Page 1
Merwyn da Siwa
INTON: AMER
CUBA: A Reply
AMIL STRUGGL
GENOUS PE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

o Registered at GPo, Sri Lanka oD43 News/92
穩 Husain Haqqani
CA FIRST
esses Martin MVaWker Rajiva
- Tisaranas Gunasekera
.E and Peace Process
— /V. Shanmugaratnam - P. Sa hadewan
OPLE - Tyron ne

Page 2
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Page 3
Briefly. . .
PROBE MITOASSAULT
A one-man committee of inquiry has been appointed by the government to investiga te the police assault on journalists covering the Humän Rights Day public demonstration in Colombo con December 10. The inquirer is a retired judge of the CoLurt of Appical, Mr Tudort de Alwis. The public has been invited to make representations or provide information to the committee office at 15/5, Baladaksha Malwatha, Colo Illbo 3.
PRESDENTPROVISES
3OO HOSPITALS
At a public meeting in tlit southern town of Beliat te, President Premadasa promised the people 300 fully equipped hospitals before the next presidential election, The president said that the number of gatment factories too would be increased to 300, and that there would also be 300 DiWiSiOı il Secretariats
äÜVARDIAN
Wol. 15 No. 19 February 1, 1993 PrIGER:51, 1 O.OD Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co., Ltd. No. 246, Union PICo. ColomboEditor: Mervyn da Silva Telephone: 447.584 Printed by Ananda Press Bք/E, Sir Hatnajըthi Saravariamuttւ: Ma Wata. COO 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
Na Ws Background 3. Citi 구 | Шіппаһ - АппivвгБағу 15
| Failure of Peace Process
i Sri La ka 17 | Ըլլին 19
Fate of the Indigenous
People (2) 21 Tamil Struggle
MEET US,
A Ti Ti tended mass I bo, Sri La urged Presid Preillda Sa ti a regular ba:
ference 15 tlid in tյtll The rally w; the Frce Mc
protest phys professional going about
Vict v weekly Raway right of jour facts before t be gull Fantee. the il tere Sti WeF. Luciוםp na yake, presit ign Coгтespt ation, said t journalists W. democratic fr. ple who had Jmocracy shol, ԷլIch assault: mediamen a Il of journalists lessed increa: til Illes, le sali Ajit Samar Elite Editer kif presided at the said that a function only which Walted doms preserv gathering pres that the pe C
II of the countту. IT п were :1 ||th wed it Wyli I CIL generosity of ELIT TECLIS WELS WATe t' till:11 (CETTIIll ing what was He 5äicl.
PUEBLIC PRESIDET
LEA
President invited lead
| parties in բa:
il to discussi the public de
has challeged
He has illi

SAV. V ED A ΠΕΝ
rst and Well atmeeting in ColomTīkls medīālē ent Ranasinghe i leet till on isat press connatical leaders del cracies. as organised by it Mowell to cal attacks on I1ւ:WSբaբԸTIT1Ը11 their business.
, editor of the i said that the nalists to place he public should irrespective of of politicians in en Rajakarunalent ըf the Fireindents' Associli t L Li ticks bi FETE: Littlck 5 DI eedom and peo
experienced deild not tolerate ... Attacks on d disappearance
had been Witsingly in recent d.
ana yake, AssociנוlיוTE IIIri : public meeting, free press could y in a society dēličicratic TT e"ed; the la Tige
et W:15 ewidelce |
le Will Lel Treepress in this la ny noWs papeT5 to be published because of the government טth the government Låt the il termiInity was Watchgoing on here,
DE BATE: WIT MIWITES
DERS Pre II ladas Illus :Is of political Tliä Illent to licet
the modalities of
bate to which he I the Opposition. lated a willing
ness to include all registered political partics but has said that thic debate should hc. confined to economic policics.
The debate should be at the level of party leaders only, the President has said.
MIT IPTelia disa läs Teiled party leaders of his original ça11 foT al debilte i Ill which he said: "I think it will be useful in the public interest to have a public debate on the Go WerITmelt ånd Production Strategies. It will also give an opportunity to the people to get to know the alternative strategies that the different political parties have to f'TET """
DOCTOR AND MURSE
AR RESTED
Police raided a private hospital in Negambo and a Trested a doctor Find i Tu Tse in the act, allegedly, of perforining abortions. The doctor had I done, 26 labortich Inis that day, police said. They also said he charged a thousand rupees per abortion. He had been charged earlier to for such offences and cases were still pending in courts. The doctor had tried to jump out of a window when they Çame to TT est hii in this time, the police told a magistrate's
TheNDs
JOG OVES
For closer liaisor. With field cor? Erra Praders the Juirir Operations Corfirnard (JOC) of the goverrmerır Security forces Was expecred to Playe to Anuradhapura, capital of the Morf), Септга Proy" ir Ice. Sir Eufra Pretor sly, the array's Second Divisor low headquartered there was expected rverer Fr, foTர்.
MP's residence attacked
Boris were Irroit's a goverFre Fir Party Coloric Distric MP НІліїї0 ri Sалтгтгахinghe's residence a Borg or the right of War LKL ry 21. A police fearr', 'i'ais rushed to FPië (Tref). No Earres is in 17e Beer: Fride.

Page 4
Why there's so in this rustict
There is laughter and fight banter amongst these rural damsels who are busy sorting out tobacco leaf in a barn. It is one of the hundreds of such
baris Sprgad aut in the mid and Lupico intry Entermediate zone where the arable land remains fallow during the of season.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows as a lucrative cash crop and the greer leaves turn to gold... to the value of over Rs. 250 million or more ATLILIy, for perhaps 143,000 Lira folk,
 

ENRICHING FRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings employment to the second highest number of people, And these people are the tobacco barn owners, the tobacco growers and those who work for them, on the land and in the bans,
For ther, the tobacco leaf means meaningful work, a comfortable Fife and a secure futura. A good enough reason for laughter,
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people.

Page 5
VNVILL INDA THE TIGERS
Meirw yn de Silva
the LTTE and India on a collision course Since the M. W. АНАТ Пcident at SE and the death of Colonel Kittu, a senior "Tiger military comIn and cr based in London, there are definite signs that Delhi has decided to confront and (hopefully) crush the LTTE, or at least deliver a crippling blow. The LTTE, claimed that the LTTE-owned ship was seized by the Indian nawy in "international territorial waters", challenging Delhi's claim it was Farrested in Indian territorial Waters.
It is also known that the LTTE has moved its Singapore base" to Burma. The intelligence 'coup' by Indian agencies may have been based on signals from London or Singapore where India has well-established information-gathering centres. However the LTTE (sources close to the movement argue) also suspect a tip-off from a foreign intelligence agency which cooperates with its counterparts in Delhi. Since the arms shipment include anti-aircraft guns, semi-official sources in Colombo claim, that the purchase of such Weapons was probably prompted by Sri Lanka's recent acquisition - four Argentinian PUCARA aircraft. Such speculation strengthens the position of those highly placed individuals in the UNP heirarchy as well as influcintial school of opinion in thic military establishments that argue the LTTE is once more
playing jaw-jaw war-war. The "jaw-jaw" such as the highly publicised visit of the Well
intentioned Bishop of Colombo helps the LTTE to project an image of "freasonableness" to two critical constituences, the 'soft" donor countries, the foreign NGO's and the "moderates" in
the South, Sinh IE 50 E5E5 th { the dolestic El. Ilo t Imerely warfor a respite, i. peace. Herc thi class with fili the Sinhala su interests Here, բTCSSllTC-ETOնբ, protest is Illute LTTE Ieprisal. himself employe to express his understanding () society. Hic u disset". The as an alled profoundly mili էլs the wgict: tյք speak always th of a gun. Apa pressures, its . COLld ExeTE E I sure through a system. And W. the LTTE 3 political prisone
But the di 5 always traceable authoritarian (tik Tel. There T: tions of every even the prop prosperous. Th: directly connect lated supply sy household suppl or imported, t butors must rely food, petroleum medicine Etc. shop-keeper is e-gTOWווhorווט simuggled goods With the India navies cooperati The W, the old Paks täitsare
The "dissen t'i ПЕПtioned is entirely nourish

ATTACK
ala and Tamil, 2 pressure from fїпа сопstitшепсу, -Weary but Crying not a stable * JafTill I'middley connections in Lil dr business is the crucial although its Tel T Bishop Fernando d just one word OW intuitive if trends in Jaff Iել:tl the Word Lugh thic LTTE, cbel group, is Lrist, it calot a community, rough the barrel Tt from exter"| 1 yw'n constituency lore direct preswell-knit family E Te told that at least 3-4,000 TS
content is not te thic LTTE" 5 bitalitarian"?) regi: the daily vexaJaffna family, citical and the : hardships are cd to the reguStcrt. For Wital ies, Sri Lankan Le Jaffna distri. On the South - and kerosene, In short, the totally dependent In items ador FTOII TalIIlin EdlI.
ad Sri Länk ng more smoothly suppliers across nov olit of Work.
that the Bishop of course, not ed by Such con
ditions. There is a
regimentation, and the LTTE is not only
tough on criticism but congenitally intolerent of dissentient wices. That Wis made clear in that excellent document preparted by a small group of Jaffnabased academics, At least ole of them, Ranjini Thiranagama for her courage with her
INDIAN UNION
Domestic discontents have frightened the Indian ruling elite particularly after AYODHYA, The dramatic rise of Hindul flumdamentalism in a country that llas more Muslims than Pakistan, has made the governing class nervous not merely about the stability of India but its unity. Political stability is absolutely vital if India is to reap the rewards of its IMF-supervised "structural adjustment'. That alone can compensate for the burdens that such adjustment” in evitably chcaps on the Indian poor. This "poor' could number more thil. Il a hulindTed Ili Ilin familics. III the 5h0rt run, the sic scwere material hardships of the poor in an emotionally charged racial-religious situation could prove explosive. In such situations, effective power slips from the hands of the politicians to the security services and the upper echelons of India's vast bureaucracy. They become the final defenders of the India Union.
Mr. Narasinha Rao, the first Souther iller to becoille Prime Minister, leads a minority Congress go Wern Ilment, The Cabinet has been re-shuffled, but that may not end his troubles - troubles within a party that has a "Gandhian loyalist group', answerable it is said to Sonia

Page 6
Gandhi, and the trouble that the Hindu extremist forces represented in Parliament by the BJP, can so easily create. If there is another explosion, the Rao government may be swept away. In such circumstances, shrewd politicians make compromises with the Army, the Intelligence services and the bureacracy. For all these forces, the Congress dissidents and the Army, intelligence services etc, there is an old score to be settled with the LTTE - assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. The Justice WERNA
report has accused the LTTE and blamed the Madras admimistration for its criminal meg
ligence. The I.B. (Intelligence Bureau explicitly warned the Madras authoritics and the Congress party of the dangers of Mr. Gandhi's clicction campaign in Tamilnadu. The Indian Army (IPKF), the RAW and the Supportive establishments, and the Indian bureaucratic clite must recover lost Indian prestige, internationaly and even Inore importantly, regionally. Indian prestige as Well as India's regional pre-eminence is at stake.
INDO-US
The United States, the sole superpower, does support regional cooperation. It also favours democratisation, India is the largest practising democracy in the world. The US does not Wish to see India suffer a fate of a Smaller Soviet Union or a larger Yugoslawia. India has a Tuiddle-class of about 200 Inillion. With economic reforms, it will be one of the largest markets by the turn of the century. The US, Europe and Japan look for
Ward eagerly to India's econoImic progress.
While regionalism is import
ant, India's prime minister had to cancel his trip to Dhaka. Twice Lhe SAARC sin mit lad to be postponed since Mr. Rao felt his life was in danger in Moslem Bangladesh. The Pakistan prime minister howeyer did fly to Dhaka, and during the religious riots last month, Pakistam and Bangladesh saw hun
dreds of thous: streets in those ing countries. dia gawe the wi the LTTE 5 I in Jaffna after The headlines S. of PWN (Mr. R lalitha) being Supporters,
EÅriero t Elis III powered Task the Carnegie Washington LIrg administration. It ties With India. included fore top State Dept. served lay go' Tetirement, ex-P In any Senators a aid the ex. --CITA Hell 11:s. "As Ayo: the report said the major battlt struggle between extremist formŠ dilinmentalisim". LAM, iE added, sibility that In
'share cIII ԷETI15",
India Which
cmbassy in Isra Israeli intelligen terrorist cxpert teris Ili Kls the "Tigers'
has already hel With the US Il: occan. Indial C gional policema

and take to the two neighbourThe Indian Iledest publicity to ti-Indial. Il deimlijs Kittu's death. poke of "effigies ao) JAYA (Jayaburnt by LTTE
լo Lith a "highForce set up by Folition in
the Clinto o forge closer The study group r ambassadors, officials who had yerLırılıeıt5 before entagon officials, ld Congressmen, Chief Richard dhya has shown." "It is ef grounds in the setCulla TiEs Indi of religious funThe rise of ISstresses the poslia lind the US security Con
has opened an el is relying on te and toլIIltETSe lo combilt hmir. ... Why not The Indian nawy
d joint exercises
Ivy in the Indian յլIld be tilt. It
US investment
"Sri Lanka has initiated' a WeTy aggrCSSIWC Ca.11.1g t attract foreign in Westment and hä5 ole of the Il D5t liberal import licensing system of regulations in the region' said Mr. James Berg, the executive vice-president of the American Private IIn Westment Corporation (OPIC) a US government agency.
ITs Thail task is to facilitäte private US investment. The lisi to Ši Likā sists
of representatives of ten private US firls and 3 OPIC officials.
OPIC has bilateral agreements With 120 citries.
The Investment climllte II
Sri Lanka, the existing systein of regulations, and the availability of service-legal, banking, accounting and financial advisory SeTwices — äTc TT137Te mältLIITC thal in many other parts of the World'' he addict.
The support system that an investor looks for - a systern that would cut cos. Es because he doesn't have to supply them himself — al Te Timore easily available here he told the press.
But thic real Work of all illWestlicht missio Il comes, il the one-to-one meetings, and excellent arrangements for these have been Islade by the government. The investment interests of the mission include agriculture, real estate development,
radio and telecommunications equipment, financial and computer services, software deve
lopment and wharehousing.
Munich
On thing to be said for Chamberlain g, het didn’t TOLInt hij bro||W
V jich WHrds
:) Luring the Battle of Brita lin,
actually his Class and his folly krc Light him to Egmmit that act At this coilt få tid not that
|| [[d Graca Df Calterbury Couldn't hawe stopp Ed History
utting him in the oft repeated Tale of the Simple one, the Maniac, and the
clusive Grail
U. Karunatilake

Page 7
Peace and re-election
Flickers of hopic surround the stagnancy of the situation With regard to the North-East conflict. President Prenadasa's recent speeches have contained in them powerful appeals for peace. On EL WETy Tallig Tlaltic calculatio Il a II end to the Rs. 40 million a day military operations would obviously release funds to cushion the hardships of further 'structural adjustments' being insisted upon by the international funding agencies.
There are three other hopeful
signs as well. First is the relative silence of the SLFP, the traditional guardian of Sinhala nationalism, Second is the LTTE leader Prabhakaran's meeting with the Christian bishops which shows that he is at least willing to talk to some people. Third is President Bush's detailed comments on Sri Lanka's peace and development prospects.
It appears that the Western World is getting ready to presSufisc us to make peace with ourselves. But keeping in mind the wise observation that states have no friends, states have опly interests," it is necessary to remain watchful of our own in
terests, and not have the interests of Western powers im
posed upon us.
So at first glance, appear to be looking up. are they really? The question is whether the Inent's evident interest in solving thic North-East conflict is for the country's benefit or in order to further its own reelection prospects. No-one can be grudging if the two go together, but only if peace is the primary goal and not re-election.
things But key OWIl
e LTTE gi
LTTE leader N karan's TirSE di Lihat his rebel united Sri Lank ed to drop its SepEl Tate State for 1993 bolE it of Bishop Ken only one small hard journey to peace with just Taiwaged Immother|: While saying initiative was shepherd venturi Walleys of dark We also lice L. ther the LTTE C)T PITIT ises aTc ther he is play consolidate his has done so oft too-distant past геport of a p. ing on a ship 1 indicates duplicit (Sir
The human Prabhakarar
A careful read available reports conference given of Colombo, Dr. nando, Ilakes it there has been change in the p. Tiger leader, Mr bhakaran. Leavil lyhoo about the policemen (the gCWCT 111 et hadi TE of captured LTT LTTE full det changed. As re Daily News he Grace categorical for more than 1
In hard bargai is apparent that ran, in exchange Ille T1, Wants the change its entire litical and milita lying message col ÐTess C{{Inference Fernando (and Grace has been ri ly) is that the L shifted one whit basic position.
(St.

Cere
Velupillai Prabha-|
rect declaration group is for a Ea and is prepardemand for a Was good news is, in the words neth Fernando, step in the long Wards restoring ice in our war .1)חן Bishop Kenneth's hat of a good Ing forth into the Less and death consider Wheleader's pledges sincere or Wheing for time to position as he en in the not. Yesterday's eace offer comoaded with arms M'. ty Tires)
face of
ing of all the of the press by the Bishop Kenneth Ferquite clear that no meaningful Sition of the . Welupillai Pra. Ing asilic the balTelease of two Sri Lankan leased hundreds TE cadres) the Lills Ticrin Lill!ported in the had told His ly not to ask two policemen. Thing terms, it Mr. PflbHlkfor two police. gCWTI Inlet to Strategy - բory. The underintained in the held by Bishop We hope His ported correctTTE has not from its usual
riday Tiries)
Talking to Tigers
The Bishop of Colombo, Rt. Reyd, Dr. KeT1Tietll Fernal Indi) hlas returned from Jaffa. With a In essage from the LTTE warlord Welupillai Prabhakaran to the effect that he is Willing to Illegotiate for a political settlement
of the North-East conflict. This is lot the first time that the LTTE leadership had indicated
its willingness to negotiate for a political settlement, but subsequent developments had revealed that its objectives have not been for a peaceful settlement.
In EL Tecent Weeks, too, We hawe heard reparts of Tigers offering the olive branch. This offer to negotiate peace rather than continue with the military conflict needs to be probed in the context of recent developI ELS
As pointed out a few weeks ago in these columns, since the
killings of Lt. General Kobbekaduwa and others, the LTTE had dealt several devastating
blows on government forces and does not appear to be under PT:ssure on the battlefield, as it was the case in the first half of last year.
Also, the blockade around the Jaffna peninsula has proved to be effective and is causing probles to the LTTE AS WEI 5 the civilian population. There is undoubtedly much suffering caused to the public and the LTTE will, as the warlords of the north halwe to take a fair sha Te of the blame.
The immediate objective of the LTTE will be to lift this blockade to rid them of the pressure from the suffering Jaffna people. The visit of the Bishop րresented a good propaganda opportunity for MT, Prabha karam who released two captured policeas a gesture of LTTE goodIII.
(Sirty Island)

Page 8
WEDIA
Report Angers
William Tuohy
media outcry was rais cd last AQR over the reported recommendation of a Government -ordered inquiry that the freewheeling ways of Britain's press be sharply curbed,
The report, which was to be formally presented to Prime MiInister John Major by lawyer David Calcutt, was leaked ahead of timic and received wide publi
city in London's newspapers, which said it calls for tough, new standards on what they
may publish.
The Calcutt recommendations, according to published reports, call forestablishment of a public body with power to impose fines and force newspapers to print apologies and prominent corrections. They also call for enactment of a privacy law that Would halke it an o felice to tres pass or take photographs on private property for journalistic elds.
Lord McGregor, Chairman of the Press Complaints Commission - a voluntary body established two years ago to oversee media Standards - decla Tcd that a StEL LILLtory body with penal powers LCaaLLS aa S S S SSS S S LLLLLL S La S aaLLLL democracy, and I am exceetlingly ill."
A previous inquiry By Mr. Calcutt into alleged press abuses led to the setting up of the Press Complaints Commission, which replaced a former Wiluntary body, the press Council, because the inquiry decided that voluntary regulation should be given allother try.
In that earlier attempt at selfregulation, the Secretary of State for National Heritage, a Cabinet Iministry that superTwiscs Illedia legislation, warned that the press was "drinking at the last -cilce sālī."
Mr. Calcutt's latcst inquiry Tesulted from growing anger about the behavior of Britain's often
Press
–described “gutte members of parli clements of the lately outraged : sider intrusions i particularly tho: of the royal fan
The press - c. loids competing tion – had a fie
Stories they c. tional detail it Charles" find F marital problems Ila's see 11 ingly a stills. With a separation of the css of York; thi tographed vacati with American Bryan; Liberal leader Paddy A. With it researche ary Wirginia Bot motherhood; the mas speech, leal and the affair tage Secretary D an actress, El SC to his resignal Cabinet in Septe
The IEW, Calci tills alls TCPC: rules designed it trolic eavesdroI una Luthorised il Li; phone conversati
According to Mr. Calcutt, 1
Lillilistilt University, prop a tribInal Illalde judge, appointed Clai ilçellor, and t named by the H. with powers to against offending
The British C: tedly diwidled o'r accept such stril dations, with Major said to W trols without ject
freedom. Britai Rights protecti þTES5.

ir press' among Hillelt and CIEhler
estäblish ment, It what they conInto private lives ; if helbers lily.
specially the tabnotly for circulaild day in 1992.
were in Senscluded: Prince *rincess Diana's ; tapes of Dia=Er"יחיםט 5וווL"תנוחח. ale friend: the LOLike and IDLIch: Duchess's photחטlוIט"דGl"ויחו וחס usinessman John Democrat Party shdown's affair r; Health Secrettomley's unwed
Queen's Christked in advance, T National Heiգաit| Mellյր Wiլի
լելվել Լիլ:it: li:tl tip from Il the
Iller.
It recollmendartedly call for to prevent elecping and the
rception oftcliIT1,
ublished reports Senior ttTIC r at Cambridge յses setting lբ up of a senior by the Lord wa lay assessers, ritage Secretary, levy large fines
Il CWSPELP CIS.
abinet is reporter Wether to "1ge In T TeCOTTl IIl CT 1Pric Minister a Il tougher coinpardising press has no Bill of g freedom of
Lo Indon's Inewspaper editors said that ally statutory oversight board would soon be ruling against på pers o Il political grounds, Tal the tha. Il för TeastāIS O fillwalsion of privacy.
The editor of the leading selSationalist tabloid, Mr. Kelvin McKenzie of TWië, 5 fr, Said: 'We a Te Illot going to Telly 01 SOIT clapped-out judge and two busybodies to decide what our readers are going to read."
Chairman Frank rogers of the Newspaper's Publishers' Associto said: "The list II) We to restrict the independence of the press in this county was in 1965. It will be a sad day if We resume that path after a period in which an independent press has been indispensable to democracy.'"
- LC) AF FFEFF TYFTE
SUBSCRIPTION RATES Air Mai
Canada/U.S.A. for USS 65' for 1 year USS 45 for 6 months
U.K., Germany, New Zealand, Allstralia, Netherlands, France, Japan, Holland, Philippines, Astria, Norway, Sweden, China, Ireland, Switzerland, Nigeria, Belgium, Denmark, Paris, Land) 11. USS 55 for 1 year, USS 35 for 6 months
車 輯 輯
Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Baharain, Arabian Gulf, Syria, Silingapore. USS 45 for 1 year USS 25 for 6 months
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India, Pakistan.
USS 40 for 1 year
USS 22 for 6 months
重
重
Local Rs. 250/- for 1 year
Rs. 150- for 6 months

Page 9
Clinton: Leading allian
Address to Foreign Policy Association, Apri/
At the fire the speech was gfieri, Presider ClfTor M'as the Democratic Frominee for president.
erhaps once in a generation, history presents LIS with a Diloment of monumental importHICE. In the after Inath of World War I, cuir country chose to retreat from the World, with tragic consequences. After World War II, we chosc instead to lead the World. It take res. ponsibility for shaping the postWELT TE
I am literally a child of the
Cold War, born as it was just beginning. My parents' generation wanted nothing lore LLLLLL S L0 S S LLaaL SLLLLLLHHHH S S S LLLLLLaLa war to the joys of work and home and family. Yet it was
по ordinary ппоппепt, aпd history
would not let them rest. Overnight, an expansionist Soviet Union Summoned the T1 into a
new struggle, Fortunately, America had far sighted and courageLLLLLL S SLLLaLLLL u SSSSSSS LL S S LLLLLLLHHLLLLLLL S S SKLLLLLLLL Georgc Marshall, who recognized the gravity of the moment and roused our battle-Weary nation to the challenge. Under their leadership, we helped Europe and Japan rebuild their economies, organized a great Tiilitary coalitical of free nations, and defended our democratic principles against yet another totalita Tia I til Ticit.
NOW, We face Our WIl nonent of great change and enormous opportunity. The end of the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet empire pose an unprecedented opportunity to make our future more prosperous and 5ClITE.
It reminds us, too, of our duty to prevent the tragedies of the 20th Century - cataclysmic wars and the fear of nuclear annihilation - from recurring in the 21st Century.
Yet at the A Ille Ticaos ideas and the Whole W tC) : Inbr:ICE CILI
OLT WI lead standing still abroad. In the
lutionary changi struggled to sho LI c) that no li
The Bush di been overly ca' issue of aid te for policy consid political calcul prodded by DeT gress. rebuked by and realizing th raising the issue the president is now ... as I sp forward a plan Russia and the
publics. I welco good for then
5.
I'd really like have as Illich in domestic policy. weeks, I will b speeches outlinin 155istance for AI jobs, provide he Cate oli Children country around.
I'd really like h:1We is Illugh in domestic policy. Weeks, I will be speeches outlining assistance for AII jobs, provide hea cate or children country a round.
III 1992 We mu Tot backWTid. I be the last pre 20th Century, E president for the
Throughout thi have called for a fCT Americal e TEVamp our Cold forces to meet changing security C011Täge, the cũng

Ce for democracy
1992)
Wery moment have triumphed World is rushing way of life. ETS have bec Et hoc Ille ild
midst of rew. e, they have Te lup, al Status
ger exists.
linistration has utious on the Russia - not erations, but for ations. Now, I CCTats in Con
Richard Nixon. it I have been in the campaign, finally ... even eak . . . putting if assistice to OtheT DeW rcIlle this. Tas and it's good
it if I crud fluence on his In the coming e giving more g ply plan of 1 Crica to create alth care, eduand turn this
it if I cւյլIld fluence on his In the coming giviпg пmoте : my plan of Le Tica: tt). CTeate lth Care, eduand turn this
st look forward, seek not to sident of the but the first 21st Century.
is campaign I new strategy Ingagement: to War military OLIT Ilation's needs; ensolidation and
spread of democracy abroad; and resto Te America's economic leadership at home and abroad, My vision for U.S. foreign policy is based on a simple premise: America must lead the w Orll We hawe clicole so much to Lake.
Til the ITIÖ this to CÕITLE, I will say more about the need for American leadership to stop 158:ms of mם תthe Spread of Wea
destruction, increase prosperity by opening markets to trade, LLaL S aLHHLGLLL S aLaLLLSS LLH SLLL
world environment from ozone depletion and global warming.
Today I want to discuss what America. Il 15ť do to FeCL Te lemocracy's triumph around the World, and lost of all in the former Soviet empire. No nationall security issue is more urgent,
-T Country's imנור) nowhere is perative more clear. I believe it is title foir Americal to leatl
a global alliance for democracy as Lited and steadfast as the
global alliance that defeated
collllllisin.
If we don't take the lead,
no one else Cal T1, and no one
else will. As we proceed, we must keep in mind three realities:
First, the end of the Cold War does not mean the end of danger in the World. Even as restructure our defenses, we must prepare for new threats.
Where might these threats rise"? FTCI a III cd c3 Lflict within and among the Soviet Tepublics, four of which hawe nuclear weapons. From the
spread of nuclear, chemical and
biological Weapons. From re. gional tensions on the Korean Peninsula and I the Middle
East. Froll terrorist attack on Americans abroad. And from the growing intensity of ethnic rivalry and separatist violence, which could spill across borders in Yugoslavia and elsewhere.

Page 10
I have laid out a defense blueprint for replacing our Cold War military structure with a In Corte flexible Illix of forces better suitcd to the dangers we Will face in the new era. We can and must substantially reduce forces originally designed to Collte the Sowiet til Teat. But the level of defense spending must be based on protecting our enduring interests and pTcserving our comparative advantage in training, Imobility and advanced military technology. And though We will continue to Teduce our nuclear arms in tallel with Russia and the other republics, We must retaiIl a survivable nuclear force to deter any conceiv El ble thi Tcat.
The ccoII1m:ınder—iL1 —chief Imi ulist be prepared to act, with force untry'sטiT TicCeSSHTy, When Our C interests and values are th Teatened, as thcy were in the Gulf WaT I Will not Shrik Trom using military force responsibly, and I will maintain the forces We need to win, and win decisively, should that necessity ITise,
A second reality is that the irresistible power of ideas will shape the world in the Infor. mation Age. Television, cassette tapes and the fax machine helped ideas to pierce the Berlin Wall and bring it down. Look at the defining images of the past decade; Lech Walesa scaling the fence at the Lenin Shipyard; Waclav Havel sounding the call for freedom at Wenceslas Square; Chinese students marching in Tianen men Square; Nelson Mandela walking out of prison a free-man; Boris Yeltsin standing defiantly a top a tank to face down the coup. These to fight against all odds for their convictions, their freedom and the right to control their own destiny.
This In eans that We are in a position to do more with less than at a y Lille in our recent history. During the Cold War,
we spent trillions to protect Were it was threatened. In this post Cold-War era the West
can spend a
ill. It Ill While Te it Icy ET
America's ch era is not to but to tip the AITherica has til and influence t
great issues World.
Third, and
10 Ille of this i LITıless . We Te! economic streng years, we've ha vision, no econ no national ec Allerica's abili world and ins xample haט זou eroded by an ridden econom: educationı 4 tıldı a decaying stoc tal, and the hi powerty rates o Tätiö III.
Als John Ken can't be stгопg are Wicak alt hic weakness that Japanese prime he felt sympati States. We compete and W economy. We strategy that wi expand opport people first. W and private World's best-e force, and com in health care,
If we're not We can't lead done so Imuch day's world, fic: tic policy are if we withdraw it Will hul It LIS ho Inc. We can choice between and foreign p. country and o' the president f ponsibility, it who will suffer of the United
runn טAnyon right nowDemocrat – IIll vision for secu

action of that ture democracy
efo Te existel.
illenge in this air every burden,
balance. Only e global reach lead on the onfronting the
most important, till be possible tore Aimerica’s ll. For elevel no economic mic leadership, nomic strategy. y to lead the ir. Others. With 3 gradually been
anemic, debt, an inadequate training system, k of public capighest crime and f any advanced
nedy put it, we abroad if we III1e, It WaS that prompted the minister to say ly for the United ust organize to in in the global need a national ill reward work, Inity and put 'ith more public investment, the dication Workpetitive strategie; 2nergy and trade.
strong at home he World We've to makc. In to. reign āIll domesnseparable.
from the World,
economically at 't allow a false
domestic policy licy to hurt our | r есопопmy. If is in either ress not just others
but the people States ab Owe all.
ng for president Republican OT st provide a ity in this new
But
era. The president has yet to meet that test, as evidenced by his embarrassing pilgrimage to Japan illustrates the basic pattern of reactive, Tudderless and cirratic U.S. diplomacy under this adIllinistraticol.
I have supported the president when I have thought he was right - and Will do so again. But I will differ with in when I think criticism just, And my central criticism is this: George Bullsh las in Wokcid al Ille W WOTld order without enunciating a new American purpose. No one doubts his long experience in diplomatic affairs or his personal ties to foreign leaders. His handling of the international coalition against Iraq was a deft display of crisis management. But for all his experience, skill and cautious professionalism, the president has failed to articulate clear goals for American foreign policy.
The lack of a positive vision has led to Illiscalculations and missed opportunities, In the Middle East President Bush and Secretary of the State Baker deserve credit for getting negotiations started. But they have chosen to browbeat Israel, the region's sole democracy, while
nur turing ties to Syria's despotic regime. By its repeated public attacks on Israel, this
administration has damaged its ability to act as an honest broker and has cncouraged the Arabs to harden their positions in the mistaken belief that Washington can or should deliver Israeli Concessions without Arab concessions in TetLII Tm. III doing so, the administration has damaged our strategic relationship with Israel and undermined the peace process itself.
In the Persian Gulf, first the Bush administration made misguided efforts to purchase Saddam Hussein's goodwill through generous American assistance. Then, after America's smashing victory over Iraq, he left Sad. dam Hussein with enough military force to remain in power and savagely suppress uprisings by Shiites and the Kurds - who

Page 11
rose up after the president's pTojnmptingis tio do so.
In China, the president continues to coddle aging rulers with undisguised contempt for democracy, human rights and the need to control the spread of dangerous technologies. Such forbearance on our part might have been justified during the Cold War as a strategic necessity, when China was a counterweight to Soviet power. But it makes no scnse to play the the China card now, when our
opponents hawe li hrown, in thicir
hand.
Most of all, the president
kept America largely on the
sidelines in the democratic reVolution that toppled the Soviet empire and is transforming the face of World politics. Time and again, the administration sided with stability over demo. cratic change. President Bush aligned the United States with Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to prop up the stagnant and despised Soviet center, Іопg after it was apparent that hopes for democratic reform had shifted to Boris Yeltsin and the republics. Similarly, he poured cold water on Baltic and Ukrainian aspirations for independence and still has not Tecognized
Croatia and Slovenia desբite prodding from our Europcaп allies.
By failing to offer a compelling rationale for America's continued engagement in the world, the administration has invited a new birth of isolationism on the left and the
right, especially at this time of economic duress, when most Americans are properly demanding that we devote more attention and money to our needs here at home. Bút putting our own people first cannot mean an uncritical withdrawal from the World. That's Why we need El clear sta tement of բLITբOSE,
America deserves better than activism without vision, բrudence without purpose, and tactics without strategy. America needs leadership of vision, values and CÖn" İçtiğDı.
In Ocracy
I have call American Teader the powerful g to wa Tid democra economies, as Women fight f China and H. Africa, If we si will be a saf spread of frt will Illa ke forcig able to their pe tyranny and ext As nations free from bureaucrati Will become pre to satisfy more Illaterial wants, to buy more and ser wiccs. W spread of democ Opel economics it OW We should their reach arou
We need to re. to one of the g chi El llenges of ou the people of th bloc demilitarize and build free economic institut il cha ncc to enga people in the W. time in their his
The stakes a collapse of coln an isolated event World Wide mär
whose shape the next Ourselves and foi people who seek freedom and pi revolution Illustri
I know it isn't day to call for tance of any kini when Anciricans : millions are today. it is deeply irresp. go this short-ter in our long-term Penny wise and will cost us more Tun in higher de and lost economic
What does a dici
Tleil s to ATIej defense spending. nuclear threat.
risk of environme. Fewer arms expo

di for greater hip to reinforce Cobail Illo Wellent y and market Tä We llen and hr freedom II i I1 iti and South cc.ced, the World ir place. The institutions Il Iuliers acCollIntbple and check Ernal aggression. their ecolonies control they ductive enough of their own and rich enough merican goods have seen the racy and mort Latin America, elek to il CreaSe ld the World.
spond forcefully featest security r time, to help former Soviet their societies political and ions. We hawe ge thic Russian est for the first tory.
re high. The lunism is not it's part of a ch toward de
outcome will centuгу. For millins of to live in "osperity, this ot fail.
popular to: foreign assis1. It's harder are hurting, as But I believe onsible to for. II) in Westment security. Being pound foolish in the long fense budgets opportunities.
locratic Russia cains"? Lo We
A reduced A liminished ital disas ters. rts and less
proliferation. Access to Russia's vast resources through peaceful commerce. And, the creation of a major new market for American goods and services.
As I said at Georgetown last December, "We owe it to the people who defeated communism, the people who defeated the coup. And we owe it to our selves, ... Having won the Cold WaT, We must not now lose the peace.'
Already, chaos has threatened to engulf Russia. Its old economy lics in ruins, staples remain scarce and lawless behavior in spreading. The immediate danger is not a resurgence of communism, but the emergence of an aggressively nationalistic regime that could menace the other republics and revive the old political and nuclear threats to the West.
BOTis Yeltsin has embarked on a radical coursc of economic reform, freeing prices, selling
off state properties and cutting
wasteful public subsidies. Hopes for a democratic Russia ride on these efforts, which must produce positive results before economic deprivation Wears down the people's patience.
I believe Americal needs to organize and lead a long-term western strategy of engagement for democracy. From Russia to Central Europe, from Ukraine to the Baltics, the United States and our allies inced to speed the transition to democracy and capitalism by keeping our market open to these countries' products, offering food and technical assistance, and helping them privatize key industries, convert military production to civilian uses and employ weapons experts in peaceful pursuits.
Make no mistake: Our help should be strictly conditioned on an unsWer Wing commitment by the republics to comprehensive ccolonic Tcform and oil continued reductions in the former Soviet nuclear arsenal.
Russia faces challenges. The challenge is to
economic short-term stabilize the
tW)
9

Page 12
economy and stem hyperinflation, so that Russia doesn't go the way of Weimar, Germany. The long-term challenge is to build a market system from the ground up - to establish private property rights, create a banking system and modernize its antiquated capital stock, which out
side the defense sector lags behind World standards.
Russia is intrinsically a rich country. What it needs iş not charity but trade and invest
ment om a massive scale. What the major financial powers can do together is help the Russians help themselves. If a we dlo, Russia's future holds the possibility of a stronger democracy rather than a resurgent dictator. ship, and a new American market rather a new American mightmare.
We should look at this assistance not as a bail out, but a bridge loan, much as a family gets from the bank when it
their old house. I propose that the United States must take the lead in putting together a bridge loan to help Russia make the transition from its old system to its new economy.
illusion.5: gull TallTilt Ce
We Illust lave. Ino The West cannot Russia's prosperity, Even with our help, the future of Russia and the other republics is un
certain. But we can give Presidet Yeltsin's Tefo TImus and Russin democracy a fighting t:11:111t:Է.
The West should establish a S 6,000 million fund to help stabilize the Russian Lublic. Without this fund, the ruble will continue to lose its cxchange value and inflation will continue to soar, America's share would be about S 1,000 million, in the form of a loan, not a gift. In return, Russian leaders have to agree to tough conditions. They must rein in public spending and stop CXcessive printing of loney. A fund of this kind is like a inct for acrobats. By building Confidence, it reduces the chance it will ever be used.
O
Russil also Ilfood, medicine a required to keep functioning. Ac IMF, which has Ru5si:i'5 leccoloni gram, that count mill of S 12, financial assist: do so, primarily 10 Ls. Without t more than a 20 []NF iT1, 1997 – th1: A Ille Trica s year of the Gr This assistance fully aimed at Where it caldo ãTht] should Cg Western dell'OCT Japan and per OtheT COLII tries li Kuwait, South K. The United S these loam5 Woli .tוTטטTטD
Finantly, it i. give Russia som for serving its at :1 time when the money to currency or imp
Licit Ille be c cal afford this, exorbitant price tle to Titat Illa Tkacts and a Russia firmly ir camp. The aim Iccd is availab and other for that the end of makes posssible ild his ecolor thic course, the that Russia will to pay us bac latter part Nevertheless, p. will requiге ап will by the C president, and leadership frol House We hay
SCE.
I also strong ing the cornir has made to o IMF quota inc increase of S 6 share is 19 pe 11טIllilli 12,000

cds to import nd the materials the economy cording to the just endorsed с теГотп ргоtry needs miniOO million in եւ: Է in 1992 til in the form of his, Russia faces percent drop in a bigger drop uffered in any eat Depression. should be cal TCthose Sectors the most good, ime from the acies, including maps also from ke Saudi ATäubia, real and Taiwan. tates sharc of ld be roughly 10
5 also crucial to Le breathing space cxternal debts, it doesn't have stabilize its ort goods.
er Our lation This iš Tot a T to pay for a new American cilor a revitalized the democratic punt of money we Le FIOIT1 defense sign aid savings the Cold War If Boris Yeltsin hic advisers stay chances are good be in a position k in full by the
f the decade, assing such aid act of political ongress and the the kind of TT the WELE
: not previously
ly support fulfilllitent America I share of the rease. Of a total 0,000 million, our :cent, or roughly ... But we are not
talking about giving the S 12,000 million away. It is like a line of credit in a cooperative bank, and we car interest oil it. The quota increase was voted two years ago. It was necessary to help emerging democracies in Eastern Europe. It is all the more urgent now, with Ukrainic, the Baltics and other newly independent nations whose economic fate depends on it. Every other country in the IMF has agreed to pay their share, except the United States. Why? Because our president has not taken the lead in persuading
the Congress to authorize the necessary funds. We need a president who doesn't mind
taking a little flak to seize this mo,Ilment in history.
At the same time, we should encourage private American investment in the former Soviet Union. The newly independent republics, after all, are rich in human and natural resources. One day, they and Eastern Europe could be lucrative markets.
But Russia needs to do more than make the transition from state socialism to frce markets. Constitutional democracy must
take root firmly there as well. The popular movements for Russian democracy has been
held together Intre by anticommunism than by al clicar or common understanding of how to build a democratic society. Democracy remains an abstract and theorctical notion; there is
En el OTITmoli s dcficit of knowledge in the former Soviet Union about the texture and
dynamics of a free society.
No One om cath ca fill that gap better than Americans. We need to make our engagement for Russian democracy a matter for people, not just governments. We necd person-to-person Contacts; a Democracy Corps, as Rep. Dave McCurdy has proposed, to send Americans over there; a crash program as others have proposed to bring tens of thousands of Russians and others here to learn how frce institutions work; and a strong Natioall Endowment for Del Ocracy

Page 13
to lead the way in spreading AImerican values. Promoting democracy is not just a task for the American government. For years, labor unions, universities and volunteer organizations in this country have nurtured the democratic revolution around the world.
Without democratic institutions and values, economic reforms Will That succeledi. Öur nation's greatest resource is ultimately not our dollars mor ou T technical expertise, but our values of pluralism and enterprise and freed. It all the rule of law - and ou T centurics of experience in making those values work. In an era offledgling demoCracies, those values can be ouT proudest export and ou T I most effective tool of foreign policy,
This spring, Russia is schedulled to be admitted to the MF and the World Bank. The lead role that such bodies will take points to a broader opportunity at this pivotal point in history: to reinvest the institutions of collective security.
At thic outset, let me be clear: I will neve turn over the security of the United States to the United Nations or any other international organization. We Will Incwer alba Indon our prero
gative to act alone when Cur interests are at stake, Our motto in this era will be: together where we can on our own where We must, But it is
a failu Te of visi It to Tecognize that collective action can accomplish more than it could just a few years ago - and it is a failure of leadership not to make Lise of it.
The Tole of the United Natis during the Gulf War was a wivid illustration of what is possible in a new era. To often in the past, the United Nations has looked like New York's di Will Tower of Babel — a costly debalting society where Soviet client Sta LeS anti-American demagoguery and Outrageously equated Zionism with racism. But the end of the East-West standoff opens a range of new opportunities for these
and others engaged in
institutions. T ca. Il share the bil this i Safci. Wcj
For example, 15 hlas Started 1 forts to tTLSf killing fields int for civili lif frcc.dll and to Yugoslavia, Th support those c. should build on coalition and the by exploring U. N. preventiv lead off conflic break out. One U.N. Rapid D. thit could be us beyond tradition Luch als Standi borders of coln by aggression; violence against tions; providin relief; and comb It WtյլIll not b ding army but Torce th:lt coul from its of forces ad ea Tim ed in advance.
Together, we n problems that tr borders, such as carth's enwiro In Time lation growth, weapons prolifer uld be outraged tence in the WI Critild wreck the mit besore it 1 President Bullsh sh to attend that is fire W. The should lead th global warning, ging our feet al portant scientific uld sign a glob aggreement to dioxide emissio targets and time
Judging by dog in tracking dow facilitics since th national Atomic providing to Weapon agains The United Sta an effort to cПа conduct surprise

Tough thcm, we Sens of making
հt United Natiց| imprecedented ef. TI il Cambodia's () a fertile place and electoral bring peace in Congress should foorts. And we he Desert Ston ie Inew intiatives. lew ideas for ։ diplomacy to its before they such idea is a ployIment Force ed for purposes all peacekeeping g guard at the tries threatened preventing mass Civilian populahumanitarian atting terrorism. e a la Tge stanTather a Si:111 d be called up T1 ati)[1:11 :TImed aked and train
hulst als o. tackle anscend national threats to the nt, global popuWorld trade and ation. We shoby an indiffeLite: HCL se that Rio Earth Sumas even begun. ould have agreed Lim mit long beUnited States : fight to slow instead of drag|d ignoring imdäta, We shol environmental reduce carbin s with specific ables:
'ed performance Iraq's nuclear War, the Inter. Energy Agency is
an effective proliferation. es should lead
e the IAEA Lo inspections any
where in a member nation, to ensure that it is keeping its commitment to refrail from building nuclear weapons. We must ils) work, 11 u 1c harder than the ad Illinistration hals done to Ilke su Te til L. Llic United States and other countries do not export dangerous nuclear materials and technology to aspiring nuclear powers. We simply cannot afford to lose the war against nuclear proliferation,
Finally, we can make these Institutions more effective and sustainable by reapportioning the burden of collective security. The ansWer is not to short-change Our Contribution to these bodies, as the president and Congress have lamentably done with the United Nations. But it is also time to insist that other nations start to shoulder Ilore of the collective burdcn - not just because it will make those institutions in Ore effective. We shoլլld Seck to redլլce our 30 percent financial share of U.N. peacekeeping operations to the 25 percent we pay for the U.N.'s regular budget. But we should also pay uբ - and pay up now — the past dues we o We to the United Nations.
Japan and Germany should be made permanent members of the U.N. Security Council, And we should seck larger contributions from those with the greatest interest in particular efforts for example, Japan should pay a full 30 percent of the large peacekeeping costs the United Nations Will soon incur in Callbodia.
We should look to olIT allianccs t0 takC a more active TOle in the defense of their own regions. In Europe, We must maintain Our ties to NATO, even als the Europeans play a stronger role both within NATO and in the evolution of future security arrangements for the continent. In this hemispheres, the Orgaization of American Stalitics hlas demonstrated more leadership than the administration in response to the coup in Haiti.
(ரோச ரா நவரச 13)

Page 14
Clinton, the America
Martin Walker
Hé odd coalition of Rednecks
and Rhodes Scholars who make up the Clinton campaign pulled it off. It was a famous victory, whose implications for the future of Americam politics and the pattern of global ideologies are just beginning to sink Il Til
The election-winning Republican coalition built up by Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan has fallen apart in the incompetent hands of George Bush. The South has fragmented, with the Clinton-Gore home States of Arkansas and Tennessee falling to the Democrats, but Louisiana, Georgia, and Kentucky voted Democratic too, and they lost North Carolina by thic whisker of 18,000 WOES,
SOMETHING NEW
The West, from the entire Pacific littoral of California, Wash. ington, and Oregon, is beginning to look Democratic again. The Hispanic and Native American Wotes in New Mexico and Colorado make those scats look promising for the Democrats, but their Victories in Nevada and Montana are striking, The fragmentation of those once-solid Ricpublican Tegions of West and South was one key to Mr. Clinton's triumph. The other was the strength of the political machine they built in the industrial Mid-West of Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Missouri.
Mr. Clinton won those regions, and this election, by converting the Democratic Party to Clintonism, and then convincing the Amicirican electorate that this was indeed, as he kept saying, 'A New Democratic Party'. To the European eye, Clintonism is a rather traditional form of social democracy tinged with an American populism, Keynesian policies plus the electric chair, public investment plus a hundred thousand more cops on the streets.
12
(U. S. Corresponder, GUARDAN
Two Arkans: Il Death ROW ablish Mr. Clint Credientials. On Rector, was a lla Wilhi brain away tr. suicide at the When the excCl administer the the hapless fell Find the weiը 1; parently under these Were docti himn.
Mr. Clinton policy from Ge training scheme: his vocational from Germany concept of th Strategic role ir vention partly f InnerS EIld Taithe I'S MITI, BLI cies, his commi order, and the Illic nationalism the campaign it nearly have c right-wing ideoil
HELT
Mr. Clinton's talk of his "tough love', of on-their-luck a but insisting or responsibility a II thing back. In meant no driwi high school di Clinton's Ameri that able-bodied ents will get education, but fuse to find a the Oc the St welfare money college educatio insists on payb: of public servic
To the British or Germany's S or a global mo has been bereft

firster
7 Lor)
Colwicts died this year to est"si law II Order of them, Ricky pathetic shell of Eloy llalf his ring to commit Lille Lif arrest. titlers cle to
ethal injection, bw helped them 1. his a TI 11, apthe delusion that ors trying to help
takes his health Timany, his job Tril Sweden, :Lucåtid). Il 10 dels
again, a Indi his e Goverlet's ecoT 0 Illic: interrom French plan- Ilore from Jap: his welfare politiment to law "n
kind of ecoin(3)-
he spouted on Irail could very Dme from that ogue Pat Buch
aides like to passion asותטט fering the downhelping hand, the1 sho Wing -ltחti giving soו Arkansas, this ng licences for opouts. In Mr. ca, it will mean welfare recipijob training or if they then Tejob, or refuse te offers, their stops. It means Il foT all, but ack by two years
.
1 Labour Party, ocial Democrats, derte left which of ideas for a
generation, Clintonism is likely to exert a powerful magnetic at traction. After all, it Wol, and it all sounds novel enough to contain a genuine touch of inspiration, which aroused real enthusiasm on the campaign trail.
EARLY DAYS
But these arc early days, and Clintonism has yet to prove itself in office. Mr. Clinton may have won this election by looking a bit like. John Kennedy and sounding a lot like Frankin D. Roosevelt. But he will only succeed if he can govern and politick and twist arms in the Congress like that other Southern populist, Lyndon John51.111
The initial signs from Little Rock were disturbing. A wery Swift and scricus teil5ion einerged within 24 hours of the polls closing, between the Young Turks and the FOBs (Friends of Bills), who won the campaign, and the old Democratic Party hierarchy.
They were in Little Rock for the party', one of Mr. Clinton's closest advisers told me, and for obvious reasons he shall remain anonymous. “And the Very next day they kind of patted us on the head and said Thanks for winning for us, boys. Now step out of the way so we can rufi the country again". And we said, "We don't owe you guys one goddam thing, and the last time you Were in power yol screwed it up so royally the Democrats were out of power for 12 years'. The fate of the Clinton Administration is going to be decided in the next 10 weeks of this transition process.'
DEJA VU"
This, of course, is exactly what happened to Jimmy Carter during his transition period at the end of 1976, and too many

Page 15
of the Old Guard were indeed brought into the Administration, There is a grim sense of deja rt in Little Rock, as the Old Guard urges the need to reassure the markets by appointing someolle like For le Federal Reserve Chaillä Paul Wolcker to a top job. Mr. Wolcker was the main whose tight money policies doomed Mr. Carter's re-election hopes,
The appointments to Watch for aire Whitc. House Chief of Staff, Secretary of State, Chairman of the Council of EconoInic Advisors, Treasury Secretary, National Security Advisor, US Trade Representative, and the creation of a new Whitic House office called the National Economic Security Collncil.
The New Guard Will hawe Won if the nailles of the FOBs and campaign advisers Bruce Lindsay, Eli Segal, Robert Rich, Derek Shearer, Michael Mandel
baum, Ira Magaziner, Robert Rubin, and Roger Altman appear in those posts. The ap
pointment of Warren Christopher and Micky Kantor, Zbigniew 37reziiksi and RobcIt HorIlät:5, would can that the Clinton Administratio II would look Comfortingly familiar, but depressingly like Carter retreads. Mr. Clinton being Clinton, expects the sort of compromise which guarantees a job for his campaign co–Cordinator con foreign policy, Tony Lake who is also conveniently a Carter re-tread.
Apart from Georgia's Governor Zell Miller and Colorade) Governor Roy Romer, the only member of the party's Old Guard to wholl Mr. Clinton is really indebted is Democratic National Committee Chairman Ron Brown. A FOTTT1er alde to Jesse Jacks Ol, and law student of Mario Cuomo, Mr. Brown was a splendid campaigner and fundraiser and огganisег, апd опсе Магіо Сшоmo dropped out of contention, increasingly devoted to Mr. Clinto. He would like to become Secretary of State, but the prospect of this corporate lawyer defending his firm's lobbying for Japanese firms like Toshiba be
fore his Senate coi ingsis ringigW Litt Rick
Senāt SāIī is is interested Department, but 15itւ: Լվյ ԸtյIllք 111 paign, and luk Crucial Georgia pr Mr. Nunn lIld of the House Committee, Les leading contende taggn.
The Ecı 51öl iT widespread, but ICLES ES FCCLIII5 paign chief of and campaign c; Kantor. It lis Kantor, a Los who got to know through service c. DET FLIT """ ton, was kicked the campaign to tiom preparation Segal really took gal, who used to Wict IIL Illo WEITE cover 20 years ag friend of Bill Cl
OVERBLOWN
This Wicy is W. and Clinto aides fiably complain is simply huntin to Write about. relationship with Very close, and th05 e il Wolved (Friends of Bill to comprehend 1 tireless they can witle.
By definition, the process of jobs can bring people, and the cess is a da ulti seems to be ha like that tilt ter's Clief aile observed in 1976 up with someone as Secretary of klub w We hawe fali in deed got that yas not the cal ter's failure.

firilation leararting bells in
Nunn of Georgia in the State he was wery board the callwarm in the imary in March. The Chldir Imman Armed Services Aspin are each F5 fUT le PEIl
Little Rock is Լիլ ԼIS press betwieel gam stasi Eli Segal hair Illan Micky | said that Mt. Angeles lawyer the Clintols In the Children's ith Hillary Clinupstairs during
un tic tā īsi team While MT.
over, Mr. Serun the antiEnt i Här värd
o, has been a into since then,
ridly overblown, testily but justithat the press g for something Mr. Kalltor's the Clinto Inis is Inless one knows in the FOBs ), it is difficult 1) y Sel Fess al bi iI This se
campaigns and picking the top Olli the Worst in
transition prong time. What ppening is very
when Jimmy CarHallilton JOTdän : EIf we finish like Cyrus Wance the State, you'll ël.“ Mr. WäIce
job, but that se of Mr. Car
Leading . . .
(Eriா: Fr நரச TT)
Many of the challenges We face in this Illic W cral Will Cill] for sacrifice. All of them will test our visión. Most hold more opportunity than danger for Allcrica - if we rise to meet then,
It might be convenient to delay a debate over the contours and demands of the new era until this political season is over, But history does mot grind to halt during American presidential elections. History is calling upon our nation to decide a new whether we will lead or defer; whether We will engage or abs
tain; whether We will shape a new era or instead be shaped by it.
These arc important choices, but they arc not partisan ones, I Would IILLECT 105e an issue than sce America lose ani opportunity. The best, boldest and 10st Successful IIl CITents of America's foreign policy hawe come when we stood together as a nation, joined not in separate parties, but in coIIl mon purpose,
1 welcome the fact that the president - today - is announcing a program of assistain Ce to Russia. I hope that his stateIllent represents not only a declaration of intent, but a CCImInitment to lead on this issue. And I tell you today, that as hic does so, I will offer my support in convincing the American people and the Congress that this course is necessary for our
.tTחQu:
I am running for president, and I am running hard. Yet at this unique moment, just as important as our choice of national leaders is our affirma Lion of international leadership. That is Willa L is ält stike i 1992. After World War II, il similar circumstances, our nation proclaimed its character with a historic pledge to defend, to build and to lead. I am confident the American people stand ready to affirm that pledge again today.
13

Page 16
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Page 17
WWWAH A WWIVERSARY
A personality for multi ethnic
Husain Haqqani
S: Wolpert author of the book "Jinnah of Pakistan' made a very interesting obscr.
vation. He said, 'few individuals significantly altered the course of history: fewer still
Illodified the map of the world: hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three. Hailed as "great leader", Quaid-i-Azam of Pakistan and its first Governor General, Jinnah virtually conjured that coun. try into statehood by the force
of his in domitable Will. His place of primacy in Pakistan history looms like minaret over the achievements of all his contemporaries in the Muslim League. Yet he began his political career as
leader of India's National Congress and until after World WarI, remained India's best Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity. As enigmatic as Mahatma Gandhi, more powerful than Pandit NehTu, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was one of recent history's most charismatic leaders and least known personality".
Today, I join you all in this observance of late Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah's birth anniversary; to pay homage to that great Inan to Whom We the Pakistanis owe our nationhood and statehood; it is important to shed some light on why Mohammad Ali Jinnah, hailed by Pakistanis as Quaid-i-Azam and lowed by the Muslims all over the world as the creater of the first independent Islamic State to emerge from the colonial era, why is he not recognised for what he was a great leader, by many. Over the last four decades there has been a concerted attempt to create a negative imagc of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Whether it is in movies, to pay homage to another great man from South Asia, whether it is in novels about the freedom of South Asia,
S." Etruri yer Tary rak Hras por sarea7 சிகி பி =ேFir Frrற As Tacfar för ar bhfics se På kirfar High Carl Frīrs ir rIer, Mr. Hagyar i Har
ச ரி சதாச)
gr irוrטssזrיוחס לgחPafisa
Whether it is in about partition, Jinnah is portray hal TSh Ill Will — the country tha tishi Indial. But that Mohammad not break any C made a country
TI Ft T that Mohammad all immels, C. process of dec raised the questi graphic entities colonial Tulle TeT that form in tE dence phase. O| concept of defini ge, a Concept th stic — а сопсерt on the feelings а сопсерt that people wish Eo tify their nation AZam Was Ilot He was the ack of the Colli Of South Asia E a communalist. man who preach otry, and dislik Illinities. To t had started his who devote his amity and coor Wall TirollLIS CÖITIITLII why he was cal a person than Gokhale a5 al Hindul-Muslim 11 Het Was al 50 tionalist - a ma in lawful and co. gle. Quail-i-A: path to папу lса political struggle. ship and unders developed betw. of Sri Lanka's Movement åIld t Wellelt of Pakis on this very in struggle for free. gle foT inatio 11h10 foT the Stitch: Won through, coTn and lawful Tea wer the issue the path of const Quaid-i-Azam

: unity Shгf Lалka)
| films and plays Mohammad Ali el 15 a 5tiff, broke a country It was the Brithe reality is Ali Jinnah did untry. He only Out of an CT pire. the matter is Ali Jinnah Islåde [TỉbutiữIl to the lonisation. He on. Should geoCreated udleT main intact in Le post-indépenshould a new ing nations CITherlat is lore realithat is based of the people, is based on ho W define ind iden(hood. Quaid-i- .Hilist חuוח וחטH G nowledged leader ity of Muslims uit het Was. Tot He was not a led hatred, big3. For Other Comhe contrary, he CHTE ET BASILITE
political life to ETatio Il between litics. That is led by no less Gopal Krishan All bassador of lity, a great constituin who believed Istitutional strugEl m showell the lders for peaceful The great friendtanding that had CIn the leaders OWI. Freedom he FTcet10Il MOtal, Was based ot iOn that the illom - the strugld - the struggle ld - can also be stitutional, legal 1s. And it was If not pursuiting titutionalism that Mohammad Ali
Jinnah broke With Gandhi. II 1920, at the Nagpur Congress Session, it was decided that the struggle for independence of India is going to be waged through un constitutional, non-cooperation means, and Quaid-i-Azam Mohämmad Ali Jinnah säw in such Im Cowes the Seeds foT Wille Ilce. Mr. Jinnah, the Quaid-i-Azam, Wa5 Lot al III for WilcIlce. He Wis a hill Whilst Wisil was for recognising diversity, for working for peace by mutual respect, mutual tolerance and peaceful co-existence. In fact, in 1920, when he decided to leave the Congress, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah made a very interesting observation which is very pertinent in the present age in which In Gsques are being razed to the ground and temples are under threat and violence is increasingly being Inade, the method for politics. Quaid-i-Azam im 1920 said, “I will hawe nothing to do with this pseudo-religious approach to politics' - Note the words ":"pseudo-religious" not "religious'. Quaid-i-Azam did not oppose religious approach but a pseudo-religious approach, the approach that forces or enCourages people to attack the places of worship of others and to commit violence against those who believe otherwise so, the Quaid-i-Azam said, "I will have nothing to do with these pseudo religious approach to politics, I part company with the Congress and Gandhi. I dC) I 10t believe in working up imob hysteria". I'll repeat, “I do not believe in working up mob hysteria, Politics should be a gentlellan's game''.
If the Quaid-i-Azam had been listened to by people both in Pakistan and outside of Pakistan and definetly in the immediate neighbourhood, our region would have been far more peaceful than it has been. Quaid-i-Azam Mohallad Ali Jinnah had a vision not only for Pakistan. He had a vision for the entire region. He la a vision for the Lire Muslim Ummah. His vision was thält IleithleI nationhoodil lor relations among states or between Stitc5 cl be bLSEd Oil CErcil and force. In fact, at one point, he cited Lincoln's definition of
15

Page 18
nationality. In his inaugural address, President Abraham Lincoln of United States had said, that "a nation is a group of people that are bound together by bronds of tlıe affection atıldı. by the mystic cord of memory'. The important phrases of the statement are: "bolds of affection and mystic cords of memory', if 'they" do not exist, then sheer territory being geographically in the same region o T similar region, has no impact. If there arc bonds of affections that can be created even across borders, then there is room for coperation among even otherwise diverse people.
In the age of turmoil in which We live, in the year 1993, we See that the Te is violence in Lhc heart of Europe. Yugoslavia is breaking up. There is violence in what used to be the Soviet Union. There is violence in thic Horn of Africa, where just to feed the straving people armies of third countries have to be stationed, so that food can be distributed to the starving. We see that there are groups that are trying to use force to break up an island through violence - an island that has traditionally been known as paradise island, the soil on which we stand today. In such an age, it is important to bear in mind the vision and Imessage of peace espoused by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Nationhood can no longer be preserved or created by violence or coercion nor can relations among states. The world in 1993 is recognising more and more that nationhood and inter -state relations have to depend upon goodwill and recognition of the principles of tolerance and mutual respect.
Greatness of peoples and nations no longer stems from force of arms. The Soviet Union had far more Weapons than were necessary to blow up the entire earth, And yet, the Soviet Uni. con Could not keep itself together. Similarly, those who are now developing missiles that have ranges of 800 to 900 km; those that have blue water navies that can reach throughout the Indian Ocean, all the way to Australia
and Indonesia the Horn of Af Sea On the Ot think that it is to develop gr: Ille-ELIS ET . dcastTIL recognise that it What is importa the human being despite their dive rate, that people gether in pcacc alıd till:Hit calı I recognising thic yet deciding to
IL 11; LC ble : 5il Elmi lati Inise that great de:Wolwcs frið:Til foi TITOLlachicyclicit of population, i land arca, may it is far Te definit cly a gre many others. greatness through prosperity was . ple of the Paki Quaid-i-Azam Jim Illa Stood in *"Wys VW || CETILE the Muslims of 1 el Pakistan"*.
Many people communalist slog ** tith "". ""Hy communalist slog Would still be left in India. It Muslims left in is interesting th 1942, he radical Statement. I զ11 said, "Ice Pak I will appoiпt п of the SITli|| JT11 I dus living in Mit ning Pakistan, a that the constitu cord the II full Hindus do the Muslim minority fourths of II dial, tries should lir, good neighbours Il di Litel Stiti lid North Alle Ըme suggests shty live under CI merely because t. same LicintineTit"". The message o] Moha Timmed Ali as valid in the was important in

Il One Side ald "ica and the Red her; those who more important atness through iction, have to Clinilo be dible. nt is to develop g. That people, rsity, can coopeshould liw c. [O] - and happiness lly be done by difference and CCC) perate, 1 Coilsciolis deci15 should recogness no longer TÇe. It de w|Wees Japan, in terms I tells Of the be slaler built
prosperous and El ter power than This notion of
achievement of perating princi. Stal Movem Elt. Mohd Ali 1940 ind said: a country for South Asia cal
Said, this is a a T :FL tid he said, til Lhig ble : an when there Illany Muslims li still Imany non Pakistan". It | alit as early as very interesing Cote directly. Hic istan is created myself champion norities, of Hin5 li til aTcas Illicaild Way Lull lisist |titill shoլյltl Hւrights. If the S Elle LCD til in their threethe IWii CollL|- e amicably as
like CHIlilda es, like Mexica ica, which II
Luld be forced to gover III ent, hey inhabit the
Quaid-i-Azam Jilidah Ticllai 15 year 1993 as it the year 1942.
South Asia today accounts for one fifth of the world popula
tion. Pakistan, India Bangladesh, Nepal, Shri Lanka, the Maldives and Bhutan together
account for almost one fifth, in fact 51 Little, TT10 TE tham ëme fifth of the world population. If there is to be peace and prosperity in the world, then peace and prosperity in this region has also to be established. I think that the message and vision of Quaidi —i—Aza IIIl, Mohamrmad Ali Jinnah can be the message and the Wisin that will led Lus; t) the dream of peace and prosperity in this region.
It is really heartening to know that in Pakistal after several ups and downs of the last 45 years, today there are people in command, leaders in the form of our President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, who are leading the country in accordance with the vision of Quaid-i-Azam. They are trying to seek development for our own people through the process of encouraging the People to take into their own hands their destiny. This is development through the principle of private initiative and free enterprise. At the same time, We are trying to create a regional and international environment in which outstanding disputes with neighbours are resolved, After the solving of outstanding disputes there can be peaceful coexistence. Pakistan is, with hope, looking towards the di Team that Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah mentioned in 1942, of living with neighbours, just as the United States and Canada live with each other as neighbours. It may be interesting for the audience which I think is composed of Shri Lankans and Pakistanis that Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah also made a very interesting observation and statement about Sri Lanka and Pakistan. That observation was nade in 1948. II : TesSage to the late D.S. Senanayake on the attainment of domi. nion status by what was then Ceylon, Quaid-i-Azam said: "we in Pakistan will watch your progress with most friendly and sympathatic interest as some of சோtானிே ரா நரச 18

Page 19
Failure of Peace Process in Sri
P. Saade Va
hat had bcem anticipated has happened. The 45member Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) which was set up in August 1991 (after the failure of the Indo-Lanka Accord of 1987) to evolve a solution to the decidde Old ethnic-Crisis has proved to be a farce. It abruptly ended its deliberations recently after en dorsing the “consensus formula worked out by the major Sinhala parties (the United National Party (UNP) and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party) (SLFP), instead of fulfilling its mandatc of reaching a consensus between the Sinhala parties and the non-LTTE Tamil groups on a political package for the Tamils. The UNP-SLFP formula envisaging devolution of powers on the Indial Illo dell" to thic de-merged Northern and Eastern Provincial Councils WithւյլIt changing the unitary character of the Sri Lankan Constitution. Caille as a bl-Ilb Shell. Mo Te S0 because the PSC, in its chequercd proceedings, hardly received their active participation. Rather, they used the ethnic issue for political snipping from each other, neither the UNP or the SLFP spelt out their stance on the Tallis' deland for the permanent North-East merger. Instead, each party was expecting the other one to declare its position on this major plank because of electoral imperatives. As such, the PSC was cal fined to discussi Ting -- Only those proposals which were submitted by the Tallil and the Musli II groups. Of course, none of these proposals were put to vote
I til PSC.
Despite the non-committal role the UNIP and the SLFP in the PSC, the Tamil parties continued to pin their hopes on the PSC which happened to be the
only form where a search for Calce il the island Willis om. They hoped that the major
The ATIF för IF AT REJTEārcf Scifičar in சே பிசகா து சருகப் பிரிச, Neri river fry, New
Sinhala parties a Fair deal s) 5 tclı Tilled froIIIlli Eih" ing that the Sinh their cssons fri decids in tackli question by ad transigent attitu Tallili minorit lemäIld5, But h Hind the UNP proved that til learn any leasor when they fall peace for mula While it is short of meeting aspirations of t have been de Tli devolution of pl 'permanently uni Provincil COLIITIK SLFP combine, jection by the affixed the label consensus on (with the for Mangala Moone a partism role affair). This is unilateral impo Tial Tr0 W, cha Lulwimi the majority Sir the Iminority Tam As per the origi the PSC, any ps on resolving th should bic cyclw. sensus for mula." that peace prop adopted on the rity v otc. More PSC is limi Titi and the SLFP have packed up respectively. T Muslim parties : 1 lenbers. It reas that Mo face of the opposition, did in the PSC a
I" Wt: 1 THC clima. Il foT; for a unificd i tTiltiVę llit for and adwocated i and guarantees tion of interests and the Illin Also, he buried cept Paper' and

Lanka
would agree on the This lei T Llder StilidEllese hiël We begrint m the past mismg the titlimit մբting an inle towards the y's autonomy opes were belied li tile SLIFP ley refused to from the past Inted a Wague in the PSC. bviously fallen the legitimate 1 Tallis who Anding greater wers' to the fied North-East til," the UNPdespite the TeTamil groups, of the PSC's their for T11 Lula Lim Chairman, singhe playing in the entire nothing but the sition of the ist Outlook of hala parties on lil S.
nal mandate of blitical package ethnic crisis td through "com
This Ille:LIls D5LS TE 10t basis of majo
so, because that cd by the UNP טיbers WhווEIות 23 and 12 seats hie Tallil and account for only was for this nesinghe, in the Sinhala parties' not wish to seek ormal 'yes' or the four-point Illula" that asked politico-administhe North-East lStitutional uits for the protecof the Muslims rity Sinhalese. His OW II FCI. Option Paper"
which contained certain compromise formula. The concept paper proposed for setting up
of two separate Councils for the NŐTLEN all the East and äl apex Regional Council with one Govern Cor. In the optico Il paper the demerger of the two Proyi Ilces beca Ille clea T, amic El Assembly with a Chief Minister by rotation and a concurrent subjects list was envisaged. But Moonesinghe's decision December 11, 1992 to put one of the clauses, that referred to
demerger of the North-East". in the Srinivasan proposals' amidst protests from Tamil
groups, explained his utter disregard to the set procedures of the PSC. By this act, he Teduced thc - dii | Iberi tio Is in folium to a face.
It is quiet evident that Moonesinghe was initially illpartial in his role as the PSC Claitla. But he seened to have succubed to the UNPSLFP pressure and machination to impose unilaterally a peace package on the Tamils. This i Incidelit shows that the Te Call be The agency or forum for the coil) cause in the island free from political interference. Worse, Sinhalese themselves do mot hive Illuch faith in the ruling elites and the judiciary. This explains Lali Kobbelkaduwa's
plea for the Commonwealth Commission of Inquiry into her HLLaLLtaaaL S LaaLLLLLLLL S LLLLLL
Denzil Kobbekadewa's killing in a land mine blast at Kayts Island in July 1992,
重
INTERESTINGLY, the UNPSLFP soTILLl is the dified version of the proposal (which suggested the "de-merger' of the North-East al lliw localitel a "federal constitution in place of the unitary system) put forth by a dissident Jaffna MP belonging
to the Eela National DeIncratic Liberitið FTGIlt (ENDLF) who was allegedly
hired by the UN Padministration for this job. The UNP's basic intention in doing so was to project that the government had accepted a Tamil's proposal and prepared to settle the ethnic crisis on the line of
17

Page 20
Tamils". Wiscs. The SLFP to preferred such an approach. But both the parties once again exhibited their status of being "prisoners' of Sinhalese votes When they retracted from their earlier approval to the idea of federalism. Hence, the dilution of even the inadequate (to the Tamil groups) Sriniiwasan proposals. When the Tamil groups, who thought federalism was Inctioned as a a deal" to them for giving up the Illerger deTil Ill, Tallised this issule: il PSC, the UNP leader A. C. S. Haricci's reply sounded arrogant, and reflected the Sinhala majority party lcaldership's colonial mentality. He said: "There is no nced for federalism. It is not a reality. We will give powers enjoyed by States in India." This incident reveals that the federal idea still remains a dirty Word to thic Sinhalese who cosider it as being tone step away from the Eclail. It also shows that the government's objective in conducting War in the NorthEast is only to subdue the LTTE and then impose a package of peace proposals on the Tillis.
A tragic part of the collpetitive electoral politics in the island is that the UNP all the SLFP halwe ewolved the Inselwcs in a mann er that they adopt parochial and challwinistic approaches to national issues." 畿 the ethnic crisis. They represent the typical Third World phenomenon of Seeking political survival and the Tegime's susteance at the cost of the country's peace and unity, although Premadasa"s rhetoric has been to consider peace in the NorthEast an achievement greater than victory in the elections. In his speech on January 2, 1992 he promised to end the War before the year end. But the end of the year 1992 has not thrown up any significant clue to a serious peace effort. How could the island's quest for peace be materialised if his government's approach still does Tot have the Spirit of accommodation vis-a-vis the Tamil minority. Even the UNP-SLFP for. mula was borne out of their
18
bankTuբt approa they deWolve Pro Willicial (CD11 those enjoyed by under the federa the Sri Lankan
still a unitary o prepared to hanc relating to law : laid distributio India States PTED Wici:11 COLLTC)
THE major f Sinhala parties' iT implementet1 of the Illdi-Lil 1987 and the Th. ment whichl Wäis 1987. McCCTc1 – merged Nei Tth-E Council. As per pe TIM) a nellt. Illerge to El Tefe TICII d'Iml Blt the Tallis are against such CELLI se the Mills1 iIii alignment with t per cent) in th Il St e Lie thei ewen thic Muslim keer to have a : cause they do ng seen openly wo Tallis or the S
It can be iss entire process of been designed to UNPos 1988 elle to de-Illerge Provice. The S. a collaborator fo not getting bral Sinhalese and pri UNP. The UNF etiTc 5W effici cxttit tilt it is obtained thic sew ctrl 1 Mulls lil BashccT. Seguida EROS (a Tamil leaders of the M (which was until tiating with t Tamil parties to ställd Ill the Il Lhe peace propos
Finally, the tr moderäte STi ] politics is that of Amirthalinga II ginalisation of til Liberation Fro

Ch. How Could Wers to the cils similar to Indian States set-up when
Constituti i3
ne? Are they | over powers 1. İndi order', 3ıldı 1 (which the enjoy) to the
s
all-out of the peace formula, is the negation 1kal Accord of irteenth Amendem Cited il the a temporarily 15 t Provincia the accord, its r is subjected in the East. (42 per cent) in exercise bel. īs" (32 per cent) he Sinhalese (21 e Province aI defeat. Now, 5 are not very referendum be
rt Want to be ting With the inhalese.
Llined that thc
1lle PSC Håd implement thic :tico Imanifest Hie: North-East LFP toch bleCaIle T Lle benefit of del als anti-Tamil by the IIlanaged the ctively to the CEILS to hawe Il district of MPs, including Wood of the group]], and the uslim Congress recently ПeguE. I-LTTE wolwe , COTT1Tmol erger issue), to al.
agedy of the La Inka Tl Talililil with the killing 1. aIld the Illa Te Tamil United it (TULF) by
the militants, there is no strong leadership who can effectively bargain with the Sinhala parties. Although Thondaman's attempt to play such a role merits acknowledgement, the Sinhalaese ald the Sri Lanką Tamill:5 tilkc hiru more as the Indiaun Tamil leader Ehan the leader of thic entire Tamil minority. The nonLTTE militants-turned-politicians lack manoeuvrability. This explains their failure to enlist the support of the Muslim Congress to their delland for the NorthEast illerger.
With the failure of the PSC to fulfill its orginal mandate, the government has lost yet another opportunity to win the support of the larger Tamil Community to exert pressure on
the LTTE to join the democratic process. What happens next to this hazardous peace
process remains most un fortunately a big question mark.
(Mais frear)
A personality. . .
(Сол тілшғd fråлт раge T6)
the problems confronting your is la Intl. Ei Te simila T to LT5. We both suffered from exploitation at the hands of a foreign power and low that a new era has been ush cred, we shall have to strive every nerve to improve the lot of the common man 50 sadly neglected heretofore. The problem confronting us is by no means small or easy but we must tackle it boldly. If we are to prove ourselves worthy of our newly won freedom and sovereign government of the people". Quaid-i-Azam said, “Ceylon is rich in mineral resources and talent, and I have no doubt under the guidance of great leaders she will make rapid strides on the road to good government and prosperity and will play her rightful part in promoting goodwill and friendship throughout the World. Pakistan has the Warmest goodwill towards Ceylon, and I am sanguine that the good feelings that cxist between our two peoples will be further strengthened as the years roll by and our common interests and mutual reciprocal handling of them will bring us into still closer friendship.".

Page 21
Cuba under Seige: A reply to
Rajiva Wijesinghe
by Tisaranee Gunasekera
in the year 1992, Cuba, a small,
developing country. With a population of only 11 million, made history (and not for the first time either) by coming 5th in the Barcelona Olympics. In the previous year Cuba won the Pan American games by beating mighty US). That was not Cuba's only achievement in 1992. The sugar harvest was at a record high, Surpassing all the targets Sct life expectancy went up to 75.7 years and infant mortality fell to 104 per 1000 live births. Cuba was chosen by the World community (in the secret ballot Cuba received 103 votes) to be one of the three countries to represent the Latin American and the Car ribbean region in tle United Nations Economic & Social Council (ECOSOC). Furthermore, in an act of open defiance of the Toricelli Act and of solidarity with the Cuban Revolution and its people, the Pastors for Peace' journeyed to Cuba, bringing with them humanitrial assistance worth Tillions
dollars.
Bult the greatest victo Ty of all was als the year was coIIlling to am endi: il a Teplay of the battle between David Hill Goliath, tiny Cuba Imanaged to defeat the World's sole Super power in the international political ELTena. Despite all the efforts by the US to prevent the member counון Cubal טrting thסרן קtries ITom Slu Tes ollutio Ti, "The Feed fa port a VI Er77 fr, Fre US ector77777 fe, Frede I Tal firis FZ cial black de of Cuba" was adapted by the UN GeneTal Assembly. 59 Countries (including Canada, France, Spain, Mexico and New Zealand) voted in favour; 23 of these publicly stated why they are doing so. For the TiTi St. Lille i I thic lä5t several years (certainly since 1989) the US found itself completely isolated at the UN, with only Israel and Romania voting with it, What Iust be mentile i5 that prior to the wote, the US circulated a locument to meilber countries stating: 'In view
of your relation would appreciate thic Cubans in a the res. If Cubins sliւյլIld L their insistence them ir Frear ers y'i ships with the U. Солgress and ре0 ing This is 5 Lle ye. (Italics in Another in poi place in the ye. un fortu näitely it LEred in the an 33 years after lution, Rajiwa. W made it to Club: down words hic v to get there bec eyit ble that soom cha Inge, lik Marxist regiles ble il 50 TB5tical La see it befið Tē 1, 92). He is making such prophesies about Cլիքin RevolլIti plenty of such cularly in Maimi hl We beën Waiti. 33 years for the lapse of the Re types got a new with the disinte Silviet UnitյT1. Cuba to go the Еilге тре, 300 п. happen, And in Cubil, heleagueri facinբ cointless Charlottet ige Llle period') manage the aboveTienti) iny Country Wil waii1111Eשrלן sון הLl fiably proud of surprising that R ltiesn't liլԸiltititl achievements, be alı5 il hlllı, L lıce'S 10: with eyes that a Rajival Wijesin the Cuban peop. anything : at le a decent life". իմw withլյlվ Mr. W a decent 1 i Tc? zen of a poor, try, this would of poverty, hung disease, homeles

with the In, WC your going to 1 i effort LJ hawe ry. The Ihder stad that that you support μΗr gασε Γειτίία Π5. TYF. Ar 7 rīcar -IIcffיווilbeיוו ple ry carefully. ire - T. G.) "talt cyclit tidak 1I 1992 - tiltյլIgh Wi 11 tot be cimals of History; le Cuban RWPijesinghe finally 1. Going by his was in a hurry ause ""it 5 ecmed CLI bäl too WÖLull e all the other tillt hill CFLIITly; and I wanted then’’ (L.G. DCC. lot the only one Cassandra-type Lille fate of the DI). The TE :TG lements — ратtiFlorida - who
1g for the last H. in1eʼWitäble" :{ʻ)|- Wolution. Thcse
lease of life
gration of the They expected way of Eastern Only it didn't the er isiru irrig year, da 1l 155ailed problems (which current 'special to perform all el feats that էլ 11յTImal Guildican be justiAIld it's Illot a jiwa. Wijesinghe any of these cause it's bioking at Cuba ric blinkered. ghe laments that |t tlմ 11til law է: ast approaching My զաestion is: Wijesing he define Su Tely for a citihi Tal World Col Inbe a life free er, malnutrition, Տness and ignor
ance? If We go by these (universally accepted) yardsticks the Cuban people enjoy a more decent standard of living than the absolute majority of people the Test of the TricolticL HDHCaHHLaL La LHLHHLS S LHHLaLaHLL S S aL poor, homeless people in the affluent, developed West. Because, according to Rajiva Wijesinghe himself, Health care was, one gathered, excellent and the edulcational system catered to everyone, so that the awful deprivaltion so many were doomed to by birth alone elsewhere in the Western hemisphere (and in the rest of the world - T.G.) was experienced here."
Let me add to that according to the World Health Organization (WHO), Cuba has Imanaged to eradicate such diseases prevalent in the Third World as Poliomyelitis, Measles, Diptheria and Cholera, E9e5opirego the PrzasiFive eco Floritic probler F7 y 7 tot 7 5 irge seal, hospital arrerre ol CerIre III. Heer Closer, CLIba With 300,000 teachers has the lighes per capita rate of teachers in the world. Poverty, hunger and homelessness are things of the past. Though scarcities and shortages abund, even according to Rajiva Wijesinghe, at least all children Will ger' ın ilk and every citizen will get half a pound of chicken S YLLLLS S LLLLLH S aaa tLLrLrLaLLLLL LLLLLLLLS jority of the people of the Third World who are burdened by poverty and all its attendant ills (such as hunger, homelessness, destitution etc), for all those bil LiCS of children Who Ille'r CT get a chance of going to school and if they survive in fancy have to Work like Slawesi. Li eke i a meagre living, the life of a Cuban will not seem deplorable" GT hörrie“. Fr from it. NG Wonder that despite all the problems they are facing and despite being far from happy about the daily deprivations, the absolute inajority of the Cuban people support Fidel. (This is a truth even intelligent antiCuba. Il analysts änd jou Tallists admit). DEPENDENCY
What is the Teason for Ellis economic crisis that Cuba is facing today? According to Rajiva Wijesinghe For the reality it
19

Page 22
shoulą have admitted to itself was that the present state of collapse was primarily its own fault. It had no business to be so dependent still on Soviet subsidies. After 30 years surely it could have produced something of its own, been less dependicnt on charity for energy, for food, for the very basis of life." (La Fika Guardian Dec. 1, '92). Let's get this one straight. Rajiva Wijesinghe is rebuking the Cubans for being dependent - in other words for failing to create an economy that is self suffi. cient. Would Mr. Wijesinghe care to tell us the same of any Third World country that is not dependent" i.e. whose conomic survival doesn't depend on aid, trade and investment? Can it be that he, a leader of the Liberal Party has become a (recent) convert to the dogma of closed economy, of autarkic develop. Ilent. Otherwise how can he chide a small, Third World country for failing to become econdmically independent (and in just 30 years)? Can it be that he doesn’t know that a11 Third World countries (Sri Lanka included) are dependent on the First World for aid trade and investment; that for instance if the US were to impose a crip. pling blockade on any one of our countries (like the blockade con Cuba) we too, Will be in as dire straits as Cuba is (and probably worse)?
If Rajiva Wijesinghe were to say that he was criticizing Cuba for being dependent on the Sovier LVF for, the truth is that Cuba never had a choice. In the aftermath of the 1959 Revolution, when the new Cuban government took steps to ensure the well being of the masses by addressing their most pressing problems (through land reform, rent control and nationalisation of such essential public utilities as electricity), the US cut off all econonic links with Cuba. The Cuban Revolution had to choose between sovereignity, dignity and h (Tour and continued economic links. With the US. The Revo. lution opted for the former. In this context the Cubans had no choice but to look for alterna
20
tives - to sell import such ess to trade, to ob the Sowiect UTni{ ling and had take the place Cuba's main The Cuban tTa. with the USSR was not charity the Rubber-Ric Sri Lanka and is true that the to Cuba (and 0. partners) at a the World. In a Was not an act was an act of : ternationalisTT1. singhe's inabilit the difference է: explicable when his implicit disi tickets for the Hawaina GTeat (C) priced so model - thus making reach of all Cl the privilege of
It wasn't th didn't understal of dependancy. the 60's, they Uther Third Wo tempted to shift sufficicTht möde But they (like : World countrics lar attempts) fa the Cuba 5 ha ploit to the ma other options av tries such as Ou both exports a As a result th managed to dev products such cals. They prod агоund 900 type cluding the only IF Y We World allt vaccine als Well a: ment sich as til alytic system - other export p biotechnology all This is in addi expanding other ports as tobac They have also 5 Lbstan tial trad number of Euro Allerican count Spain and Venez

their sugar, to entials as fuel, tain credit. Only 21 Was both Wi. the capacity to of the US as trading partner. ling arrangement (fuel for sugar) — 2:4D1y" frm1 c}r"c thiET1 : pact between China was. It USSR sold fuel ther COMECON price lower than ket ratics, That of charity; that solidarity, of in(Rajiwa. Wijey to 1Inderstand leConcs perfectly CDIC Telember T5 1pproval of the ballet at the pera House being 'alely at 3 pesos it within the bans instead of
El handful).
at the Cubas ld the dangers They did. In 畿 50 папу rld countries) at
t0 a 110 TE SEIF of development. Lill other Third which made similed. After that, We tried to exkimmunon the only ailable to cul'S - i.e. diversify nd dependence. - Cuba Ius huwe ilор пеw export is Pharmaceuti. LICe and export of drugs irferirgiris accirle in Hepatitis B advanced equipelultra-IiriSUMA). TE ducts include di fish products. ion to further traditional exand Illickel. Lanaged to build links with a ean and Latin es (particularly tla). И"һаг тиуї
be mentioned is that the crippling US Blockade has been and is acting as a major obstacle to the afferpfs hy fie Charis to diferSir y Borill exports da Vid dependerice.
U. S. BLOCKADE
It's very interesting that Rajiva Wijesing he hasn't got much to say about the US blockade and its effects on the Cuban economy. Here are so Illic Tele Walt facts and figures that hic must ca Tefully consider before he writes his next piece con Cuba. As the Cuban permanent representative at the UN pointed out during the debate on the Cuban Revolution on the blockade. These are Tot abstract städtelents: il order to replacc the U.S. locomotives used in our sugar industry and, as a result, to change our railroad system, Cuba had to im West som c. 480 million dollars. The estimate for the cost of equipment that had to be bought for sugarcane cultivatton given these new conditions is 2.6 billion dollars, 9000 U. S. tractors, 580 rice cultivators and tens of thousands of other pieces of agricultural equipment Were left useless as a result of the blockade, their cost 100 million dollars.
Losses in the nickel industry aTe. I10t less th:1T1 400 IThillion dollars in the electricity industry, they are 120 million dollars and in the automotive industry, 100. ImilliÔT1.
The blockade hä5 mellt losses of Illo less thal 3.8 billjon dollars in the tourist industry. The above average costs we have to pay to charter ships because of U.S. Il Testrictions a II count to no less than 375 million dollars. Civil aviation, telephone communications, buying medicines and food, copyright, sports, access to certain technological inwentions, the wealth of the population, the possibility of a reciprocal cultural exchange betWech the United States and Cuba and many other areas of Cuban life have all experienced the harsh effects of the ban.
Any calculation must be necessarily incomplete, but the most recent studies show that
(rெd ரா நரச 2து

Page 23
Fate of the indigenous people (
Tyronne Fernando
hat do We kilow of the wish and will of the younger' indigenous people? Is there an urge on their part to join the mainstream of life? It would indeed be a great pity if the forces that make it possible for the indigenous people around the World to survive are not motivated by any genuine desire to respect the rights of individuals. How long can the indigenous people resist change? After all it must be Termen bered that the people of today are not the people of yesterday. To change, to desire change, to assume an urge to adopt alien practices which appear exciting, is natural in man. Change is an outcome of exposure, And around the World indigenous people are subjected to more exposure now than in the days gone by. In this context what degree of relevance do rights assume? There is no doubt that extrancous forces, be they legislative or other will hawc no impact in the absence of a will to retain one's identity. How effective are the 1000 odd indige nous organisations that hawe sprung up around the world in resisting the impact of the forces of change, be they social, economic, political or cultural. There is no doubt that have given fresh impetus to to these organisations. Conse. quent to decolonisation, rulers who abided time and Waited for first peoples to gradually disappear have had to recognise the rise of treasured and dynamic indigenous cultures. There have been international pressure to accept new norms and there has been fresh impetus to accept a new legal order.
To What cxtent CäIl a State ensLure se1 f-deLermii nation to its indigenous people? The rising demand could a mount to a cry which calls for the treatlet of these people on par With other minorities of this country. In other parts of the world. It is in fact sco. Solle, such as the West Papuan and Kanaky peo
ples ask for po dance, The hill TEl te Kä Shall and others Phillipile Igorots Within their stat the right to part nail affairs. I they want selfvarying degrees people, the leg decide for thic
The extet rights are to be : låtive Imens is foT cach nation.
Il the Sri the rights sough to their traditi 1,500 acres in ight to continuת life. Within their right to hunt, : lect honey, the i as their forefat and the right te idols. The righ is Iltյt limited t, of ownership of also the right t goes with it, flora, everything its soil as We above it, the sp the rivers, the as well as their yes, but still la 1 to their ful
To What ext the State be jų ting these right objcctives of til mined by the must of eccss gard to the will genous people. cepted, restrict of these peop achieved by a tation and cont Illot. El T Tagal Intly ecology expert:5 ledgeable abou than Tissaham they not con With east W Emergency regu Il Cist excessics"?

2)
itical indepenpeople of BurC1, Kachin,
as Well as the ווUTוrנlttןH וHI/
Oth CTS Want cipate in natioOther Words, etermination of חזלים RGT their
imate right to Elves,
O which these
ssured by legisildlclcdl al Tlitter
linkan context t are the rights Dal homeland extent 1nd the e their way of territory. The hic Tight to colight to cultivate ters taught the
worship their til Lheir latild to the legal right its surface but everything that The fauna, the that is beneath ll as everything irits, the graves, ltills - till this aws, un written - ws, to be passed lure generations.
2nt the Would stified in restrics? The aims and c State als deterpolicy makers ty give due reand Wish of indiIf this is acin of the rights e may be best rocess of consulpromise. We can ässu Ille that the Te Imo Te kili Wthe environment After all, did 'ol their forests ereas we need trulוונט lls t0סqti
While it must be accepted that the rights of indigenous people must be respected and viewed as such, there must also be a certain amount of caution regard
ing the cxcrtion of external forces to spur their survival against their will. If there be
a natural tendency to integrate and join the mainstream of life Lihat too should be aided. TheTe is evident all over the World an increasing tendency to commercialisc the activities Of indigenous people with a view to obtain gains which cannot be said to bc motivated by a genuinc desire to respect their individuality. This is the greatest harm that must be guarded against. A weddha with a gun, hunting life to be sold to persons, outside his clan, clenching rupee or dollar notes in his fist are not incidents that can be condoled. Just als Illuch ELS We cannot condone the role played by the Hmong of Thailand and the Amazonian Indians of COlombia in the big business of trafficking in drugs traditionally grown for home consumption for use as a pain reliever, to treat dysentry and contain tubercosis Tather thail as a cash crop. Their demands can be collerated only as long as they are genuine. They cannot hawe the best of both World S. Preservation of their culture – yes, but never a corrupted form of their culture. We lust be realistic about these dangers.
Tt is inclcc| Crecilit:1.Bble th:1t the a Litention of inte TI lational organisations such as the united Nations and the International Labour Organisation have assu. med interest in the plight of the indigenous peoples of the World. It is an indication of the importance being attached to issues relating to these people. I quote from the Dene Decla ration, 1975 which stales a s follows:
......... as the peoples and the LLLHHLLS S LaLSS Laa S S KCHHLL S LLLLLJ come to recognise the existence and rights of those peoples who make up the Third World I the day must come, and will
(Carried or page 24)
21

Page 24
Татil Struggle
Narrow Nationalism an
Ill. Shanmugaratnaim
the nationalism of the oppressed always progressive? The answer Would be an unqualified yes according to the simple axiom that the nationalism of the oppressed is an ideology of resistance and an inevitable response to the reactionary great nation chauvinism of the oppressor state. Then today's Tamil nationalism as represented by the LTTE should be considered progressive and even revolutionary. For there is no doubt that the LTTE is engaged in an armed struggle against a chauvinist authoritarian state with the aim of establishing an "independent state of Thamil Eelam". HowEwer, à Tore Critical wie W of the politico-military developments of the post-July 1983 period would show that being anti-state may be a necessary but not a sufficient condition for a moveпent to be regarded as progressive. History is replete with instances in which movements representing the oppressed imitate the oppressor in many ways. For instance, in choosing their myths and symbols, rc-construction of history, shaping ideologies and organs of social and political control, and in dealing with conflicts within and between novellents: Nationalism is not only an inclusive but an exclusive ideology. In defining and consolidating the identity of a particular oppressed ethnie on a territorial basis, the leading nationalist ideologues may deliberately exclude other gToups that have been peacefully coexisting with that ethnie fór centil Irie:5.
Thus it is conceivable that a nationalist ideology that is קיטת= ular among an oppressed people Can ble Teactionary like the nationalism of the oppressor. Thamil Eelam nationalism has become such a feactionary ideo
(The Gr சேr rே, WFFசா சோச Fr ri :Iral Igசரrer,பி, NagrHʻrj", ராமாசாty Frig Frg: : * Trily, kரசர், பரா)
logy, The chro PDK) TOIT1 S 20 Ill militants from t TTā55 FICTE If I 98 recent Medirigir the expulsion people from homelands in th amo L1g the Ilost festations of a Eela II cha lulwillis th E4 t d"Imin:tes t| struggle today i of narrow Tamil Illilitarism. Is tc) a1ssLII11e tlh::it [iX is a monoות although they a treme exponents the past, we ha manifestations o Tamil chauvinis of some other g taris of the Tinean al Inything | tial traditional has become a p logical core of In this instance militarism in its Se TSC to delicte seeks military st tical issues an today's Sri La has becoille a c. of the state and State foi T.Ce5. In it has become a tice that negate litics of libertati ganised terror on and on rival gr. be armed to ass of a particuliar such a situatio organised and Sus and an ideolo Tamil Illilitari SIH поп originatiпg Ti a TTC yw Tamil ); Іопger histoгу.
The armed 5 North-East has for nime years ( One may say), Te Well the Illur cal frmTce5 i at w ject likely futur on their dynam has emerged as t in the areas un

d Militarism
icle of ethnic tted by Tamil 1e Anuradhapura 5 to the more ya killings and of the Muslill heiT tradition1 e North-East Te da Ingerous Imanimilita rist Thai II i 1 m. The ideology Le Tamil people's a powerful mix nationalism and rould be a fallacy this ideological ly of the LTTE Te its Ihost exat present. In Ve St::Il CICIE: f Illilitarism and Tl in the actions Toups. By mili. LTTE I do not like a Tamilmarthough the latter art of the ideoTamil ethnicity. I Lusc the teTim generally known the practice that mlutions to polidi conflicts. Tin Inka, militarism оппоп property thic violent antithe North-East, | political pracis the radical poon by using orunarmed people oups which may ert the authority prganisation. In in militaris is tained terrorism, gy too. While is a phenomein the 1980s, fitionalism has al
truggle in the been going on almost a decade. long enough to 'e of thic politiork and to proe Scenarios based ics. The LTTE he de facto state der its control.
Its power apparatus is made of instruments of coercive repression and tcrroristill as Well as ideelogical hegemony in ways that Te characteristic of fascism. It Cill not be denied that the LTTE enjoys the support and admiration of a section of the Tallil population in the North-East. It is equally undeniable that another section, which appears to be growing in size, is opposed to LTTE's milia Ti5:t authorita Tianism and anti-Muslim terrorism. We have no way of making accurate quantitative estimates of the supporters and opponents of the LTTE in the North-East. However, that information is not so critical to an understanding of the political character of the LTTE.
As regards the apparatus of violence, the LTTE itself is primarily a military organisation in which the political and military leaderships are merged into one in a single person. The LTTE attained its supremacy in the Tamil areas by physically annihilating the other groups. The Tigers have their own laws which are enforced with an iron fist. They have their prisons in which thousands of Inen and Women are languishing. These prisoners include activists, supporters and suspected supporters of other political groups, and independent intellectuals Who are critical of the LTTE. Tigers intensively police the Tamil homeland. They have a rudimentary burea cracy as an appendage of the military to enforce their form of govern. ment including collection of taxes, issue of exit permits, settlement of disputes over property and approval of forcign and local NGOs to operate in the LTTETuled areas.
LTTE has developed an claborate ideological apparatus to exercise hegemony over the Tamils of the North-East. It uses a range of mass communication tools over which it has a II 11010poly in the North-East to disseminate a narrow, militant Thamil Elelam nationalism. These tools include daily newspapers, periodicals, posters, video and audio

Page 25
cassettes, theatre and mass meetings. Ta Tunil nationalism has undergonc modifications in the past decade in respons c to the coercive operations of the Sri Lankan state, the hegemonic needs of competing Tamil militant groups, and the specific needs of the LTTE to justify its militaris. In and maintain its ideological hold on the Tamil people, The LTTE has taken the old narrow Tamil nationalism which telled to be exclusive of the Muslims in the North-East to its logical extreme. In the Fedcralist phase (1952-72), Tamil nationalism served the political project of creating an ethnoteTritorial consciousness amũng the Tamils of the North-East. The ideologues of the Federal Party (FP) sought to bring to. gether the Tamils of the NorthEast as a people with a common- past and a common future by appeal to the core of Tamil ethnicity which, like that of any other ethnicity, resided in myths and symbols, and by pointing at the threat of the rising Sinhala buddhist state. This extensiwe psycho-political exercisc of educating" the Tamils to imagine themselves as members of a larger community inhabiting a contiguous territory from Point Pedro in the north to Pottu will in the east and Puttalam in the West' relied on myths and legends and a Drawidian rhetoric with which the Muslims had very little in common. The parameters of the Tamil nationalist discourse were laid in the federalist extensive phase. However, the FP's discourse was based on a federalist conception of a Tamil hom cland and nationhood Within a united Lanka and conditioned by the needs of parliamentarist politics. In this phase, Tamil nationalism was non-militant in form — though it had strong chauvinist elements, and was activated mostly in the electiom season - which, Calle O Ince in five years or so. There were, of course, a few occasions of mass action like the short but popular Satyagraha campaign of 1961։
In the Early Thamil Eelamist Phase (1972-83), the nationalist
discou Tse Was i its parameters w terms of self-det militant groups role in this Int redefinition. At they tried to Muslims into T Islamic Tallis. basically differen approach of inc liTIls With the larger, common ( speaking people same time adopt centric ideology them. In this p government Tam it member of the were among the as "traitors' by message of this Torism was that : be loyal to the cause. In the N Eelamist Phase (J. intensification nationalis TT gathi In entum with à On the so cale tions of Tamil the groups, the most consistently the primordialist ends of Tamil eth see Til that it ha the hard cor o city with revised battle legends : root its exclusi Talli nationalist several purposes Thec LTTE 1iT prowess to an tradition all legitimate heir. propaganda not its leader to "Ra. but claims thal the Tiger guerill the Tamil Ila Once the Tamil to believe il til are the proud martial alcestoI: recruit and t Tan: 5el fless Warrio I5. the ideology bas other myths are justifying LTTE" ethnic cleansing The Tails
ruled areas hay un fortunate capt

tensified while Te redefined in rtination. The layed an active Insification al Indi the same time, intellise hic la Illi EclăIII as This Was Tot from the FP's uding the MusTails in a ategory of Tamil While at thic ing an ethnothilt excluded hase, some propoliticians and NSSP in Jaffna, Se assassinated militants. The individual ter11 Tamils should Thamil Eelam Militant Thamil uly 1983- ), the If InfoW i Talli1 Ted TullTther Illegrowing accent martial tradi. society. Of all LTTE has been strengthening myths and legnicity. It would 5 re-constructed f Tamil ethniheroic myths, und symbols to c and militant 1. This serwes for the Tigers. is its military Ancient martial tails to be its Indeed, LTTE's only compares a Raja Cholan the WaltյլII tյք s is Tooted i rtill tradition. youth are made I myth that they descendents of it is easier to For the Illinto The myth and ed on it End also helpful in : Illilitaris II and operations.
th - LTTEe become the wes of its pow
er apparatus — coercive and ideological. The vast majority of them have been forced to be the traumatised, silent spectators of a WaT in Which the LTTE claims to be fighting in their behalf for their liberation. They are, of course, invited to participate in the celebration of the heroism of the Tigers, and are free to open their mouths to praise the Tigers and to denounce thic titraitors," "I With the same apparatus of power, the Muslim people have been excluded ideologically and by brute force from the homeland they have shared with the Tamils for centuries. This horror drama is a total negation of the liberation the Tamil people had hoped for.
Let's face the most discomforting fact: what is going on in the North-East is a military contest between two oppressive forces, the Sri Lankan state and thic LTTE, for unchallenged authority over a territory and its inhabitants. Whoever wins, the people lose. The twin evils of Tamil chauvinis I11 and Imilitarism have irreversibly subverted even the theoretical feasibility of Thamil Eelam as an independent democratic state. For the Tamil masses, liberation meant, and it still means, regaining their human dignity as Tamils and living and participating in a polity that guaranteed basic entitlements and cquality of opportunities to all. Today, liberation in this sense has become inseparably linked to the democratisation and socioeconomic transformation of the whole of Lanka. The greatest need of the hour is to uphold the original values of liberation and dare to think in terms of viable alternatives to secession. The democratic forces among the Tamils, Muslims and Sinhalese should open a new dialogue on models of reconstructing Lanka as a multiethnic peoples' demo. cracy. The historic task that awaits the democratic forces is the ushering in of an era of enlightenment, an era that breaks radically with the history and practices of Sinhala and Tamil challwinisms and creates a new history and consciousness.
23

Page 26
The conjuncture that precipitated the demand for separation still continues though With con ställt llifications. Howe WCT, to those Who cate. Lo note, the Te are signs of a new conjuncture energing out of the brutalisation and in humanity of the past decade, These signs come from within the Lankan Society like a silver lining of the dark clouds of wär ä11d Authoritarianism, In the South, the extrelle Sinhala chauVinists are låsing ground. This is not to say that the illstitutionalised power of Sinhala Chauvinill llas diIniInished, The significant point is that for the first tille il a decade We Witness a visible disillusionent among the Sinhala people with the govErnment's Continulation Of The war. The patriotic appeals trotted out by the government to the Sinhala youth to join the ared forces to defend the In otherland' do not find any significant response these days. Several Sinhalese human rights activists working among the people have said that the number of Sinhalese favouring in end to the War and a political solution to meet the aspirations of the Tamils is growing. On the Tamil side, tereis asilmilar trend with a growing number of people wanting peace With . dig Ili Ly aTndi freedom1.
The political challenge, er manating from these trends is unprecedented. We need an instiLutional 110 del for H decentralisel democracy in which the Society and economy can develop Tapidly. We need a range of institutional innovations to practice democracy, promote sustainable economic growth, and build colm
Ilmu Initics that are capable of wielding political power a Tld managing their affairs. Federalism is being mentioned as a
candidate. It has yet to be debated in a broader arena by all concerned indiwiduals ind orgalnisations. The Sinhalese people have been continously misinforIlled about federalism for four decades by the stalwarts of Sinhala nationalism. - They were told that federalisII meant secesSion of the North-East all its
24
annexation. With need to be help the i rLubbisbı taʼLIg UNP, SLFP and chauw imist g Ticbl IM: and Muslims. It understanding or Out Wiable limits It does not ma! gin with a riigid borders, The Ie tle1 sligլյll be է լIIlith HԷ ԷյլIilding is a lot of clf til bc dc betW Muslims in the betwee the thT it : II:ltional le should be seen larger exercise the whole c{111111 of all to Iloilols FC model we need simply divides Sinhala areas autonomus politi a Ilino Te sophist allows building units into a fed to facilitate dece i dcyclopment, an In ent of peopl and capabilities.
A multiethnic new identity, a Iness and, of col bCls; fT instäIl can not be a s! ethnic society. idealistic in the up of the form into lation St: cth. Il-Ila tillä lisi cu T situatiÕII, h WCTsit of ethi ICJits limits, we the idea of al II struction of Lain cal, political ec tural necessity. Thim i Egim i the separatist p. llillä eth Ilo-Iiä ti Llewel Literest alternative is a Workings of b Tallil nation Elli: clearly revealed the past decade ciety has been baric Wiece t tionalisills and ponents are cli

India. They ed to He Lille af 11 ht them by the Other Sihala . The Tallis ed tü Techi alı how to work of die Wolitiltil Il. ke selse to bepremise about :JT5tTL1Citi Iloised. I lical blocks. There idence building een Tamils Elmd North-East, and Ce C0ITIl'unities Wel. Federalism as a part of a of restructuring ry on the basis gions. Thus the is not one that the TH IT il 3ı IId into two large Call entities b Li L icated Olle that Smaller Wiable cTal frameWroTik stralisation, Tapid di tille emhlacee S entil Ellets
Lilika Deeds. El Iev conscius Il TSC, lEW SYTT1= ce, the Lion flag ymbol of a IllultiThis Imay sollindi Se days of break*r Stյviet Union lites and rising m everywhere. In awing seen the TationalisIll and LEWE TELLIT Lled LC
Lulitieth Illic recā El1 kall as a practiհոmmit, and culIf the cry for was a product of ractices of Sinonalis Im, the Te1 L Illultiethnic Te:lcti)T1 tc3 Lhle Lil Siha: Il Ils Which häye their limits in . The Whole sodragged into bar y these two natheir bellico Se exarly determined
to keep the people repressed and benighted. We turn to multiethnic alternatives in our search for a new political practice to realist what has been negated by Sinhala and Tamil nationallisils - liberation.
Fate of . . .
(Card ரிசr P: )ே
come when thenations of the Fourth World Will come to be recognised and respected........."
Stability of mankind depends on the preservation of our roots, whether thcy be religious, ethnic, Cultural or others. By en su ring the preservation of what is funda Timental, the evolution of a just and stable society will undoubtedly be an easier task. Preservation of the fundamentals here means the preservation of fundamentals in its purest and most pristine form and for the noblest of objectives. Nothing short of this will aid in the establishment of a just and stable society in this or any other century. Indeed without roots, we will wither.
Cuba. . .
(Corrierred for page 20
the laterial cist the Cuban people bas had to pay as a result of the U.S. blockade over the last 32 years colles to no
1e5s than 38 bi Ilion dl«ollaTS."" (Granma International Dec. 6. '92),
What has to be emphasised is that the US couldn't refu Le any of these figures and arguments because they all happen to be El CCLIELL.
NEXT: US BLOCKADE

Page 27
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Page 28
PEOPLE
Celebrating
Dynami
In 1961 Peoples Bank ventured out with a staff of only 46... and a few
Today, just 30 years later
People Resource exc Customer Listings at Branch Network in in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Bank
respected leader in the Sri Lankan I growth is a reflection of the massive dedicated to the service of the com earned them the title “Banker to th
PEOPLE’S EA MWMY
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'S BANK
Three Decades
of
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