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DISTORTING ISL
THE LIBERAL VI
| PREMADASA's
S. K.
Ind
LTTE Massacre and
TAMIL MILITARIS
| TIGERS ON TRIAL
PARLAMEN'
Political Education,
Federalism and the '
 
 

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Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/43/NEWS/92
EDA
IONALISMI
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\M
- AAkbar Ahamed
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PASSAGE TO INDIA
0. Muni (. Katyal ia Today'
Muslim Identity
- Mervyn de Silva
M: Warrior Sons
-- AD. P. Stiwaram
- The charge-sheet
OR PRESIDENCY
ot. Constitutions
Aradhika Coo maraswanny
Higher Nationalism'
- S. Sathananthan

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關%)
概)
 
 
 
 

■)*

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Briefly. . .
DEATH ON BLACK FRIDAY
Abdul Samatin, a 30-year Old man of Dematagoda, died in hospital after police Opened fire on rioting mobs near the Jumma Mosque at Maradana. Several others received injuries from hurled Stones, tear
gas cannisters and police fire.
It was Black Friday, October 23, a demonstra. tion called for by the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, to protest the massacre by the LTTE of nearly two
ĞÜARD
Wol. 15 No. 13 November 1992 PriCO RS. TODO
Published fortnightly by
Lanka Guardian Publishing Co., Lt. No. 246. Union Place, Colombo-2
Editor Mervyn de Silva Talaբhting: 4475Eգ
Printed by Ananda Press B2/5, Sir Ratnajothi Sarawanamutu MEWF) tha, Colombo 3. TalEբhՃոB: 43եց75
CONTENTS News Background 3 ISIT 9. The Columbus Сшіпcenteпагу 1. Parliamentaгу Democracy
Prūsīdijn tial Systom (2) 3. Tamil Militarism Anti-Foderalism (2) 19 Polan O LTTE TF3||
Newspaper Nationalism 3.
hundred un mostly M Polonnaruw
Mr Ashra leader, clai Black - Frida 'a great ar cess“.
In other p the day of marred by similar but
Cidents.
There was COtt Of Sitti position in
the proceed
hour with
ment mƏmE ting,
In Polon Friday was closed shop 20.000 peo trating with pola cards.
On Wedne rent Prie Wijetunga sa to a questi Mr Ashraf, til F; 0 €Wide TCG tia te the alleg LTTE were a Sad or that providing fur POTS to the L. Muslims.
TAMIL
REJ COMPR
Sewen Tamil ties, all those
LTTE, hawe "compromise"
SLFP, MP Man

armed civilians,
uslims, TET
.
ff the SLMC med that the Wresponse was id historic suc
arts of the city Tourning was a few other less violent in
s a total boyngs by the OpDarliament, and ings lasted one
only GovernPers participa
lBarLI Wa. Black observed with DS ad about ple demons
banners and
sday in ParliaMinister D. B. tid, in answer on raised by hat there was
t0 Substanlation that the gents of MosZionists were lds and weaTTE to attack
PARTIES
ECT
0MSE
political par- Outside the rejected a proposal by gala, Moone
singha chairman of the parliamentary select com
litt,
A Tamil party leader said: "We examined the two page document given us by Mr Moonesinghe, claUse by clause. We found that the PTOPOSal Was nowhere near the fourpoint peace plan e Wolved by the seven Tamil parties and submitted to the Select Committee'.
The seven parties TE TULF, ACTC, EPRLF, PLOTE, TELO, ENDLE and EROS.
CRM UM GROUPITAL "DiSAPPEARANCEs,
The Civil Rights Movement met the visiting UN Working Group on Enforced and involuntary Disappearances and talked of the need to investigate past and future disappearances in this Country. At their meetings in Colombo the CRM and the UN human rights team also talked about the Preven
tion of Terrorism Act and the Emergency regulations.
TREWIDS
Return of airlines International airlines which by-passed Colombo a ffer the July '83 communal riots and the drop in tour. ist arrivals, have now decided to return to 'The paradise isla'. Among them Will be British Airways, KLM, Swiss Air and Cathay Pacific. They have indica
fed their willingness to return early next year.

Page 4
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Page 5
MEDIRIGIRIYA MASSAGRE
ENTER THE
Meruiyn de Silva
he Tamil "Tigers' don't need to be reminded of their nearuniversal reputation as one of the most blood-thirsty guerrilla groups in the world today, did it their way. In pre-dawn darkless they moved into three predominantly Muslim villages close to Medirigiriya in the PolonnaTuwa district, glumined down and hacked to death at least 192 meill, Wolcim and childItem. A correspondent quoting a Jaffna source said it was a "training exercise', Incaning bloodying the braves. The sheer brutality stunned most Sri Lankans though most newspaper readers are hardly shaken by such gruesome tales of mass slaughter after ten years of strife, whether 'tigers' massacring innocent Sinha lese, Muslims and Tamils in the north and East, or Sinhala mobs (often Inanipullated by top-level politicians) run amok in the streets of Colombo or on the rampage in some suburban town in the Sinhala south.
The insensitivity to killing, even the Ilmost un just and senseless, is the human price that the people of the dhia 777777a deepa (the island of the doctrine, the most humane and compassionate of religions) has paid for a war that their political leaders started and neither the Army nor the Tigers" cain finish. The unwinnable war goes on, with each massacre not underlying that selfevident fact but strengthening the conviction of twännawee“ winners of the Glory Boys Clubthat only more men, Weapons and a Sinhalese “Patton“ oT *Sharon’’’ is need cd Lo stõTIIN Jaffna, fly the flag, and bury Prabhakaran.
The irony is that the Fenemy'. Prabhakaran, is one of these gifted and daring guerrilla commanders whose mindset is totally, malterably militarist. Unless he Es captured, he Cannot be con
verted. And ca. since he has possibility and c capsule with him same cyanide Wi
intelligence to tes. Wiլիմլյt +1 War call. It he enemy territory. line fighters are capsule, the cha ing productive
lim.
No great read kWS the Lillis The army canno while the guerri where. If the losing, he's win is not wi11 Ining, i a Finchair pl'Indit more, double the army, buy the In pons and equipin Illea Il S. Illney, all less of Sinitiall the army. But becCIT1 e excccdi while desertions I
does that leavi Tmi 1itgarist"?
Second, ou T :
trolled by the
World Bank, th tium. They have on arms spending have пагrowed, " of an aid squ compliance with s on defence, more OL15. So Qle di попёy to recгui from the queues t OT fait to0 sh0 enough to meet
MUSLIM FACTO
Bill this is no This politics cond tary IIleans. It is a Ver territory an that territory. Th question of dewe: аге three princip the gale - (a) th

MUSMS
ture you can't, anticipated the irries his cyanide 1. It is Lille: Sel F - lich Ells cleiies the security fortelligence, the arried deep into
Since all front
iTilled with the nces of gatherintelligence HTc
T - Prabhlakal rall m5 instinctively. El be everywhere la can be anyguerrilla is not ling; if the army E is losing. Your will say 'recruit Estrength of the St. TlatlēTLil Weieilt“. All that ld the willing
youth to join TECTL11 tillet
gly difficult, multiply. Where * the gung-ից
budget is conIMF fill the e Aid Consor. : placed limits g, and the limits ith the threat ecze" for Doluch percentages
and more seriCS't have the t the Soldiers lat aren't there;
Tt to Tecruit Wolf target,
R
Ordinary war. lucted by mili1 al TT 11 cd conflict 1 POW CI O We lat raises the lution. There all players in Le Sinhala esta
blishtinent: OWellent
first, opposition Second (b) the Tamil
political Cstáblish Illelt: the parliamentary parties and the so called militant groups who
have in fact given up armed struggle and are represented, directly or indirectly in Parliament and (c) the Tigers, a 100% military organisation which uses politics and politicians (Tamil, Muslim or Sinhala) to promote their central ainm —EELAMI OT as close as a possible to EELAM. Earlier India was the Fourth player and a powerful one. But the withdrawal of the IPKF at the request of President Premadasa, and the formal announcement recently by the Indian President that the Indo-Sri Lanka was a thing of the past, Prof. Muni, India’s for Inost Sri Lanka watcher has admitted that India lacks the power and the instrumentalities to impose its will.
The Mangala Moonesingha Committee concentrated really on the second issue devolution of power. On the other main question, land the Sirihala consensus is NO MERGER. The Committee tried to find some ground in-between but the search Was long and painful. The only compromise the Committee could conceive was a link' between East and North to allow the two Provincial Council to cooperatic Or Coordinate Work on matters that affected both provinces. That Would seem a reasonable arrangement almost connonsense that nobody would reject. But no. A Committee of this type would have produced nothing but a collective yawn if it had been suggested that Western rijvinct shւյլ 11 have "links' with the southern; or the Central province with the North Central, but the moment North and the East are mentioned, there is an uproar. Why? TeTritory. And tha Sinhala
3

Page 6
nightmare of too much land given to the Tamils; came to close to a separate state' and therefore painfully close for comfort. Believe it or not, it is Sinhalese nightmare, though there are many intelligent Sinhala analysts who believe it is made into a nightmare by politicians for self-serving propagandist LlfPosos specialy opposition politicians Who need a stick to beat the government, or a slogan at least. And the most favoie is the cry of traitor" 'selling Sinhala territory to the Tamils who will soon come down South, and drive the Sinhalese to the sea. This has been the knee-jerk of not just Sinhala Propagandists or agitators. Both the UNP and the SLFP have conformed to that behaviour pattern when in opposition. Patriotism may be the last refuge of the scoundrel but it is the first refuge of Sinhala pli rty beaten at the polls.
The massacres math conforms to this Pattern, with one important difference. The victims were all Muslims.-
and its after.
Dileen, Women, chui COf Mr. Ashraf His party has
the Premadasa cally so, since has been so re
Muslim commun UNP regime.
Today's Musli. Tlot the traditio Imunity we hawe independence tin busine55 5Lrllum Vast majority of living not just South but in thic lim family of NOT be confuse ter Il T sollte TWO g00çi Teasor Second largest Muslims 33%, and Millsills hold it that balance' determines the PT), Wince; if the the Sinhala side titute the majc the Muslim cont more Tamil-spe hala-speaking, w of the Muslims
VASA OP
207, 2nd Cr Colombo
Telephone:

ircI. The SLMC
Wils trapped. een supporting tgime, and logiaid Illinistration ponsible to the ty as the present
1 Community is al MusliTCIT-stטWIl inpוטkI1 es; all alfflicnt at the top, the he poor Muslims in the Sinhala east. The Mushe east should di With the WeS
Muslil. FT s (a) it is the - Tamils 42%,
Sinhala 25%. The le balance. And is vital since it majority of the muslims take the two consrity. Secondly, munity are far akers than Silhich is not true living amongst
the Sinhalese in the other prowinces,
With - Whom them WOLld — DIT should - the Muslims cooperate. The Tamils feel strongly that they should work together with tem because the Muslim S LTE Tamil-speaking. However in the past few decades, ISLAM has emerged as one of the most formidable and demainding colcctive identities and Socialpolitical forces in the world. The Muslims in Sri Lanka - at least the new generation - have not been insensitive to this profound fact of Muslim mobilisa
tion. Most of all in this region.
Mr. Ashraf has been traped. His party has been cooperating with the government - collaborating in the eyes of his critics and rivals. He has to Walk a tightrope. Hence the rhetorical call for Yidd and the delaid for a Muslim unit in the army.
But rhetoric has a habit of becoming a reality when the fastom owing drama of armed ethnic conflict sometimes gives (Сол тілшегі ол даgғ-7)
TICANS
oss Street,
- 11.
4, 21 631

Page 7
Willy Brandt: Champ
"N man is an island, entie of itself.' Wrote Johl Donnc. That we live in an island is hardly an excuse for What Strikes Time als al in Creasingly perverse insularity. And yet, just when we are opening our economy to investors from Western Europe to Taiwan many a Sri Lankan, even the most widely travelled and intellectually
alert, scens to have crept into a new shell of his own making. Where is the cosmo
politanism of the Sri Lankan elite of the previous generation? Just consider the media. Not a word on Willy Brandt; not even a letter to the Editor.
The other week, Dr. Garnini Corea, for Ter UNCTAD Secre
tary-General, and still this country's most eminent econdmist was in the Indonesian
capital to help a small team of Third World specialists who are drawing up an Econo
mic Agenda' Corea belong of Third W. perts - the p almicci Ministe Singh is one the SOUTH C. ded by the President Juli before the the BRAND'I brave attempt close the ey South divide h Brandt Was a man of the S Ial.
The illegitim girl, Brandt (t knew his fathe Socialists as a the rise of th was smuggled in a small fis Hic had taken and spent twel After the WaT into politics to
Liberals on the media
he Liberal Party welcomes
the recent declarations of commitment to a free media by President Premadasa and by the Mweilent for a Free Media, Liberals emphasise, however, that we live in a context in Which politicians, When in Opposition, loudly proclain their commitment to a free media, only to impose restrictions on such freedom when il Government.
Accordingly, the Liberal Party believes that commitment to a truly free media must clearly be demonstrated by the Government, by the parties of the Opposition, by the owners of newspapers and broadcasting stations and by media personnel, by concrete action. Accordingly Liberals call on the Government to implement forthwith the following proposals submitted by us to the All Party Conference in 1990:-
1) The repeal of the Press Council Act and its replacement
with new legisl: freedom of the the freedom of Inalists against newspapers, thi high standards the promotion in newspapers.
2) The repeal ted Newspaper. (Special Provisi sale of shares by public aucti Of the shaTe:S the company.
3) The remawa Broadcasting Cea Sri Lanka Riup tin from the state by vesting dependent Broa Which would in media/mass CoIII perts, academi tatives of divers
4) The privati dependent Telic

NEWS BACKGRoun
pion of the 3rd World
for N.A.M. Dr. st a small group Drld economic ex TCS ent Indian Fin'. Dr. Manillohan who belong to QMMISSION, hea for II er Tanzanian us Nyerere. |Lопg, South Commission Commission, a to find ways to 'I Widening North ld opened the way. Ilready the Chair. Ocialist Internatio
de son of a shopотп Frahim) псyer T. He joined the Young nan. With e Nazi party, he out of Germany ling boat to Oslo. the na Time Brandt We years in exile. he threw himself became the Ma
yOT of West Berlin, a diwidcd Country soon to see 'Wal.'' Pare East from West. Wais Brandt’s Ostpolitik ha finally brought that was down. And symbol soon became an irresistible force of history. To ac celerate those forces MT. Görbachev contributed his own PEP'E Ffrika.
Few historians or international affairs analysts co improve the impeccably measured Werdict of Arthur Schlesinger Jr.:
"His biography is virtually a distillation of the 20th century. (he) managed to incorporate in ne life sõ manyof g|TCElt themes of this titi Tibulent time" +
When news of his death was broadcast by German lational radio DEUTSCHLANDFUNK. the announcement said "Germany has become a POTC place". So has the Poor Third World.
M. de S.
ition to guarantee media, including individual jour. ditors owners of TēSerwältiga CF fjournalism and if genuine choice
Of the Associa
of Ceylon Ltd ins) Act and the of Lakc House 1. Гeserving 25%. "r employеes of
if the Sri Lanka oration and the Vahini CorporaControl of the them in an InElsing Authority ude journalists, llunications exand represenolitical parties.
ion of the Inion Network in
an open and transparent manner.
5) A review of the objectives, powers and functions of Lihle Censor Board facilitatic the adoption of liberal and Cobjective standards the fields of theatre, cinema El Id the arts. 3) The removal of Controls of the media, over and subtle, such is the restrictions or advertising by State-owned institutions and the imposition of newSprint quo
5.
7) The immediate introduction of the 7th Amendment to the Constitution, Which inter strengthens freedor expression guaranteed in the Сопstitutioп.
8) The liberalisation of rules for the establishment of private channels on T. V. апd Radio and the removal of conditions and restrictions Such as the reStriction on the broadcast of local news PT}g|TlIllIllé5.
The Liberal Party calls on Parties of the Opposition and those involved in Illedia to Strongly support the immediate implementation of these reforms.
5

Page 8
PRESIDENTS VISIT
Ties with India have ir
K. K. Katyal
NEW DELHI he Sri Lankan President, Mr. R. Premadasa, finds a marked improvement in his country's relations with III
dia after the assumption of power by Mr. P. V. Narasimha Rao. After last year's elections in India, our relations have grown from o strength. We hawe lO problems. We Sce things from the same perspective,' he 5id, in a talk with a group of journlists at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
Contrary to his reputations as a press-shy politician, Mr. Premadasa was unusually forthcoming at an hour-long question-answer session. He dealt with queries With skill, patience and good humour if not always with the same degree of conviction. The quesis related to SAARC (his Wisit here was in his capacity as the chairman of the regional association), the domestic problems of Sri Lanka and its relations with India.
on his relations with Mr. Rao, he said ‘We have an unwritten agreement to Work together. This, of course, reflected his optimism about the bilateral relationship but was also a rhetorical parrying of questions on the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement. He did not give a direct reply, when asked about his Government's view on the status of the agreement, impliedly suggesting that it was different from the perception of New Delhi. in his banquet specch for instance, the President, Dr. S. D. Sharma, described the agreement as a sincere attempt to resolve the ethnic conflict in the island.
In this context, Mr. Premadasa recalled the promises contained in his party's election manifesto - that he would work for the withdrawal of the Indian Peace-Keeping Force and establish his country's relations with India on the basis of reciprocity.
Hic noted with fulfilment of the and Daid a tT and the G-We'll headed by Mr. the pullout of
"No talks Wi
A5 foT the S. mentioned his G fertice for a friendship and the model of In with the erstwhi Sri Länka, he s of the treaty (a his Government explain why the ment foTWard. India submitted which Was Inöt ka and, from th been no follow
Hic was aske LTTE's supectek the assassinatio Prime Minister, whould affect relations. With the Tigers. Th were separate is not be Illixed. mittal on a hy tion whether hit India's request tion of the LTT karan, if he wa were separate e these things - servation by hi
Mr. Premadas that the Te Wert IOW between and the LTTE. did talk to it time back but ower. He had conditions - In stop the use C should agree to Cratic process ELT
recognise the
(Tamil) parties ċelections. - “ EW: hand in frien
regretting the desired respons

mproved
Satisfaction thc : first promiseibute to India, ment of the day, W. P. Singh for the IPKF.
El LTTE TOW"
c011 i55ue, he PowermIment's prereaty of peace, peration onסטט dia's a Trangnent ile Sowiet Union. aid, gave a draft is visualised by ...) but did not ! Ele W3.3 110 1110WC= As was knoWil, a counterdraft Liked by Sri Lanel on the Te has նը:
di WilletleT the l complicity in f the Tormerס ך Rajiv Gandhi, is Gwenllet's India- or with ese, he replied, ենes which should Hệ Was T1011C0IIlpothetical queswould agree to for the extradi"El Chief, Prabhallis caught. There |actilents for a 11 Was another ob
a was emphatic : no negotiations is Government The Gower IIment le Tigers some that phase Was insisted on three 2, the LTTE must If a Tills: two it join the demod three, it should right of other to contest the stretch cd our ship,' he said absence of the It was clear
NEWS BACKGROUND
that the talks could be resumed only if these conditions were accepted by the LTTE. Did he trust the LTTE'? Trusting is different, negotiating is different was his reply.
As for the problems of northcastern province, Mr. Premadasa narrated the various developments leading to the take-over of the administration of the province after its council adopted a resolution, running counter to the Sri Lankan constitution. There was no provision for a midterm poll, he said, noting that a Joint Select Committee of Parliament was now engaged in evolving consensus on next steps (to end the present staleпnate).
No mid-term poll
The question on the SAARC related to the tasks for the next Surmillit - in Dhaka in December - the progress of its activities, possible expansion. One of the main issues, to be taken up at Dhaka, is the proposal for a treaty envisaging the South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement. He was asked about the prospects of its adoption, in view of Pakistan's reservations. Mr. Premadasa said he was not aware of any reservations but added: “We will hawe to study warious aspects of cooperation.'" As he saw it, all the member countries were keen on the promotion of tradic. Sri Lanka had taken certain unilateral steps - like the decision to buy from the region what was available there, because we can get it quicker and cheaper.' He was confident that the SAARC T1ations could cooperate to meet the various challenges, especially now that they have adopted the same policy of liberalised cconomies.
Was India's size and the scale of its resources a hindrance in the way of cooperation in South Asia? If India is big in size, it

Page 9
has also big problems, he said. Was not the asym Letry a major cause for the prevailing distrust? What would he like India to do to remove these impressions? Like an elder brother, possessing naturity, it could help others to get over their immaturity, he said, adding: it all depends
Libehaviour."
TVVo propo
Terroris i told a questio subjects of (within the p SAARC colve) made two pra the establishi for the exchan On Colliter-te
A Benign Big Brother
wo years ago, the visit of T a Sri Lankan President to New Delhi would have fuelled extensive, even hysterical media speculation and exceptation. That the recent visit of President R. Premadasa invited 11ild and mostly positive comment in an indication of a welcome upturn in the bilateral relationship. There arc, of course obvious circumstances that have helped ease traditional suspicion and the vicious cycle of confrontation. The Withdraw of the Indian Peace Keeping Force from Sri Lankan Soil, the LTTE-inspired assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, Jayalalitha's coming to power in Tamil Nadu and, more crucial, the change of guard at the Centre. P. W. Na Tasimha Rao clearly has no Raiiv-type ambition to play Big Brother in the neighbourhood and flaunt New Delhi's regional muscle. More
5ö at a time. W situation need carciful handli dulcic blu Tiden the neighbours.
PreInada sa sa his private cha Indian journalis nowledged that provement in I relations dated elections in Indi of approach in been timely and traditional belli her neighbours Inothing of las value while the considerable, Tho hundreds of live fated operations a and, diplomatica able ganging u! Delhi by all til countries. The ficiary has been
LETTER
Port Action
The action was not a "joint"
trade union action' but a collective action by all the Workers in the Port in pursuance of a decision of the
Port Branch of the CMU alone, Which was mot supported by the three other unions in the Port, the Jathika Sewaka Sangamaya, Sri Lanka Independent Employees' Union and the Harbour and Dock Workers Union. On the contrary. The UNP and the SLFP-led Unions opposed the continuance of the action after they had accepted a payment of an allowance equivalent to
the CLA" put f SLPA, which the the Port Worke that situation 12, gave a signed in CMU to pursue demand for pa Cost of Living their behalf.
Sec. C. M. I
Enter the . . .
(Carified fr
LincomInfoTtable li yers, and chan costumes. The L though faccless,
playwright, often the lost knowle tors and professi
The Tigers” ha

In the region, he le, had been the study by experts Earl Illiters of the htion). They had POS als - One for int of a network gC Cofil Fionlation "rorism and the
other for setting up a data bank. The problem of refugees, he said, could be tackled either bilaterally, regionally or unilaterally.
It was for the summit, Mr. Premadasa said, to consider the various suggestions for additions to the SAARC — including the the interest shown by Iran for äl in Observer status.
when the domestic S Ser5itive. Il Ing without the of problems with
id as much in it with selected Si WhileIn He alckthe marked imIndo-Sri Lankan from last year's a'. The change South Block his Lidicious. India's gerence against has achieved ing diplomatic losses have been st notably the is in the illgainst the LTTE lly, the inevitagainst New e neighbouring
It is unlikely that relations with Pakistan can be improved in the foreseeable future. But by mending fences with countries such as Sri Lanka. Bangladesh, Nepal and Afghanistan, India Can Ilargely neutralisc Islamabad’s anti-Indian stance and regain its role as a benign Big Brother.
Thus far, New Delhi's diplolatic response to issues concerning the neighbours have
been mature and non-confrontational which seems to suggest that such a strategy is not only being Worked on hit is Working out. Even Afghanistan, which has every reason to be critical of India for its earlier PTOSoviet stand, has been unusually circumspect in its diplomatic dealings with New Delhi. Now that the major players in the neighbourhood - India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka — hawe embarked on programmes of major economic reforms, it is even more crucial that diplomatic relations
(INDIA TODAF)
ultimatic bene- in South Asia Stilly CPT :: Il ewe Islamabad. keel.
rward by the ther typically cold-blooded регCMU and all formance in a field tյf whicH
5 rejected. In 13 Port workers LIndia te to the
the common "The-In E of the Allowance, on
G. W. L. D
| Pಙ್ :) S to the plaSi Tables and nkan crisis'', the ultimate defying ewen Čable spectanal critics.
given ano
they are brilliant exponents. But they must remember they are not totally self-relian. There is such a thing as Tamil opinion and the other parties have reacted with revulsion, notably the TULF. Apart from that there is world opinion and the Tigers' have exploited international оріnion (manipulating it SoIlletimes) to Serve their cause. But massacres are not going to win friends; and no guerrilla Eroup in the world is Strong enough to defy world opinion. There are limits to cold-blooded terror. And already, international 1 m
cies, Asia Watch etc, have сxpressed their concern and HorIrT.

Page 10
Premadasa Visie
An Indian assessment
S. D. MUni
hic two days Sri Lankan President Rana singhe PreInadasa spent in India from October 1 to October 3 planned as part of the SAARC tradition of the chairman visiting all the members countries, was treated a5 al bilatcral Static visit. The Sri Lankan sidic was evidently kecil CTI it, and IT dia also agreed to this not to match Pakistan and Nepal who had already donc seo, but also to LLLLaLLK LLLLLLLLYLLLLHHH LHH LLaL aaLGLLLLL aspects of relations between the two countries.
Principal Agenda
Mr. Premadasa’s Principal agenda in New Delhi was to highlight his achievement as the SAARC chaiTilla. Il and al Will getting into any serious discusSil With the IL di El leader5 On bilateral relations, specially the Tamil question in Sri Lanka. Accordingly, programmes of poverty alleviation, preferential trading arrangements and instituting the South Asian Development Fund proposed during the last SAARC summit in Colombo, were projected by him in his banquct specchi and the statelcīts. Give its terēs i ti core ciconomic issues in SAARC, India has always been enthusiastically supporting Sri Lankan Illowcs for South A5ilm Preferential Trading Arrangements (SAPTA). Both the sides hope that SAPTA. Will bc formalised at the forthcoming Dhaka SAARC sumiinit, notwithstanding lingering reserwaltions of Pakistal
On powerty alleviation, Development Fund and other proposals, India will go along to
thic extelt III other members are willing to go. On its part India is keen that SAARC
In embers agree to have regular
Tre rifer J. N. L. Profear)
c) Insultations al Inc. work of ill for to help "col measures. In p 115 considerabl from Sri Lankal this regard. Wh his lists in Nes principle of infor 01 teTOTISITl, cleverly delinker of terTorism fre} Owe T Prabhlak. supremo, to Ind with the Rajiv initial case. A thic Prabhaka Tak I could witiate N. future plans, if lical with the L. In spite of India succeedec FOI MIT. IPTel preciative ment help to Sri Lan of training (incl educational Sci economic Wetlur dasa has genera acknowledging st The Sri Lankan to 50Tt Out, tł discussic T5, the ficulties being fa fishes Ilen in thit addition, Sri L: ed its readiness return of Sri refugees from Il On the substa question, Mr. P to accept the
-Sr Lk 1987 ind the b of power to t down in this ag regard, Preside ference di Prir suggestion in c. with President
1st Towne Premada sa Was go beyond hi commitment to ful, negotiated wolving all the

i set up a neta till exchange LInter-terrori51'' articular, India e expectations and Pakistan in ile agreeing With W Delhi On the nation exchange MT. Premadasă il the question In the handing ara III, the LTTE ia iTI COTlIllection Galdhi assass1 W BASS LITET CCS CT
extradition issue T. Peladasa's апy, to have a "TTE.
his reluctance, l in obtaining nadasa an apion of India's kill in the fields luding military), lolarships and es. Mr. Prellally been shy of Ich help at home. side also agreed rough bilateral question of difced by the Indian Palk Strait. In Inka has reiteratto facilitate the Lankan Tami1 dia. Ice of the TäIIli rema dasa refused alidity of the agтееппспt of sic of devolution le Tamils laid this חt. Iחשוון שe" t ShaTTIı:a"s rele Minister Rao's le-to-onc talks Premada sa were .Mr . חסם u : not willing to ment'sחrט/ינgt ! devise a peacesettle Ilent inparties concern
NEWS BACKGROUND
ed." The Indian fo Timulation ol this issue, i. e. i ifair and equitable settlement to fulfil the legitimate aspirations of the Tamil community...' by involving all those (non-LTTE) parties which have eschewed the path of violence,' if endorsed, could create domestic problems for Mr. Premadasa from the Sinhala opposition as well as the LTTE. Mr. Premadasa camouflaged the question of his relations with the LTTE saying that no talks were on with them flow,' that the LTTE must lay down arms and join the democratic process and that security 'operations. . . necessary for the protection of innocent civilians (not for containing or disarming the LTTE) would continue.'"
Short-Term Deal
In the past, the Premadasa regime has found it politically expedient to have short-term leals. With the LTTE cwell. Without the latter either giving up TTLS or its de land for Eelam. Perhaps one such deal is in place. In the after math of killing of Gen. Kobekaduwa and his top military associates in July, the withdrawal of troops from Jaffna has given a much Iceded by Telle to the LTTE to regroup as was cvident in their running over of the military's most important Elephant Pass
base when MT. Prelada Sal WEAS
in New Delhi.
It is good that India has
brought the Tamil issue back
into its Sri Lanka policy. However, it has no strength or instrumentalities to persuade President Prelladasa to see advantages of its approach. While the divergence on this issue will Teilmail between India and Si Lanka, the two sides can expand their mutual Cooperation and understanding on the new found convergence in economic interests.

Page 11
SLAM/7
Western media distor
Sakhina Yusuf Khan
''Erilliant, provocative and - cessible.... A marker and Η Sήgηpost in Muslim interactions with the West." "Superb... fлсisive, . Provides an excellen алаMysis of postmodernism and same time offers a useful даѓ/ Lunderstanding Солfamporary Islam." These are some ஏரி 3 rewiews Prof. Akbar S. Are has received for his latest Abook Postmodernism and MSV ārs PragЛ7ѓSa and Pred"fсаптепr. Pub/isheay பிy Routledge, it is h Weāld tilf/g fп theїr 7992 Caague, Prof. Ahmed поw awaits the Wr7dian response to this which is to be brought out shortly by Penguin MITE.
A distinguishe алfhropologist a Pakistani civil servant and Well known author ang CTrator on Islam, and now fie Asana sqbal Fe/ow, a Selywn College, Cambridge, Prof. Akbgr Aħmed was in /hםWa ra Cer7ťWy in -оллесt/on with a fi/n he fs ரிசிங்ார சா சரி பிரபth As for the BBC. fir 7ferwig My Mvith Sakina Yusuf Khan he dis. cussed the theme of the book E77 the drob/ens of Солfагтдо* 岛岛m。
Your latest book POStInO. der ni Sinn and Isan: Prediament and Promise is diff ferent from YOU" earlig writings both in terms Of Style and Content. What "as the provocation d
inspiration for the OTEOSETTE thening
As a Muslim and HS St
who has been studying Musn SOCIeties, I genuinely felt Te are serious misunderstand
ing and misr Islam today. that emergest particularly th is often offensi Islamic injunct Compassion an blotted out co, highlighted is My purpose in WAS to Teduce ing about Isl: What seems a intelligible to "yy:3Tld.
You say th: image of Is the creation ern media
'the evil n in your book the Western OLIt Islam f.
It is not co Rooted in a st tradition, the na er Il media itself Cannot sympath tional religions. Hinduism for it than the caste $ The great Hind duced to half-na
Apart from the media Other reasons er'n media's OOSTELITEP
There are man derision and anti Islam in the W Some historical, Porary: the atawi
the CTusades, the
oil crisis. Besides of the Muslim w Palestine, Kashmi

slam
reptions about c Musliin image ough the media, Western media, and Irisleading. is of tolerance, rationality are letely. What is amic orthodoxy. writing this book 5 misunderstandand to make strange culture he non-Muslim
t the negative Iam is largaly
of tha WWostwhich you call aster demono ... Why should media single pr dispa raging?
fined to Islam. ecular irreverent ture of the Westis such tät it ise with tradiFor instance is little more ystem and sati. ul Sages are Teked fakirs.
the atura Of what are the for the Westanti-slamic
ly reasons for pathy towards Western media. 80 Ille COIltEIT1stic memory of blame of the there are parts 3rld today, like r and Bosnia
which feel a great sense of injustice. Injustice fuels anger. Their younger generation is no longer prepared to listen to Islamic arguments of tolerance. They take recourse to direct and violent action which confirms the Inc.
dia’s stereo-type about Muslinn militancy.
What about Muslim reaction to the Rushdie affair. Didn't that too reinforce the image of Islamic intolerance?
Isla is not a intolerant rcligion. Throughout Muslim history we have examples of toerance towards other faiths. Babur, for instance, banned cow slaughter out of deference for Hindu sentinent,
As far as the Rushdie affair is concerned I agree that Muslim reactions had a very negative impact on the community's image. They should have debated the issue instead of burning the book. At the same time it showed that Muslims could not be taken for granted. Rushdie being from South Asia knew it would hurt Muslim sentiment. Anyone in South Asia has to be tolerant and sympathetic about religion because unlike the West, traditional Societies still have a lot of respect for religious figures,
What are the challenges for slamic Societies in a post-modernist age?
Once of the important features of the post modernist age is the all pervasive presence of the media. The dawn of the Inedia age poses a serious challenge for Muslim societies. A generation ago traditional Muslim homes
9

Page 12
throughout the world were fairly secure from outside influence. The atmosphere inside the hole reflected Islamic values. For the first time in history a Muslim home is being penetrated with foreign values through the medium of satellite televisions. These values threaten to upset the traditional values of a Muslim society and tear apart their secure social fabric. What is worse the onslalight comes when Muslims are at their weakest-corrupt rulers, incompetent administrators and feeble thinkers mark their societies.
How are they to cope with this challenge?
Muslim need to face up to the fact that there is no escape, no hiding place from this media demon'. They must know the power and nature of the nonMuslims they live with. For that they must understand those who represent it. These include figulres they do not admire like singer Madonna and Writer Rushdie — they Imust also understand
why these figuri age. They mus melia a Indi do terIns or else t to be misrepres TLIn the risk of lised.
VMWat ES DE response to nism?
So far the to post moderni sale as it Wa – tillat is. TetTE by passionate ex and anger. Thi: practical and need of the pos is for Muslims islation ilind World civilisatio1
Сап they c oholiterating identity co Islam presci way of life ent:57
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Any traditional Society cannot wholly integrate of solate itself. If Islam integratics totally it would no longer be Islam but some other phenomena. If it isolates itself completely then todo it is Incot Islam because. Islan is not an isolationist religion.
What is the relevance of Islam in a post modernist age marked by contrary philosophy-secular is nın matarialism and irreveren Cel?
A traditional religion like Islam has Illuch to offer in a post modernist world saturated with disintegration and cynicism and loss of faith, Many of the currently accepted social positions in the West on the undesirability of drug alcholism and promotion of family life has always been advocated by Islam.

Page 13
The Columbus Celebration or
Paul Caspersz
O' October 12 the fifth centenary of the 'Discovery' of America was 'cele
brated' in many places of the Old and New World. We feel constrained to join the chorus, but only to challenge the "discovery” and question its celebration'.
Hans Koming (Columbus: His
Enterprise, 1991) has this to say
of 12 October 1492;
It was a beautiful early autumn. The log keeps noting how the Sea is *Fas Smooth als Well", tās cālim ās tle rive at Seville Wast flocks of birds cross the sky; songbirds land on the ship and sing from the rigging. The Wind carries the scent of flowers and herbs. To what were then, to most of their populations, blessed islands, the three ships approaching at Harbingers of Death.
In 1513, only twenty one years later, the Spanish explorer, Ponce de Leon, found only one Lucayan woman left on a small islet north of Grand Bahama. During those twenty one years thousands of Lucayans had been shipped off to the mines of Cuba and Haiti and to the pearl beds oft Wenczuela. Disease – ScIIIlé of its more exotic forms introduced by the Europeans - and mass suicide had taken care of the rest.
Columbus' own report for the day of his arrival, or shortly after, reads:
All the men looked young. . . they do not bear arms and so do 11 tot know the ITh . . . they would make fine serwants, and they are intelligent ... I believe they could easily be made Christians. . . But should your Majesties command, all the in habitants could be taken
away to Castile, or made slaves on the island. With fifty men we could subjugate
quincer shame?
then all and What fewer we After Wander Bahamas Islan 6 December 149 cd What he ca. which is now Dominican Rep. back a report Queen of Spai said:
Hispaniola is ; tains and hil pastures, are
beautiful . . . . unbelievably g аге папу гi
the majority there are Int great mines ol IT1 eta 15 . . . . thousandi prett, WheTe. The Teass and Queen tE nearly worthles get their affect theil Want to tians, . . In con Majesties can give them as they need, if it some very littl I will bring slaves as they the eternal G gives victory follow His way Much lore of be cited froTm t the reports of other conquistado has here been ci the essential el colonial enterpris
First cultural all that Tegarde ways of life of peoples. It is in the names giv lands: La Isla Es paniola, San I Salvador. And col name existed for as America: Abia Tipe land, Ilmaitu T land, la mid of li you Ing Kuna froIII

tenary:
Imake them dlo El IL.
g through the and Cuba, on Columbus reachled Hispaniola,
Haiti and the blic. He sent meant for the
in which he
Illi Tacle. Mouns, plains and oth fertile and le harbours aire old and there WEITS COf Which 'ontain gold ... ny spices, and gold and other gave them a things (elselires the King at they were s) in order to ion and lake becoille Chris clusion... their See that I Will Inlich gold as hey will give me : help ... And ack as many as . . . Thus d, our Lord, those who
this genre I may e lette T5 and ColumbLIS änd rs. But what 2d un masks all ments of the
insensivity in the ancient the colonized videnced eWeT to the isatnola, or Hismingo, San Panama. Kuna What we knew Yala. I meaning land, mother Recently a Panama said
not without a sense of tragicomedy: "If they had believed that they had reached China, we would today be called Chinese. But they thught they had Teached India, So they called ulls Indians,** Even the name America comes from Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian who explored the Brazilian coast in 15O12. In 1507 a German cartogragher, Martin Waldseemiller, honoured Wespucci by Els signing on a map the nalnimic Americal to the area of his exploits. The name caught on, and the ancient name of Abia Yala was forgotten.
If this is only a small instance, the wholesale destruction of ancient cultures and civilizations at the hands of the European invaders is not. The great Maya, the Aztec and the Inca cultures were ruthlessly suppressed, A Writer in the Yucatec Maya work of the 17th18th centuries, Chilan Balan de Chiaye, says:
Alas, We arc saddened because they came. They came to make our flowers wither, so that only their flower might live. It is therefore not surprising that the indigenous people of Abia Yala have no Wish to celebrate five hundred years of discovery', but to record the story of five hundred years of suppression. They Maya work, Popol Vuh, written in the 1550s, when most of the damage had already been done, prays:
We have the conquerors of death. Our race Will not die as long as thic Te is light in the morning air. The Spanish Christian in Abia Yala were quite horrified by the rite of human sacrifice which they found among the indigenous people. Yet even in thic Spanish condemnation of human sacrifice there was an element of cultural insensitivity since they did not see it, in the words of Enrique Dussel as 'the essential rite of cosmic renewal, since the gods needed blood to live and give life to the universe'. There has also probably been exaggeration about the ex
11

Page 14
tent of the human Sacrifice in the indigenous religions and the full Luth Wi 11 hävic to a Wait the researches of indigenous scholars
into their own past. Besides, there is a definite tendency among Europeans to be aegatively judgemental about the
Timore contentious matters in nonEuropean cultures and to be most magnanimous about similar dark places in their own cultures. So indigenous homosexuals are sodomists while European or white Americam hemosexuals are just gays. So are they scandalized by a thousand human sacrifices on the alter of the gods while they justify ten thousand abortions performed on the alter of sexual fulfilment. What really is the morce to be condem ned'?
Second, an attitude of disdainful devaluation on the right to happiness and even the physical life of the other. The Spanish colonization of Abia Yala took place at the expense of what Pablo Richard, a Chilean liberation theologian, calls the greatest genocide in the history of humanity'. In 1942 the population of what is now Latin America all the Caribbean has estimated at 100 million. By 1570 the population had dwindled to 10-12 million. The Spaniards cut off the hands of Arawaks who did not bring them the stipulated amounts of gold. Koning says that he saw Gold Spanish priests of the severing of hands in the collection of a Haitian bishop: the Indians stumble away, sitaring with surprise at their arms stumps pulsing out blood'. More than 400 years later Brazilian entrepreneurs still cut off the ears of the indigenous people who did not bring in enough wild rubber. In Hispaniola green Wood was used to burn to death the indigenous peoples' leaders so that they should scream louder and take longer to die. The great Spanish Dominican priests, Bartoleme de las Casas (14741566), scourage of the Spanish colonizers and spokes Iman for the rights of the indigenous people, reported these murders. They took place in lots of thirteen, Why thirteen? 'In
12
In emory of our His twelve apost Tec Tds that 5C) nobles were slo on grides of irol and children W. pieces and the feed the dogs of It was consider policy to give foT the les al indigenous peopl To these CT added the other also, says Richa dra WI oli L. ElI. genocide." Thire sllaves were brol America during period. To Bra were broughtfol English and FI three million. total of tem mil coerced into So America, and th held by many t and dið not itin, sands who died If the Anglo-Sa Europeans tend Black Legend ul they should Ten European count
the shallful pool was in popular port sh goes of black I
Europe. And, i not Spain ant Britain, France
Belgium had tih of colonial plu 1 Third, using one's own pecul ment. The que Silver, WE5 af til Columbus and, entire colonial Tecci Weidl Li malbo in the contract between the Sp
ColumbLIS:
Your Highme: of the sai
guarantec to Christopher and any good precious stom spices and a and Imerchan ILII Tmb CT and IT be bought, b by chance, wo boundaries of

Redeeler and les." Las Casas me chiefs al Indi wly roasted to 1. Men, Wile cre hacked to icccs sold to the Spaniards. 2d good military he dogs a taste blood of the
G.
ПeЕ Пst be of slavary which "d, was a long di far-Teaching e illic T1 black ight to Spanish the colonial .il up to 1850 ir million; to the "ench Caribbean This makes a lion blackslawc5 Luth and Middlc Lese figures aire to be conservative lլյde the thւյլIon the voyage, xons and other to foist the роп Spain alone, ember that many ries gaily joined
bullsille55. LiveTfact the most ipping the car
Il en to and fr0IT1 In the long run, l Portugal, but Holland and e Imajority share 1der.
the other for miary aggranidsest for gold and le essence of the after him of the enterprise. It iguous expression of 17 April 1492 anish Crown and
ises, being lords di ocea. I Sea 5
the Said Dom Columbus . . . all is, whether pearls, es, gold, silver, iny other things
dise of any sort, lanner, which may artered obtained or had within the the said Admiralty,
An Aztec chronicler wrote of the Spanish invaders:
As if they were monkeys they seized on the gold. It was as if their hearts were satisfied, brightened, calmed. For in truth they thirsted mightily for gold; they stuffed them: selves with it; they starved for it; they lusted for it like pigs, Francisco Pizarro, conquistador of Cuzco, the centre of the Inca empire in Peru, openly said that the Spanish came to take awa the gold of the Incas. An Bernal Diaz, the eye-Witness historian of the conquest of Mexico, admitted that "We came here to serve God. and also to get rich." Chief Nicaragua asked to what purpose so few men wanted so much gold. Would their bodies be big enough foT so much adornment
Father Wincente Walwerde. Pizarro's companion, approached Atahualpa, the last Inca Elmiperor, with the cross is his right hand and the Bible in his left. Walverdic asked him to renounce idolatory and accept the true faith. Atahualpa took the Bible and threw it to the ground. He was held captive Tor nine and a half months. A large ransom - 24 tons of gold and silwer - a Trived in Sewille. The Spaniards broke their pro misc that Atahualpa would be freed if the ransom was paid and condemned him to be burnt. Walverde approached him again and said that, if he became a Christian, but ning would be Teplaced by strangulation. After baptis Tun Atahualpa was strangled on the terrible garrote while the
Spaniards stood around and chanted creed.
Om the principle that the
oppressed should be left free to talk for themselves, let Aiban Wagua, a Kuna Catholic priest, summarize the results of the colonial invasion of his land:
The education system imposed on us for many years has aimed to quell, tame, civilize Christianize and whiten indigenous people. It inculcates the wallue of everything nonindigenous and detaches us
(Crச ரா நாஜி 3ே)

Page 15
Par VA
The Judiciary
Radhika Goomaraswamy
We are to llawe Tu Ilda Tental rights protection which is truly effective in Sri Lanka, we hawe to strengthen the judiciary. The first chapter of the Constitution itself places the judiciary as a derivative body of parliament and therefore reduces its role in the a Tena of checks and balanccs. Life tenure for judges or retirement with special benefits so that they do not need to covet office once they have retired and judicial review of enacted legislation arc some of the other measures which may be necessary. It addition there has to be the cxecutive which Will implement and carry out court orders. We cannot ever revert to a situation where policemen fined for violating fundamental rights are then promoted by the cabinet of ministers.' This type of crude subversion is one of the many reasons why the judicialty has been somewhat timid. However, recent cases such as the Boosa case 12 point to the fact that the Supreme Court is suddenly coming alive with regard to fundamental rights cases especially with regard to those relating to detention and torture. But this is a recent trend which can only be strengthened with a grant of greater independence through other measures aimed at enhancing judicial power
The paramount importance of the Judiciary with regard to the enjoyment of fundamental rights was no better expressed than by Justice Potter Stewart in his
Lidd Tess to the Illedia:-
Where ladies and gentlemen, do you think these great constitutional rights that you were 50 үehешепtly asserting, and in which you were so conspicuously wallowiпg yesterday, where Шо yош thiпk they сапne froпn? The stork did not bring them. These came from the judges of
this country, fr. here sitting a where they ca. CHITIe fr0III tht country. . . the
the U.S. is II ting judgement
THE EFFICIENT OF SERVICES
The main prob mentary democra around the world of an incoherent then affects the vices to the peo particular probler Societies where is intervention req reach growth rate proportions if th ulմբ and where of Welfare prov cularly important
Il a ea While party such as t Il dia Cä Il lo li absolute majority y building and whe With a tripartite in the future, cc may become esse lem of an inco with littledccisi Illay CIllerg as problem. The It may strike close
The failu Te of e Tim Ilments i II coalitions has pli SLI es but the T1a dian bureaucratic India character, autonomy, allows continue regardle In Sri Lanka, 5 there has been of the independ vice. The powe Se Wat Wa5 50 f was a concerted regimes from all to curtail that I cising the bure;

In these villains tle. This me from. They 2 courts of this Constitution of
Dit il self-CxCCLIII『.13
OELIVER
lem that parliacics are facing is the problem executive which delivery of serple. This is a in third World tate action and uires them to is of significant ey wish to dewthe safety net isions is parti
re one political the Congress in o Inger claim an Without coalition re in Sri Lanka, electoral billing |alition building ntial, the problcret tecutive nal mobility'4 a fu II d'IlıcIltal alian nightmare
to home.
successive govlia to Tlalintain OSed Seriolls isTe of the ITsystem, its all its considerable the system to ss of politicians. ince the 1970":
steady erosion
lent public serr of the public el Ted that thlete attempt by all political parties ower by politiaucracy. As a
result, without politicians, the systems will not function.
Given this reality, and the
thrust of coalition politics - i.e., the failure of opposition parties to accept a сопnпnon platforпn or mandate, may result in an incoherent executive and a co
lapse of the system. On the other hand, this may be a good thing, in that it would
foster more democratic approaches and force a polity unused to building coalitions in a meaningful Way to start such attempts with new vision and direction.
But while tlis political matu - rity develops, it is imperative that ther c is a cadre of public servants who can perform their duty with regard to the delivery of services and guidance to the economy, without fear or favour. Whether it is a parliamentary system or a presidential systern, it is inperative that the indicpendent public service is strengthened, that they be fully trained and that they be given a certain measure of protection from political victimisation. As Max Weber argued in the nineteenth century, the true test of a millodern system lies not in the market, nor in its legislature but in the nature of the bureaucracy - it is impersonal, objective and cfficient and is it manned by the best and brightest of the country, 15 Without a cadre of modern bureaucrats operating efficient systems of management, therc Will be no effective delivery of services to the people.
PROS AND CONS
Besides the thematic aspects discussed above, the evaluation of the choice between parlia: mentary system and presidential systein, Tust also take into consideration the overall picture - i.e., the basic assumptions and dynamics behind the system. The parliamentary system gives the appearance of being less arbitrary, more modern in the Weberian sense of the word, less bound up with proportional representation and the inevitability of coalition building, the failure of successful coalitions would
13

Page 16
result in an incoherent executive, a thrust toward dominance by political parties whose Structures are highly oligarchic, a tendency toward majoritarian democracy and primacy of the բargeliia! Constituency over an Ali's
Пka consciousness.
The presidential system on the other hand gives the IPC: Talnice of a coherent executi WHicի can efficiently deliver Services, coupled with the progressive concept of a national, All Sri Lanka electorate but is problematic because it has a thrust toward centralisation, toward personal styles of authority over POTCOg Tallillmes, and is Bonapartist iñ that it weakens internediary organisa. tions whether within the political system or as part of the bureauCTElcy.
MIX AND MATCH
It is the suggestion of this paper, that neither a parliamentary system in and of itself. D10T a presidential Systeil, in and of itself will solve the DIT)- blems of political democracy in Sri Lanka. Both systems have operated in the Sri Lankan re. ality and they have led to major pitfalls in the חlflIlHEtIllEוו]'; our political life. The final resolution of our constitutional framework must be based on this actual experience and not on any preconceived positivist ideal of What is more perfect in theory, parliamentary systems or presidential systems.
In this regard let me STIIתוחla= rise the conclusions that Tilst necessarily arise from the Previolus sections. Any new constitutional framework in Sri Lanka would require a consensus based On the Following:
1. The primacy of democracy, In this regard the legislature must be the centerpiece of any form of representative government. The Cabinet of Ministers must be drawn from the parliament and must have substantial powers and also be responsible to Parliament for their actions and for collective cabinet decisions. Parliament itself must be stГепуthened by a technocratic
SyStEm*" wi of effective System of of young pi Search and of parliame useful exper also expose
of our you Workings of sort of appr WStilt in leadership.16
. There is net
executive a
Which 5 eles, S of a natio Els to stren; and integrity բTCicess. The elected presi the head of Ministers. M not be assig sident since
table to pa should be in broad policy сопductiпg t| the Cabinet should be req parliament ty give a staten ECOWETTIIncint II to day work
olt 5 Cabinet of M because they to parliament however must to CISLIT t policy is col ITniTnisters Eure п1епting polic; the Cabinet.
of ministerial Sential but is collectively at Cabinet meetir be to ensure t of Ministers, Tğ-pTe5eI1 tä, tiyes lature in the
līt 5ubi dent, This Wi arly importan dent is drawn ent political p Prime Minister bers of Cabinet. tuality, the ba With regard to I list Test with of Ministers a

the operation committees. A islative interns, ple who can reWise the members may also be a ment - it Would Cle of the beSL g minds to the parliament - a nticeship or inզuality future
| for a Collerent di an clection i Lanka in termis all electorate so then the unity of the electoral e should be ill elt Who sits is the Cabinet of inistries should led to the Prele is not accClinEllent but he harge of devising areas Eind im le meetings of f Ministers. He lested to address wice a year to ment con general holicy. The day ings of governbe left to the inisters precis cly are ans Wcrable The President be responsible 13:lt i gCYer Til Ille-Int: crent and that in fact impleY as decided by This monitoring function is teshould be d'One the level of g. This would hät the Cabillet Who are the of the legisexecutive, are to the Presill be particulif the Presifrom a differarty from the * and the memlIn thi5 e Wenlance of power policy-making the Cabinet ind the legisla
ture - otherwise there would be a serious threat to dellocratic practice.
3. The protections with regard to an independent judiciary should be strengthened. An amended version of the Sewelltecnth amendment 17 currently under consideration should form the basis for the fulldamental rights section, but there should also be judicial review of enacted legislation and special provisions with regard to the temu Tc of judges, their crollments and conditions of retirement.
4. The delivery of services to the population finally Tests with the efficient functioning of an independent public service. Their position should be strengthened and special procedures should be adopted to prevent victimisation of public servants. In addition, jIl 1ine With the Youth COIïl1mission Teport, there should be National Policy with general guidelines which has bipartisan support from at least the major political parties in the areas of health and education. This is crucial to prevent dislocation in the welfare system and in the cducation system everytime there is a change of government; something which has Weekenedl CLIT SET"Wicc5 il Tecent years.
5. Sharing of power with the provinces. A system of federal units or maximum devolution must supplement the system at the centre to ensure local level participation and to prevent not only the centra1isation of ressources but the intensive conflicts which te sult over the struggle over centralised resources, including the struggle for political .TטWיסטן
CONCLUSION
Atul Kohli in a recent back on governance' in India has conducted an empirical study on the problem of governing India, and the major problems of a post-colonial developing state practicing democracy of any sort, 9

Page 17
He argues that the failure rests On three aspects, at least with regard to the Indian experience. The first is the existicilice of al II active, intervening state which Elias Stifleid the Imarket als Well K S LLaCe SLLLLLLCK S aLLL LLaL LaLLLL
CaCLS L S LL0S S LLL LLaL S LaaLLLLLLLaLLLLL S S L system where access to resources with regard to the society rests on control of the State apparatus — i.e., with the politicians and the bureaucrats - a very limited circle in the Indian ConLex L. This Elias lied LO Wide-Scale di SSL is facti Lil With the State apparalls.
Secondly, he argues that the system of political parties in intense competition with each Other las led to elite-leci Illobiilisation, where various sectors a Te Tobilised Till ethnic and tribal groups to Caste groups to class groups for electoral purposes but With To Teal inte Intii01 COf Satis
fying their aspirations. This has led to what Naipaul calls a Illili Illutilies20 which lot
only demand theit rights fron the centre but in some cases Elke to Tleil Tebeli01. Il di SEparatism, many of them rejecting the hypocrisy of elite led Ilobilisation With a World WieW which is quite anathema to liberal democratic values. They refuse to be governed by the Indial State als We klow it. Als a result they are a threat to the State als We 11 als to the liberal democratic, secular system which India adopted at indeטטndenטp
This Kohli foTTill LlatiðIl foT India is Telewalt föIT COLLIT disiCLISSical i Sri TLSAT1 ka foT the two factors have also been wery important in the growing problem of gover hallce in third World societics. A constitutional system is the apex system in any frameWork of gover mål. Il cc — how does one Tennedy the pitfalls outlined above as Well as ensure the delcratic ideals which have апiпnated our politics since independence"221
In answering the question, it may also be importalint Lo Tecognise that we are also dealing With only one half the problein. From a political scientist's point Of wiew, the diffe Te Ilce between
a presidential s. lia mentary one
face of the talints. Il fac and others have of these systells gowler Il Limemt a Till which accompan States are Colo is coilltradittitin
With a civil soc Other concerns.22 to dismiss this disagreement by ther alternative eloping societie Iminder is partic light of the t rectics which
Our Social COIl
Cl5.
The ideologie
native are no
xist the left
SOTle extelt 51ET Wiew ä5 the libe bratio 11 of demó Il OlcII industri ideologies that II Hill, which Hay", heli T'ES and Illind
ETC + + the ideolo nacular” i.e., t sy Imbols, discou
logy of Sinhal; Tamil speaking in TC skating on leading social st appeared before 1989 הוm iTטThlSSI as Inanifested Játhika Chintan the Tamil natio such as the LT" COI 113In With all fOT the liberal W mate the parlial In fact they ar. unitary totalitari have either system mor thi system as their
This lack of רnot only the St our extremist gr cindra Baxi puts Imajor aspects crisis lies in which debate is constitutional st It is quite c. dian political upper middle internalised th

ystem and a paris Ili|ili|ilial ili ideological cons. t Ashis Nandy : argued that any of representative the bureaucracy Tm nationטy motl mial experiments to and struggling iety animated by One may be able Without Illuc stating that Inc. e Exists för alley5. BLlt the Teularly salient in Wo youth insurave characterised |ict in TeceInt
5 of the alterlonger the Marliberal Which to e the saille World TH13 i Il the Celecratic Walues and all growth. The roliferate today e captured the is of our youth gies of the werTIL LE CF te rse and mythoa speaking and 1 tellectuals. We thin ice'" said a tientist When het the Y Llith Col... This ideology in the JWP, the laya group, and list Formations TE has little in indi little respect "alues, which aniÎle Iltary PTOCCSS. 2 animated by a ill Wisill which thic presidential 2 parliamentary reference point, liberal values is le prerogative of Ճարs but as UբIt One of the of the present the very classes uch mätters as TICLTITES.
er that the Inlite and the classes halve I10t е үalше оf Iega
lism. . . This creates a demon
stration effect, 23
So the real task, in addition to i Toning Coult tille fra T1 e Work for a perfect constitutional order is to begin the task of educating people in liberal citizenship.24 We have to begin a contest for the imagination of our you Dig peoplc.25 Our text books are full of dynastic history with perhaps a few pages left for liberal or socialist nationalist heroes who pale in comparison to the magnificent kings who fought with valour and swords. We must make the democratic alternative an attractive one for the South Asian imagination.26 Unless we do that, the nuances between different types of democratic formulations would only be an intellectual exercise for the benefit of constitutional lawWET5,
References
II Wiwicenne Giacom Lewirdien w Hector
Perera, Sc Application. 20.83 12 See the Proceedings of the Sri Lanka
Bar Association, September 1991 13 Friendly, p. 5 14 A J. Wilson The Gallis ir 55yrrer i
Aid, London 1930
15 See Peter Blau, "Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy' in D. Wrong, ed. 蟾* Englewood Cliffs go P. 16 See Report of the Commission on Youth Colombo February 1991 17 Sco Civil Rights Movement, Comments on the Proposed Seventeenth Allendict, December 1990 18 Youth Commission, Introduction 19 A. Kohli Derfocracy and Disconsenf, India's Growing Crisis of Goveria. եility, Cambridge, 1991 20 W. S. Naipaul, India A Mori Mur
iniբե, London 1991
21 From the legal perspective with regard to the crisis of gover nability sec, U. Baxi, The Crisis of rhe: Indari Legal Syrrer, New Delhi, 1982 22 A. Nandy. At the Edge of Psycho.
Iggy, New Delhi 1934 23 U. Baxi The Crisis ay the Indian Legal syster, New Delhi 1982, p. 7 24. In this context the writings of what is called the Republican Tradition of liberalism is something worth considering, See J. A. G. Pocock, The Machi sa welfar Moyerrrerar, Flarer. LMT LEEECLL LGGTGTG KCM TCT LYCLLS Tic Republic Princeton, 1975, Also, Carol PatcInan, Parriegarian and De. riacrific Theory, Cambridge, 1980 25 Benedict Anderson, fragirred Corrfirirlfries, London 1984 especially the last chapter on primary education 26. Also see Youth Commission, the
Chapter on Walues
15

Page 18
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Page 19
TAMMWAL AMLA TALAISIMMy
Warrior Sons and Mo
D. P. Sivaram
he Madurai Thanuil Sangam T' stablished by Pandihurai The war in 1901 with the assistance of his cousin Baskara Sethupathy who was the Raja of Ranının ad at that time. The institution and its journal - thic Senthamil, played an important role in what could be termed the Tamil renaissance in thic first two decades of the twentieth century among the Tamils of south India and Sri Lanka. Its importance also lies in the fact that it created a class of Tamil pundits through a well organized and prestigious system of exallinations at a time when strong objections were being raised
against creating a chair for Tamil in the University of Madras. The pundits qualified
by the Madurai Thamil Sangam in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka hawe also been instrumental in shaping the vocabulary of Tamil identity when Tamil nationalism began to constitute itself as a political force on both sides of the Palk Straits. The Sangam was conceived as a nationalist project by Pandithurai. Thevar who announced and took up the task of its formation at the Madras sessions of the Congress in 1901. Thevar upheld the view the the love for one's language is the basis of patriotism and the love for one's religion' (Specchi made at Tuticorin. quoted in P. S. Mani p. 39) Thevar's desire to establish the Sangam was also linked to the traditional role of the Maravar and Kallar kings and chieftains of Tamil Nadu as the patrons of Tamil poets and pundits, despite the powerful in roads made by Sanskrit over the centuries. Most of the Tamil texts that impelled twentieth century Tamil renaissance Were unearthed from Collections of manuscripts preserved by families of traditional Tamil poets and scholars who had been
his life
Patronised by . ki II gs, The war Raghawa Aliyan Court pundit pathies as Sangam's jou: in 1901. His c. Aiyangar succee in 1904 and 5, y Cal TS. M. RE and his cousin family of Waish Who häid attach the Maraiyar ki from the eightee family produce and Sanskrit sic Collrt pundits a the Sethupathies of their clan. Aiyangar's fath: I wiled Tali | Court of Poll the brother of Muthuramallinga 1873) Ponnucha Arumuga Naval Tamil Nadu, A. died when he Wislõikel Fe Th cwar's som Paul Thus Aiyangar's with that of clan of Marawal
שחht: W appreciation of his father ca. Walartha. The warh who nurtured St AllgäT dedicited popular books t հupathy and Pal His involvement nationalist mowe fore closely re Interests and The war who was ideas of the rev, the Swadeshi Sethupathics had of the fact CDerced by the } OVer the wast trade with Ceylo The War therefore by the Swatles

thers
amil poligars and appointed R. gar who was the
of the Sethulditor of the nal Sethamil
usin, M. Raghawa led him as clitor rved for eight ghawa Aliyangar belonged to a lawite Brahmins ed Leimselvest gs of Ramnad nth century. The di many Tamil lors vī vice ld ministers to ; and thic nobles M. Raghawa | r Wil : IT = scholar in the chili The War - he Ramnad king Seithupathy (1862mi. The war was ar's patron in iyangar's father was young and * by Ponnu chami 1 dit hul Tai They ar. li Te was bound the Sethupathy Tulers. Later in ite a book in The war and lled Scinthiamil Al - the The was Len Tamil. Aiytwo of his most BL5 kara Setdithurai The war. with the Indian lent was thereslated to the perceptions of bestirred by the olutionaries and lowerment. The been resentful 1 at they were British to handi and profitable In and Bengal. Was attracted hii novement’s
campaign to rejuvenate local industry and commerce to undermine the hold of British capital on India. The revolutionaries were calling for the revival of the disfranchised Kshatriyu classes of India, The Sentharıni 1 iTncorpo Tated these sentiments and ideas into its projects for Tamil renaissance.
Thew ar formed the SWadeshi Steam Navigation Company with W. O. Chidamparampillai in 1907 to break the British monopoly on the profitable ColomboTuticorin steamer service. Chidamparam pillai was closely associated with members of the revolutionary movement in Tamil Nadu at that time. The company resolved in one of its articles of incorporation that it would contribute one percent of its monthly carnings to the Madurai Thamil Sangam as long as it existed. (Annual report of the Sangam 1907 p. 7-8) Aliyangar also contributed to the nationalist cause by buying a Rs. 100 share
in the company. The main financial assistance to the Sangam at this juncture came from Thondaman - the Kallar caste
king of Pudukottai, who was its permanent patron, the Zamindar of Singampatty (Maravar)) and
a Kallar caste leader called Gopalsamy Raja liar who had succeeded in a campaign with
Thevar's assistance to alter his caste's name from the derogatory Kallan to a the more res
pectable form Kallar, (Annual report of Sangam 1907). The Drawidian school of Tamil
studies on the other hand Was keen to show its loyalty to the Raj and represented Wellala caste interests.
It was in this context that M. Raghawa Aiyangar’s Tamil nationalist project took shape.
He conceived of a martial heri tage that was unique to the Tamil
17

Page 20
country constituted by the Chera, Chola and Pandya kingdoms in South India, and was, according to him far superior to the military POWers of north Indian peoples. He, an erudite Tamil " schola skillfully melded his politics into a compelling representation of a հèroic Tatրil past. The politicisation of Aiyangar's reading of the Tamil past begins with the event that kindled the revolutionary Illovement in 1905. It victory of Japan over Russia. Japan's example was proof that India's traditional material values could prevail over British arms. The victory was hailed by those who subscribed to the ideas of Thilak's militarism. Aiya nigar yrote Parani poems (a form of Tamil heroic poetry to celebratic the victory of a warrior who slays 1000 elephants in the battle) exalting Japan's military might in the Sangam's journalisential Til". In 1907 When the actiWities of the Tcyolutionary move. ment and the Swadeshi ilmovement Were gathering momentum hic Wrote an cditoria E88քly tյ Լ1 Warrior Mothers' Weerath. Thaimar. The ideological agenda for what has been described as the Mother politics of militant Tamil nationalism was set forth in this essay. He wrote Although there may be tյth tr reasons for the victory of the
Japanese over the Russians, numerous and belonging to a larger country, the main reason is the martial tгаіпіпg given them by their parents from childhood. ... the Wällaður and patriotisms of Japanese mothers can be seen in the volumes called The Russo
Japanese War". These things may appear strange in our times but If We examine our history we
will find such Warrior mothers and their valourous child Ten numerous... In ancient Tamil
texts like Purananooru the mar. tial theme predominates. It should be noted how the II 13th eft:5 of that era created great Waiors' The essay is based on heroic poetry of the Moothin
mullai category found in the Pura na noorul and the PLI Ta LH-- thirattu. Molothin mullai is
category in the poetics of codi
IS
fied TäIIli m: Which the cult I 110th erhood is heroic martyrd son in battle. their sols to Walır. Aliya IgE Moto thiiiIiIimI I Iii tille wal Trior*s : WCIE) is the who could be battle fields, w of the categi IIlother Whose attain martyrd claims in angu CILIE ELS LLE gawe birth to E gar notes that gTillimer - the filles and naine Of the Ing the Suicide on hea
of valdur i (These mother MaTWEIT clans "" Maravar are mat that the Warrio by these moth Nadu glorious era, in which hea T af ICTth wading Tamil the victories of fought the north 5t betillise of t Tamil martial cludes that the Tallis was the decline of what Veeram – Tamil
Subтаппапiya mense political essay for propa of the revolutio militatism anno: He serialized Paper India readers to pop their faiends, 'OITET Ent thej C55ly Wils L15 el a Tı instrument f Illa Titial et hos an til a chie'ye a through armed i
Barathy and par impillai wrot saluting the ni inspired his essa
The politics' Sangam was m

liniation a Woman's portrayed as the Till of her War II The mothers urge die waliantly in
TI other says air of the Tiger : found only in "ith another poem
53 ha; Failed to 11 in battle, exish that she would
il Coward. Aliyanthe earliest Tamil Tholkapiyam deS the poetic theme
TiIg Iher son's lack
rilineal.) He says bought forth
in the Sangam *" )D1e . cles Indian kings
TI 11iI kiருgs Willi) le TIl ef5. This y:15 he greatness
decline of the results of the ble calls, Thail martial prowess.
Barathy saw im
gating the ideas lary III Owen cIt's
d urged his Ilarise it among
by Barathy as DIT Tekindling the 10 Ing the Tami 5
18լITrection.
W. O. Chidae to Aiyangar ationalist spirit
of the Thail
year when the Swadeshi Steam Navigation company was crushed following riots against the British at Tuticorin and Tin nevely. W. O. Chidamparampillai and the revolutionary leader Subramaniya Siva were arrested and imprisoned. The publisher of Barathy's paper India' was also arrested on sedition charges. Barathy became an exile in the French colony of Pondichery.
Nevertheless Aiyangar developed the the Ince of a Tamil martial tradition that was superior to thic north into one of the most per sistent and characterising Illal Tratives of militant Tamil nationalism — the Seran Senguttuvan legend of the epic Silapat higaran.
His belief that the declinic of the Tamil martial tradition caused the decline of the Tamil nation has been echoed in every Tamil nationalist project since his Lic
Raghawa Aiyangar la mented the decline of martial values in Tamil society for, he saw himself essentially as a loyal Brahmin of one of the oldest ruling Maravar clans of Tamil Nadu. His Tamil nationalist project was rooted in that selfperception.
Note:- 1. Recent gender oriented critique of the LTTE fails to take note of the fact that the Moothinnullai Mother is a leitmotif in the structuring and representation of the Tamil nationalist project. Hence in the BBC documentaty on the Tigers - Suicide Killers - the Black Tiger Miller's mother is presented to the TW crew als a woman who feels proud of her son's heroic martyrdom in the suicide attack On the NellIliady Sri Lankan El Tilly camp in 1987. The LTTE here is reproducing a fundamental structure of representing Tamilian identity. C. S. Lakshmi has examined the role of the concept of the heroic nother in the militant Drawidian movement and its strategy of mobilising women. She, however fails to take note of the politics of Aiyanga and Barathy and the im
(ரோசசி ரா நge 2)

Page 21
Part II
The Federal Alternativ
S. Sathananthan
3. On the Federal situation
Fundamentally, and perhaps deliberately the Appraisal neglected the primary function of a federal system: that of creating politico-institutional spacc in which different peoples could exercise and defend their rights as nationalities and, therefore could remain united as one country. Consequently, the existence of nationalities and the relations of Yer bctween them were ignorCl
It was considered inappropriatic
to introduce a federal system under conditions where interethnic riwalrics hawe come to
the fore' (p. 11). In other words, a political condition of internationality conflicts - a federal alternative was considered to be detrimental to federalisml
The Appraisal admitted that a “federal situation' existed in Sri Lanka (p. 23). But it for. mulated three further arguments to deny the applicability of a federal alternative. Firstly, it alleged that a federal system was un nccessary since under the 13th Amendment and in the PCs * We hawe the Substancc of federalism while maintaining some of thc forms of a unitary constitution'; and, therefore, viewed concrete federal structures a 'superflous' (p. 40). However, the Supreme Court had held that the 13th Amendment respected in form AND substance the unitary character of the Constitution (Sri Lanka Law Report) 1987 (2), 312-410). But the author unwisely disputed the decision of the Supreme Court and engaged in an exercise of Constitutional schizophrenia: he persisted in the confused and groundless claim that the imaginary substance of federalism' existed in the absence of the “superfluous” concrete federal Stles
Secondly, the of Sinhalese, Ta in eastern regi claimed to pres obstacle' (p. 24 demarcation of Tamil and Mus However, a pr established whe Wavuniya in th Vince was carve ment into a Government Ag siom ad a Division. More Muslim villages regions of NEP Eravur) have be as separate A Clearly, the ap) administrative II entire eastern cate federal st and is Inore a tical will.
Thirdly, the concerned about perception of ul Out of the belit troduction of th would I meam * * t) vation of (NE speaking peoplc It is of cours c claim that a federal State w, from living and part of the col Appraisal mis specific oppositi mils to State-s lese colonization NEP as a gene: Sinhalese living the NEP. It wnusly, and wi in political the situatio II would federal system (a) would enjo of the NEP simultaneously other part of this political fic deduced that S

population mix lils and Muslims Ils Of NEP Was nt a **formidable to the territorial
the proposed im federal states. ccident had bcem the District of Northern Proup by GovernTa mill Assistant ent (AGA) DiviSinhalese AGA wer, Tamil and in some eastern e. g. Katankudi, el administered GA Divisions. blication of Such, echanisms to the 'egion to demarates is feasible question of poli
Appraisal was the majority fairness' arising of that the inc federal system
le future reserP) for Tamil only' (p. 27).
nonsensical to citizen of a uld be prevented Working in any Intry. But, the cpresented the bn among Taponsored Sinhaof land in the 'al opposition to and working in alleged mischiehout any basis ry, that a bizarre arise under a Where the Tamis exclusive use" und (b) would 1HWE ilL:LESS է0 le country. From ion the Appraisal Inhalese would be
unfairly deprived under a federal SYSteml.
4. Whither higher nationalism'
National unity based on a “higher nationalism'' (p. 7), argued the Appraisal, is the only way forward. It was readily admitted that “the majority among the Sinhala people, while professing national unity have not pursued it with sufficient seriousness' (p. 8). And it was glibly assuaged that "given a proper recognition and respect for the rights, traditions and the separate identity of all groups in the State a unitary system of government gives greater cohesin' (p. 14). But here precisely is the problem: what is supposed to be 'given' in fact is non-existent. The following are some of the more promincint instances where **higher nationalism' among Sinhalese failed to materialize.
4.1.
Kandyan Tamils, then known as Indian Tamils', were arbi
Citizenship rights
trarily stripped of their Sri Lankan citizenship in 1947. Their position as 'stateless'
persons remained un resolvcd until the growing involvement of India in Sri Lankan ethnic conflicts in the mid-1980s. Indian interwention underlined the urgency of giving back Sri Lankan citizenship to Kandyan Tamils whilst repatriating those among them who sought Indian citizenship, so that India could be pre-empted from intervening in Sri Lanka on the pretext of “protecting Indians'. The question of 'statelessness' was settled by implementing the 1964 Indo-Ceylon Agreement in stages in the late 1980s.
4.2. National Anthem
The National Anthem was composed by Sinhalese person.
19

Page 22
Mr. Ananda Samharakone, in 1952. It was adopted by the Cabinct without consulting Tamil and Muslim leaders and without debate in Parliament (Halisard vol. 11, 1952: 1175). Clearly, Tamil and Muslim opinion on the Subject was trcated as irrelevent by the Sinhalese ruling fraction. 4.3. National Flag
When it was proposed in 1948 that the Lion Flag of the (Kandyan) Sinhalese kingdom be adopted as the new national flag, Tamil leaders suggested a different design which could reflect the aspirations of Tamil and Muslim peoples too. But a Sinhalese MP, Mr A E Goonesinha, defended the proposal and rejected any accommodation of Tani and Muslim interests: If...we must appease the minority communities, where is the limit to this appeasement? . . . If we were to give in on this question of a National Flag, I do sincerely feel that we will hawe 110 end of trouble’’.
In contrast, a Tamil MP, Mr
S. J. W_Chelỵ sized the imp per and high. need for fia (that is, hig among Sinha genuine nati pro Imise sugge Musi leade Lion Flag so Sinhalese, Tan con equal foot jected. A pra MP, Dr Col criticized the Lion Flag as projection of dolination. effort by the ments... in a nity. . .to rann dOWIn thic thro communal line assumption of And a Muslim too regretted 1 Of Tamils Elink ignored (Haris 3440-83).
Nevertheless,
The SWgdish flyuda Haron 5 Tha Polish-Lithuanian squires
That was for backwardness
She Was baEtET EJECE LIESE To beat her was profitablo
*You are poor and ab Lundant
And Beat her, Baying,
Such is the law of the jungle So you can be onslawed
But you are mighty too So We must be Wary"
So different,
Formigonbiar Lorning plaid
And could be done with impunity
You are powerful and helpless'
You Ere poor you Fire ha ple55 You can be beaten and plundered
You are backward, you are Waak
To the Soviets
She was beaten by the Mongol Khans the Turkish
The Anglo-French-German capitalists, the Japanes
Cultural backwardness, military backwardness
Governmental, Industrial, and Agricultural backwardn
Nikolai Nekrasov sang sadly of Mother Russia
The poets words the capitalists caught
Sa you, Mother Russia's broad, har many children but rallying to the Soviets from hor Put dim ond to this back Wardin1955 In one flash of Bolshevik lightning
"Either Death or leap forward a hundred years Either we do this or they will crush us".
O59f Stal
(To a солference of Маләgers of Soviet /лdustгу оп F.
2O

ayagam, emphatance of to a pro
step' and the W turn of mind r Imationalis Imm'') ie to design a all flag. Comions by Tamil and
to modify the as to represent ls and Muslins ng were also rere55ive Sinhalese in R. de Silva, imposition of the lational flag as a inhalese political it is a covert communalist elleImajority commu
it own desires its of others along basic on the a majority right. MP, Mr. T B Jayah, hat the interests Muslims Were rd, vol. 2, 1948:
when the design
bayS
war lords
SS
ast space5
,*重95*尾
SS
of the national flag was finalized in 1951, it contained the Lion Flag un altered but with two vertical stripes, of Saffron and Green, placed OUTSEDE the Lion Flag at the LESS IMPORTANT pole end of the flag to signify the Tamil and Muslim peoples. A Tamil MP, Mr C Suntharallingam, dismissed the flag as a fraud flag' and pointed out the derogatory implications of placing two coloured stripes outside the Lion Flag proper and at its pole end. He quoted Sinhalese MPs Who had voiced their intentions Lo tel11 their electoral supportors: "If you fellows don't like this flag. just rol 1 : Tound the Green and Saffron coloured strips on the polic'; and, in utter disregard to Tamil and Muslim opinion, the Ceylon Daily Newys la ter on the 1972 Republic Day (22 May for exalmple printed the national flag on its front page with the two offending stripes tucked out of sight behind the Lion emblem,
Next: LANGUAGE
Warrior Sons. . .
(Сoлгйлшеd frалт page 18) pact of the Russo-Japanese War. Om then in the genesis of this concept. C. S. Lakshmi, Mother, MotherCommunity and Mother-Politics in LLLLLL aaLLLLSS LLLLLLLLS LL LLLLLS tical Weekly, Oct. 1990. 2. The role of the Sct thupathies and Marava chieftainis in the promotion of Tamil literature, see Sailgith Thamillin Pilkåluth ThamilUrn. . W. Sa minatha Aiyer, 1949. Kabir Press, Madras, L SS 0LLLLLLLL LLLKLLLL S LLLLLYLLLLLLaLLS LLLLS REaglı tava Aiya:Angar. 1948. D. Gi. Gopalapillai Co., Tiruchi, 4. Aiyangir was held in greatlestetenin by the Tamil elite of Colombo and
Jafra, Sir Ponian balam Rail alnathan invited him to lecture in Taffna. One W. J. Talibi Pillai
LLLLLL LSLaLL LLLLLLLLS S LLLLa published it in the journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Ceylon. K. Srikanthan gave an award to his work "Tholkapiya Araichi. One T the carlist moder his E O Tiān 5 of Jaffna, A Mootoot ambi Pillai who was a contributor to the Sangann’s journal Seri Lha mil reflected Aiyangar's thesis in his Jaffna history when he lamented the decline of Jaffnia’s Tha Tial Walue:S which according to him had flourished under the ruler Sankili, Mooroo tambi Pillai, 1912. History of Jaffna. 5. "Siranjcevi", 1981. Suthupathikal Wara laar u (History of Set hu pathies). Jeevan Press, Madras,

Page 23
LTTE TRIAL (4)
The Rajiv Assassination
Santhan (A35) received them and took them in his Fiat car, which was subsequently seized, to a house in Indira Nagar, Bangalore, where injured LTTE cadres were kept and treated, Irumborai (A27) was also present there.
50. During October, 1990, Dhanasekharan (A31) had booked six Maruti Gypsys and paid the price by means of Drafts using funds provided by the LTTE. Out of the six Maruti gypsys booked, Dhanasekharan (A3) took delivery of four. One of these four Gypsys was used by Rangan (A32) to shift Siyarasan (A4), Subha, (A6), Nehru (A8) and others from place to place in Bangalore. Rangan (A32) came back to Madras and after 2 or 3 days went again to Bangalore and rejoined Siwarasan (A4) and Subha (A5).
51. After the arrest of Wicky (A33) by Thudiyalur Police, Coimbatore and Dixon's (A38) death at Coimbatore while surrounded by police on 28.7. 91, Sivarasan (A4) Subha (A6) and Neh TLI (A8) shifted to a Inearby house in Domalur, Bangalore. Sivarasan (A4), Subha (A6), Nehru (A8) and others shifted to Ranganath's (A34) aHHHHLLLLLLL LL LLLLLLLLaLLL HH 0S0SS KSLLLLL LLL LLLLLlLLLLLS of Kulathan and Arasan LTTE cadre, when they Were surrounded in the Indira Nagar house by SIT CBI, where they stayed up to 15, 8, 91. On 16. 8. 91 Sivarasan (A4), Subha (A6), Nehru (A 8) and others were shifted to a house taken on rent at Konamakunte, Bangalore with the assistance of Ranganath (A34). Police surrounded the house at Konanakunte on 18. 8. 91 on colling to know that Sivarasan (A4), Subha (A6) and others were hiding in that house. On 19.8, 91 night Subha (A6), Nehru (A8), Suresh Master (A37), Amman (A39), Driver Anna (A40) and Jamuna & Jameels (A41) all LTTE cadres, who were staying in that house committed suicide by consuming cyanide. Sivarasan (A4) died of a gun shot from the 9mm pistol available with him. Rangan (A32), who was taking Sivarasan (A4), Subha (A6). Nehru (A8), Raaganath (A34) and Suresh Master (A37) and the other injured cadres of LTTE from place to place in the Maruti gypsy in Bangalore, Muttathi and Beeroosa, was arrested at Madras on 28, 9.91. The Maruti Gypsy which was being used by Rangan (A32) to shift the accused in Bangalore was seized on 299.91 at Madras on his disclosure.
52. Shanmugam (A35) with long association with LTTE help to smuggle arms and explosives between Jaffna and Kodiakkarai. II, the area around his house he had got buried under the sand 121 cases of high explosives, wireless communication cquipment and petrol in cans for the use of the conspirators. He ar ranged foT the reception of the group of nine persons and

others and actively assisted them in carrying Olit the object of the conspiracy. When he was å Tres Lied and Tecweties of the aforesaid Illalterials Were effected at his instance, he escaped from Gustody and committed suicide. Trichy Santihan & Gundu Santhan (A36), who had taken custody of Sivarasan (A4), Sübha (A6) and Suresh Master (A37) on instructions from Prabhakaran (A1), felt the relentless pressure of SIT action. The Wireless set of Sivarasan (A4) which had been taken over by Suresh Master (A37), was seized by Pasu patny Palaya III Police Trichy District, Tallil Nadu froLil Waradhan & Wairahan at LTTE çaldre, near Karu T, Trichy Sainthan (A365), therefore, decided to send Irumburai (A27), an Indian LTTE cadie Lo Präbakaran 龄"赛 along with a few injured LTTE cadres. Trichy Santhan (A36) sent a letter addressed to a Prabhakaralı (AI) through Irumbo rai (A27) with written instrucLaLL aL S aaHHHH S S S LaaaL S S GOLLLLLL S L S S K0LLaa LLLLL S LLLSH Prabhaka Fan (A1). The letter to Irumborai (A27) LaLLLLJS LLaaLLLL S S LLLL LCLL0L S LLaaLLLL S L LaLa LG LLLLLL S LLLLa leader that he was aware of the Rajiv matter, IHowever, Irumborali was intercepted by the Indian Navy in the early hours of 3. 10.9 While carrying these two letters, one addressed to "Thalaivar" (Prabhakaran) and the other te hirun, by Trichy Sant han (A36). Later, in the early morning of 13, 11.91 Trichy Santhan (A36) coln Initted suicide by consuming cyanide in a in a hideout in Anna Nagar, Naval pattu' Trichy, when surrounded by SIT:CBI. Sivarasan's (A4) diary shows that hic has paid Ravi (A24) merč than Rs. 10 lakhs. Ravi (A24) was sent by Pottu Orunman (A2), with Sivarasan (A4) in December 1990 along with Suseendran & Mahesh (A25) and others with specific instructions to assist Sivarasan (A4) in a big operation, and for recruiting Indians for training by LTTE for forIlling the Tamil National Retrieval Troop. Ravi's (A24) Job was also to arrange hideouts for LTTE operators. After i Siva rasan’s (A4) death i Rawi (A24) went to Jaffna along with some LTTE cadres and returned in early September, 1991 With gold biscuits, explosives, arms and allmunitions, wireless equipment and cyanide capsules for execution of the object of the aforesaid criminal conspiracy. Six gold biscuits, one 9 Inn pistol, one hand grenade, one wireless hand set and 18 live 9 mm cartridges were seized at Pollachi on 22, 1.92 and two hand g Tenades and one wireless hand set were seized at Kodiakkarai on 23. 1.92, In the disclosure of Mahesh (A25).
53. The LTTE cteated the Tamil National Retrieval Troops in Tamil Nadu in pursuance if the aforesaid criminal conspiracy with the object to disrupt the soveriegnity and territorial ontegrity of India. The Government of India, vide notification No. SO 330 (E) dated 14. 5.92 as published in the Gazette of India. Extraordinary Part II -- Sec. 3-Sub section (ii) e dated 14.5, 92, has declared LTTE as an uniawful as
21

Page 24
sociation in exercise of the powers conferred by Sub-sec, 1 of Sec. 3 of the unlawful activities (Prevention) Act 1987.
54. The aforementioned facts give rise to the allegation of criminal conspiracy and collmission of other specific offences as detailed below: 55. Between July, 1987 and 4.5.92 Accused uuSS LLL LLLLLa LLLS GL LLLLLS LLLLLLLLLS LLLLLLKaLLLLLLLaaaLLLLLLL
and other places in Sri Lanka, Rameswaram, Kodiakkarai, Madras, Sriperumbudur and other places in Tamil Nadu, Bangalore and other places in Karnataka, Delhi and other places in India, entered into a criminal conspiracy to do or cause to be done illegal acts to wit:-to-infiltrate into India clandestinely, to carry and use un authoris ed arms and explosives to set up LLHLLLLLLLLaLL LLLLLLLL00 LLLLL S LLLLLL aLLLLLLLLLlLlLLLLL S LLLLLLLLS LTTE leaders in Sri Lanka, from title to time, to cause and carry out acts of terrorism as well as dlis Truptive acts in Ta Tmil Nadil and Gother places in India by use of bombs, explosives and lethal weapons so as to scare and create panic by such acts in the minds of the people and thereby to strike terror and in the course of such acts, to assassinate Shri Rajiv Gandhi, LCHHHHLLLLS LLLLaS LaLLLLLL S LLLL GaaLaL KLaa LLaaLLL LLaS are likely to be with him, to cause disappearance of evidence thereof and to escape, to screen themselves from being apprehended, to harbour the accused and escape the clutches of law and to do such other actis als may be necessary to carry out the object of the criminal conspiracy as per the needs of the situation and in pur. suance of the said criminal conspiracy:- Prabhi. karn (A1), Pottu Omman (A2) and Akila (A3), who designed the criminal conspiracy, entered into the same along with others to carry out the object of the conspiracy; Sivarasan (A4), Dhanu (A5), Subha (A6), Nehru & Nero 燃 Sutherendra rajal & Santhan (A10), Murugan (A11), Sakar & Konciswa Iran (A 12), Wijayanain dan (A 13) Ruban (A14), Kanagasaba pathy (A15), Athirai Robert Payas (A17), Jayakunnar (A18), Shanthi (A19), Wijayau (A20), li Selvauxmi (A2L), Bhaskaran (A22), Rangan (A32), Wicky (A33), Trichy Santhari (A36), Suresh Master (A37), Dixon (A38), Amman (A39), Driver Anna & Keerthi (A40), and Jamuna & Jameela (A41) infiltrated into India from Srilanka clandestinely on dif. ferent dates during the said period of criminal conspiracy; Shanmugham (A35) received, accommodated and rendered all assistance to infiltrators at Kodiakkarai. Tamil Nadu; having come over to India, Resbert Payas (A17), Jayakumar (A18), his wife Shanthi (A19). Wijayan (A20), his wife Selvaluxmi (A21), his father-in-law Baska ran (A22), at the instance of Sivarasan (A4) secured houses at Portur and Kodungayur in Madras for the purpose of accommodation of conspirators and for chalking out the nodalities of the course of action by the conspirators towards the achievement of the object of the conspiracy; thereafter established links with Nalini (A9), Perarivalan & Arivu (A26), Bhagyanathan (A28), Padma (A29) and Subha Sundaram (A30)
22

Indian Tamils who are ardent supporters of LTTE and with other local Indian Tamils Ravi. chandran & Ravi (A24), Suseendran & Mahesh (A25) trained by LTTE in Jaffna and Irumborai (A27) to use them in achieving the object of the criminal conspiracy; established contacts with their leader Prabhakaran (AI) through Pottu i Omman (A2) in Srilanka through illegally operated Wireless sets brought into India through illicit channel by Siwara sains (A4), and others: Kanagasabapathy (A15), Athirai (A16) came to India through illicit channel and set up hideouts in Pelhi and other places: Siyarasan (A4) brought Dhanu (A5), Subha (A6), Nehru & Nero (A8), Santhan (A10), Sankat & Koneswaran (A12), Wijayanandan (A13), Ruban & Suresh (A14), and Driver Anna & Keerthi (A40) and got them accommodated in several places in Tamil Nadu to be of assistance to the conspirators in carrying out the object of the criminal conspiracy; PerariWalan & Arivu (A26) provided a battery and two battery cells for operating the Wireless apparatus and for using as detonator in the belt bomb respectively to be used by Dhanu (A5) for asSassination of Shri Rajiv Gandhi and others; purchase la Kawasaki motorcycle using the funds provided by Sivarasan (A4) for their activities; arranged payment for printing The Stanic Force; sent one set of . The Satanic Force" through Sivarasan (A4) to be handed over to Prabhakaran (Al) and another set through Murugalin (A11), Sankar & Kones wa Tan (A12), WijayaTandan (A13), Rubalin (A14) and Driver Anna (A40) rendered all assistance neccessary therefor; Sivarasan (A4) decided to assassinate Shri Rajiv Gandhi in the public meeting to be held at Sriperumbudur om 21. 5. 91 om learning that Shri. Rajiv Gandhi is to address the meeting on the said day; Sivarasan (A4) finalised the method of operation to assassinate Shri Rajiv Gandhi by requiring Nalini (A9) to be of help at the Scene of Crime; Pera rivalan (A25) handed over film roll for the purpose of taking photographs of events to Haribabu (A7); Haribabu (AT) bought a sandalwood garland to be used for garlanding Shri Rajiv Gandhi at the scene of occurrence by Dhanu (A5), from Poompuhar Handicrafts so as to gain access to the WIP under the guise garlanding; Dhanu (A5) equipped herself with the necessary apparel with belt LLtHLHHLa LL aLaLLL LLaaLLL LLaaLaLa S SSLlL LLLLLLLLSLS nating the same when she was in close proximity to Shiri Rajiv Gandhi: Haribabu (A7) met Subha Sundaram (A30) of Subha News Photo on 21, 5.91 and was seen coming out of the Studio II of Subhal Sundaram (A30), էՃՃk a Chiilon camera from a friend for taking photographs at the time of the crimeat the scene of offence and loading the callera with the film already provided by Arivu (A26); Sivarasan (A4), Dhanu 然洲 Subha (A6) and Nalini (A9) met Haribabu.
(A7) at Farry's Corner, Broadway Bus stand and proceeded to the scene of occurrence at Sriperuimbudur on the evening of 21: 5.91; when Shiri Rajiv Gandhi arrived at thic scalene.
(To be continued)

Page 25
Newspaper nationalism: Sinhala ic
Serena Tennekolon Infoduction
National identity is most vigoTously affirmed when it becomes most problematic. In Sri Lanka, the dramatic escalation of ethnic conflict between the Sinhala majority and the Tamil minority, especially during the last few years, generated a national idenity crisis. This chapter explores the impact of political events on the cultural co-ordinates of Sinhala nationalist identity, which in tiu Tin influence the perceptions and practices of politics.
As in many nation states where national identity is defined emphatically in the features of a majority ethnic identity, in Sri Lanka since Independlemce national identity has continued to be conflated with Sinhala-Builddhist identity. This ambiguity is preserved most strikingly in language: jatiya (denoting group or kind) refers to ethnic group as well as nation. Throughout this chapter, unless otherwise indicated. I will translate jatiya as nation, thus Illaintaining the original ambiguity.
The official installation and po. pular reaffirmation of a predominantly Sinhala-Buddhist national identity and the concomitant peripheralization minority ethnicities of in both symbolic and material practice, contributed to the developmentofa Tamil nationalist movement. The militant and separatist turn of Tamil nationalism in the last two decades has, in turn, threatened the hegemony of the Sinhala and provoked among them a crisis of identity. It is this identity crisis that erupted in the rhetoric of the three newspaper debates analysed in this pā.
The newspaper debates appeared which in 1984-5 must be situated also in the context of the anti-Tamil riots of July 1983. The July riotsmarked a critical juncture in the ethnic relations between Sinhala and Tamil. Soon afterwards,
5егела Теплекооп, алгороlogin, and fгліліяг асгӀуїлг н"ал сопр!егіпg a F.ЛГ), їл алгhropologу аг СоглеїI University and had published a rinber of article or polic r fr i Sri Lanka நீரில் AF சா 1989,
the guerrilla Wa militants and the government forc a National Sec each Community the other as With each inbul: sic T1 and massac The July riots a after maith highl amøng the Sinh als Well. This evident in the which Sinhala i. sessed from poli seminar rooms Tmedia. For man galve Way to rati the reassertin O nalism. The July terpreted as rig and Tamils (bott civilian) were #Fūyogāfe#F5. Thị the Wictimizers. severity of the became apparent exposure in the was minimized a licity was attribi propagandists. A line of rationali covery of Sinhal: was Timore import standing what h; This position by a minority of gual intellectuals whose political sy from the libera These women represented seve organizations (w) ethnic) and were studying the eth passionately and wards its speedy tion. In genera duals recognized and political gi Tamil minority critical of Sin excesses. The in discussed below particular confrc this group and fāětich II of Sinh A highly lite and a long-esta of newspapers there is a pauc on the press in remark made by

entity as historical discourse
r between Tamil largely Sinhala its escalated into Lurity issue and 's perception of De fly har delled }h, bomb explo
T. nd their turbulent lighted fissures lala community Walis particularly diverse ways iп lentity was reas. tical platfогппч, and the mass y, initial shock onalizations and f Sinhala natioriots were intells violence h Tilitant and cast as agents Victims became Moreover, the Violence (which initially through foreign media) ld adverse pubLited to Tamil cCording to this tation, the relil Illi) Tall esteerin Tilt tha Lundelppened. was challenged activists, billinand academics, mpathies ranged to the left. and Il Cl all groups and ich were multiConcerned with Lic conflict disСопtributing toind just resoluthese indiwithe economic ԸVaricts tյf the and were also ala nationalist WS paper debates illuminate a itation between the opposing a nationalists. Elite population lished tradition otwithstanding, y of research Sri Lanka. A File Westernized
(I)
Sri Lankan university students and recorded by Marshall Singer in the late 1950s Tility still explain the invisibility of the Sinhala press in the English lainguage social science literature: If you want news, you read the English press: if you want gassiբ, Yol Tead the Sinhala PapCIS. If, as Benedict Anderson ATEլIts persuasively, the nation (and nationalism) was conceived in language, not blood", and if print-literacy is a significant factor in the origin and circulation of nationalism, then any analysis of contempory nationalist trends in Sri Lanka can hardly ignore the most Widely read Sinhala press.
(To be Continued)
The Columbus...
(ரோசசி ரீசா நஒத் து from our roots. From when Woolfo WCTy 8111all, We are told that things will go well for us only in white terms. We find obstacles put in our way to prevent us from getting close to our philosophies, religions, ancestors, or deeping Our knowledge of them. Ou religions have been abused by Christianity, ridiculed and devalued ... And the invasion of sects is becoming ever more aggressive and corrosive. We may conclude as follows: (1) The : Discovery" of "America’’ is a mis nomer. America was the home of great peoples and developed civilizations long before Columbus arrived ther on the fateful 12 October 1492. The "Discovery' was not made With the spirit of wonder, humility and gratitude. Hence there is no reason to celebrate
discovery'. (2) Neither Imay the "Discovery be called a Encounter of Two Words. A encounter has to be of the one with the free and equal other It was not. It was invasion, exploitation, murder, genocide. Hence there is no reason celebrate, (3) Instead of cele bration, may there be Tepentance, confession, and a fresh start towards the goal of a new humanity upon a new earth?
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Page 26
MMATH THE BES
ELEPHANT HOUS
CQUALITY AT AFE
NO.A. 1 JUSTICE A
COLOM
 

CO/APMEWS
E SUPERMARKET
RORDABLE PRICES
KBAR MAWATHA BO-2,

Page 27
الليلة
Why there's so in this rusticta
There islaughter and light banter amongst these rural damsels who are busy 5Cortir ut tocco leaf in a barn. It is one of the hundreds of such
barns spread out in the mid and LuPICCOLI Try intermediate zone where the arable land remains fallow during the off season. Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco ՑTC)Ա5 AS Hi lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turn to gold... to the value of over Rs. 250 million or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

■ ENRICHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings employment to the second highest number of people. And these people are the tobacco barn owners, the tobacco growers and those who work for them, on the land äTici in the tärns. For them, the tobacco leaf means meaningful Work, a comfortable life and a secure future. A good erlÖugh reastri for laughter.
SCevilonTobacco Co.Ltd.
Sharing and caring for Our land and her people,

Page 28
PEOPL
Celebrating
Шупат
In 1961 Peoples Bank ventured out with a staff of only 46...and a few
Today, just 30 years later
People Resource e. Customer Listings Branch Network in in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Ban respected leader in the Sri Lankan growth is a reflection of the massi dedicated to the service of the co earned them the title 'Banker to t
PE 0 PLE’S EA MWMY
Banker to. the Millions

ES BANK
Three Decades
of
sic Growth
in the challenging world of Banking r hundred customers.
xceeds Io, ooo at a staggering 5.5 Million
excess of 328, THE LARGEST
k has grown to become a highly
Banking scene. Their spectacular we resources at their command mmon man - a dedication that has he Millions'