Page 1
LANKA
Vol. 15 No. 8
O EXPLORING PA
August 15, 1992 Price Rs. 1000
7 a 《 [ 阿列 بني تي في
Ethnic conflict
Sr|
- The Pressur
| - The Prabhal
Conflic identity Confli Press freedom
ls the Gamsak
The Norwegian
Muttu Goomar
and West
The Dravidian
Factor Censorship and
 
 
 
 
 

LSLSLSLSLSSS RADISE ISLAND or
- Steve CoIII
- Merwyn de Silva
(aran Trial: Full Report
4 311 - | == كے-- இ
ct - Kaurmar Rupesingho
and ethnic issue
- A M. Marcar Marfar
hawa A Modelo
s A. Siva rajah Study
aswamy: Between East
- Radhika Cooma rasa may Diaspora
- D. P. Sivaram
: The Demographic
- S. Saif hannanthan Cologne
- Piyaf Ganage

Page 2
Why there's so in this rustict
There is laughter and Eight banter är Titingst thịESE ruraldamisels who Irebus, sorting Out tobacco leaf in a bar. It is one of the hundreds of such
barns spread out in the mid and upcountry intermediate zone where the arable land remains fallow during the offseason.
Here, with careful rurturing, tobacco grows is a lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turn to gold, to the value of over Rs. 250 million or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk,
 

ENRCHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings employment to the second highest number of people. And these people are the tobacco barn owners, the tobacco growers and those who work for them, on the land and in the bărI3
For them, the tobacco leaf means meaningful work, a comfortable life and a secure future. A good enough reason for laughter.
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and Caring for our land and her people,

Page 3
TRENDS
Chamber Calls for glasnost
The soft F. Veneral Ceylon, Chamber of Commerce has called for greater "transдателсу" (т гле доyarплелts DI FFWGL SGI for 7 progrā rī7. Addressiлg ffs алпиа/ggлаra/ гтgeting DLg70 ing CF77 from:7an 7 Aifft Jayarare (who is also Chairman of the old essarshed Brokaгвge firлл of Forbes алd Wa/- ker) Said tfiāli isSuas a 7d 7fert for 7's Werg r70ť to o Cleāri Brid Piece-nigă decisiaris fr This Crucifa / ExCercise Were rol
he East.
Faith їn the efffcfелсу алd | the viability of the private Se for SO O Ed L5. O the need for protecting the лагiола / fлteгest, ha sard A5). "We we deed fresig in Capitāls, expertise a 7d techTodgy for rapid growth, we 77 LISf Warr aga ir 75 t/h g Marge scale g/Fanation of and to foregi friteress Sirige fris Иvош/d пёсgssari/y fлvolva the Exclusfол pf /вgiffллага /oca/ FTrarests arid COLIN FIT CIEFrg Fr TriStarCes le 5 fFrgar f) : Hé security of the country".
Forged certificates
A re-rror riggs rake sin forged sfäre Cartifica figs Hā5 been bared in the City. /п- WE5fyd fors VāWe fau'r 7f/ f /fia ГПа гacket fias Бдвлgгэfпg гол Гог at least олe year dшгіпg Whs fré ré räckergers fälye Dockefeld ā É COLFE FFS 7 ) r77 f/WWC) 7. TFG EFG 7 WF75 EEE 7 Wasg ffig as a forf77er Serior GXeCL tiwa
of a Wealding Stock brooking | fr.
Refugees Repatriated
India fias resumed repatriaffлg Sгf Lалkал Талт/ геfuggas from:7 tilfe is Ward's War zo r7.g. | Following an exchanga of Metters EbietWyG er the Go Werr7ri77 erit of Mr.7 dia and the WWF7 ffed Wadtions High Corrissioner for Fe fugges (UNHCR) fra Genewa, the UNHCR is now assisting with the repatriatiол of Sгf| Lалќал геfш9еes froлт Талтї/ Wau.
Muslim Tan
Tha Sгffarkд greSS (SLMMC) the Sevan Tari ties (nor LITE) te h/שחחחסf חםלחתrםם даг/farталtary Sele Op 7 & Fris SSL/E / Ассогоїѓлg to fлfo. F/E SIMC 5 fff È LI JF7E0FF7ELSE MMS Within a merged PrůvořTČe,
Briefly. ܒܩ
Joralists
Reporters and
covering the start million signature Calling for the re President Prema da tacked by arret outside Colorbo." Way Station, D. Lalith Athulathmut ign and local red ded complaints Police Station.
Addressing a Enca a ter ALF said that many c k9rS Wyere idertif they were closely With a city poli Wer B gQWEr IlmErt ters, he said.
Common Fro OS CLS
SLFP AA|| ||5|| Arm Lura Banda ramai
öÜARI
W. E. N. B. Aug.
FFILE H.
Published fort LETIER GLIDirdlan PLIb| N 24E UiO. Colombo. Editor: Mervyn Tea Hoa: 4 Primitad by Anar 82/5. Sir Ratnajothi
Mawath Col. Teleph OTE: 4:

il talks
MưS#fffl Cơ T}. fа/ќїпg to }o/їica/дагWOFk OLF 3 Ejgfjfg, fha
Corfe евts ag7аїл. r77 Ed s II riga 5 тќїngy of an ir 77 CO LIV F7 GF/ North-East
====قی۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔
ttacked
CETT Bf E. T. B.") bf the D'UNF
са прajgn signation of SE WETE E - Il Foodlums S F 0 Ft Rai IIUNF leader lāli and foraia men TGCGTat the Fort
ress confeLuath muda || if tg attaciad and that associated tician, Thay party sшppor
Int: aSis sed
d Organiser ke MP told
the party's parliamentary group Ν meeting that previous common opposition fronts had failed because the participants had not clearly understood the basis of such fronts, Understand the issues clearly before forming such a front, he told the SLFP MPs. Also, understand the role of the SLFP as the most powerful opposition
party, in such a front, he told them.
After detailed discussions
the Group adopted a resolution asking the party leadership to submit to thern for approval all objectives and other details of the Opposition Common Front.
No citizenship promised Prime Minister D. B. Wijethunga told parliament in ansWer to a question that the Government had not agreed, at talks With CWC boss Thondaman, to grant citizenship to 84,000 plantation Workers awaiting repatriation to India. He said that there had been lo taks With Mr. Thonda Tan on this matter.
Killing of Viharadhipathi
A junior monk at the Thanthiri malea templa has been held by the polica for the killing of the Wenerable Wimalagnana Thera, Viharadhipathi of the Than thirimala temple. Tha influentia I Wiharadhipathi who had been doing much for terrorist wictims in this NCP outpost was killed in a grenade attack on July 21.
DAN
gust 15, 1992
1.O.O.D
nightly by
ishing Co. Ltd.
Place.
- 2.
HSV -475E4
de Press Sa awa namuttL Inbo 13. 35975
CONTENTS
News Background Rajiv Murder Trial Thg Cologne Cuestion 11 TITI SJ diar and the
Dawidian Diaspora 2 Conflict 15 Ethnic issue 17 Rutī CBntr 1. Human Right:8 2O Muttu Coomaraswamy (2) 23 Books 25 Demographic Engineering 27

Page 4
DRU
Doctors are aware that are not always desirable.
The main reason is that out of that proliferate from a single scientifi two finally remain in any Rational F. advanced for marketing purposes fail
Before this happens unfortunately in human, economic and medical ter
Generic drugs that have entered there have stood the test of time an for clinical excellence.
For over a third of this century drugs to the country's hospitals and
This great reliance is the biggest to the people and the medical profes.
M. S. J. Indu Factory a
P. O.
C010

JGS ?
Market Oriented Drug Policies
a bewildering variety of derivatives cally validated compound, only one or ormulary. This means that many claims under extended scientific scrutiny.
irreparable damage has been done
S.
the Pharmacopoeia and have remained ha ve Weathered the Incea, sing Search
we have made and supplied Formulary clinics, and to the private sector.
factor in our growth and our service sion.
stries (Ceylon) Ltd.,
di Laboratories
Box 4.30 mbo 15

Page 5
MVHENW HEERDES DIE
Pressure mines mounting press
Mervyn de Silva
es, thirteen Sinhala soldiers
died in an LTTE land-mile explosion in the north, True, they were cremated at Kanatte Cemetary too, With a II the formal military ceremonies. All hell broke loose that night and the next day or two. The victims Tamils on the Street or in their homës, The target? Tamil property. . . . shops, and homes, particularly in the Pettahbazaar,
and in Tamil enclawes Like We|- LE Watte,
But there Was a huga dif
ference between 'Black July". as this journal na med an ewent that made world news to tarnish Sri Lanka's iTaga. But this funвгal, at the samв cemetery Tast
Monday. August 10 Was no
Black July".
The Indian and international
press called July '83 anti-Tamil Violence a pogrom" and state -sponsored" or 'state-aided'. The mildest charge was that the regime had shut its eyes, if it had not in fact winked at the merciless attacks on a help|Ess EDImmunity,
Tel casualties in a LTTE and mine explosion - that is the only Feal Common factor, The Vioence that Was un leashed at an atte last Monday had more complex causes although it was om a much small GT scale and - sted only a few, hours before Һе гіоt police апd tear gas Tought the situation Under COn
There was here more grief and ====k tham eXplosive ragg, Thä
tills included tot merely SDITE the Tost respected profee Tas in the ser WiCes — ar TY =– nawy – but a 150 the most my regarded, such as the | =placeable General Denzil Kob
bekaduwe; the t EELAM WAR 1 Wijaya Wimalara og IMF , Of TE ST| Lark offi GEFS.
The 15 үеar the "long parl President J. FR., 4 year regime Iñadāgā ha5| Cur rising, and in C fr LIStration Of B dissipating their ugh internal fri Of clearly perca a Coher Edit riwa place before t that the dt-U groups can the seize "targets nity", this or or that Occasi
WETTS,
Baleath = a ||
economic discor and predictable
|MF-World Earlık јшstment" stratє prices a песвs! steadily margina Barfler ald the Class the publi cially, they Sim pace with inflat
Tha Eo Lurda to bear, it is G
east educated, with the War, rising costs. . . b|||ion rUpees. Sinhala voter pr a clear victoгү tist Tamil "Tige SLICCESS. Unfort ture of the War SOrt of decisive
Era Wo ir c: C[]. Tiflicts CäTTlCt this type of a

and
UeS
oughest "pro" of and 2, Brigadier -וןrםB, and Gחt Jayama ha, опа a navy's finest
UNP reagime, iam Brk" LIIlder followed by the if Pra5ide PF5 - tributed to thig easingly visible ti-UNP forces, energies throiction fOT Wart ived goals and program, to le people. All NP parties and refore do is to
of opportuthat issue, this F1 T tLuT of
this is see thing tEnt, the direct Out Com E - Of tha : ''Structural adgy, EWET=ri sing Sary by-product, ISBS the Wagg
Sala ried Tidda C SerWant espeply саппот квер חםI
they are forced |Bar BWB to tha has much to do and its rapidly
OW over 21 So the avg rage ays for not just аver the sврагаrs' but a quick mately, tha na -
is such tatt victory that can rĒ COWGIti Ora |
HB EChiaugd i Tied confronta
tion even if one has the high -tech that was proudly exhibi
teld in the Gulf War. The "guerrilla" fights according to his rules. It is when the Tigers' -|חםy in a Gוחחthe E חם kססt
wentional battle - the seige on the Elephant Pass garrisonthat Sri Lanka ared forces showed their mettle. The Tajor Operations launched Singe the I Were also commanded by General Kobbekaduwe, a graduate of Sandhurst, Canberly, and the prestigious Royal College of Defen CB Studies,
Like other upper echelor cornmanders of the S.L.A. General Kobbekadu. We understood both the political character of the conflict, as Well as its interпatioпа! іПлplicatioп5. It is пої for nothing that the International Red Cross, U.N. H. C. R., and other organisations have repreSentativ ES Eothi il Colombo and in the War-Tavagad north. Though not directly attached to any embassies, these 'observers' intervene in various ways in the ongoing war. And their reports influence the Opinion Of the major do nors, who in turn, carry a great deal of clout with the World Bank, certainly before the IBRD Converies the annual Aid Sri Lanka Consortium meeting in Paris.
Apart from that, Sri Lankan ser wice Chiefs, the Army, = Navy and Air Force, had understood clearly that the state's objective Was i fact to de Thon Strata that the LTTE had no "military option" i.e. there was no military victory that the LTTE can possibly claim. Once that message Was del vered loud and clear, then the path to а пЕ gotiated peace, a political settle
Vīti tā 5 Lākā constitution, was open.

Page 6
selfless sacrifice for the in
The Sunday Times joins the nation to scenes of shock and mourning in salu Gen. Kobbelkaduwa, Brig. Wijaya Wimala other officers on the frontline of the paid the supreme price to protect the integrity of our Motherland.
If this War torn batte ardan ed i has any tears left it must shed them r cially at the feet of Denzi Kobbekadu WE of the people, who sought not only to but also the hearts and minds of the those ravaged areas.
It is paradoxical that the sword of to pierce the heart of a man whose he Foved Vith kinde SS and Concern tO people irrespective of the race, religion
Maj. Gen. Kobbelkaduwa and Brig. WW i in the best traditions of a soldier, a from the front, They united and identi their men on the frontlines and were p CCCLL0CC S LLLL S CLCCSS S LLLL S LLLLL S LL0LL Culmination Of a Self le SS Sacrifice for a
On the battlefront and of this county.
As the SUNDAY. TIMES stat. ed editorially:
"If the war-torп, battlв— Һardепеd пation still has any tears left it must shed ther now. Specially at the feet of Denzi Kobbekaduwe, a soldier of the people, who sought not only to win battles but a ISO tha haarts and minds Of the people of those ravaged areas". In short, this was NOT a Sinhala-Tamil War. It was a wаг agaiпst a group of gшеггі|- la S, come of the T10S-t ferocio LIS in the World, who had launched a war to establish a separate state because that was the only way to rвпmedy many, Iопg-staпding gгівvапces against the Sгі Länkan state in their wie W. Why such felt grievances were allowed to fester is of course a question that must be posed to the Sri Lankan political establish ment i.e. the major Sinhalese parties which failed to resolve them through democratic means.
Denzi | Krobek kadu We Was not only aп officeг апd gвпtleman, ha Was that rare Soldier who led from the front i.e. When
4
indeed for a
— 5 yr7f;
the Order to the first to Inc. Who gawe the
And by his is Wimalaratne, th in the field.
If Sri Lanka Jaffna is a per Pak Straits is o Lur country fro is from Kayts || hardcore "Tiger: with the help planning to ad a 'combined op thB AİT FOTCE | to play too. В all-important. first-cla5S: ; Offic Mohan Jayama Indian and A colleges. The from the Tali| be remembered significant. T man Said that kadu WB had "s religion and po Ho Worked t the Tamil cort the political m.

ation
lay amidst Iting Mai. Tatne and atte WO шпity and
ati On 5 til OW. Spe, a Soldier win battles people in
death här Et OEr. Wards a
Find Caste.
Inhala ratne, WäWs IBd ified with repared to
MMVaS th B the man the people
y, 7"777ags
arch was given, IWO WE35 the la Order, Dr.
ide Was Brigadier a toughest officer
is an island, lĩnäula, and thẽ what sa parates
iu , IIםHחHIוחTB וח sland cleared of
f, that the Arппу of the Navy, was
ECB, This ā IBration in whiԵի lad a key role
It tha Nawy was п charge was a Er, CommEdgrg na, trained at UStralian Ilaya ributes that Cas parties may well at the most PLOTSpokas. GBBra Kobbetood above race. iti Cal differen Cēs. Wards bringing munity back to instra",
STOP PRESS
Supreme Sacrifice
This issue of the LG had gong to press when the funeral of Major
General (now Lt. Ganeral) Danzil Kob
bGkadu we was hold at Kanatte, Wall over half the LG had already boar printed when Brigadier (posthumously Major-General) Vijaya WImala ratne roceived the last honours from his fellow soldiers. This journal has inter
vịawad tham both - gnB, thũ most Univor Sally respected; thG. Other, rögarded by friend and foe as the
Army's toughest professional
The ugly scends at Kanatta, no matter What the provocation, was no Way to honour these men who had made the supreme sacrifice. What happoned on Tuesday and Wednesday requires more time for inquiry and a foction. A8 a first irmpression, we would suggest that it was more organised than spontaneous and yet it Could not have occurred except in a society under tremendous pressure; the pressure of a bitter, wasteful ten year War, the emotional pressura of group identity and allegiance, the mounting burden of living costs, the frustration of OO= positional movements, divided, dispiritad and dosperate, and the resurgen CG of youth adventurism and extremism, armed only for the moment with ultra-nationalist ideology. But that ideological outlook is also shared by youngar elements is soma of the recognised parties; and those parties, too long in tha cold, saiz any occasion Qr issula, aS a Largent of OpportumitW,
A contributing editor of this journal. DAYAN JAYATILLEKA, who was brutally assaulted by a group of thugs, at Kanattea, was a victim of these forces in a society in the grip of a sewer crisis.
Emarging
NB. If a "Day of National Mourming", thE Eigitatiըmք | բrք էEsittյrs" EtatEւ grie van CE and rallying CITY, I was NOT аппошпcad in dнfегепcв то ап вxploCit request from the familias of the dead herons, as claimed by official sources, Why was not that fact broadCa5t to tha popole?

Page 7
Rajiv murder trial to
NEW DELH
Τς Crucial trial of the accused in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case. COITII mencing next month at Madras, will largel y examine the form and coents of the facts collected by he intelligence teams over this last one year. It is also EXPOSICted to set the scope of future governmental action towards unearthing the conspiracy.
The Special Investigation Team (ST) has charge sheated 42 persins, including Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) chief W. Pirabhakaran, thè LTTE integen Ge Chief Pottu Amman and W.Chan intelligence wing member Akila, whose extradition from S Lanka is informally requested by the Indian authorities.
The Centre had already banned the LTTE and declared Prabha. ran and Pottu Amman an off. ender, But the Government has Yet to make a formal official request to the Sri Lankan governTent, itself locked in armed confrontation with the LTTE Cadres, to extradite Pirabhakaran.
Important LTTE activists and sympathisers like Nalini, Murugan, Bhagyariathan Dixo and other suspects in the Rajiv assassination arrested by the CBl, figure in the chargesheet, submitted recently by the ST.
The SIT has already linked the alleged LTTE plans to eliTinate the Congress (II) leader to its supremio Pirabha karan of Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka.
A special designated court at Madras will conduct the tria which is likely to continue its hearings of different parties. including those of the accused,
the end of this year.
ABBED: The SIT has begun
| = investigation immediately =ler Mr. Gandhi's killing on ey 21 last year and nabbed
=== fall of the key LTTE mamsts and their sympathisers.
Siwarasan, the called so for the alleged, in the assassina and Subha, be standby human aged to esca at Tari Nadu SE | Wes in the Вап9a lara. Th mitted suicide Was traced by the Security fo SOTI it.
The SIT tra W Orkad Lunda i Karthikeyan, cur gen Efä| of CRF also went abro missing link in of the LTTE wit
Men whila, the Chand Jain ing looking into angle" of the the SITito fu of the "hate Copies of th documents and to the terms an the commission" W Ek
The commissio start its prelimin Jшly 31, has a intelligence but Research and (RAW) to submi and documents
asked för EFFII parial has alr affidavits from Secretary, Mr. J. home secretary for in Bir Cabinet civil and polic
Tarnii Nadu and sides political part ALADMK,DMK. party, Madras
DET SO 15 like M: Chandrasekhar, M Na trajan, MP, M. JHET MIT. S. journalist, and a nie Wspaper "dina Tm filed the affidavit

begin next month
опа-eyed Jack, s glass eye, and termind EG hind ,nspiratyם:tחנ a Wad to ba tha bomb, had manthe ST let and hild tham=
outskirts of ire thву сопnIng there hi dout ha sleuthis ad Ces read iad to
kted Which IS CHjalf D. R. ently inspectorF. at Hyderabad, d to trace the the involvement h the conspiracy.
| One-man Milap jiry Commission,
the conspiracy ase, had asked ish the names trial witnesses,
Per Stat Earrierts, exhibits relating di referen C9 of " to it by this
1, which is to |ary hearings оп si asked the ’eau and the Analysis Wing copies, reports which it had er. The Jain eady received
the foreign N. Dixit, union present and Se Cretary, tOp e officers of Karna taka, Be= ies like ATCC (II), DK ad districk tand prominent S. Maragat ham P. Ms. Jayanti T. G. K. MOOT1511 Dubвү, Madras-based allar" have also s in the case.
INDEPENDENT: The contmISSION proposes to make its "own independent findings,
examing the SIT material, verify its correctness and probe the |leads missed by the SIT", ac
cording to the commission SOLITICS
The sources said that the
notice was issued to the foreign secretary because ha played a pivotal role in shaping India's Sri Lankan policy and was also the Indian high Commissioner to that country when the Indian Peace Keeping. Force (IPKE was sent there undar the Indo–Sri Lankan peace accord in 1986.
Last month the Justice J. S. Verma Commission, probing the security lapses at Sriperumbudur where Mr. Gandhi Was killed in a bomb blast, had held the central and Tamil Nadu security and intelligence agencies guilty of lapses and recommended key
(Солtinuad ол page 27}
LTTE challenges
ban' order
The LTTE is planning to challenge tha Indian government da Cision to ban the mo Wernant unde the UN LAWFUL ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACT of 1967. The Tigers' are now in search of an Indian la Wyer Who Can take their case. The Indian government acted under Section 3 of thB - UAPA. The order COWES LTTE leaders, members, armed groups, activists, and pro-LTTE Tamils operating on Indian soil. According to a report by S. Vапkat Naғауап (Sunday Island 98) the LTTE is now looking for an Indian la Wyer who can represent it. LTTE offices in London and NEW York hawe baen looking for an internationally known lawyer. According to Venkat Narayan, another option is Mr. Ram Jathrmalani, th8 вmiment Iпdiап lawyer who appeared for the accused in the Indira Gandhi assassination case.

Page 8
LION SHIP
A GEWTS
GOLD STAR (H.
REGULAR AND EF
To and From:- EAST
P. O. E 3rd FLOOR, ASSOCATE 185 3/1. UN
COLO
Telephone: 4340
44
Fax :- 484
Tax - 22
Cable : LO
 

PNG LTD
FOAR
ONGKONG) LTD
FICIENT SERVICES
AND SOUTH AFRICA
BOX 812 ED MOTORWAYS BLDG, ION PLACE
MBO 2
66, 431394, 44.91.33 43
74.
55 A/B LIOMSHHP CE
NSHIP.

Page 9
Final Report in RC, 9/S191. ICE Assassination Gase) Under Se
7. W. Prak
2. Pottu Omman Er
Shanmughanathan * Absegin. Si Wa San 7 karā 7 .
AWa Er4版)
S. Packlachandran & RaghuWaran El Siwarasan
DF77 I 8 APEL 59* Kala/Vario
Subha Sir With ya
. S. Hara 5лгад
List of Accused:
| Nehru E Mero 5 Goku I Гвап,
S. War
10. T. Suthenthraraja a Santhan
77. W. Sriharan So Murugan & Thas 5
/ndu. M.Master
72. Shankar 5 Koreas wara 73. D. Wijayanandan 3 Hariaya 74. E. FILWÉ 7 5 SLFre5ff; 75. S. Kanagasabapathy 5 Radhaayya 76. A. Chandra/ekf7a Go Ahira 5
Sола 5 Goиуг 77. B. Robert Payas 18. S. Jayakиптar *9.J,Shan凸门
A-1 Prabhakaran (Absconding) is the suprema leader of the SriLankan Tami | Organisation called LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM (LTTE) Who a long with Pottu Omman (A2), Akila (A3) and others designed the Criminal Conspiracy to ESSassinate former Prime Minister of India Shri. Rajiv Gandhi and commit other offences in pursuance thereof and arranged for the Execution of the salg.
A—2. Pottu Om man & Shanmughanathan Sivas ankaran (AlbSCOnding) is tha Chief of the Intelligence Wing of the LTTE who along With Prabhakaran (A1), Akila (A3) and others of the LTTE designed and arranged the execution of the objective of the criminal conspiracy,
A-3 Akila (Absconding) is a woman member of LTTE holding the position of Deputy Chief of Women's Intelligence Wing of the LTTE, She along with Prabhakaran (A1) and Pottu Omnan (A2) planned and arranged the achievement of the objective of the criminal conspiracy.
A-4 S. Packiach andran & Raghuvaran & Siwarasan (Since Dead) was a member of the

BISCBlMadras - (Rajiv Gandhi
Gtion 175 Gr. P. G.
20. S. Vijayan 5 Paruта/Vijaуал 27. W. Sewal 22. S. Baskaraл 5 Ve/ayшdапт 23, S. Sha плтшghayad/ya/ш. 5
Thambі Аппа 24. P. Ravicһалdraп 5 Ravї 5 Pragasam 25. M. S. Seeda 5 Maes 26. G. Pearwaa Ary 27. S. Durais fragam go rum Ebora i 28, S, Bhagyanathan 29, S. Pada 30. A. Sundararn G. Subha Sundaram 31. К. Dлалasekarал & Ra/u 32. W. Rafasuriya & Rалgтал 33. Т. Vїgлeswагал 5 Vicky З4. J. Rалgалаѓл
З5. IV. Shanл7шgалт 5* -Jayaraj
36. Trich y Safar &
Gundu Sarthar 7
37. Sresh MMaster Sr. 38. Dixon & KShore | Dசேd 39. Атптал 3 Gangalkumar 40. Driveг Алла 5 Кeегthї 41. Јатила 5 Jameela
Intelligence Wing of the said organisation who had been entrusted with the task of execution of the objectiva of the criminal conspiracy.
A-5 Dhanu & Anbu at Ealaivani (Since Dead) a "Tigress' (female member) in the said Organisation avowed to execute and carry out the object of the said organisation and was entrusted with the task of exploding the bomb Concealed in her person at the public meeting to kill Shri Rajiv Gandhi and others around him. to strike terror among the public and to die without exposing the other conspirators.
A-6. Subha & Nithya (Since Dead) was another 'Tigress" in the said Organisation and was entrusted with the task of executing the plan along with Dhanu (A5).
A-7 S. Hari Babu (Since Dead). He is an Indian Tamil who resided in Madras City. He Was a photographer trained by Subha Sundaram (A30). He was an active LTTE sympathiser and a close associate of Sriharan 8 Murugan (Ali). Bhagyanathan (A28), Pera riwalan i EF Arivu (À26) 8. Sundair am 8, Subha Sundairam (A30). He a C
7

Page 10
tively assisted Sivarasan (A4) and others in accomplishing the objective of criminal conspiTENCY.
A-8 Mehru & Mero & Gokul (Since Dead) was a member of the Intelligence Wing of the LTTE who came along with eight others on 1. 5. 91 and clandestinally entered Tamil Nadu. He was a close associate of Sivarasan (A4) and operated the wireless equipment at Wijayan's (A20) house.
A-9. S. Nalini is an Indian Tamil residing at Madras, who had been enlisted by Sivarasan (A4) for the purpose of carrying out the designs of the criminal conspiracy. She is the sister of ಙ್ಗhethan (A28) and daughter of Padma A 29).
A-10 T. Suthendra raja 8 Sant han and A=11 W. Sriharan E. W urugan 8 Thass 8 Indu Master are LTTE Intelligence wing cadres who had been sent to India by Pottu Omman (A2) for facilitating the achievement of the objectives of the criminal conspiracy. Suthendra raja 8 Santhan (A10) and Sriharan E+Murugan (A11) area Srila nkan Tamils,
A=12 Shanker & Kones Waran, A-13 D. Vijayanan dan 8 Hari ayya and A-14 B. Ruban Suresh are Sri Lankan Tamils, of who A12 and A14 are LTTE cadres. A13 is an active supporter of LTTE working for the organisation. They wеге плепnbers of the group of піпе регsоп5 who clandestinely reached Tamil Nadu or 1, 5,91 under the leadership of Sivarasan (A4).
AH-15 S. Kanaga Saba pathy St Radhaay ya and A-16 A. Chandraelcha 8 Athirai are Srilan kan Tamils and Kanagasaba pathy (A15) is a supporter of the LTTE. A thirai (A16) is a "Tigress" belonging to the intelligence Wing of the said organisation and had been sent from Srianka to India to act according to the instructions of Sivarasan (A4) by Pottu Omman (A2) in carrying out the objective of the criminal
Conspiracy according to the needs of the situatil.
A-17 B. Robert Payas. A-18 S. Jayakumar, A-19 J. Shanthi, A-20 S. Vijayan A-21 W. Selvauxmi and A-22 S. Baskaran Robert Payas (A17). Jayakunnar (A18), Wijayan (A20) are Srilankan Tamils and strong supporters of the LTTE having been sent to India for the purpose of helping to achieve the objective of criminal conspiracy. J. Shanthi (A19) who is the wife of S. Jayakumar (A18), Salvaluxmi (A21) who is the wife of S. Vijayan (A20) and S. Baskaran (A22) who is the father of Selvaluxmi (A21) and father-in-law of Vijayan (A20) are Indian Tamils and active supporters of the LTTE Who reandered a II assistance to Siwarasan (A4) and other members of conspiracy in carrying out the object of the criminal conspiracy.
B

A-23 S. Shannmugava diveu 8 Thambi Anna is a Srilankan Tamil and an active supporter of LTTE. He was closely associated with Sivarasan (A4) and Santhan (A10). He was keeping the funds given by Sivarasan for meeting the expenditure of the members of conspirary and was distributing the same to them. He was also converting gold brought from Jaffna into cash.
A-24 P. Ravichandran 8 Pragasam апd A-25 M. Suseendran El Mahesh are Indian Tam! is trained by the LTTE in Sri Lanka and were sent back to India for carrying out the objectives of the criminal conspiracy.
A-26 G. Perarivalan 8 Arivu and A-27 | rumborai 8 Duraisingam are residents of Tamil Nadu and active LTTE supporters, who rendered all assistance and actively participated in the achievement of the objective of the Criminal conspiracy.
A-2B S. Baghyanathan is the brother of S. Nalini (A9) and Son of S. Padma (A29). A—29 S. Padma is the mother of S. Na limi i (A9) and Bhagyanathan (A28). A-30 || A. Sunda - ran El Subha Sundaram is a family friend and Well wisher of S. Nalini (A9), S. Bhagyanathan (A28) and S. Padma (A29) and he had trained S. Ha ribabu (A7) (Since dead) in photography. S. Na lini (A9). S Bhagyanathan (A23), S. Padma (A429) &= A. Sundair am 8, Subha Sundairam (A30) are active supporters of LTTE and rendered a assistance to the other conspirators in the achievement of the object of the criminal conspiracy.
A-31 | K. Dhan asekharan 8 Raju is an Indian Tamil residing in Tamil Nadu. He had actively assisted the co-conspirators by purchasing Vehicles for thair use in their activities and transported Sivarasan (A4), Subha (A6) and Nehru & Nero (A8) in his tanker sorry from
Madras to Bangaiore to help them to evada El TTE: t.
A-32 M. Rajasuriya El Rangan and A-33 T. Wignes Waran E+ Wicky are Sri Han kan Tamis who infiltrated into Tamil Nadu clandestinely and ent active support to the other accused in carrying out the objective of the conspiracy.
A-34. J. Ranganath is a ridian Tamil residing in Karnataka and a active supporter of LTTE. He harboured proclaimed offenders Sivarasan (A4) and Subha (A5) and others to shield then from a rest.
A-35 M. Shanmugham & Jayaraj (Since Dead) an Indian Tamil settled at Kodiakkarai. Medaranyam who rendered assistance to the gEng of nine and other members of the conspiracy in executing the object of criminal conspiracy.
LS00 LLLLHC aLaLLLCLH 0 S LLLLLL L LLLLLLCLLL (Since Dead) was an LTTE cadre who infiltrated into Tamil Nadu clandestinely and was in-charge

Page 11
of the Political Wing of LTTE in Tamil Nadu. He assisted Siwarasan (A4) in carrying out the object of the Criminal conspiracy.
A-37 Suresh Master A-38. Dixon a Kish ore A-39 Ahman, A-40 (Driver) Anna 8 LL0LL S LLLL S LLLL S SSSS 000 SS LLLLLLLC S S K S LLLL0LL Since Dead) were all LTTE cadres who infiltrated into Tamil Nadu clandestinely. They were closely associated with Sivarasan (A4) and rendered all help in achieving the object of the criminal conspiracy.
S S LLL S S LL0a LaLLLLa0 L S LLLL LLLL LHHLaLL aLLLLLLLaLLLK murder of Shri. Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India, Committed as a result of a Well thought Out design, dexterously carried out L C LLaaaLa S LaLaaLLaL LLLLLaLLLCLL S LLLLtaaH aa L S LLLLLLLLS ted in the death of 17 others, including 9 police officials, 7 members of public and assassin Dhanu (A5) causing injuries to 44 persons.
2, in or about 1983 the important leaders of Tamil Community in the Eastern and Northern areas of Srianka started a movement for Tamil Eelam With the a WoW ed object of attaining a Tamil Sovereign State within Sri Lanka. The demand for a separata Tamil Eelam led to strife inside Srilanka between the Sinhalese backing up the Srilankan Government and the Tamil people backing up the Taпnіl movement.
3. Perio di Call outbreaks of ethnic Violan CG in Srilanka resulted in large scale exodus of Tamil population from the island to neighbouring Tamil Nadu in India with whom they had age old cultural linguistic and ethnic ties. The Indian Tamils were greatly agitated by the plight of the Srilakan Tamils across the Pak Strait. The influx of the refugees was also an economic strain on India which had to provide shelter, food, medical facilities, etc. The ethnic problem of Srilanka took the shape of a major problem for India. One of the groups demanding Tamil Eelam or a separa te Tamil State was led by W. Prabhakaran (AI), Leader of the group called the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Other groups like Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF). Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation (TELO) and People's Liberation Organisation for Tamil Eelam (PLOTE) Who had their own leaders also represented different interests. However the LTTE was the major force LLL a a LCLLLLLLL LLLLa aLLL LLaK LLLHaL LH C LLLLLL LLLLLL sole representative of the Sri lankan Tamis.
4. This proble affecting both Indian and Srianka was sought to be reme died by Shri Rajiv Gandhi, the them Prima Ministar of India, by taking the initiative to bring the Srilankan Government and various Tamil groups to the negotiating table by acting as the mediator. On 24th July 1987, Prabhakaran (A1) the LTTE Supremo, was brought to Delhi and was apDraised of the details of the proposad Accord. Apparently Prabhakaran (A1) was not satisfied

with tha proposed terms. Prabhakarian (A1) conveyed his misgivings to sympathiser that he had been stabbed in the back and betrayed by the Government of India, by Shri Rajiv Gandhi in the matter of reaching the Accord with the Government of Srilanka. He also gave a statement to the Press.
5. The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord signed between India and Sri Lanka on 29.787 recognised the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Sri Lanka. A separate Tamil Eelam State was therefore ruled out. On the other hand only a provincial State within the Sovereign State of Srilanka was envisaged. While the other groups of Tamils were agreeable to this Accord, LTTE was against it as this went against its avowed policy and de mand for a separate Tamil State, This Accord, therefore triggered their hatred for the Indian leadership of the time led by Shri Rajiv Gandhi Whose média ting skills brought about the Accord. In terms of the Accord, the Indian Army was assigned the peace keeping role.
6. The implementation of the Accord Commerced from 30,787 when the Indian Army reached Palaly, Jaffna for its peace keeping mission. The Accord contempleted the surrender of arms by all the armed Tamil groups including the LTTE within 72 hours, Tho situation LLLLLL aLLLLLL S S CLL LLLL LLLLLL aLLLLL C CL LLLLLL S LH the issue since their Supremo was still in Delhi. He was flown back on 2.8.87, and in the public meeting held at Sudu malai, Jaffna on 4, 8.87, Prabhakaran (A1) expressed his feelings openly. In his speech, while claiming himself as the Chieftain who had fought for the people, he indicated that he was Cowing to fate and surrendering the weapons under pressure while maintaining at the same time his independence and Self respect. Despite this announcement, Surrender of arms di di not commenca till: 6.8.87, when Yogi Si Yoga rathnam of the LTTE made the first show of formal surrendar. The surrender, ho Wa War, i Wa S T Olt tota I.
7. The LTTE was dissatisfied with the Sriankan Government for the allegedly casual and lethargic manner in which displaced Tamils were being rehabilitated when compared to the enthusiasm which displaced Sinhalese were rehabilitatcated in the Eastern Province. On the political front also they were not satisfied with the developments in the matter of allotment of seats LLL LLL SLaLLL LaLLLLLLLSSS LLCLL LLLKLLL LL0L aLLYLLLS ing in regard to the choice of persons for Chairmanship of the Interim Council. In this surcharged atmosphere of tensions. Thilaepan, one of the senior functionaries of LTTE, ConLLLLLL S S SLLLL0L S LaLLLLLL S S LLLL S S LLCCHHH S 0S0S00 S LLL support of certain demands. He died fasting on 26,987.
8. The apprehension of 17 important LTTE men by the SriLankan Navy While travelling in a boat including key leaders Pulendran and
9

Page 12
Kumar appa followed immediately thereafter. The LTTE sought the help of the indian GovernTent for thoir relea sa While tha Srilakan Government wanted them to be flown to Colombo for interrogation purposes on charges of violation of the Accord. While they were handed over to Srilankan Forces for being flown to Colombo. twelve of them, including Pullendran and Kumarappa, died consuming cyanide.
9. The LTTE propaganda machinery swшпg into action to sow the seeds of distrust and disappointment in the minds of the Tamil public in Jaffna towards the leadership of Indian Government, as though India had betrayed them. The role of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was widely condemned as inimical to the interests of Tamils. While indulging in such scathing attacks Shri Rajiv Gandhi was projected as the perpetrator of their suffering. The LTTE projected itself as the sole guardian of of the Tamil people. Prabhakaran (A1) in an open declaration at the time of the funeral of the 12 dead LTTE cadres, averred that henceforth he would revert back to taking up arms to fight for their causes. Udayan, a Jaffna Tamil daily, on 7, 10.87, quoted Prabhakaran (A1) as describing the actions of Sh. Rajiv Ganhi as unpardonable. The Opportunity Was fully used by the LTTE to project their dissatisfaction with the Indian leadership mainly Shri Rajiv Gandhi. The alienation of the LTTE and its Supremo. Prabhakaran (A1), from Shri Rajiv Gadhi's leadership in Indian Politics was total, Prabhakaran (A1) after emnerging from his hide-out after about two and a half years, made a statement in April '90 that he was against the former Indian leadership namely Shri Rajiv Gandhi,
10, Sporadic fighting broke out between the LTTE and IPKF, resulting in loss of life on either side, This confrontation between thea IPKF and the LTTE Cotinued til the Collecement of withdrawal of IPKF in 1989. During this period the LTTE went about compiling newsreports, articles and other materials appearing in print and electronic media about the alleged atrocities perpetrated by the IPKF. Propoganda was also mounted for the immediate withdrawal of the IPKF and anyone who called for the continance of IPKF Was branded a traitor. Slain TULF leader Amirthalingam and LLLLLL LLLLaLL CCLaLS S LaLLYLLLaLLLL LLLL SaaLLLL aa0aLL branded traitors. The withdrawal of PKF Was completed in March 1990 and by that time Shri Rajiv Gandhi had gone out of power and was the leader of opposition. As the political vicissitudes in India in the later half of 1990 would show the country was heading for an early mid-term poll and there was a perceptible upswing in the popularity of Shri Rajiv Gandhi. Shri Rajiv Gandhi himself in August, 1990 predicted the general elections in early 1991.
11. The LTTE apprehended a reversal of the then Government of India's non-interfering
O

Policy towards Sri Lanka with the possibility of return of Shri Rajiv Gandhi as Prime Minister as he stood for not only Srilanka's territorial integrity but also for a role for all Tamil groups in any Tamil solution. In order to prevent Shri Rajiv Gandhi from coming back to power the LTTE leadership conspired to eliminate him, create instability in India and make a clean get away without leaving and trace of LTTE involvement. The conspiracy began to unfold by putting certain number of hardcore LTTE cadres in strategic location in India. 12. The first group consisting of Vijayan El Perumal Vijayan (A20) his Wife Selvauxmi (A 21) and his father-in-law Bhaskaran St. Velayuthan (A 22) were sent by Siwarasan (A4) in furtherance of the Criminal Conspiracy and they LCCLLLLL SLLLLC0LCLCLHHH LH S 00S0S00S LaaLLLLLLL LC guise of refugees. They registered themselves and stayed in Tuticorin Refugee Camp,
13. The second group, consisting of Robert Payas (A 17), Jayakumar (A. 18) and his wife Shanthi (A 19) landed at Rameswaram on 20.9.90 under the guise of refugees and registered themselves. In a day or two, they came to Madras and stayed in a house at Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar, Madras 39.
14. Thereafter, Jaya kumar (A 18) took a house at No. 26, Sabari Nagar Extn., Porur, with effect from 1.10.90 The entire group Consisting of Jaya kumar (A 18), Shanthi (19), Robert Payes (A 17) and his family shifted to this house even two days earlier, which became the place of contact for the members of crimina conspiracy.
15. Ravichandran 8 Ravi 8 Pragasam (A 24) and Suseendran 8 Mahesh (A 25) who went to Jaffna for getting training from LTTE came to Tamil Nadu with Siwarasan (A4) during December, 1990. During his sojourn in Madras in the months of January and February, 1991. Siwarasan (A4) was frequently meeting Ravichandran 3 Ravi 3: Prakasam (A 24). Thereafter Siwarasan (A4) left for Jaffna through Kodiakkarai and returned te Madras during imid March, 1991. On this occasion he brought gold to be used for fiпапсіпg the operatioп. На go1 this gold converted into cash through Shanmughavedivel u 8 Thambi Anna (A 23) and left the Cash with the latter to be drawn in instalments to achieve the objective of the conspiracy,
16. In the meanwhile, in December 1990. Jayakumar (A. 18) took another house at No. 155, Muthamil Nagar, Kodungaiyur, Madras through his father-in-law, at the instance of Siwarasan (A4) and shifted his family. Thereafter Sivarasan (A 4) stayed with Jaya kummar (A. 18) and Shanthi (A 19), They were financed by Sivarasan (A 4).
17. While at Tuticorin camp, Vijayan was visited by Sivarasan (A4) during December, 1990 and was advised to take a house at Madras, so as to accommodate some more LTTE cadres Who Ware expected to arrive soon.
(To be continued)

Page 13
THE NEO-COLOGME OUESTION
Advertising with a vengeance
We are Writing this letter to Con W9Y our grava displeas LI r6 and disgust with an exceptionally sexist and violent advertisemant that is being гepeatedly tale çast on MTW since its іпceptioп.
The advertisement in question is for a male cologne called Ауетдаг which is being marketed by International Cosmetics (PWE) Ltd, asubsidiary of the Maharajah Organization. This advertisement is made up of three SECLIEпCES,
The opening shot is that of a dark alleyway where an Elton John look-alike is spotlighted s tr Lum ming a guitar, Iri ths shadows a few yards away stands another man nonchalantly Smoking a cigarette. Suddenly, a Woman in a black dress and high heels swings through the alley, her black mana of hair swirling around her face. The man in the shadows makes a grab at her, she glares at him. tosses her head dismissively and continues on her way.
Next shot, the spurned man Sprays cologne on himself.
The concluding shot is a Te Play of tha first one but with major deva lopment. The guitar plays on and through the Бhadows опce again appears the desirable object, the Woman. The man grabs at her аgаіп and surprise She turns towards him and har yielding to him is signified by her painted finger mais curling around his Shoulders and her high heeled feet archпgшрwards on tiptoе,
The final shot displayed the otes of cologne along with their signature slogan: “Avёгутаг, Erings out the man in you".
The messaga here was clear, rect and horrifying. If you E = the correct cologne even sual assault can be allшring women. Furthermore, by Eggesting that this cologne ght out the "man in you." advertiser seemed to be suggesting that to be
masculine was to physically an a Woman W. SUlted e'5 refusing one's
We Ca II for the рапsion of the this advertiseme
1. Ra Tali ML Lanka Federatio Women), 2, Ma (Feminist Foru Nesiah (Centre Human Rights) Haniffa (Interna Ethnic Studies) Wimalachandra ( 6. Chitralekha | (Women's Study 7, Qadri Ismai| Versity), 8. Reg
TEST PAPER
Some asp intellectua
(Paper set by
All 3 question attētni potead. Pas A state-control recently gave pr Iвtter from a gг Lankan intelect against what the Violence in a t. They claim to b pleased and dis advertisement, W. WOLITC. T131 TEHC passing young W actually making Sinubs him and himself in the the commercial is a Sa Cond på SS a successful. They
JOWEJ TITTEt to E mercial Which IF tains a horrifying
OUESTON
Among the sig petition are pers quick to protest there occurs anyth ceive as governm in the arts or

O also bE violent: d sexua II y avenge
пmay havа “іпmasculinity by a dwa CaS".
irTm Tadiate s LIStelecasting of it.
te E LJW og ama (Sri of University |athi da Awis m), 3. || Wasuki for Study of A. Farzala tional Centre of , 5, Manisha (Naed חiחWome М а шп a g. u r u Circle Jaffna), (ColLImbia Uni - gie Siri Wardena
(International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 9. Mala Dassanayaks (Voice of Women), 10. Mira Wickremasinghe (University of Colombo), 1 1. Anna Subramaniam (Women for Peace), 12 Pradeep Jeganathan (University
of Chicago), 13. Rajini and Jayan thii (Suriya Women's DewBlopment Centre), 14. Kumari
Jaya Wardena (Women's Education and Research Centra), 15 Keshini Soysa (University of Peradeпіya), 16, Sulli | Bastia (Social Scientists Association), 17. Sunil Abeysekere Women and Media), 13. Man Ouri MLIttetuWegama (Bar Association), 19. Na tasha Balendra (La Wyer), 20 Sunil Wijesiriwardena (Wibhawi
Centre), 21. Kurmu din i Samuel (Women and Media), 22. Sriyani Perera (Vibhani Centre).
Daily Waws y
27752
Bets of censorship for
ls and civil
Piyalı Gam age)
S. luste SS har -- TOO led newspaper Ominence to a DLIp of Heading Ials protesting HW 53. Ĝi 3 S 5 ĝxist W COTT ETC. E grawal y di 5Justed by the hich da picts a ing out to a "dman (without сопlact). Shв 19 tham dữuses tologne which * plugging and the girl is םth חםנGall up Jan the com3 y allege con;essagBוחI
latories to this on S Who arg strongly if ever 1іпg they pвгent censorship :he media of
rights activists only
material which the government Considers undesirable,
How can these sama persons, Without blushing, call upon the sate government to ban a publication which they consider undesirable? Explain, (50 marks)
OLUESTION 2
Amo og the signatories to thes petition are just a few who look with less tham grave displeasure and disgust (still less horror) at the genocidal violenca Welu pilla i Prabhakara (currently directed against innocent Muslim TIBT W CITIEF ad children). Explain. (50 marks)
C). UESTION 3
When is right and proper and legitimate to suppress freedom of speech and expression? (O marks)
NOTE
No marks are awardad for question 3 because the answer is obvious it is right and prapar and legitima ta to suppress at material which displeases Our leading Fightars for freedom of Sp Bch and Expr g85ioni,
11

Page 14
The Tamil Soldier and
O. P. SiWara
10 idea of the "modern Indial
arry" is Tarally associated With the Tamils, The natura or its athmic сопpositioп gвпегates thв іппpression that it is a predominantly north Indian phänomenon. This impression has become so strongly established that the military history of the British Empire's rise has been studied in recent times in Collectio With the rol G of the "martial peoples' of north India in the British Indian army. The tenacity and power of this 'inpression" in modern scholarship is best illustrated in the argument of David Washbook "Tha Fola the British Iпdiап army played in international affaiTS O War tha course of the 19th century howa Wer, lifts it out of the context of British Indian relations and pola Cēs it in a broader global perspective. It was not an army, intended primarily for domestic defence and police duties in India, Rather, it Was the army of British Emperia. lism formal and informal, which operated Worldwide, opening up Tärkét5 to the prodLCls Of indu5trial revolution, subordinating abour forces to the dominating of Capital and bringing to 'berighted" civilizations the enlighte med Values of Christianity and Rationality. The Indian army was the iron fist in the Velvet glove of Victorian expansionism. Moreover, because the British Empire was the principal agency through which the world system functio
ned in this era, the Indian army
was in a real sense the major coercive force behind the internationalization of industrial capitalism. Paradoxically (or not!). the martialization of North Indian society and, in many Ways the feudalization of its agrarian relations, ware direct corro la ries of the development of capitalism on a world scale during the 19th century." (Washbrook: 1990) Washbrooks wiew is based on what the Indian army was towards
the latter part of the ninteenth century. It is underpinned by an "impression' which arose many
| 2
years after the blished their is India ald Flad foundation With H5 their Coasta built up in the וח 18th century Soldiers. The I in empire — buildi lising dominan military caste Co building up a chi effective army Tarihi| 5oldidir:5. half of the 19t the Tai Chris was the main C hind the expansi int he subconting The British recrl for Madras ca: frustfussy H5 sä, Army was rain/y солдшегfлg Mлга (p. 8) Tha Tami || || as the bara o the Bible-with Caste prejudices suitable for ex: thE 5E a Unlika hii bret Firen in mort to What Washi early phase of Br pansion in East, Asia Wa5 In tot E. tialisation of mor boLIt On tha - SO na tiwa to its Tarkēt — tha: || TT||G.
"During this always througho the Coast Arm note Worthy for Crity with whic ha WE Wolunteered Seas, The Bang many DEGasions | for foreign Servi that it was cotri gion. But thE C: gly EmbarkEd, aր part iп ппапy st tions, including Mahe (1779), Ca 1795), Аппboупа Islands (1796) Bourbo and M and Jawa (1811-"

the Dravidian Diaspora
British had astatrategic — hold on laid the Empire's What was known Army' which was atter Half Of H.E. ainly with Tamil British succeeded got by martia
TOT EH || TITTL niti ES BLE t by Edap but Hoyal aпсі of predominantly Urti I th 3 I attr h can tury it was tian soldier who Dar Ciwg, for G. EEon of the Empire it and as where. itment handbook 38BS Baү5 ""If саг | That fig CGg5
Sreff Fr. for the Bris." Golder vās Sēlen f the Sword and few religious and which made him editions beyond sппогв вхрвпsivв h India. Contrary Ook Clairs, the itish overseas exWest and South Sed on the larthndian society, I thi dia altermilitary labքur Wall classes of
Whole period, as Lut its existerce, was specially hĒ Chorf Lu||- its regiments of Star Wica owerחס sוחB| regime| efused to embark ce, on the plea Ty to their relipast Army willind took a leading uccessfull expediManila (1762), yon (1782 and апd the Spice Egypt (1801-2), lauritius (1810), 2)". The Coast
Army took part in the final expeditioп against thв Кіпg of Kandy which was followed by tha first war in Burma (1824-26). The first War by the British in China Was also fought by the tՒլBրil II, 1 B4.D1-42 Նոյի էյրg tՒ1E 37էի Madras Infantry was made grenadier battalion for its distinguished Եonduct. Sir Hugh Gough reported of their servica in tha China War that "" their per SEWEтапce and a gallantry before the епеппу have secured for theпп th a confidanca of thg British European soldiers". Recruitment Handbook for Madras Cla5585 p. 6) Even a brief study of the history of the Coast Army and the Tamil Soldiears Who WEB re re cr LII tad in to it would reveal that the "military agency' which 'conveyed British capitalist power to areas of the World (including the South Asian hinterland) it could not otherwise hawa reached" had a wer y Sima || proportion of north Indian military groups, Washbrook's argument that the World Capitalist system which the British Empire helped So much to expand rested heavily on the intermediation of the Indian army and that without it and similar agencias constituted outside the European capitalism core, "the forces of world capitalism Would hawa EDBE I Ethnic much weaker or else of a very different kind' " is plausible but the arguinent that harnessing the dynamic potential of the readily available north Indian military groups. пасјв јt cheaper for the British to rapidly expand their empire, is untenable in view of the two most critical phases which dea termined the hold of thig English on the subcontinent.
The first phase begins towards the middle of the 18th century. I Wasta conte St With the Franchi that first compelled the British to abandon thais policy in India till then, that war was bad for trade, and raise local troops. There was in the subcontinent at that time paramilitary caste groups whose services could be obtained for a fee. The British unlike the great

Page 15
Indian prince dots in that era could not afford the soldiery of the high caste martial groups although they wery much desired them. "From the proceedings of the government, dated 7th May 1770, it appears that the Sepoy batta iOS the Consisted Of Mohameda T15, Tarmi|S and "Ta|U- gus, but пo details of castв аге given. It may be inferred that tha number of Brahmans, Rajputs and Mahrattas in the Madras army Was wery S Tha||I. It is Clear that the authorities were desirous of restricting en listments to men of good caste, but it is equally clear that this was not practicable during the last (18th) century." Again in 1795, it is stated that "owing to the small pay of the sepoу апd the high price of rice, considerable difficulty was experienced in obtaining good recruits, and the battalions were kept up to their pro per strength by accepting undersized men and those of low caste." (Phytian Adams: 1943 Yet Stringer Law. rence and Clive succeeded in making the cheap low caste Tamil sepoys into an army with which the English Were able to establish themselves as the main European trading group in India in the Gontest With tha French, It later Won all the crucial battles that subjugated most of India during the course of the seventy five years since recruitment of the first Tamil Sepoy levies began in the northern parts of Tahiladu in 1746. The East India company established its first military department at Madras in 1752. The main reason behind the rapid rise of the British in this era was their low cost but hardy army. The major Indian kingdoms Of the time, although possessed of nodern and larger forces were falling into financial difficulties in maintaining their expensive high caste soldiery whose pay arrears was frequent cause for mutiny. The English fought with the adWantage of an extremely loyal army which did not rebel for pay. The Recruitet Handbook of the Madras classes records "newer were these qualities more fully tried than in the war with Hyder. The pay of the army was sixteen months in arrears, famine raged
allower the Coun was at the gate bounty апсi pay to de Sert, butin Wain circuistances Sey fought. Their con War excited the a Who knew it a Great of Prussia ha We Said after aC Count of the f Iם lםחם וחוחטס thB like the sepoys o he could conզu: (p.9)
The second cr Which the fut LIré an Empire build dötörminöd Was մահith thE lTitliari in North India. A loyal Coast Army English Survive th the Mutiny that n r3 organiza tha – li that form which siders in his the
In 1857-58, Mutiny of the who the Coast its loyalty and un certain manne dated the 19th A Secretary of Sta The COrlandercontains only a the important Si by the Madras great Contest ir Iпdia. The great ! perfect fidelity o the perfect loyal lions of persons. Presidency, whic sources of the Sc be freely put foi O Lur hård pressed North." Lieut. Go Grant said "THE field of the Troop dency employed SEO OF :: thi : RE Mutiny Ere lov tory, and the g which they hawe Tlust Bildur foT ghabla r:E0:Ord of de S. It Can Ieu that, to their in the native troo ras army have Words of the borough faithf ng the faithle:

tгу, the впапу s offering largs ) oLur . Sepoys - t0 Under II thĖSÉS /вгв асtioП Warв tiuct during the dimiräti 0 of II id Frederick th9
Was knoWI to reading Orme's War, that had he roops who acted that Occasion, or all Europe."
ucial phase in Of the British läs ing powег was the period in Mutinү өгшрted gain, it was the that helped the e Mutiny. It was ade the British ndian army into WES hibrOak COTIisis. Carme the great агmү in BengаІ, Army displayed סח_ in חםtiםGIBW r. In a despatch ugust 1859, the ite of India said . i - chiefs MMiıLI te slight sketch of Er WiCÉS rė dgTegd army during the the North of fact has been the f that агпуапс y of the 23 milwho inhabit this h enabled the reuth of India to “th in Support of Country mer in neral Sir Patrick Star Wics in the S of this presiin the Suppresbilliol and the Tatter Of HSlowing terris in been recognized ever, an шпpвrithis noble soer beforg Otten mortal honour. ps of the Wadbeen in the Earl Of EELi foLu Inti armo
5.
The Drawidian ideology was underpinned by the idea of the loyal Tamil soldier of British Coast Army, bringing to "benighted" civilizations the enlightened walues of Christianity and Rationality. Caldwell and his SUCcessors elaborated a theory of a Tamil Diaspora as the bedrock of Protestantism and the English Empire on this idea.
Bishop i N. C Sargant Wh0 - like Caldwell, was the Church of England's Bishop in Tinnevely spells it out clearly in his Dispersion of the Tamil Church'. "The Tamils are great soldiers; they went with the army along with their families and lived in its newly estabilished Camps and in the newly captured territorias. they were excellent instuments for establishing the Church amoпу the Telugu and Kannada speaking peoples" "There is much evidence to show that Tami soldiers - of the British Indian army - and those (Tamills) who followed the army took the gospel with them to the other parts of India'" (Sargant: 1940. p. 32 and p. 68). About the intention of his Work Sargant says "The Dispersion of the Jews was a preparation for the spread of Christianity in the ancient world. Similarly can it be said that the Dispersion of the Tamil church helped the missionaries? The first Apostles found some God fearing Jews as their first believers, Did the missionaries find the Tamils perceptive., was this race the first fruit of Chiristian Work? I tried to find answers to such questions.... This research made The understand that Christ realised many unexpected and inexplicable things through the Dispersion of the Tamils and the Tamil Church.' Sargant, like Caldwelland Bishop whitehead before him believed that research into ancient Drawidian forms of expression found in Tamil would reveal that there were many surprising words and ideas which denoted Christian concepts such as that of sin. "Like the ancient Hebre'WS the ancient Drawidians also tried to lead a righteous spiritual life." (p. 3) The close connection betweer the British Indian a FITY'S (Сол тілшесі оп. драда 28)
13

Page 16
WTH THE BES
ELEPHANT HOUS
OUALITY AT AF
. -- 1
NO. 1 JUSTICE
COLO
 

" COMMY PLWMENMVTIS
DA
SE SUPERMARKET RORDABLE PRICES
KBAR MAWATHA BO-2,

Page 17
COWFLACT
Domestic crises and th
This is a revised transcript of a video interview Conducted by Stephanie Loonis апtl preSented at rocent COfTECE SPOSOIT Gd by thig Michigan State
University.
To start with Dr. Rшpes/пgha, сgu/d you te// иs why your Whave chosen this field of work?
It is partly biographical. I come from Sri Lanka which as үгш а]] know, today is a Country which is facing a lot of violence, it is a country at War. Those of us who are involved in research WE TE very much concerned with the political economy of Sri Lanka - You know, problems of development and underdevelopment. 1 am a Sociologist. Then Suddenly, to everybody's surprise, tha Conflict blew up, as it were, and the violence which began around 1970-1978 has escated today into a serious conflict. So that is the biographical aspect of this: fying to understand how Very bā Uf PUTTY With a great history behind it, with fairly advanced Welfare state was get= ting destroyed from with
The Second factor, of course, is that peace research has bвеп very much involved in the East-West conflict, in the Cold War issues of disarmament and Security. Was Very surprised that here at this institute, there was Very little cognizance and research done on internal wars and ethnic conflicts which seem to be today a major issue on the agenda. When
Pг Fшрв5їпgѓа "s fл சோரச் சரி து Ethnic Conflicts and Conflict. ReFoll for Pragrarie at the re. лагала! Peace Rasearch Млstїftуге The Is asso the Co-ordinatoro
UM Liversity Programme Goyer manca a 7 do Conflict நீரேர, Hf AliV sarom BssLvrT7g ri חם - חציטים
Secretary Genera, International AEF
join Gd the Insti WBS WBry COnd:Brr gap in the field, hawa tried to fo this important internal and at their resolution.
[5 f/Тага 5олтаІЛj f / A kifir 7' of CCFF With in your res.
Let meg Start E. "рагadox". Tha | term which has 1948, the United has been based of the inter-stat has bшild up a in how to deal wit flicts. But today inter-state conflic that what we conflicts, I do flicts as Conflits ՑtatE էյըrtiar. I of the fact that y a differentiation internal and a pu flict. But my ma. is that nost of аге seеіпg today Character, but F.
Tal influences a
Let me share w the research find in relation to in This century has h13 WIB been the Eo the history of mar for Bxāmple, cits figure or 143 milii ing been killed by 9 Trhnîn Ð ni t, TFhis T. ethnocide, and d has gone om ir This century has fest so far. At this century will creating internati of behaviour, part reSpea C t of Lura obligations of sta
The secoпd fig share with you is the UN High Co Refugees. Today

eir transformation
Lita in 1982 | led at this major Brld sĩTlCÐ then | CUS attention of and vital issue: Ilic Conflicts and
rig specia about Ects that you dea é95fCF7?
y discussing the International sysde WB loped since Nations system, п the regшlatioп e Syster, and it fair competence hinter-state coWe do not have its. The paradox is avв агв ІПТатпа| TB ist EFTER COWithin a given anqLite a Ware Ju cannot make between a pure rƏ Éxtarnal Coforposition nere hв сопflicts we are intral a We many extering Lupon them.
ith you some of ng S and figuras terra Conflict5. been known to Oodiest ever in kind. R Luimmig I. 3 CDISBrvative on people havtheir own govІвапs genocida, enocide, which I this century. BB the bloodthe sama time bB known for onal standards icularly on thig rights and the IES.
Ure I Wart t the figure from missioner for
We are speak
ing about a refugee flow of 18 пmillioпреople, and refugees Bre a direct result of violent cofits We also have 20 million displaced people, which is іпcreasiпg each Year -- These ara people who are internal refugees who have no place to go. They have no inter. national protection, thвү агеa по. protected by their government, Now, this brings the figure Up to almost 40 million people, Wu Suggest that if the international Community does not address itself to root causes, we are going to have a figure of about 100 million refugees by the year 2000. This does not ta|| us anything aԷյլյալ the results and ԲՃոSEգսEntE Dր children, on women, or old DBOple, for it is a fact that in thaSa conflicts, civilians suffer heaviest casualties.
I would say that we have another paradox: the Cold War is now DVBr. WE hawa segn the callapsa of Communist regimes, is this going to lead to an gra of 미EECE and prosperity? Of course," som conflicts based on the Cold War hay disappear, But nev con flicts which were suppressed bү the Cold War are going to EODET And that is what we have give attenti Om to, tho naw typвs of conflict which are today on the agenda. I have written extensively on this mater so I would only try to list these conflicts and then go on to talk about identity conflicts in particular.
We have ideological conflicts between classes; they will continue. The gaps between the rich and poor Will continue to Wīdri, But at the same time these conflicts will not ba simple since wa also witness a grO Wing middle Class tied to wa luas of democracy. We also have conflicts of JOVErnance; how is society going to ula in the future, who is a lagitimate authority? The whole POTOcess of democratization means new conflicts of a particular Kind
15

Page 18
are going to comв шp In Africa, iп China, in many parts of the South, as well as in Eastern Europe and if the Sowiet UiO. A intera Sting paradox is that democracy may revive ethnicity as the only basis for political mobilisation. When we talk of multi-party democracy we must be aware of the fact that this ma y mean mobilising om ar ethnic or religio Us basis, All third kimidə Öf Con Fidet İS resource-based; conflicts over rivers, over oil, over forests, over pollution or clean air; these kinds of conflicts ara also going to ba important.
The fourt kind of conflict want to concentrate on is identity conflict. What is identity? All of us, everyone has an existential need for meaning in this world. Therefore, prefer to use the Word identity rathar than ethnicity, because identity has both an existential dimension of trying to fild Out Who on G is, With thig social context in which you are defined and provided with a certain label, with a certain ethnicity. And it is in this particular configuration of identities that we are going to find the most violent Conflicts in the future, Let The explain why that is. The concept of modernization process and the globalization of culture itself is a facet of identity formation. Today. We live in a global village, There is a massive and continuous thrust for the globalization of Culture. This migams that all traditional communities, like religious communities, have to redefilla themsel Wes in this Context of modernity.
Let us take up the question of state-building. The state-building project is not over. Statebuilding and nation-building have come into conflict With existing COTT LIF'iti gS ad mātīCT5. WWE have today about 5,000 ethnic Communit les in the World: We hawe about 8,000 languages which are spoken in the World. How, theп, сап We try to gшагапtee, and Ensure the people a sense of identity, a sense of security, and a sense of well-being? I would suggest that this will become one of the major issues in the conflict dynamics of the future.
| Will try to end this by also
16
suggesting som Gulture. Lat US - of thosan fhaopll the concept of Caused ha VOC ir "" White mai'S ELJI chosen to spread like to the native celebrating, this Colorbus - WB chosen peoples c a Source of COT point is in all tend to demoni וחMH - חWסחkחu ways in which th le oter il del in a II o Lur Cultu chose trauna, C bвеп violated by ti BS ält some tima ClOSe tra Lm:S đangerous if thay with Thyths of ori major basis of et it is dangerous moder InäS5 m HESé Element5.
Let us take ExE avia; before the
Vā tī5 c WEEn the Serbs : Where tha na SS depicting those | Ved With fOr. Ce zing therm, creati ChOSEIl tra Lias, pening in AzerbE in Uzbekistan an parts of the wor| One of the mo: měnt5 that WB H the way in whic alizës trauma : prophecies, and identities in a rather than a po TIPIESE FāWG FEGIT ressing figures. der Wofiär f/g FESAF TE CEILWEI figures?
FREsgair Chi? Yr has been an ent it. RGS GT Chl a terria LiD al rela is mostly a body inter-state. Co. բology is a bad peoples a Tid Éth Science may by
Eric St L
CELUI til GSS mumb the causgs of still hawe to g

things about akta, the Concept s. As you know. chosen peoples Africa. With the den". They werg the word, if you 5. We are also ear, Christopher know that the hпcept has beeп [[it:t. The titllեր ILIT Cultur ES W 3 the other, tha t:LIIILIres have ay try to project II ter T5. A 50 5. We have a Luliti B5 ha. Wg Other GOTT. In Uniin history. Thasa Edinbecorne weer W. are also coupled gin, which is the nicity. And why s (because) the edia actualize:S
Imples, In Yugosactual direct War ut Lura Wär bĘtInd the Croatiang Imedia has been whom they hava turies, de ToliIng In a W tra LJ Thas, and this is apтап, тіп Armвпia, Fi 1п плапү, папү d. I thirk this is st important eleEwê to lok into, h modernity actuInd self-fւյlfilling awakes these negative aspect sitive Spect.
Sorre preffy deОла таy worm = доѕіїїve ro/a of Be in reducing these
| LI know — the Fa. Jľmous am Dunt of ld St Lidies in inLions, for E2XETT) pola of knowledge of nficts. Anthroy of knowledge of cities. Political | CF i Stitti 5 5 EEG. THE F G H I B äg, jf studi E5 Tl
Fil: ET JŲ o ahead and seek
ппоге сопnparative knowledge оп the resblution of conflict, on how Communities hawe lliw Ed tog Ether and can live together, to try to find the kind of examples and solutions to thesa sorts of problem5.
Clearly, the need for more research and comparative knowadte has been recognised and today there are Wide met Works of researchers who are addressing these issues. Here, I can only mention that there is now
at the United Nations University
a programme which 1 апп соՃrdinating, a բrogramma On governance and Conflict resolutiom, Where: We are trying focus more on research networks and trying to get scholars to look at their own conflicts, and We are Commissioning a range of
попographs and international conferences. I think you will hawe that if your dossier. I
sent you the programma of the United Nations University. There are, of course, other research concerns. UNRSD is another UN research organization Which is conducting work on ethnic conflict and development, and there is a new awareness in the araa. CODESTRIA " Which is a regional research organisation is conducting major comparative studies on ethnicity and nationaliSmi in1 AfrfCa. Ir Sri Lanka, th Ea T8 is the International Centre for Ethnic Studies. There is today then a proliferation of studies on ethnicity and internal COTIficts.
But my Tain Concern is that the research also must be encouraged within the regions of Conflicts themsel WEES. Wery fargly do people in regions of conflict ewgr obtain Wā LU able Works which are available in the West A university professor in Uganda or in Sri Lanka could not buy any of these books beCa USB i tāks tv-the-Tiltīs 5BlEF. Stö, We also hawa to provide for research competence within the region of conflict
What about private Institutions.
= Сал гHgy hв/p?
You know, there has been a
Very interesting development of what you call private inSitutions Or. 1 etVorks, non
Contfrier Dr. Te E

Page 19
Катdasaптy Lecture
(3)
Ethnic issue: Blind eac
A. M. Marcan Markar
R蠶 an ethnicity emerge out of debates in Parliament. Members of the House enjoy the power to räise or lower the Stakes of this subject on tha nation's political agenda. Just as Tuch as Parliament provides the structure to discuss the problem freely, the press needs to offer space for the public to reflect on the opinions of legisBLUTE, Such a Conti LIOLIS di5 COLITSe Will SE VE d5 g5sentil feedback information for Parlia
Tientaria 15 This lexL5, COL be strengthened by reporters pours Luing follo W-up Stories front Hmong the people of groups that will be impacted by impending legislature. And rather than limiting this avenue to people in Colombo, it is paramount tD CEWBSS opinion for citizens who live beyond the capital. It Would make the dialogue on issues a more representative sample of national opinioп.
Besides political speeches, press notices and press conferences feed political journalism. What EWEr the form, We cannot ignore the innuferable instances Where ethnic politics has baan reported to exploit emotions. In such cases, the press is as guilty as the spokesmen who launch campaigns. With sectarian interest. Jingoism of this sort distorts the commitment to balanced and accurate coverage expected of the press, it produ Cēs ha te, SLI spicion, and distrust in the Tid of the readers against the group being scapeցըated.
There is a danger when the mainstream press Campaigns for causes that have a marrow nationalist focus, rather than campaign for broad. humanitarian principles. It denies the truth to its readers in the interest of propag ating - a particularo ideology. All too often, journalists
wwho are swwер efforts are greater issues proverbial VV is: Of the dang Eind lead the Let LJG |Ook E La W as a case it was introduct the forca of tl Terroris Act II WāS dag Ed al a Sura by the Dr Before long, harsh laws imp. irl լիE լոյի Ճle the second WP By then, it we SG Got idoj 15 Of Fiĝi the State with Simf:E, thE ITEdi= SOLlt F1 TE|| [ orsed the grow national securit II Ճոit tHat the PTA a Fe. Er di SCriminate Eo
JTO LIDS.
So far, I hav av en Lua that jo L. to gather politi Thara is a Cor the existing arr journalists dept So LurCBs ir Wito | WB political process out of power. is a vast area t lected: percept munity level. A towards the S. political reportir the press to exp on the ethnic q and Wong i villages, in tow
tutions that a affiliated with process. These
IECESSEF Y COTT I TG di di S corni ding the politi GBTWES.
Si Ca, Sri La the luxury of press, through

is the blind
it up by such Inter FFOm te
at stake, and EdOni VLFarns US Er LuHEI te
bid. at the Emerger cy in point. When
Bd to strengthen a Prevention of the Nort, it appropriate meSS il tha South. however, these acted the people country, during uprising in 1987. |5 t00 late for press to fault eXCBSSIWGPOWer, opinion in the Le ad Elth of a strong y State, it is ferocity of the Tergency did not "IEET) at hic
a dwelt on the Jrnalists prOCe gd cal information. venience about апдеппепt, siпсв and heavily on
1 ta' ffri 3, Whather in CF Ho We Wer, there hat remains nagors at the coАп іппрогtant step ophistication of g would be for ore the attitude I esti frOnTi rTB
the street, in п5, and in instire not directly decision-making з оріпіопs arв onents if the Ed to understarC8 | Cult LIFB t
kH dOes not HBVB ріпіоп polls, the Lura interest
storias, could fill the Void by writing about the common beliefs and the Todes of thinking to the ethnic question. It would
provide a channel for grass roots
opinion to contribute towards shaping the political agenda,
addition to those who report the ethnic problem through news and feature stores, another Co terie of Writers Who pro Wide i forladtil a Ta tha Columni Sts. Here, refer to those who contribute personal col Lmns using their name or a pS (3 Ludlon ym Unlike the objectivity required from the political reporter, the political columnist enjoys a Wider a tit Ude. Sin Ce his Or her effort is subjective. Such a classification, however, does not meam Fiat a Write T Should indulga in an orgy of mudslinging, but be guided by the epithet "facts are sa Cred; GOTT ment is free," " Using tha Sunday na Ws pa pars as a guide, We Would be abla to, locate these Writers as staff Illembers or as guest Writars, It is rat Lura li tat Bad CF Writer rigWiga | his biasas as hig argues or analyses his subject. Batter Sti|| |, la reader Will Eoa able to extract the perceptions of a political group, if it is the case, a writer represents. On the other hand, it is the responsibility of the editor to solicit opposing points of view from a staff Columnist or a guest Writer. This is to prevent a пеwspaper froпп becomiпg a platform for propaganda. Further, it would be in keeping with the liberal spirit of Article 19. So far I have identified the existing Ways by which the press informs its readers: an objectivв пеws report, a hшпап іпterest story, a featшre stoгу, а пеws analysis, ог ап оріпіоп. THis fra la Work E WOIWd With tha adwar Cea of journaliST. IT democracies, Such a Convention is important, since it SUpplies a diversity of Ways that inci
17

Page 20
dents, events and issues may be wiewed. If members of ths press ar a sin cerea to thoir profession, than thay Will defend the ideas that produced this concept to dissaminate information, for the principal beneficiary is пеіther the reporter nor the publisher, but the reader, the indiWidual citizen.
By now it would be obvious to you that I Concentrated sig nificantly on the press. I did so because it is the medium I know best. Moreover I feel satisfied With Thy decision since it was the medium that Mr. KanthaSamy chose, too Further, despite the state imposed restraints on this medium, there is fair amount of proof that the press enjoys more spaca to function than talewision and radio. Thgrefore, a more representative, and natural, picture is manifast Wher scrutinizing the functional role of this medium in our multiethnic Society.
But there is a point to be
Ta de Bablo U t the other Woo Tadia. The most iппрогtaпt featшга is that it is heavily controlled by the State. Never the less, this arrangement provides us with an indication of how the Gowerent perceives the Tulti-ethnic structure of Sri Lanka. If we look at the broadcasting medium, the one with the largest public Budience. It reveals that the State has provided the space for each language community to haw E a CCESS to fiddio. Ta television Station has gone a step further than the monolingua | broadcast Stations. It has ai CCommodated all three language grOUS One TEdium, indicating it 35 8 medium That toleratBS Cultural pluraliST, As I t appears, these 9о ует пппепт сопFOI I Bd Ediä reflect the trilingua | Composite of the Country.
ՏՃme people might find comfort in this integration process. Howe war, sin Ca freedom is nonexistent in either medium, this cosу аггапgвпепt is поt пatшгаІ; гather, imposed process. Апd the content of progгапппе:s and news indicates the absurdity of this exercise, Therefore, we need to question Such an arti. ficial effort, which suffers from
18
a paucity of The program пе ten ing and wit CFOSS-s Action Of perceptions апс. Withina ethnic We en ethnic gro the form of news panal discussion
the audience sho the Warts of it powdered face, a Citha E SEES jBCtires of the TEt hid B5, the And if the gover abouէ սբholding dвпостасу іп Society, it should 13 || requirement an inforted citiz only be achieved WIS TOT 5E ETIO E SE TWEE BS for a for плапү tгшth5.
During this lec gant le mar || H how frequently t| its obligation to
Dom9Stic , , . fCri ritsrifsd frr governmental or, агв tгуіпg to ad by a particular the International ASSOClation Cal | flict and Cof (ICON) This netw and activists
letWork focus Warning, and tr Restu tio... - Thi: to encourage thE COLI Eris, E look at the is t network try to iffLinds per Tit. One I think of meeting in Gror ago, We are goin meeting in Kyoto Schola TSG from Willi HE WE TEt and t their kids of is also quite a governmental ac coming to the national Alert is Oftig
Interatida 35 a interati precisely to add Ճf group EՃnfli:

communication. 5 dепy the lisawing public a
information, | mis per C9 pot IONIS group and betups. Whether in reports, features,
and inter WIBWS UId. De tijd ab O Uit he country. The cos etc. approo satisfy the obpresent manageagonizing truth. mment is 5 in Gere the principles of E TITLJIti – Ethnic defend a cardias a prerequisite: епгү. This caп WB the tegnd radio Station Tham" id=as ant
ture, la di 35 ad a wa ShoWI WOU հE mEdia witյlate
provide diverse
information. In a multi-ethni society, this failure can be deva. stating, as indicated by the prewailing political climate, There is no alternative to this citizen's right.
A commitment to openness by the media Wil|| require the individual journalist to challenge the prevailing conventions, Out of this will emerge, I hope an enlightened Tedia and a Tore informed national constituency where the people will relate to each other as human beings first, then Sinhalase, Tamis, Muslims, and Burghers.
The importance of the Tedia, as an institution, within a multiEthnic society Cannot be minimi zed. Its strength is in its structure to link the many peoples in this country. In this real too the media is wanting. It needs to redefine its role, projecting a cosmopolitan image, for it has the capacity to generate a multiethnic community through communication (Concluded)
(pagE TE לfr ganizations. We dress this is SLIS network under Peace Research 3d Internal ConiCE RESOLEio. W o Tk has Scholas Worldwide. The es on Eearly Hining in Conflict S is an attempt scholars within and regions to :Orflicts.
meat regularly, We hawa Had airly interesting 1іпgвп two years g to ha WE Brother I, and in between thin the regions ried to discuss COfflicts. THE TE TE 19E EWW I OT1= tors which are 5Сепв, ІПtёгcertaiпlу опе
Alert was born rial Organization trass the question Ct5, ES C8 LUSE 10
These
body was dealing with that issua in the international system. In that sense International Alert, under the able leadership of Martin Ennals, was set up to try and Creata frameworks for di SCUSSing the Sekinds of Conflicts. There are many more. Arcother on 3 is thB II terrh a tiOr1al Negotiations Network which is based in the United States in Atlanta, presided by President Jimmy Carter. The INN has a Countill of Ernstil is lent Feirst is is which include people such as Oscar Arias, Schevernadze, Archibishop Tuttu and many others, There is then a range of NGOs Who hawe been Working like the Quakes, the Peace Brigades, the Reconciliation International. think Lhere is - a tre TIendOLIS role for these non-governmental e tities to Work Withi a COTItext. Where the international inter-State system is still lagging Very much behind in dealing With these issues. But these initiatives whilst seeking to fill a gap in the international system Will| hawa to Work With O'Ca organisation within the regions of conflict. This is not always easy.
Next U. N. Role

Page 21
SRI LAMKAM COMPLJe 7
Need for resolution cel
A. Siwarajah
|. IntrOduction
Tha idea of having conflict resolution Centras is not new to either Siri Lanka or other South Asian Countries. For exапmple, in the prв- соӀопіа| вга Sri Lanka had Gar Sabhas and India had and Con til Lue:S to ha WE
Panchayats, But with the adwant of Colonia | PD W E9rs the instit Lutions hawe disappeared in Sri Laikā, Ās modern Srī Lākā
society faces many conflicts at Varidus leves the revival ald TeConstitution Of the Old institUtions of conflict resolution Tay be desirable as agencies for DeBCE-making.
II. Theory of Conflict
R5OLEO
Conflict resolution iTp lies the termination of conflict by methods that are analytical and that get to the root of the problem. As John B. Burton has observed 'conflict resolution implies a capability to deal with a II forms of conflict at a II Social La Wells from tha interpersonal to the international". Conflict resolution has been treated as the art of the possible With failure attributed to the impossibilities of the situation rather than to the inadequacies of the processes employed.
The theory of analytical, problem-solving conflict resolution is derived from a conception of conflict as a normal and univerSa human phenomenon. As Burton has aptly pointed out Conflict describes" a relationship in which each party perceives the other's goal, values, interests It behavio ut as artit hati Ca to its own."
First step in the process of conflict resolution is to bring Le representatives of parties to conflict in an intractive and Eelytical setting. This setting II bring a qualititative shift
in their unders natur of ta analyze relations generate an acc of the problem motivations and The second ste E goals and polici fLI | Ily, informed O the dispute, inc Wat iOS and wa||L sing side. Third the possible t ""COfflict TB5|| Litio tial or bringing peting systems It has the pote or link person to group and syste
Gai Tn Sabha Wras
According to ay villages enjoyed independence r administratio in Šri Lārikā, T ously described of the elders' discharged both and judicial ft. Origins and devel ם Es isסון והחווחםם Robert KO's Gai Tn Sabha way in th, the 17th century the hearing of doing justice a TTO here are coшпtry CatLITO, CO15isti cers, together wi the Places and the courts are k are Calgd Gar as to say, Town (R. K. W. Goon Journal of Histori 1, 1958)
In the Kadyar S BEITS, the Gam functioned effect D'Oyly gives a of the Капdya According to D'
This court is both in the

tres
landing of the conflict and to Tipos So as to Iratg definition i te 5 of human needs. is to Cast their as once they are F a II aspects of uding the moties of the oppois to discover ptions. Thus, nhas the potenOtheTW i 5B COTI.yחסוחto harחi itial to bridge Der SiOn, grou po t0 m to System.
VS Centres
failable data, the a degree of their internal the pre-colonial :Committees Warias consisting r leaders who administrative inctions. Their opment of these ifficult to say. de Scription of e 5 aC Tid half of sis follows: In complaints and ոց Neighbours, -courts of judig of these offith. Head-Men of
TՃWms, wh are ept: and these Sabbi, as much
| COS Lutati 05. a sekera Ceylon Cal Studies, Wol.
1 Provinces, it 1SabhEdW a 5 ha Wa ively. Sir John Wiwid description 1 gamsabhava. Dyly:
frequently held Disawanies and
the Upper Districts and consists of an assembly of the Principal and experienced Men of a Willage, who met at an Ambalam or a shady or other Central Place Upon the occurance of any Civil or Criminal mattar as Disputas regarding Limits, Debts, Petty Thefts, Ouarrels etc., and after enquiring into the case, if possible settle amicably, declaring a party which is at fault, adjudge гestitutioп or coпрвпsatioп апd dismissing with reproof and admonition their endeavours being directed to compromise and not to punish ment,
In the above description two aspects are important. One is that gamsab hawa always tried to settle disputes amicably. The second is that their endeavours were directed to effect compromise and not to impose punishments. These two aspects are two important features of present day conflict Tasolution Centras in the West, particularly in the U. S. A. Therefore a modernised and modified version of gamsabhava Can big formed as a Conflict resolution Centre. "'Cause 8 of the Kandyan convention indirectly gawe recognition to the gamsabhava by enacting that "the administration of civili and Crimina I justice and police ower Kandyan in habitants ......... is to ba exorcised according to Bstablished forms and by the ordinary authorities." (Goonesekera) British authorities duly recognised the Useful work they performed.
Colabrooke Was in fa WOUT of the revival of gamsa bhava for tha following reasons: Firstly gamsabhawas were wery economical in conducting their Courts, secondly gamsabha was conducted their affairs in conformity with customary laws. Thirdly gamsab. hawa required little attention in the form procedural regulations
"Сол тілшесі ол даga - 25)
is

Page 22
WORMOWEGWATWW
马丘AORT
The situation in Sri La
1 INTEROEDUCTION
In recent years the situation with regard to human rights in Sri Lanka has atractcd Considerable international attention. NUmbrous reports have docUmented extensive and messive violations including a large number of disappearances and political assassinations.
Im September 1991, Amnesty International (AI) presented a report (Sri Lanka - the Northeast: Human rights violations in a context of armed conflict) Containing 32 specific recommendations for improving the human rights situations. Numergus Tleasureis airTitled at issiprowing the Situation Were a ISO TE COTTппепded in a герогt presented to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in January 1992 by the UN-appointed Working Group on Enforcede or 1пvolшптагү Disappearances. The
Sri Lankan authorities hawe acknowledged the occurrence of violations of human rights
and indicated a wish to improve CO dit iOS.
Norway has expressed concern at the human rights situation i Sri Ldk 01 E TIL Tiber Of occasions. At the Country Pro = gramme Consultations in November 1991, the Norwegian views were reflected in the Argeed Minutes. Norway has also taken the matter up in such multi|altera | for as that UN Commission on Human Rights and at the Sri Lanka Aid Group Megting in February of this year. On HE Hätter Oc: Cassion, the NOTWE = ia delegation decared NOrway's intention to send ап official del Gigation to study the Lira rights situation Thore closely. The Sri Lanka authorities responded favourably and
Sr ס! חסa missi וחסrr frםfep) Еылка f — 9 May 1992 by a defeחFGrHig הם "farryחתוח from the חםgari Длfяјг5, Clsfр.)
O
stātē tāt ti b 3 We Cort B...
Th G delegator Sri Lanka from 1992, consister AdWrigg r l o r HLurti
Da SS dT - Hika) of the delegal Berit Fladby, and Officer Nils -
delegation's ta TT
'TE':
- It tյԷյtain
fUII]] էլ է Լյր Լյր with regard
5ī Lākā
– to COпtinue With Sri La aspects of th situation, W. following
Tlationad ab
- to identify
rights-related wig W to Nory
The visit by was also regard as a Contributio international Thon rights develop IT EI
In the course
visit, the deleg thirty meeting With represent:
goverпment апd officially appoin' Commissions, a ganizations aח Tamb Ers of Earlia Organizations an Eilat Era do TOTS addition to th Cg|tյmէյt, the \, day trip to Bat east coast, ACCE to a large and of information conditions in the was not possible to verify the in Ed Or il the
THa a Luthoritie were completely

Inka
elegation Would
which visited 4 to 9 May of Special ап Rights, АппB. Hjelde (head tion), Adi WiSEF Senior Executive Нашgstweit. The 5 Of TElference
up-to-date in1 developments to human rights
the dialogue kā vāris e human rights ith Emphasis on p the reports оџе, апсi.
jOSSig H. L.IIIIa Ilmeasures With a wegian support.
this del ggg tion ed by Norway to a C0 til LJE itoring of human tā ir Šri Lākā.
of its one Week atiOIl had - ESO ITG SW coversations tives of the tՒ1E authorities, ted Oittes, rious privata Ord il StitutiOS mått. TTL I til atara
a Limber of ETE asses, a meetings in isit included a ti C | 1 the GS WEF obtail Gd. varied quantity in human rights ! country, but it for tha delegation formation at first
Figit.
S ir 5 Lāk
fгапk and opеп
HUMAN RIGHTS
and gave the delegation a possible assistance with the visit
2 SOME MAN FEATURES OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS L L L L L LLLLL L 0L L L LLLLLLL UP TO MAY 1992
2. General
ExtEISWE and ser i OLUS WİOTEions of Human rights hawa in recent year's taken place in Sті La rika, Thess developTents have been thoroughly documented in a number of independant inWestigations and reports. The number of killings and di Sapреагапces has bвеп very high, and large numbers of people LaLaaLL aLaaLL LLLLLLL LHHLLLLLL L LLLLL LLLS gвпcy powers, sometiпnвs Iп dвplorable conditions. Cases of illkreatmant Brid t Drtur E häWé COT = tg light. The legal safeguard for the individualad the Tule of la W in general hawe por OVEd іпadвqшatв.
Compared to the extremely depressing situation prevailing until som å months agO, COnditions as of May 1992 must be seen as a distinct improvement. Allthough indicators and trends seem to be pointing in the right diraction, there is stil = long Way to go before the Situation Can bé de Scribed as satisfactory, Developments in the last few years and the proaaLLLLLLLa SaLaaSS LL S SLLLLLLLaS uuD Kaaa S S S S SLSa00S S LLLLLL L L S between breaches Of human rights and the current armed conflict in the Country.
THB 1105 fąWOLITabló f93TUIE of recert de Weloprm31 t S i s = Tarked reduction in the number of killiпgs, disappearances апа The W inter ITITients. COIl ditions iT detention camps are said to hawe improved Some What. Im SttUtional TheaSures have ETEE initiated to protect the rights of the detainees (the Human Rights Task Force) and to investigate disappea ranCBS (the Presidentia Commission of Inquiry into In

Page 23
voluntary Removal of Persons). Sri Lankam authorit igs hawe al SO begun implementing a plan for following up and carrying out the recommendations submitted by All and by the UN Working group oп аisappearances. Асcording to this plan progress made by relevant authorities in their respective sectors will be assessed every quarter. Training on human rights has been initiated, aimed at the defence forces and the police in parti
cular. According to the authorities Stricter in StTLICtions hawa ba en issued requiring human
rights to be observed and respected. In a number of cases, persons responsible for violations of human rights have been prosecuted and Senten Ced, and damages have been awarded to the Vict in 15 or their familië5, The authorities deserva cradit for their opеппе:ss and willing ness to enter into a dialogue with the international community.
On the debit side, however, it must be said that despite the improvement in the situation already mentioned, frequent violations of human rights stil occur, Sri Lanka still has a long Way to go towards full Compliance With international norms for human rights and thus fulfilling the obligations it has undertaken through its ac
cession to international agree
ments,
Sri Lanka is a party to a
number of international human
rights instruments, including the Wo International Cowanants of 1966, on Civil and Political Rights and of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights respectively. Sri Lanka has also ratified the Internationa I Convention On Elimination of A Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (on the humanitarian laws). The country has not ho Wawer ratified the Optional Protocol (on individual rights of petition) to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment, or the Optional Protocols of
1977 to the tions (relating humanitarian a flicts).
SըmE Of thE ted by the a LI In tham56|Was 31Sure fundan прrovепеп15 г. situation. In tructions haWE the highest au action by subor especially the the police. Th pact of such in pend on the di Lup action by 4 Will be parti that failure to tructions relS LI I the form of p plinary measure: Ces for prospe in the army or
So far, the Only in relative prepared to fo tions of brea rights by Initial inguiries, leadii may be to ch Tha Extant to wolving breaches are investigated legal actioп is opinion of the important indica mitment of th live up to interr with regard to r rights. Increase tha part of th and the highes consistently to lations of hum do OCCUr, WOL a change of att
discipline.
Many of the b rights in Sri
wie Wed in relat gency Regulatic wention of Ter Of Which ten
rights of individ in ita atija || ||
applies, intar : to be brought Within a reas
cept for a few state of вmвгgt force continuo

Geneva Conven, inter alia, to W in interna con
Tieasures adopthorities wi II o
be sufficient to antal and lasting | the hшппап rights Thany cases, iп5been issued by thority govвгпіпg dinated agencies, är med forces and B long-term imMGENSUTES Wi || dëagreg of followhe authorities. It Culary important follow the insS in äGlien, in Lunish mant, disciS, OT COT1SEeq LI er1 = Clts of promotion
the police.
a Luthorities havg Wife W. Casas been OW Up accusaches of human ing independant 1 g | BS tha Clagg HrgEE and tria|g: Which Casas inof human rights and appropriate take WF || fr tha delegation be an tor of the Corauthorities to ational standards
Spect for hura d willingness on Ee administration Luthoritia 5 ore էundamn the within rights which di Contributg om tude and greater
Bach as of human alka must be Til to the EllerS ad thig Pragorism Act, both L Lund Ermin B kHE as a said down Walt iOS. This ia, to the right before a judge Bibla time. E: - short periods, a Gy has been in y Sirca 1983.
Parliament decides each month on the question of an extension of the Emergency Regulations. These relate directly to the violent conflicts of recent years. Their provisions are Currently applied partly as an instrument in the struggle against the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), and partly to keep perSOS suspected of Connections with the extremist Sinhalese organization the JWP (Janatha Wimukthi Peramu na - the People's Liberation Front) in detention.
The recommendations by the UN Working Group on disappBaranCes that the Emergency Regulations, the Prevention of Terrorism Act and other items of legislation be brought into harmony with relevant internaional standards has not yet been followed up to a sufficient extent. The delegation was told. however, that the authorities are preparing a review of these laws with a view to consider. ing possiblea a mendiments. This should be further Een COLIragad.
Next: Emergency
Rajiv murder. . .
(Сол тілшеa fram page 5)
Tlodifications in futura security, arrangements,
WP
The Werma commission report" is believed to have inked Security failure to the organis. ational lapses by the Tamil Nadu Congress-l leaders, responsible for organising the пmeetiпg at ՏriparumbudլIr,
With the Verma commission having already submitted its report to the home ministry on June 15, the Jain commission beginning its hearing this My Bek, and the crucial trial of the LTTE members and supporters com. mencing at Madras next חוחם וח , the assassination case has enter ed its first decisive phase.
But the prograss of the case Would largely depend on the nature of defence presented before the special court by the accused, chargesheated by the ST.
1

Page 24
MUTTU COOMARASVAMY (2)
The Psychology
Radhika COOmara Swamy
S. Muttu died suddenly оп Мау, 4th - 1879, 3 а few years after the birth of his Sol. He Was expacting to go abroad and it VVES TUTOUTEd that Disrae i WWES
to offer him an opportunity to bвсоппе апmember of parliament, which again would have been Erother first Of an e3Sterner.
Throughout his life Sir Muttu retained a love for the Classics, especially eastern Classics. His publications included The Dathavamsa or the History of the Tooth Reic of Gotama Buddha, Sutta Nipata or Dialogues and Discourse of the Gotama Bud. dha 17 Arich andra:-| the Martyr of Truth a Tani I Dra ITate A Synopsis of Saiva Sittantham and a un published manuscript Таушппапаwar:20, which was printad but mot Taleased i his life title.
Having briefly sketched out the life of Sir Muttu, I would like to try and concentrate on two teles to further explore the personality of Sir Muttu as ựựE || #5 hỉ5 CCTItributin Ti trị SFI Lankan culture and politics. The first thеппе relates to what may be called the psychology of imperialism, Especia liy during tha early phase of British rule; the perceptions and actions of the
victims, the attitudes of the Coloji aq| 35 ters and Sir Murttus ver y special contribution
in this regard. The second theme, which is also somewhat Talated, explores Sir Muttu's version of Sri Lankan nationalism. Wa5 Sir MuttU a lati Oali St Of a | brī Vāt vās ti dTinant nationalist Construction or nationalist imagination of that period ånd ho W does it differ from the Wig WS and ideas of latter day nationalists,
Let me begin with the first, the psychology of imperialism LLLLLL S LLL SaLLLSSK S LLLLLLaLaSS Perhaps we caп шпderstand him, TO TE if We refECT ON AS hiS Nandy's analysis of f he life of
22
of Impε
Kumar Shri Ranj put Ranյl, the l Saroldar who pol England, Nandy Ta Tர ரf CF Rапji iпterпа1і: and life-style o' theп proceeded Sigif it i Ett their own gard Way of fightin complex impose Nandy recounts by a drшпkөп } jumps to his scores a six a the fact that it prince on thei wery next ball, Bild the sa TÉ E ""bloody migger"
| S || 5 dLa Inglta GOTTE di acterises the per Ranji and Sir M. performed Well, cepted as oпе апу sliр, апу ability and they Their professic |IfE WES ET CO where they ha a particularinna ering lest some t:0Wer that thay nial Lupostarts.
While Sri RF: սal prince, Sir M iffit task : Hg did nւյt hav Harefore had t his profession a GC 55 - tրլյել իiԷ ԼյWil | tO B 3 r"T1 ärn d TB{ ta Britis ti Wat Ed What F an aristocratic || ||
Nothing Husti to cratic striving: C0Gt LITTE H3 da Sef: A5 - Carri W. B. LE MOk CHIjS
His tDalt Wal:
lift His pants of

erialism
itsinghji, or RajIndian prince of ayed cricket for in is book !kEE SHOWS FOW FE TE WELIES the British and to prove himif that that it This was his g the inferiority d by Colonialism. a story whereBritish spectator feet when Ranji d joyfully extols e British have a | team. On the Ranji gets out
spectator Tutters. | 1
|lism, this fundaבחhich EhBיחו וחםtiנ: sonalities of both Littu. When they they Wera a Cof the boys, but Sho W. Of WL|| maľwere castigatad, Ira I and Social 15 tā nt tro Badmi | d to live up to ge without faltone should dis
were only colo
in Was an actMUtt LI had al ITTO re Fred Litlf Hir. e a kingdo T1, He excel both in is Well as in his had to CSпада от артiпсе ceive the respect Het Herefore CU |- Ia belia Vad Was personality,
rates these aris. TOT a thir tā signed for him. chanted during mas debates,
lika ta SFCW
GiTi||T. HLE
His turban Shona With dia Tonds
And his girdlig it Was blua.*?
He wore a long coat of a pola in Colour from neck to krea. He had a gold-laced turban and
"Makarām" god Clai With a large dia mond pendant Bround his neck.
This costume appears to have nothing in common with anything found in the Jaffna penisua. But this GOst LT15 has becote the Iain outfit for Colombo Tai Tales at least on their wedding day, The costurne appears to be North Indian in design. One of the main cultura transformations brought about by the Tamil nationalist пnowеппепit has been to reject this outfit as being part of the Aryan North, replacing it with thE TäTi| Verti and Sha Wy WhiCh is Torg akin to the Arya Sinhala. But what is important to recognise is that this costume was the total imaginary fabrication of Sir Muttu Coolaraswamy based on what he felt en EBStern Prince Should. Ook like. His nephews also adopted the costume, making it the fashon along Colombo Tamils in the early part of the twentieth tEntury. But there is nothing LL LLLLLS aLaL SS S S S L LLLLLL it is TTOTE I like til E COStUTES OF the Rajput and Sikh princes of North India, though it is stated that some of the Southern princes such as the Rajah of MySOra a ISO WOT a Similar o Lutfit S. LLLL S SSS S LLLL S LL a S LLL HLL troLIBEI COstLIIIld Whill ClafatLLaLLaL S aa S S S aS S LaK S LLLLSLS or Pandyan Kings of the South
rldiä.
Ashis Nandy in his book, At the Edge of Psychology points to ho W the British had trenig II dous respect for the Warrior ra CBS, as they Callad therT1 0 India, the Sikhs and the Rajputs and terrible contempt for the Effermata telectU a 5 of B - gal and Tamil Nadu. 23 Sir Muttu Tlust hawe un consciously felt this bias and therefore is costhe and his stature was to Construct a North Indian Warrior image, ever for a Tamil wella la legislator. Nandy goes onto argue that Mahatma Gandhi's
Ebrilliam CG, on theg other Han

Page 25
Was to take What Was a na ethna to the British, the affeinate image of the Indian, and to tur it of then as a Timoral Weapon - the essence of his non-Wiolence, But thea Mahatma came into his own only fifty years after Sir Muttu's death.
Besides costume, a prince must also have a crest - if he is to be recognised in a Western Court. So Sir Muttu used the crest that his father had developed the imagery of Lord Ganesh With the Sanskrit Words dra Wrı from the Mahabharata, Yato Dharma Sato Jaya. (Where thera is Wirtue, there is victory). Tha crest is still engraved on many articles which belong to the family.
A prince must also have a palace on which to place his crest. There is no description of the Coomaraswamy residence at MuttuWall but Moncure Conway describes the residence of one of Sir Muttu's nephews at Rhineland place, the house in Which Sir Multitu died. Ha de Scribes it as a palatial bungalow, with a large park of palms, lärge verandas and porticos and flowering trags. There was a high table and when they sat down to dinner there were stems of in Censa 4 de Corated around the Centrepiece of the table. Sir Muttu's nephew Coomaraswamy, obviously inspired by his uncle, wearing a turban and a silk ambroidared Coat and trouser, Would sit to dinner with a peacock fan. His wife, in a heavily embroidered Eastern Robe sat at the opposite end. The din ner was always sumptuous"2*
After reading these descriptions, especially with hindsight. Sir Muttu appears somewhat as a strange figure. But that is primarily because Wa hawe been forced by the categories of moden history to limit him as a Sri Lankan Tai. He did not see himself as such. He obviously had a South Asian identity, that is why he translated both Buddhist and Hindu texts with equal dexterity. He was fighting the prejudices of British colonialism; he was confronting the Western and Orientalist Con
ceptions of til struggle and t course, he use of Cultura Earth Whola of Sout
It is said t kinds of perso victims of de who try to cont and Sir Mutt special status personality. about Sir Must was the first t distinction of sonal kind, th поt of any aci ing povvress, b sion left by h interests on t he Came in Con
Sir Muttu Si 'go-between" bat Walen East al that it was h the eyes of the Eastern tradition claimed missi Of tish Conscio Lu Sr1 4 the necessary di Vivekananda in European Travel Si Coo maras Wa OS TIET TOT
London,20
This, then, is test personal a
he shared with . as Shri Ranji. penetrate Briti at its highest II a CCE pot BTC-2 BIS a friend. Given of this society of race and
mean ach ÍBV ET gained this a through the di sional skill but personal charm
Sir Muttu kn to SUCCCESS in ety was the cl British Cubs Wharg the impC ged and wherE were made. A Clubs was alw of gCOmmen dat tu travelled t Heg: Was a TnG hēnā BLITT, On B O clubs and pilla:

he East. In that D sharpen his disd the full arsenal heritage of the h Asia. lät therg ara W0 Ins, those Who ara stiny and those Irofit. Both Ranji acquired their by sheer force of Ludo Wyk Writes tu, "He Cartainly o hawe a chiewed an entirely Per|E CO. Sequences demic or sportut of the impresis Characta de lose with who tact in England.25 AW himself as a B Cultura | |ilk nd West. He felt is duty to open է English to thE is. His self-prol of raising BriBSS did earn hit widends, Swarni his Memoirs of did recount that = is the for E : "לוח g the Hinds in
Sir Muttus greachievement; опе Eers Oflaitijas SLCh, He managed to h civil society vels and to gain
toill Eagus and he Closed natura
both i targ lass, this is no 3 ri t... Sir M LI titlu lyחם tםח EBBS play of profesalso because of and magnetism,
W that tha Gug British civi sociD System. The егe the places [3nt ideas amarimportaisit dealis CESS to these S or the basis n. Sը Տ|r Mutfull gauntlet. ber of the Atthe best known of the estab.
lishment where one needed Wealth birth and professionale. hence. He was a member of the Cobden Reform Club, the prestigious centre of British it. eralism. He was also a honorry member of the Society of Arts, and A Fellow of the Roya| Geographical and Geological Societies.
But there was always a carlain i mBasLIre of subversion in Sir Muttu's dealings with the West. It is therefore not surprising that he is believed to have been a secret member of The Karma Shastra Club, started by Sir Richard Burton, and Monckton Mines which concer. ned itself with Eastern Erotica.27 This part of his life is not we chronicled but glimpses emerge out of other pieces of evidence. Some of the writings from the club. Carry Sir Muttus cres pointing to his involvement. This assertion of eastern erotical
Brims of B Wastern club would have been of great interest to philosophers such as Michel Fou cault. Sexuality after as the most taboo of subjects in Western Society, especially Wictorian England. To asser sexuality as an essential part of the East and to glorify easterneo. tica was Sir Muttu's Way of getting back at the English Values which attempted to under Play Eastern achievement. This aspect of Sir Muttums also be se en as part of what is Called the "fin de siecle" o епd of the century developments in Europe, where there was Spurt of creativity in the arts and a desire to shock the val U9S, and Social mores of the establish ment. These movement Ware more prominent in France. giving birth to radical developments in the field of the fine arts and theatre, but there is no doubt that these de Wêlo)- mentS influenced the libera radical intelligentsia in England With whom Sir Muttu moved freely.
In the end it is опly possiblв o penetrate British Civi society if one has made good and long lasting British friends, Sir Muttu was very fortunate with re. gard to friendship. His closest
23

Page 26
friend was Monckton Miles, Later Lord Houghton whom Sir Muuttu met on his first trip to England, Lord Houghton was the Cambridge friend of Tennyson, a member of Parliament and very involved in the literary and social circles of the British Upper classes. It was Lord Houghton who introduced Sir Muttu to British Society and nursed him When he fell dangerously ili on his first visit. In his letters there is a description of this illness where Lord Houghton Writes that he had promised Sir Muttu a Cremation if the Werg to die and therefore had to go out into the woods to find an appropriate place for the falling of treas necessary for such a ceremony. In addition he was in constant fear that his servants Would Sneak in bëef tea instead of mutton broth to the ailing Sir Multtuu 29
Luckily Sir Muttu recovered and his letter of thanks to Lord Houghton conveys both warmth апd gratitшde:—
BOOKS
Human Rights A tiny candle
I say in all for my ha V fortuna to k; ugh you Ճl my stay in had original only six m EWE Ext:1 tWO Year S, a og for the revisit it a again,39 Sir Muttu's was Disraeli.
Eli's E COTT Coomarasway 1874. It is als ra e i trave Ed trair and the of Wight whe kոighted.31 Di a Royal Worc Sir MUTU WHi possession of
MOES
El Digg 75
Tag FEI li Londo, TriLlEr
17 5LrrfH NYFpag 25 |
Gr565 fG Trı birlər, 1874
LL LLLLC S LCL0LCLLLLC LLLLCSSS LLLLLL LLLLHLHHLHL LLLLLL LLLL L L0LLLLL 0LLL LLLL LLLLLL 000L0 ANNOTATED BIBLOGRAPHY, Publication
Dr. Kumar Rupesinghe's useful introduction to this 31-page annotated report compiled by Berth Verstappen and Anton S. Philip selected from 47-fact finding חם f B7ם utס , rtsסנn repםissiוח Sr Lā kā ti īsle of Sorrows, covering the crucial years 1980 to 1992, is valuable for scholars, activists and future missions. The years in question are the LL0LL S LaaLLLLLLLaaLa S LLLa LaLLYL S LLLLLL period of institutionalised violeñ ce by the Sinhala-darminated state and the Sinhalese and Tail insurrectionists, the JWP and the Liberation Tigers respectively,
The annotations prowide tha necessary entree into the main
모.
contents of the They indicate they will be tot intérêStB Ilgt rights but on the of that on CE Sri Lanka, tlh | democracy is, a annotations, i. \lự0 FSB thäf1 thịE THE Cf | W | suspended to ni in disciplied a supervised vigil,
le terror of
TFE S = in parլIsing tl island's Tid

siпсөтity that, bшt ing had the rare now you and throEther kimidi friends, England, which II y intended to last Ճnths wՃuld not ded upwards of is it has. no W.
day when I can nid i Sge you all
Other good friend | Was o Il DismEndation լիHլ was knighted in so said that Diswith in or the ferry to the Isle "E IST MILLELI WIS sraeli also gifted ng StET LEË SE t t O CH is a TOW in the the family.
8 HEgy of tச ағ - Galama Eшаfrdha | r, 1B74
gr, Loja s'agis and LOHrna Buddha, London,
18 Archandra: The Matyr of Trut.
LaHLLLLSS 0LL LLLLLLLLS SSSS GLa LSLS S 000 S 19. A Synopsis of Saiva Sittan that." J. R. A. S. C. B. 3 (10) 1856-58. 187-197 。 20 சரபார்ா83 ரr Hாப-File:P
LCCHu H H L S a LLLSLLLLHHHa S aaaMaaau School. (In Press). Trubner and Co. LLimitiՃm | E73 21 Ashis Nandy. The Tag of Cricker.
NEW Delhi, Wiking, 1983, p. 57 22 G. O. Grenier, Tia Garden Age of
Ceylor, Estrig of Wig fra sig Slåfigs, Ceylon Observer Jan, 25th
1925 23 A, Nandy. At the Edge of Psychology, New Delhi, Oxford University рге:ss, 1980 24. Conway, Monture Daniel, My P. grimage to the Wise Mar of the Fast բ: 152-154 զuated in SIngham p. 38 25E, F. C. Ludowyk in his introduction
to Singham's book 12 1 26 SWami Wi WC-kananda, MMG FT Jfr Of
Eபரரசரா சக 27 Sala " that introductiori ta TFG FFCLaLKSaCCLCYS LLLLLLaLaLL S HLC SSS SS Richard Burton, London, Panther, 1952, p. 1-17 K0S LLLLLLLLS S S LLHHLLLLLLLS LLLKLLCCL T LLLLLLS Lality, Wolume 1, ... Naw York, PanԼիEքո, 1979 29. Wemyss Reid, Tig Leanderers and Friandshigs of Fighärd Moncktajr7 M^fiYrTE5, (2. Wols), CaSSBII, Londori, 1890 30 Singhan 16 31 Singham, 29
ay), FACT - 1992. AM
|c. 2-1992.
missions' reports. ho W" meaning full
IĘ Warious bodie S.
TETEP lly in hurriär a downward slope paradisB island. TC de Third World reading of these ndicate nothing Worst where the as been virtually nake way for an =Entוחחy, gDVETדח anta Squads - and 15urgEn15,
uth that emerges is guide. The class edits
westernised sector has either been beaten into silence of terrorised, or probably both aspects have replaced the once promising years of wesfm inster government.
This publication cannot be read without a feeling of revшsion, a tur of thild invvigā rītā пашsea. Sо пnanyіппосепtsiпclшding wormer and children hawa bėgti gräsed Off the face of this Earth, arid for no good reason without proper trials and judicial investigation. The only nota of optimism is that a timely work Such as this cannot but give faith and Foope to the spirit of freedorf in hur innin kind, a Candle that can ney er be put out even if the SE Lufortunata hulla T15 area ETEāted as if in lates of an animal form. Time will produce the much needed change. In the meanwhile Kumar Rupesing he and his band of Lunrelienting in westigators Will hopefully keep the lights of freedom twinkling.
A- Jeyaratnam Wilson

Page 27
Dowп the davупіпg Іапв
Milk Mothers
Thig Milk boilead OWE".
Hold yаш hara always,
into the harsh Day
BLESSING THE RIGH
LCt im B ble 55 you too, O SC W Om Earth Mothers now departing
White wisps of mist, rosa Washed by the kind
Wo it the lamps before daylight La id freggih Tats in the hia II Waiting for you while the milk rice steamed, LLLLLL LL LLLLLaLLLL LLLCCL LLLLLLKK LCLLCH LHLLa CLLCL Placed them On the plantalrı leavas before yol
Stealing softly in from the departing Night. The Oil Cakes, the fragrant Coconut traacle GW Sawan times sa wen the offerings.
You blessed us with chants older than religion Sауап hands, сігcling with 8вуап fldппаз Whito Herons, vill the DaWm
LLLLLSC LLL LLLL La LLLa LLLL LaLLLL LSLK
No. The day glimers and you depart You hawa blessad us with health and happings So sad to know you are melting away
Of your Howels by the was te lot Clutching our Offarings from your Harwest.
We too, calculating, turn to bless Your fertility and haplessness,
U. Kar Lunatila
Need for. . .
(Солгѓпшсd fголт длgа 79/
for settling petty disputes and cases. (IBID. P. 140). In a letter to the Colonial Secretary he poinred out that the regular courts este un suitable for hearing petty cases and urged that "the ancient ce of referring such cases to a Gamsaba or Village Council would advantageously preserved are it is established and restowhere it has been superse=d. (IBID P. 1 41)
Coelbrooke in his report has served the following:
The lands of villages (Vidahns). to whom the people immediaey referred, were sometimes
appointed, bl. their offices and lands We gned for the and for that functionarias. each willaged of the peopl of the Chief the particula Which their SE gned, in whic cia autoriti Control over
entrusted Wit division, and
(gamsaba) W; hill Who" TE vestigation of referra big to
(Colebrooke,

ing Sun
1918
ke
it in some cases were hereditary, e ordinarily assiTSLIpp OTOT USG, of other village The head an of irected the ab OUT Under authority f his province, or de partment to TWİCES WETE as Si| Casa the provin35 karcised no ni T, ha has also the police of his village council as assembled by
uired for the in
CaSBS Which Were its jurisdiction.
өрогt P. 25)
In fact Colebrooke himself had attended One of thesa a SSerbi e 5 near Kandy and observed that "the land holders of the village were assembled and the Witr GASS eS duly examined. The case in question, relating to the boundary of the lands, had been decided by Judicial Commission's Court, and Һaving come before the Govагпог in appeal, was referred back for further evidencē, ard for tha Verdict of a jury of the village in which the lands were situated." (IBID. P. 26). But with the introduction of separate judicial system during the British rule in in 1830s and 1940s has Weake nad the gamsa bawas in Sri Lanka.
W. Need for Conflict Resolution Centers in Sri Lanka
The idea of creating conflict resolution Canters is basically to bring peace. These Centers Will Srrive to bring an end to conflicts by peaceful methods. Negotiation, arbitration and mediation are some of wall known methods adopted to resolve conflict.
In the recent past and at present Sri Lanka has been facing conflicts at Various levels. Starting from family disputes Conflicts can taka place between пеighbошrs, between caste and religious groups. It can also take place between two communities. These conflicts can be resolved without resorting to violence and going to the courts and through peaceful methods. Like the GamSabhavas conflict FESO ution centers can be set up in the villages and towns with experienced citizens of the areas on a volшпtaгү basis. The people who Tull the sa Canters Will bƏ local inhabitants who by occupation, training and social standing differed not from the persons in ConFict.
In setting up of conflict resolution Centers. We should take into consideration the peace committaas organised by the U.F. government between 1970 and 1977 and PresidaПt Prema dasa"5 temple, school and police concept of peaceful resolution of conflicts.
?兵

Page 28
BOOKS
Troubled Paradise
Steve Col.
ONLY WAN IS WILE. The Traged Sri Lanka. By William McGowan. rar Straus Grou. 397 pp. S25.
TG Of Sri Lanka"S le SSEF
misfortunes is to be ignored. Despite having staged one of postcolonial history's lost brutal and fascinating Third World horror shows-replete with death Squads, ghnic fratricide, totalitarian insurgencies, and the usual cast of misguidad. Westernized politiCiar 5-this teardrop=Shaje disland nation in the Indian Ocean, for merly the British colony of Ceylon has managed to rip itself a part during the last several decades Without attracting much attenנחם]]
Neighboring India dropped in with 50,000 troops five years ago, hoping to sort out the island's mess, which it had a hand in creating. But its soldiers soon return ed home, blo Q di Ed and SUking. As for the Superpowers present, aпd forпner, they have generally left Sri Lanka to its own Eppa ling devicës. Japanese busi = LLLLLL S LLLL S LLLHL S LL H S LLa island regularly, hawking cars and electronics, and members of the Western aid community stop by with satches full of blueprints for hydroelectric dams and selfsufficient shrimp far S. But they hawe not Stopped the bodies from
| piling Lք,
In the last datadB, the total FILITiber Of de Eths from Sri Lanka's shifting panoply of civil Wars and at hiC COfflicts is a Stirated to ba above 60,000. The figure swells daily,
To outsiders, Sri Lanka's inplosion seems especially tragic because the island is paradisia Cal. Its beaches are pristine and its
OLLLC S LSL S S LYa S aaH S S ATTtu согrдsдалгалт Гаг The Washington Pg5
26
pol am for asts brin Ed COCO ILS, S 5 gV95 Offen Se attractive, having independence-d habit of war-the and lifespan rate räbly impOWErish world. And yet ple have also pl CUitUTE). Of WTO en ria Towerients, Tigers of Tamil People's Liberati faTiqtiCa| te9rrO r" | Pol POt'S Cambi
W III i MC GO tgacher and jour the island in 19 two years and H Էյքըk abըLIt Orly Mary Is Wille Sri La rīkā, (Th from Bishop R Пуппп "From MOLT taig": ""M Spicybreezes B lon's Isla, Theւյց pleases And or Swept up by 5 and repulsed MCGOW B tra Wel iteTiOT5 t0 chr its bloodigst gl. campaigns and t the larger forces F5|| alid" di 550 || LI
Fa shior1 Bd a S logue, his book passages, such a ChristTas il thB tow of Battic |ւյրը:HEs in a "" factory" with Je hawa de Woted thi ding the regic minority from Indian death sqt. refacto IV, VBS priest from Ne

Far
with elephants Sri Lankaris themem gente and a chiewed SimCE espite their recent : highest literacy s of any coппраad people in the these same peo"Odu CBld a Broad свапd two guerthe Liberation Eela and the ס5םt, WhחסFr חם is reminiscent of
dia.
Wan, Bn Arm BriCan a list, arrived on 386, Stayed about as OW Written his experiences : The Tragedy of | 3 tit E is taken eginald Hebreer's Greenland's licy Nhat though the lo W. Soft o'er Ceyh Every prospect Ily man is wille.") Sri Lanka's beauty by its brutality. led to the islands Dmit:la several of errilla and army o Takg SGISB of at Work in the iOl.
a politica tra Ve
contains strong S a Wiwid tale of batterad EastET bloa. McGoWar
LI I let-SCB irred Talsuit priests who TSE WES to defenn's ethnic Tamil Sri Lankan and ads. Outside the ages, inside, a w Orleans puts
"Silent Night" on a cassette player before he talks politics in case ha says. ""We are being bugged."
But while McGowan is a good listener, a careful reporter and a sensitive observer, he segms unable to decide what he thinks about Sri Lanka. Iman Lurnfortunate preface, ha comparĒS his assa SS TMB n of the island to the predicament of a servant at his Colombo guest house who sweeps flower petals into piles, only to have them blown away by the wind. "During most of my stay there. I rarely felt I had anything but the most tentative un Certain grasp of the War and What it was about." McGowan Writes.
While this humility is occasiona IIy refreshing. McGowan's lack of an argument or even a consistant point of View about Sri Lanka makes it difficult for either the specialist of the newcorner to become engaged in his travels. McGo Wan Gxamines ClOsely the puzzle pieces of Sri Lanka's divisiveness-the roles of Ethnic nationalism, language, religion, economics, and historical identity. But each time, ha leaVES the pieces in a jшmbla.
Sometimes McGowan embraces a Wispy anthropological relativism to explain the island's Conflicts suggesting that because Sri Lanka's Culture is different from his own, he has no right to analyze it, Other times he asserts himself, as when he argues. With a nationalist professor from the island's Buddhist, ethnic Sinha les = majority who wishes Sri Lanka Could become "Burma With OU the mistakes." McGowan recognizes the man’s murder:OUS Chauvinism. But he së e ms afraid to take on the professor's argument directly or to deal with its chilling implications, for fear of being judged 'a Western supremacist
fСолtјлшеd ол даgа 28)

Page 29
Demographic Engineer
S. Sathanathan
he sole Tamil member of
the panel, Mr. Thangadurai, argued that internal borders are "historically derivad" and "politil Cally i dėl termined", that not a single country has internal borders defined along river basins or other resource bounda ries. He then en Limerated some of the criteria which ought to govern the determination of Prowincia | Ebord35.
(a) in respact of 'current national needs", internal borders must facilitate a devolution of power which permits powersharing between 'ethnic groups and initiates a process of deIn Ocratization; and
(b) in respect of "futura development", internal borders must be conducive not only to economic development in each province but also to social and Cultura | advancement of the different 'ethnic groups''. An important precondition, it was stressed, for such holistic deVelopment in the Sri Lankan Context is power-sharing between ethnic groups". In conclusion Mr. Thangadurai emphasized that those who favoured 'resource rational" internal borders were merely expressing their subjective opposition to devolution of power to the NEP 'Couched in developmental terms."
43. Оп politicо-есопоппіс
pr0vincia | borders
A T3 mil. rnember of the Surg veyors Institute of Sri Lanka, Mr. Somasekaram, speaking from the audience conceded to in stances where national borders coincided with resource boundEries, such as a mountain 『angE, wer or Coast line, which cold a militarily defended against External enemies but have nothing do with a "resource rational" Epproach, Suchi-national borders, was shown, were unrelated Tesource bounda ries as e Wianced by internal political ders in numerous countries, in- ding the United States, Brazil
Natherlands, E India, Burmaar
44 The Mah: Mantait
If the argum Support of inter Orl rE SOLITIC3 OG justified danno ring and, there: in the extran matched only բBrCaption Of nationalities aր of Sinhalese. EDET Of theg a LH fended the 're approach artir Per Caption 5 Whi the 'ethnic ct of a parable, h Uisland persor halese nationali perSonified the He Sa fd: Cons| WhĒrg a hL5E Wife, who corn hCOLISE, to iwe his house, No arrive, She start քn the husbant "this", for irt "Something else tries hard to sa his modest in demands contin BScalate, It is the husband occasionally do:
DET G Tad avựer The Holocaust in July 1983. Such instaПCE I ha leag "lost the "hit" thE Tais
In tha parable Tamils, transmitt
Tole of the
them as hierarc nate to Sirhae: With the Sinha
origin (Kapfeer, BTE SEET IS Tamil Nadu, whic Lanka after the supposedly came where in northern around 500 BC.

ing - and the Tamil issue
elgium, Germany, id:AJ Stralia,
UITSE у
| Brits adwam God in nal Էitյrders Easad un daries covertly graphic епgiпавore, Ware absurd ne, they were by the warped the guestion of 1Gng a majority A Sinhale sa mamіепсв, who dвSOLITIC TEt id|| "" : Lula tod popular
ha dē5GFjbog inflict" by Way in which the rifiad tha Sinty and the Wife ТапліI пationality, i der a situation and invites his BS from another With him in Soon or does she Taking deads l; she asks for hat“ änd for "... The husband tisfy her Out of t:Dma Էյլ է Էլթր JB and in fact опly пatural that S irritated and S. IoSe his temhits his wife. against Tamis e said, was one Where the Siir patience" and
the images of ad through the Wife, POTEray thically subordi3. In keeping lese myths of 1988), Tamils outsiders from SE3 titlad i Sri Sinhalase, who -B וחם 5 וחםfT 3 OT GESt EFT1||dia Tha fact that
archaeological evidence points to human settlements in the island dating back to about thirty thousand years with a strong cultural affinity to thosa i southern India has never beden allowed to inconvenience the myth. The Tamils in Sri Lanka are according to the parable fortunate to be able to there becausa of tha generou sity of the Sinhalase bu: they are almost pathologically POfOG EO making unreasonable dsmands and repeatedly provoking tha Sinhalese. The influence of these images was evident When Dr. Amara kome, for examplв, had claimed earlier in is preSantation that the demand for a separate State made by Tamils 'invited retaliatory pogroms" by Sinha lese, although the first Pogon against Tamils in June 1955 pre — da fad that deman for
TamTil Ealam by about two decades. What staggers in mind is not only that SLIG
Colossal ignorance of even ellemoltar Wasp?acts of Sri Lankan nationality conflicts could so confidently be displayed - on a Public forum; but also that the patently fallacious description provided through the parable Was NOT contested by Sinhales nornbers of the pang of speak
ETS
Mercifully another Sinhafese member of the audience bril. liantly summarized the essence of discussions promoted by the speakers who suggested a return to the Pilfiti-Maya-Flu huu ni Fiata model. Ha dascribed it as symptomatic of the "Maha varmsg
Mantasty' a frame of mid Which is hopelessly bՃgged down in the parochial vid
Wiew of the Bth Century chronicle, the Mahavamsa, and which therefore, is incapable of derstanding current realities and is unable to resolve 'ethnic Conflicts". To this, Mr. Fernando Who claimed earlier wears al mix Gd" now responded curity: "Can We dany Our hertitage?“
27

Page 30
Cleary, Sinhalese chauvinism can learn nothing and forget nothing,
4.5. Demographic engineering
and the nationality question
It is tempting to dismiss the Glaims; ins favo Lur of "re.500 UTC, 3 rational" borders are gibberish, Fiddled With factual inaccura cies, unfounded assertions and outright fallacies. Even the patriatic fer VOLIT Carl IIOT be taken seriously. Because it is logical to expect that self-confessed patriots who recommended a chaпge iп the coloпіаІргоviпcial borders would be equally, if Ot Tore, EnthusiastiC in tra 15forming the unitary State bequeathed by British colonialism LL S S S S0 S LaLLLLLLLS 0LLLL S L L0LLLLL appropriate for the multi-national society and its developmental needs in independent Sri Lanka. However, no such recommerdation was пасla despite the examples set by India. But to
be dismissive would be too easy.
It would also detact from the underlying strategy of domination of the minor nationalities through dennographic engiпе егіпg by the major nationality.
"Resource rational" borders ha we nothing to do With Bith Br геsources or rationality. Instead, tha ilitation Wä5 tOil Creat E TIEW provinces, each or which would іпсотрогate sвgплепts of popшlatins of tWO : Cor mõFE rationalities. This change was allegedly in the name of optimum resource utilization and national unity. But in fact it has everything to do with redrawing the provincial Jorders so that the Tari End ML15im nationalitié5 wi| always гепnain пшmerical піпоri ties in govery porowince in the island. This would ensure that the Control over the State and попopoly exercise of State power by the Sinha lese fraction of the ruling classes will continue unchallenged.
5. Towards a military solution
Tha argu Til ents Ostensibly LLLLLL LLaH S LLaaLaaLLLLLL S S LLLLLLaaLS ality have sought to covertly SUpport derTographic ergineering: to de legitimize a federal systern of government for Sri Lanka;
28
and to den y te Tritorial Expor E. idetities of Til Tha analyses
political questi Շognizing it a Wit FCL ut referen lations, the r Which is the CE nationality conf
By uբholding structure in the օբposition fro
nationalities, the provided an im for imposing a to the question i Sri La Frikål. Silvа вxpвсt5 question to "e thin the mor disappear in t fire power of
Fred for CaS.
REFERENCES
Sila, HL, 1 F Fig. For FIA WF Divālā Side
— 1992. "Thв Гялаа батлагдал, 1 Garasimov, I. P. Society aras the Er Progress Publisher:
Gower Tent of "DԷյ&grմatinr15 tim t by SLG", Towards 5 L. Col Kapferer, BruCC People, MMy firs of STHEEin InstitL
Kuhn, Thomas, " f. Sfarrfe; FF. Univergity Of Chic:
Litan, G R Tress proposals for day rali Sation financi systern of Provinci 5, שלחה 5חלHH (HTTr ותום girl Dogri rris Err 凸凸凸厅岛 á*占凸门彦。晶 Marga Institut C. Sabat HT1. fontarna FCOLOTiè5 il Sir AS ELF s'eff Shastri A iit H, 1 for Separatism: The ā 5 Lāk 1םW ,5םהם ש5T ק הAsia
- 1992. **Fra Fallig"", E.G, February 1992.
Shifth. D L, 19. tagCtuals and the är Pfirstä WWE
(Сопс
Troubled. . . (Continued f. On6 fascillatir Which to see ST is suggested

the attribute of
ission of the Or lationalities. deat With B
Լյր մwithՃւIt ras political and ce tO pJOWE T TB3-structuring of tral dynamic of iCt5 i Sri Lanka.
the Litary State face of TOLIIIting It all miritյr a arguments have blicit justification military solution of nationalities Perhaps H L de the nationality Vaporat9 500 mer ing dew" and a face of the the Sri La ka
391. Ал Аддгајsа! gig FF FFF LFG AF Printers, Fadari IAIari LIVE".
May 1992. (ed), 1975. Ma
Tarife, MO 50 y
.
SFI Lika, 15 EBB Ing TULF Proposals werםם חם חםהחשו טיעEם
lid: TULE. 1988. Legends of State. Washington: til Press,
97 I, Tia 5Sir Lif Fire "olutions, Chicagը: go Prg SG, 2nd Edition. se 1987, 'Sri Länkä's LiC End dBCEntat implications of the il COLIn : ils ", FFF7F7F7= הםffשום שeם הם wsterms" iri reasing with ProMifra FFF gs. Colombo
āķī, 33. III Tiair Rimi ESE s''", r, wo WI II 2.
99), "Matria IBFG i 5 THT Earl MOW", TFF Jarl Fr73 s of
4. In미 1.
in Day OLO to ki GLārā, 15
32. "Movement, inפתוחם חנEEr ,י"EחStH = 1 kify, wg| XX WII, no B.
luded)
rքոյ թթgթ քE} 1g prisпn through
i Läka's fratricide by an assertion
McGowan makes early in his book "Sri Lanka," he writes, failed to build a stable multiethnic, multicultural society because it embгасеd maпy of the Very concepts and ideas that muticulturalists ir the West hawe advocated." But the author lets this provocative suggestion drop, as if it were a mere пnusiпg. Iп the ard, McGowan returns to thig United States engulfed in draad and forboiding about Sri Lankas future. One wishes hE WՃLild gը back to the island, this time determined to LIntangle the Contradictions and solve the mysterie:5 that Sge to hawa diriwa him
GWEW
The Tamil. . .
(Сол тілшgd froлт pagya 1.3)
early conquests, the Society for the Pгораgation of the GospelS. P. G., the Dispersion of the English church and the Tamils of Bishop Caldwell's flock in Tinnavely is described by Sargant in detail. (ch. 2, 3,5). Thus the Tami I Goldier, the Tamil Dia Spora and the Dravidian moverigt Carl 5 to Gor 5titute H basis of the British. Imperial project.
The nationalist reaction to this project in the Tamil country, articulated by the terrorist moveпment, pгосlaiппеdппоderп Tamil Militarism as the Ileans of national enancipation from Brit ish rule.
Refe F1CG
S LLtaLLLLL aLLaaLLLL L LL La LLL LL
Army i sëri ES. Madras Classes by Lig Lt-Col. G.E.D. Mouat raised by Capt. G. Kenned
LSCLLLS SKCLH S S LSS L LLLL H L L L Press, 1938.
KSS aDCCS LLLLS YS LLLS LLLLLLLL
Sargart's book. Tia - Dispo E5, il-lift il-B TB Til Chi LITC hi N. C. Sargant, 1940. Translated into Tarinil by RüW. C. L. Wat hakkan. 1954
0S ELaLLLLL LLLC S 0KK0SKK0S LSLS SS Edward GWYr og Phythig TI - AdamTIS GOL. Pr Ei:55, 1 Madrii:Hi5, 1943.
4. An interesting study of the Tilitary
labor Tharket in Orth India, ha been dome recently by Ditk H, KloffNaukar Rapu and Sepoy: Th Ethnohistory of the Military Labout LLLLLL S S L S LLLLLLL L S S KaLS 00 LS Cambridgg University Prass, NEM
York, 1990
5, History of the Madras Army. Lt. LLLLLLLLS LLLS S KSS LLL0L LLLLL L LLL LLLS Pr B55, 5, W.O.S. 1882-89.

Page 31
AIR LANK REGIONA KANDY...
ఇష్రత్త ...a boon to tourists and
residents in and around
the hill capital
The popularity of Air Lanka's first ever office at Temple Street, Kandy already a hive of activity shows what a boon it has become. This office allows travellers the welcome convenience of attending to all the preliminaries regarding their ിghts, eliminating he need for tiresome trips all the way down to Colombo.
So, if yOL1 arte thinking of ing anywhere, consider the convenience. Choose to fly Air
Lanka and enjoy the inflight service that has
earned a worldwide reputation.
60 Air Lanka flights leave Colombo every week to 33 destinations in 24 countries. Check the Air Lanka schedule and Lake your pick.
 

မိဒွါးမှူနီဋီ
Get in touch with your Travel Agent or call.
Regional Office, Kaady Tel 08-32494-5 - si li, Office Tel: 421161
Air Lanka.Taking Sri Lanka to the world.
* ■
AIELANK\>
| Fr

Page 32
STILL LEADING
Mr. William Thompson o and established the first
in this island on 01st June 1841.
He called it “ Bank of Ceylon That was 150 years ago, but that was not we.
We opened our doors in 193
only to capture our rightful place in Banking
and are proud to say tha
LEAD
Over the years banking profession
shared our expertise and BANK OF CEYLON became Sri Lanka’s SANDHURST TO BANK
Banl
Bankers

btained a Royal Charter
Joint Stock Commerical Bank
ஒ
at we still
ERS.
k of Ceylon
to Nation