கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Lanka Guardian 1993.05.01

Page 1
15 TH AM
LANKA
GUAR
O. 1 May 1, 1993 Price RS. 1 O.OO
Mervyn de LALITH, S.W.R.D. AI
Տ
Ananda G
TAMIL CONFLICT A
-J-R = the
The future of 3rd W.
Press and comin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

WNIVERSARY ISSUE
Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/43/NEWS/93
Silva (OIT)
ND GUN CULTURE
&
8
uruge on
ND PEACE HOPES
full story
- Arden
World communism
— Fred Halliday
Chunal Violence
— Ramesh Menon, Soutík Biswas
8 क्षे ※
lo-Lanka. res

Page 2
  

Page 3
Briefly...
Malay identity
At the 70th annual general meeting of the Sri Lanka Malay Association leaders of the Community expressed their satisfaction that the Malays of Sri Lanka had not been lumped together with the Moors under thenomenclature "Yolaka". That Wil|| Continue to apply to Moors only. The Malays, the Borahs, the Memons etc. Will be registered separately,
The Malays and the Moors are both of the Islamic faith. The Malays hawe long been irritated by the tendency among the ignorant to confuse religion with ethnicity.
äÜARDIAN
Wol. 16 No. 1 May 1, 1993
Price RS, 10.00
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No, 246, Union Placé Color Tito -2.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Saravanamuttu Ma Watha, Colombo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
Letters
News Background
Arriversary Messages
May Day Tribute
The J. R. Years
Eli COFIC 1.
The Fraude to the
Indo-Sri Lanka Accord '87 (2) 13
dā tā:
" Witolice and FR u Tour Mills לך
18 וזCommunisT
Eւյլ3ks:
Women and Family Law
Resort in lid 19
COffespondenco 20
TRE
The q
lite
A high it necessarily ina quality of e. Education M
HäTT7ged fold a орепing of a s electorate. The
flad fasled fo fra COL"7ľry, the according to gOWET 777 er 7-COY News.
Food f
Tha foOL : had improved being Inada to Palabasar 7 M
Christia SWa :
77,400 tors off O GA aff March and 6,97 2O.
Tere Were foget ffe L7 TE af KKS fé Sg.
No
T|le SLFP a "Chief Mr JIST Fleg MW35 feri] Pro Bandaranalike s When Mr Wickremasingh Chandrika K. "Closef Miste
Taf wide elections, Mr Ba

NOS
|ality of racy
racy rate is not cative of a high Lication, Higher Irister A.C.S. gathering at the CfOld Fall ir 7 is education systern ef he reeds of the Tirister said, а героп Iп the troled Daily
or Jaffna
situation in Jaffna Efforts were now Lilda bufferstock, Ministry Secretary заid In Fеbrшагу Jod had been self na, 9856 tons in 2 forns up to April
talks in progress to unload the food retary sasd.
t yet
had not appointed er Candidate” for рwiпce, Mг Алшга 'aid in parliament lister Rar}}| a referred to Mrs Jirmara fLinga as landidate".
decided after the Idaranaike said.
Police hara SS ment
The DUNF leadership has complained to the IGP and the Elections Oα ΠΠπί5Sία Πεar Of continued police harassment of its candidates contesting the May 17, Provincial Council electior 75. The complaints came after the police took in 30 persons, including North Wastern Province DUNF leader (i. M. Premachandra, for questioning on the night of April 27.
DUNF leaders said they would for 77 ffe ser la fra Sewers present in the country of this Continuing harassment.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Air Mail
Canada/U.S.A. for USS 65/ for 1 year USS 45W for 6 Inonths
U.K., Ger 11many, New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands, France, Japan, Holland, Phillippines, Austria, Norway, Sweden, China, Ireland, Switzerland, Nigeria, Belgiu III, Den Thark, Paris. London.
USS 55W for l year USS 35W for 6 Inonths
Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Baharin, Arabian Gulf, Syria, Singapore.
USS 45W for 1 year USS 25/ for 6 months
India, Pakistan.
USS 40/ for 1 year USS 22W for 6 IIlonths
Local
Rs. 250/- for 1 year Rs. 150/- for 6 illionths

Page 4
TTIE C
Ceylon Th
Distribu
RANKO
PHOTO
TYPEW
PLANP
TELEC
IT MUST I
No. 08, Sir Chithampala COLOM
T. P. 431666 431

0 M PLWMENTS
F
eatres Ltd.
tors for
KEROX
COPIERS
RITERS
RINTERS
OPERS
BEXEROX
Im A. Gardinar Mawatha
BO — 02.
243 - 5 448096.

Page 5
News Background
ASSASINATIONS: TI
Mervyn de Silva
O Friday 23, the DUNF President and former National Security Minister Lalith Athulathmudali became yet another victim of the violence that has lately gripped "the dhamrta deepa", the tropical paradise. It is sad to see a politician of such immense potential, become a mere casualty of what is now a commonplace of Sri Lanka life. As President JR's National Security Minister he had been intimately involved in what was soon to be a frighteningly remorseless process - the politics of the gun. Just four years earlier he had nearly succumbed to his wounds after the daring JVP bombattackin ParliaTEt
Some admirers and Well-Wishers may see yet another irony. The former Oxford Union President and accomplished debater had rarely concealed his admiration for S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike, also an Oratorical "Star" in that famed debating Society. The parallel didn't end there. Quite consciously he strove to project the image of the "new"SWRD, dissatisfied by the party leadership and its
political style. Thou ar aSSasin's bulet be seriously sustair First, Lalithar owethrow the lead mself admitted was Constitutional. Secc. singly critical of Sri program, decided th electorate with a different personalit against Serhanaya With the "father-sor dalist practice. Lal Was capsuled in "One-Man-Show". J.R., the Patriarch, generational gap rest of the finisters he regarded as an authority Sustained - the use of the his constant compla hawe been quite sal minister or given a tted him to Cornosc
| zines and newspapers. They express a wide variety of views.
fifteen years. This is the best tributetoits performance asanopinion. journal,
| congratulate the Lanka Guaradian on this achievement. I wish ital success.
This trend reflects the very high
literacy that prevails in our country.
Italso signifės the people's respect
for free expression of opinions.
3.33.33.33.
The Larka Guardian has maintained continuous publication for
※ Sirimavo
- . . . . . . R D Bandarar 寮、 ::::.:.::::.:.:::: ...: : ,8 ( *********نی: r - - - -
Sri Lanka has recently seen President Stiff thepublication ofmanynewmaga
leader of the Op. | 1 described til
of the Lanka Gua
ndous achieveme
nded the journal
journalistic appra
and foreign even
on its 15th annive late the Lanka Gu journalistic stand:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-EFISSURES WIDEN
gh S.W.R.D. too fel to s, the analogy cannot led.
ld his group, tried to lership in what he hi: a konspiratzia albeit Jd, S.W. R.D., increaKotha's Conservative at her Ilust present the new program and a W. He was as much kist conserwatisrT1 as l, unCle-neph GW"feuith's chief grievance his own pet phrase
Whereas President
did exploit the clear BETWEEr him and thig Lalith resented what OWes-COCentration of by a supperstar style media Was another Cof int. In short, he would isfied if chosen prime Dortfolio Which permilidate and broaden
laike
position
iefirst ten years dianasatrement and comme for its balanced sal of both local s. Once again, sary congratuErdian forits high
」_袞 rds.
his mass base. Higher education was far from helpful in the pursuit of a wider electoral appeal. He had to break out of his rather constricted mass base (metropolitan) and alter his personal image (Royal College, Oxford, Hulftsdorp) lawyer). In this regard, he had sensed that even his fellow dissident, Mr. GaminiDissanayake from Kandy-Nuwara Eliya, had a distinct advantage.
WIDER MEANING
But the assasination of Lalith Athulathmudali, a formidable persona by any standard, has far wider significance.
First, the cult of violence or "gun Culture" as some commentators like to describe it. It was not quite Lalith's generation and certainly not his class that lauInched the JWP insurrection in 1971. Though extravagantly styled "Guerwarist", the JWPrevolt had more thana touch of Cornic Opera. And yet, in the light of the Current crisis (and let's bear in mind that this event is just another episode in a deep-ranging national crisis) the JWP uprising wasan "early Warrning", a phrasenow comfortably accommodated in the increasingly respectable "conflict-studies - Conflict-resolution" discourse.
The Sinhala generational revolt was followed in the next decade by the Tamil youth revolt. The self-same frustration and anger over jobs, over opportunity for upward mobility, led however to a different discovery - racial discrimination and deprivation rather than class oppression. The banner of revolt was ethnic, all the easier to raise, and mobilise popular Support given the proximity of Tamilnadu,
with a population so much larger than Sri Lankā.
In the unlikely post of National Security Minister, the Oxford debater became militarist, convinced that he could defeat the "Tigers" in the field of battle, if only he was given the troops, the Weapons and the full support of the government, and hopefully the Opposition and the Sinhala TiiSSSS...
At least at the start, National Security Minister Lalith Athulathmudali did not

Page 6
understand, or understand fully, the nature of the war. This I realised only after several interviews, or and off-the-record, and frank exchanges. (Articulate, perhaps to talkatiwe för a Deferice minister, hiē lowed to discuss and debate and rarely shrank from an argument). If he had all the men he needed and all the money for the equipпепt required, he was сепаіп, he could defeat the LTTE or force it to the negotiating table, All he asked Wasmoney - a bigger budget. On that he clashed with another prominent Cabinet personality, Finance Minister Ronnie de Mel, the IMF's lar. While Ronnie de Meused the |MF-World Bank argument for a modest defence vote, Lalith Would often Suspect that there was personal motivation too.
INDIAN FACTOR
Lalith didn't fully grasp that even if he had all the money, men and material, he Would NOT totallowed to crush the LTE and the armed Tamil movement by Delhi. The armed Struggle and the Cadres, trained and armed by India, constituted Delhi's principalinstrument of Coercive diplomacy conducted to protect and advance What the new raperceived as its strategic interests, as the regional power in a bipolar World; a nation with its own Sense of destiny, shaped mostly by history.
The parippu-medical supplies äir-dropby the AFafter Lalith'sVadamaarachi operation was Delhi's soft option. President JR read the message loud and clear, to the great disappointment of his National Security Minister. But Finance Minister De Mal, and Tore SC Lands Minister Garnini Dissanayake, had already persuaded JR, who may not have needed much persuasion, that India Tust be permitted to play "conflict-resolver" and "peace-keeper” in keeping With its regional pre-eminence and its political Sláks in TamilnadL.
At that moment in history Prime Minister Pres Tadasa, Who Knew nothingor little of all this, and Lalith Were on One side; Ronnie de Mel and Garnini were on the other, with the brilliantly resourceful High Commissioner Dixit, playing a Wital role.
Mobilising Sinhala-Buddhist opinion by exploiting to the full the provocative presence of the IPKF, the army of the huge neighbour, the historic enemy, the JWP launched its second insurrection - Lailith's first CIOSG BricGLulter With Death.
An abortive irr peachment move against the leader of the United National Party gawe birth to the Democratic United National Front, led by Lalith and Gamini.
"Uited” and "Natio the parent party offspring.
tru 5 tā de Cades and the tra ! of the "National que issue, locks the self the UNP and Sri Lam violence, grievous dis sion are the Tai C Country named Sri L of the Bardaralaik, dramatises the fact strikingly.
Oppositio emergenc of parli
SLFF |S:der M laikE, MEP || Cadar D) a USA, MP Athau sent a joint memora ster D. B. Wijetunga the Speaker immed rliament, OW in rec current political sitt assissirhältior of DU" lathin Ludali.
Gamini
reSt.
DUNF deputy I nayake appealed to the public to keep Lalith Athulath Tudal the greatest honour their departed leade
"We do not Wa Ath Lulath Tudali's boť much violence. Do Don't get provoked ara made". Mr. Dis: appeal issued at the his Kollupitiya home He Waled that provide an opportun to postpone the May Electio S. THE DUNF parties wanted the E duled.
The DUNF proc its Kirulapore orga denying that he ha youth Apiah Balakris assassinated Mr. A
Mr. Dissanayak had made a playoft Mr. Premadasa hac

al' are COTO to and its rebellious
t the past two-three gic miSmanagement stion" i.e., the Tamil acclaired "unity" of ka, Self-destructive Gurior and party di WiHäTäCristiC:s Jf the aka. The Condition e dominated SLFP if fissure even Tore
n calls for y meeting ia ment
rS. SirirTl3 Bär1daraimesh Gunawarderi e da See Wirate hawe mi dum to Prime Miniasking hir T1 to adwise ately to surTITIOn pacess, to discuss the Jation following the 'N FedELILI Atu
calls for raint
eader GāTiri Dissathis party Cadres and he peace during Mr. "sful Era as that Wa5 they could bestow. On
.
nt violence Over Mr. ody. He had seen otindulge in violence. even if such attempts sama yake said in his ! press conference at
I violence would only ity to the government 17 provincial council Fandother opposition lection held as Sche
|UCE}däm läffida Wit fror T. liser A.J. PremadaSa d identified the Tamil hmal as the Tha T WHO :Lula this Ludali
;C said the statemedia he identification Which
OW denied.
Foreign correspondents said the state media could not be blamed because Preslad3S3 had told thEFT 3||SC) that BildKrishnan Was the assassin.
Mr. Dissanayake said he would not be surprised if Prema dasa gawe arnother affidavit to the one given to them.
Question: You too hawe used pressure to get the affidavit?
Mr. Sarath Amunugama said the DUNF was producing the affidavit for what it was Worth. Then he produced two of the four eyewitnesses who could identify the g Lur 1r Tl3ä r h.
Dastardly murder will be probed: - President
Presidert Rarhasinghe Prer Thadasa said om friday that the United National Party un reservedy Condemned the dastardly and Cowardly assassination of Mr. Lalith Ath Lula thir TL däli,
He was addressing 4,000 delegates from the Attahagalla and Dompg UNP branches at Millathe, Dolpe. TWO Tirutes'silence Was Observed in honour of the slait leader at the Contence Tent of the meeting.
The President said: "I was deeply shocked When heard of the assassiration. As a person who strove to eleminate terror, I do not condone cowardly and inhuman acts of this nature. I spoke to the Defence Secretary and the IGP and instructed the T1 to obtain the assistance of Scotland Yard and Interpol to probe the assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali.
"This matter should be probed to the roots. Who did it? And why? The country should know the answers to these queStiOS.
"The UNP has a Tembership of 4.5 million. They adhere to a code of Conduct. They have not however attained spiritual enlightenment.
Scotland Yard team arrives
A Scotlandyard team led by detective Superintendentarrived in Colombo at the invitation of the government to probe the assassination of Mr. Laith Atulathmudali.
The four member team as a forensic expert and a pathologist. The visit follows request made by Defence Secretary General Cyril Ranatunge to the U.K. High Cormissioner Mr. John Field.

Page 7
AAVNVVEARSAAFY
S. Thorn darTmar MrTľsfert of ToLurssiri & FLura Nr 7 du Sfra Developптепt
| hawe great pleasure in sending this Thessage of felicitation on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of Lanka Guardial.
Over the years the journal has rendered yeoman service to the cause of communal amily in our multi-ethnic country. It has steadfastly stood for human rights and has fought against every form of exploitation.
I wish Larika Guardian all success in the future and I am confident that it will continue la sewe the people of this CCL Intry as al II independent and fearless journal in the years ahead.
Mahinda Rajapakse M. P. for HarThartota. District
Plurality in the media is as in Importantas a free media and I hawe looked Lupon the Larika Guardian to play this role and play it more than adequately. Catering to the more politicalised of the English readership, the Lanka Guardian has always presented another point of View whatever the issue the editors solt should be discussed. This no doubt is important in a World where another man's point of view is not Tuch recognised,
Let me therefore wish your pen more durability on its 15th birthday.
Bernard Soysa General Sec. LSSP
The Lanka GLJardian carne to be published at a time when there was a great need for such a journal. The freedom of the media was hampered in many ways.
The publication of a journal that did mot fear to express radical views, that would provide a forum for 5orne degree of free discussion and enable the dissemination of Contrasting points of view was a badly felt need. The Lanka Guardian filled the lacuna.
The journal must be congratulated on that achievement. It is edited by a journalist whose abilities have been very widely recognised.
In the midst of the many changes that have taken place in Sri Lanka these past fifteen years the Lanka Guardian has had to travel a difficult path made more perilous by the pitfalls that increased with the years.
With an understanding of these difficuties | heartily congratulate the Larka Guaridiar on its positive Contribution and its triumphs. Ioffer. The Lanka Guardian my best Wishes.
Dr. Neelan Tiruch Director, Internatio SfL dies
The Lanka Gua, gratulated for 15 yi cation of Serious politi It fer Täll i 15 the most ir Sri Lanka with a limp. Lanka arid abroad.
Mangala Moonesi
The Larka Ga of existence has Crea salon of national journ of Current political COI cal reportage on intel global media market th been a trail blazer minded intelligentzia.
While wishing it a I am Confident that th Taitair il stada Continue to Contribute wative political thinki nation focussing on E by the 21st century.
M. Haleem Ishak, 1
Its a pleasure to ran at its 15th arri this news magazine through such a fairly undoubtedly facing wa a Country like Sri L esteer in it has gained
BOTT1 at a tirThe WF those who patronize in particular, felta gre: to independent news Lanka Guardian as bi gap to the best of its
The tradition has day by the Lanka Gus presentation of facts :
Lel mewish Lan, TOfe Successes in th Tarch forward to fulfil to present the reader är other wiew".
Gamani Coreа Former Secretary-G LJ.N. C.T.A.D.
The Lanka Guart back on its 15 year satisfaction and pride, been a source of Critic affairs both national a Como t0 look to the information and analy

Y MMESSAGES
|vaпп
Ceret fOT Efrisc
dia 7 needs to by CO's of continuous publialand social Criticism. fluential periodical on rtant readership in Sri
nghe, M. P.
fan within fifteen years (dits own riche in the als as a reliable source nmentary and analytinational affairs. In the e Lanka Guardian has or the foreign affairs
||Successin the future, e Larkiä Guardiar 7 Will ds of journalism and to qualitative and inno1g so necessary to a 2Conomic ascendancy
M.P.
great the Lärka Gulaversary. The fact that has beer able to live long period of time rious odds Cornton in änka speaks for the a Thong its readers,
ten the reading public, | English publications at need to hawe access views and analysis, enable to bridge that ability. being sustained to this radian with its objective fld Cornslerks.
a Guardian mörg and e Corning years in its its awowod endeavour With "oth Cr meWS ārlid
елега)
an has reason to look s of publication with It has filled a need and Comment on Current d international. I have
Lārikā GLiālā for is of high quality. I am
happy to extend to it my best wishes for the future and hope that it will continue, with increasing success, to make its highly valuable and significant Contribution.
Desmond Fernando Secretaгy-GелегаІ, Iпfегnational ASSocial fior 7
Like its editor, the Lanka Guardian has remained a perceptive observer of the Sri Lankan and South Asian scene. While its editor remains our foremost journalist, his little magazine has no parallel as a forum for free and educated opinion on all those issues, local, regional or international that concern the intelligentsia.
Bar
Professor G. L. Peiris Wfcgi-CFārcelor är id Professor of Law of the University of ColorTbo.
It is appropriate to recognize on this occasion the quality and the scope of the contribution which has been made by the Larika Guardian to the moulding of public opinion in our country on a variety of issues. | hawe suggested in many fora that the lack of Wigour and witality of public opinion is a factor which fundar Tnentally inhibits the emergence of viable solutions to urgent national problems.
There has been extensive di SCUSSION in recent Weeks about the role of the Todia. One of the printhe requisites in this regard, to my mind, is the element of objectivity and dispassionate appraisal. This is, quite clearly, an essential foundation for the achievement of balance both in regard to the presentation of news and the making of any assessment or cornment on news presented to the public,
The cardinal strength of the Lanka Guaridian, in my opinion, is the importance it has Consistently attached to the values of objectivity and detachment not merely as a matter of precept and pious aspiration but in actual practice. For this, if nothing else, the public of Sri Lanka has reason to be deeply appreciative of the Contribution that has been made by the Lanka Guardian.
H. L. De Silva, P.C.
The survival of a journal which has been in the forefront of creating a body of critical opinion in Sri Lanka on a wide variety of significant issues is indeed a natter for congratulation. More so, because this effort has been carried on with commendable vigour and independence yet with a sense of reasonableness and balance. Above everything else it is a marvel how the Lanka Guardian

Page 8
has been able, despite the rise in costs of publication, to make it available to the public at such a reasonable price,
Wishing you aΠdγαur PapΕΓπιΗΠy ΠΙΟΓα years of success in this dedicated endeavour to serve the discerning reading public of Sri Lanka.
W. P. Witt Ci
I am happy to send Lanka Guardian my congratulations and best Wishes On its filfteenth anniversary. It is the rare periodical that lasts a year in Sri Lanka. Fifteen years of uninterrupted publication speaks for itself. With the Tedia infested with political toadys Larka Gardiarhas been the voice of sanity.
Bruce Matthews Professor of Corriparative Region, Acada University, Nova Scofia, Canada
Since its inceptiori | hawe turred to thë Laikā Garfā for reliable, interestinga often LIHLSL al Commentary ori Sri Lankan and regional affairs. In particular, I have looked to the articles that Mervyn de Silva himself has written, for they have invariably bean Tim Easy analyses af often CD Tiplex Political, economic or Culturalissues, Thera hawa been times when Mervyn has been Thore or less alone in providing this service, times when it has taken a lot of courage to publish critiques of state policy or to report on Controversial events. For years, Mervyn was somewhat of a voice in the wilderness, especially when his publication boldly set down what th 3 Stake2-S wera liri Certaiirl rati Orial CriSBS. Nobody else was providing this kind of COImmentary in the English language in Sri Lanka. In this way, Mervyn's Lanka Guardian was a trail-blazer. His publication still retains a seniority and a panache that is Well-deserved. Its balanced judgement on national affairs continues to be held in respect, so Luchi so that me not in frequently SC: Es it cited in heavy academic journals and books. salute Mervyn and the Lanka Guardian or this arriversary.
Gamini Weerakoon Editor, Sunday Island
TF18 Larika ČLJaľudia hlaS SLIPViVed 15 years of the most turbulent period in this Country's contemporary history. Il Commenced publication at a time. When the first pressures on the free press of the country were distinctly felt. To hawe continued uninterrupted publication and maintained Credibility is a remarkable achievement. I do hope the Lanka Guardar will continue to maintain the standards it has achieved in the past.
Sinha Ratnatunge Edifог, Sшпday Tїппе
Tabloid journalis business, shTO Luld regqa not only as a pioneer folloW ir 11 ilis Choice al issues for ComTest a
It has allways ta' the large publishingh treated Casually,
Tie Lik Č. its 15 year achiewer Tit
Ajith Samaramaya Associate Editor, is
The Lara Gita, years so far has per both a journal of polit as Well as a fourt Critical time in Sri La taskin the grim landsc ge publishing. ThDr. English journal whic long and this is entire its Editor, Mervyndes the doyen of Sri La journal has r10 dou! years and Soric Tigh mûre restricted III ils mot to any intrinsic WE2; but to the paucity of W which is the perennie sh-language Éditor,
| Wis LC WB| may it have the strer Continue its irportant its high standards. critical journal of opi by ary prejudi Ce5 C political party or Cauc radar is stil|| the besti
Nihal Ratnayake "Gard"
T) 5Lur"Wi'We, let a climatic changes ove decades Cold Tot h independent jou mal. has done it, revealing a high degree of jour als 0 3 ITheaSure Of de
The Gardar if the Odds, O Serve nking people arrior public in this island.
Profe:SSOr Bertral Dept. of History E University of Color
The Lanka Gui for long a valuables conter Tiporary affairs glorial and national

도
m, now a tourishing rī Lāk Luārā but as an example to ld treatment of public ind analysis,
Ken up questions that OLISes hawe ignored Cor
diar Carl be prolid Cl 3.1.
ke Јало!
radian during its fifteen foTTEd Fle fulgtig Lys ical and social opinior f'div'EsSe WiiWS at al Inka's affairs, no gasy tape of English-langua2 HBS beën s10 Other has survived for SO aly due to the efforts of Silva, who is indubitably nka's journalist5. THE it changed down the teven say has become appeal but this is due aKress of the compilers writing talent in English, tl bugbear of the Engli:-
In this anniversary and gth and the support to : FLIllio Saldr Ilaistain THE COLIntry reeds a riori bf Liri tari CLIFTbered Jr affiliations to a any :L5 ärld FÈ Lärkä (GLJäequipped for this role.
lone grow, through the rthe pastone and a half nawa been Easy for år BLittle Låskå GLAfdsår) in the process not only malistic Cor Tripleter Ce but adication.
| Lust COrtir Lie, What BVer TSe seW TLSaid thlig the English reading
m Bastiampilai
rd Polica Scierīce, .םbוד
"där Häs Eesti lO TIE QurCE2 Çof inforTThator : Örı of an international, reCharacter. I have found
that it prO'wides interesting readirig Ur singrificant subjects,
This publication has helped Tina immarisely in gathering facts and comments whenever I had to prepare a lecture or write an årticle Cf ältäTTE FälLTE! It flis. Tād3 t2 search for data easy.
LLCLYMMLLLLLL LLLLLLLTLLMMLaLLLLLCLLLLLLL first to CT ut with a WS and wiaws am events and matters of topical interest, it has been critical evaluative and fair improviding LLLL0LLLLaLK LLLL LLL LLL LLLLaLL L its articles and reports on subjects covering local and international politics, econostics and developments of social interest in Sri Lākā ārld l5.
It is a lively journal of a serious rature which has been coming out regularly in Sri Lamka and a publication that has been forthright as well as balanced in making its presentatioriS.
I Vis Hat Editor CCILEs Will le useful work he has done and all success for the future inputting out this modestly priced, reliable and responsible publication which Shecisso Tuchlight On Tatters of interest and importance to scholars and serious readar 5 alik.
Ray Forbes Director, B.C.I.S.
The 15thaniniwersary of the Lanka Gularidian is a milestone in the history of higher journalism in Sri Lanka. Mr. Mervyn de Silva, Editor, certainly deserves heartiest Congratulations Cithis Occasion, and best Wishe:S for even greater achievements in the future.
The Larka Guardar broke new ground in making available to those interested in foreign affairs, easy and convenientaccess to commentaries, reports and reviews from specialists in the subject from the Widest possible horizon. In doing so it has filled a vacuum that existed in this sphere.
| är T1 happy that Larka GLJardia 7 hlas acted as a Catalyst in promoting SeriCLIS writing om Intermational Relations in the Sinhala medium. There isim creasingle'yi dence of this which is very encouraging.
Ag Oirect of St Ludi S of the Barda falake Centre for International Studies (BCS) take this opportunity to acknowledge the invaluable service rendered by the Lanka Garai to Students of literational Affairs by providing them. With a handy reference journal at a wery modest price. The easy availability of Secondary Source material through the Larika Guardian has facilitated dissertation-writing ir Tir Termsely.
Wel|| Ce, Larka Gil Jardi: "7 End Thaly more years of discovery and enlightenment to those seeking an understanding and awaserie SS Of COnte Tp Orary SSLeS.

Page 9
MAY DAY TRIBUTE
Comrade Shan: Tr
Dayan Jayatilleke
Omrade Shan was a year younger
här the October Rewolution. He beCame a fulltime Communist Cadre halfa century ago. He died a month away from the 40th death anniversary of Joseph Stalin,
Mao-Tse-Tung summed up the essence of Marxism as he saw it, in the phrase "it is right to rebel." It was a terse abbreviatids of Stalin's ESS er krlowT But TDre accurate summation of the essence of Marxism: "It is right to rebel against reaction." Mao's Contribution to Scientific 50cialism is best set out in his own 1962 injunction to the 7000 cadres — "Never forget classes and the class struggle." Engaging in revolutionary politics in Lankan society in which the class struggle in its classic sense has not been fought out in wiolent formis, Comrade Shan's practice almost inevitable SaW that class struggle transposed to the instance of ideology. Shan's distinctive contribution then, can be expressed by us in the phrase "never forget ideology and the ideological struggle." Shan was the only Lankan Marxist of his generation who took ideology seriously.
Shan was not a "progressive," a leftistingeneral. He Wasa Communistand became one at a time when the test stood for men and Women "of special cut," as Stalin put it. That the Lankan Left was unique in that it contained a preponderance of Trotskyites over Stalinists, tells us nuch about this society and petty bourgeoisie - and none of it positive.
Later, Shan Wrote of this time: "Today it is easy to be pro-Soviet.... The Soviet Union came Out of the War as a great power and subsequently has Thatched every achievement of the Western imperalist powers - including those in space. But it was a different question during the War. The reactionaries and the Trotskyites were blatantly anti-Soviet while the doubters were many, We, Communists, alone Were unshaken in our belief that the Soviet Union would corne Out of the War triu
mphant. I was ver Our faith in the WO the Socialist State amply windicated. wing lived during th ad hawa Ore's fait tir The of the rout of Stalingrad when So died With the nart and turned retreat nce, the Soviet Re; which they reacht despite the slowne nching the 2nd fror we Were LI rifurling Mel's Park, Slawe May Day demonstr; Observer's huge he the Reichstag!" р. 21-22).
While Pieter KE ITimate consensus Cal Contribution bea of physiognomy. O Thuch about Pieter' its deliberate under and semantic sop! gnizes his Craft a substance of his id: of the party Were Waidyalingam and were Tost articula! stions at meetings of the party. And deviation such as line of G.W.S. de S (in Kandy) arose, til It was he who draft: of both the militan (Aureliya) and th ngress in 1950 (Me
Shan Wasa Taf the roles of ideolog leader, though t fraught with its te Shan achieved th retaining the loyal Union base when on the Sino-Sovie else in the Third W.

he Long March
"proud of this stand. king class, Socialism and was more than It was Worthwhile haSe OT1 ento US timeS 1 windicated. From the the German army at Wietheroes foughtand of Stalin on their lips mto victory and adwaArmy raced to Berlin d by may 1st 1945, SS of the allies in lauit. | enTTıbb er that as our baller rear De Island for that year's ation, saw the Ceylon adiline "Red Flag Ower ("Political Memoirs..."
LUTET WES COSLpolitician, his ideologirSnodistinctive stamp ne stiII does not knoW S Marxism, except for statement, Subtle Thess histication. One recold style, but not the as. The theoreticians CoTrades Kandiah, Shan. It was they who e ion ideological quepf the upper echelons When an ideological he Sinhala chauvinist ilwa and Joe de Silva he party sent in Shan. d the Political Reports 1948 3rd Congress 2 moderate 4th Cotara).
ity in that he combined que and Working class e COT1bination Was isions. It is thus that } unique success or y of the CP's Trade e splite with the party
Question. Nowhere Jrld did an uncompro
misingly Maoist party succeed in this - almost always, ideological radicalism found its exclusive agency in the petly-bourgeois youth, leaving the organized Working class in the hands of the old reformist leadership,
A nostalgic view of the trajectory of the Lankan Left holds that the formation of the United Left Front of 1963 marked its Zenith. HOWever, anaSSGSSTent that is guided by scantest regard for analytical rigour would conclude that the ULF of '63 was already corrupted by social chauvirism. All the constituent parties had shifted to the policy of Sinhala chauvinism. All the constituent parties had shifted to the policy of Sinhala Only and the presence of Philip Gunewardena, whose shock troops had played such an infamous role against the Left in the anti-Tarnilpogrom of 1958, makes us Wonder at Why the '63 convergence happening that year - the climatic moment of the Open Polemic commencing from 1960, concerning the general line of the World Communist Movement. There is no Communist party that took the Sowiat Line in '63 that ewer Welt on to make or seriously attempt a revolution. Those who did so Were either neutrals or sympathizers of the CCP position (such as the Vietnamese), subsequent split offs from the pro-Moscow parties or were formed after the schism and thus took no sides in it (the Afghan). It is testimony to the seriousness with which Shan took ideological questions that he sided with the CCP and spearheaded this struggle in Sri Lanka.
In a classic working Out of the dialectic, it was Shan's fidelity to the letter of Mao-Tse-Tung Thought that swept him to the highest heights a Sri Lankan left leader has ever been and Cast hit down to isolation and solitude. Shan was present at one of the greatest moments of drama and sheer spectacle in the history of World revolution - in Tien An Mien Square, Watching Chairman Mao reviewing the millions strong crowd at the height of that mad'storming of the heavens, the Great

Page 10
Proletaria Cultural REVOLtiO1. Sld 10 only addressed a meeting of five thousand Red Guards, he met and talked at length With Chair Tan Mao in Jurie 1987, in the white hEat of the CLultural Revolution, when Mao was at his most charismatic and at the pinnacle of his Worldwide fastle, Which Lankan leftist (and how many South Asian Marxists) ewer exchanged ideas. With a man Who did as much to change World history?
It was Shar Who Was relied upon by the Chinese party to wage the ideological battle Outside Sri Lanka, in Asia and the Third World. (Tragically, this included poemics against "Castroism-Guevarism"). In this regard Shan the founding of whose party antedated by a few years, that of most Maoistorganizations the World ower, played a more active and prominent a role ta gvel Chāru MazLimdā — Which explains the respect in which he was held by Indian revolutionaries and radicals even in the last years of his life. Memory brings back the sincere concern on the face of Comrade : Khoda dara Tar, the veteran revolutionary Organizerand lege
ndary ideologue () Group in India, wh conclawe, I replied COmrade Sha?" Wi was in poor health.
The Cultural F nic-traumatic social froT Mao's genius luminous prophesy! |st ESOfälicJIl bJUl E prewentiwe presCri; expression of the CL. the transmutation O from an ideological between two states Stile Social Systerni ar Toring the Commil ndled by Mao, turn Ewer genius errSbOL Consequer CBS are ( camp and the World WQCably Sundered. leaders refused to of the new 'two car Party of India (Ma which carved Outar a develop Tent lot ,
PRESIDENT'S SPEECH
GOVERNMENTS
He was inaugurating the fifth session of the second
Parliament.
He said Sri Lanka had to face many challenges during
the last four years. Notable among then were the mounting defence expenditure, the Gulf Crisis and the worldwide recession. In spite of these obstacles we have done extremely well compared with many other countries", he added.
At long last, he said, Sri Lanka is now lined up for a smooth "take-off" economically,
"Our objective is to achieve newly-industrialized collIntry status by the year 2000, Economic growth alone is not going to serve our people. That is why We are striving to achieve growth with equity. In fact, cquity and social justice will be the guiding principles of our new society," he added.
He said government policies had been endorsed by the large majority of Lankan people several titles in the past, Multilateral and bilateral donor countries and agencies hawe helped usimmensely. Foreign and localinvestorshave placed their trust and confidence in us said the President.
He asked: Is there any alternative before the people? As far as I can see some disjointed assortment of Ilegative and contradictory ideas had been put forward. There is no consensus even among the different proponents of these fanciful ideas. They will only lead to social insecurity, political instability and economic calamity.
However, the policies and programmes of Imy gow

f the People's War ler at a CardêStir his question "how is : the alswer that he
Rigwi lilu tiori, tat titaexperiment, issued which foresaw With the problem of capitarred grotesquely in its tion. The external ultural Revolution Was f the Sino-Soviet split struggle into a clash With supposedly hoS. T. Contradictions Jinists, incorrectly haed into antagonisms. It When it does SQ, the colossal. The Socialist TOW-Test WETE İTTEWery few parties and to pola rised into Corne nps'. The Communist rxist) was one such independent path - rrelated to the prese
nce in it's leading ranks of B.T. Ranadiwe, whose independent criticist of Mao froT a proletarian revolutionary standpoint, dated back to the late 40's. Shan, with his rock like Solidity and his passionate committent to Maoism, was tempers inentaly and intellectually incapable of this feat, The CPI (M) Survives the general Crisis of SocialisfT1, combining ideological ContiInuity (and a large measure of fidelity to Stalin) with adroit political manouevre. Shan's Ceylon Communist Pary died long Before e di.
In the 1960's Shan's party contained the raw material of revolution. A crop of highly talented and intelligent young cadres in the Universities and among the studentry, militant Sinhala workers in the city and Tamil proletarians in the hill Country, the AI Lanka Peasants Congress in the NCP and a large number of the oppressed caste youth in Jaffna - and solid international contacts with a powerful ruling C.P.
(To be continued)
S NEW PROGRAM
ernment will avert any such unfortunate situations, said President Pro Inadasa.
You will recall the inauguration of the Fourth Session of the Second Parliament. It took place on Tuesday the 24th of September, 1991. What did we witness on that occasion? We witnessed the Ilisuse of a provision in the Constitution. It was an ugly attempt to impeach the will of the people. It was a shameful and ill-begotten conspiracy.
This conspiracy had been hatched very secretively. This came out in an interview given by the Hon. the Leader of the Opposition to a newspaper. I quote below some excerpts for Il that interview:
"The impeachment process which has become the lost important topic today is not something recent. We have been discussing such a course of action with the Members of the Government Party for quite sometime. These discussions hawe been going on very secretiwely.”
We could not present the Impeachment Motion by ourselves, because the SLFP Membership was insufficient. Such a course of action could be taken with a section of the Ministers and Members of Parliament of the United National Party. Therefore, I was extremely happy When they agreed to extend their assistance for this."
The conspirators had submitted a Resolution to the Hom. the Speaker.
(Excorpi)

Page 11
The J. R. Ye.
A Tider
A FREE AND
RIGHTEOUS SOCIETY
abinet ministers in independent
Sri Lanka are a hardy lot; they rarely die in office. In the 30 years from IndepeIndence to 1977 two prime ministers died violent deaths (D.S. Senanayake in a riding accident, Solomon Bandaranaike by assassination), a Minister of Health (George Rajapakse) died by surgical misadventure and just one minister died of What are called natural Causes and he (A.B. Perera) was not a career politician but a Minister of Justice brought into the cabinet through the Senate. He died a few Weeks later.
Then, contrary to for IT, four ministers ofJ.R. Jayewardena's 1977 cabinet died; but they were all new-comers to ministerial rank and died before they were imbued with the Cor Tipulsion to liwe that poWerbestows*
By way of contrast to all this, eight mer Tiberso of Dudley Semamayake's 1965-1970 government died after they Went out of office; six merTibers" of Mrs. Bandaranaike's 1970-1977 government died after her govern Ilent fell.
Power is not merely a heady wine, it is a life enhancer. Parliamentarians of Sri Lanka have awarded themselvespensions, handsome emoluments, and fringe benefits. A parliamentary career is a financially rewarding one. This being the case, politicians in Sri Lanka never quit, Thus We hawe J. R. JayeWardene, Who im 1944 proposed in the State Council that Sinhala should be made the official language instead of English (a motion that was opposed by D.S. Senanayake and Solomon Bandaranalike Who Wanted both Sinhala and Tamil) still there in the thick of it more than forty years later trying to make amends for some of the long-term Consequences of his youthful indiscretion. In 1957 Jayewardene stages a protest marchito Compel prime minister Bandaranaike to tear up his pact with the Tamil leader Chelwanayagamallowing for regio
ral Councils and th language of admir and the east. Thirt Jaye Warderle is se Tamils with many II he successfully sta
Another signi Lanka is that politi heirlooms. The U.N. ke is inherited by S.L.F.P. af Sol COmes to his Widoy Wafal' M.E.P. SOIT Dir ESF ad S election are nomin branch Organisatior of the partу. Д natu Carl Eldrid fresh El level to renew and Cies and politics o' de Ocracies leade nStanly being um rded When they fai|| new leaders broug PlotDOSSibië. Meer TC dges are nurtured politics is a battle fo of office between o'
Tl S,
It Was these Lur tions that it possib WOters Were i a TI Front government le J. R. Jayewardene, there pitching, and a Spearhead the art and lead the forces for the restoration ITITET.
Jayewarderer Se5, derlourcede WC rr || Thermt had dOrië to held out kind of pro hear. He would gui and restore freedor Stop the practice oft Iting to emergencyp pretext, he would Acquisition Act; he w On the publication of

arS (1)
3 use Of Tamil as the istration in the north years later the same 2 I trying to pacify the ore Concessions than |lgi1 1957.
icant fact about Sri cal parties are family .P. of D.S. Senanayahis son Dudley, the Tor Bandaranalike Sirima, Philip Gunais bequeathed to his o Ori. Candidates for ated, not by the local 1, but by the proprietor fal result is that there ood at the leadership reinvigorate the poliFaparty. In Western irs of parties are cozerestoniously discaOproduce results and tin. Sri Lārikā this is Iriesare long, Old gru
and kept Warm and r power and the spoils wners of party machi
niquely Lankan condile that at a time the od to reject the United ock, Stock and barrel, the stayer, Was still in available and eager to i-S.L.F.P. onslaught,
that Were crying out of democratic gove
nade the Correct moirything the U.F. goveoffend the Voters and mises they Wanted to aranted a free press of speech; he would he government resoowers on every slight repeal the Business OLuld TETOWe the Curt męWSabout the activi
ties of the cabinet; he would abolish corruption and What he referred to as "family bandyism" (a locution of his coinage mTheaning nepotism); he would restore democratic practices; windictiveness Would have no place in his government; above all he would call an all-party conference and once and for all settle the ethnic dispute om a permanent basis.
When on 22 July 1977 the United National Party, pledged to usherina"Free and Righteous Society" won the general election in a landslide victory, obtaining 140 out of a total of 168 parliamentary seats, the auguries for Sri Lanka Were Very favourable and the hopes of Lankans Were high. The election ended sever years of economic stagnation under the etatiste regime of the United Front govermment of MTS, Sirirla Baldara laikE.
(To be continued)
FOOTNOTES
1. S. do S. Jayasinghe, Sheltor 1 Jayasirighe, C.P.J. Seneviratne and S.B. Herath. (In February 1988 Astoka Karunaratna died).
2, This compulsiobri was strikingly illustrated when on 18 August 1987 an attempt was паđa to assassinata the president. Two grenades were tossed into a parliamentary committee room where the president was in conference with hispariamentary group. Five cabinet ministers who were seriously injured in the explosion all survived. Two Ten died, on a district rhinister not of Cabinet rank and the other a clerk. Jayewardene hirTself Wa:S turihurt.
3, Dudley Semarayake, M.D. Banda, C.P.
de Siliwa, Philip Gunawardena, U.B. Waminirna yake, I.M.F.A. iriyagolla, W.A. Sugathadasa and M. Tiruchelwart,
4. Felix D. Bandaranalke, Michael Siriwadema, N.M. Parea, Leslie GCOIMÉWardena, Hector KobbekäduWaarld T.B., Teshriekoon.

Page 12
ETHNIC CONFLCT
Light at the End
(Notes om a falk at the Asia Society, Washington)
Ananda Guruge
do not address you as the official representative of the Sri Lanka GoveIIlITEITE.
I shall skip history and the causes, guided by the parable of the doctor and the Wounded man in the TeVilla Sutra, the Buddhist Scriptures.
WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE CONFLICT IN THE NORTH AND THE EAST?
(1) Not an ethnic or religious conflict: i. 3. Tot a Sir Hala ws. Ta Til Or Buddhist WS, Hindu conflict. (2) Not a liberation war of a minority with defined OTeland: two-thirds of the Tami population live With the Tajority in the rest of the Island.
(3) An isolated terrorist organization resortingtoanarmedstruggle fora separate State Called Ee la Tı,
(4) Marked by a process of ethnic clearising: attacks on Muslim and Sinhala Willages; Tlass evacuation of Muslims from Jaffna and Mannar,
DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS
(1) LIT TE - It's sole mission is to set up a separate independent State in the Norther and the EastETT Pro WiiC3S. NO indication of its policies and role, if such a State is established, has been given to the Sri Lankan public of even the Tamils. (2) Other Tamil Militant groups-ready to enter a democratic process in the context of a unitary Sri Lanka with greater devolution of power and rectification of measures perceived as discriminatory to Tamil interests (3) Tamil political parlies - mostly in disarray and hence indecisive. Under threat of LTTE retaliation and actual attack S, hawe lost much of the Confidence and leadership. Costpelled to be cautious апd wavering. (4) Major Opposition Parties-reluctant to get involved other than in urging the Government to solve the problem; but often adopts a double standard criticizing it not solving the conflict quickly as well as in finding fault will every step whether conciliatory or military. Appears to Work
on the premise that ties do, Would be W their pression in so that the Security FC givem more reso Lur problem.
(5) Intellectuals ar from attempting hi and attributing Curre decisions of the re. has emerged from a sible circle. What ssed are governed political affiliations :
PUBLIC REACTIO (a) Those resider пce (ї. е. almosfелІ guered population long-drawn military nearly two decades the de lands of f Support and COSC Most affected by thệ ti|| ||ts Withdrawal, T Out either to the S country offering asy are allowed to dos (b) Those living i Dra Wri into the COfn of this Prowirnice ir i State, in spile of t a minority there' Tamil populations. affected by the art ACCOrd (jid Tot obo|| rger of N and E enjoys a пeasшге despite intermitter arribUSheS. (с) GелегаІршb| (cluחry Which Iוח Tails of India o Majority of the Tar IfE 77C] re addLoCase and successful t are the least tQuch tham whem agit= "ethnic cleansing' willages on the bo! nces of Sporadic assassinations in generalattitude o'
Dr. Guruge is Sri Lanka Ambassador to the U.S.

of the Tunne?
whatever the authorisong, But also gives 1e of their State Tents Ces, funchecked Or tes, could solve the
d'Acader T7ics-Apart storical explanations it situation to Warious ent past, по position ly influential or respoэver opinions exргеf not coloured by their ind syrnpathies,
NS
I'll No Terry Pro Wirely Tamil)-abeleaWith the burde of a
conflict extending to i. Obliged to abide by 1e LT TE Ie financial ription of combatants. a presence of the IPKF No option tham to get (outh of SL or to any lum, as and when they O.
7 Easter" | Pro WinCE - flict as LTTE inclusion ts claim for a separate le fact the Ta Tils are vis-a-wis Sinhala and Could have been less gd Conflict if Ido-SL ge the temporary me
Provinces. Currently
of civil administration t terrorist attacks and
C Cased where iri) free COLIles [ha SiлПala, Ifie igin in the Estates, the lil population (specially 'classes, professionals usinessmen): As they ed by the conflict other ed and shocked by in Sinhala and Muslim ders of N. and E. Pro Wibomb explosions and Colobo, theirs is a apathy and COmplaisa
rice. As the bulk of the security forces come from poorer rural homes (there is no CorTipulsory conscription is SIL), deaths and casualties in the Security Forces do not affect the vast Iajority. For some people, the conflict could be in another planet (d) Expatriate Sri Lankaris-How they react depends om When and from where they came:
(1) Older immigrants largely professionail-hardly concerned or even interested other thar in cases Where affiliation to a particular political party colours one's opinions. A few Tayeven harbour un realistic and dangerous chauvinistic tendencies, based on a mistaken notion of patriotis IT to anotherland or a community there of With which they hardly have any close ties апy loпger.
(2) More recent in migrants mainly of professional or acade sc standing - Tends to be more Wocal, but again, a CCOrding to individual ethnic, religious or political affiliations or sympathies. Either overreacting to the 1983 incident and the brutality of the JWP uprising and its afteTTT alth in 1987-89, tends to blaľThe the majority community or the Government or both for everything. Either they do not know or purposely ignore any positive developments and considers that the unmitigated criticism of the Sinhala-Buddhists and the GowerTrent make them appear more tolerant and just in the eyes of their peers in the host country. This Category could include all SL ethnic groups and are usually the most ardent supporters of Human Rights Movements if and, if only, they are concerned with the SL situation. shows a readiness for Concilliatory measures even if some of their suggestions are less practicable (e.g. English as a panacea for all ills in SL). With no intention to return to SL, their Concerns are more related to the phenomenon of "refugee-fatigue" in the host countries. (3) More recent immigrants of less than professional standing-Considering how the Conflict has enabled them to DeCotle economic refugees in Industrialized Cou

Page 13
ntries, their reactions and attitudes wary according background and place of origin. They bring with them their ignorance as Well prejudices and tend to be drawn into militant Organizations, Most active politically, Socially and Culturally and sometiTles cause efTlbarrassment to the host Countries.
EMERGING PICTURE OF THE CONFLICT (DIVERSITY OF PERCEPTIONS, REACTIONS AND ATTTUDES OF PERSONS PROVIDING INFORMATION)
(a) Blurred, if not incomplete and faulty. (b) Faulty assumptions, apportioning blame and responsibility Without an ade
quate a SSSSTEt of the situation. (c) Underlying prejudice that the majorily population of the Government or both together are responsible, with the corollary that the minority is always right. (d) Simplistic solutions like putting preSSure on the Government to cease military action unilaterally or proposing partitioning and exchange of populations. (e) A grawe domestic problem for the host countries which are obliged to grapple with labour and social unrest Caused by "refugee-fatigue" and ultra-right Wing politics. These countries are ready to promote any solution in SL as long the influx of asylust-seekers could be ChiBICkEd,
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION: MILITARY OR POLITICAL
(a) No One Considers a military solution feasible, acceptable or durable. All agree that the conflict can be resolved only politically. N.B. the Government position that the military operations are meant to Contain and weaken the terrorist operations of LTTE and to induce it to return to the negotiating table.
(b) The perception of what constitutes a political solution differs and so do views Vary on What has to be done and how.
THE PRINCIPAL INGREDENT FOR A POLITICAL SOLUTION: THE RECOGNITION OF THE REALITY AND APPRECIATION OF WHAT THE GOVERNMENT HAS DONE HITHERTO (i.e. facts unknown to or willfully ignored by critics in both SL and abroad):
(a) Real grievances, resulting from decisions of the past regiThes, redressed during the last decade:
(i) Parity of Tamil as an official language and language of administration;
(ii) InCreased opportunities for Higher
EdLI Catiori ir Tar Till, ir ties of Jaffna and Ba
(iii) New recruit (b) Perceived griev founded or factor d tion a5 Tegards Ernp mic opportunities; c oppression). (c) Population Dist of the Tati CITITL in a completely integ all Provinces other tr wince and parts of th This distribution pre the so-called Cypru: rhi 1g like lr1dia arh. ensuing exchange ol delinking Banglades (d) Major political Er ThbJJdid il the CC to Satisfy Tamil aspir (i) Provincial Co. gislative and execu Conferred by the Indi. State Govern Ilents; (ii) Devolution of to the Tost acceptal concept of a unitary (iii) Northern ar temporarily mergedt Council until the Ea des Whëther to SO C ndum,
(iv) Proportional Parliament, Provinci. elected bodies to et restis equitably repr (W) - Executive Pr. ctly by the entire po all ethnic and religio, 5. StepStaken tOrE of Inadequate repres in the riational life: (a) Example set b Takes his majors languages or ensure ntly translated into Sente Ce. (b) Trilingualism in te-owned Tedia (TE Newspapers). (c) Equitable repre sitions in the GowerT (d) Ministers or Sta Religious and Cultur, Religious and Cultur (e) Performance . Christian ald Muslim important State func
Further Steps të

cluding the Universiitticaloa;
ents or ethnic ratioS
'arl C85 Whicharg 101
ata (e.g. Discrimina
loугтment апd есопоultural and religious
ribution: The majority Inity lives and Works rated eWirostentil larm the Northerm ProE EST PTOWICE, cludes anything like s solution or partitioPakistan with an f populations: mor like
from Pakistar. solutions already 1stitution specifically "åtlis:
uncils. With similar Btive powers as are an Constitution to the
authority worked out lle degree Within the nation;
Easter Provinces O WE COME Pro Wicial Stern Province declontinue in a Refere
Representation in al Councils and other ISure that every inteCSented: esident elected direpulation to represent IS grCIJOS. move the impression Citation of minorities
y the President who ĊeChes fi all three sithat these are instaTarnil, sentence by
Paria TEt Earld Staalewision, Radio and
Sentation in high poIII, te in charge of Hindu al Affairs and Muslim El Affairs. of Buddhist, Hindu, m religious rites in all tions.
aken by Government
to restore the confidence of minorities: (a) Improvement of the Human Rights situation by implementing almost all of the recommendations of the Amnesty InteTlational and the UN Commissior om Human Rights; (b) Immediate corrective action and compensation wherever acts of indiscipline Of Security Forces are detected. (c) Timely warnings to civilians to evaCuate intended combat zones, (d) Regular shipments of foodstuff and essential supplies from Colombo to ports in the Norther Province to feed and medically care for the beleaguered civilian population in the Jaffna peninsula.
(e) Running hospitals and schools and other services in the rebel-held areas with the help of the International Red Cross and the French Medicirissaris Fronteres.
(f) Maintenance of over 600,000 displaced persons in refugee camps.
(g) Enabling the free movement of people froT rebel-held areas to the rest of the Country in spite of the potential risk of infiltration of terrorists and suicide-bo
ToerS
(h) Liberalized issue of travel documents, release of foreign exchange and unrestricted facilities to travel abroad in Search of employment or asyluri, (i) Taking the benefits of the significant gconomic growth in the rest of the Island to N & E Provinces: e.g. the two garment factories opened in Wavuniya on 28 November 1992 in partnership with internatiorial collaboration; and the Weeks decision to locate the second international airport in Hingurakgoda, a point close to where N & E Prowi Cg5 Tet.
OBSTACLES TO SOLUTION AND SOME PROMISINGSIGNS:
(a) A political solution has to be by coInsensus of all political parties or at least the two Tajor parties which hawe shared the governance of the country since Indgpendence. Earlier allernpt to reach Such a Consensus through an All Party Conference failed. The Currente fortistó el Sure itthrough a Pariamentary Select Committee-aproposal made by the Opposition and agreed to by Government. A major breakthrough is reported in that both the Thajor political parties have agreed to a Tamil M.P.'s proposal for a Federal Co
Stitutil,
(b) Opposition to the delinking of the temporarily merged Northern and Eastern Provinces has remained a further obstacle. Some headway appears to be taking

Page 14
place in reviewing the position by its main proponents, the Tamil Parties. This is likely to be solved now that a compromise is being Worked out in the context of a Federal Constitution.
(c) The final obstacle is the intransigeIce of the LTTE, aggravated by its recent atrocities committed against civilians of all communities including Tamils. Reported infighting in the ranks of LTTE have enabled the Security forces to get invaluable information, in the meantime, the stage is set for a negotiated settlement if the LTTE seeks it. The President has thus reduced his terms for recommencingnegotiations to the barest possible, namely, - Cessation of hostilities (i.e. cease-fire) - a CCēpt the der T1C Cratic process - recognize other Tamil political parties.
Electioris - to the N & E - Pro Wicial CCILIrıCil Could be helldirmimediately wiolence ceases in the area. If the LTTE enjoys the Confidence of the people, it Would be WellCOTIE to tak ower the administräti Ör,
RESOLWING THE CONFLCT. WHAT CAN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY DO
(a) Eliminate ill-informed judgments and prejudices and search for an objective understanding of the problem as it really is, and grasp available alternatives:
- Recognize the 1983 violence as an aberration and give credit to the people Who have riot allowed themselves to be provoked into similar retaliatory violence despite Calculated and heinous ргоVocations, - Note the Tiany positive steps taken by the Government as well meaningful gestures of many important individuals and appreciate how the tolerance and patience of the people have enabled the Government to handle the situation as a law-and-order or security problem. (b) Accept the position that the Government has gone as far as it can and embodied in the Constitution itself a deTocratic political Solution which should be given a serious chance to succeed. An elected Provincial Council could redress any further grievances which the people of the region may have, and also negotiate further improvements,
(c) Condemn all forms of violence and terrorism in particular as ways of seeking political or social redress and campaign Vehemently against drugandgun running which nourish international terrorism.
(d) Stop encouraging the notion that minorities have an implicit right to resort
to wiolence to hawe til a Chieved.
(e) Most specifica through their expa rters and Syr Timpathi: rves a try, that the by the Presidentire the highest politica thE LTTE ShOuld SE ballot and rhOt the b
LIGHT AT THE EN
A generation of North TT PTwinCE Eastern Province F
T
TLg r) CLIFTH IRL ! AI lai Cr
Tesl Maffe. Sep Апо р.
T. T. W. Fl Wigg | T T
OLF WTEE Target To
WELL SOLI, Lirikë.
The fir Tr af ko ILIPE), A5 CI L
IT JE Iko LLYFE Bes; Like g ! Бгілgш Of Play Corp(TL)
Doing, Like Fili li TO SLU
W. (2 f Lea Pli Ilie eit

(eir political objectives
ly, convince the LTTE riate friends, SuppoErs that PeaCe deseConditions laid down present the norms of
decency, and finally ek power through the ulët.
D OF THE TUNNEL
people inhabiting the and parts of the las lived through the
he Non Entits Tale
Pat II
11e Lucas Tepict Licised fort is pairls gro Luis luis Ties jLiggled agclin he Crest of the opert-I market Lux Je HHGGL GLLt CLaLLS LLTL LCT CSSLLLLaaaGGGLK KMHLC
LTLTTL L TTLMLLGL LL S TCLL LLLL LLLLLLT LLCTLLLLL Mother's fairlf Lufth their Milk Bill in their holds
a Task Force for Nutriffon artd Health If the prices Lip in Torbid stealth
sk Force reported that condersed II Lilk CLITT siul fɔ tite Poor, though te bo Lirques
ei Lre, OSILLrgrts ask force claired to sa Le fron diets deficient.
Pero, I LoLLU I Il AccoLLI ltlu li, drized or 1 Profit 2Cl htts (bacts ort the islation rocket led tillcri Laufro Il the clip of Tea rich mart's Cake and Glut Lori's spree.
o Lira Le or Hero's etoliol If pirilining do LIU. I the point of deUrolutiort Corlsclerce, Ellos, Luflate Ler Luirfil flir to Lis gernes, rry be, Las Til Lita (ing.
Ha! result LLwcus a Great Betragyal nsLred flis patriotic SIrvi Lui
Ticial MacLarrisa cidade curl eUeller of State cu CCLUT LLulatior . decade it is dedicted to LL LLLLLLLL LaL LLLLLaL LLLL LLLLLLT LLL Cd by Priest, Politiciar Lund Tycoon Los irl fue Lake ofa (uphool
ig braying Bankers to the Wake if and Parliation, poised to take Corpuses [ralu I lsir r1 LITIeni Lrllo BL Illiror 1 "tgo ageS, CII da u2éerL, CL MÉIIfrOr1
Fufs bif during thuis Great Rape s Old Ties Filis NeLLy Flag_f7uttered fake "Le FLCL dedo Lur Natior cal Wealth on a plate Ile grOLUErlgJūtat a rale,
le Casta Luperls forti le se II Its of Peoples labor and fret "red oil the Free Market Spree rode on trte_scelling Rupee.
(Continued)
most trying conditions and their misery is the concern of every right-thinking citizen. They have to be relieved from the burden of suffering. A responsible Government has offered an opportunity for them to emerge from this darkness. The light in the form of democratic political structures and processes has been placed within their reach. What deters then, in all likelihood, is the perennial worry and dilemma of the terrorist as to what will happen to him or her when the gun is dropped. World public opinion has a vital role to play in the war against terrorisT.
U, Karl'ın atilake

Page 15
The Prelude to the Indo-S
Negotiations Between India and Sri L.
K. M. de Silva
GL0 SLLS S LLLLLLaHL S S LL S LaLa S S LaH talks Was taken, the question of a venue arose. Bhandari's anxiety that the talks be as wide-ranging as possible was accompanied by a concern to protect their confidentiality. The decision to hold the talks in Thimpu in Bhutan Was taken for this reason: the Wenue Would be as isolateda placeasong Couldgetin South Asia. While special telegraph lines were available between Thimpul and Delhi, the discussions WOLuld take place Without army jo Lurnalists being present."
The Sri Lankan government delegation consisted of a group of senior lawyers led by H.W. Jayewardene, (President Jayewardene's brother)." Facing them on the other side of the table Ware six Tar Til delegation. It was evident, from the outset that the TULF had been superseded by their Thore aggressive younger rivals. Symbolic of this loss of precedence was the relegation of the TULF leaders to the less pro Tinent seats at the Conference table. The main spokesman for the Tamils Were the separatist groups - through lawyers who represented ther - reflecting, very accurately, the current realit of the politics of the Sri Lanka Tamils.
Their spokEisfhen outlined a fo-Luispoint prograri Te the principal feature of which was an insistence that their right to Self-deter Tiination be recognized, and along with it a right to an identified "Tamil homeland", i.e., the Northern and Eastern Provinces, They were joined in regard to the latter point by the TULF. Not surprisigly the Sri Lanka government's delegate Would not concede this. The talks broke down but Bhandari persuaded the two parties to meet again, anda second round of talks Were held in August. The Tamil representatives persisted with their demands and Were offerred, in response, a Syster of Provincial Councils. The talks Were adjourned in mid-August without agreement.
One could not expect Tamil separatist groups to articulate their case either On their own, or through their spokesmen, With sufficient flexibility and concern for nuances of meaning to make any discussion With their opposite numbers yield practical results. Bhandari, for One, felt
that the Tamil group - did not know thi posturing and negc perhaps the excep Were mot used to the advisors did mot heal They were too legal than the governme. mselves rejected th of the Tamil spoke that theSE WETE İNCİ rika's Constitution - he made the point breached the Confid lelaking information
Wiléthese tal. did not yield anypos tely, the momentun largely to Bhandari ssation of hostilities disCLISSid Jrls art s months. Originally W CC). Er 1985. It Hitle expire at that time, discussions betWe TITEGIt representati Warderle and India ridari. These talks TOE fruitful täT LE A frate Work for de Lanka emerged fro Was an expansion originally prepared post ThirTipu discu between H.W. Jay government repres August 1985. One features was that Was to be a prow prOwinCes in Sri L. district. Secondly tr lved on these provi Wider tham hää bgø discussions. The c TBrt Which the twWC The tha JāSiS of betwg Sri Laika LO be K 10WThinOffic ACCOrd of August 1
During his brie Cretary Romesh BF Wery Cordial relatio Jayewardene and F this helped him in

Sri Lanka Accord of 1987
.anka, November 1984 fo Mid-1987
S-With their advisors a difference between otiating. They - with ilir. Üf the TULF -- 2 latter, and their legal p much in this regard. istic-much more so it delegates who the - he principal demands Smer of the ground or patible with Sri La- and Urrealistic, and that the Tamil groups entiality of the talks by to the Hindu. Sin July-August 1985 sitive results immediaWas kept up thanks s initiatives. The C8negotiated prior to the Jr a period of three as extended beyond d been scheduled to This was followed by en Sri Lanka gOveWesled by H.W. Jaye1 Officials led by Bhaproved to be much Thimpu discussions. olution of power in Sri Til them. Il essence it of a Working paper for the ThirTipu and ssions in New Delhi 3 Warderle ärd ldian entaliwes in July and of its most significant file uit of die wolutio ince - there are 9 anka — no longer a e powers to be devorcial Units, Werg much n envisaged in earlier arefully drafted docusides initialled becaIl future negotiations and ridia. It cate ial circles as the Delhi gB5,
f spell as Foreign Se1an dari had built up a nship with President his government. While
dealing With the Sri
Lankan side, it made him suspect to the Tamils. However, by the time he was virtually forced out of office in March 1986 under pressure from the pro-Soviet lobby in Delhi, he had achieved a great deal. The principles and details of a viable scheme of devolution of power for Sri Lanka had been agreed upon by the two governments.
His successor A. P. Werikateswaran had much le SS rapport With Rajiw Gandhi thern Bhar dari. Moreower he beliewed that it was impolitic to let the Indian Prime Minister get personally involved in the minutae of negotiations on Sri Lanka's ethnic Conflict with President Jayewardere, and contrived to return policy formulation to the Ministry of External Affairs Where it had been before Bandarimowed it to the Prime Minister's office. Secondly, Werkāles Waran placed greater trustin thig TULF and Virtually pushed them into taking the lead in negotiations with the Sri Lankan government.' The TULF leaders Were not unwilling to play the new role that Wenkateswaran had devised for the but they were terrified at the prospect of antagonizing the more aggressive Tamil groups. Werikateswara Called representatives of these latter groups to Delhi and )Ersuadd the Tito let the TULF tåke thig lead in the discussions with the Sri Lankan government Scheduled to be held in ColoTibo later in the year.
The Framework and details of the deWolution package drawn up under Bhandari's initiatives were reviewed under Wenkates Waran, and Todifications Were introduced to Take the package acceptable to the Tartnil representatives. Indeeti the latter had been decidedly unenthusiastic about the frameWork of devolution negotiated between the two governments in 1985, Wenkataswaran hit Upon the idea of giving this greater acceptability by using the Indian state system as the model for Sri Lanka's devolutionary Schemes. It contained enough of a federal structure to keep the TULF happy, while its quasi-federal nature, With the central government Tore powerful than in most federations, made it acceptable to President Jayewardene and his advisers. Besides, there Was Sufficient ambiguity in the new propo
13

Page 16
sals to allow for bargaining and give ärd take, and for more compromise,
Apparently the Indian side had hoped to make the position of the governor of a province weaker than in the Indian system. They had hoped too that the Sri Lanka government would not insist on following the Indian pattern but Sri Lankan negotiators saw how important the govenor was in the Indian system in protecting the interests of the central government and unhesitatingly opted for a governor on the Indian Todel. To the surprise of the Indians, the TULF conceded the point, without any reservations, leaving Wenkateswaran and his advisors to suspect that the TULF fancied the prospect of a govenorship for one of their members. There had apparently been another point of difference between Wenkateswarar and the TULF: he had urged the TULF to stick to the district as the unit of daWolution but the TULF was all for a provincial unit. Wenkateswaran's argument was that the district was entrenched in the constitution, While the province was barely mentioned in it. The problems of the Eastern Province - Whici occa TaTatterofa Cut Controwersy later in 1986 and thereafter-may had been resolved Tore easily had the unit of devolution been the district and not the province. The Amparai district could Flawi bĒr | ft Cut Of Corsideratis, gard an amalgamation of the Batticaloa and Trinco Tlalte districts Could hawe been Sought.
AARMEO CONFLICT IN SRI LANKA
These negotiations took place against the background of regular outbursts of ethnic violence, especially in the north and east of the island, and Conflicts between the security forces and Tamil guerrillas and terrorist groups, Greatly improved relations between the two Countries did not extend to any serious efforts to prevent the use of Indian territory by guerrillas and terrorists for attacks on a friendly neighbour, much less to close down these facilities and camps. Nor, Tore it portant, did the supply of artis through Indian agencies to the various Tamil separatist groups stop. Rajiv Gandhi, so Tuch less dependent om a soluthern Indian political base than his mother, and intent on taking a more even-handed approach then her to the problems posed by Sri Lanka's ethnic conflicts, found his options more limited than he would have liked thern to be. And the constraint lay in the ethnic politics of Tamil Nadu and the public support the Sri Lankan Tamilis enjoyed there. The Tamil guerrillas and terrorist groups continued to have training facilities and bases in Tamil Nadu and ready access to Sophisticated Weapons.
14
Arlong the mic regional political not []f fCFC[:S Îf1 |f(ālā' []T Was M.G. Ra Tacha ster of Tamil Nadu, Was visibly failing, at hangerS-On had beg On his behalf. Afte broke down to the hardly speak (and th referred to hill as Chief Minister of T hangers On,Tialear his wishes through ments of his eyes eyelids) and hands.
In addition, th fighting among the groups, in the Cours Won a bloody wictor in the last Week of Prabhakaran's princ ratnam was killed in were also helped by Lankangoverrimen as part Of an und reached with the ge the mediatory proce the orth of the isla their barracks or tactical error the Sri their regular patrols The LT TE LOOK is in this to mine all the the army camps, ar fter to build barrica. Makeshift barricade COf Crete buikerS, W Jaffna fort could or The result of this de arTed Tamil separ COtto | O Wer the Jaffi
When querrilla Cted their attacks forces they Were When, however, th cted against unami. they were affective civilian population ir the country in th eastern regions. Til such attacks had 1985, When a hea ters Orists Tlade di SL dhapura, killing ne included an attack. Sacred bo-tree the were rated sites of Attacks or civilian: quent thereafter. A rceptible in these a Sinhalese peasants the east of the islar during the religious Jurg WПЕП tПЕ Willa

st prominent of the ables in the interplay the Sri Lankan issue dra, the Chief MiniBy 1983-4 his health ld is associates ard junto take decisionS r 1984-5. his health Joint where he could ie Wags in New Delhi
the "unspeakable" 'amil Nadu) arhd his ld female, interpreted 1 lip-reading, mOW8(and soTetities his
Bre Was internecine se Tamil separatist ;g Of Whisch LF10 LT TE y ower its main riwalls April 1986. One of cipal riwalls, Sri Sabathis clash. The LT TE a decision of the Sri t, taken in mid-1985, erstanding that was Wernment of India in ess, that its forces irn d would be kept within car Tips. In a serious Lanka army stopped if the streets of Jaffna. mediale advartage of roads leading Out of ld proceeded thereades aCrOSS The FCads, Si Were CO Wested to Wery S00m thČ ärTTy in ly be supplied by air, cision was to give the atist groups effective na peninsula.
S and terrorists direagainst the Security
generally repulsed. Eis attacks Wert dirtdi SinhaleSe Ciwilians, ! in der Toralizing the the remoter areas of e Orth-Central and TE TT10st ferocious Of occurred in 14 May iwily-armed group of Irprise raid on Anura-arly 150 civilians. It in the precincts of the re, Ore of the TOst the Buddhist World. 5 became more freThe W pattern Was pēttacks in 1986, when Were shot to death in d by LTTE hit squads festiwals in May and gers Were most rela
Xed.
By this time Tamil separatist groups had become a formidable guerrilla force, much stronger than their Indian mentors had believed they would ever be. The Sri Lanka goverintent for its part was compeled to divert a steadily increasing proportion of its annual budget to the expansion and equipping of its amed forces. Military action against these Tamil separatist grupos ir the north är id est was escalated. Equipped with arms purchased from Pakistan and China, and trained either in Pakistan, or in Sri Lanka by Israelis and British mercenaries, the Sri Lanka arried Services were becoming more impressive fighting units than they had been before.'
AS clashes between these groups became more frequent and casualties increased India's mediatory role did not prevent a return to the Indira Gandhipolicy of a diplomatic offensive against Sri Lanka, and a propaganda blitz Conducted through her ersbassies and High Cornmissions abroad accusing the government of human rights violations. Sri Lankanand Indian diplomats clashed at the UN in New York and Geneva, all part of a policy of 'moral' sanctions aimed at persuading Sri Lanka to return to the bargaining table, The Indian embassy in Washington and the High Commissions in Ottawa and Londol, is the Titantitle Continued to be Centres of support for Tamil separatist groups operating in those countries. Indian newspapers, led by the Hindu gawe their support to this government-inspired campaign. At a different level, the Sri Lanka government found traditional WBstern arms suppliers reluctant to supply arts to Sri Lankam forces, ard Tost of the Western powers Were Lunwilling also to provide training facilities on any large Scale for them. All of thern Were axious not to give offense to India.
REFINING THE DELHIACCORD, 1986
The Sri Lankan government regarded the Delhi ACCOrd initialled Orl 30 August 1985 as an important step forward in reaching a settlement with the Tarni minority, and "a reasonable basis for niegotiation and settlement." There was also initialled at the same time the Cordols of Implemention of the Accord, and these provided for the Teans of restoring normal civilian administration to the disturbed areas of the Orth and east. AS We hawe Seen, neither the several separatist actiwistgroups nor the TULF, however, respoded positively to the proposals in the Delhi. Accord and it took several months of negotiations With them before the Indiam govern Ilent could Sendan official delegatil to Sri Larka for further diSCLISSİOS on possible adjustments and modifica

Page 17
tions of the Delhi. Accord.
The new delegation was led by a Minister of Stato il the Cabinet, P. Chidambaram, a young (40 years at the time) Tamil who aspired to a Congress-based leadership of Tamil Nadu, and Natwar Singh, Rajiv Gandhi's Minister of Stätte for External Affairs. The Childa Tibaram delegation arrived in Colombo on 30 April 1986 and held very intensive talks over the next five days. For the first time since Indian mediation began in late 1983 the principal negotiators for the Indian government were politicians Were not boureaucrats or diplomats. On their departure from the island an official communique announced that: "The Sri Lanka government agreed to make further concessions beyond the terms of the Delhi Accord." These latter were embodied in the proposals dated 4 May 1986. Two separate notes Were annexed to these, one or "law and order and the scope of the powers devolved there under, and another "ollard settleTert..." This latter was the result of negotiations between Chida Tiba rāri and Garmimi Dissana yake, Minister of Lands, Land Development and Maha Welli DgwelopTent. In regard to both these and other matters agreed upon on 4 May 1986, the Sri Lanka government gave an assurance that "further negotiations are possible to arrive at a final agreement."
Once the Chidambaram team retured to Delhi, it was possible for the Indian goverrilent to persuade the TULF to begin direct negotiations with the Sri Lankan government for a further refinement of the agreements reached so far. By the time they arrived in Colombo President Jayewardene had embarked on a new political initiative, the Political Parties CoInference. Eight political parties met him at til COITETETICE TOT Of the Cabil Et office in the early afternoon (4 p.m.) of 25 June 1986. Adelegation from SLFP met the President later that afternoon (6 p.m.) but it was evident from the very outset that they would play no partin the proceedings of the Political Parties Conference (PPC). A series of discussions. With a number of political parties was held between 2 and 12July 1986 following upon these preliminary discussions. On 9 July the proposals agreed to in Delhi in August 1985 With Tlodificati 15 Td ExterSIOS dĒCided upon in Colombo and Delhi the rafter, Were published for discussion at the PPC.
A TULF delegation arrived in Sri Lanka from India, led by A. Amirthalingam, and met President Jayewarderne for fosmal talks on 13 July 1986. They joined ir the diSCUSSiTS at the Politica|| Parti ES Conference, but even more important, the
TULF di fyWET tings either with Pre Cor With hil and SorT1 the government or their own, between 1 1986. A Tiong the C; WOI the TULF had Minister of Finance, Minister of Natio) a|| || |athmudali, and Gaff nister of Lands, Lar Maha Wali Developort separate meetings N yake, between 23 , 1986, On the isSLIE C lards ir tiġi riorti ark in the areaSCOWereld purpose Maha Wellid The principles and ment reached bet WE Childa Tibara T. Wert close scrutiny durin While some adjustm made, the principle пged.
The discussion rimat of Sri La kä le diSCUSSiOS a 1 PPC Continued Owe the SLFP boycotte other parties, includ not represented in td irl e COfEET fBBCE BIOSEC Lited for di SCLUSSİON mplex issues, amic points of difficulty Which made it possit of the powers Corict in the projected St submitted for discus tions and extension: the proposals sent 1986. They include A Tendriments, a dra Bill, ScheadLile:S Setti CO|CLIrrgt and Pri as detailed TerTIOr. and Order, landards tion. The subjects C Stration Were di SCL final agreerTent Wa statement issued b rnment"O 26 NOWE that
"apartfrom the su proposals constit Wiuli have ben titlam crit, fair to all Sri Lanka."
The Outstandi finance and adr T. agreement had still TULF, but the fact Tamil separatist gr.

tları 37 for TT13|| TEEsident Jayewardene e Senior Ministers of senior Ministers on 3 July and 29 August abiet MinisterS With discussions Were the Ronnie de Mel, the SECLIrity, Lalith Ath Llini Dissanayake, Mihd Dewelopment and ent. They had four With Gamini DissaraJuly and 29 August yf distribution of state deast, and especially by the gigantic nultiEwelopTent Schemie. details of the settleer Dissarla yake ar Cid a subjected to Very g these discussions. ent of the details Was is remained uncha
s between the goveand the TULF, and debates within the " thred fronths. While d the discussions, all ing the traditional left parlament, participae. In general the COthe proposals submiI clarified SOT e COidentified potential and arbiguity, all of ble to Widen the scope 2.ded to the provinces theme of devolution sioon. These modificas were incorporated in O India in September d draft Constitutional if Provincial Councils ng out the Reserved, wincial ListS, as Well anda dealing With laW SettleTight and educaf finance and adminiSS edin detail but ro s reached. An official y the Sri Lanka goweTiber 1986 aSSeted
bject5 noi finalizad, thiase luted a package which a reasonable basis of SBsections of the people of
ng difficulty was not inistration on Which to be reached with the Flat the TULF. and the Dups in general Conti
nued to press for the creation of a single regional unit encompassing the northern and Bastern provinces as a Tarnil ethnoregion. The Sri Lanka government was un Willingto consider, muchless concede, this, because of its political implications - an erosion of its electoral base would hawe beer both Wide and deep and its stability, Would hawe been undermined With great rapidity,
(To be continued)
NOTES
11. 1호.
13.
1.
5.
TË.
לך
1B,
19.
2).
1,
站、 As a prelude to these talks discussions were held between H.W. Jayewardere and Attoray General of India, on 15 and 16 June 1985, For a corprehensive statement of the Tamil wigwpoint at Thimpu, see, N. Satyendra Thimpu Declartation: the Path of Reason" in the Tani Times will (4) February 1987, pp. 11-14. Rosh Bardari interview will author, 29 April 1991.
LLLTLLLLLLLLKKLHLLLaL LLLLLaLLLaL0L and Understanding were initialled or 30 April 1985, by R. Mathai for the Indiam sida, and by E. F. Dia 5 AbEysingh, Sacretary at tha Sri Lankandelegation, The SriLankadelegaLL LLL LLLLL LLLLLSg OLLL LLLL LLLL LL the Indian Ministry of External Affairs from 10 to 13 September 1985 on conditions of iTplementation of this accord, providing for the means of restoring normal civilian admi
15itis. A.P. Wenkateswaran, interview with author, 24 April 1990.
i. For 3 days beginning 29 April 1986, the LTTE turned their guns On their rivals, the Tarri Ealam Liberation Organization (TELO) and Crushed themrerrorselessly. The TELO leader Sri Sabaralram was amQng thOS2 killed on that occasion. For an account of What happer Ed Orl Lihat occasion SEE - The Hiriadu 13 May 1986, an article emtitled, The Wounds in the Peoples' Psycho are DCcpcr? For an assessment of the Tilitary situation in Sri Lanka at this title set, Colonel Edgar O'Balance "Sri Lanka and its Tamil Problem, in ATI led Forces 5 (12) Dece Tiber 1985, pp.542-43. Armad Forcgsis published bylan Allan Ltd, in Conjunction with the Royal Lirittad Saicos Istitute for Doc Studios, Sggtha statamont mada by Dr. G.S. Dhillon, Leader of the Indian delegation to the 42nd Session of the Commission Human Rights, Umdar Agamida item 12, om 5 March 1986, This brief stater Theft was in resporise to a wery compehensiva omic Taldo by Dr H. W. JayÉwardės lĖading tha Sri Larıka çllegation on 4 March 1985 setting Out indglas thg negotiations conducted between the govert Terts, and also detailso attacks by Tamil Soparatist groups on civilians, and clashs between the Sri Lanka security torcas and Tamil separatist groups. And mixol amly Indian newspapCrS. Indiam afficials in New Delhi were talking to Wester journalists based in New Delhi. See, for Example, är article "Iridia shows ITıpalience with Sri Larika Talks", by Stawen R. Weismam, Ngw York Tirings, 27 Deccmber 1985.
15

Page 18
Ace Radio Cab
"Computerised meters " Can be summoned to wo " No call up charae within city limits " Vehicle acc
Receipts issued on request " Company creditava
Call 50 1502 50 1503 or
Another Aitken Spence
 

cess from selected stands
Ir li d-DC) risite)

Page 19
ethn
question rarely
our does not need to
ntürŵ.
the wester to hono.
8.33 Ver a Cen e torn:a
ell
* :
face up
Press and Ethn
Ramesh Men On and Soutik BiSWa:S
ni Meerut, it was a yoLungster Who
slashed itself on the chest on the orders of a Satta dor placing Odds of when the riots would begin. In Bhiwandi, it was a bullfight which sent people SCUrrying indoors. In Surat, it all began With the report that three Hindu girls had been raped. And in Calcutta, the story had a young Muslim being killed by Tobs when actually he had died in a road accident.
Post-Ayodhya, when the nation was in the grip of a communal frenzy, Wicious, incēm dia y TuTIOLITS bleCarme rampanil, Almost everywhere, the sheer power of the rumour wirtually crippled the police and the administration's Conventional Tethods to quell trouble. It Was a grirT1 reflection of the depth of the distrust between LHE TWO COTITLU Titia S. "FRurTours håWE ENECome the Worst enemies of Communal amity," says Birman Basu, CPI(M)'s central Committee member. And Surat's Mayor Ajit Desai of the BJP, admits that riots Would not have been so brutal and souncontrollable had rumours not played a Wital role.
| Calcutta, the Hildu bäcklash On the Muslim-dominated Slums Of Dhobiata|a, was exacerbated by rumours that many Hindu Women had been raped and their breasts chopped off in the Metiabruz riots. Arid people in the suburb of Salt Lake Went running indoors after an intrepid cable operator telecast a BBC'news' that thousands of Muslims, arried With automatic guns, had crossed the Indo-Bangladesh border and were marching towards the township, where Chief Minister Jyoti Basu
also happens to live
"PRUTOIrS Slä indoors by prohibit start becoming des, H.A Safwi, Calcutt: of police. And the C Bombay's bustling a ghost City as parti TLJShled bäck hIKOT Thackeray's 'arrest jammed by people ntically seeking info
in Kanpur, whe ral do W a Musli neighbours ran ir thereWOuld be ära bothered to check shing to fetch sor Curfew relaxation.
To compound cities, efforts to C poor. Jyoti Basum: sion speechasking to rumours. But by Färd (dish its da slā
"When We W. calls from panicky a Vätheuse () in order to dispele a Calcutta DCP,
For the police, fear and Cool passi system. But most don't hawe megap could help by . cadres in affected
 

ic Violence
it floating when, kept ory orders, idle Tinds fil's Workshops," says a's joint commissioner evil Surely ran havoc. SOLuth district beca The c-stricken office-goers e hearing about Bal ' and ph Orne lines Were did their Teld tiwes frä
Tlation.
in an eight-year-old girl m ghetto with a can, doors shouting that ttack on them. Mobody that She Was Olly TuThe cooking oil during
the problem, in most KOT DE TIL JOUTS WCT ade a customary telewipeople not to payheed thc, the ruTOur Till
ցE
are being besieged by residents. We should television immediately ach rumour." Suggests
all that it takes to dispel ions is a public address police stations in cities hones. Political parties leploying responsible
areas. But often they
prefer to let the situation simmer. What DeSaid05'tadTitis tätätfrr:S in Surat Were generated by the BJP itself. The police even crib that countering rumours is the responsibility of the information departments, which should take a Tore active role is troubled tires father than issue pious appeals for harmony.
Countering rufTours is the responslbility of citizens as well. But this time, the distrust and the divide ran so deep that people believed the next rumour even after the previous one had prowed to be hideously untrue. Moreover, the Scepticism about the state's power and abilities hit a WCW With business Tier1 and responsible professionals in Calcutta beligwing strongly that the police had deliberately suppressed the Metiabruz"rapes" and the press had blacked it out in the "public interest'.
Nor could the press absolve itself of blame. Especially after the Indian Express front-paged a report during the riots that a boatload of sophisticated weapons had ElfrswE froT1 KäfäC. WE ä1 ETilBlt columnist like Girilal Jain picked up this piece of misinformation, the day of the rumour had finally arrived.
Everyone, therefore, Was responsible for legitimising this fatal instinct. The police, a section of the press and practica|ly everybody who sat at home and coughed up such lethallies. Notentirely surprising considering that the Hindutva cause itself is clothed in so many myths and untruths.
17

Page 20
Communism
Beyond the frin
Fred Haliday
The Corrırrı Lırıist party of Sri Larıkcı together Luith the Lanka Sana Saпаја рагty, the parent Marxist organisatio il Sri Lark, ha Le returned to the fold. The P.E.P. uill fight the severi proLiricial council polls under the banner of the receTrly for Ined P.E.P. or Peoples' AlliaTICE. It Las that self-sante u Iliance LIFLEcħu I ss L Imed officein L 1970 - the zer Lith of Left popularity and pouver. BLI LLYFırat Teally is tief Lutre of the Marxist Irl JLerrierit and the C.P. irl the post-cold Lartuurld? Fred Halliday, url II thority or the subject, di5CL Lsses e i55Le. PTHIlliday, nouU feuclles at the L. S.E.
hree years after the collapse of
the communist regimes in eastern Europe, and one year after the suppression of the Communist Party in Russia, the situation of former pro-Soviet and other communist regimes in the Third World presents a curious and little acknowledged paradox. These regimes were, in the past, regarded as weaker than those of the more developed Communist bloc, and were in many respects dependent on them, for arms, diplomatic support and political inspiration. This was a perception shared by both sides in the Cold war. The Russians became increasingly doubtful about the benefits of helping ThirdWorld revolutionary allies, and were skeptical of the possibilities of building "socialism" in poor, Third-World states,
Washington saw this Soviet Weakness
in the Third World as its opportunity. In the 1980s, the Reagan administration placed the emphasis of its second cold-war offensive against Russia in Third World, just as the USSR had attacked the US through its willnerable cliens – in Vietnam, Ethiopia, Cuba, Nicaragua and so forth. US strategy involved covert CIA support for anti-communist gueriIlla Tovements — notably in Cambodia, Afghanistan, Angola and Nicaragua.
The collapse of communism in eastern Europe and the USSR has, however, shown both these perspectives to be simplified, or at least premature. For the fact is that, while the Communist regimes in Tore advanced countries have been destroyed, and most of the corn Tunist parties reduced to states of greater or lesser isolation, in the Third-World regimes once allied with the USSR or modeled on it, this has not occurred, despite far greater levels of violence and civil War organised against them. In many of them, the same ruling parties remain in power. In others, even where the party has lost power, it retains considerable sway through its influence in the ad Tinistratior är id armed
18
forces. In virtually no. World states that We the European patter
In those states f nist parties, two- were independent here the ruling parti Control; China, with economy, North Ko persistence in tradit others where pro-Sc ruled, the picture ha Wietnam and Cuba, 1 ropoly of power; in the regime remains installed by Wietnarr Lao Dong party, alt power, retains the d regime; while in Mon mmunist Party, wote in thic) first free electi ir naw allections haldi
Even in the Thos Afghanistan, the Hizt Party, has far from di of the Mujahideen wi divisions within the the continuing cohes Te’s afréd forces ar strative apparatuses districts, they retain a tions that run the frag
Elsewhere in the pattern has prevailed Were a fOund a d'OZ World considered by tion to, or in the prelir |iST.
Five of these WD Moscow: Angola, M. South YThe and Et former ruling parties power, ewen if in Cø{ foes: in Angola and negotiations, as in underway to bring a far without success, the YerTieni Socialist | cation with North Yen two ruling parties in political Tachinery, forces intact. In Nică lost the February 19 retain COI siderable forces ard in the St: in what is, in effect, as Wioletā ChlärTOTO: til intact, and they seer showing in the next E 1996,

ge
e of the 20-odd Third
in the Soviet bloc has been repealed.
mally ruled by commuhina and North Korea of Soviet influence and 5 romain in traditional reat adaptation in the ea, with an inflexible orial ways. In the five viet communist parties s also altered little in he parties retain a ToCambodia, the Core of The Huri Sem faction irn 1973; irl Laos, the hough forced to share minant position in the golia, the erstwhile Co| Out of power in 1990 ons, returned to power nthesргіпgofthisуeаг.
t Contested case of all, bi Watan, Or Fatherland sappeared in the wake ctory of late April. The Mujahideen ranks, and ion of the former regild political and adminimean that, in many place in the new coali|mented country,
Third World, a similar 1. A decade agothere in states in the Third Moscow to be in transminary stages of, socia
e especially Walued by Zambique, Nicaragua, hiopia, lin three of them,
retain intact and in lition with their formler Mozambique complex Cambodia, hawe bo Cern out compromises, so while in South Yemen, arty has, through unifiEam, beCor The One of the na new states, with its är Ty and intelligence agua, the Sandinistas 30 elections, but they fluence in the arried е паchinery and are unofficial Coalition with eir party apparatus is
set to Take a strong ections, Scheduled for
N
Only in Ethiopia has there been a coTiplete removel of the old regime, through the triumph of the guerrillas of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary democratic Party in May 1991. But here the removal of a pro-Soviet party was achieved not, as in the eastern bloc, by the triumph of a pro-Western Thovement, but by the victory of a formerly Maoist guerrilla movement, armed largely by traq, With belated US diplomatic aid,
In the other states of the Third World also considered "socialist orientated", the record of continuity so far is striking: in the Iain Arab allies of the former USSR-Algeria, Libya, Syria, Iraq — tho old states survive. In a range of African countries - Madagascar, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Congo - the former ruling parties are still active or in power. The countries where there has been a complete change are few: Grenada, Surinam Cape Werde and Sao Tome.
In the future, these regimes may not, however, escape the fate of their more developed former patrons. In sorte, growing social and political crises seem likely to topple the existing regimes in the mear future, leawing little room for the former ruling parties - Cuba and North Korea seem cases in point. Elsewhere, chronic economic crisis has so undermined the regimes that little is left of their former programrine - Tanzania and Algeria being obvious examples, Those forcedinto Coalitions — South YerTmen, Nicaragua, possibly Angola - will find their from for manoeuvre curtailed by their new allies at home and diplomatic engagements abroad. Most intriguing are the cases where the ruling parties seen intent on retaining political power, but in so adjusting the economy that little of the traditional centralised system will remain - the most prominent examples being China and Vietnam.
Even if they do disappear, however, the survival of these regimes indicates the need for Sor The rethinking. Their er durance Thay be ascribed to a range of factors-a greater Willingness to use coercion, a more successful insulation from external political pressures, a stronger sense of nationalisticidentification with the regimes. These regimes were in the main repressive, but had considerable achievements in the social field-in equity, secularisin, Welfare, equality of Women - that are likely to be sub-merged in any new system, as they hawe been in eastern Europe.
Whatever else, this record, ewen if trainsient, casts doubt on the view traditionally held in both Washington and Moscow, that they were Terely clients of the Soviet Union itself.

Page 21
BOOKS
Women and Family Law Reform in India.
By Archana Parashar. Sage Publications, India.
Women and the Rule C
Ver the past two decades the
Western feminist Scholarshaw questioned both gender equality as a feminist goal and the capacity of law reform to achieve that goal. A critical scrutiny of this quest by Archana Parashar, Lecturer in Law at Macquaire University, Sydney, exposes its drawbacks and alerts us to be cautious in applying its theories to the Indian situation.
Archala is Tot s Taiwa as to belie'WE that law reforT ipso factobrings about the desired social change. She recognises that "legal Eduality by itself Canno put år end to all the disadvantages suffered by Women." It is nevertheless a primary though limited step in the struggle against theiroppression, While law may not directly change people's Convictions and walues, it Carl function as a "perStuasi WE norm" and though it may not bring about actual change in behaviour, it can serve a "symbolic function".
With this belief, the author has undertaken a critical study of the role of law in perpetuating discrimination against Women, and the role of the state in improving thE status of Wortler by reforming the religious personal laws. She focuses malnly on the family law, as, for the vast majority of Indian women, family life Continues to be the Crucial aspect of their existence, and there is hardly any Titaningful alternative to it.
A paradox is highlighted. Cm the CT1ẽ hand, the Constitution guarantees Sex-e- quality as a fundamental right. And, on the other, the religious personal laws that discriminate against Women are still being aplied-four decades after the adoption of the Constitution. While Hindu personal law has been extensively reformed, religious personal laws of the mimorities hawe
been by and large le
HOW has the s discrepant Conducti personal laWS of di and Why has the Stat principle of sex-equa this Constitutional pri sions of personal law main questions that Tipted to answerinth
As a prelude to: stions the history C la WS in India are tra CE between personal a law was İrıtro) dLICE2 dili rulers, WO from the from touching the natives even as they islamic law in other: foundation for the d nallaws inthe post-ir
The legislative laW refortT1 proposa tiuSiS On Which the S Hidu la W. AfCharli refor This War 3 Tot mplete legal equalit nice, the improvem Wome are far less t believed. "The state the position of WOT of its plan of moder intend to upset or a manner, the powers
In reforting the Tinority communitic stia 15 ad ParSSa different approach rial laws of these C main edun modified. rming these laws is status of these COrl

of Law
ft. Unchanged.
tate has justified its in reforming religious fferent COITrmmunitie:S e, after accepting the lity, failed to translate incipal into the proviW? The Sease E19 tWO the author has atteI bok Lurder rĒwi&W.
inswering these quef religious personal dout. The distinction ind other spheres of ni India by the English beginning refrained ersonal laws of the WITIOdified Hindu and spheres. This laid the ewelopment of persondependence périod.
history of the Hindu Is ärld Exarnir ES th tate claimed to reform a argues that these lesigned to give COy to Women, and heents in the rights of han What is generally a meant to immprove len as a COTponent lisation, but it did not Iter in any substantial tructure of the family."
} personal laws of the as - Muslims, Chri- the State adopted l, The religious perSO:Communities hawe reThe question of refolinked to the minority &lUiligis fithigs, thair
to the position of Worner in them,
The official wascillation in dealing with the personal laws of the minorities, and the opportunistic stand of the government when confronted by uncompromising religious leaders has documented. As a COnsequence, "Hindu Women have gained new rights though not corriplete equality while Women of the minority communities continue to suffer inqualities."
Emphasising the Constitutional guarantee of equality, and the obligation of the State to safeguard the interests of Women and to improve their state, a strong Case bas been made for Sewering the connection between religion and civic rights by enacting a Secular Uniform Civil Code. The cast for such a Code cabi and has, no doubt, been made from Seweral ideological positions. The author's concerned advocacy of the need for such a code is that it is preeminently intended to ensure legal equality for Women. In fact, as she justifiably avers, "if religion and culture can be maintained only at the cost of discriminating some sections of the community, then it must be queried whether the burden is to be borne by Women along."
Impassioned as her arguments may sound to be, Archana has strengthened tieġ rT with irl CD ritrower tible gwiditari Cetà irii tHità form of historical records, parliamentary proceedings, legislative enactments, court cases, and pulpit and platfor T1 orations, Her farmiliarity with the literature on the subject (as revealed by the compreherisive bibliography) and her ability to cite them at appropriate places are remarkable. Legal activists, feminists, and Social Scientists alik are SLC to find this scholarly treatise interesting and|urninative.
19

Page 22
CORRESPONDENCE
Pak-India Relations
In the article Pak-India relations by Mushahid Hussain (Guardian-Febuary, 15th), he refers to M.A. Jinnah having said "but for Hindu petty-mindednessmanifested in the Congress there would hawe been no partition."
In this respect it will be interesting to read the following which appeared in the Tamil Daily Weerakesar of 1987.12.07. The Pakistan Newspaper Frontier Post had reported of Jinnah at deathbed having told the Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan "I Created Pakistan. Today I realize that was the biggest mistake I ever made. Today if I get an opportunity will go to New Delhi and tell awaharlal Nehru to forget what happened in the recent past and become friends again."
This Was reported to have been diSclosed by Colong| Elahi Bux who was Jinnah's Doctor to Mohamed Yahyajan, the Education Minister of the North-West Frontier Province State Government.
S. PET CidCErl T1
Valaith:1Eläi.
Suu Kyi's Burma and Sri Lanka
SuWimalee Karunaratna has observed that, "Suu Kyi's Nobel prize winning book, Freedom fron Fear (Was) Written Lunderhouse arre Stin Rangoon” (LG, April 1). I Wonder whether she had really read the Corter its of the bokok, flot the Introduction Written by Suu Kyi's husband Michael Aris, before making such a foolish COTITEL,
| his introduction, Michael Aris had noted, "Suu's Writings in this collection fall naturally into two parts: firstly those she Completed in Oxford, Kyoto and Sinla before her return to Burna in 1988, and secondly artedley of later essays, spee
2I)
ches, letters and it part (the Teaty sect lengthy essays, ni (1984), "My Country "intellectual Life in Bl Colonialism" (1990) Natālimi Bur: in parentheses Were tes, Suu Kyi Was pla from July 1989. Alm items Collected inti Second part by Mich (Or delivered) by Su put under house ai
|also agree with rvation that, "throug doп froлп Fear), tr reiteration of (Bud Would be as applic: to Burma" (LG, Mä deCades ago, the anthropologist Edm shed quite an inter E "BUddhiSr[1 irh til Pi Burma and Ceylon" sus (winter 1973, Wol. In this study, Edmun red the parralel care S.W.R.D. Badarar
failed the flates and "both died by a is most striking for is that, in her essays: San, she makes no dernic paper of a re: lar. One Can easily had left out this imp a Ot SO TEdit]Crit Edrud Leach had flattering portrayal Suu Kyi Would hawe SQfflLCf für EräCaC bravery.
quote Edmund "Aung San Was in agents froT aroul threaterned with arre: ped to Tokyo. He re the invading Japar

Erwig WS...". Th8 first tion) consists of four amely "My Father"
and People" (1985), urma and India under
ärd "Literature ad a" (1987). The figures their publication daced Or house arrest Ost all the 16 short the medly in the ael Aris, Were Written Kyi before she was TeSt.
|Jane RuSSeľs obsenout this book (Freeere is the constant ldhist) themes that ble i Sri Lanka as arch 1). In fact, two
noted Cambridge Jnd Leach had publi}Sling päpar erlilled, ost-Colonial Order in in the journal Daeda102, по.1, pp.29-54). dLeach had corpaers of Aung San and laike, both - Of WhOrri of Buddhist activist assassination'. What me im Suu Kyi's book about her father Aung referenc to this acaspected British schoguess, why Suu Kyi Ortant contribution of electual. In his study, presented a not so of Aung Sam, which found difficult to gulp. letic Credentials and
Leach in some detail; Ouch With Japanese d 1938 and, when st in 1940, he escabu Ted to BUma With 1ese aгmy iп 1941.
Contrary to legend, the Burma Indepeidence Army, which Aung Santhen organized, was originally an insignificant group to which the Japanse offered little Support. It is extremely doubtful whether this 'army ever engaged in any form of combat. In the spring of 1945 Aung San, who had previously been denounced by the British authorities as a dangerous traitor, was suddenly recognized by Admiral Mountbatten as “the leader ifanti-Japarese resistance in Burma'. Without this recognition Aung San would likely have disappeared without a trace. The Subsequent build up of Aung San's reputation as "Burma's popular hero" was very elaborately engineered...".
Jane Russell should hawe COIrnsulted thispaper of Edmund Leach, before obserwing somewhat Outlandishly that "Suu Kyi herself may be compared, with some justification, to Nehru" (LG, March 1). In my opinion, Suu Kyi's comparison of her father Aung San to Mahatra Gandhi is far-fetched. Call it an affectionate outpouring of lowe, "My dear Pappa", by a high school girl, who had lost his father prema[[JTẽlW. ECJITIUT1[]LÐãCh's CCTIClusiorh Cĩ tha careers of S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike and Aung San also need emphasis. He had inferred, "both Bandaramaike and Aung San Seem to hawe perished because, ha Wing ridden to power om the crest of a militant Buddhist nationalist wave, they WOLuld both hawe like to reach Some coTpronise agreement with the kind of Western 'modern' society which, in their hearts, they both really admired."
|Wish to end this letter by saying that | respect Suu Kyi's fight for human rights in Buri Tia. But to elevate her as modern day Joan of Arc is somewhat premature. Let her Thature during her incarceration. Her best thoughts hawe yet to be delivered. What had been published in her only book so far is not that great.
Schli Sri Kati Osak å BioScienca Instituto, Osaka, Japan.

Page 23
ཟ
Why there's so in this rustict
There is laughter and light banter amongst thase ritral la TT15ls, Ļļ, hir aço busy Siarting Cut TibiaCÇça LH LL SH LLLLLLS S L LLLLLHHLH KLL g LLLLLLgs L gaLLll
barris spread uut in the ritid and L-LITEIT, inter mediate 20:12 where the arable land remains falci, iiiiiing this if sista.
CLLLLLKS LLLL LLLL LLLLLLaS LluHCL DD LHLBLBLB Oa C lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turn to TLLLLSSSL al KalLLa L LlaaLL LLS 00La LlLLL LLLLL LGLaL
afinually, fut perhaps 143,0XI TIJIal folk,
 

ENRCHING FRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that rings employment to the second highes: IILITiber of people Art: this: people are the tobaccc. barn owners, the tobacca gryers 3rd thr: whi) . Kirk for them, Cri the lard and in the basis.
Ll LtllleeS LLL LLLLtetHtHCLLL LLL eeLGLGLHLH LLLCLCOHHMLa GHLHLLS
corrille life anda so:Liro futura. A good Erough T2a5', 'or la Lugh! Er,
Ceylon Tobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our lard and her people,

Page 24
PEOPLE
Celebrating T
C
Dynamic
In 1961 People's Bank ventured out in the of only 46... and a few hundred Customers
Today, just 30 years later
People Resource exceeds 1 Customer Listings at a sta Branch NetWork in exCeSS
in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Bank has g in the Sri Lankan Banking scene. Their spec resources at their Command dedicated
dedication that has earned them the title
PEOPLE'S BANK
Banker to the Millions

'S BANK
Three DeCades
f
: Growth
challenging World of Banking With a staff
0,000 ggering 5.5Million of 328, THE LARGEST
rown to become a highly respected leader ;tacular growth is a reflection of the massive to the Service of the Common man - a
"Banker to the Millions'