கவனிக்க: இந்த மின்னூலைத் தனிப்பட்ட வாசிப்பு, உசாத்துணைத் தேவைகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்தலாம். வேறு பயன்பாடுகளுக்கு ஆசிரியரின்/பதிப்புரிமையாளரின் அனுமதி பெறப்பட வேண்டும்.
இது கூகிள் எழுத்துணரியால் தானியக்கமாக உருவாக்கப்பட்ட கோப்பு. இந்த மின்னூல் மெய்ப்புப் பார்க்கப்படவில்லை.
இந்தப் படைப்பின் நூலகப் பக்கத்தினை பார்வையிட பின்வரும் இணைப்புக்குச் செல்லவும்: Lanka Guardian 1993.07.15

Page 1
LANKA
GUAR
VO|. 1 6 No. 6 July 15, 1993 Price FRS.1 C
_了
GUARDIAN - M.
PRESS F
O G. L. Peiris O H. L. de Silv
ARUSSian JOUr
COWSTITUT
Mervyn
A. Jeyarat.
C. Suriya
J. R. YEA
BRAIN DRAIN, TAXATION
CANoT A POTT
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

DAN
Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/43/NEWS/93
| .
OO
ARGA SEMINAR
REEDOM
ra O Lakshman Kadirgamar
T62SV - Mithran Thiruchelvam
SS
OVAL CRISIS
de Silva
nam Wilson
akummaram
NRS — ARDEN
AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR
- C. P. de Silva
LE PLANHELP ?
— A. C. S. Canaappa

Page 2
SVOU
t
 

Knight
rmOVe

Page 3
TRENIOS
Another Wait
Public servants who expected a 40 per cent salary increase this 707 WW a w fo Waff for fi f'W January next year. "While the government has been able to secure the Commitment of foreign aid donors to Support the de velopmen program Tles, fle realisable local funding has not been adequate to meet al.
de 77a "ds", gανεΠirηent arr]our certhent Saïd.
Things will be better,
presumably, after six months. The withheld increase will be given with arreta TSG Fler 7, 15E Ståle employees have beer told,
Tourism up
fl FIS ledst fror Of FIS Wirer Seasor) fourisārswās ir Sri Larkā reCorded a six per Cent ir7Crease over the sale period (May) last year. There were 22,368 arrivals in May 1993.
a first five 105 of is year 772,752 foreign visitors arrived in Sri Lanka, according to TOLMS Bir SG WSC5, Tf5 WES 70 per cenf more than ffra Corresponding figure for last year.
Free degree course
Those in the queue for a dission to the raior's rea5feder fra L7řWeir5fffa5 Ca.7 70W opf for a free course at the Open University, the University Grants Cor 77T 75507 a 7r 7Lied. The Open University's Course fee will be borne by the LJGC. The ofer is open to those students who qualify for university enfrance on The results of the GCE (Advanced Level) Examination of 1990 on Wards.
Briefly. .
A Jaff
Calling himself notwithstanding f association wit Filari: S Paskaralingam friends) told iterWiWIT ROS: Wheeler-dealer : at him by the were "all lies". soft-spoker "Pas Critics to confron charges without weiled and Wild a
About the Crit air) Lus (da | tlh | Si: ""TI| T i. kick-backs and certainly not the kick-backs."
AQUlie StQ of the Country con Premadasa W: Mr Paskarai arrangements
Tuch earlier for 1 LC) firhalise Lille Lanka Aid Group
Funds holidays
A shortage of Lanka to high double digit ECOOThist's Wic Moon Said in Col also too many Country, he said.
Mr Moon urge Lit int0 LF1C WOr| inwestorS. The rough, he said, ' Was getting STIE like Wiltså är aggresively COTT irwESITEnt.
Meanwhile Wijetunga said : tilE ECO Conference (La 29 to July 1) that i

"Stila JaffПЕПТЕП" is high profile and in high finance, ecretary R. ("Paski" to his Surday Times sharh PeiriS that allegations thrown }olitica opposition The Cool aid ski' challenged his thirt with specific throwing around |legations.
rowersial Air Lanka Finance Secretary 5. Who is giving the
tO WOT. I 1 2 recipient of any
y that he flew out I the day President as assassinated, gam said that had been Tade lim to leave on May agenda for the Sri Teeting in Paris,
s short,
too much
capital has led Sri interest rates and inflation, the 2 President Samuel OTEO, THlëre WETE holidays in this
di Sri Lankams to g0 d and canvass for
competition was the investment pie iller, and CountrieS
Thild WETE mpeting to attract
PSit D.B. it the same forum, ist PROJПјtable
ika Oberoi - June rlWestOr CCIlfider CB
was at its peak as a result of Sri Lanka's liberal economic reforms. "Market capitalisation transactions to the Stock Tarket hawe considerably increased. Despite recession in most developed COLIntrie:S Wë have Continued to Sëtë dureconomy groW"he Said.
PM reVeals talks
PTiT) Ministg Réir nil Wickremasinghe said at the ECQ] [[|list COInfertier Cite With th1 = government that official and unofficial talks Were going om with Tamil groups to deterrine what additional powers COLuld begiver to provincial Councils as a means of solving the north east problem. The LTTE was the only Tamil group mot participating in the discussions, he Said.
ப்ேiபer or page ெ
GÜARDIAN
Wol. 16 No. 6 July 15, 1993
Price Rs. 10. DO
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Placa CCTC - 2.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephora: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 82/5, Sir Ratnajothi Sarawa mamutiu Ma Watha, ColorTbO 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
News Background Tiger Trial E. Lanka Guardian-Marga
Similar Press Freed IT 7 Role of the Private Sector וך SWRD (3) 1 The J. R. Years (6) 5 Riding the "Great Siberian" לך Towards a Good Society TE
II. TätiOlä SEITTila Or.
Marxist :Ա

Page 4
DRU
AmcIndmilcnt to Drug Regulation No. 34 o] of Monday the 6th July 1992.
“No persona shall dispense a prescription a drug."
MS.) goes down in the history of Drug R. LSG LLLLLLGGLCLCLCL tGG LLL S LLLLLLLHHLHHLLLLLLL LLLLLL TCLGLLLLL decades of Brand Manufacture for the biggest illulti to almost exclusive Generic Man lifacture for the p, LLLLLL LLLLHD LL LL LLCLCLLGL CT LLLGL LrllHLLLLH LLLLSL reloiest Govt. dispersary and General Practitione
There is no glamour in illness - not for Lll safe, rational (realment, notmarketincentives.
Illness does not spare either rich or poor,
The Bibile-Wickremasinghe drug reforIns into therapeutics. Generic prescribing and Generic of Drug Rationalization Policy.
In Good Tirres and Bad Tires, Epiderii from MSJ have been a dependable source ofrelie
MASJI M. S. J. Industric
Factory and I
P. O. B.
Colol
 
 

GS 2.
f 1984 in Govt. Gazette Extraordinary No. 722/3
which does not specify the Generic Name of
tionalizatio in Sri Laka as the first Company Martifacture. MS. Swiftly loved over from 1 a national Drug Companies operating in this region eople of this country. Our range of Generic drugs in the big city Clinics and Base Hospitals to the “r in the country.
2 sick at IlyWay. The sicknced swift, cost-effective,
ναίίεπί αr μιγνίοία η.
were designed and adopted to re-introduce ethics lispensing were the main levers of implementation
C and Disaster, War and Peace, Generic Drugs fin illness for over a third of this century.
ds (Ceylon) Ltd.,
Laboratories
ΙΧ 430
.15 סכ

Page 5
NEWS BACKGROUND
Constitutional crisis:
Mervyn de Silva
WO assasinations in the ten days
that shook Sri Lanka, and what do we See. The post-78 constitutional structure is Cracking up. Presidential or parliamentary systerT; National gOVĒfn ment; A Thendr Tlemts to per Tiit cross-over in Parliament; the dissolution of te D LJMIF for li riċW D) U MIF role | 3 larger Coalition, joying the status of the "independent" (CWC, of Mr. Till där läri, the Super minister? And What of the major Opposition party, the SLFP7 its quarrels are Out in the Copel. Mr. Ne wille Ferraldi Would like to See a 17th Amendent to the Constitution that would remove the present restriction on members of parliament quitting the party which had LaLLLLaLLLLL LLCLLLS S LLLa HHaLLLLSSLLLLSLLLLLLH quarrel is now out in the open, on the front pages of the daily papers or on the 2ditorial page of the Sunday press. These OWs have also spread to the Courts where Mr. Tilak Karunaratne, key Anura SLJpop)orter' appealed agaimst his dismissal from the The pro-Amura group may hawe sufficient votes to give the government a
Wo-thirds Tajority.
A DUNF deal with tFTE UN P Could la that the Chief Minister of the all-important Western Province exposed to the danger of being ousted. The Chief Minister, is I 10ng Other thari Ms. Charidrika Kurraranatunge, the real architect of the SLFP-led united front, the left-irclined P.E.P.ST1gUNPtacticials think it WOLld be better to keep Ms. Kumaranatunge in the post if only to explode the myth of a dynamic, and disciplined organiser, if she SLJCC is in the Western Prowirlicte, har Clairls to PEP TOTilatior as the presidential candidate next year will be greatly strengthened. On the other hand, if the UNP-DUNF alliance gets going, that Combination can see that she really cannot deliver the goods - an efficient City administration. She Cam reversa lhe Chinese tactic of surrounding the cities from the countryside. She can storm the rural areas from the Tetropolis. Orso the Counter argument will go. The statement
by Mrs. Srimani At plain that Mr. La Supporters plan to separate identity. security minister Candidate Uf professional class Premadasa alienat much that the mai Takings of a S.W.
lt Wошlгі арpваг !! placed to Take his the Firtheridrilant fT F3TT Eid. Thig its ru Tibers, enough , majority to remow restriction on traitor:
What is (TiOS le-SSOr 10 E]} (dra W COrfшsiran. It is USC evolution of the started this trail assasiatio of Pre: as said at the start thČ COLITSE of te dE that di Lutul-blow to produced the pre Confusion amod fe we;

Prabhakaran's move
ħuta thrTI LI Idali II Iliade it lith Athulah Iudai's maintain the party's The former maiorial WaS thE sävJuriltä the Cosmopolitan Which President ed. BL I (doubt Wery tyred Lalith has the R.D.
lat Anura is far better Wn taCitical Towa — Cowed by Dr. Ne Wille Only a question of rotes for à 1wC-Hirds 2 the punitive J R 5 Of (: TOSS-]'„ffETS
politically significant from the Current ful to rele Tiber the resent Crisis. Whal of events was the sident Prema dasa, or
tWO assassinations in lys. It is the impact of
the system that has availing uncertainty, -red debates. In that
UN PEACE
pping with the voicess of fresh Dead The rry Lark, se resfless Water SGF) reeds
is night's fireflies
ld old Star Wars of a thousand light years.
the Eastle fields over stilled War Cries 2ld constellations glitter, ach Peace, Triba-negotiated, blitter
sented and rer role, Fairer far Id Wars Ter the Ole Cold War
sense, Mr. Prabhakaran is the playwright.
By killing these two leaders he has brought to the surface a myriad "Contradictions'. As these interact, the Confusion gets more Confounded. Each Conflict breeds other conflicts, causing fissures in an organised body Such as a political party, e.g. the DUNF, the island's newest party, thus, the emergence of a loyalist Lalith faction. Factionalism in turn I rleans splits,.... fissue. The LTTE is pursuing the War by other means = causing confusion in the ranks of the enemy, exploiting and sharpening internal divisions, from personal ambition topolicy disagreements.
The UNP impressed the World by its smooth Premadasa-Wijetunge transition, But now the political scene, and perhaps the UNP scene too, are marked by disagreements, bitter tactical debates, personality Conflicts etc. Prabhakaran is a master of the art of War. This is his doing. The rest is constitutionalism, and here, Prof. A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, has interwered With a Letter to the L. G. We also hawe a Contribution from Prof. C. Suriyakumaran.
U.Karunatilake

Page 6
The post-assassi
A. Jeyaratnam Wilson
He assa SSilation of PrêSident
Prenadasa left a vacuurti. Praise has beg showered that the transitio hlas been Smooth. This is only partially correct. Notwithstanding the peaceful transfer of power, a vacuum has been created which has presumably been recognised by the appointment of one of the island's sharpest intellects, K.N. Choksy, as Minister of Constitutional Affairs. Hispath Wj||10tbJg Stre Wrl With IOSBS.
There is a Lu Tiber of roadblocks involved in any effort to restore Parliament to a dignified role, re-introduce prime ministerial government and return the presidency to its pre-1979 position as the ceremonial head of state With a few more powers than he had in his earlier incarnation. There is the benign hope that the Opposition will cooperate in this endeavour and al Will be We||- a return to Westminster from the Gaullist interlude.
The present political situation is fraught With unpredictable consequences. President Wijetunge is not merely a lame duck but a sitting duck, Under the Constitutional amendricht for the election of the omnipotent leviathan, the executive president, the latter could resign after his fourth year in office and face the electors at a favourable tire in the sa The Way as a prime minister. President Wijetunge does not hawe this choice. He has two years to go, not four. How does one resolve this? To ensure a probable return of the UNP, a prime minister with full fledged powers has to be installed. He could probably then win against the present divided Opposition. Under the earlier system, a wictorious executive president could rally the electors behind his party om the simple principle, "that the presidential candidate has Won, letus, the electors, reap the benefits of that victory by giving his party, as Well, a majority in FariaITEIlt." The question tյf contradictory majorities as in France did mot arise.
NOW Cortes the Catch 22 question. Will the Opposition put its head into the noose by Cooperating in providingthe two-thirds
4
majority? Tha Supre may or may not req it did, the passage C a referendum will be Opposition Cooperat
What arguments bring against a C constitutional arters Not merely a restor: authority and a government. They reforms to be includi ask for the abandor representation which Of the UNP as W. changes. They, the C battery of Constitu experts. A deadlock
So what Will| hapo iri accordance withi first dissolved. Whic however hawe a SE at the Presidency. T Unlikely to be Preside hawe two for Tidatul riwal partigs. WhOWE
They di TIPUS I
Cowl
To clu.
For is A Toring N.M. C.
Arld 1.
L-II-:
Wc5 re The pe Treate
Te Morg)

ination impasse
me Court for its part ire a referendum. If if the amendment in
easy but only if the Ed.,
Will the Opposition :hoksy package of irrents? Numerous, ation of priministerial Countable cabinet Will der hard Other 3d. Perhaps they Will ment of proportional is daar to the heards el as many other pposition, have their tional lawyers and
| S.
gr? Pariament Will, the Constitution, be hewer party Wins W| cond chance, a "go" Hg UNP Candidate is 2nt Wijetunge. We Will a gladiators from the WISUNPSLFP,
will not get the two-thirds majority from the Opposition to change the constitution. Any change should, it will be demanded, be a full scale revision, mot a mere tinkering with the system. Rani|| Wickremasinghe with his impeccable record Would be a formidable UNP choice. So Would Chandrika Kumararatunge, if she was the oppositions agreed candidate,
There is one other way out but it will mot be realistic. Presidernt Wijetunge Can delegate or transfer the bulk of his powers to the Prima Minister. But constitutionally he is still the head of the Cabinet. The transfer/delegation will Constitutional. Any recalcitrant Tinister can rightly insist that he takes his orders frr:T1 the Chiefexecutive, the President Thol t1 Prile Minister. So CalbLfe3LCr 15. The electors could get Wise to the Suttle differentiation,
If the Opposition wins, the same dilemma presents itself. So like it Or mot, the Gaullist presidential syster T1 Will last longer. It will take longer for Westminister to be registrēti.
Alds the L.S.S.P.
"I died Cuscosis,
Toyol/g/fler Outlas's, alore escaped being sul parah oh theold-School-e Wrew Lorg,
Fle lost much respect g those who now didn't know what to expect. sf Fiss seCLIre RLIWOswella othing was heard from Cofia Road, Borella, The eloquent occidemic, 'duced to second sanguage mimic, ople's heroes were neglected dogs, das Ossen sdeClogLIS5. they died, Their poor second string, y and mediocre, entered the foss-sing.
Patrick Jaya Suriya

Page 7
On Centra GOVernmeni
C. Suriyakumaran
'Scenarios' are herein Set out for considering, either as a "mix of thern, or choosing one of them:
SCE di
(1) The Presidency CESCS
(Dесеппber "94)
(2) Revert to the so-called
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Westminster Todel.
Appoint a Tamil Deputy Prime Minister (perhaps an additional, Muslim Deputy Prime Minister).
Provide for minimum required minority Portfolios (including, say, 2 front basic ministries like Finance, External Affairs, Ho Tie, Lands, Industry, Planning, etc.).
Reintroduce |ile Executive Committee System (pluralistically constituted) in charge of portfolios, with Minister as Member and ChairTarh.
Devolution (not confusing With Ethnic issue) needs honest recognition by Central Government of intentions and policies.
Matters i WOWE: include, especially, Functions and Finance at Provincial level; Pradeshiya Sabha authority; and the old Garr Sabuha, etc., — even for g00d Central Government."
(a) Revert to original voting system; or use modified proportional/preferential (the present term "preferential" is a misnomer) system;
(b) Abolish Bonus Seats, or allot t Group forting Administration.
Preferably, hold all Elections together, and on ONE DAY.
1. Seal
CFDS Studies, Monographs,
Reports of Provincial Councils thinking, and other references are available,
SCPerio II
(1) Pletain F representation
Security, and
(2) Appoint Tamil
(3) Appoint Mus Ministër.
(4) Prime Ministe
assume full Subjects.
(5) Prime Minis colleagues (i President),
(6) As at No.(4) .
(7) As at No. (5)
(8) As at No. (6)
(9) As at No. (7)
(10). As at No. (8)
Scenario III
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
NOTE
(i)
Executive PE
As at (2) of Si
As at (3) of Si
As at (4) of S
As at (5) of S
As at (4) of S
As at (5) of S
As at (6) of S
As at (7) of S
As at (8) of S
For specific prowl. logk urtivenli:
fՃւյrld.
(ii) All pirits ab i'w elaborated as desi

'residercy (as of National identity, Policy).
VicE-Presideflt.
im Deputy Prime
3r ard MiniStETS tO responsibility for
iter appoints his m Consultatiom with
of Sctario.
of Scenario.
of Scenario.
of Scenario.
of Scario.
sidency continues,
C{2|13|ri:O ||
Cernario II.
Cenario l.
Cefari ||.
Cenario.
Cemario I.
Cenario I.
сепаfio 1.
CHIlari. I,
sicrı; which FfC fC W and
Irhal, TOdalitie5 Carl be
car g adequately
ril,
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Rs. 250/- for l year RS, 150/- for 6 IIonths

Page 8
TIGER TRIAL
The Noose Tigh
G. Nikam
t took just a few tablets of Brufen,
the powerful pain-killer, to create dubious history and plunge the entire Country into political chaos. Dhanu, the "human bomb' who assassinated Rajiv Gandhi had fallen ill on May 20, 1991, a day before the Sriperurbudur operation Was to take place. Weak and dizzy, she was treated at Madras nursing home where Padma, one of the accused, Was Working as a LIIrSe2. Had it mot been for the Brufen which helped Dhanu recover, the operation may hawe been called off.
The militants also did not rely on their Own dedication to the Cause to carry out the fiendish plot. The three key women involved in the conspiracy - Dhanu, Subha and Nalini-Went to a temple near Willivakkam a day before the operation to Seek the blessings of the deity for the successful execution of the plot, according to the case made out by the Special Investigation Team (SIT) before the Special Court trying the accused in the Rajiv Gandhi murder case.
The lengthy opening statement of the prosecution, which took four days to complete, provides the first indication of the Tlass of evidence gathered by the SIT. This includes Several diarics, account books and correspondence seized from LTTE militants and their sympathisers. The diaries of Siwarasan, the "one-eyed Jack' WL Stēridi the assassination, show that he had kept aCCOLInts of gold brought in from Sri Lanka, the money Spent con the mission and Toney disbursed to the other ECCLISEed.
The Conspiracy, according to the prosecution, was hatched by LTTE chief W. Pirabhakaran, its intelligence chief Pottu Amman and deputy chief of the Women's intelligence wing Akhila at Jaffna between July 1987 and May 1991. One
of the two groups W. team to assist the India in September before the assassini Consisting of W Selwalakshi Ti and rented three OLSes by the second group Payas and his far mily his wife Santhi.
Later, Srirara, member, landed in Wedaranyam coast : Shanmugham, a LTTE sympathise Padma's family, her S{} Bhagyanat! MLuthi L I raja ril, a local rmhèrmber clq)Se tC introduced Bha Perariwalar, who Tigers' political Wing LTTE intelligence Wii
The Core group including Dhanu, Si Mehr Lu , la riħdgd iri li started operating fri h{uses ärd:Orduc 7 when W.P. Singh assess the Scale of prir Te Tinister. The ! of letters purportedly Subha to Akhila ari the dry run. The lette Sriharan Who Wast Jafna abandaréd which was to take F arrive. The bag cont; buried in a pit in Ko to the prosecution, c details of the assass o Lut arid specific: tas different people at P
Regarding the Conspiracy, the proSE

htens
ho for Ted the actual aSSassins länded in 1990, eight months ation, The first group "ijayan, his wife er father Bhaskaran They Were followed consisting of Robert ard JäyäkUrTarald
- FTCITE LTTE KOdaiakkari | ha and was received by ocal smuggler and r. He contacted da Lighter Malini ad 3. Meanwhile, Tamilia and LT TE Padma's family, gyanathan är i Were assisting the J to Nishārtha II, ET ng member.
of nime members, Warasan, Subha and dia On May 1. They DIT the three Terted ed a dry run on May
Was in Madras, to security for a former SIT has also got hold Written by Dhanu and
Pot L.A. if 28 Wese SEizEd after hawe taker them to his trip as the boat him to Jaffna did not aining the letters Was diakkarai. ACCOrding In May 20, 1991, the sinatio Were Worked ks Were assigned to a (drThă's PhOJ Sg.
Totive behind the 2Cution points out that
SinCe the Indo-Sri Lankan ACCOrd Was signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Länkan President J. R. Jayewardane, Pirabilakär är fält that he had beef "stabbed in the back". The sending of the IPKF to Sri Lanka had also enraged the LTTE leader and anyone who supported its Corti Latio Was Seen as a "traitar"— TULF leader Amirthalingam and EPRLF leader K. Padmanabha were Turdered to reinforce the message.
There were other reasons for Pirabhakaran developing bitter hatred for Rajiv Gandhi - the death of Dileepan, a senior LTTE functionary who died fasting in September 1987, and the Cyanide-induced suicide of 12. Tigers captured by the Sri Lankan navy.
Following the prosecution's case, the defence has also presented its arguments. But the actual trial, which will start after the charges are framed, is likely totake SOrne title, The defence is Waiting for a Supreme Court judgment Onseveral similar petitions challenging the Walidity of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Act. "Whatever the ruling, it is very important for us", says S. Doraiswamy, one of the defence counsels, without bothering to EDO fate.
But the 26 accused who hawe been lodged in the high security Poona Tallee Sub jail-Cun-special Court complex or the outskirts of Madras don't show any signs of tension or apprehension. Though ir diwidual fenced eclosures hawe been built inside the special court hall, they are allowed to sit on the benches outside these enclosures during the hearings, And all of thern, when they appear for the hearings, are dressed immaculately in neatly-ironed clothes and look cheerful. But the cheer couldfade fast, as the Court battle begins its long and arduous course.

Page 9
PRESS FREEDOM (1)
NEEDED: A Sound Poli
Professor G. L. Peiris
(Vice-Chancellor and Professor of Law, University of Colombo)
pointed out recently that it is a
measure of our national calamity that the assasination of political leaders has become today the principal instrument for changing the destiny of our Country. Suggested that, if We are in Safrast abCLt reducing the degree of violence and cynicism in our public life, nothing calls for our attention in a more urgent and compelling manner than practical Ways and means of breathing new life into, and buttressing by every possible method, our basic institulio S.
Pre-eminent among these institutions is the media. THg role of the Tedia in disseminating information, in commenting on Contemporary events, in moulding public opinion and in responding to the challenge of investigative journalism is demonstrably crucial in the context of fortifying participatory democratic values.
While this is true of all media, electronic as well as print, in the setting of modern Society, Iny purpose here is to focus upon problems connected with the Press even though Some of the reflections Thade in that connection would no doubt apply, Tulafis filiards, to the electronic media,
Section 3 of the Gerlan Lander Press laws declares: "The Press fulfils a public function, in that in matters of public interest, it collects and disseminates information, presents criticism and commentary, and otherwise contributes to the formation of public opinion."
The special role of the media forms the basis of extraordinary privileges guaranteed to the media by the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of German. Article 5 of the Basic Law of Germany explicitly protects the rights of publisher, editors, journalists and readers to freedom from government interference with the right to express and disseminate opinion and to gather information from generally accessiblesources. Special institutional guaraintees to the Tlass TC dia hawe been interpreted in Germany as including positive
government obligati diversity requiringbo lity" (such as Comp newspapers) and "in rsity in the composi Wspaper companies tections hawe been jy that the media hay function" to inform act as a “public wat
There are other
freedom of the Pr. nched in Constitutio senting the fundame This tradition is str. Countries. The Cor includes the Freedo 1949, the strumer 1974 and the Freed 1991. This entails a r-reaching practicali the Freedot of the the Swedish Constit insignificant alteratic cture relating to prote of the Press are reby parliament, in id Occasions separate Ction. The result is thereby invariably as nity of deciding upo. ոges.
By contrast, the C nka, like the Consti not contain any ex regard to the freedor dom of expressionis ral tems by Article 1 Sri Lakan Constit protects, as part of it dom of speech and ( publication." Althoug information is not ex Supreme Court of Sr va/ingar 77 W L (yarnagÉ public to know is neci right to freedom of e
The absence of tional guarantees in
The Prime Minister, Far Wickrer
 

MacAsna
cy Framework
ins to further media han "external pluraBtition among many ernal plurality" (diweion of boards of re1. These special proIstified on the ground e a special "public Iublic opinion and to hdog".
Countries where the 55 has been entrehal provisions repre:ntal law of the land. ingest in the Nordic stitution of Sweden T of the Press Act of ht of Gower Ticht of om of Speech Act of consequence of fаimportance. Because Press Act is part of ution, ewen relatively Ins in the legal slruaction of the freedorn uired to be passed entical bills, or two d by a general ellethat the voters are sured of the opportuthe proposed cha
Ornstitution of Sri Laution of India, does slicit guarantee with 1 of the Press, Freeguaranteed in gene4 of Chapter 3 of the tion of 1978 which Bill of Rights, "freeXpression, including h the right to receive Jressly included, the Lanka held, in WISLthat the right of the ssarily implied in the pression.
equivocal Constituspect of Press free
dom reiniscent of the GerTan and Swedish models in the provisions of the CoInstitution of Sri Lanka, is not, to my mind, a decisive or overriding factor, What is of far greater significance than the formal structure of the constitutional instrument is the political and legal culture of the Country, itself the product of tradition, convention, and an intricate milieu of unwritten agreerTents and understandings.
If there is to be genuine vigour and witality in the media, the prime requisite is the lack of inhibition. This cannot be brought about, quite obviously, by the black letter law contained in legislation or in administrative regulations. The political and social mores of the country must be conducive to the spontaneous expression of opinion, the reflection of differing viewpoints in the edia and tolerance of disset,
There are many reasons Why the inculcation and developmant of these values can be considered to determine ConclusiVely the tranquility and Wellbeing of Our nation during a period of unprecedented turrinoil and Lupheawal in its history. Orne of these reasons - and, by no means, the least important - was articulated a few months ago by the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka in the Jana Ghosha case Where Justice Mark Fernando aptly cominented that the expression of dissent provides a safety walue which may Well discourage major conflagarations in the future. Mr. Justice Fernando observed: "Stifling the peaceful expression of legitimate dissent today can only result, inexorably, in the catastrophic explosion of violence Sorine other day."
it has to be recognized in a spirit of candour that pontification about such moral values as courage and self-sacrifice will Take little contribution in the world of reality to the furtherance of Press freedom. Journalists, like other people, liwe and Work in a social Context: they hawe to contend with strains and pressures, and they respond necessarily to the stimulus
asinghe, M.P. was the chief guest)
7

Page 10
of factors which are part and parcel of their Social and Cultura | Eerwironment. These hawe to be addressed with a wie W to removing, or at least diminishing, excrescenes and constrains, if We are to Create the conditions in which journalists hawa practical capability to achieve the objectiwes of their profession. In other words, it is the business of Society, and not merely of journalists themselves, to take the initiative increating the conditions which representasine qua non forpragmaticrealisatiom of the ideal of Press freedoTn,
| Would suggest that a viable strategy to accomplish this objective must contain a diversity of elements, chief of which are the following:-
(i) identification of the anomalies and restraints embedded in the Constitutional, legislative and regulatory fra nework pertaining to the functions of the Press, and appropriate action designed to remove these deficiencies,
(ii) suitable action directed towards recognition of confidentiality in respect of journalists' sources of information - an indispensable requirement if independence arıd effectiveness of journalists is to become a reality:
(iii) remodLulation of attitudes to the law of defamation so as to reduce the 'chilling' effect which inevitably discourages and ewen stultifies initiative among journalists;
(iv) the provision of adequate facilities which would enable journalists to enhance their professional and technical expe
tise,
(w) the availability of adequate and realistic scales of remuneration Which would attract talent and quality into the ranks of practising journalists.
In identifying these components of a coherent and opportune Tedia policy for Sri Lanka, and for many aspects of the ensuing discussion, I wish to acknowledge my profound indebtedness to the research already carried out on this subject by Article XIX — the London-based International Centre against Censorship.
Ideal with each of these aspects in turn, highlighting the shortcomings which now exist and possible approaches to the re
Iowal of the deficiencies identified.
(1) The Constitutional and Legislative Framework
(a) Constitutional Provisions Article 15 of Chapter III of the Constitu
tiO1 of Sri L3r1ka - en
stances in which
may be restricted. Al :"The exercise and of mental right (to freed shall be subject to SLC prescribed by law int and religious harmo parliamentary privilag dafarration Or inciter it may be noted tha' Out in Article 15(2) a der than those permit
CONVerlant Os
Rights, to which SriL
Especially TeTark: T1Ce that, While L'Irld Cowenant, fredirT) otherfundantental rig only if “necessary" 59 UTCrate il terESt - rights and reputatio protection of latio order, public health Lanka, by Contrast, only not required to b do lot ewen hawe to
This is altogether ( Indial law. AS TÉCE 1989, the Supreme inding down its judg Gramathile case, di that any restrictions IF and "justified on the not the quicksand of diency."
On the other he AIIorney-Gепега! th Sri Lanka stad: "IT tion and exercise Ol of speech are made of law not qualified bleness. Neither the lableness of the law is open to question ldi:a."
Moreover, the res: expression in the int. ry privilege and Con beyond the restricti International Cowes
(b) Emergen
Article 155(3) of Larka Corti LJES th the Head of State, Public Security OI declare a state of Sectio 7 of this C) Regulations prewa except the Constitu.

Lumerates the CirCUfundarrental rights rticle 15(2) declares yeration of the funda2m of expression) - h restrictions as Tay ha interests of racial ny or in relation to e, contempt of Court, Tent to an offence." t the restrictions Set re appreciably broated by the InternatioCivil and Political anka has acceded,
able is the circumstaler the Interlational of expression and hts may be restricted to promate certain - naTely, respect for of others and the nal Security, public and Torals – in Sri rgStrictions are IOt enecessary, but they be reasonable.
lifferentireffect from 2ntly as 30th March
Court of Iridiä, hamet in the Ore" ČOrL eclared emphatically had to be reasonable, anwill of necessity and convenience or expe
Lind, in Malagoda W e Supreme Court of | Sri Lanka the Operaf the right to freedom subject to restrictions yany test of reasonavalidity northereasoimposing restrictions
unlike in America or
striction om freedors of erests of Parliamentate Tipt of Court go Well O's authorised by the апt.
cy Exceptions
the Constitution of Sri 1e authority Wested in initially set forth in the "dilance of 1947 to emergency. In terms rdiаппсе, Еmergeпcy ill Over all other a WS
tion.
Article 14(1) of the Emergency ReguaItions prohibits publication of any matter which, in the view of the Competent Authority, "would or might be prejudical to the interests of lational security or the preservation of public order or the maintenance of supplies and Services essential to the life of the community or of matters inciting or encouraging persons to mutiny, riot or civil ComTotion, or to commitbreach of any law."
(c)
National Legislation (i) The Press Council Law
The Sri Lanka Press Council Law, No.5 of 1973, provided for appointment of a Council "to regulate and to tender advice on matters relating to the Press in Sri Lanka, for the investigation of offences relating to the printing or publication of certain matters in newspaperS and for latters connected there with Orincidental thereto." The Press Council has quasi-judicial powers and may order an apology or correction of an untrue or distorted story, and may Censure a proprietor, priInter, publisher, editor or journalist for professional mis Conduct.
One of the objectionable features of the Press Council Law concerns section 16 Which makesitar offence for newspapers "to publish details of Cabinet proceedings or decisions without prior authority or to publish false reports about issues under consideration by any Minister or Ministry." The effect of this section is clearly to inhibit the free flow of information and to place overwhelming constraints on political reporting.
Secondly, Section 12(a) authorises the Press Council to find any perSon in COntempt who "without sufficient reason, publishes any statement or does anything that brings the Councilor a member there of into disreputo during the progress or after the conclusion of any inquiry Conducted by such Council." A person found in contempt by the Press Council is liable to be punished by the Supreme Court as if he or she has committed a contempt against the Supreeme Court itself.
The repugnant character of this pro Wision is accentuated by the composition of the Pre SS Council. The Sever-Ternber Council is composed of the Director of Information and six members appointed by the President. While one of the appointees is to be a representative of the working journalitsts and another, a repreSentive of the erTployees of the newspaper businesses, the remaining five members are appointed by the Government.

Page 11
PRESS FREEDOM 2
LAW AND FREE EXPR
Some Problem Areas
(1)
(2)
(3)
H. L. de Silva
The freedom of speech and expreSSion including publication is now guaranteed by the Constitution which means that its exercise cannot be restricted except by law enacted by Parliament for the purposes specified in Article 15(2). Two of the a reas that are of special interest are defamation (libel and slander) and Contempt of Court. The Word "law" in this Article is narrowly defined in Article 170 to mean only enacted law and does not include common law or judge-Inade law. But neither the law relating to defamation or coInterpt of Court in Sri Lanka have been the subject of statutes made by Parliament. Notwithstanding this Ormission the right of freedom of speech and expression continue to be controlled by the laws relating to defarmation and conter Tipt of court which remain in non-statutory form.
This anomaly is evident in regard to the scope of such defences as truth and public benefit and fair comment which are available when sud for defamation. As it now stands in the Common law, the plea of truth or justification will fail if some of the statements are incorrect although the rest of the publication be substaIntially true. In the U.K. On the other hand section 5 of the Defamation Act, 1952 provides that the defence of justification will not fail only reason of the truth of every allegation not being established if the Words not proved to be true do not materially injure the Plaintiff's reputation, hawing regard to the truth of the remaining charges. There is sir Tilar prowision in regard to fair cominent.
Similarly, the law of contempt of Court should be reduced to an enactment
This paperby the ermirent President's Courisel was submitted at the request of the Seminar organisers.
(4)
which defines ndalising the
narrOWy, allo of expression,
Although Pari TOW är Act of of it is not s Copaque. Wha journalist can CěSe to be trie the changes Päriä Tigrit tg irripose pu misl privilege. Furt Catio is not : which ought in
Coult i Sri | grant heavyde in the case of that they arew res and their r: widespread d T10lb# !hẹ: Cā5ị te protections
Tesla mbers of the extrermely Care On public figu COuntries such is much gre: Where criticist COICCIT ed.
The prohibiti. Press Council tiOIT il a Tley: which purports El Cabinet Tige Sion Seems äl Ction of press si publication in : НВЕП made ili diSSenilation restriction goa: of interest -
lational SCLUri Linder the Offic
The protection disclosure of S relating to any

ESSION:
such offences as sca:Ourt SOThe What Thore wing greater freedom
amentary Privilege is Parliarict, the Whole Jelt out and remains is more an offending lot always expect the d by a Court of law as made in 1978 cable try an offender and lment for breaches of hermore truth or justifiallowed as a defense tot to be the Case.
Länka are im Cliried to Lmages for defamation Joliticians on the basis well-known public figuaputations suffer more lamage. This should 3 as they hawe absolu)r e Wen Teckle SS StateParliament While Tepublic hawe had to be iful when commenting res. This is mot SC) i
as the U.S.A. as there ater latitude allowed n of public figures is
in imposed by the Law against publicaspaper of any Tatter to be proceedings of ting ora Cabinet deciLu Wafrantëd Testri"eedom because their any other form as not egal. Nor is its oral rade an offence. This s far beyond the kind defence secrets and ty which is protected ial Secrets Act.
against Compulsory ources of information news item published
in any newspaper is now confined to proceedings taken under the Press Council Law. There is a strong case for extending the protection even in respect of judicial inquiries and poliCe investigations, for Which ameIdents to the Criminal Procedure COdg and the Evidence Ordinance are Пecessагу.
(8) The sale to members of the public
of the large shareholding in ANCL now in the hands of the Public Trustee is long overduce and was erwisaged under the ANCL Law and would be in accord with the current peoplisation measures being carried on in
Other area S.
Briefly...
(ConfinLied fran pags f)
"We are confident that We can find a Solution. We are confident that We can gradually build up a consensus among our people", the Prime Minister Said.
Newsprint duty down
The government has announced that the Customs duty on newsprint has been reduced to 10 per cent of the CIF value, which is What it was before it was doubled recently. The increase was met With strong protests by the media outside goveTTT-lernt Corintrol.
Sacked MP petitions court
Expelled SLFP MP Tilak Karunarate has petitioned the Supreme Court challenging his expulsion. The Court has issued notico on SLFP leader Mrs Sirimavo Bandaranaike and 36 other respondents granting them time ti|| July 16 to file objections.

Page 12
PRESS FREEDOM (3)
Contempt of Co
Lakshman Kadirgamar
n terms of Article 14 of the
Constitution, every citizen is entitled to the freedom of speech and expression including publication. Yet where the exercise of this right would be calculated to create a risk of prejudice, either to a particular trial or to the administration of justice generally, that freedom must, in the interests of society, be curtailed. The law of Contempt of Court operates unt rammeled by the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression contained in Article 14 of the Constitution. (Per WanaSundera, J. in Hegwartmanne vs. De Silva).
Finally the Supreme Court decided that the article in question Was Way beyond the permitted limits of comment since it tended to obstructor impede the proceeding before the Court and because it tended to bring the administration of justiCe into disrepute.
Whilst proceeding on the basis that Our Supreme Court has, after a comprehensiwe discussion of the relevant authorities, declared and, in fact, re-affirmed Our law concerning the principle of Sub-judice, wish to raise the following questions as to whether our settled law is in a satisfactorystale: (1) The Court said that an objective test should be applied to ascertain the Teaning of the Words in questionthat is by the meaning in which reasonable readers of ordinary intelligence, With an ordinary man's general knowledge and experience of Worldly affairs Would understand the T1, unifettered by any strict legal rules of coStruction. 15 not the iTırTOrtal Citizen Perera our ordinary man? What that poor, battered, bruised, permanently bewildered man, Suffocated by the cost of living and permanently preoccupied With mere survival hawe thought of the Diwalina report? Would slot the thOLISands of Citizen Pereras who support the respondent's party have thought that the MP in question was merely expressing a highly partisanview of his own? Would they really have thought it of "little or no use to say anything more in the case? Would those of them who were potential witmesses hawe really considered it futile to testify just because an MP of the opposing party had said that his party's case was proved, when those Witnesses were prepared to testify against all odds through fanaticallo
O
(2)
(3)
(4
(5)
yälty to their OW Prif de:S tot to KIOW that the a story.
A wery important is Whether ourap beinfluenced by Tiade by the MP AS WE Tave SE quotations Britis divided on the q nions influencin Australian and ( instal Cg a We that they are im rious effect of T Supreme Court: Want is not thië fal be actually Orpr. 1. Lhe flaturE such that prejud not belig Wg th: judges are so f. Coerced or Tilisgl Collegt. I TEE pted in England policy and in an if|JeriCÉ IS TÖT the importance ( to come it up judgments. ls the exclusive Court to deter rped by an urb, partisan opinion politician? I can ls the expressic really a pre-jud. Case? If that be or every Stree thousands of . cormitted? Are Perera's really' |wes the right to tters that are bo every time that nion that they, 1 One Way Or the
On the other ha by media in pa trial Tight Wel|| of the legitimate We do mot ha We Contempt of C. rig53; d. Pri: fCT LJ5 tQQ t[] [:X][] To a conternplc rice Colf D LubliC ir for Sri Lanka ap

| Urt
party? Our Citizen need to know Latin are are two sides to
question to Tymind pellate judges Would the kind of StateTeht
in til Diwyllirå CaSE. e fr the äbOV h judicial opinion is Jestion of media opig their judgments. anadian judges, for Categorically stated mune to the delet12dia CCITTığrıt, Olur said that what is reldct that the judges will bably prejudiced but of the StätterTest WES ice might result. I do at Our experienCed in thearted as to be uided by some media lity the position adois essentially one of y event risk of undue 2 than outweighed by if promoting freedor of or criticize Court
judicial function of the ime cases really usualanced and patently expressed by some mot beliewe that is SC). II of such an opinion Jment of the pending so in every home and atcorner, every day, contempts Would be thousands of Citizen arrogating to themseadjudicate Up On ThaEsJfe à COLf1 Df dW" they express the opiWould dicis de a C3Se Other. ind, conducting a trial allel with a legitimate prejudice the conduct
trial. a statute dealing Will Jurt. Many other coups the time has corne sider Such legislation, charge is therea defetrast ? The a SWT ppears to be 10. Once
it has been established thata publication is calculated to create a real risk of prejudice or, possibly, that it arnounts to El prejudgrT1-rit ll! Er the COITIITOIl la WadTits 10 flow defer CëS. Liability is strict so that provided the defendant can properly be Said to hawe 'published" the offending material it is no defence to say that he did not intend to prejudice proceedings or thathe Wasunaware that proceedings were pending or imminent as the case may be or even (in some cases) that E Was. Umaware of the Cortents Of the publication.
(7). It has been recognised for sometime ir Australia that the de facts Creati) | of a real risk of prejudice does not inwariably rear that a contempt will be established. In a nutshell it seems to be accepted that if through public discussion of Tatters Of ) LubliC initėrest, supervening litigation might incidentally but lumintentionally be potentially prejudiced, no contempt Will be Cormitted.
(8) The Contempt of Court Act of 1987 in the United Kingdom has changed the Cortion law in important respects. The Act provides that "the strict liability rule applies only to a publication which CTBags a Substantial fisk til at i E duE course of justice in the proceedings in question will be seriously impeded or prejudiced".
To establish liability under this section it is clear, by reason of s1 (which confines the strict liability rule to interference With the Course of justice in particular legal proceedings), that the offending publication must be shown to Create a substantial risk of serious impedirTent or prejudice to particular legal prQCẽEdings. HeftCẽ, it is insuficient to show that the publication creates a risk of interfering with the due course of justice as a continuing process, It is also clear, because of the requirement of "a substantial risk of serious prejudice' that there can be no such thing as a "technical contempt under the Act.
'A publication Tiade as or as part of a discussion in good faith of public affairs or other natters of general public interest is not to be treated as a conterTipt of Court under the strict liability rule if the risk of impediment or prejudice to particular legal proceedings is merely incidental to the discussion". (To be caпtiпшесі)

Page 13
Role of the Pri
C. P. de Silva
riefly put, the role of the Private
Sector is to be the engine of growth. The policy of this government is to hawe growth with equity; mot growth at the expemsg of equity or equity at the expense of growth, but growth with equity.
As a laudable goal the government is aiming at achieving the status of an NIC by the year 2000. While this goal may turn out to be unattainable it is one Worth having as its pursuit must result in a spirit of urgency which is all to the good.
It is important for all of us to appreciate the magnitude of the task before us. Sri Lankä today has a per capita inco The which is about one third that of Thailand, and less than one tenth that of South Korea. 30% to 40% of our population are living in powery. About 13% of the Workforce are unemployed. Under-employment is an equally big problem.
If we are to airm at tlaubling our per Capita income and reducing unemployment to a socially acceptable level of 5% by the year 2000 We need to grow at about 9% pěr a minum in the Coming years. The magnitude of this task can be appreciated when we consider that our average rate of growth during the last decade has been about 4.1%. This growth has been achiewed by annually investing about 23% of Our Gr OSS DOThGStic Product. TO d:OLublië our growth. We Would need to double Our investment rate given our historical levels of productivity of capital. Such investrTent Would need a retendous increase in the level of national and foreign sa Wings, Increasing national sawings substantially would place an intolerable burden on the poor, while increasing foreign aid Substantially would not be easy in the present international Colex Where Easter Europe and the Commonwealth of Indeperident States are also ingrave need of aid. While these are the prospects with regard to aid it was estimated by one of our most eminent economists in August last year that even if direct foreign investment Were to quintuple it would add only 5.8% to gross investment.
Thus We COThe to the conclusion that what We need to strive for is to increase the productivity of capital through an increase in efficiency This carı Önly CÖme from privatisation on the one hand and the
The Writer in Chair Tari Lanka. Orix Leasing Compaлу Limiївсі.
rapid expansion oft the other.
Recognising the the Private SecţOI | of growth the gove lumber of steps to
One of the St. treating the Private where some pre looked upon it as a a much closer dialog rnment and the Priw ever existed in tic); of this improved dial meetings that the SE ryhas With import/e) T : Private Sect) these meetings haw ssed by the decisive which the Secretary Cutthrough red-tap reaucratic barriers, brought to his notic meeting that is grea with the Deputy Sec to Sort out tariff issu
The involvement in establishing polit |-mark of this gove CommissiCTS hawe presentatives of th" them, AITrọng them IITission, the Ind ssion, the Banking Securities and Exch
The New Strateg unweiled by our Prir a s Minister of Indu chnology in 1989 W is close Consultatic private Sector,
The governmen USAID, has taker Capital Market, A S nge Commission hɛ regulate the stock
market of this Count ryboomin 1991 asi tion. Today there ar foreign investment ntry than in South F
The government rather slowly, brou income tax in order in the expectation (
Recently it ha exchange Control b the trade accourt.T

Vate Sector
Private Sector or
above reasons Why nas to be the engine ITITant has taken a Droole it.
important is that it is
Sector as tā partir hér vious governments adversary. There is Le belWoënthogCW2ate Sector today than ast. Among examples og Le are the m0nthly |cretary to the Treasusport trade chambers. r representatiwes at e been greatly imprearless and vigour with to the Treasury has tild distantled Juwhen they hawe been le. A similar Tonthly tly appreciated is that -retary to the Treasury E.S.
Of the Private Sector :::y has bČCome a haTIT1ght, A. urTmEjOr (Of been set up with re
Private Sector of are the Taxation CoIstrialisation CommiCommission and the lange Commission.
Jy for Industrialisation The Minister in his rolië Strig5, Scigi Cg & Teas worked out by him yn with experts in the
t, with the help of steps to develop the Securities and Exchaas been established to exchange. The stock rysawan extraordinaa result of its liberalisa
f'War reStricti)s S Cor ir Shares ir I this COu
orea.
has progressively, but ght down the rates of to facilitate growth and of greater Compliance.
s further liberalised y freeing the rupee. On "here Iowal of Controls
on capital transfers is expected in the not to distant future.
This brief introduction to the role of the Private Sector would mot be complete Unless | tOUch om Some of the Constraints to its expansion. The ories I shallmention are not in any order of importance,
The first is the wery high rates of interest that prevail today. When government offers a return Of arCLInd 22% (JII Treasury Bills it is inevitable that baik rates Would be higher. While We all appreciate that these rates are necessary to fight inflation which is rightly recognised as the greatest evil, it still makes things wery difficult for business, Expansion, even Survival, becorties problematic in these circumstaT1Ըէ:5,
LLLLLL LaL LLLLLaaLLL LaLLLLLLLaLaaLLaL tax is Welcome, it is regrettable that what the government has given with one hand it has taken away with the other. The surcharge of 15% Which was declared to be temporary when it was introduced still continues, and the Defence Lewy has been increased. What is worse is that Tax Holidays hawe been removed without coTimensurate reduction in the tax rate which is still much too high. There still remain anachronistic anomalies in tax legislation such as the add back of all entertainment expenditure and the disa|lowance of depreciation on cars provided to managers. These are relics of the Age of Socialist.
As Serious as this is the di SCrintilation against Private Sector employees who have to pay tax on their remuneration unlike their public sector Colleagues. This is an unwise and inequitable attempt to compensate for the low salaries in the public sector. The Way to compensate Peter is not to rob Paul. Nowhere is the World, where Tharket forces prevail, do public servants earn the Sartle Salaries at their equivalents in the Private Sector. There are good reasons for this which it will take too long for me to explain.
Connected With taxatior, though rol directly the consequence of it, is the lack of Tanagers as a result of a continuous brain drain that has taken place over the last few decades. The main season for the brain drain is the very much higher remuneration that managers with professional qualifications can earn abroad. There is no Way in which Sri Lanka Would in the fore:Seeable future be able to Thatch foreign salaries. But in these circumstances,

Page 14
discriminatory taxation may tip the scales for those who are on the brink of emigration. A particularly pernicious type oftaxation is the taxation of Private Soctor Provident Funds. These sawings which have already been seriously eroded by inflation are further taxed at the time of payment. This gives rise to much bitterness as the persions of public servants which are based on their last few years salaries (and have therefore to some extent been adjusted for inflation) are not, In addition to taxing the payments to employees when they retire the government also taxes the income of the Provident Fund itself. The Whole process is most unwist as the amount of revenue collected by these means must be insignificant and could ne3Ver COn Thipoten5ate for the dermotiwa tion that it causes private sector employees, If the private sector is to be the engine of growth, the managers on whose performance everything would depend should mot be der Toralistid.
It is strange that while deregulation and privatisation are going on apace, and liberalisation is the order of the day, the government still does not permit Private Sector firms to establish Approwed Private Sector Provident Funds as it did in the past. New Companies are compelled to en rol their employees in the state prowident sLIrlds which hawe less fawourable terms thlä Private Sector Pro Widet Funds, and do not give a satisfactory return On investmentin these inflationary days.
Other constraints to the development of the Priwa te Stictor are We|| know and do not need much elaboration. The infrastructure for instance needs improvement. This applies particularly to roads, power and telecommunications.
The exchange rate is still managed by the Central Bank instead of being marketdriver. This has resulted in difficulties for export firms. As export-led growth is an integral part of our strategy, this needs looking into.
The last constraint | shall touch om is the lack of stability in policy, particularly fiscal policy. There is too much tinkering With taxes in the quest of increased revenue. Two cases in point are the many changes that hawe taken place in the handling of Capital Gains on the sale of shares, and the proposed decrease in the allowance for depreciation on commercial motor Vehicles. The latter change, which has still not become law, is against the advice of the Taxation Commission and is said to lack even the support of the Department of Inland Revenue. That particular reCOT. Thedation is Said to hawa COme from a foreign expert.
In conclusion I must correct an impre
12
ssion that I may ha my speech on the : and dWeling On the nobOdyinthishall im Sector in this coul The positive steps has taker are so I that the Private Sec WE|| || hawe dWelt COrhstraiir1tS i 1 the b Criticism is more Wa
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'e created by ending ubject of Constraints nat some length. Let agine that the Private sy is about lo expire. that the government any and so important oras a Whole is doing at some length on lief That Constructive uable than sycopha
The Scholar’s Tale
Part II
is tales are ofter roLigh Commentary Personalities [LUist Lie LLIs to L4 Lx Corintrary s tales of Scillola Lirs LLUill be good fil LI L Theories or each Story Carl Je SLILuig
legLte LOIT this Tale is Call Labout ce Sprigi I d'Ir5, prole Lo shoL I als in our ecurs CITil Inake us seel !d by his ReLollisio larly zeal
sibility tlıEI LULLs quile! Eer og CI First forrı orte yol I Could not bluÜf sibility since lucus groLUlfīrerstill s Fis old Lürr te Heroes on a grill
*ïe 5 Jle declairtled. Lied LThe Old Czar LIRussic III dormirlior1.Ji CJTL (L fûr. olski he dropped after a brief flirtation is old Prosessor retraired Luis siirty-sixta for L.
ro no v mLoLved ir rare orbits of Tuo Lug/L fror Stre (o Mao and Elert LoPol-Po. s Classical theory of the Ur Li Liversality of Cult Lure lectic of Non-Self against the Vulture ItÊLe Blood, Ille [Iller L retrogressed *rnise eLen Maltur us rieLerguessed.
5 Fler radier Ceir le Fall is Global criol ball utional Stocks irl Filis Field EqLLcutiorill eri on the multiplicity of Natios I lables LLJere each splittered population rts-flot. L' Elle engir le gFSallation. scles of SLIII, Recessior (Irid Repression Le Capital from Nort-Prolifération.
ICCtl.]
ntic praise. It is Ty hope that the policy Takers present here will pay heed to the points have inade and take action to still further improve the already salubrious environment for the expansion of the priwate sector. The fact that I Carl Woice Criticisms in such a forum without fear is the greatest compliment that can be paid to o Lur government. Freedom and democracy are very much alive in this country.
UJ. Kaunatilake

Page 15
SWRD –(3)
Welfari Sinn
A. Jeyaratnam Wilson
nfortunately in internal policies after
his death, first his wife, and ther his nephew, Felix Dias, took to confrontational politics with the FP, notwithstanding their pre-election pledges to Chelwanayakari that they Would implement the BC Pact. Then they proceeded to violate the Master's policy on the schools' question. Wife and nephew nationalised the Schools, causing a perilous crisis with the Church. The government was only pulled away from the edge of the abyss because of Nehru's good offices in despatching Cardinal Valerian Gracias to Tediate the SSUe. Nehru's interest arose froThis affection and respect for Bandaranaike. Bandaranaike definitely had not wanted to enter into either of these Stygian Waters,
Bandaranaike's concept of "the COTTOn man" had numerous implications. In the first instance he meant the common people of the island as a Whole, not necessarily "the CorTTOn Sinhalese Tari". He was like all Sinhala leaders, UNP and Marxist, a opportunistic Sinhala "communalist", probably the least Communalist of them all. He therefore manipulated contlunal forces to ride to his great victory of 1956. That he was not the obvious choice of the Sinhala chauvinists was evidenced when the Sinhala MowerTent offered the leadership to Dudley Senanayake. The latter declined, But from public utterances at the title, he successfully undermined Sir John Kotelawala's stand on parity of status. Along with cousin R. G. Senanayake, the two pushed the UNP to adopt Sinhala as the only state language.
Secondy Bandaranalike like all political leaders Was seeking power. For example, even the urbane and sophisticated Leslie Goonewardene told The in the early sixties that they (the LSSP) too were "after power" and would compromise on "Sinhala Only" (he knew was of the Tamil contiunity). The UNP, for their part had only skirmed the political Surface when
and
it sought ensconce cleverly went benea rich wein of support.
Though Bandarar the gewolLuticos Cof the COTrror Tha" that Sir Tilar to that of Presidert Soekaro in his youth he hi Indonesiar philo rarlled "Marhlabel" was the very "idea peasant "Marhaen" persuade Indonesia and to articulate in .
Thirdly Banda Olympian aristocrat himself with the po was quite unlike the of themselves as th latter Were a Col|| Suburbanites With feudal and proprie with Colombo's elements. Bandar appeal to the l dispossessed and t always cared for the g Tadghis debut A. E. GOOES irħi ir around the early thi
| COICTete ETT Parlia Tlet er act S Wasaharbinger oft Social der To Cratic Paddy Lands Act is it was not properly essential feature intergsts ir his C: Lutside. The latio transport and the C irhdiCatOrS of the Sh
| Was ITIOre that Bandaranai b)StTLICII SS ir Lh had to Corted wit Buddhist "disappo party. The UNP, le

Communa i Sm
TEt, Bārda raslike th that layer to tapo a
laike Was not aware, a philosophy of "the he propounded, Was his ConterTıpOrary, The latterstated that ad encountered "an sophical peasant" and he claimed that it s" of that COO that he was trying to a's elites to reflect Oil :Cľal tėľTIS.
"äräike W3S te who sought to identify brin his country. This : UNP who perceived he natural rulers. The ection of pawerus, a liberal sprinkling of :torial people, mixed petit and bourgeois Earhaike directed his ayers beneath, the he despairing. He had se people even When in politics in defeating na municipal election,
Irtiš.
5, Ba där är läike had ocial legislation which ha institutioris (of a truly
Welfare state. The a Tonument, though implemented and its s emasculated by abinet and by forces alisation of OrTribuS ColoT 100 hil arbour Were ape of things to Cortle.
tha a Tisfortu ke had wengeful le UNP. Inaddition he Chill|Willistic: Sirhala intees" within his OWr 2d by "Dudley Harnu",
Bandaranaike's scoffing description of Senanayake, along with other Scheming leaders placed every possible impediment in his attempts to reconcile With the Tails.
The immediate "disappointees" Within his own circle, the Buddhist chauvinists and the Mettaranda faction tried to Coerce him. In desparation, Bandaranlalke accused Mettananda of being rebuffed, alleging that the latter had sought an ambassadorial appointment to Burma. The Tachinations of the monk-politician, Buddharakhita and his brother, are public knowledge. And Wimala Wijewardene, Buddharakhita's nominee in the cabinet was no easy Colleague. The Eksath Bhikkhu Peranuna (the United Front of Buddhist monks) had hoped he would go further in his Sinhala Buddhist policies and felt frustrated. He beca The El lor tely figure and obtained very little support from his colleagues who were Scheming against him all the While. C. P. de Silva Italy have been able to help, but he fell sick and Was töo in Wolved in his grand stral egy Of making the Eastern Province a Sinhala colony. In the end Bandaranaike's colleagues let hirT remain in the hot seat.
In the choice of his cabinet Colleagues ha Was Lufortunate. Bu hEë Could not avoid these. He was indebted, politically-speaking. Stanley de Zoysa, "the fillElld sol" aS HE WAS OTICE referred to by a fellow parliamentarian (Wivienne Goonewardene) was not the best for the finance portfolio. C. P. de Silva Was an avowed Sinhala COITITUnalist. Wimala Wijewardene Was Tore à mouthpiece of Buddharakhita, R. G. Senanayake was the Trojan horse. W. Dahanayake no doubt in keeping with Bandaranaike's broad objectives resisted the demand for the nationalisation of schools but had the chutzpah (sharTeless audacity) to Want to replace Bandaranaike. M.W.H. de Silva was sober, moderate and judicious.
Next: Negative Aspects
13

Page 16
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Page 17
THE J. R. YEARS - (6)
The Freedom of
Arder:
One of these events inhibited
Jayewardene from continuing to plonk on about the vital need for a free and independent press under a democracy. In March 1984, at a meeting in Minuwangoda, he said: "The U.N.P. goWellent has got ad lewer Will restrict the freedom of the press, unlike previous governments". (The Island 24 March 1984).
In March 1984 the Minister of Justice, Nissanka Wijeyeratne, announced that the Press Co Lusitil Law Was to be amended in order to prevent what he called "crude" journalism. To achieve this end the government intended to bar the use of pseudonyms. (The Island 24 March 1984).
"There is no intention by the government to close down any press" explained the Minister, "but crude journalist in the form of innuendo must be stopped. Petty-minded people in little places are peddling degrading serville matter to men and Women of our society. Why can't they, like the British press, be bold enough to Write under their own names and also name the people concerned without resorting to innuendo? To rectify these errors Orica and for all, new laws Will| hawe to be introduced". (Ibid).
In June 1984 the cabinet approved a Temorandum by the Minister of Justice "to ban the use of pseudonyms in newspapers and other publications". (SUN 7 June 1984).
"Journalists or other Writers Will be required to disclose their names, once altendments to the Sri Lanka Press Council Law No. 5 of 1973 to give effect to these proposals are approved by parliament. According to Dr. Wijeyeratne's memorandu, these arTed Tents are meant to preventirresponsible statements that are published in the neWSpapers under pseudonyms. Under this amendment, no person shall submit any article or report for publication to any proprietor, printer, publisher or ediloгof any пеWspaper, шnless he has stated his nama. It also porowides for the Press Council to require every proprie
tor, printer, publis to accept for pou which does not sp person Writing suc of the reporter. A publisher oredito blication of Such 3 be guilty of an
conviction beliab a file Tot exCEE}} imprisonment of e term not exceedir such imprisonmer
At public meeting: nued to proclair This g heated Committer press, "Without whi not function".
In January 1986 government's paria the newspapers CO they wanted and that control. (The Island:
On 15 March 1986 ser Timar, President "Politicalsgaders Hav and tell the people cannot last for long Lanka is a democra freedom of the pre judiciary, freedom to freedom to oppose th ly News 17 March 1
In February 1987, irl Hiriiduna he sa never stifle the press the press is very ess cracy". (The Island,
On 12 January 19 tion Of The Sland C interview With Mrs. S the leader of the S. parliament was an the referer du TWhic by 6 years had beer thuggery and iTiper:
On 31 January 1 rred this report to its ges.
On 11 July 1986t Inted to parliament it:

the Press (Continued)
er or editor to refuse blication any report ecify the name of the h article or the are y proprietor, printer, who permits the punarticle or report will Offer Cg and Will Orn a to be punished with ng Rs. 2,000 or with ther description for a ng one year, or both it and fine". (Ibid).
S the president Contiovern Tent's whole
It to freedor II of the ch democracy Could
he presiden told the mentary group that uld publish anything he was against press B January 1986).
addressing a U.N.P. Jayewardene said: "e a duty to be hon Cest ht: truth, falsehoods in a democracy. Sri tic country. There is iss, freedom of the hold meetings, and e government". (Dai386).
speaking at a School d: "The U.N.P. Will because freedom of ential LIndera derTO
February 1987).
I86, the Sunday ediarried a report of an irima Bandara naike, F.P. She said that legal body because had extended its|ife won by intimidation, Corināti Col.
386 parliament refeOTTittee on Priwig
le Committee presereport (Parlamenta
ry Series No. 91 of 1986) containing its recommendations. On 5 May 1987, parliament, in ters of the recorTrTendations, decided:
"a, the maxiTunfine of Rs. 5,000 laid down in the Parliament (Powers and Privileges) Act should be imposed on the editor of The island for the Offence of Committing the breach of privilege of Publishing a defarTnatory publication reflecting on the proceedings and character of the House:
b. The newspapemen concerned be severely Warned against a repetition of SLuch OffenCé: änd
c. The editor be directed to publish an unconditional apology in the newspaper concerned".
Parliament took no steps against Mrs. Bandaranaike; presumably it was not Considered prudent to do S.O.
Soon after this episode, amending legislation was drafted removing the statutory ceiling on the penalties parliament could impose on offenders against parliamentary privilege. In September 1987, Whilean island-wide emergency and a total press censorship were in operation, the Parliament (Powers and Privileges) Amendment bill was passed into law. Henceforth any person whom parliament judged Was guilty of a breach of privilege (even as unintended and trivial a breach as in the celebrated case of the mixed-up caption) could be, under the law, pauperised into beggary on the orders of a parliament which was both complainant and judge in the case.
The opposition pointed out that the bill Was "a direct hit at journalists and press freedor Ti" and that such legislation Would "breed terrorism" and "further devalue parliament". It was ignored.
This law was enacted by a parliament whose life had been extended by questionable means and which contained a Substantial number of members Who had been nominated by the ruling party and had never faced the voters at an election.
15

Page 18
THE SANSON COMMISSION
In his haste to get on with Thatters he considered urgent priorities, the P.M. fOLIndtime to Take Ole Concessio to the exigencies of the ethnic problem, Under the provisions of the Commissions of Inquiry Act (not to be confused with the Special Presidential Commissions Act No. 7 of 1978) Mr. M.C. Sansoni, a retired Chief Justice, was, on 9 November 1977, appointed by President William Gopalawa:
1. to aSCertain the CirCUITStarC8S and the causes that led to, and the nature and particulars of, the incidents which took place in the Island between the 13th day of August, 1977 and the 15th day of September, 1977, and resulting in
death or injury to perSons:
b. the destruction or damage of property belonging to, or in the possession of, any person, or any State Institution or the State;
2. Whether any person or body of persons oranyOrganisation, Orany person or perSons Connected with such organisation —
a. committed or conspired to
CoTimit:
b. aided orabetted in or conspired to aid or abet in the commission of Or
c. in any Tanner assisted, entouraged, חנים WETE concerned in or conspired to assist or encourage in the commission of, any of the acts referred to in paragraph (1): and
3. to recor fircrld Such measures as
may be necessary -
a. to rehabilitate or assist in any other manner the persons affected by such acts; and
b. to ensure the safety of the public and to prevent the reCurrence of such incidents.
This wave of violence occurred some weeks after the new government had takes office and was distinct from the violence that was going om during the final days of the Outgoing government.
16
The Sansoni repc July 1980.
The report gives a OW the TULF. lea Mr. Amirthalingart encouraged the you of wiol C. THE COTI the Tain cause of t the Eela in cry and he Caspersz, a Rom closely involved in Iter-Racial Justice a who supports this " subject, he cites Balasuriya, another with the Centre for S as having said:
"The area of Ec of the land surfa
di 971it about two millic thildri s-Sixth population; it will äJut tree-ff Coastline and at population will two-thirds of the
At the last (19 67% of thd WC province cast th T.U.L.F. 5 tE Clai that it rc: Eela T1 in respec
The COTrission submitted by Mr. As Federation of Tami Communal disharm Sinhalese and the prevented except by distinct states.
He finds that i TE enforce Tent Tlachir particular the police its functions of prote preventing incidents police had been in With Teral Wecle
War or til SCITÉ inactive Whig the Wild
There WBre CaSCS not co-operating Witt The COITII Tissioners there had been polit both the selectionar recruits to the for: cases of politicians direct to police offi

Irt was published in
detailed account of ders, and especially I, set up and ths of Jaffna to acts Tissioner found that disrtā:S WāS quotes Rew. Fr. Paul an Catholic priest the Movement for ind Equality (MIFJE) wiew. On this same ReW. Fr. TI553 R.C. priest Working Society and Religion,
lar I is about a third ce Of the Whole island 'as occupied by Only In persons, Dr less of the entire | hawe a Coast-line of ths of the entire Out 85% of the entire
be Cramped into entire land surface.
77) general election ters in that täster eir Wotes against the at this party cannot dived El Tadate for it of that province".
2r rejects the view ninthalingam and the | Trade Unions that ony between the
Tamils Cannot be separation into two
ary instan Ces the laW hery of the state (in "failed to discharge cting the victims and ". In someplaces the adequately equipped Is; but in others police 2 carrying guns but lence Was going on.
of subordinate police their senior officers. explanation is that iCal interference With ld the training of new ce, There had bec ; giving oral orders cers by-passing the
correct channels. Mr. Sansoni points out that police inactivity can be a strong incentive to a mob to continue With its
Wiolence.
In the tea plantation areas, after the take-over of the estates by the then government, Indian Tamil citizens of Sri Lanka were thrown out of their estates by politicians and the land re-allocated to landless Sinhalese peasants. This had been followed by a wave of Communal terrorist in which SOIT Workers of DeWOI Estate had been shot; there had been looting, arson and physical violence on Sanghar and Delta Estates. These incidents were prior to the period covered by the commission's terms of reference but Mr. Sansoni points out that the case against the 42 accused in the Delta Estate violence was still pending in July 1978
The commissioner found that sorte members of parliament had been behind the incident and recommended that political violence had to be stamped out speedily, Perhaps his most important recommendation was that confidence should be restored in the law enforcestent agencies and the public should be able to have confidence that the police would act surely and Swiftly at the least sign of COTTunal disturbances or public HooligarisT1, or ES SOO as LIITTOLITS begar1.
As the disturbances of 1981, and again 1983, Were to show Mr. Sansoni's recommendations mightnever hawe been made for all the attention they ever got from te government. Politic|| interference with the police, thuggery by government M.P.'s, law-breaking by police officers to curry favour with the gavеппппепt these էյECՅme Well-established features under the U.N. P. government, receiving, in two internationally publicised cases, the explicit approval of the president himself. These Were the Pa widi Harda case and the WiiWiel GoodWorder a case in which two police officers who were found by the Superto Court to have acted unlawfully Were given instant promotion on the orders of the president. Paul Sieghart, Chair Iman of the British Section of the I.C.J. Colleted: "The Conclusion isinescapable that he (the president) was deliberately seeking to teach the judges a lessor, in order to take the T Those pliable to the executive's wishes". (More about these events later in this narrative.

Page 19
Dreams and Delusions: Ri
Mithran Tiruchelwam
**Wigan the trains stop, that will be the end", Warned Leni in the height of the Civil War. In the wast, endless steppes of the former Soviet Union, rairoads for Ted the Weins through which the life blood of COTTILJisT flowed arri spread. Troops were mobilized, convicts and dissidents exiled, natural resources tapped and entire cities built through a Tlassive network of railroads. On a Wet evening in May, in a rash fit of excitement ård ädwa turism, | embarked on the lo= ngest, most famous and romantic of RuSSiar train rides: the Trans-Siberial.
After many gruelling hours of air travel transit stopowers, I felt a curious sense of nervous exhilaration as the Aeroflot flight from Seoul descended upon Khabarovsk, in the Russiar Far East. Over 8500 Kil ad Sewg tiTi zrie:S Èäst Colf MOSCOW, Khabarovsk, Tarked thè start Ofrry Traris-Siberial train ride. It took two hours of patient articipation, for the loading trucks to pull in the luggage across the lonely, greyish airfield. I whiled away the time watching a group of inpatient American businessmen grunt and swear under their nostrils about the delay inservice. Foreign inwestors from Japan, South Korea and the USA had swarmed in after the collapse of Cor TImumism, all eager to exploit the hidden mineral resources in this desolate Corner of the World.
On leaving the airport I was accosted by the first of many street children I was to BICOLnier in Russia. These Were Capitalism's casualties. The boy was normore than ten years old, and as I meandered towards y taxi he extended a lean heIping hand at my bags. I declined his assistance. After Weighing it in his mind, he pulled out a button picturing Lenin as a youth, and gifted it to me. He then pointed at Try Tuminating Touth and queried, 'chewing gum?' I smiled, giving him my last piece of gun. Within moments he had wanished, swallowed up in the thickets of a SWelling Crowd.
The next day, armed with a box of tea bags, assorted canned food and other essentials, boarded the 'Rossiya", otheWise Train No. 1, The West-bound Tra15-Siberian Express. The trairh, ils olf, WaS pea-green with two horizontal red bands around it. Each carriage was embellished with a metal plaque embossed with a golden hammer and sickle against a brown and yellow globe, and a red star over all. Certain things seemingly newer changed; the plaque on these trains was
the Coat-of-arts of
Seated alone in rtment, the carriages and forwards in a g ndscape unraWelling outsida, l baskei ir ction. This scree SC soon disrupted When rmined looking conc my compartment an RLISSları:
Fortunately, I hadr at page 13, "Some After skimming throu Walents of "Wat is mber?", "Thank you rful evening', 'Excu | 52TE3?" Tid "Shild||W my efforts had sailec Companion. She fina grabbing per and scribbling down th "150". 1. Lhe eFlSLuir
learnt that "150', f Cryptic code, was th my bedlinen. At the C of 1100 routes to a it cost around six ru Behind that tough e Cress, hQWEWEr lay often expressed Cor made ITIE late-night presented me with nirs and pamphlets after all, was only sk
Down the railway sky was a flatling silhouetting an iTp against it. Then the: flooding the forest with a lurid light as if the telegraph wires threads. The Soul lazily awaken.
My first night ont {i Üümfնrlable arld next morning, ambir corridors in search raticed tha StarGS O travelers. Dishevele ssed in blindingly pyarnas they rese troupe. "The pruden Sowiet Unidor Carric per", recorTTended "National Geograph into the dark, stimki to heed this as SOU f{}r à|| It's STOIt'COr paper can prove a

iding the “Great Siberian'
]C} {{furt: L.JSSR.
Ty two-berth Compaswaying backwards entle rhythm, the laits strange Contours I hearty self-satisfa|ilLIdE WAS, HCWEWEr, a large, stocky, deteluctress barged into d started rambling in
my phrase book open Basic Expressions'. |gh the Russian equi
your telephone nuthas been a Worldese The, May park där IC?" | SërSÉ{d that I to impress My staid illy settled the matter, paper and frem ziedly a magical numberS g game of charades ar from being Sortle it cost in roubles for :Lurrent exchange rate dollar, this meant that pees and fifty cents. xterior of the condua heart of gold. She cer for my Welfare, cups of tea and even a selection of Souweon the train. Beauty, in deep.
r" |ilg ) h på St til
red, With the forest enetrably black Wall SLu Camle roaring up, the left of the track it was on fire, turning into glisterning silwer if RUSSI SETEd [C)
le 'Rossiya'hadbeen restful slumber. The ng through the narrow of an elusive toilet, f Curiosity from fellow d, unshawen and drebright tracksuits and Tibed a lost circus ttraveler in the for Ther s soap and toilet paa recent edition of the hic" journal. Stepping ng toilet, one tended ind adwice. HOWEWEr, mings Russian toilet hardy yet inexpensive
alternative to Wall paper. The toilet seat had bcerıcut from aflatand Splinlery picce of plywood. One Wondered, how did these people send rockets to Mars?
As the day Wore on I found Tyself sharing the compartment with a shaggy-haired young Russian. Whenever he smiled, he flashed a set of sparkling gold teeth. Conversation, though handicapped, proved not entirely impossible. "Going to Moscow?", he asked. "No" replied, "Irkutsk'. We shared our food, though my bland tinned cheese poorly corTipensated for his delicious brown bread and potatoes. Later, I learnt that sharing food and hospitality with strangers was a Common virtue among train riders. Sweet ladies sprang into compartments offering you pastries, Walking down the corridor people beckoned you to join thern iri ā idri rik, Marix Would hawè, r1) (d) Lutot, pegged it on the moral superiority of the proletariat. Meanwhile, the "Rossiya' is rolling across the mighty Amur River and through dry, barren country; the high hills of China lewer far away.
Cin Russian trair Sthere are loudspeakers in all the coaches mostly broadcasting music, sometimes news or CoTT Ent. The drome is always in the boackground, and the Russians appear not to notice it. Nowadays, one is exposed to arear-bashing array of Western-tailored, Russian 'pop'. No Tchaikowsky for the faint-hearted. A Russian Wersion of the "Larnbada' proved a popular prescription of torture. I plugged my ears, and read The Complete Dramatic Works of Samuel Becket".
Just after awoke on the third day, the "Rossiya" made a 12 minute stop at a place called Skovorodino. I got out for a breath of fresh air and some exercise. On the platform, pear-shaped old ladies dressed in black coats, black felt boots and white headscarves, Were peddling tulips, red cabbages, boiled potatoes and sausage, Elsewhere, Other qually är cient protagomists of free enterprise sold ice-cream, yogurt and milk. A number of male passeIngers sloped off behind a Woodpile, to emerge after a while carrying bottles of Wodka. Bare-bodied young soldiers, their nakedness clothed in a intricate tapestry of tattoos, squatted on the ground smoking unfiltered cigarettes. And soon the "Rossiya" was rolling again.
|rn thc3 CoLursC of that day the ʻRossiya' penetrated SOThe of the Wildest and least inhabited country on the entire Trans-Si
17

Page 20
berian track. It burrowed its Way through endless, mountainous "taiga', dense forests of pime and fir: running down the left bank of the splendid Shilka River. It raced along the foot of cliffs and across ravines, passing a few Scattered houses and at One place, On the far bank, an old White church. In the immensity of the Siberian forest, amidst the ubiquitous silwer birches and dazzling white moon, there were Wolves and Wild dogs — farther om I saw their skins being stretched on frames. Later Caught a glimpse of a large deer, a haunting image of majestic beauty. And here sat in my cozy Corridor seat, Waiting for Godt.
While the blackness of night overwhelmed the view, the 'Rossiya entered the fringes of the arid Gobi desert, with Mamchuria and Mongolia Wellinto the South, ASday foLur daʼWrned, the "Rossiya'clirTibed into the Trans-Baikal region, the true Sibiria, on One of the last major climbs left in the World. It swayed and swerved through the Yablonowyy Range, where summits reached 9000 feet. The air had grown Colder, the forest denser. Somebody in the Corridor exclaimed, "smeg', Snow.
The City of Ulan-Ude, junction for trave|lers from Peking, lay in a wide flat valley marking the confluence of a plethora of diverse people. On the station platform lingered alongside Mongols, Russians, Chinese and the nomadic Buryat, Bluddhists With a strain of ancient paganism. Later, the "Rossiya' crossed the Selenga, and it looked as though the wilderness Went on forewer. Mountain streams Courised out of the forest, and chunks of ice as big as cars floated on the river. The Russian With gold teeth, like a bear emerging from deep hibernation, suddenly spoke. "Baikal', he whispered pointing out towards a tiny blue speck in the far reaches of the landscape.
Baikal, the oldest and deepest lake in the World, Contains one-fifth of the earth's fresh Water. It is Said 10 Jg Ehlg T105t beautiful sight in Russia. Reflecting a clear Summer sky, the lake that day was luminous and blue, framed against granite Crags and evergreens. I thought at first that it Was an Ocean, its scale too wast to imagine, its beauty and character too Subtle LO diafir.
Hours later, as a freezing Wind blew across the fierce Angara River, the "Rossiya' rolled into Irkutsk, the Paris of Siberia. left the train, With the stout conductress and the gold-toothed Russian Wawing madly from the doorway of their car. It was a sad farewell. I would never see them again.
The next day with the sum behind my back, I boarded Train No. 10 on yet another adventure, this time to MOSCOW.
18
TOWAR
- a Pot
A. C. S. Cand
hawe descritjad
meaning 'Compres to be implemented SE) time is rumming citizens of this Oce CorTirTmon knowledge years after indepert stood still or gone E is enough, This arti dissertation - it is plans, which, if the 'p is of SOIT Worth, t from the Instit Lutea C siTilarage Cie5 CO and lost importar TLSt h:1We the COUF Stage, to act respor country and its peo AS it is, WÈ Fhäviä t: shame at the way t run so far. Politics, the country's bugbe: Power is a very hea especially. Was it in tain's Foreign Sec "Politics is a drug w is impossible to giv kicked out or you ; rloġġ dista tiġSr Tiger - ir CEE era, With the Sol possibly, We ha WE hi DLudley and Sir Joh" SWRD and Mrs B how pragmatic Were
The World's longe nister, until recently Singapore has alwa for Sri Laka ir is the island. There W early days of his of refer to Ceylon (as it ter Tsard as a TOd ld, but, latter On, the complimentary as turned sour, During nkan politicians us public non-existent often expressed ag. developrTients in Si
Note
"(Pandora - a beautifu in order to purish the
Promelhaus gawe a bo huTan lille, which, on sporCad ower all thic Carli

DS A GOOD SOCIETY
tle Plan
ippa
his plan as 'Pottle' Sed' ar dit is ir ledd Luickly, ifat all, bogCaLI - Collut for all Cf us āš resplendent isle. It is 3, that, even 45 tong der Ice We hawe either back, Surely, Cerhough cle is by no means a
Only the briefest of COWEersthält EE?' TECKOT he experts/specialists f Policy Studies and Lld put Teat or it - it, implement it. We age, even at this late sibly so long as the ble ewentually briefit. i hang our heads in nis Country has been admittedly, has been ar for a very | Oring tir Tice. i dy Wing in Sri Lanka ot Douglas Hurd Bri'etary Who said that Crst than alcohol. It e Lup. Either you are are carried Out". We the post-independeitary exception of DS, ad none else, though | WerČ HO1 est Ten, Were lonest too, but, : they?
st reigning Prime-MiW, LC02 Kuan Y52 W of ySShown a Softcorner
public references to "as a time during the fice when ha used to t was then) in glowing El for others to eTulareferer ICES Were leSS things in Sri Lanka electio time, Sri Laually auction to the
resources. Lee has erhuirie Sadless at the i Lanka and also an
I Wւյmarl tԸ Կահdril Juբller, häft of Heavenhy fire by x containing all the ils c!
the box being opened,
.(lו
Unfinistakable readiness to help when the need arose. He has said that "Everytirile | readabOLIt Sri Lanka, laskmysels: Could they not have stopped it before it got to this stage, because, at this stage it is not Stoppable'. Remember SWRDe:Spoused Sinhala as the official language Wayback in 1956. What a finistake it was, as later e Werts SOWEId and a|| this frOfT a WW ||-- du Cated (Oxford regturnigi mia, T. He (did roiOt шпJerstand that once you open a "Pandoras JOx and una Wel What the British tooK nearly 200 years to put together in an amalgam, yÖ|| may Tlewer put the thing back again. The 1956 Watershed was a disaster. As for Mrs B, except for her excellent foreign policy including herwise relations With India the rest of her record domestically was larTentable e.g. the take over of plantations, Schools and ushering in a closed economy, which, to say the least, was so simplistic. Then carrie the Jaya Wardena era with all its Tary evils. There was some little good too and a fair analysis may be seen from an article which appeared in the Lanka Guardian' of September 89. That apart, there is an excellent analysis of "the JR Years' in the Lanka Guardian of May 15 by "Arden' Where it. Writes of JR's delusions of monarchical grandeur etc. There could not be a fier article on the JR era in recent tir TIES,
The Prer Tadasid era is too Well knowl to need recounting here. Briefly to the plan
OW
(1) FREE PRESS
There is a clamour for a free press and it is Widely acknowledged that afree press is Wital for democracy. So longas the press clings to truth and avoids tendentious Writing democracy in this country is assusEl Oif a willasaint existitsite. A PrESS COLITICill Consisting of three Working editors of English, Sinhala and Tamil newspapers assisted by three able public Ten could Tonitor the press in thesence of ensuring that their guidelines are followed for the greater good of the cornTiunity. "Truth is sacred, but comment is free'. Investigative journalism on corrupt politicians and public officials etc should be encouraged and not hidden from public view. A reputable newspaper reveals not just what is going Om in politics, finance, sport, the arts, environment, fashion, religion etc but also

Page 21
Tanages to Comfrient on the happenings inside government and between goveTents, in the looks and Crairies of POWér. By älking 10 readers like a Wg|-i- nformed but highly opinionated friend a national newspaper does wield great influer ICE dari its readers. The motto of the "NEW York Times' Comes to mindie. "All the news that's fit to print.
(2) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
The road to Economic development and Employment Gërll Ceration We are om, as directed by the late President, sees good, though a few flaws have to be excised with time, notably, the ultra är TibitioLIS 200 gäfTTent factorias programme of which perhaps 50 would prove eventualy viable. The availability of overseas markets will determine their ultimata fate, Quality is the upper most factor for buyers (besides price) but the labour component in the new factories is very largely unt rained and chosen by committees which are largely political. The factory proprietors Who are the best judges of their recruits have evidently had no hand in recruitment, so it will take the better part of 2-3 years for these new hands to acquire skills, Privatization is a good Towe but we must make Sure that, in the process, We don't Selour all for a neSS of OverSeaspottage, Our Sound economists in this country Could advise the government here.
Employment generation both in the rural and urban areas of the island should be given the wery highestpriority because the youth of the land need jobs and if they hawell thêm the Country slawes off a Certain revolution. Agrobased industries, dairy farming units, poultry farming, inland fisheries, prawn far.T. Culture for exports etc with emphasis on other self-employment Ventures must be encouraged. The Ministy of Trade and EmployTent Tust Work hard on this, Tanned by a small but dedicated leath of ECOnortlists Who Will deliver the goods within a specified time-frame. The need for a sound Agricultural Policy is important. We must grow more rice, Onions (large & Small), a variety of fruits and vegetables on a mass scale, chillie, Sugaretcaiming at self-sufficiency. We should Cultivate mangoes, pineapple etc on a plantation scale chiefly for export just like India does. This policy, which is ObWiousto anyone, willopem mamy employTent Opportunities especially for our youth.
Side by side, We will need a preferential Scheme of tariffs slightly modifying the present open economy. Just to give two mundane examples. For instance, bees
honey in 500gr bottl ged CCITES from At For T Australia Co from Canada "Billy hOn Cey to availabl Urlattractive boles W We could bring out With quality horley a selling at Rs.75/-. T a 500 gr bottle (wit Will Sal Bit RS.150/- Small opportunity fo Work Col. The it is r fra e import of old gy pOre and Malaysia W and Tore old newsp 1 CE, a till bär is o
Whilst it is true, thi, face Cort petition, b adaptable there are COWerfor Slicted irr of existing conditior inted out by the IN COmri le CetWO Cas tion are, for e.g. bic pumps. If local indu qual competition by sub-standard import sent import policy is
ThiË Filiard-Luts TI make a people inert a job and them certa a house or easily ri Carls froT rural ball giving a mara house to Taitain his OLI: a failшre.
(3) EDUCATION
Only the other de Minist is, Mr A C SF ring at the opening electorate "that a hig necessarily indicatiw education'. How rig Sai.
Tha CCd to re-Str is of great importaric angle and the cryir language. The main woluntarily start beirt nguage from Year 1 ES the Täİ TEdiLJI Sinally famil as CC German and Japane be tought in the high Serious about achie's year 2000. We shal COr Linicate in ITIOr nal langLage by the emphasis on Mathe skills is essertial. Af Schools are sproutin

es atractively packaStralia and Canada. mes "Capillano" and )ĠC". We hawe bees e here but in Tost with start label etc. an equally nice bottle * Cid än appealing label he imported variety in h the tariff adjusted) - 200/-. Here is ord I r a youth Society to idiculous to allow the wspapers from Singa"hen We hawe enough rinthere... lrii this iristaity just Sensible.
at local industry must Cost-effective and merits in a protectiwe dustries in the context |s, As has been poiatic) Iha Chärjero Of as needing examinaycle tyres and Water Stry has to face LineWay of cheap and s a review of the pre
necessary.
Jst stop beCaLJSe you and lazy Give a man inly help him to build Epayable 15-20 year Satlowinterest. Just 2 without employment se and farTiily Wi| bo
iy, Higher Education ameed toda gatheof a School ha|| in his Jh literacy rate is not e of a high quality of ht he was and Well
"LICILLUPE CLur educati)
also from the ethnic grad for a 'wed' Urtar Schools Could Ig essentially one-lain 1994 with English Til of instrLCtitom and Impulsories, French, se as optionals Could 1er Classes, if We are ving NIC status in the I have to bJ} able}th than one internatio* next century. Great : Tatics and Science teral, if international gallower why not let
Some of the Thain Schools in Color Ibo for a start teach English as the Weld language, it may not be practical to do this islandwide however. In the rural areas both in the South and North, studies could continue in Sinhala or Tamil with English classes interspersed. A small fee should be fewed in all Schools so that the education they get will be valued. Bright children however should be handpicked and given scholarships which would include board, lodging, clothing, books etc. At the University entrance level 15 of the brightestand best chosen on an all island basis could qualify for Overseas specialised university EdLJCaiti01 at Statë: experis E. Thig uniwersities chosen could be Oxford, Cambridge (also some of the Redbricks) Harvard, Yale, Caltech, MIT etc., Once qualified, thing state must offer them the highest positions in various areas of government with good remuneration so that they could make a positive Contribution towards the bettarment of the Country.
Hand in hand with this We must lake a long hard look at the state of University education today. There is a felt need to rehashi Tost of the Courses a Indir trid LICE new ones like Taxation, Waluation, Real Estale, Money Broking etc. We wi|| hawe to Concert some of the existing University Colleges opened recently in various parts of the Country into Technical Institutes to train much in der Inand Carpenters, maS0sS, printers, electricians, plumbers, welders etc. and see that they are paid much, Lichore than our white Collar droes. This Will help raise the 'status' of these tradës.
There is no denying the fact that University education must be co-related to employment. Otherwise, students are bound to be frustrated. The Arts stream With an 'overkill' of Pali, Sinhalese, Tamil, Sanskrit, Philosophy etc should be chaпged. Our educational experts both within the Universities and outside Would know how this must be best done.
DRUG EDUCATION
Drug abuse arTongst youth is undeniably growing and must be tackled. The gOW er fırları t Carl Ellist the Services of SOm Of the N.G.O's. Dr A T Ariyaratne's recently much maligned Sarvodaya Mowe ment Would gladly help with their expartise at sure.
The encouragement of various sports activities art longst our youth which has been going On for sorme years must be er Couraged ewen more. Studies with sports does produce more rounded citiFETS.
19

Page 22
SEMINAF
is Marxism Re
Harkishan Singh Surjeet
hough the bourgeois press, as expected, tried to ignore the sellinar, albeit even adversely commented on it,
The stiliar and its deliberations drew the attention of the COTunists WorldWide, The stiliar as iffect fulfilled the yearning of communists for a discussion on the Walidity of Marxism in the background of the Setbacks suffered by Socialism with the disintegration of the SCwiet riiCJr är id the Collapse of the Socialist regimes in the east European countries.
It was precisely in the background of the developments during the last few years, and the massive propaganda blitzkrieg launched by imperialism and its spokesmen, that the holding of such a Seminar was proposed. This imperialist propaganda offensive sought to depict that Socialism is dead, CormrmLIrism has to future and that capitalism is the last stage in the evolution of human society. Its paid scribes sought to negate the history of the last 150 years, that had seen the discoveries of Marx shedding a new lighton philosophy, political economy and the social Sciences. The study and works of Marx that brought a hitherto unknown approach to Understanding and corporehending Contemporary developments, Were sought to be challenged.
Through his analyses and theories, Marx not only uncovered and exposed exploitation and prophesied the historical inevitability of overthrow of the exploiting class and its replacement by a better SCbCial Corder, hic also at the Sale time took a keen interest in the struggles and mass movements going on at the title. His WorkSonthe Paris Commune, the civilwar in France, and the Mutiny of 1857 in India are two Outstanding examples of this.
Subsequently, Lenin furthered this theory by his analysis of imperialism, characterising it as the highest stage that capitalism could reach. The Bolshevik Party headed by Lenin successfully carried out the Russian Revolution that heralded a new era. It was an example of COn Crete application of the Marxian theory to the concrete conditions prevailing in FLISSla at Flat tiITIC.
The emancipatory role that this rewolution played and the inspiration that it provided to the struggling peoples the World
2O
Ower, is all part Ofi Sowiet Union, hither| to Work, to education sing, and i Timan SB measures, Were prO of these social Sec erstWhile Soviet Uni the capitalist Countri lists ir these Coult Workers Sor the Sort (
Work.
The inspiration tha tion provided, play triggering and achie nce of a large num Serhi-Colonia S. Wed Soviet people throug cally fought, defeate While incurring hea w
OSSES.
Suffice it to say tha today WOuld hawe be been for the theories patory rola that they humanity. This howe Marxism-Leninism rrectly applied to the prevailing in both Unior and the Coul Had this been the Ca rewerses Would not
Whig SOIle Com parties, faced by the ist propaganda, ha\ nged both their sig rfirie, others are it The parties that still Éri Els of MaxiST ar апd are tгyingto arriү will help them ower ad de WiatiÕfS tillä | tion of the present si
It was in the backg ard rewerSites SLuffer the CPI(M) in its ong lysis adopted a Re Ideological Issues a held in January 1992 Widely appreciated, take the process furth team exchange of op between Communist and defend the basi tne July 1992Centra of our party decided ti Prior to this decision, bilities, this Writer wis

eVant 12P
story, in the erstwhile o unknoWill rights — 1, to health-Care, ho Luother social Security Wided. The provision urity facilities in the ori, had its ir Tipact on as, forcing the capitaries to prowide their f social Security re
the October Revolued a Crucial Tol i wing the independeber Cf Colornies and ded to a cause, the hout the Union heroid the fascist hordes, Whir Tāri arid Tateria!
.tithe map of the world Endifferenthailrot of Marx, the emanciplayed in liberating wer is not to imply that las been always coCONICrte C ditions he erstwhile Sowjet tries of east Europe. Se the Setback Sald lawe taken place.
Turist and Workers might of the imperiave giweni ir and chanboard and prograe Tidst of Corfusion.
adhere to the basic e evaluating the past () at Conclusions that core the distortions lave led to the creaLuatior,
round of the setbacks ed by Socialism that oing process of ana5OlutiDri Orll Cerffair) it its 14th Congress The resolution, now
encouraged us to 1er. Orderto facilitainion and experience and Workers parties, C telets of Marxism, |Committee meeting organise a seminar. to explore the possiited Tiany European
COUntrie S ad Cuba, ad Hārd discussions With the parties Concermed. Thė idea hawing found response from Warious parts of the globe, the CC decided to go ahead With the seminar.
It is, without doubt, impractical to have a single guiding centre for the international Communist TOWellent. The resolution adopted by the Communist International as long ago as 1943, had categorically Opined against this. Subsequently, howewer, efforts Were made to iTipose such a guiding Centre.
It was clear that while all parties were engaged in evaluating the latest developrimêrints and nobody Could clair In to hawe arrived at final conclusions, efforts should not bij Théâde to COmwene a Serminar, This Was made clear during the Consultations With these parties and it was also agreed that no party would have to comit itself to any documentemerging from the discuS5io.
Out of the total 30 parties to whom we extended an invitation, 20 parties including the CPI(M), were represented at the Seminar, while four parties, unable to send their representatives, sent their contributions in the form of papers, which formed part of the Seminar papers. Five parties sent messages expressing their inability to participate owing to critical political Conditions in their respective Countries. Among them were the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the Communist Workers Party of Russia, who Were unable to participate as they were confronting a difficult situation consequent to the results of the referendum. While both these parties had intimated having sent their messages, we received only one. The Communist Party of China too greeted the Seminar. In its message it expressed its adherence to the science of Marxis I and Wished the serinar a SCCESS,
The response to the seminar therefore Was Overwhelming, and the initiative thus Was a reflection of the urge and desire of the Communist and Workers parties the World Ower,
The CorTITLInist Party of India (Marxist) rece. пtly огgялі5еdал їлterлаІїопа! сопfегелсе ол MARXISM. We next publish reports from Cuba Frld Weilan.

Page 23
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