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. AFRICA AND THE EURO
vol. 15 No. 7 August 1, 1992 Price Rs. 10.00
Environment Fall
What Did Bishop
Man -- To - Ma
Sri Kc
The Question of
From Law to AI
Musi
-
Press and Ethnic |-
 
 
 

CENTRIC WORLD WIEW a — Emeka Anyaoku
リ | |
Registered at GPo, Sri Lanka OD/43/NEWS/92
kirs - Ravi Prasad Herath (in Rio)
Caldwell say in 1888?
D. P. Siwaram
in Battle - Amarnath Menon at the front
tha Schism
豪
: இஜ் 圈
- Bruce Mathews
Borders A
- S. Sathananthan
thropology
— Radhika Goomarasamy
ms Mobilise
5rd factor?
Mervyn de Silva
Conflict
– A M Mapean Alapakan

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tSyOu
 

iussi silae
OVG

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TEMWIS
UN OM UM REST
The GMOA has opted for "trade union action" from Aug. 1st if the Health Ministry does not agree to discuss the union's dennand for negotiations. The GMO A Wants an interiri allowance of Rs. 3,000 monthly to all medical officers, until the government implements its proposed revision of sa lary scales. The GMOA says that rising costs have made it impossible for doctors to maintain a "respectable living standard."
Meanwhile tea Workers have struck Work to protest against a new ruling by the management of the recently privatised tea estates in the Bandara WelaWeliada district. TE
new Order calls for each Worker to prune 250 tea bushes, instead of 150 bushes.
A JI HAE), SAYS ASHRAFF
Mr M. H. M., Ashraff, the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress Eader, has Said that Musims were prepared to decla rela Jihad against the LTTE if...thiş terrorist group had decided to kill Muslims merely because they pro
äÜARDAN
Wol. 15 No. 7 August 1., 1992
PFG FAG, TIO, OOO
Published fortnightly by
No. 24, Unior Place,
2 - גםHוחםIםם
Editor; Mar V yn da Siliwa
Telehors; 47584
Printod by Annn din Progs
E2/5, Sir Ratnajuthi Sarayanamuttu 13 סנbוחםIםG ,םחtםWיםM Telephoпв: 435975
Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd.
fessed the reli "We do not ki LTTEers in remo) Prabha Government
en COLI Tage LHS
said, and ad WaS prepare battle to sit
"Bloody Prab
LESS B DO DI
After the to separate th the goats, in those Who St irne inju ries it those Who ir nds on them gB going t there Were le self-inflicted. the army, mi said. he battle dodge reduced, the and this has red effect.
"A lot of are from poo join the arm living," the
THAI IN
Four Thai g rested by the Colombo hot |y engaging II They would
exarhield,
None of th had passport
COINT
Liters
Ng Wes Backgroun:
The Dissilents Sir Ewrong
Bishop Caldwell E
TITI DO FEW FI
The Image of Af DECIL til 51
MITL CIT F5
At Itik at Natio Priggs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

gion of Islam. hesitate to cluding (Supkaran, but the mas a duty to ," Mr Ashraff ded that he tO dia in thig, throat Of hakaran,,
ATTLE GERS
army bega n he sheep from this instal Ce uffered genu1 battefro flicted Wou= Selwes to dodto the front, 2ss cases of inju ries in litary sources Jerks of the rs had been sources said, had the de Si
Our Soldiers families Who to earn a Sources said.
| WAS OM
girls were arpolice in a el for al legedprostitution. be medically
police said. e Thai girls S.
TENTS
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9
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11
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22
Briefly. . .
Mrs Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the SLFP leader, made a public statement about disruptive forces within and outside her party, These elements Were causing splits within the party and disrupting unity With other opposition partias; they were serving UNP interasts for materia | Ebenefits received, she said on the EWE of Celebrating the 32nd anniversary of her election as the World's first Woma prime minister.
Mrs Bandaraaike said that GSE Ele Thet 5, SOLid be Unmasked and vowed that shB would enforce party discipline and unify all anti-UNP forces.
But her Son Anura, the SLFP's All-Island Organis Er, reported to be in the middle of a factional struggle against forces supporting his mother, disITissed Mrs Bandara naike's allegations of an anti-leadership, conspiracy as шпreal and said that his other's statement Was det rimental to party
tarests.
SC COndemnS Police
Torture The Supreme Court in a unanimous judgement has
re buked the police for Contiпішіпg to tortште people in custody despite earlier rulings. The petitioner, a security officar of the National Paper Corportio, Was a Warded RS З5,000 as dаппаgвs and the Inspector General of Police was instructed to take appropriate action.
MurderOLIS act, Says
Ravi
Mr Rävi Jia ya Ward BT19, so and security advisor to former President J. R. Ja ya War - dere, described th 3 killing of the Than thrimala High Priest Bs "ʻä trBa choro LIS, LI npoa trio tic and mLrd BroLIS äCt“, in an interview with the Sunday times. MT Jaya WardBln3, Said || that Thanthrimala had been a safe area though bordering

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locations infested with LTTE and other terrorist groups beCause of the un tiring efforts of the Wenerable Kuda kongaskada Wimalagnana Nayaka Thета, "I can't imagine a loss as great as this for this country and especially for the people of Than thrimale. He is irreplaceable," he said.
The High Priest who had been organising protectiоп
against terrorism for Tamil
refugees as Well as for Sinhała peasants, Wa5 kied in a mysterious grenade attack.
'Island Will be a hospital"
Gowerment's defence expandi ture has soarad frorm orne bi|||On to R5 20 bi|||OT III tеп years, and a fогmвr Air Force Chief ha 5 predicted that t:HEI Whole islärld Wi|| be a hospital. Soon if this War goes on much longer. It was time to start talking, Air Wica Marshall Harry Gooneti leke told The saids Rolan Gulasekera, or Eela would have to be yielded because the casualties or both sides would be so high; the financial cost to O WOLJId EE LUTEGEarabo.
THE fOTTET Air FOTCE CHif was critical of the way in which political and military leaders were setting unrealistic deadlines for ending the "Eelam WTF
The two major political parties should talk to each other and find a solution because the Tails do not Want a UNP solutio or a SLFP solution but a Sinhala solution, h e Said,
That Sub-judice bar
At H 55rminar On "Freedom of Expression and thig Principle of Sub-Judice сопducted in Colombo by the Organisation of Professional Association Sard the Bar ASSOGiation, leading lawyers called for a statute to clarify doubts about the law of contempt.
"Ti || that happens", said Mr H. L. de Silva, PC, "We shalI- I am - afraid put up our shutters much too quickly,
(Солfлшд, ол дарга, 24)
LETTERS
Prabh
D. P. Siwr provoking ana of Tamil mill May 15 Jult was a de light 1B lä5 Orr Contributing fa tāris of thig Simplistic to historical tradii FBL CEGt G... - Tamil Nadu ar ContribLEEd of Tamil Tiger Which case Wood belong question bagai had gDոE acknowledge Clint Eastwood oping his ow
Whil Siwara to tha | iks to |leadar M. Kar Lu ed With thEME h6 has fai |latd || than Kar Lunanic: skills, it was Kandy-born M. which brought martial prida to both in Tami Lanka. In the Whole of 195 in a series of costumid-advent the Trini | | Especial y su cc office hits" w With slands th first Sy||abla 'N of these to wie. glory of Tarmi. Mr. MKur77 E Daughter). Mar va rasi (Princess Marma Yogi (My Malai Kailan ( Madura i Wegra 7
rai), Maha Dв Dewi), and MMar

akaran's
агапn's thought– lysis the history it Brism (May 1, з 1 апd JшӀу 1) Lo read. However, ted ar SSelta
C tot to tha FiliLTTE. It is to believe that the itos of tha diffaחTBmils i שחם וח ld Jaffna along
the emergence 5. If that is so,
does Clint Eastor pose this JSE: Prabo Häkära
} T LO
Ha if|LI BGB of TOWies in dB. We 1 martial a CLIman,
T had commented E CLITTE DOMK nanidhi developraWar Community, EO notg that TOTE
hi's journalistic the movies of G. Rari El Card rari
5 ES a Of the Tamil masses, Inadu and Sri late 1940s and )S. MGR atgid Tari | Historica urgs to highlight artial tradition, essful as boxere the Towias I bвgап with thв la'. The names s told the past These includa. (Minister's Шtha Maatш //a- of Marutha Land), Sterious Ascetic). Mountain Thief) (Hero of Madu'W (The Graat IFTaaГ/її Маллал
the flash, and an inevitable insp
Mentors
(King of Kings). In a movies, MGR exhibited his martial skills to thrill his fans. There is no doubt that Prabhakaran and his original band were more influenced by these MGR moves than by anything tյlsց,
these
Sachi Sri Kanta
Saka BSCi. Istitute Osaka 565, Japan
George Keyt
May I set the record straight on tWO Tatters in Tak. A GLE War dhana's perceptive and generous review of George Key Drawings published on the GGCasion of Keyt's 89th birthday ower two Waars ago (LG 15 June '92), Jayadewa's Giffa Go winda was dome into English in 1940 with help not of Harry Pieris the painter but of Harold Peiris, Kay's brother-inlaw, Who Was Well versed in Sanskrit. In the second placa, Keyt has not in the east stopped drawing or painting. In January this year ha moved to yet another village homв пеаг Капdy, his beloved terrain, and on the eve of his 91st birthday on April 17th set up his easel, paints and brushes in a brand new studio. Despite fra ilties of great age, infirmitias af
irational fatigue, the urge to create remains no less insistent. One can only wonder at the Strength of an ingro faring W Fich refuses to go out. The two paintings I saw there on April 28th bore eloquent testimony to that spirit.
H. A. I. GOOImatieke
Oru Wiga.

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WISLWS MOBILSE
Endless Ethnic
Mervyn de Silva
ng Sri Lanka MLISlim Congress leader, Mr. Mohammed Ashraff MP has asked the gow
barment to Greatea al "MLuis lim Bitto" called the JHAD" regiment like SINHA (Lion) re
giment of the Sri Lankan army. It will fight the LTTE along with other units of the Army against the Tami I "Tigers" who hawe bean massa Cering Muslims, particularly in the Eastern province. The "Jihad" regiment will not only Sg TVG the "nati.CIl a | CaLISB" but
the ratic cause".
The 'Sinha" regiment is not the sole. Sinhala regiment in the S Lā kā arī y. Tie ir le Gemunu, the Gajaba regiments End other LuitS E Ted after Sinhala heroes, usually warrior kings. This is no abberation. The Siпhalas are the majority, overwhelmingly so. Whereas in other institutions and agencies, this ethnic ratio is reflected more often than not by the ordinary law of arithmetic, there was a tinne when the minority Tamils were "over-represented", So to Say. . . e.g., TE di Cal Services, Civil service, diplomatic service, medical and engineering professions, these historical or post-colonial imbalances hawa beеп гесtified, bу апd Іагgв.
NO SO tha arTiad for CaS. That did not matter in times of peace, When the army in fact was |largely ceremonial. The first army Commander Was Genera | Anton MutuЕШmaГLJ, a Tamil. There was however a tтапsitional period during which Brigadier Caithness was in charge, under a Ceylon-UK agreement signed by Prime Minister D. S. Senanayake. Brigadier Caithness"s views fa|||| short of Mutu Curimaru's "concept of what the Army of independent Ceylon should be". The first task in fact was to draft
in Army Act.
In his history of the Sri Lan. kan army, General Mutu Cumaru"
regards, quite
1971 JMP п5 first real latio Which in depen Lākā d to fā serio Lus problen ETT et corff 1970's Walls it Cers coup of
rea "war" ("I flitt" in THE | cepted jargon) journal has Ca 1. that is the |PKF TETVEtit
The plotters F. C. de Safar Carllë from th minorities (ma Lupper-class CH 5) — Că | dd ka kLI; was allegedly Sil Flaia-Buddhi5 jor-General U. fiTSt a CCUSGd.
It is the Cha WAR 1 which ,yוחBr חkaחLa
qшite a vval|-вqш al armү. Froпп in Creasad 5-foli חWEםrם רחtatiWa i and Air force, ing has Scared too ital in th strongly oppOS World Bank, group, which in creasing I y lar the foreign exc
As important Сопsecшепces impact of the tion's unity, HTht CCITTT1[Jflä| is flot a Conví a separa tist ins חם utם חWם rם starting with the Tami | rebel TOdern Erms | tion Equipman character of th to change, th
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

VWars
rightly, that the սrgantly WHs the nal security threat dent Caylon-Sri ce, Whité the mOst which the gowted up to theחר Ha a EJCF tivWER Offi1965, The first o w-intersity COTInternation El || W B CWas What this II ed EELAM WAR WBT Bgforg til E
of the Colong|| -led army coup le racial-religious inly westernised Iristian) while the ssi (toilet) coup Tasterminded by it Officers. Malugama, was the
| lenge of EELAM Ta träd tHg Sri turning it into ipped professionthe 80's, it has H, with a qualiment in the Navy Defence spendtՃ 21 billion, H a budget, a trend igd by the IMFand the donor account for an дв ретсепtage of thange budget,
as its economic however is the War to the EJolitical stability, harmony. This Britional War but urgency that has ethnic problems language. Once is had access to and communicat, the military a conflict began e challenge to
the State and its territorial int9grity more and more serio US... What did NOT change however was the basic character of the confrontation - ethic and ter. ritorial. The first was accentLated by a nearly 100%. Sinhala or Sinhala-Buddhist army. The "" a Temy" or the othar. tha CCbatant, was 100%. Tamil.
In that sensa, the lines of division, Ware clear, hOWBWBr na Sty, costly and hopeless tha War itself. Not any more. Who killed the highly regarded and intensely popular Chief in Curtbent of the Tantirimale Raja Maha Wihara ya the War. Kudakongaskande Gmania WirTale. Thera. The theory that it was the (Tigers' has been rejected. A toplevel inguiry is now going on, The modus operand I has been established. The Unknown assailant had fung a hand grana de into the Tok's bedr00m. Tha grenade, identified as one used by the army, had killed the monk instantly. Reuter reported that a local journalist had suggested a motive for the killing. The monk had evidently told the authorities that at the time of an LTTE attack on the army camp (52 soldiers died in the Tiger raid) many soldiers who should have been om guard duty W Bre asl Beap.
No longer the is the "battlB-ling" clear — heroic SinhalaBuddhist soldiers fighting the Savage Tamil "Tigers". The Sinhala opinion-makers Who fostered that morale-boosting view of the bloody conflict, hawe been utterly disoriented by the Tantirimate tragedy, particularly after reading the comments of Mr. Rawi Jayawardene, Presidant JR's som Who Was also his security adviser. (See News) Tha Nayaka thera Was one of the most humane and Era West of ппеп, said Rawi Jayawardөпө.
3.

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He helped families in distress, no matter what their race or religion.
А пеагӀу 100% Sinhala агпny fighting Tamil rebels make the
WaT a Tacia I COfrontation that undermines professional jLI digEmment. Elementā|| pa SSİOS
maka nonsense of discipline and skills acquired through years of training. And now the Third Community deeply involved in the bloody and confused. Conflict in the "mixed" (Tamil over 40% Muslim a third and Sinhals the rest) Eastern prowin Ce, wants its O.W Muslim bat tali Ort. The War IIS TO O gĒT
over tactics and : flict intensified
a Tbiliticos, perso and career prosр
And finally, strategic issue. being used to it
"Tigers that tl "military option "EBlärt“. Won
arms)? To make to the fa Gt that OW is a political settlem fighting a war to impose COLC tha sa paratists?
Do We have th
K SLLLLL LaLLLLLLL00L LLaLaLLLLLL S S LLL S S LLLLL LLLLLLLT S S S S LLLL HHHH guerrillas but a tribal War, and the donor nasty, brutish but by no means... that they will And that, in a tiny compact military budget little island - a theatre Without point? Has th the adwantage of Space, and relached? |f SO, the refore a II the bloodig T and Will bað TEdLICIGd TTSSier. HE Chrious. ECL
i tha SÕLith. To make matters worse there "war", albeit a is conflict within the army it war, will corn Self, at theo command level, So Luth — the Wa
which together THE WAR test of Sisilhalla Personal WieW וחסםE tס aוםם ח solution and p There are some, like fогmer serious conside Air Force Commander Harry to be given to Gunetilleke, who feel that if merger which is the War goes on the Country minimum deman
Will be a Walking hospital by tha turn of Century and that Eelam wi || Ultimately hawa to be given, because casualties on both sides will be so heavy and the financial cost so high.
"''So its time to stop this nonsense and start talking," Air Vice Marshal Harry Guineti i leke says. He advocates a meaning full dialogue with Tamils before which Fle thinks it Essential that the two rain Sinhala parties the UN P and the SLFP, should talk to Each Othat dd ar Tiwa at a COISES L5 do a Sol Lltio to the Ethnic problem. "The two Sinhala leaders should get off their high pedestals and start talking to each other," he explained. "What the Tails want is hot a UNP Solutio Or. Ed SLFP solution, but a Sinhala solution". HB belie w Es thase two parties
事
The forlar. Ai critical of the military and poli set unrealistic gd to the Eela that gWall the | table, given a5 y Bar, and the massive offensi, tրը! of Jaffria
3;EerCisBS: r1 Lut re-election poros He SayS he di the War can ba and of the yea if it did thOLIS Tigers and civ "Let them prov,
E de Caed.
It is the Tam the field COTTI hit by the politi a quick and to diferences of

Strategy: a COn
by professional mality conflicts, || Gt5,
We hawe the s military power press on the ney have no סi. B. n) '' by force of ց լիE In face LIբ they must lay j ոEgotiate a it. Or are We to the bitter end MBO's Will on If so, сап vve? SOLICE to the IMF-WB groups teli Us Ot sLustair1 l a beyond a given at point bean Bid and Credit The result Will Iorio hardship THE E TE W different kind Of race in the r EDOT OLI t of
tĒTial Ասիitյի
hardship, the anger divides the poor and lower middle class from the гich, a class wаг, всо поппіс unrest, strikes, violence, and who kW 5 a facer Ld3 SCEE COf JWPtype “warfarв”. The impвachment saw the UNP split up and the emergence of the DUNF. The Nittarbu Wa meeting to celebrate the 32nd anniversary of Mrs. Bandaranaika bacoming the World's first Women prime minister, Saw fisticuffs and row dy всепes - ореп warfare" betWetan An Lura loyalists and the supporters of sister Chandrika Who is backed by her Tother, Familias, political parties, leaderships are all breaking up - the stark symbol of a society Wreckgd by divisiwe conflicts, the constant exposure of the fundamental fact of fissure. Things fa || apart, the centre Cannot Flold Wróte W. B. Yeats at the height of the Irish rebellion, the
longest War of the kind that now rawa ges the World, vyhat used to be called the first,
second and Third World.
represent 90 per opinion, should reement On a TV |Dirts Out that a till Will ha WE tha Torth-East 3 TOW the Tai IS d.
Forcs Chief is way in which tical leaders We dead||iTBS for di m War and fäls etESt SLE: h timethe end of the hope about a WSCOare propaganda Wit UNP's pвсts in mind, յas Iltյլ ԷյBliEWE ended by the and adds that iads — SO || diars, ila 15 - vi di 9. "El mE Wrong,"
k Ei si|E äiti Enders Who - gBot ical pressure for the War and іріпіоп апd per
sonality clashes at the top of théa milita ty hierarchy. "I'm talking also as a parent and on og Half of a Servicenne 5 families," declared Air Vice Marshall Guneti Ilake Who has tWO S OS il the Air For Ge. ""I belia WE that Where Gā, the T9 ble B military solution to a political problem.
If the government belia Westhis war can be done quickly and service Ten must be convinced it is a Wilable WaT SO that they will not fight it half-heartedly. If not they must stop the WBF arī trt tāk 5."
A central command organisation totally free of Defence Ministry and of political inter. fergrCE is e 55 el tial to TLJ i the war, Air Wice Marshal Gung tilleka belia wgS, "It is thig men Wht ara getting taught in thE cross fire because of friction at the top and divided command. The government must make up its Timid and ha WEG OG COTImand to Tull tha shOW,
by Rohan Gunasekera ("Sшлday Islaлd)

Page 7
HE MWA
From The Front
K. Arnarnath Menon
The Sri Lankan Army's siege of Jaffna in ration for anyone who tries to enter Jaffna. radhapura, tha comталd' headquarters of the against the LTTE, the journey to Wavшпiya and dhikulam checkpost is easy er7oug/h. But foj Correspondent AMMARAWATH K. METWOW and P. SHYAM TEKWANI it was impossible to traves E point into Tiger territory. An official curfew w and the operations of the security forces were in At tho windswept Patay airbase, the Story wa: The heavily fortified forward defence lines pre movement by road. Trying to gaf fo Waffra sparsely-populated, army-controlled islands of K daitivu and Karainagar was an even more experience, as the choppy sea and bad We're to their plans. Unable to enter Jaffna OWr7. t
TODAY teат spent two weeks in ir Frī Sula to chголicle the story of a people living existence and what seems to be the Dľoodlasť
In a tangled ethnic conflict.
he Sri Lankan Army claims
that if the decade-old war seems closer to a finale, as the Tigers fight with their backs to the Wall, it is mainly because of its own tactical successes in the battlefield. From Palaly, the troops last month advanced as far as Tellipalai, north-east of Jaffna. The islands north of Jaffna are already under aוחחy Control they were captured soon after the offensive started in Oc. tober last year. Moreover, coastal , shelling by nawy gunboats and aerial pounding of the Tigar bases and defence positioпs along the coast and inland have forced the Tigers to retreat into the Wanni jungles. Last for night the troops sealed off the remaining land route, near liyakachchi, east of Elephant Pass, linking the peninsula with the rest of the country. "The LTTE admits that we hawa trapped them now which we could not do during Operation Liberation in mid-1987. "says a Defence Ministry spokesman in Colombo.
LTTE agains
At Palally airb of gunfire and artillery is too for t. But I soldit their own way selves, The bu pasted with phic Lankan and soL stars such as Raj Hindu deities, Some grow kitch behind the lines at terspot to Creat of normality.
Getting iп ат peninsula for th пеarly impossibli it takes only . speedboat to mc Lankam territori distance betweeп Norther Perlins more than the in Cepted na Utica li policing difficult is sBaled by naw and howering helii

ва п5 frusrom Ar7Loperatiолs ting TarPrincipal lotographer. eyолсї fћѓs as fл fогсад full/swing. fsie sä77S. Wелted any fro 77 the ауfs, Малlightmarish г дшt pafd he WD/A f'їа рег7/л- a twilight Battle yet
a wall
ase, the rat-a-tat the pՃLInding Of close for cornrs hawe found io distract themnker walls are tographs of Sri th India film ini kant ad ewe
otably Gan esh. han gardens just in a touching в a tiпy oasis
Tid -- Out of the E LITTE men is 3. Even though 20 minutes by we out of Sri a waters-the
the Indian and a coastline is ternationally-a CTit 5 and makes -the Sea route y patrol boats copter gunships.
The operations north of Jaffna are, however, hampared by the presence of hundreds of Indian fishing tra Willers, Which used to be eployed by the LTTE to Smuggle in arms and fue from Tamil Nadu, Indian fish ar Then are routinely intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy. Says Commodore Mohan Jayamaha who heads the nawa northern Command: "If India can persuade the trawers to stay away from the maritime boundary, we can do our job more effectively. "A stricter Watch on the Tamil Nadu Coast by the Indian Navy has aready helped to make the Sri Lankan operation considerably smoother.
With the land route from the South at the Poonerny crossing of the Jaffna Lagoon no longer open, troops manning the forward defence linas shoot down i all intruders mowing under the cover of darkness. The troops did open the strategic Elephant Pass to allow the war-weary populace of the peninsula to travel to Wavuniya, the gateway to the beleaguered Northern province, or further south to Colombo. But the Tigers laid nines on the way to keep the troops from advancing to Jaffna and the Tamils from escaping,
A crucial and effective shift in strategy
The аггmү’s increasing control can be attributed to a crucial change in strategy. Earlier they moved into Tiger-controlled territory with the limited objective of demolishing their bases and inflicting as many casualties as possible before гetшrпing to their own camps. But it proved
costly in terms of lives and epuipment. To top it all the Tigers returned for an action
replay. Now the army advances its for tiers and retains control of the seized a reas. "We are in full control of the 78 sq km area beyond Palaly (strect ching from Tellipalai to Tondaimannar) and will press forward," says General Hamilton Wanasinghe, the tall, sturdy National Defence College fellow, who is the chief of the joint operations command
5

Page 8
which was set up to flush out the Tigers from all areas:
Charged tactics have also mea mit a bigger role for the na Wy B[]] the air f[]ft:E, thäm im th= four-year War that preceded the 1987 accord. Men from the two for Cés area Byen drifted for ground patrol work to ease the Oad on the il fantry. Since the departu Te of the IPKF in 1990 the arппy has grown in strength and has 85,000 סt 70,000 וחסfr been strengthened by the influsion of heavy equipment.
Separating the operations in the East ad the no Tith, t Oo. has paid off. Having to fight
om two front 5 keeps thė TigETS off-balace. "It's amal-to-la fight and not a war in the Conwentional sensa Where generals move large formations," says the stocky, gungho Major-Gene
Fäl Danzi | Kobbē, kadu Wa, the mäster mind behind the army operations in the north. The forces are l'OW better armed
FFT HEfGro. FDF to first tiITF the army has genu line armo Lur up its sligawa with the deployment of the newly acquired CIGSG T-55 tak5 O Which Saweral Cadets hawa EDGE trailled at Indian corps schools.
Tha only dampemer for the Brilled forces is Pramadasa's õWE-Tit Lurēs to the LTTE. A deferice expert in Colombo says that the Conflict Would ha WE2 E3E3E3F H|| QWEr but for the Gow Ern– ment’s lifting of the economic blockade early this year, following international pressure to spare civilians further hardships: Inevitably, it also gawe the Tigers breathing space. One officer says: "We are feeding the buggars and than fighting them." But the army's mood, as it gets ready for the final ofensive, is upbeat. As a confident Colonel Anton Wijendra, leading the troops from Palaly, says: "Civilian casualties are ошг опІy vvоггу."
Army intelligence claims it has intercepted messages from LTTE cadres telling their leaders that they are quitting their posts, Fresh e Cruits are a 50 at a prBmium, Says a Senior army offiCer: "Cadra ComitTallit is lO Іопger at legendary heights be
6
cause those Wias a TE 5 Lurr il stad of ki|| Mor Bower, the launched any Jaffrld Sir CE | are TL ming shor El di EfB St and arms Supp. CHighf Mister ons laught has impact on the բly basa5 in tl efforts to prepi ātē, officiā5 and Palay ch: grabbing the fic: ught through for civilials.
ItETTI di S53F haj Weg, Tadg TEatti akaran has dist political wing, he stripped Go Indrajah and Yo their kay roles Cadr BS and propaganda. Ins Sri Lankan intE he is busy tryi close relative. ' iaПП, wПо і5 опв in the Rajiv E. SSāSSiä tii 0 CE The grimmest tha Tiger is that, Tais a COT bijeliëf that the si was a pipedireaпп region have to поmy anyway?" Wanar, a retired g at Karainagar. do not speak reprisals. Last
SSL ed E e W - mõra tha T ora family to lea W. places only the are left behind.
The ace up P.
sleeve
PTE Tildas a 5 battle för Tar offers a security package in are: Tigers. The Sec also making 日T a rapport with th it may not be en |long-fest Bring TE da Sa kIOWS t Solution Will

сагуіпg суапidв endering readily ing thernSalves." Tigers ha we not DiffSiWES O Lutsid mid-1991. They of Well-trained rapped for cash iOS. Tamil NadL
J. Jayalalitha's had a criքքling 1r Erst While SLIP18 State. In their a for the Fast both in Colombo arge them with Od ad fLIE | bTOLff FBIG|5
1505 il the LTTE EE WOTSE, PE) - Erded the LTTE" 5 Ald last Toth palaswamy Mahegaratnam Yogi of in organising tha Waging political tead, accordingto |ligence reports, ng to promota a Baby" Subramanof the accused Irid Padma rabta 35. E5.
development for Increasingly, evеп ing ro Lund to the truggle for Eelam "Why does the ruits oW Ecoasks FR, ATTībā a= OWernment doctor But most Tamils fט fBar חסup f month the Tigers diktat forbidding a וחסn frסBrsנן e. But at many
li fi
гепnadasа"s
fighting his own arts. He End davglopmETit is cleared of the urity forces are effort to develop E Tamils-though o Lugh to B55 Lag B StEL PTEhat a politic El alp him stay in
power. He will be able to impress the Watchful do nors of a Country |heavіly dependвпt on foreign aid. He has already indicated that he Will agrad to anything short of the merger of the Northern and Eastern provinces, which is the
ir dārd of the LTE ar other ТапіI gгошps, By rejecting the Targer, he is assured of retaining substantial support in his United National Party's (UNP) Sinha la strongholds which a TE being chipped away by former UNP Tinisters Lalith Athulath mudadi and Gamini DiSsa sa yake, WHO have formed their own party.
That Premadasa has kept his options oper for talks with LTTE is clear from his refusal to ban the militant organisation daspite pressure from India and vociferous demands by othar Tamil groups to follow India's example, Yet PremadaSB may just hawe to toe the army's line if he does not want them to whip up Sinhala sentiments. But a parliamentary select committee, half of whose members belong to the UNP, is already Working om a package. A merger of thE north and BEst as Well as TlOrE autor Conly for the агеa are obviously thв пost contentious issues. Fortunately for Forgia dasa, gjithat the UNP nor the main opposition, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party of Srima wo Bardārālāk, Vārt to tā ā firm stand. Meanwhile, the deputy leader of the All Ceylon Tamil Congress and Senior la Wyer, Motilal Nehru, has argued that HE LITTE ES TOTE Eftit 3 til any other group to Ti Egoitiata With the GCW GITT Tt Of the a thin iC Cq LI ES ti01.
If the Tigers agree to negotiate, PrerilidaSEl Wi || 15a We the East laugh, HB Gän giwe tham p0Wer HF1Cl tham tG|| the dũTThĩFläf1t Singa electorate that he restored peace with o Lt Conceding Eelam, HE WOUld thВП Вg assurad of a smooth ride to power in the next elections. The Tigers for their part could take sola CEO in tha fact they were spared total humiliation. But Ejgt WēE Hä Sri Lalkan forces" Bagег пеGs to fight, Premadg5ia's MachiaWB | lian fino WBS and the Tigers" désparation, this may be tha last chanca for a political 5 Ett egt,

Page 9
SIR MOTHA - 2
The Dissidents
Bruce Matthews
y Way of Summary,
Ce trå i ObSO TWat iOS i Call be wепtured concerning Sri Lanka's serious constitutional crisis of 1991. First the incident shows arin unexpectedly powerful Parlia Test, whose Wings were otherWise thought clipped by the 1978 Costitution. Non eth Ele 55 Parliament's attempt to achiave a dramatic political change for the COL mitry Was | BSS ä matter Of parliamentar y strength and Commitment than it was of mere chance. The right circumstances Suddenly Coala sced to permit Taip ulation by the disConterted section of the UNP and by the SLFF.
From the viewpoint of the non-conforming UNP parliamentarians, the proroguing of Parliament for the month of September caused the momentu Tl Of Te Wolt to falter. The quicksilvery nature of the moment, charged as it was with fear of repris als should the initiative fail, provoked substantial numbers of Wavering to abandon support for the impeachment motion. This, combined with the as yet unknown sequence of importuning events that must hawe crowded in upon the Speaker, sealed the fate of the attempted paгliamепtaгү reclaпnation of authority.
Second, the crisis was not ргіпnarily about paгliamвпtary discontent with the presidential system. A return to the Westminister model was touted from time to title as the mai reaSO
for the anti-presidential and anti-gower ment motiõlis. More important by far, however, was a widespread, antipathy, both
within апd beyond Parliаппепt, with the style of the incumbent presidency. Although a populist politician who had worked his Way to the top over a period of four decades in public life, the
four
sneak a
presidential rul Premada sa Was O pop Of Brits aS un archical and in objectives of a this regard, it w; What Critics to President's nea power and the it. By de fact FåTidssoft Es President emergi пot sharing aш1 Constitutionally tutions.
It is possible ntial 'style" will after this close that are bү по retreat. Much open to ΓΕ : compromise the With his OW Pr||git. P Wants to be rect Som a signifiCan determining nati ure to take heel can only resulti ism and disi Ilus the whole pre: Clearly, the C. that the Preside wholly beyond Parliament, or bodies, such as Councils and ot tŠ,
Third, the fut Sri Lan kå’s trĘ powerful politi in doubt. If the eight dissidents is upheld by th it then might wi to for a Schi. party that would NO O 3 km OWS fC of popular Sul Athulathmudali, ya ka and oth colleagues. Pol for the in October spaw

ttack
e of Ranasinghe
perceived by his warrantedly monappropriate to the moder StatE. I as a revolt against յtյk to be the fם lyםםם חם וח חנ Way he exercised о рeripheralizing di Cabinet, the ed a Sa"Leviathan, :hority with other empo Wear ed insti
that the presidesoften somewhat brush. With forces
пеапs in fш|| lepends on how -onciliation and
President is, both party and with ria Test further ognized as having trole to play in DIl a lisSUBS. Fai|- H of the Sg factors In further antagonitյmmarit With the sidential system. risis has show It's offica i S tot the reach of other political s the Provincial her local authori
urg of the UNFP as iditionally most Cal party is no W expulsion of the
from the party е Supreme Court, Bill prữựckB tham smatic, alternate diwid the UNP, ir sure the depth pport for Laith Garmini DiS5aar disar Chartad iti Cal rias hald September and ned prodigious
crowds, showing again that these politicians are not without longstanding influence and public appeal. They are not likely to be self-admittedly peritent about there decision to use Constitutional means to try and ovgrthrow' tha Pragoident. At the Same time, the next presidential election does not hawa to be held Luntil Јапшагу 1995, апd parliamепtarү electioпs may be as late as May 1995. If the President succeeds in reasserting his full authority, this is a long time for the dissident and alienated MPs to Wait. How they would politically su rwiwe and react during this interwal remains to be seen. The possibility of political exile from Sri Lanka is not in conceivable but it would only encourage an underground UNP lodestar that іп dшв сошrsв Wошld вплегge as a magnet for all kinds of dissent.
Fourth, սոarguably Sri Lanks is still a more successful functioning democracy than Wirtually all of its regional neighbours (with the exception of India). But many recent blows, such as tha Referendum of 1982 and the Wicious Janatha Wimukit hi PeramUa in SLTrection of 1987-89 (to say nothing of the civil War in the north and east), have sewarely punmelled the country for a decade, and to some degree (by reactive resропsв) have threatened its de Tocratic institutions. It is not so much a Tatter of whether these institutions will Su rwiwe as much as it is-ad question of whether voices of dissent or discontent can be tolerated and given a legally sanctioned time and place to be heard. Failure to aCCOmmodat B ľBaSOna bola disSeflt ad debt9 in tha i past led to W|0||- ent upheavals and the erosion of many features and ideals of political democracy.
ҮСолfгшёс сул дунд TC)

Page 10
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Page 11
EYE MVTVESS VV ANO
Environment Fakirs
Rawi Prasad Herath
he World Environmental
Summit' the showpiece of the 90s, was held in Rio, the capital of Brazil, which claims the world's largest forest cover Within its territoria || BOLIndaries. It was concluded on June 14.
Nearly 110 countries at government level participated. In addition there were other
representation as well. Close шроп З00 сопvвгged оп thв city to exhibit plant and animal
species speciппепs and there Wä5 drlöthEr 250 Of SD ä5 ObserWĠTS Of SGW era I - Oth19T OF - ganisations.
Apart from the facilities prowided at the Flamingo Park for the Convenience of almost 10,000 guests, there were about another 50 public halls catering to the needs of those particiբating.
Of the larga number of participants those from Asia Countries in particular exhibited a sense of lethargy and boredom. ThiS - Se SG Of disi || LusiCommigt tended to abate once they were confronted with the angry outburst from the US President. But the courageous stand the African countries took regarding
matters Under discussion was very refreshing.
Before the Summit proper
began a flurry of other activities Wer69 observed. The - programme on India's "Development Activities" and the 'Centre for a Common Future" conducted with 100 participants lasting about two and half days was a very significant event. This focussed the attention on the achievements of various programmes aunched through the offices of UNCED. Si Tilarities and Cotradictions that emerged fron various programmes done by different countries were placed before the Earth Summit.
African countries have always attempted to enjoy their res
TOE
You art וuםם 8חEBBם
that season'
апd we are
Our cur tO a diSta of the back the Wonder
Mе еп.
edile:55, 5 We the excitems the WOnder Project, joir
We Wor aad Water. t0xic Chemii for parks a
We in wi
То вxpli For all of Write.
WWathashi || YOU 8+ | FP O BO S 1 ColՃmbՃ SR| LANKA,
pective enviro without being i affluent Countri representatives activities,
A hint of India accept everythi ir Which Ulf attit Lide of a g ries, was evide gramme. Tha less Effluent ị mm LImB'riablE} []th ed to fade aW activism of Iridi
The Watasi Lanka display slides Of f plant and anim five other resea O Sri Lakan Wildlife.
IntroductiOT1 ( dealing with tribi from differing

XPLORE, EMJOY, AND PROJECT
d I share a great love of this earth, The
lding Surf, spring covering the earth with
's newness, a bird's song reaching out.....
moved.
iosity calls us we explore a bit. Some travel
wilderness, some no farther than a corner
yard. But each of us looks and listens to of the natural World around us.
joy the earth's beauty it's grandeur. The !ep of Colours, and sounds, and everywhere,
nt of life. But there are some that do not see of it al. And so we, of the Wathashi Nature
together to protect the earth
k for legislation,
To regula te the use and disposal of poisonous cals. To set aside the most special places
ld Wilderness.
te you to join With us,
ore, to enjoy, to protect this Wondrous earth. S...... fогеver. Fог пепmbership iпformatioп
Nature) Project
that gulārante es clean air
ta| rightsחB וחח Influenced by tho es TTL5 their appreciated such
defiaTCE - Tot to 1g Without duestrtunately was the reatппапү сошпtnt in the prolethargy of the TlatitյT15 tlլIE tՃ I er rea 5ons tandway before the 司。
Project of Sri d nearly 100 W remaining a species and ITCh) Col Clusions t andחEוחחםחWiחB
.f a prograпme al representatiWes regional sectors
under an activity launched by the International Indigenous Commission was another item of very special significance.
To illustrate the lifestyle of such a community a model of the village called Karioka by the Tijelica forest was set up at RiOCEltro,
Nearly 400 aborigines of Brazil and hundreds of similar tribal specimens were present here.
Tisa hamy of Sri Lanka was not there. (He is not a pure Weddha but a Kandyan Sinha lese married to a weddha gir| — which of course is not the reason for his поп-participation). A team of government officials represented Sri Lanka at .itוחוחthe Su
India presente da programme on Traditional Games", which brough together many indigenous aspects of traditional games
9

Page 12
from the participating countries. Yeats another ite of iterest Wag, the Woice of the Childref" staged by the Worlds Centre of activities with almost 1000 Women taking part.
Entire proceedings of the suit Constituted of 285 exhibitions and 249 meetings,
North America Was allo Cated the highest number of sessions. In Limber it was 56, Europe, both East and West had 50 sessions while the African quota Was 15. Li Titing of the Asia/ Africa region meetings to 9 was very unsatisfactory, to say the Igast. Ini terms of exhibitions Asia-Pacific region had to be Contented with 16, which definitely Was not an encouraging move. Africa single handed led 10 exhibitions to the 63 held by North America, Europe's
share of exhibitions for both Easter and Western Sectors was 49. While Latin America
and the Caribbean region had a massive 147 exhibitions.
The less affluent nations of Asia Where reals and Tea TS of of paper is wasted on Writing on the environment and its significance and where environment activists conduct seminars ti || the Voice's becoma hoarse, Wara poorly represented in this section.
Once again it bBCame ovident that only the African nations had grasped the importance of
this i 53 Lul Tit. that the Erlwir of Africa Wo Would make th On the inter .mחםlatfם
Si Laika tot pant, but it E || te Bibb: WIS DE ET E Gall Udā Wä C to sweep humi the carpet of celebration S CO a | iera ting orie
lä SSES -- ithian the people at
KEWE Gregory We wa Plains project anti-enviro IIITer taker. While a ing in confere ars l o n en Wiro expense hava two ends that
Nearly 600plaint and a nirn been destroyed the suit Rешter report v that Sorte 197 CLI tiwa ble ad Oled and a portion of tropi t00, hiaid bogen
At present 5 monoxide, 30 t bols and 20 t. oxidé5 Hr B. Bei space in Sri Li
The Dissiden ES . . .
Canrifrired fra 17 page W.)
Fifth, the crisis of September 1991 was conducted entirely along constitutional lines, Significantly, the armed forces did mot give the slightast in di Cation of interveniпg, шpholdiпg a longs tarding tradition Of TETTÉining loyal to the elected government. Sixth, the crisis haS SE TWEId to heighten political consciousGSS in Sri Lanka. It is rei Twigo rated Parliament and other elected bodies, whose value in the mind of common people has been decline as increasingly the government came to be linked
опly with the presidеп сү.
10
This is Tot
President PTET to prowide leada HB a liñe Carme
collard of th: til E. HE INTE Wam quish ment : CaTE COSE to Co Lu Intry. This r skilful deployme powers provided 11 E CO15ti EL for titude and Per the Country s Luri T1 Collet in its TE Si The Ways it i: that his presiden ing the greates Lākā lā5 ĒVē for these reason Iy tha Presida

It Was also clear onmental forces uld before long EiT" W OCEG HEāTd national political
was a particigloves well for r that the SUITIlit xtension of the oncept. Attempts in problems under f. Er wirgslITElfäl Luld r'ESGLlt i OITÉ
153If from thé integrating with grass root level.
Wa, NLI Wara-Eliya and the Horto TE GOTTB of the Ital mDWB5 LIrld Ertivel y participat. nces and Seminment at great Đ BB wie WBd ä5 are incompatible. 900 Warieties of a species have during the Week was in Session. while mentioning 256 hectares of had been aband
едшally arge Cal forest CO WET tLIt dow.sil.
C0 C0 tots of Carbor ons of hydro Car
Daily water consumption requi Terment stand5 at: 80 milion gallճns.
If the ecological balace is to be maintained While all this is being done at least 1/7 of tead area SOUdia WEfOrgSt. CODWÈT
Of the sixteen million acre |ards area of the Island 72 Iakhs (acres) was forest Cover ir T955. NoWi iit Stards at 14)
akhs (ECFËS).
A study report filed by the Swedish Advisory Institute on the forest resource de Wel opTE Tt Of Sri Lanka Says that by the time the 10 million housing project ends the forest cover (presently 24%) would decrease to 12.5% by the year 2000.
If the participation in the Earth Summit has enabled us to find solutions to O UT pressig
problems, then surely it has been Worthwhile the affort, Small lations are being used to rubber stamp approval for the grandiose plans of blց nations. But the small nations must compel the richer states
to guarantee them the protection and safeguards that are necessary,
Els a the en Wironment overlords (fakirs) the world over would seek to take the path of least
ons of nitrogen resistance, saying that is one's ng released into Security should be provided by Edikas ēOTE. DIESElf.
to suggest that still reflects the sort of authority adasa has failed needed to counter the perils of
ship and Staibility. forward to taka UNP at a critical
ster Tilded the if the JWP, who
destroying the equired full and
Tt Of the EX-CLI ti WF3
for the president tion. His political severance helped vive a Very dark зсепt history, Iп S COTTE C EO SEW cy was bогп durit emergency Sті known. Perhaps s mot Lunexpectadt's style of office
political terrorism that surrounded it at the beginning. But there is growing resentment of and resistance to the symbols of personal power that seem to hawe BWolved from this Barly expBrience. StiII, the traditions of demogracy in Sri Lanka are too respected to
be put aside in response to Whate wear forces perio di Cally
offer it.
Acknowledgement
The author, Wishes to acknoWedge the assistance of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, which provided research support for this paper.

Page 13
Bishop Caldwell and til
D. P. SiWara
obert Caldwell (1819-1891)
Was the father of the DraVidian Towerment. Ha Was tha Bishop of Tiппеvely — the heartand of the Maravar Poligars - during the times when the British Were engaged in suppressing the Tamil military Castes in the Tamil region. His monumEntal Work The Comparative Granar of the Drawidian Languages which was published in 1856 aid the theoretic fourdation of the political, academic and Cultura | O WEITEt that Camig to do Tinate Tamilian life in the Wentieth century. The Work argLI ES that ai || South India languages (and a few others EISE WHO TE if the Sub CO timet like Brahui) belong to a distinct family of tongues called the Drawidian languages. This challenged the widely held view
of the time that most of India's
Cultivated lang Lages Ware deriVed from Sanskrit.
It follo Wed the rafore that the Cultura and civilization of the Dravidian peoples of south India WETE intrinsically unique. The role of these ideas in the inception of the Drawidian Towement has been examined in de2il elsewhere (Irish ick: 1969. Hardgrave: 1965. Sivathamby: 1978). These studies have se en in terms of the cultural and political contradictions between a newly arisen non-Brahmin Estes and tha BrahThins Who ed a che ved a preeminent place - der colonia| rule in the Mad
== Presidency,
The intention of this study - S. Er is to shOW that the | damental tang ts of the nasEnt phase of the Dravidian ide| || Were ESSE Intia|| y ||linked to = political and cultura | Tegaes of the British attempt to elitarize Tamil society.
The Writings of Bishop Cald
presuppose a teleological
project which V mւյrl ID What as great intellec il that Era of The assumption formed the BES dian theory. Th the British empi to finally bring Тапnils, а Іагge |lad Beer III: habit Of WE.T. t of pEate from tory in South Ind Order Would be the iTalent of the Drawid Would reach its af et hos Which ministratot Sia W those classes W. fa wourabT"y, with { W HOT LI ES the legitimate Ta. the rediscovery guistic and cult Would help Con: til Of the "IOWE THE TE |G W important role expansion of Br. Subcontinent - it tian soldiers whi pire's alternative ||ווח וחווחם T |םחסון
a). In the CCT f li 'A Hiltri (1888). Caldwell JOWED TITT BIT t. . . . . di Ed a WE 8 gOVË Triment pL unity with itself, it was powerful. this change ha important and wa sor Wilson, ...pl ing light the CCU ir hawe taken if thi Brnment had no to interpose its TTla" ba (:Criclude: had not a Wis: policy interfered habits Of Socia districts to tha so WOLJEd hawa Taiwa in Which traditio

he Tamil Dravidians
WES - Tot LUI COT= Were con Ceive d tua i Lundertakings empire building. s of the project is of His Drawiey Were a). that FBI. Wrth 5 - de Stiniaid order amongst portion of whom proпe to the a to the arts the da WTI of Hi5= ia, b). that this 1 gole il Which protestant ethos in civilization full expressionthe English adas the Wirtue of rich 'Coltrasted the Mara War" and hop considered milia TS. C) that of Drawidian inIral uniզաeness Solidate the posiclasses" among had played an in the military tis u ir tā He Tari|| || CHFigo Were the Emto the traditary Castes.
CILI ding renmarks y of Tinnavely" says "A mixed came thus to is succeeded by Irely English, at and as just as The results of W 3 baar Tost UabB, PTCf35FCE5 in a StrikSathings WOLJ Id e English Gowbeen el abad authority. "It ' he says 'that 2 and powerful to il for Ca thig | ||Ife, the fine Luth of KavēTI. . . rted to the state
describes the
long anteroir to Christianity, and WOLuld la W3 CC TO TE HE WE Էյattյme a suitable domitiIE fՃr the goblins of Rawana." The first refection that arises in one's mind on reading the foregoing sketch of the history of this district is that war seems to Have Haas the Gral Condition of Tinnewely, as of the rest of the old Pandya country... from the beginning of man's abode in these regions till A.D 1801'' (the year in which the Tami country was ceded to the British). Caldwell also notes that "Of the beneficial changes that have taken place since then, thë, T105t réITarkable is that-Which
We sae in tha Poligars themSeiwei5. ' ' HB ClairTS With Satisfaction that many among the region's Tartial Class ES WEera
taking to agriculture; and of the Maravar he says 'the change Wrought amongst the poorer class of the Mara was is not perhaps quite so complate...though OTCe the terror Of the Country they are now amenable to law and reason. . . ." Tamil society was thus at 'unity with itself" and was realising its destiny under the British Empire. He E55 grts that "Race after fag B, C f rulers have risen up in this country, has been tried and found wanting, and has passed awaү."" But that the Tamils "accept our government readily and willingly as the best government they hawe ewer had and the best they are likely to hawe in this age of the World". Under the 'paternal government" of the English Tamils were becoming a pвасаFL | and d LIstrio Luis al ion. The last race of rulers" which had гisaп up and passed away iп the Tamil Country wg ra the turbulent Maravar, English rule was tha only ong that was not found wanting because its principles апd protestaпt ethos were in consoriance with what Cald - WeII assued Werg tFe "true"
religioшs апd погаІ idвas of thв DIT Widi TCB.

Page 14
b). Although as a historian ha Was Well a Ware of thea hagemony of the Marawar's martial Culture in Tamil society, its exClusion from What ha desired to portray as the true DraWidian civilizāto Vas centrā ti Imp Grial and religious interests of Caldwell's teleological project. The English, in suppressing the martial castes, were restoring the sovereignty of Tamil society's "legitimate rulers" - the pesantry and lower classas.
In Caldwell's view the Tamil military Castes häd to Seek "the Safer and mor6 reputable occupation of husbandmen' (Caldwell: 1888, p. 229). However, he was deeply suspicious of their peace. Commanting Ճn the Pol|- gar Wars, he Wrote "The population of the sequestered Polams (Palayams) se emed to ba delighted with the opportunity afforded them of trying their strength With the English onՇe more, being thoroughly disContented, no doubt, with the peaceful life now required of then" (p. 197). And he Condemned a suggestion ventured by the author of the Tinne WB W Marl LIB || Mr. Stuart that the Palayam system of the Tamil military castes was historically ing Witable as the fiefdoms of TEdie Wal Europe — "" It is So Saldom that one hears a good
word about the Poligars that I
quot Eth BSE remarks of Mr. Stuart with pleasure.... I fear, howe Wear, that the Ti i 5 deeds of the Poligars Wera Torg Systematic and audacious than those of the feudal nobles of Europe in the middle ages.'" (p. 59). Apart from Con Corris Shared With the Briti5 Government, the Bishop's hostile attitude towards the Maravar arose from the bloody violence they un laashed on the Shanar, Bargea In Li Imbars of who Tin Wara embracing the Protestant faith. For him if the idolatory and the Sanskritic culture of the articula te Brahmins Was a spiritual threat to the propagation of the Gospel, the violence and misdeeds of the Maravar against the faithful was a dira physicall threät. In his 5Chemg of Tamilian history the Culture and gthos
12
of the classes the British gove Anglican church Solida te tha gairt ciety's demilitariz by Caldwell as chteristics of t Tartial habits Eid the Sakriti Efährlling Warg B Giã| [[[jær Briti the "trLIE" Drawi
THESE WEWS : many English mi. 19th century wh the Tails, M Bdministrators for this il är
dida CtC TEIT li Martyr Scudder in 1865 in W Tati| taxits ad port the missior a War i är Giant Christial idag (Irishick: 1976, | lief led to the What Were thol Works with lit In EOLIS il fue C of higher educa sionaries.
The collage tad a Tarket fr til of SLICH tШТП gave aП rediscovery of THIT11| հիմլյrks | | yer: En Sarit F which paradoxi publication of the Purapporul that portrayed t
fir Tā the foundation Titor ST TFL Bology assure Wiwalism W Old the protestant alІвgiапce to E the O-Tilitar Society by givi the Oral at Which he assu
ent in their : GU|tШТВ НП НГ
The adminis the Madurai di a Section of tE thus "They... ably with the

וחסugh Whםthr " Tent and the
- חסם סught tםS is of Tami i SO:ation were seen the true chara13 Tarn is. The of tha Maria War IC CLt Lure of the iliВП to the saTO Tal ideals of |lians.
were shared by ssionaries of the O Worked among issionaries and found evidence by religious and texts. Henry published a book hich he used poems to Suplary position that Tamil texts many Were present" 15). This beintroduction of ught to ba Tamil tle Or no ExtraB in institutions tion run by mis
curriculam creaor the publicaWorks. This in impetus to the птапу апcient (U. W. Sa minatha Кітап. р. 714) — cally led to the Pura na ano OTL and Wenba malai, text:S 1E En Gient Tails tial race and lay of Todern Tam S Caldwell's teli that Tarmil Talhelp consolidate ethic and the 1glish rule among | Castes in Tamil g expression to religious ideas Ted Wara immaIl Cignt Dravidian guag E.
ative manual of itrict commanded is class of Tamils Contrast favourМагаvапs, bвіпg
very orderly, frugal, and industrious". Other section, the Shamar it Was Stated "'ha We TriSBn enormously in the social scale by their eagerness for education, by their large adoption of Chritianity, and by their thrifty habits. Many of them have forced themsig IV es a head of the Maria WaTS by Sheer force of Character." (Thurston: 1906, p. 372). It was to these "loyal' classes of Tamils that Caldwell referred to When he Wrote in the introduction to his Grammar that "All throughout Ceylon the coolies in the coffee plantations are Tamilians the majority of the money-making Classas even in Colombo are Tamilians; and it seems not unlikely that era long the Tamilians, Will have 1930cluded the Singhalese from almost av ar y profitable emmployment in their own island. The majority of the Kings of Hindus, who are found in Pegu, Panang, Singapore and other places in further east, are Tamilians: a large portion of the Coolies Who have emigrated in Such numbars to the Mauriti LIS and to the West India Colonies are Tamilians; in Short whereVer money is to be made, wherever a more apathetic or a more aristocratic people is waiting to be pushed aside, thither SWarm the Tamilians, the Greeks or scotch of the east, the east superstitious and the most enterprising and persawering race of Hindus." (Caldwell: 1856, p. 7)
Caldwell's Drawidian theory thus gawe rise to a Vocabulary in Which the WOrd TärTil CäITE to con lote the Ton-Brahmin, non-martial aspects of Tamil Culture, Bishop Robert CaldWGl in laying the foundation of the Drawidiān Tower Tönt a ISO EndeaWoured and partially succeeded in dispersing the impression that the Tamils who, only a few years before his time Were thought of as being "prone to the habit of War", were a peace lowing and industrious nation. The intellectual andeavours of the learned missionary made the British Empire che rish an ulterior
போாபசர் சா நாரத 24

Page 15
OPIN HON
The Image of Africa
Emeka Anyaoku
ÇOntinent is engulfed by economic ՇՃllapse: War, famine, AIDs and malaria which may bury hopes of free. dom, peace and prosperity." That was the picture of Africa painted by a London quality newspaper On 29 July 1991: And it is the way you might
come to think if you relied solely on the general image purveyed by what Lord Jock
| Campbell onca aptly described as WPS - Very timerant Pundits - who generally depict Africa, especially black Africa
as aп агеa of econoппіс апd environmental disaster, and of
instability and dictatorship. That
| wie W is far from being the whole truth. But like any myth, it is not wholly wrong either. | mE Explain:
It is of Course true that most of the period since African | gប់ achiaved thair independence has been marked by a great deal of political upheaval including no less than 40 at tempted and successful military | coups d'etat. In a number of cases, the upheaval has ended outright civil War, conflicts some of which are still in pro
gress as I speak, The Conse| guences in places such as Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan
have been disastrous in Greating I thousands of refugees and worsening the effect of Tit Lu'l- induced famines.
But it is equally true that the rojection of Africa in the Eurocentric World as a FBgiחם of stagnation if not Outright Etrogression is based GSS entially on historical prejudice. There is nothing new in notions of racial superiority of this kind. The Greeks, we a know,
TeT of a Presentation Eா: Апyaоќш, Comлталweа/th SacrafагүGeneral for Carre Televis for Frag r= 775 °-OF/Wow5“
ICJ Coklad down 3rd 9WBryone baings. The R tUTT, LOOK B Vie W. Of therT15 CivilisatiOF) irl Britors, the G subject peoples. gd so do Wim to Conquest of th ad tha result World wig W in appeared as th: kind The poin Very telling historical Byou """barbia"". A SFOftar Oxfor ary, the Word non-Greek; ther Roman; and suprema cies War to designate and later still, the Renaissance
BLE WHērg to the Ancients : from ignorance, modern pundits main from a not the 1e Est Te||LIC:tä. Ca to a for its afflict Africa has son to its credit ever in inaus fHT LEG III 55. Therig is mora
Wars and far real the pres there are god
Africa's hopes and prosperity.
The socio-ec Tents of ind tend to be ow interest Of sens The Bx telt of t can be seвп, b) dחat i חםsitiםם חi חםsItiםם th B using the usual quality of life, education, for E Very Small per
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

On thig Rolas éSe as Esse O Illa Il S i their similarly exalted BWgs ald their relation to the aLIIs aisld other | And it terThain| the European a 19th Century ing Euro centric which Europeans 3 lords of huma | |s matia im a r by theםחחaוז il of thig Word ccording to the English Dictionfirst rigant a 1 låt T. a. Ilthքm these twԱՃ lished, it came 3 non-Christian in the age of a non-Italian.
в ргејшdice of
stemmed largely that of our sters in the
ixture of motives, of which is a cknowledge that, tons, independent IB Ea Chi3'VE9r1Bri t5 ind is working picious circums:LITE its fut L'Irg. to Africa than nings. However erit difficulties, id gro Lunds for нf freedom, peace
Onomic a chievependent Africa rooked in thig ational тәрorting. hĒ a chievements * Comparing thE epondence with subseqшепt years i di Cator 5 of the In the field of bжапmple, only a Gentage of the
population could read and write. in places such as Niger, Mali, Sierra Leone and Senegal to na mig a few, as marily as 80 per cent of adults could neither raad or Write. From this poor fundation, Africa set out to win the war against illiteracy. By 1985 the situation had inproved Considerably with tha the Te5 Lt that tha | LIITTba. Of adU |ts Who COLIld read Eind writa had risеп to 48 раг свпt. This improvement was particularly marked in countries like Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, and Botswana.
Tha a Chigwa Eat Wa5 EW3 nore remarkable in the education of Woman. Again, let
me men tion one or two figuras. In 1970. апIу 17 рег. септ of adult WOII en Gould raad and Write in sub-Saharan Africa, it Black Africa a 3 a. W 103. B. W 1985, the IlUmber had in Crgasgil to З8 рег свпt. Iп soпhe casв5, the increas es Were quite dramatid. For Example, in the 5 ame period, the number of women Who COLld TEād ād - W Tita Tosa from 18 per cent to 88 per іп Тапzaпіа; fгопл 47 рег свпt to 77 per Cent in Zimbabwe and from 44 per cent to 69 per сепt iп Botswana.
Af Other a Taa Where independent Africa has made great strides but Which is ngit gitan reflected in ITILICH Of What Wg read in non-African publications is public health. At independence, the infant mortality rate was generally very high, 284 children out of every thousand died before tha aga of five. In Some cases, the rate was in excess of 350 per thousand. However, this depressing pictura steadily changed for the batter in the years following independence. By 1988, infant mortality rate had fallen by more than 100 par thousand in many Countries including, Burkina Faso, Benin Mala wi, Nigeria,7 Cam Broon, Zambia and Gabon.
Even in the Inore difficult area of economic growth, there hawa been notable ad Wan CBS. Between 1965 and 1973 - that
13

Page 16
is before the set of the oil crisis - a number of African countries experienced an average annual growth rate of over 4 per cent. These included Malawi, Kenya, Lesotho, Cote d'Ivoire, the Congo and Gabon. A few averaged even higher growth rates. Nigeria registered an аппшal growth rate of 5.3 рег сепt; Swazillaпd, 5,8 per cent Botswапа, a staggeriпg 9,3 рег
Et
For most African Countries, this period of economic buoyancy care to a close at the end of the 1970s and Was fo||0 wedsoon after the beginning of the 1980s, by a crisis which continues to this day. Rising prices of oil and manufactured imports, the continuing fall in commodity prices and, not least, mistaken policies in the past, are the principal reasons for Africa S e Colonic Crisi5, BLIt
do Tot i Walt to di WG || OT this. Let më instead spell out briefly What Africid 15 therT5eựES hawe been doing to climb out of the actյոDmit trough.
The Econostic Crisis ad to å Serious rethinking of the dBVB|oponent paths which African COLT tries had hither to followed and Which had contributed to their present predicarinent. It was generally agreed that these past
policies and strategies had TESLI tad in un fulfilled promisgs and that far from advancing
Africa, they had in som a Casas ad it EWE TO TE WU Era EIE
to external pressures. So When Africa, leaders et at their Lagos summit in 1980, thay
decided that the realistic Way out of their problems ay in the adoption Bf what they called "a far-reaching regional approach based primarily on collective self-reliance." By this they meant promoting through regional groups a greater degree of trade and economic co-operation among African countries,
Already a number of regional Economic groupings had emerged: the ECOOTic COTTILIn ity of West African States in West Africa (ECOWAS) in 1975, the Southern African Development Co-ordination CGI fer ETICE (SADCC) in 1980; and the
4.
Pfafargitial TTE Eastern, Centra African States ( It Was a CCOrdi the Lagos meet וחם חםal BGחסregi Would form W Աall the building pan-African cc
The next majo journey Was tak at the last S Organisation of (OAU) held in capital city of A Africa LÊEdETS : estabolishing än Marktil tԼյ LitյmE
in the next cer
Teg are ol who see preciol new in thESE | mic groupings. point to the fact days, tha COintir integrated econ has been sin CE either forget ignore the fact гвgional arrange tolded to the et demands of a апd a differen invariably tied mic life to the governing EUTO Iпdepвпdепсе с needs which ha
S.
Colonialism essen tial 1y a pri With Garwing-u] the continent a Berlin Conferen quent horse-tr: European coloni little regard t national or eth a result of thi priority afteг іп to build the p. the continent o the new politic: Was also clear an active polic integration befo läti Shad: newly won in SO WEEreignty Wol is chaos. where, national Häförg intérnatic del CE bafora

de Area for
Tid SOLL har PTA) in 1981. gly decided at ing that these ic organisations hat ona might blocks for a IITITThOn TTlarket.
T step in this g || JLG 1991 f tHEם שווח וחש African Unity Nigeria's паw buja. At Abuja, signed a treaty חם וחווחםC חfricaל into force early tur.
F COLITSE EHOSE is little that is . amergi ng econo Such paՃբle that, in tg |tյոia! Et WWES TO TE Tically than it . SLC critic5 or conveniently that the old, ments were inthe needs and different epoch order which Africa's Econoneeds of the pean metropolis. reated its Wr tl tԵ Էյթ IIլtյt II
Africa Was յcess that began and dividing it the 1884/85 ce, The Cosg
ading by the al powers paid O Africa's old
hic Coya | ti ES, A5 5, the pressing depender C9 I Wa:S litical unity of the basis of EOLJIdari ES. It that to pursue y of regional ra Africa's The W perienced their ependence and |d hawa edad Africa as else. iš Had to COITE bnalism; indepenіпteагdepвпdепce.
Ideed, it is because the Curret
policy of African economic integration has been allo Wed to grow out of a common
acknowledgement of its necessity, that We have the best assurance of its viability.
In the meantime, no less than
40 African Countries Brg Undertaking far-reaching domestic economic reforms or economic restructuring. These reforms are being pursued in the face of COSid Tabla difficulties. I haVE already referred to the problem of the continuing fall in commodity prices. For example, at the time of Independence a country like Tanzania needed to produce and se || 7 tons of 5isial in order to buy One tractor from Europe; seven years later, the same tractor required 35 tons of sisal for its purchase. For African commodity producers -- and most African countries are commodity producers - this means producing and selling more and more for less and less by way of есопопmic retuгп. And now these huge disadvantages are made Worse by Com= petition from Eastern and Central Europe for tha a Wailable international investment capital.
Structural adjustment usually entails great hardships for the population at large but especially so for the disadvantaged and the Vulnerable. To SUStain structural adjustment programmes th Brefore Ca||5 for Con Side Table political courage; and the fact that the great majority of African governments have monethele SS Sustained the programmes shows En Lur Wawering resolwe to Come to grips with their economic problems. Those who decry Africa's BCC nomic performan C9 Would do well to bear these Considerati OI 15 in mind.
What of the recurrent coups, Wars, abuses of human rights and other afflictions which are said to threaten Africa's hop Es of peace and prosparity?
To extent to which Africans ārg det Grilled to Teallise thair Һopes of peace and prospвrity is often not adequately reflected if the intgrslational madia some of which occasionally imply that

Page 17
the сопtiпепt might beпеfit from а пеw round of management from abrodd, We mLIst nBW Er forget that, whatever its apparent practical benefits, colonial rule, by the nature of human history and experience, had to Coma to an end. The job of developing the continent had ultimately to be undertaken by Africans and O Africa e T.S. Il this CO= nection, it was always clear to al Africans of sense that Takіпg a reality of iпdepвпdепсе would be no easy task. That is why in spite of all the coups and civil conflicts, nowhere in Africa hawa people sought or W|| || GWET 5E-Fak tha retur of Colonia || FLJE. Inistead, the Glamour was for independence and is now for multi-party democracy in which there will be genuine popular participation and Effective checks against abuse of DOWWEr.
In the past year along, the Cause of multi-party democracy has gained considerable groшпd. In more than 15 ՃՃuntries, in = CILI ding Angola, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zambia, Sierra Leone, Togo, Cota de'd lwoire, to na me Sola of the more prominent examples, multi-party politics has KaLLLL S aaaa LLL LLLLLLL LLLLLL aLLaLLS Ons held or preparations for tha return of multi-party politics hEWB E) een far Edwan Cgd. SOFT: LLL HLHHLLLLaLLLLSS S HaHaa S S S KLLLaaLaLL this resurgence of the demomocratic novellet in Africa to developments in Eastern and Central Europe. It is simplistic to suggest that it is the breakdown of Communism in Europa that has inspired Africans to campaign for multi-party democracy. The rejection of one-party or military rule in Africa is wholly an internal African judgTent on 30 years of Africa's history a ince independence.
Another noteworthy dimension of the new democratic mowe. ment in Africa is that it has in lost cases not been driven by elite groups merely wanting their O Wr turn to Contro State power. In many cases, the movement has been started by Trade Unions, as was the case
іп Zambia, or by happened in pola d'Ivoirea Bad Bal instal CBS the 5 T LI Unions alike had in enlisting opp party rule and si
T10 CF ECW HT101g
Lu In Eamployed espo i and industrial Widg, a mi Lu Tiber Organisati Öns SLIC CՃլIntil Ճf WՃ|url tha Ghia Feder less and Profes H3 A || Africar
Chi Ljro:Flag | KE Tazalia Erwirt hawe helped to sF of the pro-democ
In February 19 such grassroot for allower Af Tanzanian city of the a Luspices ol NatiOS ECO1oli for Africa. The identified the āE: cracy in Africa : marily responsible tica || 3rd Socioof the continent
Et LITESS HETH popular particip running of societ neith ar de Wealopom formation could
WHether frOIT) | ab OWE, thëra is SETELIS in AfriC
EdEd for dEl CF Interest of politic orderly socio-eco Tent, TETE, E indicatiմms tha something fundar place in Africa. LET BEFk fs past and, all co, advance for degency. As in E ECOOTicchE the strength of political transfor the way it has imposed from out naturally and o Within.
AfriCS EGTE Ware of the tha tasks befor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

students, as CBS likg Cole i... | BSB da Luts and Tridea
no difficulty Sition to GilaIpport for dearries of the acially in urban areas. Africa
of grassroot Fill as the SL da tary agencies, tion of BusiՀiՃmal Warm Bm, Conferen GB of пуа апсd tha mental Society hapa the agenda .tחם וחVBם וחילצHLח
|ED, Over 500 organisations ri: Tliet li ta F ATLISHä LIGHET f thց Արiteri IC COmissio
da liberations Since of deHis Ebeing pria for the poliBCO TOTTiGi Crisis and GJ Gudgd was gепшіпв til if the y and economy, et TOT ET 5boa expected.
below or from
a clear Conon the essertial tisa, tion iri LF 3 a stability and nomic de wallopTE W CIBT t poiitically, mental in taking It in Wolves a
Til the FaCat sidered, is a аппостасү апd
the Case of Inges underway, this emer ging Ilation ||35. İl gwo lwad — mot side but growing rganically frorm
well ססly tחס впотпnity Of в thепn. Thву
know that democracy is a desirable goal; but they also know how exceedingly difficult it is to Secure aspecially in Countries made up of different and Ong-e Stablishad at hic groups. Similarly, they know that While real improvement to their e COOTiC COdition List ultimately depend on their own Efforts, thay Gämmũt hapā t[] succeed if they live to contend at tha Sāmē tim B. With SSLICH hostila external factors 85 having to service a crippling debt bLIrden: Garning e SS and e SS from exporting the commodities on Which thair Economias depend;
and having to suffer steadily worsепіпg terms or external trada.
But whether it is politics or есопопnics, Africaпs approach their afflictions with the optimism and the conviction : Եf a happy outcome. That is why they are Bager for non-African cominant
ators, especially those in the EuroCentric World, to interpret and project Africa's circums
tances with greater objectivity LLLLLL S LLLL S aHLLLLLCLLLLaa L S SS LLLL despondency that is generally the case, Africans ask for no favours in tha reporting on their affairs. Thāy ask, for example, that civil Wars and other Tan tragedia S in Africa Should not invoke vocabulary that is different from that
used for similar tragedies elsewhere such as di CaScribing the Ca Lusalities Of
European civil Wars are being "killed" while those of African civil Wars are being 'slaughterad". To sum up, all that Africans ask for is that their strengths and Weaknesses should be viewad and interpretad with the sama degree of realism and understanding as is applied to other peoples and regions of the World. After ail, We should not ferget that all human lifa began some four millioп years ago in Africa.
15

Page 18
*
PART 72
Devolution and Bounda
S. Sathananthan
link was divined by Dr.
ATTĒTa kO E E at WEET """iT TätiO " El Orda TS End retarded ECOnomic development. In effect, and without empirical evidence, a 'theory" of underdevelopment W35 i Weted for Sri Lanka ir Which distored development was linked primarily to supposedly inappropriate provincial borders drawn by the Colonia || Sitāte. As proof, the outlandish claim Was made that Pro Wicial Coulcils (PCs) set up under the IndoSri Lamka ACCOT di hawe em
Lē55f ct of ""wrong bошпclaries", even though the Centra | GoW3 Trh Tent " de WO - wed' (sic) about 80% of all its powers to PCs. As evidence of such extensive "devolution" (sic), it was pointed Out that powers of PCs listed in the 13th Arendent to the Constitution covered almost 14 pages whilst the list of powers of Central Government in the said Amendmепt covered only about 6 pages! This hilarious explanation of the scope of power-sharing of course Ignored the obvious difference between the content of a law and the space its text occupied
on the legal document, New provincial borders must, it was argued, ble de termined by the
distribution of Ināt Ural resources instead of by that of "ethnic groups'. In particular, the role of the State in controlling rivars Ed Cat:ITEt ESVS CO15idered indispensable to avoid political problems. As examples, the Speaker referred to control exercised by the Indian State over the Garges and Braharing
plu tra river Walleys, evidently igno
at of the fact that Each of their is shared by three Countries. Again, ECCOrri C deve Oprmenti France and Germany was attributed to the Contro the Wo States exercised over the valleys of their respective rivers Seine and Rhine, oblivious of the fact that Seine and Rhine are the
16
respective Frenc
lates for the flows through | Indeed, if the a Walid the the El in Europe shoul Orders of a si was patently M.
But I such ap errors did not d dations, without del Ce, for dra Wii cial borders W coincide with re Files and are sш Lurce rational". provinces accord groups" would,
set out each separately and Irent War"
|ristead a 5EErni was advocated: velopment-orient borders which a tiữFlä|'' āTlC C01 within each new ments of al " for the b) gefit country. To maki When Dr Arma Tak ded a W. Eo Order: to the early in division ըf FFhi Riga ad RL, existed almost ago and which motely satisfy
e d5 ad facili ring between the orities of t defend this a regression, Dr. A the mirid-bogglir these threa anci ựÎsit}F15 ựựBTB: HTC Lurce rationāI"|
These ground were repeated E ma Bandara, wh be taking a 'S newertheless de cli borders to be tional, terral sions, it was cli

ries
Il di Gerar
a TG river that both Countries. SSBrtion 5 to HEI tire Rhine walley | fa || կիլլՒ11Iլ լիք g|B Stälte which DThE CESe,
palling factual ETT TELOITTITTET
a shred of evil ing the W. pro Winhich allegedly ISO LurCe. b0 Lundapposedly "resoTO demar Cata ing to ''ethnic it was claired. "Ethnic group" │ead to "perbEtWeer thern. gly lofty ideal of creating "deEd" provincial ril ''rBSOLI TC Taduld incorporate V prowin Ce SegEthnic groups' and unity of the Etter S W OTSE, TE TETTITTET S 3 rEgreSSed ternal political Te Fafā, M.Maya PLI Fātiā, Whi:
fWo mi|Ernia EI OL EVET 'E- turrent political at E. Do Wer-shadiffit TFoday. And to ISUrd Historica
ma rakk B, TBdB ng assertion that ent political diSti a E 'rg5 0
ess formulations by Prof. MaddLIcofessed to EEF' Wig WW || EL ared the existing *"TESOLUCE irra
political diviailed, hawa a II
ways been based oп hydro—ecological factors and that this has been the case in almost all Countries, But no evidence was provided of even a single instance where internal political borders coincided with TeSOLIrce bOUndaries Within arly Country, including Sri Lanka.
Beginning on a confused note, Mr Fernando (recipient of the Eleventh Royal Asiatic Society Medal) claimed that "just beCause one speaks a language one does not belong to that Ethnic group". Probably he Wish gd to SHOW that "We are a II mixed", i.e., that groups of perSoms Gould 10t claim to be - racially Sapara te on the basis of their respective mother tongues. One can only agree and reject as a fallacy the popular belief a mong Sinha less that they belong to the Aryan race mạfElỵ" becausa thay Speak the Sinhala language. This supposedly liberal smoke-screen was thrown up to mask the subjective natura of the assertions, that is i Sri Lailka
(a) the pre-colonial maps were based or at Lura || 9 do Wm Ents; (b) the colonial maps were based or politics; and
(c) it was necessary to return to nature-based Taip S.
The rationale, steeped in patriotic rhetoric, was summarized in his one-page note, titled
Dawesoprnär Orienfé Prowsrica/ Bouv 7daria5 ir7 the . Cor text of LLLLLL S TLLLLSS SKLC S SYLLLLLLaLLLLSS LLLL S S TCLLOLKSS
for of Sri Lanka, which was distributed at the seminar: "Man stead of harmonising with and following Natural boundaries, like Other a Tills, so as tO - mobiliseo its natura || real Sources, as it was meant to be; (sic) | as attempted in his greed to go against it and create artifiCial bo L Tidaries i TeCat tim ES for hi5 - COWgier Cg... | t T LISt Bo Ba

Page 19
rem GTiberad that tua TG5 OUTCBS cannot be lowed, if done it WOLJId hawe to bē domē at great expence (sic) апсd iп сопVEniance, Since Man is mobile he could be easily moved with the le ast Cost and inconvenience. But instead of following nature like a II aniTaS, do and har im Omise With it. We build artificial barriers for Our selfish motives. . . In fact all ancient societies in their wisdom have followed latural bou daries. It is tha Selfish Material MAN mainly after the Colonial era, (sic) carving up countries for material benefit Brid to dividE and rule for his Selfish Toti WGS."
THESE. rambling Comment:5 mg = rely demonstrated an abysmal ignorance of elementary facts of history and principles of social theory, Because, it is grossly Erroneous to believe that is |Societіas before the European Colonial era people preferred to migrate rather than to trade. This BTC) Lits to the fiq Tical clair that settled societies did not exist before Europears in
wented trade; t by Civilization our imaginatior Te WGE |ad a lack of the crucial Vēl ātrā M3: that na tu into social Man human beings ways of other tead organized of natura On (Gerasi T10 W, 1 ! Mr Ferrardo B that people in example, Cons Works and bot civilization by ples set by a the surrounding mably baing fai set by anima IS, sed in the nex present pro Will ( by four "Natural іп вssвпce, со political divisi Wa-FT LI LI r 7 LI Tat ment to divide two: Rajагаѓа The five law possessed "DevE
VASA O
207, 2nd (
COO
Төlephone
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

lat the Idus Walis a figment of I. The Cote alsGO of knowledge distinglions betTial and 50 Cid ra | Tan evolved precisely because did MOT fo|IOW anima S and isthe exploitation a S0 Cid | b)3SiS J75). Hovever, widently believed Sri Lanka, for Er Lucited irrigation uilt a hydraulic following examimals living in jungles | Presuthful to traditions -םpםtEprםח thB . para that the Ces be replaced Regions" which, for Tad to tha Els Of PfiffF-MMaga with an adjustPhi Rag into and Mahaweya. Units supposedly slopment Oriented
BOLJIldariES' Which, it Was Unсопvinciпgly alleged, coiпcided with natural boundaries of Water
-shed areas. To incorporate political factors, each 'natural region' was divided into provinces and each province in to districts. The District
(and not a "natural region" or province) was considered appropriate "if the objective is for (sic) da contralization in order that local communities could decida OOGandare matters that affect them.' Ewidently the history of nationality conflicts, of the fai || Lura of 1981 District Development Councils (DDCs) to deal With gwe " "murdana ma tters'' because they we re Starwed of funds by the Center and the da liberate emas CL | Htion of the 1989 North-East Provincial Council (NEPC) by tha transfer of rastricted powers and ä|Ocation of im5Ufficient funds, both Of Which TE W Bald the illadвqшасy of decentralizatioп as a solution to tha nationality question, hawe all passed by Mr Fernard O. COTT po|eta|W.
Next: Demography
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17

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Page 21
Muttu Coomaraswamy to Anthropology
Radhika Coomaraswany
had always envisioned Sir Muttu Coomaraswamy as the father of Ananda CoomarasWarmy. He had no distinct identity of his own except a reflected glory; a father who sirEd Such progeny must hawe, himself, been a great man. HowBVer, as I have begun to do research on the life of Sir Muttu Coomaraswamy, I find him to be an absolutely fascinating figUre in his OWIn right, The Story af his life has forced me to reflect on many things, the least of which is the law. Exploring his life gives us insight into a greater process With regard to our nation's experience. An analysis of his lifa and work is in the end linked to the for hation of Sri Lankan nationalist ideology as well as the psychology of British imperialism. But more of that later. . .
For someone working in the field of ethnic Studies in the twentieth century, there is something very special about a man, like Sir Muttu Coomaraswamy, Who is trained in the law and Ends up. Writing about Comparative religion and anthropology...? f the is Successful. Fle is Considered like Leonardo Da Vinci to be a Renais San Cea Man, If he fails, he may appear as a gadfly or a dandy, someone who has the capacity to mesmeIsa and charm With Words without the depth and understanding of a great scholar, Those who were close to Sir Muttu Coomarasvvamy Were Consinced that he was a Sri Lankan Jefferson, but his Critics thought otherwise. In retrospect, oma can honesty Saythat his Early death prevents US from coming to any conclusion. He had all the qualities of brilliance eguirad for renaissance men but his short life prevented that trilliance from reaching its ze.
ith. Ald S) || to him, even si begin with the he lived. . . ."
The family of araswamy are nal Colombo actual fact, t sense of the Colomara SWamy" pattern for W. to be the por OC mation among during the Col father's life is the model fic: Wished to be and successful community du era. I tink, il that his family Lankan family t and for that the with seats in COLJПCil as u F representing th Tamil speaking
Whāt area tha upwardly mobile elita during th Muttu Coomar Was Arumugar wamy Muda li Wh) Wya S b) Oʻr Point Pedro. Il to Chekku Stri to turn of the tury, Arumшga cited at The Was The Acade College, a ser by the Govern to educate y high social is to tha na W' gowě ha, WāS Tāde Governor's Ga tensive dealing: With (GoW er OTS Barmes, aloring Chiefs. In Ap Пафg the firs Legislative Co the Tamil spe

- from
he many tributes חס5 חWום his וחם
Words. . . . 'Had
Sir MUttu COOT1in fact the origiamis, if not in an in the social Word. Sir Muttu 5 family set the hat may be said ess of elite forColombo Tamis onial period. His 50 SE SE those who upwardly mobile Within the Tamil "ing the British I could bg said Was the first Sri o set the example y were rewarded the Legislative official members c. Non-Christian population.
markers of this Sri Lanka Tamili a British period? aswamy's father
pillai Coomarasrar (1783-1836) in in Garuda will
The family moved ët, Colombo, at
nin eteenth Cennpillai was educademy when it my and not Royal nary established ir Fredrick Nort וחטen frוח LIngו at Lis for ser Wica net. In 1805 Muda liyar of the B and had ex
in this capacity
Brownrigg and with the Kandyan | 1833 hig. Wa5
Tiber of the İncil to represent king population.
Law
According to the London News of that period he was appointed to this distinguished post not only because of his high Status but as a TE Wärd for tha services rendered to government.
"In tha different ax paditions which the British army had to make to Kandy before the hill Country Was finally subjuga tad, in tha en tering into treaties With the Kandyan princes as well as in the pear fisheries of Aripo. Coomaraswamy had shown such abilities and attachment to the English rule as to have induced thв British govвrпппвпt to pгаsent him with several gold medals and to have drawn public approbation frOfTi successiva English governors of Ceylon'3
In other words, Sir Muttu Coornaraswamy's father was an Lumabashad Colab Orator and admirer of British rule. His only sign of rebellion came in his vociferous adoption of the Aboli tionist cause and the prevention of the Slave trade. 4. In addition, he newer gawe up his Hindu beliefs, Despite this, however, he remained an absolute admirer of British rule and actively participated in its administration.
This Luna bashed Collaboration on the part of Sir Muttu's father is, a Very importamt fact bocau59 it explains the emotional needs of successiva generations of Coomaraswаппуs, Pоппапnbalams and Ramanathans to expiate this sin by becoming погв апd more nationalist in their rhet Ori C and Work. Sir Muttu led the revolt aspecially in the religious and Cultural sphere. His work with regard to the classics was taken to the ultimate by his son Ananda Colomaraswamy and his political interests naturally blossom God im the T het Ori C and fira of his nephews, Sir Ponnam
19

Page 22
balan Rama nathan and Sir Por
ambalam ATLu a cha lanmı,
And yet it is their grandfather, Sir Muttu's father, who created the material conditions which would offer them the opportuInity to become national heroes. It was he, who gave the whole family "'a touch of class", a belief that they were members of a Tamil aristocracy, though in actual fact their family lineage had little to do with the Court of thea Afya chakrawartis or the so-called Jaffna Kings. Their aristocracy came from a wella llar pedigree but also depended on the grace and charity of British rulers, in the end they proved themselves to be indispensable with regard to service and professionalism, characteristics which would single out the Sri Lankan Colombo Tamil community during the period of British rule. So while Sir Muttu lowed to ba ca||ed tha prince of Lanka, he was really the product of the new professional class which grew and flourished during the period of British rule.
In most lectures there is much Writter about the father5 Of Bgal personalities but very little ab OLlt their Others — this has to be corrected, Not only beCausa of a feminist insisten Ce, but becausa a personālity's ralationship with his or her mothe is a central influencing feature of that life, if one reads between the lines with regard to many biographies, one immediately notices the important role that mothers play in creating a sense of nationalist and ethnic identity, in that sense Sir Muttu was no exception, His mother Wisalakshi lived til 5HE Was 77. She ea mea from ar important Jaffna family linked closely to Tamil Culture, the Hindu redigion and karmatic music. B. Sir MUttus intere 5 t in the Cla SSi CS and his translations of importat Tamil and Pali Works must have been influenced by his mother's love for these subjects and his awareness from a young age of their centrality in her life. His father may have given Sir Muttu the opportunities but it was his mother Who gawe
2O
Assistant
him the a Wa Teng him to make bution, especia of classics. It Sir Muttu's the Padeva tra fina to Kataraga part of the nin This Committen gion must ha We inf|LIB TCe GT1. Si
Si Muttu Wa uary 23rd 182 tion of the M of that ETa, So cribed by Yasir in het DOok 7 Ha Was initial tutors at hort E the Colombo է was Royal Coll languages and won the Tour no excellence in G English and at gawe his first ti tiSHn Go'Wern Or O
Very soon afte at the age of 18 Cover. Mullaitiwu but sh after a few mon Ciwill Ser WiCEJ WE prestigious vocati throw it up in of an advocate.
The question why? What insi into a personali til E of GLIr h world Bank be tha Civ || Serwick think the deci5i aspects of Sir
ity which will life in later yr always valued independence. relationship wi where by the gawE While at the Sal his distinct perso |on ReWie W o f I their tribute to few Ceylonese, can it bB. Said such a One Was dent."10
The quality o dence is also The TB is no do Lu Wated to be

is which allowed distinct [:0Tht Fiy in the world 5 also said that har had Tade 1 foot from Jäfma in the early a teenth century, | to Asian Telihad a profound
MILLt Luo
Born On JB... In the tradida War failies bela LI tifully de 5in Go Onerate Waffweg Mer'is5, y educated by
He attended cademy, which age, and studied ha ClaSSICS. HE
ur prize for his .
reek, Latin and the age of 18
bast to the Bri
f that period.
r that, Sir Muttu was made an nment Agent at Erat Lured Home ths. The British is an extremely on but Sir Muttu favour of a life
has to be asked ghts do we get ty which at that
istory, prior to nefits, gave up for the bar.
in refects two Mutt'5 perSoniaCharactar i Ge his ars. Firstly, he a leasure of He wanted a Hi thig British them assistance 19 time retaingd |ality. The CeyCtober 1894 in it states "'Of living or dead. that "'sլյch and truly indepen
this indepanwery revealing. it that Sir Muttu admired by the
British, he wanted to 'belong" but at the same time he wanted to be distant from the political taskmasters; to become a part of the Civil Service Was to Se TVG without reservation, to suppress personal ambition for public benefit. SiT Multtuu Was not On Ea Who Could una bashed|y ser We a master. In that sense he was one generation removed from his father, Nor Wa5 ha i Ciled to repress his personality in the interests of a large bureaucracy. His life, as We will see later, was truly the triumph of perStoral Wi II o Ver the Social ald political attitudes of the times, Tha Civ II service Would hawg de nied Such a personality its full expression.
The second aspect relating to Sir Muttu's decision to leave the prestigious civil service was that Sir Muttu, in the end. Wanted to be a cosmopolitan
personality. Mulaitivu was not his idea of paradise. Ha Wanted to ba at the Centro of
power, magic and excitement. Ha did not Want to se TVG or experience the real lifa of his countryman. He was in the process of constructing a fable - he was the prince and the east was a falryland. Mulla itivu and the life of the GA set reality against these fables. For people lika Sir Muttu, the East lived in its classics, in the Pali, Sanskrit, anti Tamill texts, What was outside their Window Wis an aberration.
Wig is so Would sit barefoot with Sinhala Craftsman and Write down in detail every aspact of their work, the father shied away from the grassroots. Sir Muttu lived off the pages of the Classics that ha translated. Through that imagery, he Wanted to assert his personality and his Cultura in the heartland of British Civilisation, not at its periphery. And to a greater :ont than others, he SucceedE.
Sir Muttu gawe up tha civil Sa Twice for tha bar. The Bar was in fact an imporant career choice in that it all o Wlad for several avenues of advancement.

Page 23
Опе could engage in a lucrative practice, aspecially in that era where English speaking lawyers were few and far betWBB. One could use the Bar as a stepping Stone to a carear in the Legislature or be appointad to the High Court. Sir Muttu followed the second route of using the bar to gain access to the Legislative Council.
Sir Muttu was articled under Sir Richard Morgan (O. C. and Puisine Justice of the Supreme Court). In 1856, he was called to the Bar as an advocate, He had a very successful career but it lasted only ten years. However, Sir Muttu's contributOn to the lega|| profession Cann O b6 aSCertained in the substance of his practice of his Influence with regard to Important judgements. His main contribution was in breaking racial barriers and gaining access to the Bar of England and Madras. When he went to England, he fought hard to open the Bar of England to all Easterni subjects of the British empire. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn and was the first person who was neither Christian mor Jew to secLure the privilege Dit getting his name registered in the Rolls of the Inns of Court.11 Later he was admitted to the Madras Bar after some esistance from local Englishen. In this regard, then Sir Multu did make a major con tribution for members of the Sri Lankan Legal profession, fighting racial prejudice at the centre. So as to allow for greatis mobility and access within he pillars of the British legal =tablish ment. This perhaps is is primary contribution to his see at the Bar, for in Sri L = K5 at Bast he Was bett Br
own as a legislator.
in 1861, Sir Muttu's brother | la W. Ederamanasingham, r8red from his seat in the Legislative Council to make Way of Sir Muttu. Sir Muttu's career the Legislative Council appears TD h=We been an interesting One hough one finally remains Valent with regard to his = contribution. There was
no doubt that a to legislative ski preparation for a superb legislat Writer COT TIET t his fluency of s t HERE H E F had 10 that he covered of subject and c. research into the trovers y etc. " Crist as Delt Gide of CIOTTES the LSE of Word dit tiĒ5, the flash i But this praise Sub5tel: B 15 Wo. a la tar 5gCtion , Fanalyse his stan i SS LIES With rega list Wision.
It is sufficient t1 at: 1g Sgged rights of indige and languages school System estäblishert of ship. He also po introduction of : Curriculum. Bey cers, he was to challenge B and British rule. |tסטyסם חסf פחס League Confront: instead to argu LISB persuasion
meas. He was TLII f E Gr was really that
Another aspec d5 3 11.9 Tiber Ol t:0itiltil was a stil oftan felt by f Ճf the coլյritil OWE-Effair Wit and is extraor in England was spant many WE Sri Laikā. Jam his biography W|1B1. Sir MLItt L place Was fil | Bad Who Was aske the interests speaking peop. Al Wis was dete S FILII I FE Sinhalasa, 14 |, Clair T t t a BL b3 a ble to repo Brests of Tamil But in terms of

s with regard II at Oratory and dabata, ha Wa5 Or, Writer after or his diction. gach, tha fact a:Cent, the fact a WEry aspect lid pains taking areas of ConA TE MCCķ ES : Sh. W this Wä, my perfectly, 5, tha instāt of Wit, etc. . .13 of Style ower rise and in we will try and Ce Of Warious rd to a nationa
to say here to project the nous religions Էյtյth iր լից and in the places of Worushed for the SCİECE in to thig ond the SE COTItot real |y ready ritish authority HE Wlad G TOT is and Reform ition, preferring 3 a point and [[] athl=ựe Flls 110t GLut in the ibaldi, his style of Cavour.
t of his career F the legislative eglect that was | If W mērbērs
SML Hi tha Briti5H Hinary inflшепсе SLICH that ha ars a Way from as De Awis in Joints out that was away, his by a Burgher di to represent of the Tail e. James de "mined that this ppen to the for One, Wi || not Irger would not resent the in . speaking people. the principles
of the era it does reflect a certain irresponsibility. Therefore, while Sir Muttu was fighting for the rights of all Easterners in London, O. G. Could a rg LIB that he som GWhat nagle Citad his responsibilitiĖS at the Crip har y and that the Tamil speaking people Were without a representa tive for quita a fel W years during his ab SEPTICE.
Sir Muttu was the first Sri La kan Tamil to Wisit England. He made an extraordinary impact O British Civic society and on August 4th 1874 was awarded the knight Bachelor, the highest award a colonial subject in those days could receive. He received it in Osborne at the Isle of Wight, the Summar residence of the Oueen, Disraeli Who had recoraded the citation was also present and appears to have travelled with Hirm to tai the HOOLIT, TE
On his Second trip to England, Sir Muttu eschewed racial prejudice of the era and married Elizabeth Clay Baeby from an old Kantish family. Sir Muttu in his forti OS Whia Elizabeth was if her late twenties. Shi bora him a son, Amanda.
MotoG
1 I would lika i to bagin this lect Lu T3 by putting on record my gratituda to Professor Nadaraja for ending זםd fוחts HחםחurנוםL tiחtaחםקוחE iוח his tirilme Eind guida niça; Mr. S. DILI rai Raja Singham for his compraham - siya biography of Sir Muttu Coorinaraswamy, Mr. Sam Wasimha for material oп the laislative cuшпcil ũf thịg F1BFütj, MT, lãm. GugnB'tilEk= for his latter containing important pigggs of Information and Dr. M. TfLIGHEurI for Valuablg af liggs Cr
LL SLLLSS LLL S LLLLS LLLLLL aLalHLHHLHLLL S syyams and far hHving Jean kind enough to in with Ina to give this prE5änk Htin. I häWB bHän H ILIcky scholar, in that the data has been LCC LLLLL S L0CCLaLL aL L LC LLL C LLCLLLS If I Stake any cled inTi for Originality, it would be in the Interբratation of Si Muttu Coo maraswamy's LLSJSLLLLLa a LLLL CLLLLLLS 0LLLL HLC of that would have been possible Without the initial raw matrial.
(Солffлшаг/ ол даyg 24)
21

Page 24
Kandaswaту Lecturө (2)
Another look at the N
A. M. Marcan Markar
ME of those, failed to do in my report on tha death of Mr. Na wa ratna rajah. And Tiga ding through newspapers these
days, I find that not such as changed.
| n a broad Sense, journalists are story-tellars. However, the conventions that shape this nar. rative form are different from Lihat of a fictior Writē T. FOI example, When Writing a news Story, the reporter atterpts to ans Wer he) following cLrastions in the first two paragraphs: Who did or said what, where. When, and how? Of Course the order of the fo Lur Ws and H may War y according to the news. And the body of the text Will I ans War why this story made it in the
Teledia.
To a large extent, the prevaiing Conwart i Ori 5 that i T FILIE C a and guide journalists are shaped by the editor and the publisher of a newspaper. While each publication takes on a philosophy and character by tha content of coverage, опе сап place a publication a 5 ha Wing broad, national foCus or a limited, Selective perspective. In Sri Lanka, the daily newspapers and Sunday editions that attempt to be national are published by the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, Upali Newspapers, Wijaya Publications, and Express Newspapers. In addition, there is a flourishing mini-press, which supplies special interest magazines, religious publications, partisап papers, aпd occasiпоI раппphlets that ara a Wailable i Sinhala, Tamil, and English.
Today, I shall limit my observations to the пatioпаІ press, which should reflect the Social and political climate of the country. If one surveys this medium, One Would recognize the frameWork that defines its journalism. Often, Whatever appears will indicata tha na Ws Waluol of the
paper, Further, tatiըr tյf infort paper reveals it: stories are orga! ges. A similar deacted when
entire Content for Which IE
the regular so the group that t the EW alts that E larly, the directi mation fows. E frequently cover
The language tgr5 il gir C0 is relevant, too: bB C|HSS Ffied BC that Choo 5E SE their headlines PIOSi til of thE higher premium
a content of the actual facts c{5idē tā On thiB ըther пеwspapers of tak 3 Con the TCE torians, attempti present facts when comparin latter is ora C
Unfortшпately, press do eS moL | | tion clearly de What the publi main Stream pres of the two styles plaas of a nati Cho Osing emoti its Editori. T. takon frOT an E
a) '(The Co.
has been blood of ETH WE SEC the peace ding citiz HBEn Turd ch Ou5 törrCrists,""
b) "Thera is test dOLIE31 tic, a Wand they

lational Press
in the presen- largest majority in the
Tation, a news- country, Will be solid|y bE5 biases the Way hind the government now lized on the pa- Engaged in բլյtting down trend may be terroris in and Wio 1 en GB that arlalysing the a minority has un ligashed зf a publicatioп, Lupon thea CO LI ntry."
sh Ould identify rices of news, 1 e newySbenefits, ir E3 Covered reg Lu
Воth opiпіопs have по beагіпg on the Tamil militancy. They ಙ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ il tha: 7ff7755 愁 Caylor on the first page on April 6th LSLLSZZS mT SS TykS S m my ylyy titl was aligning itself with the status quo against the JVP-led used by repor- insurgency is clearly evident by werage of events the abuse it heaps on the inпеwspapers caп surgents. The choice of languaga cordingly, Those identifies one group as bad, insationalism in while the other group, in this LLLLLL LLSS La LSLSLS S S LLLLL LLa aaaLa CCa LLL CCaCCLCLS a story place a latives, as good. This Manichean on the emotio- obsession to cover domestic the event than political disturbances was repliSuch reporting cated when the Tamil militancy bloid journalism. emerged. hand, there are record, which Ea of igitat HiGng to Colla Cit and seriously, And
To elaborate, let me cite fro a report by the Council For y Through TheחסalHarmחmuוחםC Media. This organization studied the coverage of events in all 闊 two, the the language ina Wspaperis aro - 『ETIII)|다. und the time of the August 1981 the Sri Lankan communal violence. Here is have this distinc- what it said in its concluding marcated. And comments of the Sinhala languC reads in the age press, which included the is is an amalgam Dinarina, SIL Inna, Dawasa, Rivf. . Herв вrв вxam- rasa, Lалkadведа, алd Sгї Lалkaonal newspaper deepa. ive language in B WO CLIotes are "It is well known that each glish publication: paper has aп оріпіоп of its own, which deteries to content of its editorials, news selection, at C. But When the SE оріпіопs becama extramвly rigid, it inhibits the function of соппппшпicatiпg accшгate information. It is a situation of this naturg that We hawa observed in the Sinhala dai
Intry's) freedom sanctified by the sole of the urity forces and —lowing law - abi= :ens who hawe Bred by the trgattack of the
lies. ... in their reporting of -t thB sligh- news related to the Sinhalaסח t that all patrio- Tamil issue. In their opinion, biding citizens, there is no basis for Tamil
аге оy far the grievances. . . . What is Com

Page 25
municated rather is anti-TULF, anti-Tamil propaganda....When the June violence Was discussed in Parliment, it was reported in such a way to keep the vital information out, and give the impressioh that the TULF was responsible. . . . . Sometimes for tha sama pourpose of pushing their own оріпіоп, the пеwspapers evеп delete sections from the stateTets of the Head of the State.... In early June they attempted to keep the Sinhala public ignorant of what really happened in Jaffna from May 31st to June 3rd."
A few years after the 1958 riots, Martin Wickramasing hig, the doyen of Sri Lankam literature. Wrote an essay, titled 'Our Cultural Poblems and Anth Orpology". where he argued that "Politics encourages us to exploit differences." He went on to add, "In плапy cошпtries there are peoples of different races and communities speaking ligible to each other and following divergeпt religions. Опа of the difficult tasks of the modern World
| Unity
language unintel- ,
is to get thasa pe inspite o iTTE COINCia ble dif: it difficult to per. belia We that th Communities of C впcad by racial prejudice."
MT. Wickra Tas al tion pro vidas illustration of the IT ulti-ethnicityne iwed. When on Lanka as a ruti. it is prudent to Classification ac social and politice
The social dime of the H1 Lumann a'C) With fe | JW FİLİT Capacities, rathar isolation. Iriwari: association gener sense of comIIlui Cultura, Withi entity of Sri L identify, at tha wriety of cultures ities: linguistic, re mic, etc.
In such a heter climate, the po
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ople toliva in the seeming ferences.| find Sua de myself to i.e. two major ЕeyӀопагв іпf|ш-
and religious
ing ha's obserw =
TEO With a cU 3 | |lg'WE3| that eds to be perce9. Tüfers to Sri -ethnic society, qualify such a Cording to the
| realiti GS.
insi Om stEITS OLIt I of associating ä15 in Wärius
than living in bly, such an ates a bond, a lity, a common the geographic anka. One can social level, a
and communІigӀошs, всопо
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that guides the government has to be accommodative. It requiras a balancing act betWO8 m the divisiwa natura of politics and the cohesive chord at the social Iowa. And tha triumph of stateCraft would be to create a political model that will be appropriate for a multi-ethnic society. Unfortunately, the three models that have tried to establish a political identity for Sri Lanka hawa not been internalized by a II the peoples of this land. In this case, I am referring to the Soulbury Constitution, the First Republican Constitution and the Second Republican Constitution.
Etnie 55Le
From thea offerings in the press, there is a Tipola elwid e CEQ that tha gthnic is sua is reported within a political confine, No doubt, there is some Walidity to such accounts. But it is one-dimensional. It Would be in the interest of the public, | faal, if Coverage is expanded to report about ethnic: groups at the social level and at the existential level. Besides adding another dimension, such breadth
23

Page 26
wil|| rewe al Common human prob
ems that transcend all groups,
Ап ехапрHe that coпes to mind is the refugee Crisis. Today, wв have over a mi||іоп плеп, Women, and children in refugee Camps. This traumatic Condition is not limited to one ethnic group. As I see it, there is a human | lt Grest story in each wictim of Socia | dis locatio, Which Would bring out the բgignancy about this large multi-ethnic group. Somehow, J-LITTaist5 do not COWEr this sharplight. If they do, reporters may also discover what a writer in an issue of Pravada disclosed: the refugees Serve as a potential group for reconciliation and բEEEE,
Presently, I have title only to dwell on political reporting in the national press. What about its quality? Unfortunately, it is abWsmal, sinca sloganeering and propaganda are pervasive. The fLuIt is WC-fold. There is the government's responsibility. However such the regime, and such political columnists like Lanka Putra and Arnurudha Tila kasiri, argue that there is an environment of freedol for journalists to Work, there is a T10 mg rep C Ft ETS, particularly those writing politics, Sese of ear. This Corditio leads to a 'chilling" effect, minimizing the extent of coverEg.
But for reporters to willify the government for the sorry condition of political journalism is un consciona blg. I hawa already disclosed the social responsibility that Article 19 places on the media, Amore serious problem is the prevailing method to report politics. It has become an exerCSE i di C:tä til
Presently, the ubiquitious political speech made at public railies is the predominant form through which the press reports ethnic issues, This approach makes the Te POT ter appear morg like a glorified Stenographer. What is required, instead is an effort by the journalist who Covers a speech to locate a story based on the issues articulated. Reporters need to make their own decisions on what is newsWorthy in the text of the address. Such
4
a choice may be novelty of what the prominence
saying it, its prevailing politi the CCT tradiction the Words and Speaker or betw and reality.
In addition, thi a positioritic :hr: thë CETITTā| LHET by seeking reacti Who hold opp C View. By eliciti of wiew on a pà the reporter Wou впеd the stoгу.
Simply to off а пвwspaper fo political speach t Will result is a ample examples advertising" wit ethnic issues. We read speeches exhibitionists of At such titles, why the Journalis lously took dov forfeited is abi thinking by not t ker hOW IT Lich W T1 Luch Was fiction. tha reporter is al information. A Who decid35 t Ha form the news trä 15 Cefnds from tOE TESSELIFEI ||
(To ba Go
Muttu Coona שתה שם שחוחיחיםC") 2 See. Sir MLL
*"O THE E FOI fшггіпg Espвсja|| and Tamil in Hä E logical farely, (1853) 444-445 , ,JWEws נrםםחנLt 3 4 ArumւյցHrnբilla Пеппе appears DEtition Ed Ho the Emant:Ipatinn іп 1816 (sве Аг No. 9, of 5th Al 5 FCF Exampla, K. FFFFFFrgré f Lulu University 1988 Or G. O. des of Simhala in Michael Rob Josef Fries. W5777 Colombo, Marga

guided by the t Was said the of the person re le Wancy to the Cal Climate, ad s, if any, between deeds of thig EE, the WordS
Be jour ma list is irn lenge Ora SS e SS mea of theg speach Drls from pքople sing points of ng many points Titicular Subject, |ri have broad
ar the pages of r the text of a o be reproduced 3) L5ea. TB TB TB of this 'free lin the realm of Now, and agaiп, i rith a de by a fel W. hate a T1G Thalice, always Worlder it, Who reticuwn the speath, lity of critica sking the Speaas fact and how this situation. the frontier of ed it is hg Dr Sing GOTTE I
Wil | Itäkea as it a limited focus
GE intinued)
raswamy. . . т даде 21) ,yוחarHiswaוחםםC או Így ÖT Ceylon Rei
to its Sir Illa||E5 ננסf rחls" lחitH
(LondEn) No 3
կpril 25 1833
Coопmaraswапіy“s םsty whםg thחםiחB
Prince Regent for
of Slaves of Ceylon Inex to Regulation ugust 1818)
M. Eg Siva, , R. Sri LE TÄg, Holoof Hawaii Press, YSEker, 'wicissit LuBuddhist Identity. rts Ed Cre Fll: 713 grid Prg regf.
7판
Singham, p. 7 Mr Ian Goo metileke in a lettar to the author dated 22nd June 1991
"Y, Go Oner B t rng Rg/lar Iwe. MMarit5F, Lordo C. Hurst and Co., 1986 Singham բ. E 10 Ceylon Review of October 1894.
Al5O seg Singham 23 11 Singham բ. 8-15
0 S aCa LSS aCCLCCLH LLaLHHS S LLLLL
Contribution of Some Leading CayaHHS LLLLLL HL La LLLHHLLLLLLLLHHL S LLLLLL Political Development of Ceylon During the Nineteenth and TWentil Eth Centuri Bis", Proce Edings of LLa S S 0 S LLLLLaLLHLLS LLL LLLLHCLL Seminar of Tamil Studies, Wol. 1, p. 657 13. Singham 97-1ÛB 14. Sa E. A.C. Songviratrio ed. Mertoirs Grid a Sutory Wriffs of the are - FTES D'AWWřs, The CCylon ObSarıyor. Fr B55, 1939 p. 94
15 Singham բ, 28
Bishop Caldwell...
(Солтiлше a fram page 12) hope that the 'Drawidia n' Tarmi Is would remain the faithful among the faithless, the bedrock of the Raj for a long time to come - the events of the great mutiny and the rise of the Dravidian mowerment Browed therm COrrect.
(To be continued) NOE
| ET thankful to Mr. Joganathan of Wellawatts for drawing my attantion to the fact that the Parlivar Clan of My Iiddy is also connected to RamCCLLS LLLS S LLLLLLLHCLLaLLa SaHLLLCLL S LLLLLL based on B) Pla CE Na T1E3 Studios - Kā nke Sant Lurā i Circuit by Dr. E. Balasunder art of the Jaffna University. 1988, p. 5-6. The book was published for the Man Wila of S. Appa durai of Mytiddy, b) An interview with Mr. Ratna lingam of Myliddy-Politburo Tamber of a Tamil militant of a Tamil militant group who believe is a re|aliwa of Mr. Joganathar. The foot. notĖS COLuld not appar dua to an Lunavoidable Circumstanca.
Briefly. . .
(СолIїпшег/ fголт даgа 2)
thereby fore closing a debate and discussion as happens now even when We merely sniff a Court CESg in the air.
No abductions, says Rai
Government SpokesTan, IIdustries Minister Rani Wickrema singhe, said that there was no truth in a legations that young girls were being abducted. There had been ,licaסplaints to the pוחםti םn he said.

Page 27
Why theres sol in this rustic to
There islaughter and light batter amongst these rural diarisels who are busy sorting out tobacco leaf in a barn. It is one of the hundreds of such
barns spread out in the mid and upcountry intermediate zone where the arable land retains fillo, during the of 5215T.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows is a lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turn to gold, to the value of over Rs. 250 million or fore annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

ENRICHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter bacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings erriployment to the second highest number of people. And these people are the tobacco barn owners, the tobacco growers and those who work for them, on the lard and in tlh: barI35.
For them, the tobacco leaf means meaningful work, a comfortable life and a secure future. A good enough reason for laughter,
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people.

Page 28
PEOPLE
Celebrating
LDynami
In 1961 Peoples Bank ventured out with a staff of only 46...and a few
Today, just 30 years later
People Resource ext Customer Listings a Branch Network in in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Bank respected leader in the Sri Lankan
growth is a reflection of the massiv dedicated to the service of the con earned them the title “Banker to th
PE 0 PLE’S BA MW MY
Banker to the Millions
qSqSqASqSASqSASqSASASASqSASqSqSASqSASqSASqSAMSMSMSATSMAM AAAASASAMASMAAASAMSMSASASASqSASMSMSMSMSMSMSMSMSMqqMqMqMMSqMqMMSqAqAqAT SAMAMASMAMeMASASASASASASASASASASASASS

'S BANK
Three Decades
Of
c Growth
in the challenging world of Banking hundred customers.
ceeds Io, Ooo t a staggering 5.5 Million excess of 328, THE LARGEST
has grown to become a highly Banking scene. Their spectacular e resources at their command
himon man - a dedication that has e Millions'