarwa dih willaga in Palamu
district, Bihar, were : raped by local Rajput landlords apparently in retaliation for male relatives having refused the landlord the use of the family's bullocks. Although some police officers ware initia || y || suspended for refusing to take the Wictims to hospital and for refusing to start proceeding against the landlords, one year later the police had sti || not filed Charges against the and
lords.
The local police superintendent вррагвпtly took steps agaiпst the landlords and the negligent police officers. He was transferred to aot har district after speaking to the press about the incident.
Tr Prid N. Jrk Ferr
AIDS :. . .
foontinued fra
HIV infection arily lead to Aids, are some peoplB cape that, it may but wе сап пор to iпсгваѕв this
Montagnier's th works by trigger the body that m lead to Aids Whar tors" are presen HIW would not r be in Wolved. This. сопsequences. lf means a cure is found in the an' mes, which are 1 contemporary Ai But other fact thв disваѕв рго vitā 3ds fr prevепtion.
MEritagniar in: rary to what wi ught, HIW does of the im UT :
Stead, ha be the WTLS li fi: the presence of it appears to in which SomE tributing to ilT against microbial wrongly "progra Faccord with ful iTug g|S fE the in Waders is than Countering gard themsalwe and 'Coit S.
The ability called apoptosis many cells. It system of chec that amb IBS th tain itself ing
But in people the pro cas5 ha: Immune cells the T53|| WS få St be replaced, sc patient is left F variety of germ: people do поt
Laboratory tes that about 10-2 mund Ce|S im HI' demonstrate a r ir the abrior Thal lenged by othel

நச 8
doesn't necess"ho said. **Thе тез who could esbe a minority, eo by tre atm en t5
number'. sory is that HIW ing changes in ay subsequently Other "CO-factt. At that pointnecessarily still tחtaחסםחחha5 i he is right, it unlikely to be ti-viral programha fOCUS of most ds research. ors in wolweld in cess may offer treatriment and
Sist SG that COItas originally tho10t attack Cels system directly. Ili gveS that When Es the body in oth or Ticrobes Spark a process of tha Call 5-ConIm Luné defenCB 5 in waders become
Ted'. Irtir att Ck, til 3 it to recognise foreign, Rather them, they re3 a 5 rad Lundant
i Cido"", to self-destruct, is ratUra I to forms part of a 5. En la CBS a body to main
old repair. - with Aids, the 5 gone haywire, are destroying r than they can ewê tually the helpless against a s that in healthy cause any harm. its hawe show 0% of the imW-positive people ea die SS to react Way when Chal"Ti: ES COT=
pared with almost none in heall hy people.
That still does not prove HIV is to blame; people infected with HIV may have been infectted with a lot of othar 'foreign' agents as well. But it puts it it under strong suspicion of playiп g a part.
Now Montagnier is planning a series of trials to test a variety of strategies for reducing the abnormal reaction.
"From our new ideas. We can derive some advice. If not some strong proposals, for treating HIV -Infected individuals to pre Wen evolution towards the Aids stage". հE Eaid,
"If activation by micro-organisms is important, I think they should reduce their risks of being exposed to such micropas, and hawe long-term antibiotic treatTart.”'
Other strategies are likely to include dietary advice and vitamin supplements, aimed at gasing chemical stresses in the body, which hawa also been 5e en tO provoke арорtosis.
In good health, the body has its own methods for controlling the process and several new drug treatments, which may make good a deficiency in these control, are also being explored. Another possibility is that individual HIV-positive people TE wnerable to specific microbes, depending on what they were harbouring when they first became exposed to HIV. By identifying those in the laboratory, doctors would be able, Montagnier beligwas to giva vBry Pr SC se prophylactic treatment to prevent he destruction of immune cells. This new way of looking at Aids also implies there should be caution over the therapeutic use of any conventionally designed anti-HIV vaccine, Montagnier says, as the vaccine nigh triggar the very Pro Cess i should be preventing. "It WOuld be a very small danger for people who haven't seen HIV before, the correct way of using a Waccine, but for people who are HIV-infected I don't think it Would be very good to inject them again with the virus protein; That could make them W0 Tse

Page 25
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Page 26
VWAR
Thomas Abraham
Heavy fighting continued in the northern part of Jaffna peninsula, as the Army continued its operations to expand its area of control against heavy LTTE resista C.
The Defence Ministry said that roups backed by artillery and air cover had over un LTTE positions at Tellipalai, just south of the Palaly base camp, after a day long battle. The Army claimcd that bctween 75 and 100 LTTE men had been killed in the fighting and put its own losses at 10 dead, including a Major ind H. Lie utenant: The Ministry said the Air Force had destroyed two LTTE command vehicles and a jeep.
The LTTE Thurched. Ei brief but symbolic counter attack against the Army's forward defence lines in WaWLniya, about 6 km outside the town. The attack was repulsed after a fierce fight which left two police constables and a soldier dead.
The attack came when the President, MT. R. Premadaga, and most of his Cabinct colleagues were on a well-pub
A Dress Rehearsal
Ilicis visi L O h effort to bring the to the picople. Thi Colombo during th b) It flew it Wä after it was over. T to his life.
The incident mus the military which crlon around the President's security. must have comic as reinder of how Heing WUn.
The DM sinIı Lultaneo Lug . opera in the northern prio and that troops w El half kilometris : 5 tive, an LTTE juni
The operations in ated con expanding Control arOInd the I Ty's main footholic is a 10-12 sq.km. en part of the peninsula the Ilia Will hil TbÜLIT Élt little beyond the Pa. last two days, troop:
Repaying the masters thro' .
Midras
poradic blasts and other acts of sabotage witnessed in Tamil Nadu in last few days in the wake of the Government of India clamping the ban on the LTTE hawe lot Colle as a Suurprise to the law enforcing aut hOrities in the State.
As perceived by the police, the most active among the local extremist groups is the Tamil National Retrieval Force (TNRF). Ungarthed by the 'O“ Branch in December last year, this subversive outfit, generously finalced by the LTTE, is well trained
in the use of : sives to work f of an in da perid t) bla ta rai Sri Lanka ni TaTi Eelam. TO äCH: the TerTibers o assigned to car sabotage, distur leSS ress in Tarr to divert the a authorities from wities of the LTT out essential fuel to Jaffna.
The other frt of CPI(ML) anc
Tamil Militarism. . . . Y Coraf fra Lied fra 77 pa a gye 75)
5. Quoted in R. Caldwell op. cit.;
I, I (137. Thurston op. cit; Wol. III p. 7).
8. Tolka piyam Par Lullät hikaram Naccilärkinya 's cilm Ilmentary Om verse No. 8 & 9). 9. Maj. A. E. Barstow, 1928. Sikhs. Handbook for the Indian Army; Calcutti Central Publica Litoms Branch p. A. 10, Parani - "A poem about
yh0 des LTOyed
3. hero
1000 elephants in vir'. T. Til Lexico I. Vol. IV,
11. South Indian Inscriptions, 1943,
Madraig Wol, XIII No. 106.
24
12, R., Poinkunfail gali. Il publicat radii Dept. pagi m:i tion. "K know I TOT iit573 րillii Lբ. tit: բ
13, M. Caldrill terly of the A Tchal gy N .21-22. כן ת
14. Şablı Ehı idi. Tı
WDI KIX Nt). I
15. Pall LI:
htthLיו חchtlil was apothesiz. ecx : line: 5 this

town as part of an dministration closer - President WELS 11 e pre-dawn attack, uniya a few hours herc was no threat
It hy çılbı TTELS:5 had thrown a heavy tOYII tO EI15Life IEC For Mr. Premadasa, in Lincofortale ET L1 var is froIII
irıi5; try - Said th1a. t. 3, uייin Mullaiti חסti Vince Was CLIntinuing ere ab JLIt One and ort of their objecgle base in Alampi
Jaffna are concentr
the Army's arca of Pally camp. The Arin Jaffna peninsula Clave in the OThe TI Lstretching east from Kalıkesanthuli til a laly airbase. Over the 5ha. We push, teitl Ca5[WH
ards up to Thondaimannaru, the gates [o Wadi na rachi, and south Ward to Teilipalai, adding scycral square kilometries ithcir arca of control at Thonda imanna I The LTTE retreated after blasting the bridge leading to Wadamirachi,
The Army has used its new T-55 tank for the first time in the peninsula and an Ei lysts se this as a possible dress rehears for a larger offensive to gain control of Jaffna, where the same combination of arLHHLLS LLLLCLLCSSS LLTLLTC aL LLLL LL LL LL bombardment arc likely to be used.
By going on the offensive in Mullaitivu as well, the Army has dicinonstrated its ability to fight on two fronts simultaneously for thic first time, The Small Sri Lainkan Army (strength arca Lund 70,000) hä5 a limited number of frontline troops, who are usually all collitted to battle in a single area. This has allowed the LTTE to move its forces and counter-attack in Other areais,
Th: new military command structure which was created recently, giving the comLCCLL LL LLL LLLLL LCLLLLLCLLL LLHaLLC LLLLLS ponsibility has alsn been tested for the first title. The three service chiefs were present in the North guiding the operati. ons. whic the Joint Operations Conna. ind, which earlier was responsible for mili. tary planning, played a very low key role.
acts of violence
arms and exploOr the creatio et Tāmil NadL | base for tha ls, fight for Tamil liewe this goal, the force were ry out acts of EO at: ad läWi Nadu sd as tter tio II of thg
the illega l actiE like smuggling
groups out to glorify the LTTE
and its supremo, Prabhakaran. are the Radica | Youth League (RYL), Radical Students Union (RSU), Indian People's Front.
some assorted groups of the People's War Group of Kordapa II i Seetharamiah faction (bannad recently by the Andhra Pradesh Government). World Tamizh Ina Muппetга Kazhagап led by Mr M. Peru nchi thirana.
Tamil Desiya yakkam led by ܕ ܘ ܘ ■ Ommodities and
Mr P. Nedura rari aud Patt tali }nt Organisations Makkal Katchi led by Dr S.
Tamichauvinist Famadas.
1979. Thiara IITian- to the "Sallehana" form of fasting
ion No. 58. Tamillf Archeaology. No. ongunadu Was. Well i layams". R. P. Seth Li| '''Éi.
I thly. 'Kalye [[L' QuarTii IiiiI HI LIL Depot. Of O. S. January 1975.
Inscriptions 1967
12-223. KopperunES CITT I liited Sicile
c. K. F. AT WIL
practice in relation
unto death Long Ja in Saints, The
other side of Tamils, 1989. Paari Nilayam, Madras, Cheraman PerCTLLLaLLLLLLLaLLLLL S LLLaLLLLLLLaLLLLL S LLLaLLLLLLL
this when he accidentally received а упшПН оп His bНck in Hitle which was considered a great dishonour
o a warrior. (Pura namoru: 65).
15. Thurston. op, cit: Wol. W. p. 287.
17. Thurston. op, cit: Wol. W. p. 32.
Note: Swarminathari was first published
ill full in 1975, by S. W. Shanmugarin Annalima lai University, based om a manuscript found in the British museum library. It refers to A Wippali á5 Pila T Awikkoduthal, Weir5c: 141. p. 233.

Page 27
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