Page 1
SUU KY: Pr Cc
真、
| PRESS AND
HUMAN RIG
INDO-PAK T
*. ܗܘ
|| GLOBAL CH *|| SOVIET COL
GOODBYE, C
Romesh Gunas
 

10 Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/43/NEWS/92
ofile of Buddhist urage – Jane Foussell
LANKAN POLITICS
- Meirw yn de Silva
NATION-BUILDING
- Victor Guine waradenza
HTS: Amnesty Report
ENSIONS
- Mushahid Hussain
merican Blockade
- Tisaranee Gunasekera
ANGE AND L APSE - Sunrif chakravarty
இ A. — George Aratchigedera
kera's Monkfish Moon

Page 2
. . . d. boon 雾 to tourists and residents in
and around
the hill capital
1he po ularity of Aur Lanka's first ever Ti: at Temple Street, Kandy already a hive of activity, shows what a boon it has become. This office allows travellers the welcome convenience of attending to all the preliminaries regardin their lights, eliminating the need for tiresome trips all the way down to Colombo.
So, if yÜlı üre thinking of Elvi anywhere, consider the convenience. Choose to fly Air
Lanka and enjoy the inflight service that has
earned l worl wide reputation.
60 Air Lanka lights leave Colombo every week
to 33 destinations in 24 countries. Check the Air Lanka schedule and take yÖlır pick.
 
 
 
 

Get in touch with your Travel Agent or call.
Regional Office, Kaady Tel: 08-32494-5 營蠶
Air Lanka.Taking Sri Lanka to the world.
*
AIRLANI ఫ్రా
!"ኻ የ” (15ßr dir W&rFኻ ና፨'

Page 3
Briefly. . .
MORE CONCESSIONS FOR TOUR IST TRADE
The tourist trade is to get поге сопcessioпs. Proposals to extend tax holidays and concessions to all hotels approwed before 1981 a Te now bei Ing considered by the gove TIment, ReçbInStructio II of hotels, extensions and refurbishing are also to be encouTälged.
Also, the government has extended the customary one Illinth tourist wisa issued at the airport to cover a three month stay. These changes flow from proposals made before the Parliamentary Consultative Committee on Tourist.
MANSOUR OFFERS TO HELP
Afro-American lawyer and Luniwersity teacher Khalid al Mansour who was in Sri Lanka early this month offered
(GUARD
W. 15 No. 2 February 15, 1993
Price Rs. 10. Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 245 Union Place, 2-םם וחםIםC Editor: Marw yn da Silway Talphone: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 82/5, Sir Ratnajoth i Sarawa na muttu Mawatha Colombo 13. Telephone: 435,975
CONTENTS
News Background 3. The Ragian Amпвsty Report. 9. PJET 11
Cuba (2) 19 Global Change Boks 16 Aung San SLJJ LI Kyi B Mediä in Nation-Building 1
Letter 24
Limedia by crimeill id Was suited f. Callise le h; Conflict resoll ally and law a the suffering people, he Advisor Brad
CAPITAL
SLFP Y Klarat national ager the governme
of party leal
da Tal Iläike’s da according to Sirday Obser
Mr. KäruT SILFP Nati Anura Banda Sol, who is election alli: opposition gi tu this Llew, sp
TOURSV
AF
A consulta try of Touri a warning a eco-touris III, rate, the säid: ""THle : of the excess I:11 restources overcrowding, tructionı alıqlı Tal restյնrces. effects, such tiom of Illa till I soil erosion, forests or de
TCS, COLITICS, I til: mediately apl
DIT SemevilT Lihat theisę i been sufficiel master plans L. EחטWelopm Daily News.

etween the gow
the LTTE. He I this task bead expertise in til iTECTI läti Ildi alsoulderstood gs of backward L0ld - PresideInLiä1 illa Wee Takool.
ST AGENT
ung Turk Tilak MP ""| it who supports להיטLhe WI ון mt"* i ler Sirima BanLughter Chandrika the government's
μE"
all at I C Supports onal Organiser Talaike, Mrs B's
opposed to an LICE: With tot Eller rւյups, accordinք 234L? eT.
- DAMI GERS
EAD
It to the MinisTil hlas Soul Ildled bout un plan ned
LOT Pli SeWriconsultant, has E10It ter IIl effects iWe use of IläLL
for tourism are
intensive consplunder of natu
The long term
as the precipitaa disasters like denulation of letion of Ilarine ay not be inparent".
at:Ile has Said spects have not tly considered in
FUT LourisTT1 dcHe was quoted in
HIGH SECURITY PASSPORT
A new computer printed, Imachine-Te:Lclable PE35 Pert conforming to International Civil Aviation and Interpol specifications is now issued to Sri Lankans. Only 27 countries in the World issue such high security travel docuIncints, says the Controller of Immigration and Emigration in his Administration report for 1992.
ᎢᏒᎬMIDS
Universities unopened үet
Ur fiversiries closed for riary Weeks are to free for Tfor by the do is could not be re-operred eyer sofer ste Federation of Ur i versity Teacher57" Associations (FUTA) agreed or а соглproллise so/игіол го тhe deadlock of their pay deria Fids. The fairs Terriff Ed CMC7,5E EEUcause the non-academic staff od hrad a triched a Work-torule campaign, also demanding higher pry.
Carm plus adri irristra riori arid Services car For e cored Wilstoff the Co-operation of the Fion-academic staff. The staff tion expected the goverflier Taj respo FId fo rheir derrarias as it did in the case of the dors, a spokes lar said.
Pay more for power
Clair ing la fre las increa se ir 7 electricity ra res I was II:s fär back as April 1990, the Ceyfor Electricity Board, who is the sole supplier, has ripped the Price by 30 per cert. A spokerman told the governments LSLSLSL S LLSLLL Sa S SSSS LLLLSLS capital experidir tire was an alfilial Rs 10 billiari er fledt Whatever profit Prade was siyallo ved by a dei servicing hill of R5, 4 billio 77 per year,
Of 5 o Frie d'or Ffort to Corris7 zers is the sa Maji Virg prva Frise: the 25 per cert Fuel AdristPrie Pr Charge Will be rer77, Fed With the corrig in of the Fiew ra rriss.

Page 4
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Page 5
FOCUS ON M
FACTOR
Mervyn de Silva
rends and events, both do
mestic and regional, have underlined the importance of the MusliH factor in Current Sri Lankan politics, a politics which in the past decade has been deminated by a grievously divisive, and increasingly harrowing ethոic conflict. If the large. South Indian state of Tamilnadu (pop. 55 million) made that conflict more thān, ""intermäl'" because the Palk Straits was only 20 miles wide, the global Islamic a wake Elling, the presence of Pakistal and Bangladesh, our SAARC Iheighboli TS, a Ild the rise of Hindu TLI: Illa Ille-Italisi ini in II dia the explosive AYODHYA issue, and the recent blood-letting have together added another dimensien to the Sri Lankan crisis.
Things I may hawe been differet if in the meall time, a new political party, the East-based Sri Lka Muslin Congress, häid not emerged as a significant political force in the island's parliamentary politics. But not just parliamentary. The eastern province is the critical theatre in the political-military conflict Lihat hästb1 Tcl tched to teat this tiny island apart.
Although 'ethnic, the favoured descriptive term, is acceptable, it is not totally satisfactory in the light of political developments at least since the Elrrival of the IPKF (July 1987) and the parliaIn entary polls two years later. It is best to talk of 'identity conflicts''. Had the LTTE and other militant Ta Emil groups taken a larger view of com Ilmunity-based conflicts, they may not have so easily presumed that a common language (the eastern province Muslims, unlike thicit be threni il coller Sinhalese-dominated provinces, a Te Tamill-speaking) would guarantee Muslim sympathy and
Support for (Tamil) cause,
their Lostliust e! munity with suc portive diasport across North A and Australla Sili, strategists shoul better. EWET ST Tլ:WւյlլILit in tյք
IIleini, 1SLAM
Il f the 105 political forces
trւմ1 մf the 20tէ: proved so, dyna der Lil World’s I regional conflic raeli - hlas Tiby sed by HAMA AYODHYA Ille: ad vicilem E. c3 ween ITSLAMI å
Islam made til meaningless to ing Muslims of Wilce. If that ficat, Illu Timber 33%, made the Muslims, the wi tor. But the up. But the naturally, grasp The Indian ATI lim general in esterill theatre: many a pro-LT - at least to : om intelligence
LTTE BLUNDE
When a SAD Willage grew u While I ATäb col the oil rich, g helped small . jects, the LTT CITEcted its Illi doing that the SIJI I le 70-80 MILI The Timos que, ai publicists later, meeting-place

USLIM
the "minority'
But that was "TIT. FOT 3 COI Lillh a wast, Suspread from Imerical ELITO) C the EELAM have know Ce the Tra[11:l'Il Ayatollah Khoihas emerged as i dynamic socialin this Lle tailcentury. It has lic thilt the IlleTost i Lactable - the Arab-Is
been IslamiciS. Willat dije:S but the di Tect nfrontation bet
Tid HLND UITWA.
he linguistic bond the Tamil-speakthe eastern prois doubly signi5 Iläke it 50. Tamil-speaking tal balancing facLTTE "Lucked it -QtuI1חIndi{ins ed its Incaning. ny placed a Muscharge of the a 'Luried" "TE Muslim11 youth issist the IPKF galering.
R
DAM USSEIN in the East, intries, certainly ave "gifts that levelopment proTE 5 Jullit Hill We Stäke. FäI TIOIIl LTTE I 1553 Cred slims at prayers. gued pro-LTTE
was the Secret
of anti-LTTE,
NEws BACKGROUND
pro-government Muslim activists. May be. But a massacre of 2030 families in a mosque? A tactical blunder of the highest
ÖTET.
Islam replaced language as the Il 10 Te dellanding allegia Ilce. And why not in today's World, it is the most powerful rallying LTy. S. In Ich 51 that HLith the United States, the sole superpower, and Russia, the truncateld ex-superpower are nerwells - the US mainly because of the strategic Middle-east, Isra, el and oil, and Moscow because of Moslell Central Asia republics, at least one of which has access to nuclear weapons. All this vās celt he Presdelt Yeltsi visited Illkiä this חLחסוח
MUSLIM CONFERENCE
The conservative UNP of the
Senamayakes was sat enough to recognise and reward such community leaders like T. B.
Jayah, Dr. M. C. M. Kaleel (the permanent treasurer of the party) Si RL7.lik Freed etc. WEIMT. S. W. R. D. Baldiriake formed his own SLFP, he found a very useful ally in Dr. Baduin Mahumud, the head of the Zahira College, Gampola later founderpresident of the Islamic Socialist Front. The ISF was a loyal partner of the SLFP. So much SO MTs, Banda Timällike Illa de MT. M. S. Alif her Cabinet secretary,
While the SLMC all the new generation of Muslims (Illen and
wollen) found the Isläimic Tesurgence irresistible, the SLFP forgot its own past, and Tetra
LaL LL0 LLL S LLLLLLL S LLLLLLLLS Buddhism. And more recently, it as decided to revive the SLFP-Left alliance it a time When "Leftism' is in total disgrace globally, and mare rele
3.

Page 6
Wantly, has little appeal to the rising generation. Once fashionable ideologies lie enfeebled and Ilmu te whereas Islam persists in demonstrating its vigour and enof Ilous appeal. The SLFP has embo Taced the formeT, and ignoTEL LEI ALLT. C) the Cother hand, the UNP, certainly under Mr. Peadasa, ha created Tey space for Lactical alignments, recognising the primacy of religion indi ricc in the Age of Identity. The Opposition and SLFP leader did not atted the SLMC. M.T. Ashraff hild this to say on the point:
BOSNAAYODHYA
* EWe shall speak to the government and have a dialogue With
any party as Wi mient to any po do not hate M. or the SLFP. Would not have first place'".
Equally բ:1854lge:
""We a Te very the Illa 55 aC Te of
dad, and in Bo Illi T 1 li di Pales Li
Il Lei
Oli sac Iraq, and the Libya.'
Probably a st Muslim thinking dhya and its a
It was left High Commissic
Attempt to gag: pape
The Government is atterhpting to ': 'gag" a number o findependent newspapers by restricting their advertising revenue and by administrative pressure, the Free Media Movement charged.
The two largest privately Wiled newspaper groups, the Wijaya Publications Limited
(Sunday Times and Lankaldespa) Upali Newspapers Ltd. (The Island, Divaina) and the smaller journals "Att ha", "Rawaya" i "Yuk
thiya" Lakdiwa" and "Sirilaka" have all been affected by this in assive campaign" by the
Gower Ilment, the Mowellent Saiki in a statсment.
The Free Media McWellent (FMM) claims that a number of Ilmajor private colpa. Inies hawe been sked Illicot to adwettise in the äitical dailies Ill Weeklie:S published by the Wijaya and Upali grups. As a result a number of advertising contracts
Elve been cancelled.
Meanwhile, Inland Revenue Department officials have carried OLL raids On the Offices CF El Seven of the newspaper companies, the FMM states.
At the same time the Sпаller newspapers have been suddenly subjected to intensive inquiries by the Municipal authorities, the W REGTE; ET lnd
4.
telephone authol punctuality of p charges for according Lo th Il. El L.
While the ty of the Lakdiya *Si Tilaka" has a by the Labour cials, the lower 'However, th: that the Free M is a tibol in the traditional partit
tion. OT the Medial Medweme ed a policy of
take made by ti The people kno' Media Movemen Con the II listakes traditional parti EiIli als Well as
policy followed
In a reply to Din this ma tter Mr. C. W. G00II Minister Tor info J. Ranasingh a st;
O TT any ne instit Li tim or fob, institution of th wate Sectör för defaults on the any loan taken Bank it is the

hawe nO altfachitical party. We 's, Bandaranaike Otherwise We invited her in the
citing was this
concerned about Vuslims in Baghnia, about Kashine, about ecos imposed con air embargo con
ronger impact on has been Ayo
teria Lh.
Pakistals (w ner, Mr. Husain
ities about the ayment of service these utilities,
e FM M state
pe-setting section " has been sualctl. so been raided Department offimellt säili.
It does Tot Illican Media Movement hails of the is of the opposiWP. The Frce it has not followsilence cover - Thislose parties too. W that the Free t ha 5 coTTTiented made by the is of the opposiIn the murdercus by the JWP.
question raised
by SLFP MP, ratne, the State rmation, MT. A. ated:
Iwspaper owning that matter any Le State - IT - Pri. any individual repayment of from a State normal practice
'S - F. W. M.
Haqqani to place the issue in a Sri Lankan context:
''The conduct of Muslims in Sri Lanka was an example to other minorities... the countries too should lear from Sri Lanka. on how to win the loyalties of a Muslim minority by tolerance and adherence to the principle of peaceful coexistence and that minorities Cannot be Worl o Ver by the destruction of their places of worship or by communal Wiclence directed against them...'.
It is easy to see how a strictly domestic issue (some may even say parochial issue) is externalised and regionalised in a South Asia Where its cultu Tal complexion makes both borders and sovereignities meaningless.
of such bank to recover the loan given enforcing the relevant legislation to the very letter. It is a crime against the nation to default on the repayment of any such loan given out of funds meant to be utilised for public good. Certain newspaper estab|lishments which hawe dobtained loans running to some tens of millions of rupees from static banks, have neglected repayment of them having utilised, the Ilmies on busine55 activities which hawe nothing to do with their newspaper trade. Interest payale on these loans which remain unsettled from a long time far exceed, the quantum of the original amounts lo aned. The nonrepayment of these loans is a Crime committed against the nation.
e The government is deeply perturbed that the hon mennber has chosen L. lle Wel baseless charges against the government's tax officers and officers of the municipality and of the telecommunication department who exiert themselves foT the proper discharge of their duties in regard to the collection of income tax, rates and taxes in various services and other dues outstanding from various
(Confirшғd any pagғ. II");

Page 7
THE EDITOR ALS
Debating the debate
President Premadasa has reiterated his call to the parliamentary opposition for a public deate and has Written to the leader of the Opposition Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike and other leaders of the Opposition political parties in Parliam cint inviting then for a meeting to discuss its in Odalities. He has agreed to include the suggestions made by Mrs. Bandaranaike such as the issues of Janasaviya, peaplisation and the garments indistry withim the ambit of the proposed debate,
On principle a serious public debate between the political leaders of a country can be ausefuland educative exercise, more so when the political debate nationally is of an impoverished nature. This is particularly so in the case of Sri Lanka were for the last several years the quality of the political dialogue has deteriorated until mud-slinging and name-calling of a dubious and scurrilous has begun to pass off as politiCall debattee,
The call for a political debate is also a reflection of the deterioration of parliamentary politics. Parliament, after all, should be the supreme debating chamber. It is the talking shop of the nation. Has the quality of the parliamentary debate so deteriorated then that the Presi. dent who is not a member of Parliament has to challenge the leaders of the parliamentary parties for a debate
The question also arises whicther the debate should be confined to the parliamentary parLics. Since the President, after all, is not a Member of Parliament and there are partics which are not represented in Parliament, should not the debate be open to all political parties? Also should only Members of Parliament be qualified for the debate?
(Sunday Island)
til TC ||
Din of dons
The decision teach CTS to call union action, ". whatever they I Ilt Ilma tteri, LI In ecded ornac disrupted centres i Ing. has at least allegations that are bankrupt of of moral resp ethical Willes.
The dispute the universitie a wide and of issues, with heads of diep Walid cases for tiil Tätter 5. Wish to pass at the controversi the Federation Teachers' Assot Dr. Nali de S. dismissed him Socrates, while students hail hi against false we list values.
But the II validity of the Inicians last TT Il 10th beföre i5 certain aspects. like to refer par de II and for a s to clear the ba closu Te of the u 1988-91. A5 one points out, it ma tiii Iial crisissential services, transport, school and i gcineral adm. to a standstill versities. On re. lity no ne of the sought any add to clear the st Thu5 the cleara I leg of students, Moratuwa claims duty of the uni because the sta paid them for closu Te.

the
by university off their trade ork-to-rule", or lay call it dio es L Testore inluch | in olur much of higher learnpartly disproved our academicians woefully bereft 0Insibilities
and disarray in
5, a Tosc froTT1 varying range Lhe dois and artinents having protests. On cerWe also do not ly judgement on 1 Presidelt of of University :iations (FUTA) illwä.
large sections of In as a crusader stern or capita
'al and ethical action by acadeIth and the questionable in We wild ticularly to their pecial allowance cklog from the Iniversities during of our readers was 1 time of A1lmost 11 es
including health
|s, the economy inistration, cane 1ot only the uniELIT til 10 TIEL5e othČT 5ectCTS itional payment alled Worklad. ice Of the back
a citizen from , is the moral versity teachers, te had already
the period of
Sunday Times)
and
Some hawe || as a cardboard ||
Some reflections on Independence
The lion flag of Lanka will flutter bravely in the morning breeze today, the big guns will boom and Imagull bera throb as the nation celebrates the 45th anniversary of its independence from the British. Former Prille Minister D. S. Senanayake, widely regarded as the father of the nation, said in an unforgettable speech on that memorable February 4, 1948, that "We glory in the fact that this transfer (of power) has been effected without a drop of blood being shed".
But it is the tragedy of this land that the last ten years have seen torrcnts of blood spilt in a elwil. WäT that continues ullabated. What began as a terrorist movement has become a sepaTatist callpaign challenging the territorial integrity of the country. Thousands of lives hawe been lost on both sides of the lines, hundreds maimed and a large number of innocents, like inhabitants af impoverished børder villages mindlessly slaughtered.
( Daily Neil's
Take back the Palestinians
All Ceylon Muslim League president, Dr. M.C.M. Kaleel, issued a statement thanking President Rainasinghe Premada sa for his principled stand that Israel should take back the 400 Palestinians it had deported.
His still tellent refers to the resolution the UNP working commiteee had adopted on Monday, condem1ning the deportation of 418 Palestinians from the occulpied territories.
Dr. Kaleel said Shri Lanka. had been on the side of the long suffering people of Palestime.

Page 8
THE REGION
Downturn in Pakistan
Mushahid Hussain
ble läst few Weeks hal We Stell T a further down turn in relations between Pakistan and India, particularly after the wil sul demolition of the Babri Masjid. Following this developIllent and even before that, visiting Pakistani nationals to India were put at risk because of the Ildiä. Il attitude to ha rass Pakistani travellers. A couple of Pakistanis had also killed by Indian security forces. Although they were presented as 'terrorists' no evidence is being presented to substantiate this allegation
Pakistan finally took the longexpected decision to slash the bloated staff of the lndian Consulate-General in Karachi. Out of a total of 63 persons, including eight diplomats and 55 other personnel, the government has instructed that this mission be trimmed to one-third this size with four diplomats and 6 other personnel, in effect down to 2 from the previous 63. Pakistan's counterpart ConsulateGeneral in Bombay has a meagre staff of five to man the mission, and that too in rented premises of a hotel since India reneged on its previous commitment to
hand over the Jinnah House for housing the Consula LeGeneral.
Pakistan has taken the correct
decision to trim the Indian Inission's staff since it was widely known all over Karachi
that this mission was used as a base of operations for the activities of Indian Intelligence. Karachi being a Thore ColWellent Location tham lsla. I 11 abad for the purposes of destabilisation. Although India had the check to initially reject this Pakistani demand since it has been used to treating its South Asian neighbours as if they were like, say Bhutan, by pushing them around or trying to have their
Litlil twistel at v around India h: on the wrong f Within its saw i sist in the 1 staff that a for hay c on its tert: this was some [] between טטpla Տtiviet Uniքn tl War years and years ago, Brit : un precedented pcl Owe T 100 diplomats from bassy in Lond that they were vities incompat diplomatic statu Indian argumen workload issue Ka Tachii is cið Illic jective can be That has been :
Stal ty functi
Therc is litLII Babri Masjid been al serico Luis stil-T dia Tetla dildo Imcstic Tall-gol Muslims and th response of the munity in Sol whole, particula Bangladesh. In stance, the pop bc e"W"D 5 L: Pakistal where Musli III15 borti what they term be a Long M: from the Biling Jessio TE. LIUT do Տրiration to use March" by : MusljII15 obwill the earlier Li had been lalu Opposition i with sili läT ITC:
Babri Masjid the India. It is:
apart, Pakistar are also being

India relations
whi II, this time is been caught t, Pakistam i5 reign right to ПuпђET Of the eign mission can ritory. In fact, -חיtוחותtyט דIlim: le West and the uring the Cold approximately 20 il eye tak the deci5ion tC expersonnel and the Soviet Ellm on HFoundsם engaged in acti. iblic with their 5"". A5. TäT 5 Li regarding heawy of visis in ermed, that obmet by the staff allowed by Paki
in Ka Taichi.
doubt that the demolitic) I has Setback to Pakitions given its lt on the Indian Le highly-charged : , Mu1slim1 Corm1Ith Asia as a rly Pakistan and the latter inular response has ringer than in the Bangladeshi vely attempted ed was going to Lirch on Ayodhya ladesh town of Ibtedly, the inthe te Tim " + Long he Bangladeshi sly came from ng March' which inched by the Pakistal ea Tlier Sults.
and the issue of in in Karachi -India relations influenced by the
continued Indian occupation of Kashi Illi I als Well as al III dia II In indset that obdurately refuses to negotiate with Pakistan on ally issue. Only to n January ճ, 1993, Occupied Kashmir witnessed the worst crimes of the Indian occupation army. When over 40 people were massa Cred and 120 houses and shops torched in the town of Sopore in what is the Worst assacre of the Kashmiris by Indian troops since May 1990.
In the 26 III this Ji government has been in office. Pakistal has c0 Ille f0Tward with proposals on the wariety of issues but it is the Indian side that has refused to budge from its position nor ever expressed any Willingness to start serious negotiations despite six meetings between Prime Minister Na Tasi III hal Rao. C) Kash. IliT, it i5 PakistlIl thält Welt the + + extra mille" when in order to meet the Indians half Way, Pakistan agreed to hold bilateral talk:s With India under the Silla Ag Teement, which is what the Indians had been demanding all along. In a BBC interview läst February, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif even dared to suggest that the third option', i.e., independent Kashmir, could be a possibility.
Si ICE: the
On the nuclear is 5 Lle, Pakistal proposed high-powered talks including China 50 is to incet the Indian objections that any bilateral talks between Pakistan and India On the nuclear issle Would be meaningless until and LI Illess China Was al 57 included. On Siachen, the Indians shot down a Pakistan army helicopter with a Brigadier o T board and then gloated about this incident with the India Defence Minister proudly proclaiming this **kill"". And despite Pakistan having been assured by the

Page 9
Americans that this time around ing bilateral rel;
on bilateral talks on Siachen. policy-making c India Would take a af FIT-10 Te Delhi and a Illo reasonable and flexible position'', political forces a the talks between the two collin- in Pakistan who tries Defence Secretaries were what is often cl again at a dead-end. Last trealistic and b year, the Pakistan cricket team's towards India. tour was cancelled not by Pakis- are noteworthy. tail but after the threats received from Indian political parties that The impasse they would not allow the Pakis India relations v can crickers to play on Indian buted to the in soil. And Pakistan agreed to gyn's 蠶 open its Consulate-General des olo rigid mind pite the fact that the promise based on pant Which had been made by India, espective donest
namely Jinnah House, was never Hence, the argui kept lations could T10
But in this case, What conclusion can be drawn in Pakistan has from the somewhat bleak track beyond the pi record of the Indians in their official positions attitude towards Pakistan despite range of issues successive Pakistani overtures have not only st and initiatives to the contrary stand but they Two facts are in escapable in acknowledged in this regard. The first is that Pakistani flexibi the Indians have not yet been count; able to cross the psychological hump of dealing with Pakistan on a basis of sovereign equality since, decp down the Indians - feel that accepting any Pakistan proposal on any issue amounts to India somehow accepting smaller stature perhaps a size similar to Pakistan's. Interestingly, an eminent indian scholar privately confided soon after Nawaz Sharif had unveiled his five-power nuclear proposal in June 1991 that "please don't talk about this proposal with us now. Let it Come fTom the Americans and then We Will be in a position to take it seriously'. India's problem is therefore Pakistan itself, the genesis of this country's creation and its role in thic region which India perceives as a sore thumb sticking out to defy the diktat from Delhi, and that too in a manner which is both dismissive and [:0 Ilfident. India would much prefer that Pakistan play the role of a glorified Bhutan and follow the bidding of the lea question.
Big Brother. at lost of these
The second conclusion that is Lanis have ended evident regarding Pakistan-India critical of their relations pertains to the myths even accepting s that had been nurtured regard- mulations about
Another my separate Pakistan fr)Il pronouncem of Official dom in tries, on the Tä increased unoffic people contacts would result, in deadlock and cri here that is fa
Flater the perceived cu bility between tE In the last two mum number of between Pakista Tetired generals, eaucrats, Writers legislators have in Pakistan and ting the entire s tical thought, m by the United S halve met al de simple Teason til official Indians to differ from t lishment's line such issues is R

titյlis bւն է H im rcles in New sections of the ld intelligentsia hawe fayolu Ted illed to be a alanced' stance "hree such myths
Pakist ras; often ittribility of both break Out of an set which was eting to their c constituencies. let Wet TTWHTMLרts fr"דטוח E the govern Timent טW רught LO, IT1vרSt eviously stated on a While bult the Indialis luck to their old have either Cor appreciated lity on atiny
th sought to -Irdia relations ents and policies
both the cինո
ssumption that
ial, people- tio and dialogues breaking the lating an atmosurable to the 釋
Irelations given
ltural compatite two Countries.
cars, the maxi
such dialogues 1i and Indian CoʻL1r"L11lists, buIrlawyers and յtt:Il իeld bը Լիլ India represenpectrum of poliапy sponsored tates, but these id-eld for the +1Լ Է մt Il Ti () 11ack the honesty e India I EstabPakistan and ashini and the Interestingly, ialogues, Pakisup being more OWIl Country, Пe Indian forPakistan, but
the Indians who gathered for these dialogues have not obliged with a similar expression of intellectual pluralism;
The third myth that has been exploded in the recent past tried to link the Hinduisation of IIIdia. With Pakistan's Islamic identity, as if India's Hinduism was a reaction to Pakistan's Islamism on the rather naive assumption that the lindians were, after all. old-school secularists. That myth has also thankfully been set at rest courtesy the denolition of the Babri Masjid in which the Indian Congress government played a Imajor con niving Tole which was later reinforced by the Allahabad High Court judgement allowing the Hindus to pray at the nakeshift Ram Temple that had been set up in the debris of the Babri Masjid. In any case, this argument does not wash because, if anything, the IJI government delinked itself from all its Islamist political allies at a time When the Congress govern Illent was caving in to Hindu political pressure and the Indian electorate was electing a Hindu nationalist party to four major lindian states, including the largest one, U.P. As the Quaid-i-Azam himself once suggested, but for Hindu petty-mindedness manifested in the Congress line, there would
have been no Partition
This track-rect of PakistaIndia relations should be instructive both for our policy-makers and - to those of Pakistan's starryeyed admirers of Neh Tuvian secularism among our intelligentsia who believed in my Lhs that turned out to be what they were in the first place, i.e., Inyths with no basis in reality. In this regard, the comments of Pakistan's most seasoned India Wala in officialdom are apt. After ending his second tenure as Pakistan's top diplomat in New Delhi, Ambassador Abdul Sattar Lold Narasimha Rao il his farcWell Illecting with the Indian Prime Minister that, Now that I am leaving India, I feel that the 15 years of my professional life which I have devoted to India in various capacities have been wasted."

Page 10
Ace Radio Cab
* Computerised meter 5 " Can be Gummoned to v " No call up charge within city limit5 " Vehicle
Receipts issued on request " Company credit a CaII 50 1502 50 1503
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access front elected stands
Wallable
of 50.1504

Page 11
AMMY WESTY A APOIA"
Human Rights in Sri L.
1 Introduction and Summary
of Findings
An Amnesty International deligation visited Sri Lankal in CDctober 1992. lt assessed the government's implementation of the recommendations Amnesty lInternational had IIlade a year earlier om hu II lan rights safeguards, and evaluated the current hu Iman Tights sittation in both the Il TL heast all the south. This report summarizes their findings.
Following a research visit by Amnesty International in June 1991 and the publication in September 1991 of Sri LakeThe Northeast: Hurra F riglifs vīdlations in a context of armed conflict, the Government of Sri Lanka announcel its acceptance of 30 of the 32 recommendations for human rights safeguards made by the organization in that report. In February 1992, the government invited Amnesty InteTimational to Teturn to Sri Lanka to assess the implementation of these safeguards.
During their October 1992 wisit, Amnesty International met government officials responsible for the implementation of the re:COITII mendations, representatives of a range of Incon-governmental origanizations and others active in the field of human rights and interviewed victims of human righls abuses. Wherever possible, the delegates attempted to evaluate how new Inc chanisms to Trotect human rights were working in practice, and whether the proceclural changes ordered by the command of the various security
forces Wicre in f Out. In additi. the human right regard to gover delegates also ci 0 Il blise5 of hul mitted by the II OF Tallii Eucli armed seccessic Which hlas effec part5 of the Lino | is engaged in at government forc
Among the ge Amnesty Interne the Presidential teTTlational Affai of Justice, the Ministry of Def Imander of the pector General Head of the Divisio il the N ign Affairs, the of the Ministry and the Attorne delega Les also Ilmalı T the Hur Force (HIRTF), ponsibility for reg and reviewing th visited two regio II In addition, the of tilt President of Inquiry into RECIW if IP: Westigates “disap have taken plac uагу 1991, to d gress of their W
Amnesty Inter ciatics the cope III its delegates we govern Ilment ofici throughout their

anka
act being carried in to assessing is situation with Iment forces the llccLed laterial man rights comLiberation Tigers n (LTTE), the nist Tamil group tive control of heast and which IIlcd combat. With
.
vernment Official Ltional met Were Adviser on Inrs, the Minister Secretary of the cnce, the CollArmy, Lhe Insof Police, the Human Rights Ministry of ForeSecretary of the of Holle AfTäits General. The Imet the Chairman Rights Task which his resistering detainees Leir welfare, and al HRTF offices. y Tleti IIle Ibers ial CoIIl|Illi551 Il the involuntary ions, which inht:Hrantes" which e Since II Jäniscuss the pro
Tk.
national appreless with which re received by al5 0f all le Wels
Visit, and the
officials infor IIIa
with which
f :
readiness supplied most tio In requested.
This was the organization's second research Visit to Sri Lillkl. 5ince 1982.
Since mid-1991, the Government of Sri Lanka has displayed much greater openness to scTLI tiny by international hul Iman rights organizations. This is a welcome development which Amnesty International hopes will contribute to the strengthening of huma ni rights protection, and the Work of human rights organizations, within the country. The government has established D e y le chanisimli 5 to lonitor' adlı investigate certain kinds of huIman rights wiolation, and most of Amnesty International's recommendations concerning these new bodies hawe been impleIn ented. However, many other recommendations which the gowernment also accepted hawe mot yet been implemented. These include the establish lent of primary procedural safeguards to be followed by the security forces to prevent persons Laken into custody from "disappearing" or being tortured. For example, the army Was not issuing certi ficates of a Trest Elfter Cordon and search operations and adImitted that it holds certain prisoners in secret detention, hiddel froIII the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Amnesty International learned of prisoners who had been held secretly for up to a year. in the south, abductions by plainclothed Tilitary and police per

Page 12
son nel were reported in 1992. Other aspects of arrest and detention procedures covered by the recommendations and accepted by the government would require for their implementation the amendment or withdrawal of emergency legal provisions, and this las Illot becil doile.
The continuing sense of inSecurity in the northeast and Lle border arcas, and the difficult Security problems posed for the gove TI i IIle It had bcc highlighted the week before Amnesty International's visit. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), the seccessionist aImEd group which is fighting the government, had lau Inched a major attack on Muslim villagers in northern Polonnaruwa District. In this pre-dawn raid, hund Tcds of LTTE cadres desceInı dedi: 0.IIII four willages and killed Over 190 civilians, incluiu Ing men, WOII en and you Ing children. A section of this report details continuing abuses of human rights by the LTTE.
On 6 November the ComIlla Ilder of the Sri Lanka Nawy, Wice-Admiral Clancy Fernando, Was assa 5 si lated i II. In LTTE Suicide attack in Colombo. The police detained over 3,000 Tamil people living in the south and screelied the Il for connections with the LTTE. The majority were released within a few days.
Compared to the previous yeаг, Аппсsly International found that significantly fewer
*"disappearances" and extrajul dicial executions were being Committed by the security forces. Newertheless, these grawe violations of human rights continued in the east, particularly, at a rate which remains high, with scores of 'disappearances' reported during 1992, Amnesty International Was also disturbed to
find that prison bic Litured all both milita y E tody, and belive: Titics need to ti tion to curb the addition, the org cered that 5 people remain i Iministrative det periods, so III e years. To date, appear to be a оп processing 1 włL Tious state ag Inay reach differ
Ililii5 LT Liye di diwidi Lual cases b separately from appear to base
Il diffTetbol IT such a situl Cannot kld W W| and Tear that after spending a bilitation, which derstood would ditional Tcl casc, a Tres Lied again a original offencc. çöIII leded foT Telese Teildin
tentiQII. N0 cle pears to have b their fate.
The issue of a human rights wil a 11 alter of col g0 Wern Tlent has adequately, Am Thall has respeated CETIl about the nity with which socurity forces a lo excessive pow der Eпnergency the lack of pro and prosecution contributory fact Regulations to dures following tody can facilita CT deliberäte ki.

ers continued to
ill-treated i ind police custhat the Luthlike decisive ac
ise practices. In
anization is Coneveral thousand in un trielli, aden tiom for long for over thic
the Te does not in agreed policy these cases; the encies involved ent, inconsistent ecisio Is II inI cause they work each other and theiT decisi5 Lits of cwiltice lation, p Iisco Illers here they stand y el if Teleased periodin Tehathey had unEl to LII Coll. they may be Il di tried for the Those lot rerehabilitation or | | | Ludi LI L': delar decision apeen I11de Hibout
ccountability for Cla Lions Temain 5 cer which the yet to address 1esty Internatioly expressed conaparent impuIle libers of the ct, and pointed ers granted unRegulations and er investigation of Offenders as cors. Emergency inquest procedeaths in custe the Cover-up lings of priso
ners and of deaths resulting from torture, for example. In accepting 30 of Amnesty International's recommendations, the government undertook to expedite cases against those believed responsible for violations of human rights. Yet trials of security forces personnel (usually of police officers, not soldiers) implicated in grave human rights violations have generally failed to reach conclusions, in solic cases even after several years.
Gross violations such as the massacre of civilians and the "disappearing' of prisoners by
soldiers had earlier remained outside public scrutiny. Since mid-1991, however, there has
been a new readiness by the authorities to acknowledge that, in certain recent instances, extrajudicial executions have been Committed by the military and home guards operating in the east, and inquiries of different types have been held into these events. These inquiries hawe mot fulfilled the standards set in international instruments : On the investigation of such violations, and the follow-up remains slow. Only one case so far has come to trial. That case, the first and only massacre by soldiers to have been the subject of an independent Commission of Inquiry in Sri Lanka, was tried before a military tribunal not a civilian court. The governIllent had acknowledged the responsibility of soldiers for the murder of at least 67 civilians at Kokkadichcholai in June 1991, and had paid compensation to relatives. However, 19 of the 23 accused were acquitted of all charges and the tribunal did not find any person guilty of murder (see below).
2 Implementation of
Amnesty International's Recommendations for Human Rights Safeguards
The 32 Amnesty International recommendations were divided into four broad areas, each of which is discu55ed below: those intended to create a climate in which human rights violations

Page 13
are less likely to occur: those intended to prevent "disappearänces”; those intcnded to promote respect for the rights of detainees and their families: those intended to prevent extrajudicial executions.
The EWC Tec{JTIII ledatio 15, Which the government rejected are concerned with the issue of impunity. The govern met refused to repeall the In den inity (Amendment) Act of December 1988, claiming that it was longer in force, In fact, the act con tinues to apply to the period 1 August 1977 to 16 December 1988, It provides immunity from prosecution to government and Security forces members, government servants and others involved in forcing law and order in that period, provided that they had acted in good faith'. Amnesty International learned during its 1992 visit to Sri Lanka that the government still has no intention of repealing the act. Secondly, the government refused to expand the mandate of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into the Involuntary Removal of Persons to include investigation of 'disappearances' which took place before 11 January 1991.
(To he continued)
Attempt to . . .
(CyrigE ரீரா ராஜூ )
quarters to the govern Ilent. The government also wishes to infor the holl member that i Il case these officers childuct themselves in this matter over-stepping the limits of the law, they can be dealt with legally.
(4) The hon member evidently LLLtLLL S LLLLLLaaaLLLLL S LaaLLLLLL SS SaLLLLLL LLLLL L hardships the media personnel suffer, the alleged loss of freedom of the Illa SS-Ile dia a Lld the threats supposed to be directed against them. However, we feel grateful to him for providing us with this opportunity to remind him of the persecution of the mass-media and the suppression of their freedom carried on by the former SLFP government under the cover of special laws and the emergency law.
The
Mewus I filwyr CD GOwGrn by 250 Divi
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old and the new
tem: "On 1st January, 1993 the twentyment Agents of Districts were replaced isional Secretaries."
r davned fr7 33, 177idst gxplosive diri, the Residencies the mood was dark and grin. Prs vast, on spacious sawns, on hiss-tops.
re
ld forlor, as G.A.'s rose no fore.
п оле hшлdred years they гu/ed tһа сошлtryside
Raj, now gone, puffed with vice regal pride "n fñgir ostrich plumes, they governed fumble
arias, with Muda/yars, and clerks with files
ћеy were loath to go тѓа гу/вдї по л7оге.
s of The Residencies, frue Sons of Lanka's soi/ pok-appus, Ђistaќе” and Yorkshira pud. f Éba Car?, gawa Way to Cocco 7 ut of/ as' toiled and 77 oiled to dish up native food.
his offica work, for lands, co-ops and food, f, for festivals, they helped as best they could his many tasks. They were a motley army,
ad and some were good, but quite a few
"r po//shed desks, they sigпеd away at permits paddy, lands and water, liquor shops and logs. their tiлла was spent in hолоигing Members"
" bitter truth Was that – thay had bacome
75 with cars and flags and" дегks E fall of WWF EWE GMEFIKS.
Ј 5et, rhair day was doпв. /п their fa/tвгing
"our and confidence strode the people's reps HCCLTCCCTT CCHTCLCLT LLL0T GGH CT CL LCLLS LCHT LLTLLLLLLLLS
sion has today, a Divisional Sec.
LCCLCHHCHCC TTCCSCCCCCCCCLS CCH CTLC GCC LLCLCLS omming D. S. has sent them al/ fo grass,
ол ffig гтошлtafл, tha foалт ол the гrver, of a baпaлa, they have gone — алd forever.
George Aratchigedera

Page 14
CUBA (2)
Two centuries of subjt.
Tisarange Gunase kera
he TOTricelli Act is a bla
tant attempt to tighten the screws still further by extending LLKes S LaLLLLLLLaL0L LLL 0 LLLLat S LLLLLLCLS Lios With the cu IL TiēS. BLlt for the last 3. decades the JS has been putting pressure on all trading partners of Cuba to ceas: and desist having links. With that country, These at tempts at Loercion blackmail have become so glaring that even America's allies have been forced to protest against US behaviouIr. Just to mention one such instance, in mid May 1992, on instructions from its headquarters in the US the Pepsi-Cola company in Montreal decided not to abide by a contract it hall entercul into foT lle sale of 25.000 boxes of Soft drinks to Cuba. The Political
implications of this act were correctly interpreted by the (CäL1ädi:lL1 : :äLu Lhiy Ti Lii:5. AS ä. T:-
sul-L thic Canadian Ministry Ulf
Foreign Affairs sent a note to the State Department standing: "We cannot accept. ... that US
officials take steps in Canada in support of the application of COf US laws to inhibit CaLLadiä firms from pursuing express Cäläliä GowcTDL lict of promoting trade with Cuba in no Ti sit Tiategic goods. . . if they arc indeed long standing US practice, they should be disco Iti Llčd.
Rajiwa. Wijesinghe chilicis Cuba for not being able to produce 'something of its own" after 30 years. Contrary to this, Cuba has managed to produce quite a few things of its own - as I pointed out a little while ago. Now, let me give an example of how a vengeful neighbour is preventing the Cubans Tron further developing their industries. The Cubans have been having K tLLLLLLLLS aaLHLHHLLLLLLL LLLL LLLLL LLOLLLLLLLL Company Alfa-Laval to purchase equipment (manufactured in Sweden by Alfa-Laval) for their booming Pharmaceutical indus
The irrer Director of PEOPLE'S BANK Research Ur ir) 12
policies
try. That was ll find that a si equipment, a filte was of U.S. orig in May 1992, A |ed the 5äles : with Cuba, Dur years the US managed to clis tional Ilarkets
Cuba's major ex by the simple e Imanding a gua product exported
Contain Cuba. Il
now, Washingtor ding that those
to the US gua shipments sold t ket ciltilis la
This is only iceberg. The res: Ճn Cuba as a | blւյtkade and t Cuban developm Lic Waried and listed here. I to saying that ETies Wolid hay perform the feat that Cuba has m being subjected t ling епnbагgo. A HISTORY OF INTERVENTION
Rajiwa. Wijesir CT1 the LIS bloc Inely interesting: ATTİletica 15 WETE SCITEWS, e WCT1 ger liberal Congress tighten så Tinctio T Lihat ECIJIllic necessitate chang les SIl ess SceIToled W:15 there an altit that the regime
no signs of aid reality."" (La Tik: 1, '92). Firstly,
I'm Wrong in
Rajiva Wijesing approves the ble according to E Other "alternative thatthis li by an absolute;

1gation
In til Washington gle part of the ring membrane, in. As a result, fa-Lavalcance
Il tract it had ing the last 30 gowe TT I ment has
all the tradifor : flother Of politis, Nickel — :xpedient of de
TallTitee tha E. Tā to the US would nickel, Right
1 is also della
exporting sugar rantee that the the U.S. Illa T
Cuba suga.
the tip of the trictions in Imposed part of the US nנ)heirjrllpagt. טt DTOCG55 âTחט LITETICL5 tao č ill limit myself not many coul: beel abolc to Is (in all fields) anaged tel, while "b, Sluch1 l a sLraTng
S
lghe's comments
kade i dTe extre"Certainly the
* turning the erally speaking men Woting to is in the hope
collapse might ge. Such ruth
appalling. Yet
:rnative' - given in Cuba showed justing itself to Gula Tidian, Dec I d'IL Lilik assuming that he (reluctantly!) ckade - because לוח ה-Lhere"s וחiן '. It's füTLLITla Le is lit shared Thajority of the
countries in the world (including almost all the allies of
the US) – as the Tecent UN vote clearly proved. Probably because they know that the blockade is (despite the lofty
words used by the US administration and its apologists like Mr. Wijesinghe to justify it) Il Cöme other till ä - Shalefill ättempts by the US to punish a tiny neighbour for dari Ing to disobey its dictates.
Indeed, in order to understand the real reasons behind the blickade Come must look at USCuba relations in their his trocity. The US attempt to subjugate Cuba, to interfere in the purely internal affairs of Ալլ Էյքլ ԱլյլIլm Elite witlլ Լիլը: Cլլիilm Revolution in 1959 i. e. after Cuba becane a socialist country. A5 Ricardo AläTcon the Inew Cuban Foreign Minister, li memtioned in his recent addres to the UN (during the debate on the Cuban Revolution): "In 1808, ten years before the birth of Karl Marx, the United States tried to obtain from Spain the sale of its then Cuban colony. In 1823 years before the first publishing of the Communist Manifest, the United States illvented the so-called theory of the "ripe fruit" according to which Cuba, when separated from Spain, would be necessarily incorporated to North America.
In 1898, Tive years before the founding of the Bolshovik party, a LaLLLLL 0LLLK HHHLLLLLLL HH our War for indepennence, frustrating it and imposing upon us four years of military rule. In 1901, 6 years before the triumph of the Socialist October Revolution in Russia, and while militarily occupying our island, the United States imposed an tLLLLaLHHLLLL LL H aLLaL LLLLLaaLL LLSLHHLLS titution through which it stripped Cuba of part of its territory which it still usurps in Guantanamo and assumed the "right" of intervening in Cuba,
Several decades prior to the cliencement of the so-called Cold War, the United States interwEned öH Ill-TE thäIl One occasion with its occupation troops, ousting and imposing

Page 15
governments and intervening in
all possible manners in the internal affairs of the country
until 1 January 1959." (Blockade'
- Page 38). The US like any other global or regional power cannot put up with "disobedience in its backyard.
Obviously the US rulers who are Working so assidously to liberate' the Cuban people, seem totally unconcerned about the fact that their blockade is hurting the same people most; that they are even condemning Cuban children to death by their "tightning of the screw'' (the same way they are forcing Iraqi babies to die, to punish President Saddam Hussein). For exam. ple, the blockade is preventing Cuba from importing parts indispensable to equipment for the treatment of children with cardiac conditions. When an epidemic of hameorrage dengue
erupted in Cuba in 1981 (the Cubans, with reason, Suspect that this was introduced from
abroad). the US"authorities hindered Cuban efforts to acquire the necessary products for the elimination of the agent of that
epidemic. Around 100 Cuban children paid with their lives, the price for this particular
effort by the US authorities to free the Cuban people.
THE ONLY WAY OUT
Rajiva Wijesinghe "reluctantly' supports the blockade because that is the only way to defeat Fidel Castro. The fact that after more than 3 decades of the and more than 1 year without the Soviet Union, despite all the hardships and deprivations, the Cuban Revolution still remains undefeated and unbowed should tell him something. Maybe not - because after a few days in Cuba and after talking to a handful of Cubans (by the Way, does he know the language") he's fully certain that Fidel is unpopular and will have to go. If Rajiva Wijesinghe were to travel in a private bus in Sri Lanka, he will hear nothing but the most virulent criticism of the Premadasa government, Going
by these, the gol theחוrיeוha polls; it should this long. The opinions of a sizeable minori elements do n. present the si majority. And the majority W - With or Wit elections. Afte no multi party USSR do ai nu European Coun' was no cripplin to force the and yet the pe impose their wi their governmei the interpretati the likes of R: If the IRC Imania to get rid of (once so highly West and late Romania’s oth historic figure, them the Te’s non that the Cuba want to, will Fidel Castro.
The Cuban p and trained and it all the eas the fået that t ment ha 5 dole 10 til Tillåtny : the World Wol - arIn the pe0 us something a ships between and their leade they have not, managed to Wii standing victorie (which would h sible withinլIt t| masses), clearly pite what the gists say) the port the Revolt
One final poi (thanks to the the US, mostly ple are going difficult period
| leatless are thit
it. As Fidel Sa phase of trium victories is pass its so importa

er III The [ht shouldn't ocal government It have survived loudly expressed few or even a y of unsatisfied t necessarily reintinents of the when it wants to. ll express its will hout multi party all there were elections in the Iber of Easter ries (and there g blockade either masses to rebel) ple managed to ll and oveTthrow its (according to in so believed by jiwa. Wijcsinghe). n people manage Nicola Cellcescu regarded by the equated with er well known Wlad the Impaler) reason to think people, if they not get rid of
eople are armed this shrnul di Imake ier. Incidentally he Cuban governsomething that LS iוTטmחEr"ירו,
1 d. darc to do c - should tell out the relationhe Cuban people "s. The fact that he fact that Cuba
so many cuti in the last year ve been impose support of the proves (that desS and its apolouban people suption and Fidel.
t, It's true that best efforts of the Cuban peothrough a very - and the Cub
first to admit recently: “the halism and easy Ing. That is why to résist, bgc#-
use in resisting lies the key to victory." The Cuban people are doing just that - resisting and winning - as the magnificent performance at the Olympics and the recent high sugar harvests clearly indicate, (Inefficiency can't be the norm as Rajiva Wijesinghe says - because these facts conclusively disprove him). And though Cuba may no longer seem like an ideal to Rajiva Wijesinghe, to milions of pecple the world over Cuba remains an ideal to defend - as the massive solida Tity campaigns from from Brazil to India clearly prove, Obviously this includes quite a few North American people who are willing to break rules and risk arrest and suppression for Cuba -- as evidenced by the “Pastors for Peace" effort,
Che Guevara olce said in his "Man and Socialist in Cuba" "If his revolutionary eagerness becomes dulled when the Thost urgent tasks are carried on a local scale, and if hic forgets about proletarian internationalism, the revoution that he leads ceases to be a driving force and it sinks into a comfortable dowsiness which is taken advantage of by imperialism, our irrectncilable enemy to gain ground". (Man & Sicialism in Cuba). The Cuban Revolution never forgot these words by Che and tried to perför Tim their internationalist du ties to the best of its ability - from sending troops to Angola to defend the Angolian revolution and people from the attacks by the forces of Apartheid South Africa and their local stooges, to sending doctors and teachers to many a Third World country. (This includes Sri Lanka. Cuban doctors, followers of Che, are serving in the war torn East as Well as the South, rendering yeoman service to the people of those areas). That is why the
Cuban Revolution still retains capacity to enthuse, Illobilize, motivate not only Cubans but
also millions of people all over the world, And so long as it retains this capacity, the Cuban Revolution will remain young, wibrant, a live,... and strong.
13

Page 16
Special to the Guardian
GLOBAL CHA WGE
Understanding the Sov
Sumit Chakravarty
he dramatic changes in the T international scene the second half of 1989 have been breathtaking in their pace, sweep and depth. The historic lature of these changes are becoming іпcreasiпgly tгапsparent with every passing day. Those who had forecast the end of history' following the demise of statist socialisin fashioned on the lines of Stalin's schematic presentation of Marxism and based on the employment of unaloyed bru. tality and coercion as practised by autocrat-generalissimo himself, Hal We beel forced Lij Terwise Lei thesis in the light of later developments. As for the proLagonis Lis of the so-callel f'“new World order' a euphemism for the unipolar global structure destined to replace the bipolar arrangement of the Cold War era, they have suffered a heavy blow from George Bush's failure to get re-elected to the Office of the President of the United States.
The lost striking manifestation of the global changes in the last few years was the burial of the Cold War which began 46 years ago with Sir Winston Churchill's fallous speech at West I minister Cgil lege, Fulton, Missouri, The LJS-LUSSR u lmits in the last sewen years laid the groundwork of such a I nomentous happening. It was nt) tiմubt a stupendous task for Qle had to painstalkingly construct : 1 edifice of trust in lS-USSR ties 50 essential to över Comic the debilita ting conSequences of the renewed witality acquired by the Cold War since
the Soviet interwention in Afghanistan at the fag end of 1979, something which is at
illes referred to as the second Cold Wa T. BLI LI SL1Ch 2: task Was accomplished primarily due to the outstanding personality of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachew, the last President of the USSR,
(The writer is editor of MANT REAM r rigirl fr
14
who played the role in ensuring Superpower conf operation. Gor personified the pl tr:LIls formatiQI). chewi's personal led to mot Imere but actual Telu: Weapons that ha ed in the past. initiated in Gen 1985 whic I ROLä Gorbachcy first proceeded slowl through Reykja 1986 to Washing 1987 Wien || LH tiations yielded time a treaty While class of two cւյլIntries" | namely the int shorter range Illi ag Teement, Call Treaty, Was subs in Moscow in while II Reagan Gorbachew for | the US President
The first FaceGը Tbilgiley had US President Git Off the coast December 1989. changes Lunderwa: а геsult of the statist undemocr: Eastern Europe, mit Witnessed
peration betw. leaders in the c. in particular. Bl Worthy was the bachev aldı. Bush Fit that su Illit | Cold War. T Su. Innit. I neetings · älld (GJITbilichey j in May-June 199 CW in June 199 Bush and Yeltsi after the USSR history and Russi the role of its Boris Yeltsin as

et collapse
most dynamic the LLIT f’Tol Ontation to cobachev literally Le momenal global It was Go TibaInitiatives which ly arms control til of Inuclear d = new er happenThe dialogue ewa im NOWember ld Reagan and met each other, y but steadily |vik in October ton in December protracted negofor the first eliminating a Weapons in the nuclear arsenal,
CTImediate and issiles. Such an cd the NF equently ratified May-June 1988
formally met
le läst time as I.
to face meeting With the next orge Bush, was of Malta in With profound y in Europe as collapse of the tic regimes in the Malta sumpolitical coEen the LW0 in text of Europe 1 t Il Te litfact that Gorjointly affirmed the end of the le subsequent - between Bush in Washington () and in Mos, and between in June 1992 häid faded tö a assured the successor with the Russian
head of state) - formalised the final burial of the Cold War with the US and USSR, and subsequently Russia, overhauling their original relationship of political adversaries. The 1991 Moscow summit saw the signing of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) visualising a marked reduction in the number of nuclear Warheads from over 22,000 to about 8500 by 2000 AD. The Washington summit next year went much beyond what the last BushGorbachey meet had achieved in Moscow it was agTeed that the nuclear Warheads on both sides would be slashed to a total of 6500 by 2003 A.D. But it was not only the quantitative reduction of nuclear warheads that cnhanced the significance of the 1992 Washington Sulli E. För weeks there was speculation in the media as to whether such a drastic cut Was at all possible as it would strip Russia of its strategic parity With the US in the nuclear field, the basis of its superpower status. In fact the key issue was the largescale reduction of the SS-18 and SS-24 interContinental ballistic TliSSiles ICBMs) whose destruction the ussian experts had made con
ditional on the US scrapping of its sea-launched ballistic missilies (SLBMs). The final
agreement showed that whereas the US concerns on the preservation of thic SLBMs had been by and large accepted the Russian land based ICBMs, the SS-18s in particular, were substantially curtailed.
The unequal nature of the agreement must по t be overlooked. But it can not possibly
obliterate the importance of the accord in terms of bringing down the overall level of the deadliest Weapons of mass destruction. It is of considerable value that public opinion in the US

Page 17
called for an end to the US allies rearming themselves even
after the Bush-Yeltsil summit. Thus. The New York Tries WTC te S00In after the Summit:
The world has barely absorbed the stirring 5um mit news that the superpowers have agreed to drastic cuts in their fearsome ПШclear HTSEпа 15, THE WES CHI now truly look to the ex-evil empire with hope instead of horror. So what are America's allies, France and Britain, doing? 1Increasing their nuclear arsenals, with US help.
** The British and Freich decided to moder Ilise their nuclear weapons starting years ago, long before Mikhail Girbachev resigned and the Soviet Unioni dissolved. Unless both countries II ove quickly to reconsider and retrench, they will Temain the captives of da Ingerous, Tindless momentum. The Bush
Yeltsin summit talks prowide #1 simple, dramatic starting principle: Reduce nuclear war
leads."
The end of the Cld War that the global changes ushered in was un doubtedly a historic and highly positive development. But in the wake of the changes it was found that the socialist" regimes in Eastern Europe having collapsed under the pressure of popular, peaceful upsurges upsurges that underscored the total lack of public sanction for those governments - the US was іпterpretiпg the спtiге process as a triumph of western democracy and market forces ower the totalitarian system prevalent in all the countries that be. Came Illenberg T. Lhe socialist world - f'Tall the formler SCWiet Union to Albania and eWe Yugoslavia.
While the collapse of statist socialism as a legacy of Stalin was beyond dispute there was, however, controversy over the interpretation of these developInents as a triumph of Western democracy and market forces. But first one must dispassionately analyse the causes behind the downfall of the socialist' regimes in Eastern Europe and TE ETStylife USSR.
It should be a C. despite the Stali tures in the states as well Soviet Union, e il those CCLIII tri pressive and in guished Western torian, Angues lished a study high growth ect world, Japan a According to M. diso, Economic and the USSR, the per capita i growth between WELS E faste St all the major countries, Japan as the Japanese 400 per cent, til was up by 440
It is true, as lighted by the CollllllIlisht lea, im Illis i Il cisiwe Sociais FF Field 1990, that st high growth rat tiIıhe pro we o Tıl) of primitive a stimula te pure growth in the capitalism or sc. What lil ITTRATI CR): true, quoting Slowo, that “II evidence is eli in the licy Ing rull the Stalin perio есопопmic potent
Nometheless, i tioned, especial of the Worldwi propagal da u nl: that Communist aLin Lummitigated, As Goran Thert article - The Li Socialism' ('Neil July/August 19. clusie, I should I
ful basic induI: economic Tim Cid ächliewed"". Hy
to Teb lopment of Illa services, and a quality of life
eved', Why? A lowaki scholars Richta Report

knowledged that, mist St: Le SLILICEast European als the TOTIIller conomic growth es was quite im1969 the distille:COI 10 milltic hisMaddison, pubհf the two major Dryllies T Lle ind the USSR. addison (A MidGrowth in Japan London 1969) Soviet economic 1913 ill 95 1|1 tile "Լյրll tյT or developed
included. Where.
output grew by le Soviet out put
բer cent.
has been high
South Africal er, Joe Slow,
pamphlet, Has | brւյնght out in a tistics showing es during Stalin’s W that Ille Lhands CCLIITILIla ticīIl Call ly quantitative early stages of icialism - but at it.' It is also the saille Joe libre: a ıd fını öTe 2Tging daily that
the excesses (of d) inhibited the ial of socialist".
il IIllust be Ill ely in the Wake die älti-socialist :ashed at present,
El Tope Was not cconomic fail LTTE. שtes in thסון וח חראר fe sind Tilles of y Left Revie y, 2), the “conje Lihat a success
i Lirialisation and ETT 15:1TLi)| WS Wever acco Timg
c + #further deựcs's consumption, | post-industrial
was The VeT Hchigroup of Czechosho produced the of the Czechos
Iowaki Academy of Sciences in
1965 identified the obstacle.
Excerpts from the report are
worth studying:
Experience shows that the
present system of management and thic concepts on which it is based, born as they were in different conditions to those of today, have proved incapable of grasping or mastering the transitin from indill Grilli 5:lian tthe technical and scientific reWolution. Following this transition, investments in qualitative changes in the forces of production, in intensive growth, in modernisation, new technology, scientific development, and in raising levels of training and skills, and improving Working and living conditions, reducing the length of the Working Week, etc., become... more profitable than the construction of more industrial enterprises of the traditional kind. ... Although in terms of production of industrial goods Czechoslovakia can Campa Te itself to the most advanced nations in the world, it lags behind considerably in the i development (and dynamism) of its productive forces, and in the progressive changes that are now becoming decisive."
That was in 1965. In three years time the shortlived Prague Spring was snuffed out by Soviet tanks. The new ideas, spelt out in the Richta Report, could have received a positive response from Alexander Dubicek, the architect of Prague Spring who passed away only the other day, if only he was mot Linceremoniously removed prior to the installation of a Soviet guided regime. But in different conditions, designed by the Soviet inter Wention in Czechoslovakia in August 1968, there Was no possibility of translating those new ideas into reality.
Essentially therefore the problem that confronted the East European states stemmed from lack of democracy. What needs to be understood, however, it is fact that the major uprisings or at tempts at post-War reform in Eastern Europe - the 1953
15

Page 18
workers' upsurge in the GDR, the 1956 revolt in Hungary, the 1968 opposition to the Soviet invasion in Czechoslovakia – were, despite official protestations to the contra Ty, explicitly socilist up to the Solidarity move
Et in 1980-81 i Pola I. What is more,' as Goran Therapart fromיי ,rn points Outטb
the Imost unbemidi Ing Ilembers of thic role Kafr and a handful of sycophants, few socialists had ever had any enthusiasm for one-party regimes, police surwilliance of leader cults, it to sıcak of the Berlil Wall. Such ငှါးရိုးရိုးရိုးnဇုံ had long been regarded as either inimical to socialism or at least as regrettable peripheral phenomena. Their demise was therefore warmly welcomed by socialists, and even received positively by
Gorbachev, upsetting only the rulers of the few Icmaining Communist states.
In fact the first spectacular show of dissent against the Honecker regime in the GDR in 1989 was led by the pro
socialist New Left intellectuals, However, they were later swamped by the anti-socialists. Why did this happen? According to Joc Slowo, it is ou T wiew that the fact the processes of pere
stroika and glasnost came too slowly, too little and too late in Eastern Europe did more
than anything else to endanger the socialist perspective there.' In varying degree the same explanation is valid while allalysing the developments in the differernt republics of the former Soviet Union though it must be underlined that the consequences of the aborted coup of August 1991 played a pivotal role in the demise of the world's first socialist state and the disi Integration of the USSR.
While on the question of democracy one must necessarily recall the valuable notes of caution and warning issued by such a talented public leader as
Rosa Lexemburg. In her “Zur Russichel Revolutiolo", written in prison in 1918, she pointed
out that the 'unwieldy mechan. ism of deImoCTatic: iDnstitutionsʼ" has a powerful corrective force
16
il the for II of Of the masses a ing pressure". asserted. The the instituition livelier the puls political life, it and precise its all party sign E. electi. Il lists. Il Stands to reas del Cratic i 5 t limits and shot Other human i Temedy found Trotsky, that is of democracy, i. disease it is su] because it ghillts giving spring wi Imleal15 CF CITTEL: faults of public
BOOKS
Elusive l
Romesh Guines IMMoore Gran ta
Romesh Guna
Si Laīka pines but nw His stories fit i well-established Writer froll a examines his in literary and and post-coloni the light of hi experience and native land equil feeling and War while the West is Col dess and dettä heartlessness and great lonelines ex-colonials and
Glaseker this school, Wor parently plain speech, action, physical setting. sharply etched : Teader into a few spare sente Howevet, he lea' t lake connec pret whathe is gi cular, to decide W as mysterious and Elusive iCO315 natural World ho fictions. There i some authorial t Ilokfish of the

L חשוחם"דסוןthe I ind their increasThereafter she II10-re democratic the stronger and E of the Islåsses" he Illa Te di Tect impact despite Coa Tids, outdated the like. It om that ewery itution has its tC Comings like all is titutions. But by Lenin and the elimination 5 Worse than the pposed to cure Off that lifeich prowides the ting the inherent institutions...
Freedom only for the supporters of the government, only for the Ille Imbers of one party — Ildo Illatter hilob W big its Innellbership - is no freedon, Freedom is always freedom for dissenters. That is Ilot Said olut of a fanatical sense of justice, but because that is the essence on which depends the reviving, healing and purifying effect of political freedom. and it ends the Illinute that freedom becomes a privilege. . .
**... the very nature of socialism precludes the possibility of its realisation through decrees... The public life of the state with limited freedom is poor, leagre, schematic and sterile because by excluding democracy, it shuts coff its sou Ticcs of spiritual wealth.
COS
ekera, Monkfish Յooks, London, sekera grew up Tid the Philiplives in London. Wטto a by mח
미T: a M'이u미 foT 1er colony alive land, its dicial traditicals al upheavals, in 5 own Wester| Ellicatio II. The ates with family mth of emotion associalt-d With chment, a certain lost certainly, suffered by both
ex-colonialists. like others of ks through appresentation of feelings and ELS 5 CCIES ATC Lnd le TaWS the si Luali in a
ces. Generally, weg the reader tills and inter
ven and, in parti
It is to be Geel
| What is nor ITEll.
y FITTI I til WET իբիitid the st: s, in particular, easing about the
title, which - a
note informs lis-are not to be follindim the ocean around Sri Lanka,
This is not to say that the stories lack shape. Ordinary life in Sri Lanka itself or in England, lyrically but exactly evoked, is gradually or abruptly disturbed by an incident or echo from the country's rumbling civil War. Characters previously at one are driven into in articulate separa - til. Samictimes the Illa TTiative: stops moments in advance of an event - we may be left to guess what it will be - which IIlight or might not resolve th : situation. Sometimes it arrives at . point of unresolved suspension. The element of tea sing unresolvedness precisely evoked is finally, what matters. In Sri Lanka, history has been twice dismantled and Imany times disrupted, and it seems that no person, however remote from the political uphea vals, can reIma in uniffected. We are left observing a series of partly assembled jig-saws, their overlapLIII Teliable
ping, fragilented, patterns providing a world through which puzzled, often
disSatisfied and alienated Characters move, by no meets without purpose but with a strong sense that the world no longer endorse them as once, perhaps, it did.
But Gulasekera is not in the least a glum Writer. He delights in subtle perception and apprehension and in the exact transmission of these,

Page 19
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Page 20
Aung San Suu
Kyi ; til
of Buddhist Courage
Jame Russel
in Essay Based on a ReadAg of **TBILIT Ia di Indial - Some Aspects of Intellectual Life Under Colonialism by Aung San Suu Kyi. (Published by Indiam Institute Tor Advanced Studies, Shimla, 1990)
We are fully prepared to follow Illel who are able and willing to be leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, C. R. Das, Motiall Nehru and Tilak of India. like De Walera of Ireland; or Garibaldi äld Mezzini of Italy. Let any body appear who can be like such a leader, who da res to be like such a leader. We are waiting.' (p. 68)
The Voice of Au ng San, founder of the Burmese National Army, architect of modern independent BurImıB., drafter of th: Bur"I11ese constitution, liberation fighter and national hero rings Öut à5 the last quotation in his daughter's book, "Burl: Ild India — Some Aspects of lin Lellectual Life Under Colonialism”. Aung Sain made this State Ilıcıt in 1936 when as a very young man, he emerged as one of the leaders of the University student boycott - a boycott which effectively began the independence IlOvelent in Burla.
The key Word in the stateInent is "dares': it appears in italics in the text of Suu Kyi's LGLLLLLLL LL LLLLL S LLL S HHHHHHHHLLLLSSS Daring is what characterised Aung San. He dared to fight the British and then just as his country achieved independence, he was assassinated by political opponents for whom his daring had become tog sharp i thorn in ther Side. Neither het nor his country were able to achieve political maturity. After his death, Burma declined from 1 nation on the threshold of great hopes to a political backwater of authoritarianism, corruption and economic and moral stagnatiðI.
Today Burma hCopeless Thess. — Aung Sain’s da Suu Kyi, the hlad däred to Ne Wii and L. tary rulers whi. with {1n iro T | has beel als ef
by a five-year
hlouise a TT est, a T Still hag Tot TuIn als het fa the assassin's the acadelic Burma in Apr her ailing Imot Tinal illness, ish Oxford di two Sons behin Burmese politi of Burma, III ele insucial blocking her meeting in Ap nising the Na Democracy wh siпce dгорped tary-General, tional reputati efforts; in its Eld the Blur. such confiden 1990, with Su into һег регіо and banned b contesting the WET e LO popular wote, tary candidate: Illilitary's claim pibrt as the sh1 Suu Kyi has leadership for trymmen to fall 1991. Suu Kyi BIldlišit woll: Burmese, to bi bel peace, pгiz finest example in Asil FOT ile ghter of Aung be the calci hääled fr: ideal of Budd
been re-born.

he Roots
i is a byword for Dot TeaSL becaus - ughter, Aung San Inly person who take on General he junta of mili
TILLE BLI and since 1952, "fectively silenced com filement Lld CT 1 imposition which her two years to ther had been by
bullets. However, who returned to | 1988 ta' TLITSE
her through a terleaving her Engom husband aldi ind, has re-defind cs for the youth walking with scre towards the guns ath at a public гil 1989; іп огgаtional League for ich, even if it has her as its Secrewes its inteГпнon entirely to her piiring the NLD lese people with ce that in May Kyi 10 months d Jf holls a TT:St y the Junta fron polls, the NLD gain 70% of the routing the Ilili3 and exposing the 1 of popular supall that it was, }läzed a träII cũf her yelling Coll IlOW. In October bocca Ille the first II, al Ill the first e Warded the Nofor one of thic s of courage shown Scales." The clauSal llas da Ted Lj Lihat iller father | in Burllä the list courage had
Suu Kyi's intervention in Burmese politics has not been quite § fotuitl5äs CiTCllistates would make it appear. This is clearly intimated by her slim but delightful book comparing intellectuals and political ideas LL S LLLLLL LLLL LLLLaLL LLL LlLLLLLS nial era. Even a cursory reading reveals a powerful yet subtle and sophis Licated intellect at work. Suu Kyi is a worlain of Wisdom: a Woman who has had the opportunities denied to alIlost all her fellow country illen and country Women to enlarge her experience of the world, to study and interact with intellecLuals from all parts of the world, to live ånd IngWe ill the Illainstream of 20th century political ideal S, HET I bok delineates her as a Woman on par With Rosa Luxemburg, Hannah Arendt and Simone de Beauvoir. For such a person to have stood on the sidelines when Burma erupted into Ima 55 demostrations followed by a massacre of demonstrators in Rangoon in August 1988, Would have gole agains the grain of her birth and subsequent education.
That the military authorities had always feared her - as the daughter of Aung San and as a force in her own right - is clear from the Preface of her book, "When I first proposed a study of intellectual life in BLI Tilla ämd Indial Linder collialism, I had counted on spending one year on the project," she writics. However, my appointment as a fellow of the Indial Instit Lltic of Adwa Liced Study was delayed by the need for government clearance, and 1 found myself with only six months to work om a very broad and diffused subject. The limited time at Iny disposal, combined with the difficulty of obtaining the laterial needed, has led to a much shorter study than

Page 21
had originally planned'. Harassment, such as delaying clearance for her very innocent studies in India, on the part of the Burmese government even before 1988 was therefore very much part and parcel of Sun Kyi's experience.
The subject matter of the book also indicates a pre-occupation with men of action. In searching for the roots of courage among public Innen, Aung San Suu Kyi is herself looking for a standard, a set of guidelines by which to measure her own Contribution. As shc explains over and over again in a subtly-phrased, delicate prose, the will to act "lies in forging strong links between thought and action” (p. 70), This was particularly true of her father, 'for whom the two followed each other in an uninterrupted chain of endeavour' (loc. cit). But it was also true of Nehru: 'For him the ideal was action which
was not divorced from thought but which flowed from it in a continuous sequence.' (p. 39)
Ideas and action and the Connection between them are explored through the careers of the intellectuals and political actors in India and Burma under British rule. Although this is done from an academic viewpoint and with the skills of a matu Te alcademician, one feels that Sulu Kyi does not make this exploration purely from academic motives. There is always behind the quiet, almost fragile, voice of reason a powerful will that searches through the lives of Famous men for the hidden Concatcnation between personal integrity and public ideals. She recognises them most clearly in those individuals who were able to synthesise east and west, theory and practice within the tradition initiated by the renaissance in India'. (p. 16)
Ranmohan Roy, Sri RamakrishIman, Swami Wiwekananda, Au Tobindo Ghosh, G. K. Gokhale, S. Radhakrishnan, Bankimchandra Chatterjee, Mahatma Gandhi and Pandit Neh TL come under her close scrutiny, And het percep
Lions a Te not C
tation: it is Writes, "when dhi's vision ca.
English Women the streets and factories, of We recogni sing no their own fancy who had receiv tion through th as having lost vigour' (p. 58). elements in Ga hawe rarely bee|| scholors, Weste. Gandhi's reputat usually overawe and critics. But spent several ye. hood in North II was a diplomat brealthes in the those who a Te W. ged by the exalt by Gandhi hims: those elevated such as Gandhi, row, the Panchen Mandela and Sun their personal sa and commitment foci of humanit These Wirrits
Te able to ower ings of the age stick by which rnay measure hin
Suu Kyi certai ferences annong t and political fig. dian renaissance. speaking, she evi miration for the especially the Be Who We Te able to country's thinki space of 200 yea portant passage She di5c.155cs th the failu Te of carry through a mation u Indcr LI the Western ideas the colonial rulers out, "the times : ces under which ma. Were incorp British Empire w ferent’’ (p. II). "1 rocess which too in the cast of I scoped into bare

uded by repuisturbing,'" she Imain of Glanusly writes of S Wandering in aving away in ern students as W save that of and Of those their educaforeign medium eir intellectual The xenophobic dhi's ideology alluded to by easte. Ön and statu Te his biographers Suu Kyi, Who. is of her child. dia (her mother in New Delhi), Farefied air of illing to be juddi standa Td3 set lf. 1 L is only olitical actors, Andrei SakhaLama, Nelson 1 Kyi, who by crifice, beliefs can becoille the y's conscience. of the Spirit'' come the Failo create a yardPolitical Man self.
ly has her prele intellectuals res of the InBut generally ces great adIndian, and gali, thinkers ransfor in their g within the 5. In ä11 imIn het book, Teasons foT e Burlinese to milläT transforpressure of manating from As she points di circumstanIndia and Burited into the e vastly difassimilation over 200 years ia was tele50 years in
the case of Burma. The ability of the Burmese to fuse quite different, if not to say even contrary, ideas - those of their tradi till with those of thic British rulers - was therefore greatly constrained by the limited time (barely two generations) given to the to do sig.
The failure of the Burmese "renaissance' has however yet another explanation according to Suu Kyi: quoting an English Burmophile, H. Fielding Hall, she points out that there was no noble or leisured class in Inona Tchical Burma,
"Consequently, the monarch had to recruit as his ministers In en from the villages, who for all their natural capacity, did not hawe the breadth of view, the knowledge of other countries, of other thoughts, that commes Lo thosc Who hla We Wealth and leisure'. (p. 57)
Suu Kyui takes this line of reasoning further: "'The situation had not changed radically under British rule. There were in Burma no Ranmohan Roys, no Tagores, no Nehrus, people with Wealth and leisure to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge, to travel, to see for themselves how other civilisations worked in their own milieu, to set standards of cultura reincment and intellectual cxccllence"". (p. 57)
This un fortunate Situation has obviously persisted in Burma even up to today. The favoured class since independence has been the military. But they hawe shown time and again a xenophobic narrow-Illindedness and cultural and intellectual mediocrity that has kept Burma firmly out of the mainstream of world political development. The role of Suu Kyi has been therefore to try to introduce the kind of political and intellectual renaissance carried out by Tagore, Nehru et all in India. Within Burma. The fact that she seeins to hawe failed in the short-term must be largely due to the fact that she is trying to accomplish what was achieved by numerous Indian intellectuals över Sewe Tal
19

Page 22
generations, entirely by herself and within the space of a few years.
lin an essay “Human Rights are Not Alien to Burma." Written by Aung San Suu Kyi in honour of her father, appearing in a book "Freedom from Fear and Other Writings', she says this:
"Despotic governments do not recognise the precious human component of the state, secing its citizens only as a faceless, mindless – and helpless - mass to be manipulated at will. It is as though people were incidental to a nation rather than its very lifeblood'.
(One is reminded at this point of Bertolt Brecht's remärk after the workers' rebellion took place in East Germany in 1953: "Af. ter the rebellicom of 17th June, one Could Tead that the people hall forfeited the government's confidence and could regain it only by redoubling their work efforts. Would it not be simpleT for the gove TI I llent to dissolve the people and elect a new one?' quoted in "Men in Dark Times' by Hannah ATendt, Pelican Books, 1973, p. 210).
Suu Kyi continues:
Weak logic, inconsistencies and alienation from the people are commlo fectul Fes of allthoritarianis II. The rellcntless alttempts of totalitarian rcgimics to prevent free thought and new ideas, and the persistent assertion of their own rightness brings on them an intellectual staisis which they ITject onto the nation at large. Patriotisil is debased into a Smokescreen of hysteria to hide the injustices of authoritarian rulers who define the interests of the state in terms of their pwm limited interests. The official creeds iš Ticquired to be accepted with an unquestioning faith minore in keeping with Orthodox tects of the biblical
religions which have held sway
in the West rath its thall with
the more liberal Buddhist at
titude: "It is proper to doubt, to be LIT Certain.... Do not go
upon what has by repeated he tradition, Tor When yolu kiri: that certain thi Some and Wrong When you kno that certain th sonline and righ (Time Magaz 1991, p. 12).
The compariso Het Weel the I1101 able attitude junta in Billi r Iulia telets of the which is the det; mese cultLII Te, illu Llat BLITTmä hlas wed the clash () quent upon the pation. In her the influence of ideas up in Buri i Til Leices, the II was Buddhistl integrali a part . e this that it ha mon to say: "T to be Buddhist cording to an a 1Il a recent i881 Society Trust Fo – "Buddhist Le Law and Societ Reference to My land' - Aye K. dhis II brought W ception of demo wonder why the Liðin and is titlu well developed, Burma and gent Buddhist societie Asia' (p. 5. L. May 16, 1992).
Suu Kyi her: question in her arly in comparis dia I attachment norms in the po period, She ans II of Chapter C
** While Tillii were caught up attempts to mil: adap t ideas iIT) West til lect their own cout ese WETE Still
traditional Way

been acquired aring Nor upon լIբo Il run10լITS: w for yourself ngs are unwholeg, abandon the In. w for yourself lings are whole, accept thell." ine, Oct. 28th
Suu Kyi makes nolithic, in tract
if the military and the liberal Buddhist faith,
filliant of Burstrates hic T point
still It resol| titlt:1: Այ115E
Colonial o CÇ11book, she traces
Idi Cultu Tall na, "Of these most important rich became is if the Burmese S Ecle Ç01o be BuIIme5 e is ”. (p. 1.0). ACrticle appearing of the Law & rtnightly Review gacy to Modern y with Special almar and Thai
yaw - : "Budwith it the comcracy. One may
Lucratic: el CCtion Were mot particularly in irally in other S Il SOLlthea St & S. T. Review,
self op Cses this book, particulI with the Into democratic st-independence wers it in Part Dne (pp. 18ff):
itellectus
in accelerating iter, absorb and ported from the the needs of try, the BurITsteeped in their
s' (p. 18).
Traditional religious scholarship in Burma is characterised thus: "Since growing up in the ancestor's shadow was the dtsideTat'ul, a scuola ho Weyer emiDient, could I lever think in termis of originality of thinking or of questioning the validity of existing systems or texts'. (p. 19). Thi5 Scholasticatti Lude Wa.5 Teinforced by a social system which was 'imbued with the spirit of Buddhism which enjoined nothing at which the reason jibs” and was therefore "remarkably free from social injustices' (p. 20). She continues:
"Burnese society had no rigid caste or class stratifications, Women enjoyed rights and priwileges which a Wictorian lady might well hawe enwicd. The practice of the ubiquitous monastery providing at least a basic education for local childTen had resulted in a high percentage of literacy. There existed alongside the teachings of Buddhism a fund of superstition and supernatural lore... but these rarely entailed sinister tabelos cor practices. In fact, thic social life of willage Burma – and Burma was fundamentally a land of villages, owing allegiance to a king who, remote in his capital, left them to the jurisdiction of a goverпог ог to their vi ministration — presented. an idyllic picture.' (p. 20).
The need for national regeneration, which had been the stimulus to the acceptance of Westcrn ideas in India, was therefore nothing so dire in Burma as in India, However, Burlina "certainly presents a situation which demonstrates that a sound Social system çan g0 hand 'in hand with political immaturity'. (p. 21). Suu Kyi goes further: In fact, it could be argued that, because the social system placed no inordinate burden on the lives of the people, it made them Tore toleralt of the deficiencies of government'. (p. 22),
That this attitude on the part of the Burmese has persisted up to today could be ascertained
(Eriா: ரா நஜி: 24)

Page 23
The Role of Media in
Victor GLIm9Wardena
INTRODUCTION
This note seeks to discuss the subject of media in relation to nation-building not in the abstract, but in the context of Sri Lanka. However, certain conceptual issues are basic to any discussion, Whether contextual or ITIL.
Among such issues are our understanding of the expression media' and of the concept of "nation-building',
By "media" is commonly undierstood the means (Inedia) of lass social comillinication, as distinct from inter-personal or group communication. What is envisaged, therefore, by the use of the particular term are such media as mass-circulation newspapers, radio, television and cinema, each of which has the capacity to reach audiences far and wide with speed, thereby, giving the content of their respective messages immediacy and contemporaneity as extensively as possiblc.
Historically, the media have developed as institutions, whether of the State or of private corporate bodies. They have sought to act, each in its own sphere, to communica te variously the point of view of the State or of an organisation or group, L3 further the concerns of an ethnic group, a class or -ltural Cor religious entity, to advocate the political ideology of a party, to pro Illote commercial interests or to voice opposition to or criticism of the policies and actions of governments.
The foregoing are only some of the functions which the edia have been performing and continue to pcrform, Some II media perform such functions crudely, blatantly and in a glaringly par
(The authar i Director, Political
Sudச சார் Era Service, Marg
r)
tisan or propa while others 5 objective and I pending on the the Incidiid funct lic mind they a tified – ether and partial, or is some matte sole others.
CONSTRAINTS
TIt Would be that ICD Imedia functioning in of some type other, be it le functi T1. Td straints are ref Tert i Which LH papers Cor State television flict
Airling the
in Sri Lanka of expression,
il for TT1ition a TE tutiõli Tetrict part of the T Work relating t these freedoms.
Before we p aTTiTatical CF til titutila Testi sary to clarify stood by the c. ייחif expressiti) ferred to also of the press).
The right of pression is de human faculty o which basically city of the in liture to Tellite duals and groլ: forms and st er society and exchange social Italion. This f Communication to civilised hun
Being fundan manner, it belc of the human a right or a pri
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Nation-Building
gan dist. Thanner, trive to be fair, Jrofessinä 1. TOe
Tilan Tier il yhich tion, in the pubTe variously idenas being biased
as being partisan :TS til fait in
CHTTect til Say organisation now STi Laikais free of Constitimit CF gall, structul Tal oT that such cm. Lected in the Illane particular news
a State T
legal constraints
In the freedo
publication and : certi cistiins, which firm egulatory framethe exercise of
TTC Elekt til a ex1 e Telewa Tilt CIS:tions it is meccsWyt : LToncept, "freedom
(sometimes) reas the freed
-F exה ותנtioטFTe rived frol the f coll Thu Thication, is an in nate capaindividual's social tց մthլtr intliwլps of persons and ctures of the largto receive and ly relevant inforaculty of social is fundamental 1. Il existece.
1ântâll in sich 1 ings as a right person. It is поt
vilege which eith
er the State Of Other institutions of sicial governance bestow on him or her. Freedom of expression (including also freedoms of speech, publication and in forImation) is a necessary aspect of human liberty and a vital means by which to facilitate individual growth and social development. By exercising this right the individual is able to interact with other persons and institutions in the social environment.
The exercise of this right by the individual must of necessity recognise the identical right of other persons. Hence the right has corresponding obligations, which imply a due sense of responsibility in its exercise. To that extentit is Inot an absolute right and is subject to limitations that flow from cognisance of the rights of others and of the good of the social collectivity.
Among the dimensions of the freedom of expression are the right of the individual to express his own opinion privately as well as publicly, both orally and in print, and without interference. It also means that the individual has the right to seek, Teceive ad diffuse infor. mation, ideas and opinions thro-of communi ווdiurטוח yחughl a cation, regardless of frontiers.
INFORMATION AS A SOCIAL TERLIGT
The right of access to socially relevant information is crucial to the individual's understanding of society, to gather facts about it and engage in the free exchange of ideas and opinions that would facilitate his participation in the various processes of individual and social development.
Such access to information is not only an indiwidual need but als) a social necessity because societies and governments need to be correctly and adequately info TImed in ordet to be able

Page 24
to perform their respective חתון" ctions efficiently and as expedi tiously as possible.
Thus, freedom of information, which is an integral aspect of freedom of expression, is both an individual and a social right. Both Freedoms are essential to the exercise of other basic lib. erties, and are conducive to citizens participation in the decisin-making process in a demoCT3 Cy.
What is extremely important O note is that Freedom of expression and other related freedoins are rights that inhere in the indiwidual Eid are lot ITstitutional rights. Thus, there is no freedom of the press, or radio or television of cinema
cr se, although those media institutions articulate such free
dons. It is, herefore, incorrect to conclude that the press or other media are entitled to a
right of expression which is distinct from that of the individual or even greater than it.
However, historically as the power and influence of newspapers grew, freedom of speech and expression and of information and publication came to be identified with the social institution - the press - which exercised that right especially to check on day-to-day governance of the polity by the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Hence, Thomas Carlyle's reference to the press at the Fourth Estate of the realm, in England in the nineteenth century, assigning to it pre-eminently the role of monitor or adversary in its relationship to government,
NO SPECIAL CLAIM TO PROTECTION
Un doubterlly, this watchdog Tolle of the press of media Wisa-vis the government of a country is very important and Salutary. But it has given rise to the contention that the press as an institution has a special claim to protection.
I the United States of America the issue was clarified
22
by the the Chi of the US Supr in 1978 in whai landrimark judgen alia —
"The purpose ion was not into a privilege to project all p right to print
i Well 5 to) liberty of the gTeater a Tid in liberty of evi the Republic".
... I shb AmendIIlent di tCb arny defina E PETSCIIS DIT EI til all Who
l-omm.''
In Sri Lanka,
have interpreted Speech and expr: an individual rig institutional righ leges or protect is seen to enjoy those of the in from certain pri ions, the procee it seeks to cove Ill Clt and the c.
tisideed the media, espec in many coшпtric act as if they a greater degree publication and i that to which in El T: entitled.
Exercise of th dom of speech, lication and info With it special responsibilities. C legal restrictions of these rights a site:
" respect of reputations
the protectic Security or a or of public
The ablöwe Ti Stated in paragra 19 of the Interna: on Civil and P, Article 19 also c section 3.1, which

f Justice Burger Ime Court, who
is considered a ent. Säid inter
F the Constituterect the press
institution but
Tsons in their what they will utter it. The
press is no 1cSS -- thall the ry citizen of
t, the First es not belong lic category of itics; it belongs rise its free
too, the courts freedom of ission as being ht and not an t, What priviion the press over and above dividual derive wileged institutlings of which , namely ParliaLI TtS.
surprising that ially the press, S arc Sen it e entitled to a of expression, information than dividual citizens
e right of freeexpression, pubTILlatio Il cal Tries հbligations and onsequently, the to the exercise re intended to
lhe rights and of others; and,
of national, f public order, tealth or Thorals.
strictions are ph 2 of Atticle Liolla Covena III litical Rights. ontains a subrecognises the
imperative of protecting the rights and reputations of other individuals, while Article 19 subsection 3b takes cognisance of the State's duty to protect the public interest, be it national security, public order, public health or morals.
1In Sri Lanka, the necessary legal safeguards are provided either under the general law or in specific enactments, and restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression may in exceptional circumstances be imposed by resort to regulations framed under the Emergency.
CONCEPT OF MUTUALITY
There is thus a concept of mutuality inherent in the exercise of freedom of expression. Duties and responsibilities flow from that concept and they indicate the limits of individual's rights.
States are obliged to provide a legal framework to regulate the exercise of the freedom of expression as well as other natural rights. It is an imperative of good governance of safeguarding the public interest, of maintaining law and order, of ensuring the cquality of all citizens and of protecting social peace and harmony.
The Sri Lanka Constitution provides for restrictions on the exercise of fundamental rights in certain circumstances, Such restrictions are intended to protect the interests of racial and religious harmony or in relation to parliamentary privilege, contempt of court, defamation ör inci Lemment to all offe Ice"".
These constitutional restrictions form part of the regulatory framework. Additionally, there are provisions in the general Iaw which derive TT om the Ineed to secure due recognition and respect for the rights and reputations of others and to protect and promote the interests of the common good. Some such laws are those pertaining to sedition, official secrets, causing public disaffection or
(Солтiншғd ол даgғ 34]

Page 25
DRU
Doctors are aware that are not always desirable.
The main reason is that out of that prolifera e from a single scientifi two finally remain in any Rational F. advanced for marketing purposes fail
Before this happens unfortunately in human, economic and medical ter II
Generic drugs that have entered there have stood the test of time an for clinical excellence.
For over a third of this century drugs to the country's hospitals and
This great reliance is the biggest to the people and the medical profes.
M. S. J. Indu Factory aL]
P. O.
Colo
 

FGS ?
Market Oriented Drug Policies
α beινildering ναrieιν αν αεrίναι ίνες cally validated compound, only one or rmulary. This means that many claims under extended scientific scrutiny.
irreparable damage has been done S.
the Pharmacopoeia and have remained d have weathered the un cea sing search
we have made and supplied Formulary clinics, and to the private sector.
factor in our growth and our service ion.
stries (Ceylon) Ltd.,
Laboratories
Box 430
1ԽՍ 15

Page 26
LETTER Bishop's visit
On this day 4th February 1993, the 45th Anniversary of the Independance of Sri Lanka, the following words of poetry cross my mind:-
""When Freedo II dTeSSed i Il
blood stained West,
To every knight her
stյոք 51IIlբ՝
W
These are the TiTSL LWC) Ii Ilcs of the hauntling lyric on the "ODE TO LIBERTY' by ThoIllas chal LtČTLICH II.
There have been a spate of letters in the press during the last two weeks, some of them below jou Tinalistic ethics, slinging Inud, sneering, ridiculing the Bishop and his visit to the North, thereby justifying the sentinents expressed in the hymn, written by the English Bishop Herber On Ceylon, thus
“Wheгe every prospect pleases
and only man is vile".
Whenewer reference is II:lde to the on going civili waT in the North and East, iIl Parlament or outside, the debate of discussion centres around two options, (ii) Political Solutign (ii) Military Solution. So far the former has proved a failure. All the conferences, collittees and so 311 from ABC Lo Z hawe been brought to nought. Our politicians, without expection, hawe been laboluring and laboulring. They have laboured like Imountains but have been unable to bring forth even the proverbial Thouse. In regard to the second option, the fighting has been going on so long, but the military Illuscle has been unable to bell the CAT; in the process much blood has been shed, many dead, many mained for life, so many Widows, so many orphans, so many refugees, so much Weep
ing and Wailing ginashing, LI Ttold agony and misery.
The Buddha in his teachings
such as, "The conqueror breeds
24
hated the Wa pain; the peace pily, giving up defeat, '' (Dha taught ambitious as Asoka tɔ la:
78 per cent
Welle Iate the t Buddha, the celt ls f gious precepts : we see everyday gious atmosphe civil War is a
tion. The expla is given in and clha's teachings;
in decay, dea hypocrisy are of boles äldi
Flesh il bool 150)
It both Wes. In kan to examint alI1 dl tC realise the continuatio War. It callot ticians and politi as they are pril Tęsted. Thic Bis Ilệw ideä, Rä pooh it, why in апd consider th
It-TITL WTF Country claiming of Culture is a ğıllıda Self" cəmi
Fם וחזH טTh faith or worship fare of Illinki is for the destrl of sal Ille, Tile leaders of Sri faiths) who are Calm in speech, and Well compos
S ble a Ilid Mellorald Lull || för Peace. For to be ewe Teic, be able to sit atmosphere of and trust. Ther Consider this you are really k
Tet.
S .3 טmbסCul

nquished lie in ful one lies hapboth victory and Imma pada 20 l), CCT que TOTs such y down arms.
of Sri Linkäsi eachings of the balance 22 per
y Their o Wyn Telliiudging by what Il Such a Telire the on going Imajor contradicThatid:11 för Saine ther of the Bud. "This city wherethl, conceit and leposited is built plastered with "" (Dhammapada
ewery Sri Lamhis conscience the horrors of 1 of the present be left to polical parties al ne
marily self inteihop has given a ther than poch
ot improve on il
e third option.
Te i Il a civilised
; over 2500 years Crying shalne
del lation
any system of is foT the Welll, whereas War iction and misery refore Religious La Inka (of all "calm in body, Calm in mind Cl” SEOLI'll mee bring about a Understanding lly setlement hed people must down in a calm Cage, goodWill "eälfter Inegotiate. Joint calmly if cell. In a settle
Tha Innbyrajah
Ашng Sап ... .
(Сот тілшғd frarн даруғ – 20) by looking at the Burmese political experience over the past few years, The complete collapse of the NLD opposition, the lapse into lethargy by the Illa 55 of Wotes When the Election results were completely" ig mored by the military, the jingle which the students used to sing: *“we a TC not rice-eating robots" - suggesting of course that is exactly What they were - all suggests that immaturity is still the hallmark of Burmese politics.
In this context, Suu Kyi's efforts to stimulate her fellow countrymen into shaking off their apathy and fear come more clearly into focus. In her major essay 'Freedom from Fear', published in 1991, she concentratics her attention in the four “a-gati", the fou T kinds of corruption in Buddhist moral law. "It is not power that corrupts
but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it aid fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject tg it",
PART 2: Understanding
Bhaya-gati"
TE ROIG . . .
(Corted for page 2)
inci tement to an offence, profanity, obscenity and the proper conduct of electio Lus.
Undeniably, a regulatory frameWork is necessary to ensure a proper balance between freedom and responsibility between rights
and obligations. But what is objectionable is that at times the interpretation of the law
and the enforcement of restrictions, especially during times of Emergency, appears to be arbitrary and partisan. Consequently, Worst affected are the public, whose rights to know socially Televant facts or to have access to information of public interest is either curtailed or denied altogether.
(To be continued)

Page 27
WWTH THE BES7
ELEPHANT HOUS
OUALITY AT AFF
NO, 1 JUSTICE. A.
COLOM

COMPL/MMENTS
E SUPERMARKET
ORDABLE PRICES
KBAR MAWATHA
BO-2.

Page 28
STILL LEADING
Mr. William Thompson o and established the first
in this island on 01st June 1841.
He called it “ Bank of Ceylon ' That was 150 years ago, but that was not We. We opened our doors in 193
only to capture our rightful place in Banking
and are proud to say tha
LEAD
Over the years banking profession
shared our expertise and BANK OF CEYLON became Sri Lanka’s SANDHURST TO BANK
 

btained a Royal Charter Jont Stock Commerical Bank
yr
it we still
ERS.
K of Ceylon
kers to the Nation