Page 1
"
NEW WORL Princy Dh
ARMS AND THI O. P. Si
RIO SU
Martin
Gamini K
TAM GONFLIGT
Mervyn
|NDIA-GHINA: SOW
Inder M o De Silva WS Rob
 
 

இறு __。
Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka OD/43/NEWS/92
D ORDER
SPS-Sté
E EELAM MAN
IWaሆ”am
SM: Sounds of Silence
- Ashwani Talwar ayalalitha's Cold War
tITY CONCERN's
eera wella
de Silva
March to Amity Malhotra berts o Kandalama

Page 2

iurael,

Page 3
TREMYEOS
Duty dodger sent to front
The Supreme Court sent an army officer to the battle front, rejecting his plea that he waš medically unit for frontline duty. Major M. R. Wijesundera of the Sri Lanka Light Infantry filed a fundamental rights case when he was posted to the Palaly army camp effective June 11. A three judge SC bench decided that he was attempting to avoid frontline duty.
LTTE trains Tani Mladu youth
Hundreds of Tamil Nadu youths had been trained by the LTTE in Jaffna, a South Indian magazine Junior Vikatan" claimed, They were trained to asSassinate foes of the LTTE and to create a pro-LTTE Climate in the South Indian state, the magazine article said, These trainees formed an underground military organisation known as the Tamil National Force', the
story said.
International observers at , TL Foodler tria International observers Carine to An LI radha pura, capital of Sri Lanka's North Central Province and better known as the first capital of ancient Lanka, to Watch a murder trial. At the magistrate's court two policemen were being tried for the abduction and murder of a local beauty.
The observers were Miss Marilyn Kritzer, Miss Frances Calman and Mr Peter Michaelson.
As we go to press, We have FECivodatollegran from Dr. Gamini Keera Wella requesting strongly that his paper sh DLII not Eg pLIElish Ed. We TEgret any ambarrassinnent CELISE É O hii T. Or the StitLTE.
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Briefly
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Vol. 15 No. 5
Pri F
Publishing for Lanka Guardian P. No. 246 U.
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Editor Wor וחםחנIEpםT Printed by AI B2/5, Sri Ratmajo! Мвулатпа C Таор попа

POINT
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t fогтиfa.preaven political WOLF FW57 MM fir?a门 ó尸占g凸品产 Was beforeg ffe
SE? Mae Cr COTa North-East Iите 29 театГг д0Лглts ага: п7егger of the St. 2, MeanLI ICJ Il MWC) тогту; 3. /л- argem erfs fa its of the MIML ISEastםחffaחט Sa IW arrangaTref Raffeg ority iг та re East enjpy is as the minifala majority
affsef has finite propoO 77 77 stee Eeg7ts the other ke their Wife Wis ry and reach G 7r OF TH GT1 Government геachfлg алd 69 GD?/7 SG/7SUVS, F7 G07 fr"OMG 7
SLS H U MIAMI ITARJAM ISW
UNICEF Executive Direcfor James Grant told a I77eeting of the UW Children's Fund's executive Board in New York that he had been amazed on a recept Visit to Sri Lanka tg find state hospitals traating youths and children engaged in a separatist War. Ar 7 : this respecif Sri La 7 ka was perhaps the only country in the World, he said, according to a despatch from the Daisy Wews UW Correspondent Tha/ff Deaп,
If only Yugoslavia would follow Sri Lāraka's humanifа гѓал eХал77д/e it wo L//c/ he much easier for UNICEF to function under conditions of War, Grant is reported tO 7âtwaG 5afY.
AASTFROM OVOCAAL, C---
Government policies and" taxes had sent the cost of living up f9 astronomical heights, Jafna District s/P Kandiah Wawaratnam (TU(5) told parliament. The MWP 5a li tat ir - Maffija there was a shortage of food and vital drugs. partiси/аг/y after, the recent military excercises. An egg, for instanice, Cosť ten rifpees. And lakhs of people Were fл садтps due to the War, the MP said.
DAN
July 1, 1BE2
E. T.O.DD
rtnightly by ublishing Co. Ltd. Illins. FIELEa,
C - 2.
Yn de Silva
E TEGE
di PTEs i SETE WETETLJItt U
Eo 13. 43,975
CONTENTS
Na Ws Background 3.
MB"ự WTFlt []THE:T
MilitarisIT and Caste in JBTfna
Thn Region
Indian Strategy - (2) 13
De Silwr a wis, Roberts = {2} 되
Miä 모1

Page 4
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Page 5
Cold Winds ovi Pak Straits
Mervyn de Silva
new tension in Indo-Sri Lankan relations is the fortnight's most politically significant development. And the tension is likely to rise than subsidē,
High Commissionar Nagendranath Jha hopped across to Madras last Weekend but it had little to do with official business. The reason was strict|y personel, But if the Sri Lankan press or tha Watchful Colombo-based foreign correspondents were alerted to important developments", there
were good reasons for sugh Teactions too. Tha SUNDAY TIMES Broke the story on S frontpage. WISIT IS OFF . . . . . Said tha headin B,
THE I diari tƏa T of legal
pund its who were scheduled to Visit the island to exchange views with Justice Ministry officials and the newly appointed. Attorпеy-General, had caпcalled their trip at the wery Est Toet, "High Commissener Jha will not säy why' He 1e WS iterl Eddeld. "The teën ."wםח טוחםn't Cם1Lally Wחדf==
TG SSU e it is lo Secret, i5 the Extradition of Prabhakara F the Indian authorities requgst it. And that (however theoretical would depend on how the F=jiv Gandhi assassination tria | goas, Among tha accusad a ra e LTTE suprema and his intelligence chief" Pottu Amman, They hawa not been ar rested. Een a first-Wear student of El King Wg that extraditio Tigres (1) legal obligatios of State "A" to respond to a onal request by State "B", and — ргосавdiпgs in a court of Lew in State 'A' (a High Court) an order by that Court emitting the government to
edite the offender.
Why Delhi's required a form glad to di SCU: not quite clear cause thG SA on joint actic terroris is pou
As the press the Paik Straits expected Colo חטB strחם חםf Premadasa regi covered from it crisis (an inte in the main) w led Opposition
SEECTIL| Pattātk. public issues, Rights to Cost the IMF-IBRD
sation of pol Սdugampala to the Election CE |Bוtfםrttסp cha lenging the from согтuptiоп
On sold at issues, the O pretty Strong C ferocity of the the a C COmpanyi an ill-palled the Opposition gains it deserve Terit. Yat tha Tot maximis a t its extra-parlial and propaganc Teasons includВ
ANT-MF
(a) Lack bet Ween dispar; in the Էյroad When the agital issue campaign ations, Was th a Ilias against Bank strategy? vät t1 SPO the plantations Bill ions? The por B Sant Ea majo Sri Lanka e CO

e
legal pundits a Visit to the SS this matter is
· particularly beAFRIC COWEtio | T. COLI TT
bic: knowledge.
LTG from ECTOSS mounted, Delhi Tibo to yield - |g reason. Tha The had only reПe impeachmвпt
| UNFP iffir El til SLFPlaunched the
Ճm a host Ճf
frol H Luar of Living, from to the privatialtations; from Kandalama, fron I5SiOlar"'S TEEEC:t Petiti
Presidential poll, to foreign policy.
EE St of t1556 position had a sa but the shear Onslaught and пg impressioп of Campaign, rabbed of the political H. EECH İSSLE had Opposition could hB ad"Wantage of iantary tampaign |||st Effւյլ է THE the following:
Էյf EՃՃrdinatiքր a te groups Withalliance, even ion WaS a- sing lae.g the plantSLFP and its t hq |MF— Worlc If so, did it ad JEDEB LO FLUT
Which had || Ost plantations resector of the Omy, The donor
pledged ng arly 800 million dollars ONLY be
group in Paris
сашse the two agencies, and the ADB, gave the green light The estates together with the two banks were crucial issues,
the foundation of IMF 'co
ditionality".
What was the Opposition's
Studigd WIBW On this Central
issue? Did it have such a wig WP Had it both gred Lo study it at
III?
In fact, the character of the campaign, the tone of the main progagandist thrust - THONDA. .
THONDA. - exposed a crass Comunalis. Thonda Was target; economic policy WaS
Secondary, if it mattered at al. The main donors - US, Japan and EC - noted this, and draw their own conclusions, just as they did on KANDALAMA, a
oth later.
The SLFP-led Opposition's 'knag-ark reaction" a Santor wastern diplomat told this writer is almost always "communal". Ard increasingly. So When LE HELA U FRAMAYA CELICES LKLK S LC SLaHHL SS L S LL L S 0LL LLLLLL вgitatioпаІ campaigп, апd thв So-Calad non-COTTI Luna I m OdE = rates of the Maw Left'' (ald the old) must perforce toe the line. The only difference batWaar "H.U."" and the Simhälla Arakshaka Sansividanaya (SAS or Sinhala Defence League ) said a Scandinaviап NGO rep. On a racet wisit to South Asia "is that the SAS - and Mr. Jayasuriya are - not in terest 3d irm offiCe and power'.
(b) Tha SLFP-led agitation has a frenzy which is in marked contrast to the D.U.N.F. for instaпce, at least iп thв past few וis plair חםaasז ths. ThBוrמוח enough, Mrs. Bandaranaika has not of course recovered fully

Page 6
from her recent illness. And she fears that if the SLFP under her leadership Cannot force another election soon, President Premadasa would be strongly placed for a second term. Thus,
the SLFP (and its allies) are forcing the pace. But "pace" is ong thing, direction and a
clear goal апоther.
Unifying Symbol
To sum up, Mrs. B. is the Lunifying symbol but om a C Count of the leader's physical disabiity, there is pressure on time, and the time-table has had to be re-writtan. Thus pack everything to a single blow And so, all eyes turned towards Hultifs dorp, with the astrophysicists deciding the deadline - September. And there matters stand. Meanwhile, a dramatic shift by th G D UN F. Since May Day. When the Gamini-Lalith dissident group had to join the SLFP-led May Day parāde, and tha DUNF demo Was by no means impressive, tha DUNF decision-makers, principally Gamini and La lith, ha We had Saconid thoughts about their participation in the broad front. They are worried about two things - their close association with the SLFP-led alliance has not only damaged their movement's illage but alienated their main patгопs local апd foreigп — tha Western-educated professional class, and the influential, and moro actiwe Section of the donor community; In short, a modernist, west-oriented elite, free from what the aid-group regards as a Coarse ir LJ na Way populism,
DUNF's Move
As a result of the sig trends the donor community has distanced itself from the main opposition, except on the central issue of democracy and human rights. After a Premadasa regime with a far greater sensitivity to the need for a much-improved H.R. performance, the donors will now look more hopefully on a DUNF that has accepted the constitution, respects human rights, commits itself to market economics and seeks a negotiated settlement on the ethnic
4
issue, with ol interwention.
ll thrge Premadasa we chairman of S major conside Delhi and the S High Commiss remindar to th India "cannot "politica rea էle forgotten li tions he shցլյ| but did not a been the obje ing attacks by kara, the foren and ex-ATES5 WWEET CONFERI
The Kal
era was
the control projected Rs 4 TOICOTT to Lurist HC Earter I note hi a Th | B ty of thé histo Maha Wihara, a fBLdā tirīgs,
said had it, COT) tin Lugd to b) THE ISSU a 5 a rather imp temple object ir Village, опе с being turned ir ח :undסg grחDi an impower is hig fear ing that T 0 sunk by the the Water at if tC i tota | Starw has now be The government hotel company, fully; the opos SLFP Stads a with the Raja its Chief cut ble lnamalսWe : апd sшпdrү реа and lay Sinhali groups includi Jaүasшriya's Si Sanvidanaya, M Tourism Minist boss of the Congress (CWC tādi ir State workers, sfidelines occas
in a statement POTO-hotel factio

without India's
inths time Mr. Id not ba tha удНС. Time is a ation for both LFP-led Coalition. onar Jha's firrn | Sri Lankams that ba ignored" and es' should not as produced reachave expected ticipate. He has it Of two blisterOwaist Amara SESt Sinhala Vyriter, sor Stanley Jayair of the India
hdalama controversy
го епd in sight to wersy over tha 00 milion, 150Fall at Karl dalama, I under suzereignric Dambulla Raja s it has been from As the Sunday the i 55 ua has a for the boil'. to longer that of ortant Buddhist g to aп шпspoilt f the feu left ito a tourist Stano awal that of d local peasantry 0-foot tube Wells otel Would upset and drive them ation, Tha is SLIP ome politicised. * is backing tha Aitken Spen Ce. ition, chiefly tha t the barricades Maha Wihara and bant, the WerreraSumangala Thera, Sant Organisation a Buddhist action ng Mr Gamiai nhālā Arakstākā Thondaman, tha er Who is also Ceylon Workers which is largely of Indian Tamil stands on the ionally throwing in support of the n. The Sinhala
Sri Lanka forum | ln än editorial, tha independent SUNDAY TIMES told High Commissioner Jha where he got off.
"Despite all efforts to BIndo-Lala ties adift the to the allowed Panchaseela level, a big-brother attitude among Some soctions of South Block is casting a Shadouw, India "SCdOVNU ingrading of next month's SAARC meetings in Colombo is seеп bу пnost апаHysts as a SLJEDEIE OU e linked to the dispute over the visit of the Indian lega team for tak5 Con moda ili:ies of the Prabhakaran extradition'.
sапvidапаyas wery sinister.
The hotel company says that tube wells drawing out 45,000 gallons of water per day for the hotel Will in no way deprive the peasants of water; but peasant organisation say that siting a huge hotel on the Kandalama irrigation tank's catchment area will most definitely affect the Water lewel in tha tark in addition to the tube wells upsetting the Watar table, and their cultiwation will be seriously jeopardised. They say that it is for that reason that no government before this has permitted even cultivation in the tak's CatChinment a faa
Buddhist organisations make another point. They say that w han a tourist complex Was to be sited at Iran wila, a Catholic fishing village near Chilaw, the Catholic Church objected on the grounds that the influx of foreign tourists would corrupt the morals of the fisherfolk and disrupt their life style, and the government bowed to the Catholic clergy and backed down; but when Buddhist monks and Buddhist and peasапt organisations protest against this threat to tha life style of the Sinhala-Buddhist peasantry in this yet un sullied part of Lanka, the government pays no heed at al.
So, it is no longer a matter for environmentalists and ecologists, or even economists; histo - ric grievances have got embroiled in it. Also politics.
find this glament

Page 7
Letter from II. A.
O og Half of the Board, I ET pleased to inform you that Kumar Rupesinghe of Sri Lanka has been appointed as Secretary General of International Alert. He succeeds the late Martin Ennals, our founding Secretary General, whose work for International Alert and whose outstanding achievements in the field of human rights are Well דחוחיםחF
Kumar Rupesinghe has served as Deputy Director and as Programme Director of the Ethחוiם conflict Programme at the International Peace Research Institute (PRO) in Oslo. He is Ciurrently Chair of the Human Rights Information and Documentation system, International (HURDOCS); and Coordinator of the programme on GOVoIslance ård fict Resolution of the United Nations University. During his ten years in Oslo, he has Worked to establish conflict resolution as a crucial field for research and professional action, particularly within the non-Western World.
Kumar Rupesing he served as the Director of the National Youth Council under the Ministry of Planning in Sri Lanka from 1973 - 197. Between 1978 and 1982 ha Worked as a lectUfer in Sociology at the Uniwer - sity of Peradeniya, Kandy.
In 1982 he joined the International Peace Research Institute (PRIO) in Oslo, Where he has served as Deputy Director and as Director of the Prograft. The om Ethnic Conflict and Conflict Eesolution. In Oslo, his main research interest has been the development of new conceptual вpргoaches to ethпіс Conflict. During his ten years in Oslo, he has Worked to establish ConFict resolution as a crucial field for research and professional action. This has been combined ith an effort to build international networks of conflict Echolars, with a particular emthe on-Western חס asisחם World.
He has also be a Cadel G Work. Ol theory and on systems for conf He has participate TH CETTI OL ut
many regions of participated in seve governmental init
mote Conflict rĘS
Kumar Rup Esing aS E IT e Tiber Of
International Ale ceptioп iп 1985 actively involved
its programmes in the Philippines a
He is current commission on In and thais ResolLill th1e IteTha t i 0 1 Bal| Association (IPRA of the United
Major a
SHarriintir a F
T驚 gՃWETոmE One of the bi security forces o' Tigers in the No the Jaffna Penins sources said,
The combined WETE TD COTINITE against keү Tige sources reveale and heavy nawal Tiger positions N' to resume they
Fear ing an es C: ties thousands sought refuge in in the peninsula districts,
Inforräd 50 reports of hea Wyt and Tigar attem security forces C. ascertain the ir forces.
Sgio T offiCTS ggruides WBr5 to

вп епgaged iп In de welopment early wагпіпg its է բravantion. il mi55ion5 fied Work in conflict, and ira 1 пајог попiatives to pro
lution.
he ha 5 Served the Board of it for its inand has been With Ost Of :luding Uganda,
di Sri Lanka.
y Chair of the La Iha | Conflicts tion (ICON) of Pe: CERESEE C ); Co-ordinator Natiւյր Է Աriiwar
NEWS BACKGROUND
sity Programme on Governance and Conflict Resolution; and Chair of the Hural Rights in
formation and Documentation System, International (HURIDOCS).
Kumar Rupa sing he has Written and edited numerous books and articles in the fields of dewastסוח flict. Theחסlopment and G recent area Conflict Fesolution fra Uganda, James Curry Ltd, London 1989; Ethnic Conflicts and Нууллагт Fights: a Compaгative Perspective, UnitBd Nations University, Japan, 1989. Currently he is editing, in collaboration with others, a three volume work of Internal Conflicts and Governance to be published by MacMilan.
Rodolfo Staur enhagen Cär, Irgräfürä/ Assr
ssault in North
erdinando
it as ordered ggest combined Ffessives against rith probably in ula itself, FÉliable
security forces ance Operations con Centrations, Air Strikes action against Werg Tost likely explained.
lation of hostiliof Tamils Hawe
religious places Hnd neighbouring
urces disclosed tsחEוחWBם וח sםםםח Ipts to l inter Cept munications to testions of the
from the three јоіп согmmanders
in the North before air and naval action begin, sou TCE5 Said, Troops in the front have been reinforced with additional men and materia sent from other areas, they said.
All security forces stationed in the North-East region hawe been placed on high alert in view of the impending military action. thay said.
Sources explained that both the political and military leaderships have identified the need to defeat the Tigers' military bafore sa aking any political solution to the North-East issue. Sources said
the forces were determined to secure some convincing Victories against the Tigers this Week to
bolster their chances of Conducting the war to a successful conclusion before the year's end as the political leadership wants,
5

Page 8
NEWS BACKGROUND
Fall in value of arms
Robert Taylor in Stockholm
THE WORLD Brms trade in large convепtional weapons drՃբ= ped by 25 per cent in ựBlUB last year to S22.114bn, according to the annual survey of the
stockholm international Peace Rasa arch Institute published recently. The break-up of tha
Soviet Union was the main reason, Siբri arguBS.
During the 1980s that count try was responsible for around 40 per cent of the global trade. but that figure had shrunk to less than 20 per Cent by last The Valug of Soviet Weap
WEET. ons exports last year Was rՃughly 22 per cent of that recorded
in 1987, says Spri.
The US is now by far the argest exporter of arge Conwentional weapons, accounting
for 51 per Ceir Іast уваг to a val The dissolving accounted for S. .ftsםםBX - פוחחB that Germany is |argest convепt plier in the W. |ast year valuec far more tha C Britain (S999 (S804m).
Last year the kad Teaduction i to the devel S1 2.336 b from 1990. However largest arms imp followed by Is Turkey ($1,559bn tan (S 1, 22Oborn), ass B its a rTMS irri aly.
VASA O
2O7, 2d C טווחסlסC
Telephone }

trade
it of de liv orie:S |ւյթ ըf S11 - 195Էյր:
Soviet Union 3,93bn Worth of But Spri reveals OW tha third ional arms suprld With Sales at S2. O15bn,(nם 51.127) aחhi: 1) апd France
TE WES E TITET t8חםקוחn arms i |Ճբing worldS16,720 bn in il dia Was the огter (S2.009bп), rael (51.676bon), ) and AfghanisThai Eddill Craighports substanti
REVISED SUBSCRIPTION RATES
A M
Canada U.S.A. for USS 6500 for 1 year USS 4500 for 6, 1101 th:5
重 圍
U.K., Germany, New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands, France, Japan, Holland, Philippines, Austria, Norway, Weden, Chinlı, [[Tellind, Switzerlanıldı. Nigeria, Belgium, Denmark. Paris, LC01 döI. USS 55.00 for 1 year, USS 35.00 for 6 months
壶 率
Hong Kong, Saludi Arabia, Dubai, Baharain, Arabian Gulf, Syria, Singapore, USS 45.00 for 1 year USS 25.00 for 5. Its
菌 曹 直
India, Pakistan.
USS 40.00 for 1 year USS OO . Its
藝 圍 Locl Rs. 250/- for 1 year Rs. 150/- for 6 months
PTICANS
fross Street, O - 11.
421 631

Page 9
NEWIW, WORLD : ORDER
The Cult of Universal
Princy Dharmaratne
tephen Gill of the Universi
ty of York, Toгon to in aп article titled "Raflectioris con Global Order and Socio-historical Time"*1 aptly describes What is in fact ta king placo Lundgr the guise of democratic transformation in the New World Order.
"At the heart of the problem is the way in which the social basics of political participation in the emerging World order Systerm appears to be narrowing largely because of the tendency for the pure logic of the capiItalist market relations to intensify social inequality and to empower the strong at the expense of the Waak. Wulnerable Or disor
ganized" . . . . "A harsher, perhaps less democratic and legitimate order seems to be
emerging with a re-construction in favour of capital'."1
Whilst supporting Gill's cocept of the New World Order, I Would lika to add a fE W Comments On the Cult of Universa | Libera Sr.
Under the changed political framework brought about of Universa liberalism Under the NEV World Order is Teally a blanket terri to do note a World Out of the authoritarian Soviet Camp, and by extension, a world hit TLSt herce i revitably ba
Tā drīcā tic,
The democratic rewolution hyothesis put forward by the West to describe the political changes taking place in the East --E 5 not fit the data unde acusly existing capitalism'. These -St-CommLIrist democracies mapulate political symbols cur
SDDS S S S KYYYLKLLCCCLLL S LL LSatLLtzSSS S LLLLLLOLOTLLtLLS uD S KM S S MHMTHCY SS LLCLLLMMLLLK
FT T G W 3 GL FGF TGGT
The Writër WOrks fOF the CETItre for Regional Development SELIG
rently in V og Le — multi-party dET) primacy of ele assemblies-prop: of шпIVersal libЕ fact fa WOLI ring political structul lations, and heg which define it: It is a Star democracy which power of aп Class5 to the di workers, that price levels wh living standards, Tic choices W. Of WorkerS in t וק ,tחymeםIם וחם Ewels — substit L Tization as the decision-making lity of the me the irrationalities. systeпn".*2
The tellect intermediагу Ешгоре.
The democrat said to take pl: LISES E TE W i Et i for its political Hawel, Boris Yelt Adam Michnik – stage. These he
La S W0 ed m:lt:G L der th Preside dW ar the ge short circuiti forts StTLICE L'ES to replace the to UiO5 did oth zations are plus| favoured elite the levers of p CDITILInist SOG rots of thia tri: populist in orig come every Whe
모 The Fil rg pf
Алтіл. "Мал thly
),
 
 

Liberalism
– elective politi CS, ocracy, and the cted legislative agating the myth ralist Whilst in
anti-democratic "Es, policy formսET Ofic linkages S real strategy. ge Concept of 1 CD150lidates thiE elite managarial etriment of the sanctions rising јCH BIOdВ ПB55 adoptS E COTO= ich gäWE 5, SCOTB5 he throps of unolarizing i COTE iting profit maxisole Criteria in | "The rationaIrket reproduges 5 of the social
ша1 as the new
in Easter
ic transformation Cë in tha East termediary - the H changed role purpose. Vaclav 5im. Jacek Kuror, – ПТОМЕ tО СЕПТЕ L-ibljefa I i Italia Cthe protest moveB O |d Order: rin o Wy process of Channg the Wery grass that helped thern ldregime, Trade er la SS Orgarihed asside for
whitյի ըtյրtrg|Ց Lower in the post ial order. The insformation are in - but the outre i EastēTT EL
Sifar" - 5T j Review' July/August
rope serves to consolidate the new authoritarianism, Lech Walesa — heading "Solidarity" in Poland - Eastern Europe's first "bottom-up" movement in the Wawe of liberal upheawal s challenging communist orthodoxy in the 80s ended neglecting the wary ideals early Solidarity stood fԼյր,
The new authoritarianism at the political level.
The new authoritarianism taking
shape in the post Communist Eastern Europe assumes two forms. One operates at the poli
tical level. High lewels of Western credit get funnelled through for the electoral campaigns of pro-Westerri political parties competing for political clients under the new order.
The political line-up in the new East European state sees a conscious narrowing of political participation levels. The сопtent of policy formulated under the new liberal democratic setup contains no expressions of popular Will.
Major policy decisions affecting the living standards of the Ta55 es are taken With O Lit pOPOLIlar debate in the context of mounting disaffection. Satalin's 500 days Plan" in Russia though not eventually adopted by the Soviet authorities, is a case in
point. In the recent reform Pro gram instituted in Russia at the beginning ot 1992 price
increases for most goods barring esssentials increased by over 300%. Poland's harsh austerity programs carried out under IMF dictates, caused u told hardship for the Polish masses. In all these societies with a professed democratic Slant, raducation wвTE made in the populace' share of the budget, and in come levels Without Consultation and debate. There is no popular endorsement
ל

Page 10
Statę policy in these newly Stablish gd | ibara | dem Cratic reginn ES of the East.
In Russia under Gorbachew and Yeltsin, in Poland under Walesa, and in Czechoslowakia under Havel, Presidential power Was Con Solidated as a TETS of political survival-rule by edict replacing the deliberations of the National Assembly.
If measures such as these can be explained in terms of the democratic alternative for Eastern Europe, there seems to be some confusion about the conceptualisation of the new democracy.
The New Authoritarianism at the Economic Level The Access Points to
Western Capital and the consolidation of the Coland Economy.
The other arm of emerging authoritarianism in Eastern Europe is the growth of the New ComInand Economy - the World Bank and the IMF shaping economic policy in these new capitalist a conomies of the East as Comimands issued by the World Bank Structural adjustment policies formulated by the World Bank and the IMF determine economic policy in these states - limiting the scopa of honie gDVB IFFTBFLS.
Nev
A core elite of influential intermediaries assume dominance in the post 1989 political set up - plugging into lucrative inter. slatiorilal traide and in Westment circuits. This hierarchy of domination defines the patronclient politics of the new East/ West relationship- providing the access points to Western capital and the necessary ideological
slant that goes with Market dogrna.
The naw ideologues get the plums that go With tha ngw relationship from the newly forged economic order acting as consultants and go-betweens enforcing market philosophy, loGating lucrative national enterprises for sale, re-cycling earn
8
ings inte lucrat in Westment such da is and in Otf on the pro-WE policy formulati.
The West for the Easter Go ary to plug its - shaping tha mula, trado, bud policies of the | ing With World other pro-Weste
A COfLISE || || used to ask re; Ada Il Smith's Golfu 5E3 til GOTI in actual para C ti ced Capitalism. Trade theory is Where tha, Lini of competition
opoly with its of WaT product nä55 LITET PIO Yr pletely overloo ideology.
Can t HBS e di equated with a |UtiOTP OT TEE F1 na W authoritaria tit LItä5 cle hier, tion in place of the democratic political changes the rew elite i Tarket?
The Myth of Liberalism an Power-sharing
Interpretations change taken on Siarl With thB || tha Soviet Unic of the C. W. Said to rTo WIG ir til — tõWITCHS trasformati O1 i Ordar. Frar 153 of "'thig Ed O international" sy two riwa | Supet ideologica Confi ritarian/Commun libera democrat to a TESS Wi COWETSİ0 to Ui
I WOLuld lika argum Ent, COTT ging de welopme

iWE a wenues of
as hard currency lar ways thriving Ster ecolic
S.
its part uses oric interedi1 arkët philosophy investment for |gatary arld Wag:E Est it f || ||
Bäk IIMF ad
criteria,
D 3 Ta I rl EtoriC is
issues - using
CONCILI SiO5 to ditions prevailing CB Under adwan
A jwe FF33 oted in a World Warsal tendency to turn into Mo
periodic crises Orl EO. ILITF1 ald mEnt, gets GDmKed by market
evelopments ba del OCratic: TGVOer ig it rot ä ism which 5.Lb5archy of dominaanother - using a EE to fit the ; that trisistilirlisate GEOFgd to Hig
Universal di Globa
of historical B flew di Insindisintegration of and the end War, History is 1 a navi direca L miliri Eribera mi tha NJPW World FLukayama talks f history'. A stem defined by powers and their ES — O Ea a Luth O = 5t – the tHBr ic has giwan Way we of Crusadic W BT58 l Iibig ra lii5.
to exire this enting on emërTits ir the World
scene - testing the Lliw 35a | iba rais With Soma recent examples drawn from international politics,
theory of
Dominant power blocs shaping global policy.
In international politics the global power structures gravitate towards a growing hegemonism. Global and regional policies - Cor Cormic: trada, agri CLI tura I and Enwir OTTI E tal är E2 Shaped by h 8 g GTT1 OTIC POWe T bolo CS dominated by the North. Thing G7 the EC, GATT and how the Earth Summit de liberations refact agendas where the richer and powerful powers dictate to the poorer LLLLLu S a S LLLa S S SLLLSL LLLLaLLS KLL LLLL S LLLL S LLLLSLLLLLLaL L LaLLS L L LL the Uruguay round is a saga of deadlock between the US and the less powerful Europe over the question of farm subsidies.
Decades of dialogue in the North WSOuth de liberations Ha WB
resulted in no apparent power sharing. Does an ecology policy Which perpetua tes a systeri where 20% of the earth's population consumes 80% of its production, 80% of the earth's resources, and is responsible
for 80% of the Earth's poluto be justified in terts of a democratic World Order?
Political authority in this cotext is monopolised by the World's Super states - the US, and the major Western powers backed by their military allianCes, supervised and controlled by the IMF/World Bank duo. The emerging global power structure provides little or ng politiCal Space for the profiassad | iba 3rais. Which is bandid as the key word in the political philoSophy of the emerging world order.
Democracy is not a guiding principle in Centre-periphery relations.
In Centre-periphery relations on the international scene the
Western concern for democracy does not guide its foreign policy
"Со пt/лшеd ол дада 12)

Page 11
Militarism and Caste in
D. P. Siwaran
ami secessionism and Tamil
militarism ara two sides of the sale coin. Both are legacies of the attempt by the British to demilitarize Tamil society in the 19th century. Tamil militarism arose from the graiwances of the disfranchised Tamil military castes. Tani secession was the result of the political ambitions of the ClāSSES Which WETG promoted by the British to COnsolidate the gains of demartialazation. Therefore it is necessarly to understand the colonial strategies which were aimed at depriving the traditional power and status of the Tamil martial Castes in Tamil Society.
In those regions of India where military service Was confined to specific castes, other Castes had no desire to abandor their traditional occupations for soldiering or for violen CE. Sin Ca the ability for violence Was caste bound, disfranchising or removing a region's military caste could negate its potential FET violence and rebellion. The Earliest attempt to thus damilitarize Tami society was made by the Portuguese in Jaffna. A brief examination of their effort and its impact on the subsequent Evolution of society in Jaffna III help understand better the Eocial and political Conse quances Ef demilitärization in Tamilnadu to Centuries latar Lunder British
L.
THE MErä V Gr Were the tradit
Tai gCill di GT Caste of Jaffna HET THE Portug ESE är rived. Once they took control, they
EEl ab Out di Santing thE fELIda Flitary system of the peninsula.
itary titles such as Fayer Аглігayег were baппеd. The tradition || Soldier Castes WETE
Se en 55 a threat to Portugese --TOL. I 1 ES27 LäCarolta da Seixas, Captain Major of Jaffna put forward the idea that the peninsula's Security ay in hawing metheg bout Cutiwa tOTS. THIS begen the risa of the Wellalas
in Jaffa. The to hawe i ISO fa' Caste CE|Bd the Weaas Were Wators but a 53 Which had de' skills, provided cials, interpreters (accountants). S onial powers scribal groups BTährlins War B I Histories of Jaff and presented to whitյի ՏիtյմաEt the Madapaill : lift C DEminsula.
Thв Каi/aуалл Vа ѓуадада/ the є the Colonization tL EB 5uch ist the chieftains of had brought Ta the Benit 15ula W. Of the are dBSC BUit e|EWB 1 of th and Mara War Ca Jaffa Maria War resume thiEir C. LindEr the DL rtagesםpshםtro fa Luda I military the Portugase di GTE TIL E Th 3 ard Director Of War Rite infor Gerrit De Heëre in the Jaffna MāTTLJāS FITE E CIL Сопрапу as L. soldiers) and p y El ar Without a But 93 years сепsшs (1790) bet "WEET tha : Jaffnd recorded only 49 Maraw peninsula as ag. | tilki Ilg|gs. TՒ]] Wildespread pr Society. Where finding their t gone, simply aC a la Caste title th:35EW 35 ES cultivator to the and in tiebec

Jafna
Portugase seann VOUTEd 3IIOther Madapalli. The lot only cultiction of the waloped scribal ting local OffiEd Karl 15 UCCESSjựB. Cũ|= found Wellala L53f | WETE tot forth Conning. lä WErg Writtg I. the Portugese, the W. Ella and as the original om munity of the
and the arliest Works on
of Jaffna, appear
ies. They name Taila (LW10 Til colonists to it to. A ibed as Wetas. TE WE KEHT էtti Ilt|EE. Thiti WBrg ab B tL) asta occupation tch Who, met through Jaffna's system which had attempted to Dutch Governor Ceylon Thomas ēd S. Lēšū
in 1597 that PJEmiris Lula "the Id to serve the as coryns (native ay to Fапаплs a ;'raם וח EJחythiח later a Dutch lf al II aleg аgas 16—70 іп
Flatt HEFE WETE at malas in the ainst 1570 WellS was due to a Cess in Tamil milita TW - Castes, raditional Status opted the WelErld retured peaceful Wella a Colonial Census: ame endogamous
subdivisions of that caste. In 1834. Simon Casia Chitty recorded in his Ceylon Gazetter that Kallar, Mara war, Ahampadiyar and Palli (Wan niyar) wara sub-divisions of the Weald Caste. It is clear that the Tai ma tia Casters Of Jaffra li SWrg ||d tha riks of thia W3|- |a|35 When faced With LinfWOL Table conditions under Colomial Tula as thay later dit und the British in Tani | Tad Lu. This gawe rise to the Saying in the peninsula "Kallar, Marawar and Ahampi diyar Ca mp3 slowly, slowly and became Walla IS", EBLIt Lika thir čOLJETparts in Tamilnad the Jaffna Vellalas didn't generally change
their militasy casta titles. 'In for Tar days the Wella las had the titles of Raya, Thawan,
Khan Bfld MHzhāyān."
Today, one of these military Caste subdivisions of the Jaffna Wella la community, boga ring the Kalla T Caste title MMfaz fra Wārāyār is a dominant land owning clan in the peninsula. The Mazhavarayar clan is also соппасted With tha history of Thambil u will in the ea Starr Dr.O WinCE, THE Mattakkaselpfu saflfri fyrirr). A WDrk Which deals With tha Colonization of Battical Oa, entions the глагhayar frequentiу апопg the groups which peopled the Eastern province. Although the we || alization of Jaffna's Tamil militar y Castes predates the Sam B process in South India, We Hala Cltra in EgerTiOrly WaS a Chig Ed in the penis Lila only during the early decades of the twentieth Century, The persistence of endogamous subdivision identities Vilyasi də real 50 il for this, Tha Velizati ol of Culture ad religion in the peninsula began With Atumuga Nawala rS attempt to Colwort the Jaffanese from their folk religion which was dominated by the heros and godlings of the Tamil martial Castes. The Thartial Caste ellements also figures in narratives related to the founding of Wal
9

Page 12
Wettit HUTBri End Mailiddy - Karayar caste willages on the Jaffna coast which are key. Whereas the Sri Lankan Karava (Karayar) caste in general has claimed Kshatriya status - that they are descended from the Kuru Dynasty - a strong narrative is found among the Karayar of Myiddy which states that three var Ewa Chiefta 15 Who WWE TE brothers came with their castemen from Tamillnadu, married among the karayar and founded the village. Its dominant clan known as Thurayaг — the others are known as Pariwar - Was connected by marriage to Ramnad, the homecountry of the Maravar, un til recent times, The martia I arts of Marawer were popular among the Thuraiyar of Myliddy before their youth Were introduced to modern methods of military training in the last decade. A narrative related to the founding of Walvet tithurai, based on folk etymology states that the village arose оп Іапd given to a Marava a chieftan called Walliath awan by the epon mous founder of the Tamil kingdom of Jaffna. But a strong tradition was prevalent among the Karayar of Valvettithurai that they had fought the Portugese aa the soldiers of the last king of Jaffna Sariki/F. This tradition as We F hall See la ter Was great" y exploited by T.U.L.F propagandists to mobilise people in that part of Jaffna. The tradition seems to be related to the trade Wars between the early colonial powers and the Maravar kings of Ramnad. The Portugesa, Dutch, and the British tried to Wrest control of the profitable rice and Ghank trade bat Weer Burma, Bengal and Ceylon which was in the hands of the The wars (title of the Ramnad kings) and their Muslim and Tamil tradesmen on either side of the Pak Strait, among whom were - папу kагауат Schoo пет proprietors of Valvettithurai, Pt. Pedro and Thonda manar. The British found that one Waithianathan of Jaffna was among thig, fel W. Cofidiantais of the The war, who were looking after
his chank trade in Calcutta. Karayar families carried on with
O
the rice and
collaboration
CFEttie 5 aldrni
i 5 of the SOL front Ramad
äfter the Britis Citro Of it f kiпgs of Rammac Eer of Tanda na Wigators Cap going craft) frc P. Pro Wr tha THE WāT"5
trade. This Eo of a Wa5t i SrT11 between south and StյլIthEast репdепce in 194 fLII Wandayar var) of Тапј very close re. leading busi Wavrettiturai SOT etiT"e5 SLI BBWE61 the
Castes Of Sout thв Karaүаг Cated t Although Jaffn was the earlie demartialized, E part of the so regioп wherв
military castes subsumed by
it has become մահith thE mt festatio of
hasitak31 TO Ot HOW Was this reBSOns Gan Ej
(a) The prothe Jaffna Wall mulated as a
Fitti TE || || ta Tarit assumed the Barly, Wera ni C social throat if to the cosolid authority after period. Furthe of the Wallala tõi Jaffa ոՃt EmBriable agrarian Conser Walala [it:35 found useful in pseudo-Wellala Jaffna Was manta distinct Wallala alite C. Jaffna Wouldi Arumulga Nave

Clark trade in With Muslim, itary caste famit1 dal COSt to Тапjore evеп finally wrested TOTT. the Mara War i. A large nu miyals (traditional tails of Ocean om Walwat tith Lurai, E Emplowed in dail of Sea CT1 til G. EDB5ig uggling network India, Srilanka, Asia after inde9. The powerfamily (Maraora maintainEad Hati OS unwith a GSS hOLI SEG Of uti 1983. C Come CtiOS coastal military Hı Tamil nadu and of Jaffna were "ough marriage. di Tamil Society ist to hawe been ind was the only ith Indian Tamil traditional Tail were completely Wellala identity, the ground in 5t fierce TaliTäsi Tiilitärism | Oder til 35. possible? Threa a identi II Bd.
olonial politics of Bla Was lot for= attitude against itarisms baca USE By castes having Wella la identity t TEGE: t :: IS É
the peninsula di Ol of COOni
the Portugese of the nature caste a composiWa5 If itself to the scribalratist of the pure which the British 1. Tamil nadiu. The component of large. A funda - Om bet Ween the if Tailad ad Ilustrate the point. ilar campaigned
agaiпst thց activities Լյք
Christian missionaries and his efforts received support from Pouchari Tewar, the chief
Mara Wa Tobe Of Ramad. In former days the Mara war had opposed the spread of christianity, by massacaring missionaris. On the other hand in Tammad an ideologue of WalIa la Elitism - J. M. Nalla sa Tipillai who like Navalar worked for the propagation Saivasidhan thism among the Tamils was closely associated with and supported by Anglican missionaries in his efforts.
As We sha II SE e later whila Nalasamipillai carefully and deliberately played down the martial component of Tamil culture and history, at tempo ting to establish that Tamil civilization was constituted by the peacelowing Wellalas, his counterpart in Jaffna, Moloto otambi pillai amented the decline of the peninsulas martial heritage. He wrote in 1912 'when Sankillithe last king of Jaffna - fought the Portugese most of his soldiers were warriors of Jaffa, Even the PortugEse have praised their walour. The Victory of the Portugese Was not gained through their bravery but through Kakkaivanniyans treachery. Wasn't it the warrior of Jaffna Who Conque Tad tha whola of CeyӀоп? The people (of Jaffna) who ara dascendad of those '' warriors ha We lost their martial traits and becog a despicable race, having bean Subjugated long under the Portugese and the Dutch and as a result having become weak and losing their self-identity." Mootoota mbi pilla i was reflecting a sentiment that had been expressed in the Madurai Tamil Sangan - astablished by the Marawa noble Pandith u rai The War (the son of the noble who had earlier helped Navalar) that the decline of the Tamiliation was caused by the deterioration of its ancient and unique martial haritage.
(b) The closure of the av Enues by which Well a la Lup --
Eரr pH ந: !

Page 13
India, China and the R
Inder Malhotra
(Special to the L. G.)
SHANGHA
the essentially slow but steady process of improving IndiaChina relations the visit to the northern neighbour by President R. Wenkataraman has uniquestionably been a "landmark", to borrow the apt expression from his Chinese opposite number, Mr Yang Shangkur.
it bears repetition that this was the first ever sojourn in China by an Indian head of state. The significance of this was not lost on the Chinese Gwen though thay knew that In this country the executive authority is exercised by the Prime Ministear and the Council of ministers, not by the President, They were also aware that Mr Wenkataraman Was Wisiting thern virtually at the end of his tenure in Rashtrapatili Bhavanı. And yet here could be lo mistaking the importance and seriousness the Chinese hosts attached to his presence among them,
For his part, Mr. Wenka tarama ni brought to bear his usual and Well-known dignity and erudition on a II his discussions, especially those in Beijing with the trio at the top, President Yang, the general secretary of the Chinese Communist party, Mr. Jiang Zemin, and the prime minister, Mr Li Pong. (Mr Deng Xiaoping, China's rea | supremo though, he asוf ,חsitioםfficial pס סחldsם ח поt received a foreigп dignitaгү for nearly two years.)
Al together, What could hawa Di E en only a ceremonia | and symbolic visit turned into a
substantive one though with one important limitation. It was that, by convention, heads of state do not taka up controversial issues in their talks with foreign interlocutors.
Thus it was that while the border question was di Cussed at the initiative of the President
and the Tibet f: La C e Of LE C was absolutely Mr. WBTKEäET
1g Cli SG lga lear problem wł ably acquired i ta LICe irl Via W O' Chiese Maga COLcted Whil was still in Chi be discussed pr should suffitE t forвing sвсгвtary did take the op the Chine se vice Mr. Xuri Dunixirin, 'newer sign the any other prop häWet H3 SETTE til di SCriTTiat O| this was for M til Il TILJt CCIT1 this Conversatio | place well befc Big Barlg:
Sig the Pr visit and is of it. de EEE length, its thre ments can be with tյLIt going details.
[1 tHG fiTSt appears to haW on both sides gVE COntacts freqшent thaп should hopefull progress on th chemant.
Secondly, and the profoundly à TEduction–in along the line
it last Eee E highest level.
Earl that Wha be translated i might. But it | the agenda of king Group, al confidence-buil
Thirdly, the has declared th;

THE REG OM
ea World
5ug at the insinese side, ther
no mention in 15 taks With des of the IUCich UnderStandmпmense impoгF the subsequent to nuclear test the President B. This Will esently. Here it O State that the Mr J. N., Dixit, portunity to tell -foreign minister that India would NPT" mor å Cepot sa l which might effect as signing y document. But Xus informaппепt, Howevат, n, too, had taken rg the Ching S9
esident's China Wr SLITTing up
reported at great 3 mai Chilia VEmentioned briefly into Lingcessary
place, the visit a led to a resolve
to take high and Wisits Tore
bBfûra. Ti y speed up the е гоас. to rapрго
more importan lly, important idea of force levels all of control has rticulated at the TIS DES Dt It is desir Ed Would nito reality overWould now ba քո the Joint Worong with other ding measurës.
Presidigt Hi5 alf at he was 'struck"
by the Chinese keenness to give economic cooperation with India primacy in their relationship with this country, even by pushing political questions doW to the secondary position. If so, this is also a development of the highest import
The Chinese always stress - as they did repeatedly also during
the President's travels a CTOSS their country - that, between them, India and China account
for 40 par cent of the World's population which makes peace and cooperation between them a factor for stability in not only Asia but the Whole World. In wie W of this, it is surely regrettable that the total trade between the two most populo Lus nations on the globe should add up to a measly 26.4 million and economic cooperation should be conspicuous by its absence. A rapid expansion of trade and establishment of promised joint ventures ---- in Bach other's COLI TI try a S well as elsewhere - would be Worthy of heartly applause,
However, a II this hawing been said one must hasten to Warn against both exaggerated expec
tations and undue pessimism about India-China relations. Few things could have been
more dangerous than either the euphoria generated by Mr Yang Shangkun's reference to the Hindi-Chi Bhai-Bhai Gra (194755) or the paroxysm of anger produced in some quarters by the Chin Ease nuclear te St.
China is doubtless sincere about waning friendly relations with India. But there are clear in its to how far it will go to accomoda La Indian inta restis and susceptibilities for this purpose. To fail to corne to terms with this reality would be to repeat the folly of the fifties,
One illustration of this point iS tit China's feelings about
11

Page 14
the Dalai Lama's activities from his "base" in India are really stronger than is assumed here. During the President's visit this Tessage was delivered not directly but indirectly and with remarkable subtlety.
An application of the PTI's Beijing correspondent for an interview with the Chinese ртіппе Tinister had been pending for months. Mr Li Peng chose to give this interview immediately after the completion of Mr Venkataraman's talks in the Chiese capital. In this, the Chinese premier said: "I must Say that first of all India should not support the activities of the Dalai Lama aimed at splitting China' and then added: "But, however, since the President of India is now on his visit, so maybe you should not Геport this". The a99ПСy expшпged the remark from the interview's text circulated by it.
A tota | misunderstanding of the Chinese position is implicit in the persistentission of many Indians that China is ready to join ha nds with India and tյtheր Third World countries to "COLltar the American bully". This notion was first encouraged by the use of the expression "international oligarchy" at the time of Mr. Li Pénigos visi Eo Di in December. HOWE WEer, at the and of the Visit, reality had dawпвd оп аІ| COTICETTE
This time on both Mr. Wang and Mr. Jiang allowed the TSEves to say, during their private ConVersations with the Preside that if the Third World did not
Unite and India BT di China Tagged behind, they would be ʻʼʻbLJI lied":ʻ. Bu Either His
sentiment nor the word "bullying" ever found a TIBrition in the Chinese medias COWE ragg of the President's Visit. No was the US ever criticised by name either in private or in public. The most that Chinese said publicly was that "no coun. TV should establish its domination or indulge in Strong-arm politics". Significantly, the Chinese also declared that the World was "moving towards multip olarity”.
12
DOUEotass C problems with this country. E anti-American anybody is no policy, Опе о objectives is t from the US, the Most Favour status year after explain why ol Of ISSLés — frt intellectual pric the declarisa репinsula — Chi entira Ey to the the United stati 1еппs persist, it of being able t Con itS o VI Eje of itself, China Country in the the US.
f this messa enough otherwi. driven home no nuclear test. It noted that in h the Beijing-base dent, Mr. Li Pe 9reat cігcшmsр proposa for the ference on nut tion in South basic purpose v China's broad
proposal first Pakista ni prima 6, 1991. In ot
f CσΠΠητρα :
The CL1|E of,
COFFFFFFEEE| Fr Orientations. Th pТОЈg faПТПЕВ to Political priorit SETSG Wh en Orne mtatives that Hal of the military Carried out by East, La til Almgr East Asia in rec
The Gulf War II of the first post OperatioTS for Wisely known to military interveny guard Western O the Middle East.
If the univers of democratic no

hiпа has many the US, as does But to forge an Inited front with part of China's f China's primary ettingש חס סB ם e Very year the ed Nation trading year. This shtյլIIti "n a WholB range jT trade-related party rights to tion of the Korean na has acted Satisfaction of BS Wherea probfeels confident O desa || With tham Câ LISBill its Wia W is the only Asian Баппе Iеagше as
JB WBS not Clear 59, it has bién W by the Chines
should also be isir terwie WW With di PT Corresponrig Spoka With Bction on the
five-power Coner non-prolifera
Asia. But his WES to reaffir SLDPOrt to thlé
made by the minister On JUnie ther words, in
(B טggם, נתם
9 ti E-up of Aid Непостасу as a takes little ! Considers the 2 inspired some intervations S in the Middle ida, and South Bпt years.
Ortrayed as one Cold WaT Frescue democracy is ha WE Eoaem a Etion to Safait interests in
в) еп.force пепт Trins is One of
of the prime objectives of US and Western political strategy in the Third World, it is hard to see how the West permitted democratic traditions to be openly flouted in Burma without protest when the National League for Democracy won the Burmese elections, but were debarred from access to political power by Burma's military junta. Such a predicament would perhaps have provoked another Gulf style military inter Wertio in thig Middle Eä5t.
Distrusting Democracy in the Periphery.
Far from safeguarding democracy, the Western powers seem to distrust democracy, in the periphery. In fact autocratic regimes located in the Middle East are useful in suppressing protest movements. Which can Wreck the stability of a strategically important region for US investment.
Iran in the 70s acted as a US Surrogate-guarding American interests in the Gulf.
lraq, ona of the region's most ашtocratic regimвs was built up as a foremost military power in the region in the 80s with US and European support - at a time when it posed no apparent military threat to Western Interests.
Sa Ludi Arabia Continues to reject Constitutiona rufes of g마 - vernanca but serves as an important ally of the ՍՏ - having pledged substantial supportf the Gulf War. Self interest rather than democratic priority becomes the guiding principle of US and Western policy in international politics. From the post - Communist democracies to the peripheral regions of the Third World, the democratic political abs fits Western interests in is Current strategy of drawing more adherents to the so-called be Tal Campo. There is nothing new about the New World Order constituted in the form of a harsher and more advanced brand of Capitalism. What is new in that the camp followers are drawn from a more diversa ciente.

Page 15
INDIAMY STRATEGY (2)
Tamil conflict and ext
Gamini Keerawella
he mannar in which the Sri
Lanka go Wernment daat With the arried challenge of the Tamil Tilitants caused additional defeSE Con Cērns for India. As the conflict between the Government
Tā itāts rāte a level of highly intensified warfare, Sri Lanka sought military assistance from extra-regional powers to meet the challenge. India wiewed Sri Lanka's military linkages with outside powers as a de-estabilizing factor affecting the regional security of South Asia. After 1983 Sri Lanka approached Israel for anti-guerrilla training and assistance. Israel readily made available services of experts from its counter-insurgency agency Shin Beth. ThEa i Tl WoWEmBrit of Israel experts followed the setting up of an Israeli Interests Section in May 1984 in the premises of the U.S. embassy in Colombo. There were reports that MOSSad, Sra. É li ĠxtепаІ intelligence agency, was also advising the government. In November 1986, the President of Israel, Chaim Herzog mada a pre- arranged but una nino Unced stop-OWEJr in Sri Lanka. Two-hour
working luncheon of President.
Jayewardene and Israeli President in Colombo revealed the growing significance of Sri Lanka's Israel connection, ThB Israël Defan CB FC Radio reportād that Present Herzog's visit had been Danned in advance, ELIt Flad Dit been made public at the request of the Sri Lankan government Israel training and assis=7C2 Were Crucial in air Operatons involved with the War and Israeli made Fast Attack Craft. L =5 transferred first two in E4 and next four in October SEG, Enhanced the ability Sri Lanka's nawał patrolling. India charged that Israel was planning to get a foot-hold in South Asia making use of Sri Lankas desperate position, Fur
ther, Sri Lanka Vices of a private адепсү. Квепү חחםa G חם ,Ltd The SB mar: Glaria hired were the S wice (SAS) Wetera ŝian Wor... | India CE OF WOW rali germats irn early 1987, the Secretaгy brough during his meet officials of the U. mant in Washing charged that lind of the Sri La Combat terrorism terrorists by pro' and training facil But when it COIT reati O15 t g digi not lքgit, but th Wסf pם חםequati cular political ju significant hara India entertained that the in Wolver factors other the S Laikā cris threat. After the in 1987, Rajiv expressed this C State d that fOTCE ställd for tal-al Whic are not in Wara showing til Sri Lanka. THE opBned LI D op; Others to fishi and to cause p part of the Wor
According to of argument of t ol, the Indian po led by the offe tive, da fB SE CO fel59 = and 50 CLIri:1 Indië) entertaine Sri Lanka si LI. the Comtext of llr with of military its search for reg With the rapid

erna factors
G3: Lire d ft Fa... sarBritish security Мев пy Services mercial basis. S that Sri Lanka Special AiT SET15 Of the RhodeWas constantly TEt of exitärtha Grigis. | Indian Foreign it this issue up ing with high S. State Departjt On. Sri Lanka lia Was Gritti: 3 1 kirol Effort it
but supported widiпg sапсtшary ities or its Soli. ES to ir tar-StatE ciding factor is a nature of the ar at the partitre. Wit is is thig fact that the Perception ent of external Il di in the S is a security PB3 GB ACCOľd Gandhi wividly Ocern When he is which do rigt |ignment, forces India's interests leir o resenca in hostilities had portunities for troubled Waters robleII15 in tur
d".
Ehe SECOnd ling 3 de fel5E, SCHO icy was govermisiwe, Got Taa CCETIS. The deay concerns that di i relatio to H 58 Wigwed in 1dia's rapid gro
capability and ional hiegenпопу. growth of mili
tary Capability in the 1970s, India Extended its se GLIrity fram Bwork and defense parameters. What is important in the Indian
military growth is the possession of an indigènOUS military industrial complex, wider power-projection capability and greater strategic mobility. Alongside with this
newly-acquired military strength, tha T is ir India a political Willi for a highly assertive role in the region. Further, expansion of power projection capability has given a Wider area of mandauwrability to the Indian policy-makers, India utilisad tha interna | crisis to impose on Sri Lanka geo-political rules set forth by India which India applied to its Himalayan neighbors with the samme dose of coarciva po Wer Soretire back. | COITET TIL understand Indian behavior, it is necessary to grasp the totality of Indian policy towards Sri Lankarather than analyzing each Indian policy and action independently. The India policy towards Sri Lanka as a whole was based on the Indian perception of regio - na I security, and, there fore, Was an integral part in its South Asian բtյlity.
Some Indian writers argued that Indian policy towards Sri Lākā fēr 1980 vās bāsgd certain Wrong assumptions based on Indian perception of regional security, They argued that Sri Lanka committed many foreign polity: blun ders by ignoring geopolitical realities, its South Asian |ÖCation, By the Same token, India also committed more formidable blunders in its policy Vārds the 3ri Lākā ēti: crisis by using coercive power to impose geo-political rules based on Indian perception of regional security. This was an inevitable outcome of becoming prisoners of the strategic Con
13

Page 16
cepts inherited from their colo
nial past. As Bharat Waria WWalla explains:
Regional primacy has been in
fatt, I o Lr Lusited Et ut Clearly pursued objective since Wa freed Olu'r 5elwGS from British rule. Bu not for the British conception of Security. That the Indian sub continent is one strategic antity is a concept the ruling site pro udly claimed from the British. BY PrimāCY WE meam what Britin meant: management of Security affairs af South Asia, or ina snjan sub Continent as tha British called it, from Delhi. Since 1947, it was our clear policy to insist on Our eighbors shun security ties. With powers outside regiքր
In the early years after the independence, India did not pos. sess the necessary power capability to put these strategic conCepts into practice. However, in the 1950s and 1960s |dia Contractsd Treaties with the Hima. layan States and got them into the Indian security orbit. With the growth of India's power capability in the 1970s and 80s India was more asser tive and ready to impose its geo-polot. Cal rules based on Indian PIET= Ception of regional security. In this context, the foreign policy behavior of Sri Lanka after 1986 prompted India to get Sri Lanka within its security orbit and Si
Lanka's ethnic crisis presented the opportшпity.
Finally, to what extent did
economic factors influence the Indian policy towards Sri Lanka Those who trace an economic linkage to Indian Policy, base their arguments on two rather flimsy premises. First, in view of india's industrial growth and development of the military-in. dustrial sector, India wanted to get Sri Lanka into its economic orbit, The political assertion of India in South Asia therefore Was an GLUtCome of India T1 E COMOmic development, i. e. political manifestation of economic subimperialism. Second, as a result of the introduction of a new economic policy package Commonly known as the open economy after 1977, Sri Lankan economy linked up closer to the
14
St tā and newly ind L. tries in Souththe PacificIndia. This arg b) B SubStatiate | 1 do-Sri Lanka balan Ca of trädde in favour of . of trade liberaliz: this trade gap i fa WOLF of
SR
Үваг
Exports to India
Imports from In
SOLITICE: FCO rio rifa
Although coun SO Luth Korea, Sil Wan expanded t Sri Lanka ad avепшes opвпеd economic packa Tate India a 50 the Sala. U sation policy of t reginna, SGOTE St trial Ventures, suc: hiriya Textile M example, were Indian firms fo After 1977, the tion policy and th "סוחטrt prסf expס ned up new av Et for di industrial capital. PDF ET E LUTS W Eer E3 LI se of the oppor a India d'Eg Hari Shanker S President Of FedE Chamber of Comn try Visited Sri Li the possibility of Wentures in the F (FTZ). The deleg SOT a reas WarE Indian investment Was proппisiпg. among the first FTZ. Therefore t ind to argue that

| centers, Japan, Strialized COLIn-east Asia and which annoyed Let CE. It because in trada relations, always rema inéd Ilia, As a result ation after 1977. Wilded further
|E,
nomic policy contributed India to adopt a more hosti Te policy towards Colombo. Further. Indian economic relations and investments are confined to the south. As far as India e Coronic interrests in terms of trade and investments are concerned, Colonbo-link and undivided Sri Lanka would really be at India's advantage. In other Words, if thea main elements of economic in
LANKA's TRAIDE WITH INDIA
(Value in Rs. millions)
975
2. ES
17
dia 129.9
Review, April 1987.
tries like Japan, gaբdra Hrld Ta|- heir tra de With exploited the шp by the new gE at B faster benefited for ar the privat ilhe Jaya Wardena ited Wied indus:h as th E3 Th1L|- to citi given Ower to T T18n 8 gementtrade liberalizae establishmen tion zones opein Les of in westfacia di Indian Eritreready to make
Unity. In 1977, gation led by Singhania Wica
Bration of dial 1) BTCe 3ldirdLU5anka to explore Setting up jointFred Trada zong atin e armarked : the Scope for
ir 5 Lk
Biras were tOil West in the here is no grouthe law eco
98. SEE 955
571.3 183.4 330.7
1,594.2 2.027.9 2,2219
perialism are un equal-trade and investment, Sri Lanka fulfilled them quite adequately after 1977. Therefore, economic consideration did not play a significant role in deciding Indian policy towards Sri Lanka.
Militarism . . .
(Солтiнғаi frari page. I')} Ward mobility and COIS ETVertis T1 Lunder SUCCE) siwe Sinhala gvar ierīts ir Sri Laikā. T Colonia i powers opened these a Wenues to promote the class and culture of Wellala ConserWatism as a bulwark and guarantea against the turbulence of Tamil feudal tilitarism. The restrictions placed on University admissions and on government jobs seriously under minded the cla SS and C LI It Lura of Wella la conservatism and its politics of поп — violeпce and coппpromise. The other arrative that was Contending at this juncture, for Tamilian identity-Tamil militarism - began to assert itself as the bulwark built by Colonial powers against it crumbled.
(c) Non-vellala pockets in the peninsula Where the wa | LI ES of Wella la CON 5 GTW atis had hadde little impact.

Page 17
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Page 19
Año Siff
NORTH - South Enco
WORTH: No Commitmer
Martin Khor
The absence of actual commitments for at industrialised countries at the Earth Sun lake it difficult to tackle the causes of
ment or development problems,
part article)
RIO DE JANEIRO
he two-week "Earth Summit
drew to a CIOSB Om 14 JLJ || 19
With most participants having strangely mixed feelings of eupհՃria, deep disappointment, Concer about the future and stirrings of hope.
Thв еuphoria arose from haviпg participated in a laborious twoyear process haggling over Such a broad range of environment and development issues, capped with lvingםg invחit me Etiוחa Sum more heads of government/statë th, Bill Biwgr before.
As a learпіпg process fог government officials and political leaders on the imperative for social change to prevent an ecological catastrophe, this United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) has been very fruitful. As UNCED Secretary General Maurice Strong put it in is speech at the final session, This process has beеп a proашпdly hшппап өxperience from which w B Cannot amarga un charigard. The wold Will not be the ==пв. іпterпatioпа| diplomacy апd his United Nations will not be ha sama and the prospects for Earthn't future Cardot be thia E="TE."
UN Secretary General Boutros Eutros - Ghali, in a closing
(First of
вреесh, waxed 1 'spirit of Rio, that |"י :tזרחוחhB Stuן
neighbour, he ill. the World. Beyo at with God contract with his
OW led With rat LIriġ ad Edft" | 135 i 50LI. thlg ESSE CE of Ri
The a Li Bohoria o pated in what i histo: Confer: change, if not sa balanced by a na
Cit TUC i political commit had been achieve
On the positi Declaration. With ced principles or Ճbligations an rightS Was app serve as guidelir between states ( and South) as we BCOli: Ed 3
S.
A 700-page 4021 " action pro
WirolIT1Bflt SSLI85
erosion, deforesta ric change and t
Clevelopment 15

Inter
1t
;ti 01 froIII mit Wi|| enwir onE WC
yrical about the I armerged during חgBחםI סח t is in to love his Ist nöW als WE nd Tian's Covenand his social fello. W men W9 atlica contract t1g E:Barth,......Th13 To restore it is
f havling particls regarded as a + Ca that Wil || We, tha World, IS gging sanse that SLOStaČe a li The for action d.
We side, a Rio 27 finely balangwir GIEJ It B | d development "cowgiad and Wiwi|| es for relations especially North as for national wironment polic
-chapter 'Agenda gramme for el
(including still tion, atmosphaoxic Waste) and sues (such as
palteагпs, habitat and health) was passad,
poverty, consumption
Within th5 Tla 55 We WOLITIB a ré soms weaknesses (for instance the chapter om biotechnology exaggerates the potential benefits whilst downplaying the need for safety measures and the chapter on deforestation is strong оп planting new trees but says little about conserving forests). But there are also many positive sections, for instance on combating desertification, promoting sustainable agriculture, improving health and habitat conditions.
Мапү of the proposals have been rima de before, in pravious fra. BLI it is Sti|| || LuSEfLuIto Collat B together such a comprehensive range of environment and development issues נut actiOI programmes to them, and attach cost estimates for their implementation. By signing this document, gove rument leaders пoгally colitted themselves at least to the intentism of implementing the rteasures proposed.
As for actual impler Tentation, the UNICED secretariat estima ted
that USSS600 billion was required by the South countries alone, of which the externa Iaid Component Was $125 billion. The South had regained for foreign aid and technology transfer a high-profile placa on thig international ag and a
The actual committents from
the North Ware not a de qua tally
17

Page 20
for thcoming, and this is the reason for the deep disappointment CdL ring and åt the End of the Summit meeting. Without the COTitlet of the industrialised Countries, which hold tse importat WES of World economic and political power, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to tackle the CE use of environment or cevelopment problems.
Firstly, some Northern Countries (the US in particular) were adamEnt in refusing to commit themselves io change their un sustainable patterns Of ConsuIption, production and resource use. The USAre luctance to address the link between consumptiou patters and Environmental stress ("Our lifestyle is not up for negotiation," said President Bush) and its success in single-handedly deleting targest and timetables for reducing greenhouse gas Tissions from the Cata Change Convention exposed the Northern refusal to accept the need for significant changes in its economic policies and lifestyles.
The Southern response in UNCED was that if to rich North was not willing to cut its excess consumption, what right could it have to ask the South to make Sacrifices When many of its people are too poor to further tighten the belt.
SE COndly, the North as a WHO la Was not prepared to seriously commit itself to helping the SOLuth Carry Out the tra Siti olto sustainable development. SOLthern countries facing an estiHaLLLL LLLLLLLLS LL SLLLaLLLLLL S LLL some US$200 billion annually to the North argue they need exterral aid to offset their terms -of-trädel losses and huge debt sEr Wici Tg. OutflOWS.
The quantum of new foreign aid became a test of how committed the North Would be to helping the South imperient its obligations in Agenda 21. The UNCED EstimatЕ of USS125 bilion TE Eded an Lually Was SÊ e as un realistic; Maurice Strong asked for only USS10 billion as an
18
initiä1 Dmmitml at the Summit.
After days a tinuous negotia to four or six |litt | e il film
eta | Ebril Cipole Eրd Լյf tՒ1E Sur
According to : SLUTTI it's Officia Sшліл77/f Tїгї165: roughly US$2 bi be loosely des. additi T350 placed on the
5 lārā: in relation to ex the total requi
Оп the pгinc foWs, Norther h Bgםaםח tםח themse was tO E meeting the lo get of aid equ their Gr OSS Nat a scheduled y there is only a the Cold por Om CCL mitries Have little indication mation' will be
There is t among developi gates and polit feia | that the N m0 t Cárd 350LIt South (despite rhetoric about partnership) ап a unipolar new SOLI TF1 i 5 to : to do anything
SOUT1 grl CC Llder the Gr China, had to liation of long tiation on getti Sir CB tha hop iously di SCUISSin ded reforms e Colonic relati tions had alrea in UNCED's pre The Thain energ | Bad BTS and Off Suit were Inishing on ther reale Con OTic is need for bette higher Export բ

ant to be pledged
ld lights of cotion (SOTle la Sting in the morning), figures or in geemerged at the Tirmlt:
thBוחEtBiוחgs[iחג newspaper Earth
It appears that O. Of What a tribgdas new arid UTCe5 has beën It do B, That 3 ITT 10 - singly miniscule pectations and to
Its.
iple of future aid COLT trias Could raEment among De GOTTited On ng-promised tarivalent to 0.7% of ional Product, by ear 2000. Thus reaffirmatio of ise which few fu Ifled, and With that the reaffir| honoured either.
hus despondency ng country delecal leaders who |orth really does the needs of the the oft-quoted the "new global d worse, that in World Order, the Weak at presenl
about it.
un tries, gaith ar Ed up of 77 and suffer the h Umihours of negong Crumbs in aid E}S < 0 if - GWEITH 5er = g the much mEEi itaatia DIIS and ingtitudy faded long ago jaratorу певtings. lies of political cias af the Rio thus spent skirmargins since tha sues (the South's terms of trade, rices, debt relief,
rafarms in global EcՃոՃmic and financial institutions) Were not on the age пона апуппоте.
A number of senior officials and experts from the South are also apprehensive that the positio f of the South Wii || Worsen further after the SLUTT Tit. Galami Corea, a Sri La Tıkan Who Was TOT TEIl y years Secretary general of UNCTAD (the UN Conference on Trade and Development), said the Earth Suit led little or no promise for success. These days it is a great achievement to agree on what to say, not on what to do, he wryly commented.
At a public forum in Rio, Corga Said the CLITTEt exercisa tO TESTLICiturg the UNI SE engd designad to reduce the role of the UN in global economic issues. That rog, WOL|d EDB. It TF5ferred to the World Bänk the International Monetary Fund (IMF) а по пе Сепега Agreement оп Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which are all Northel-Controlled.
Malaysian envoy to the UN in NEW York Tai Sri Razali ||Smail Said that Rio Would Tot Tark ar y Watershed. After til Earth Summit, there would be more of the existing power structures being perpetua tead. "It is tha Group of 7 countries, the OECD and the rich and not the South or the poor who will inherit the WOT."
Mr C Raghavan, editor of the SUW5 b ul|8 [in, pradicted that the Ur Luguay Round negotiations under GATT would, if agreement is Teached, Contradict Song Of tha Criti Cal EelEITETITS COf UNCED's Agenda 21. For example, the HgTe emënt on technology transfer (where the South Would enjoy some concessions ower transfer terms) could be superseded by the GATT Uruguay ROLund in Which the North 15 strongly arguing for intellectual property rights regimes to be Universally introduced. Developing COLI) tries would then have to pay for patents as well as fa CG diffiCUIT Obst:CIS to their own technological development.
- Third World War work Featurës

Page 21
DE SLWA WS ROBERTS (2)
The writing of history
Jane Russell
L Yutang, the modern Chinese phĩlũsopher has CD im Ed B. little rhyme which he claims Encapsulates the Tao philosophy: it runs like this -
"The Wisdo of the foolis The gracefulness of the slow The subtlety of stupidity And the advantage of living low',
As the English put it - 'Dann clever, these Chinese!". Equally, dal CEvg Of the Sinale 5 to FOO || Such hard-boiled rationalists into believing that their mask of stupidity belied nothing Tmora. But It us ask ourselves - is it likely that a people who had produced the tank civilisations of Anura dhapura and Polon naru Wa, who had gong through se Veral hundred years of horrendous civil War, who had trada di Barls, gĒTS and Elaphants with the Persians End the Chinese, Who had iron smelting foundries capable of producing high quality sword steal, had been practising the cire perdue method of casting for 2500 years and valued most highly Ming parcelain ware wвге So Sitten With Wonder at this exotic race of beings that their norma | Sensibilities left them and they mistook bread for stone and Wille for blood? This is What empiricists WOII Id argu 9.
NOW let us see What Roberts Tai tais: ""that this hāS Something to do with the innate racism of the Sihaose reactingin htarror at the ultimate pollution — the eating of meat and the drinking of blood". Perhaps Roberts has Somme thing hare, for how did racism express itself among 16th Century Sinha lese? Along with all other mediaeval communities of the sub-continen
except the Mohammedan). racism fall intrinsically along caste lines: that is racism expressed itself as an apartheid social sistēm based on die tary, saxual Emidi Work - related tablo OS. In
citi — bā Portuguese WO gained plus 'yETF" or si. their dietary h; the eating of bi mau 53ä tai the B Wegetarian Budd orous beings W. ely have been co Or "sifLII" a T1 cd c:: Would have Ed Werg abo SOILI tal
Låt LG take thi: one step furthe exact symbols Rajawa liya: brea partaking of drinking of W basis of the coIIlIILInicant in The comunic partakes of thes Santing Christ" b) LI t he is ta Light that because ol transubstantiatic wine actually b b|OOd : Of Chris rgaction of th Sinhalago B Lidd significance of Spalt ollut to hir response would that these canni their revolt ing
dēīŠle not have been
CLIturg shock ad OtBg i century - the riot taken On E Willage'' dirmenis indication of the tolerance prawa at that time tha apparent hostilit ese than Til expected in th If a galeon had ghi Orgs Of Lisbo Salest Bud One Can imagine tion might havէ

Worldview, the uld hawa certainly irts for ī skilledness, but
abits, particularly
eff, Would hawe werage Sinha lese iSt. SLC1 CEli Wjud. Iost definitinsidered polluted tact With ther
avoided except W TBCBSSBFW.
5 TB-interpretation F E di Ijok at the thildsEn by the d and Wine. Tha bread and the illa for tha fit La for tha a tatholit mass. IWחם tםח מtחa a symbols repre's flesh and blood by his celebrant the Tiracle of 1, this bread and a cores flesh and t. Imaging tha |в 16th cвntшгү Fist Whig at ha fL|| this rit La Was BriliatB וחווחhis i :וך s Lurely hawe been as had elevated habits to a religHi Si horror Could :edם חuסחסrם reםוח
, S E COCED ented in the 16th World had 5 ti|| board tha "global iOn – bout it is an
general level of iling in Sri Lanka there was less W to tha Portugght have ԷյEEր E Circ:LIT5HICE5.
appeared off the H In 1 503 full gif hist adwanturars What their recep
bевп.
Tö taka Roberts' re-interpretaton again however de Silva further castigated Roberts for his now al Explanation of thi G Rajawa liya reference to the Portuguese" Search for Ilies. To Citig i de Sil Wä аgаіп:
"Orle Of the glements in the storү — the Рог1uguese sailors" quest for limes-is next elabora tad into a long discourse of the significan CE of limes in Sorcery and tha importance of the litter if the lifa of tha Si Thalese. The fact is that any sailor in those days would have ПО kad for Citrus fruits and
ima in particular landfall - as a prohylactic agaiпs t SCUs WW, .
A Common Sensa Wig W. Would Wa it tat li 3 BS E WOile lot of uses: first of all, in seasom ing food: Secondly, in providing, a refrashing drink: апd thІгdly — апd опӀу плагgiпally important - its use in sorcery. Michael Roberts, the anthropologist, siezes on the last of these and indulgas in Several paragraphs of Surpassing whimsicality in elaborating his theory". (CDN April '91.)
But if Wa Bilter in to tha Tind of our average 16th centuгү Sinhalese Buddhist When COnfrom tad With thE5E3 tia II, fair. bearded Mediterraneans clamped ir to their iron 5 Lits, Cut la 55 e5 sparkling in the sunlight, muskets and blunderbusses at the ready, whose religious rituals involved disgusting y Cannibalistic practices, and who kept asking for |imes, Iіппвs апd үet плога Іimes, is it not perfectly possible that this WOLIld Confirmad the wiew, already being whispered in the market-place, that these davis in huппап disgшise were either SOFICE TETs than sa Wes Or EISE сопјшred Іппаges of terriblв S OTCE TEFS a GT5s tha salā5? And
(24 ageם חים שBשTimמטC)
19

Page 22
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Page 23
MEDIA
Cold war with
N. Kalyanasundaram
storm is brewing in Tamil
Nadu engulfing the State Government and the print media at the national level over the rights and privileges of the legislature vis-a-vis the Fourth ES ta ta.
What sparked the bitter roW between the two is a rather stiff punishment pronounced by the Legislative Assembly against two correspondents and three newspaper editors on charges of breach of privilege and contempt of the House. With the affected journalists taking the issue to tha Supreme Court, and the Legislature as of now Un Willing to accept the pleas for lепіепсу, there is the prospect of the issue being fought to the bitter end.
Apart from the serious con Cern expressed by leading newspapers and organisations of editors and journalists across the Country ower the aggressiwe stand of the Assembly or for Lihat matter, the Chief Minister, the chain of events has only exposed the high degree of intolerance. On the part Of politicians and public figures to any kind of adverse observation In the " por BSS.
Outbursts against the Press End attampts to muzzi le newspapers to prevent expression of views critical of these in power are not ng w to Tamil Nadu, During the previous regimes also Widely-circulated weeklias and dailies such as Thugsak, Kun Idar, and Drama far were set upon by the henchmen of powerful politicians. The Tamil daily Asa Osai once fell a victin far holding views opposed to the power centres. And there have been several instances of harrassment of war ying da grees of non-partisan national English
silies.
the Pre
lп April 1987 sembly sentenc 5 Libra maria Ti, E Wkafan, an i Weekly, to Lindi prisonment for a charg 3 of br of Ha HC Lusia cartoon (relati Ministers) publi page of the m
NOW, in the C Weekly, Mr. S Taniam Leader tion (Card leade -1, an electoral AIADMK) move privilege and t leverage to the
Ms. Jaya la lithi She is not in WL at E || And th
ceptible protes who balong to parties other t (1), either whi cepted the Priwi recommendation night or W. decided to iss
WHall tha Editor Was San Was a Ghor Luis the Wotaries off Sic from a II |tםWEםם td aחB proceedings by That Tada tП MT. P. H. På arrogated to power", геlent release of Mr. on the third dē frem Čia to t Chief Minister, dā".
AltHET OCC Tämi|| NE CIL forced to bow POTESS LI TE WBS regime chose til to Ek " ": a cognisable Offence with pr септөпt of реп

ess in Tamil Nadu
the State AsEd Mr. S. Baladitor of Artar da f'Leriti | Tarmil ergo rigorous im
tra e OS 0 each of privilege in respect of a ng to MLAS and shed in the cover agazine.
BSa of INILISTratad R. Balasubraof the Opposiof the Congress ally of the ruling | tl thE mtյtion tյք hat has giver a Chief Minister, a to argue that |Wec in the is sua BFB Wa5 | 1 O PO BT - it from the fa W the Opposition lar the Congress in the House Ecleges Cormi nii fittee's is for a stiff UIng the Speaker Je the Summons.
Ananda Wikatan t to prison, there of protest from reedom of expresower the Country Of the HOLSB the press corps. e then Speaker, 1dian, Who had himself 'skyhigh and Order the Balasubramalian lay, of course "in HE Wishes of tha M. G. Raña, Chiā
asio What tha GO WETTEIT t U WES before popular While the MG R to hawa legislaScurri OLS Writing" and non-bailable Dw ision for Binhamalty in the second
and subesquent conviction. When the reasure, dubbed a black bill got the Presidential assent in 1984, the entire journalistic fraternity rose as one man to fight it tooth and mail and tha Act was withdrawn.
Tā āts but of ttā: press freedom in Tamil Nadu has highlighted the urgent need for the press to Seek a lasting SOution to the problem. In fact four journalists organisations in Madras have sought a discussion With the ChiBf Minister of tha issue.
Almost all the journalists organisations réacted Sharply to tha punishment handed out to the Editor of the Mustrated Weakly as also the Editor of MW reso/ (DMK orgān) and Kowali Masa - murasu (with DMK leanings). The protest intensified with the Speaker issuing an arrest Warra It gains Mr. Sunil On his failure to appear before the Bar of the House to receive a reprimand. The hurt feeling among journalists is ITIOrië beca USg the directtive to arrest Mr. Sunil (no more in the employ of the Yusfrated Weekly) ha 5 come inspita of his having expressed regret fот апү offence caused to any member or the House by his Writing the article in question.
Sensing the snowballing affect of the opposition to the happenings in the Assembly on the privileges issue the Chief Ministar granted an interview to reprGSE:n ta tiwas of it'W O journa list bo di ES Which has att ampted to sort out the various problems getting in the way of the normal functioning of the press in Tamil Nadu.
At the Beting Which to k; place on April 18 (the arrest warrant was issued on April 20), among other things, thea matter relating to the breach of privilega came up for discussion.
21

Page 24
The Chief Minister, Ms. Jaya|alitha, was for thright in her assertion that a campaign of wilification was being carried On against her by some new5papers and magazines for some Wears now, and it was because she was tolerant that she had chos en to ignore even the very Wicked attacks.
In saying that, perhaps, Ms. Jaya la litha Was not trying to exaggerate. She had bвеп sшbjected to the wildest form of attack in the yellow press and
Боппе пвwspapers and параzines which were opposed to her politically. Ewan after
she became Chief Minister with ап шпprecedented people's maпdate, the vilification campaign
has Continued in a Section of tha
pre SS, COr trolled by and sympathotic to the beater enemies of Ms Jaya la litha. It has been her grouse that e Wen SOFTE TE O Wledi da llies pLIt Up Stories based 01 BD1
dentious reports published in y ello W journas.
Wedia
At Fr T1BB representatives, ter Sto Lutfy de ni her bringing i put aпепсd to st "We WF this suggestion
In fact, whe as Chief Ministe Telt in the A sing the wie W sition mirםקקס party ally, the meagre, the pri t0 l a SSLI rT B i t F1C and effective op täin thE ChEC However, with after tha de Clar the ii r Lillers turi and a cold WB
Tha strained ween the press is tra CEd to th having distance press, making InformatiOI) diffi Of Course, is fou
Lankan Press: An Eloq
Ashwa ni Talwar
t is not that Sri Lankar
Ediama ar a Tot i Wg to the issue of press freedom. Every once in a while, the debate Surfaces in newspaper editorials, Tagazine articles and Seminars. But the discussion mostly remains an intellectual exercise. When it comes to actually probing the limits of the freedom of expression available within the existing political environment, mainstream Colombo journalists develop cold feet.
Whenever controversy breaks out, Sri Lankan journalists are Conspicuous by their silence.
Recently when Dfficer, Mr. Fré pola, Went on ling allegations killings two y ոÉWSpapers reaC self-censorship. the president, Premadasa, in the Stto TEIl VVETE | Іапgшаgв papers a single ling frt signed affidavits released to the toria is rema inad On the issue.

ting with press the Chief Minisiad rumours about legislation to :LIrrilOLIS WritingS. are did lake '', she asked.
she started off T She Imada El Statessembly expresthat 5 i Ca tha 1. LIS the ruling Congress (1) is SSG WOL di WE Tog of the real -חalוח סn tםsitiסp KS and bala CEG. a few days "Etil tha ir 3 Of Essחם n thBםid
started.
relationship bet. and the rulers e administration d Itself for the äCCE55 to Officia cult. The Excuse, nd in "security",
and thus the suffocating restrictions on journalists. While опе арpreciates the threat Ms. Jayalalitha is facing, опе саппо! really understand how that should prawent her or her Cabinet Colleagues meeting representatives of the press perio di Cally to remove misgivings and irritants. Now, the press has no access even to the Chief Secretary. head of the executive, which was never the case in the past. If misreporting occurs in the mainstream press often the authoritics are to bala for it.
In the assessment of Senior journalists, unbridled sycophan cy prevails. In such a situation, the leaders succumb to the temp=
tation of pressuring newspapers for their political ends. Also, the over reaction af politicians to Criticism which Should be generally ignorad, often has the effect of bringing obscure magazies to prominence and ends Credice to fiction.
ulent Silence
a former police 1ādāSa Udugamra Card With Starton extra-judicial EdTS Edg D, TOS E ted by imposing RéfEEE 5 t. Mr Ranasing he 3 ex-policeman's deletad. English did not pick up јm thВ SEMBra| Mr Udugampola Pre.55 ad adabsolutely silent
Same Timidity
The same timidity was in Edwi dEl CE || East August While a impeach Tent rgSolution Was SLIddeпly sргшпg оп the presidвпt by over half the members of parliament. The event was big na WS, it kept Sri Lankan politics in fermet for SEWE Tal Week S. Yet the independently owned MS Ward' broka i With extrema Cault= ion. It was crammed into a single column on the front page and most of the copy was attributed to an international news ageпcy.
Editorials hesitated from taking a

Page 25
clear position on the issue. Writing later on thea media's handling of the impeach ment Crisis, a senior journalist, Mr Ajith Samarana yake, noted, "All meWSpapers were reduced to taking refuge in vagше generalities, nebulous phraseology and highsco Lunding expositions of basic constitutional theory."
Јоштпа Iists from big papers point to the consequences of ignoring "caution'". Smaller Sinhalese publications, which get saw marks for objectivity but score high on gumption, often tell all-and pay for it. At the got indicted over reporting the Udugampola st a tement. Yukt/7iya had to close down during the іппрвachmепt сопtroversу, Masscircшlation papвгs - агв шsшаІІy опly too ready to learп from the experiences of the small press. Some of the caution displayed by the sand group of papers is also because the owners hawa Other business interests, ranging from chocolates to a helicopter ServiCE, andare bglia Wed to bg vшlпегable to government press
TE
Past GIGOUnters With the State keep the individual journalist in Check, TWo years ago, a telewision personality, Richard de ZoySa's body Was found on a beach near Colombo, after his abduԸtion by a squad alleged to be from the police. Another broadCaster has been This sing for TOn th.S. A few Weeks ago, two јошгnalists from a goverпment paper were detained by the police in a hospital room when they tried to interview people injured in a prison riot. An Officer siegedly asked them whether they wanted to end up with burning tyres around their necks. Not often, but regularly enough LO SE TWEa as an exampled to the locals, foreign correspondents are booted out for unfriendly COWBf Bg B.
Much of what the government does to journalists is legal. Emergency regulations, in force in the island for years, allow closing down of presses and pre-censorship if law and order
and hard-toSecurity' are th 26 of the reg POU Tishrat fra to 20 years "by words, wi Written" tries sident, thE ցDՆ tion or the adm tİCE ""it har Provision also Unauthorised meetings, all апсd "Тапу mat the defence at Lanka." Some are rarely used, other countrie Works.
Lankan journ Werful indepen 9апіSatioп to c: the regulations, BTT1Ent of Indi, often go шпprot Іапgшаge јошгпа there are too to risk stepping nds and losing Part of the pre WEDITTT 161 10 des the media gest publishing ated Newspaper Lake Houseo grc a chain of pa Sinha lese and " nalised by the dom Party (SL of Mrs Sirima in 1973. The National Party protestad again has only const Оп the group, and State-contro OWs about 95 shares.
And the Lake neWar forgets w are. Better pго with a larger their rivals, its into their own gO'WE9r rT13 n t rus

define "national reat Brhed. Sagtion ulations provides In three months or anyone who lether spoken or to bring the PrePETTE COSTLministration of jusad or contempt." exists for banning Bp OrtS Of Gabinet ЈагӀү сопferвпсв5 Іег регtaiпіпg to nd security of Sri of the regulations but like in many 15 T1BB TFlf EBT
a lists lack a po. dant enough orFampaign against | Cases of haras"idual journalists estad. In English lism in particular, feW jobs around | OLI t i Of th boLthe ona in hand. oblem is the gopoly which strad5GHIE, TIle drhouse, Associ's of Ceylon-the Up - which owns pers in English, Tamil was natioSri Lanka FreeFP) government "O Bandaranaike EW ruling United (UNP), which st the take-over, lidated its hold The government illed boards now раг свпt Of it5
} Ношse gгошp who its owners du Ced and ofte circulation then Dublication Come
WhÉmewer thig into a crisis.
The day Island ran its hesitant little story on the impeachment resolution, Daily News struck Out With a banner headline, announ Čing the move as a "conspiracy'. It remained on the of. fепsive for weeks. battering the PPPosition. Government-owned radio and television backed the Propaganda thrust, even blacking out the news of the protestresignations of senior ministers from the Premadasa cabinet.
Media Shortcomings
The media short commings show up particularly in the Coverage of the seemingly endless ethnic conflict, Newspapers do carry a lot on the 'national question from perceptive, Scholarly analyses to outbursts of the Sinhales. Were-first-on-the-island type. But most of the Writing is not from
Practising journalists, University dons, retired diplomats, human rights activists and other experts fill the columns. And there is little coverage from the gгошпd. Since tha War re-started two WEE 『를 ago, only a couple of local journalists have made the trip north to LTTE-Controlled territory to T8pO r t the "other side" of the conflict. Опce iп a while, jourпalists g미 t다. the "boundary" Coming back with glowing pieces about our bճys on the front". For life across the frontier, the readers generaІІy rely on often inaccurate military-inspiread information.
A Weekly reminder about the malaise is available at the governmant na Ws briefing, The issues are lo Cal, but a II questions on them seem to be asked by foreigners and Sri Lankans working for newspapers published abroad. Most Weeks the press conference comes to an end without a single question from the rows of local journalists. Like the editorialWriters back at the office, the men and Women in the field too maitair a none-too-dignified Silen C6,
23

Page 26
The Writing. . .
(Солtїпшеd from page 79)
isn't this also true? Werg not these first Portuguese just such conjured projections of sorcerers So po Werful that they would in spire a European sweep across the Asian, American and African Worlds which would destroy those Worlds, in the nama of Scien CG,
for Centu rie:S to Come?
The little lime was as powerful a magnat to the Portuguese adverturer as it was to the Sinha lösa Sorcerer: A5 one of the Tost concem trated Sources of Witamin C, the only antidote to the long-distance sailor's killer disease scurvy, the lime represented the (medical) technological breakthrough which along With the sextant gawe the Portuguese the necessary. edge to be the first European nation to dominate these "New Worlds". The noval Western philosophy of Scientific ITERterialism, UShGr Ed in by Galileo and Copernicus, Would subsequently enable Europeans to enforce their will upon the l'est of the globe for the next fou to fiwa Cat Lurie S. || I this context, the innocent little lime is far from innocent: it was just as integral an item in the Western sorcerer's box of tricks as it was of his Simha le se Counterpart.
In this light, objections
the empiricists" to Roberts, theories appear vегy different. Empiricisпп is a doctrine descended directly from scientific materialism. It is
24
therefore highly type of controver the neutra o observers they Empiricists are jus value-judgements ene u tists, Trini historica Cladis
tendentiLIS, E There is no justifi ever for Empiricis on even wildly ir anthropologists
CIST'S OWF Clai T are specio Lus.
Representing sta ELIS quo, HOW a can take reful Umbers. But ROE anthropological : a in to ga in grO LIT as being tha m power the to F.
Ho We War, to beginnings - if Roberts has Wor:
CistS il tha are
ra Search and i has not been E
thig a Tt Of COTT the craft of Writ
Professor Kings E al comers. Any tштп a phrase El Bgant as “SLIr ality' is a master Professor de S
augustan style || וחםrlfrסEti
everywhere and am Ong that E
"Readers of th
ргвstigious шпіV

SLI spect in this Sy. Rather thal quais-scientific pretend to Ela, tas Ca Lught Lupin
5 ES the her -
essence, their
і агв еqша||y Hually relatỉwẹ,
cation what so
ES to po UT SCOTT maginative social beca use empiriis to objectivity
as they do the e ver, de Silva e ge in their larga berts' imaginative approach is certld III the futurg
Ora fruitfL III, A II
Ob)BertS" eIEbO'W.
go back to my
it seems that sted the empirias of historical terpretation, he OJ SL CG-E355 fL | i1
Lumication. Where ing is Con Cerried,
ty de Silva downs author Who car
as scornfully assing whimsicof English prose. Giwa"'s affortē55
as drawn EdTir
HOW HIStorias
to Tord so than
lite tribe, the a world's most "ersity publishers.
A literary minded scholar, as his
qLIotation from Goldsmith . sug - gests, he has dedicated himself to giving a precisв апd elegant form, through the medium of tha English language, to the morass of fact and opinion that makes up modern Sri Lankan history. tronically enough, he represents one of the finest examples of that
group of persons, heirs to the
cultural dischotony resulting from a mingling of indigenous with foreign traditions, who are the
"People in Between".
India, Ghina. . .
(Солlіnuad from page - 11)
the international nuclear power
play, China Wii || COI til Lug to ba
a player of
T1B frDrt fälk.
Non-proliferation is for others.
Those
the Chinese nuclear explosion
who have compared
during tha Presidentia I visit to
tg Chiese invasio Of Vietnam in 1979 when the then Indian fore
ign minister was on Chinese soil
The
1WO 9Vents a TO mot On par, At
are over stating their case.
tha sama i time it Cannot be Said
that the shown
any great regard for Indian sen
The
in the Works for a
Chic Se hawa
sitivities. test may hawa
begin Іопg
time. But had they so wanted, they could have delayed it by
a couple of days.

Page 27
N
Why theres sot in this rustic to
There islaughter and light banter amongst these rural damsels who are busy sorting out tobacca leaf in a barn. It is orig of the hundreds of such Earls spread out in the Tid and upcountry intermediate zопе џhere the arable land remains fallow during the off season,
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows as a lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turn to gold, to the value of over Rs. 250 million or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

ENRCHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings employment to the second highest nurber of people. And these people are the tobacco bart owners, the tobact grover5 and those Who Wark for them, an the land
diri iki b3rs.
For them, the tobacco leaf means meaningful work, a comfortable life and a secure future. A good enough reason for laughter.
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people.

Page 28
PEOPL.
Celebrating
Dynami
In 1961 Peoples Bank ventured out with a staff of only 46...and a few
Today, just 30 years later
People Resource ext Customer Listings a Branch Network in in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Bank respected leader in the Sri Lankan
growth is a reflection of the massiv dedicated to the service of the con earned them the title “Banker to th
PE 0 PLE’S BA MW MY
Banker to the Millions

'S BANK
Three Decades
of
C Growth
in the challenging world of Banking
hundred customers.
Ceeds Io, ooo * t a staggering 5.5 Million * excess of 328, THE LARGEST
has grown to become a highly Banking scene. Their spectacular e resources at their command mon man - a dedication that has e Millions'