Page 1
LANKA
GUAR
VO. 1 6 No. 8 August 15, 1993 Price RS."
JOURNALISM: CRED
POVERTY THE
DEVOLUTOM
U. N. INTI
J. R. AND
 
 

DAN
|O.OO Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/43/NEWS/93
IBILITY, THE FIRST TEST
- A. J. Guna Wardana
SAARC REPORT
HOW MUCH2
– C. Suriyakumaran
EWE NT (DN
- Mervyn de Silva
THE JUDGES
- Arden

Page 2
SVOU
t
 

Knight
rmOVe

Page 3
NEWS BACKGROUND
INTERVENTION :
Mervyn de Silva
though the identity of the sponsor
may hawe undermined the credibility of the project, We should not dis Tiss the move off-hand. So the Prime Minister was right to respond to questions on the reported initiatiWe of fuur Nobel priza winnars mobilised by in organisation styled the WORLD COUMCIL PFC) F GLOBAL (C) () PERAT|C) balse in Toronto, Canada. The Secretary-General met Mairead MC Guire, W|10 won the Mabel Prize för PëāC für Her boTwf effortSt and the violence in the northern Ireland, "the longest war". She was accompanied by Prof. James Micholas, professor of irinternational relations at Niagara College, Cntario, Canada. The others in the Nobel Prize "quartel' are George Wald, US (leader) Jan Tinbergen, the Dutch economistand Ilya Prigogirie (Belgium). The WCGC plan contemplates the following:
(1) An invitalior by the Sri Lanka goveTITEnt and the L TE lo the UN Secretary-Generalıl to Send a Special envoy to mediate a negotiated settlere.
A CEāSefire Werified by the UN (prowiSior under Security Council Resolution 186).
The Establishment of Luffer zones through mutual agrëër Trent by the disengagement of military forces in selected areas, such as parts of the north and
east.
UN-observed lections in the north and EEISլ
ARMY SAYS NO''
Sri Lanka's top brass has supported Prime Minister Ranil Wick Temasinghc's firmin "No" to tle proposed UN mediation in thic Sri Lanıkarı corrıflict. A froIntpage lead story in thic state-ILIII Daily Neus quoted several "key officers" on the issue. The following points were made: (i) UN cannot force the LTTE to lay down arms (ii) a peacc-keeping zole will Till Out I cild the strife, It Will Only CreatemorebOLIn daries (iii) the UN can In not force thc LTTE on a political settle Ilent and (iw) Ewen thic ICRC has failed to persuade the LTTE on thic much less complicated issue of ргisопегs.
(2)
(3)
(4)
FIRST
Whig Priri le Milis cted the WCGC pro| for the Sri Lärnkärı g Nations, if at all, TIL: ir its equirts.There is rtin or observers"
While the majority nyhelmingly Bridor5. wicw, and the Muslir g[] algrng with Sinh Community, special probably approw th (her interesting persi Lands Minister, and Gamini Dissanayak that it is impossible Speaking to Wester recantly, Mr. Dissan the solution of the N ET TO Sri Lkt F Jaya War CEE and || 1 added that the pact impler flerted".
"All re:S ILIrC35 in diverted to end this short period. Throug päCt, and the prope provisions, we are i North-east war".
A spokesman for
led militant group (it: är lid 552 waral of his . gunned down by a dras) reacted to the Tërntly: "We ara sup T1B diation in réSolwirt a political settle ent in à multi-Party, der city". His point was parties should be ref SettleTert.
The response to th tilČräl iritiative Wi|| schools of opinion: (1) This is a war; th lam", an inverti SO E Sir Alar" Eftists, NGO'S Sirihal: Wii: W.
Th: Wiolent Cir the ethnic probl Orly Hy negotia only serious ch SOTI Schools TarTil) recomm diation (UN, Co The military and and the Tamil pr as Well as interble ended by r
(2)
(3)

KNOCKON THE DOOR ?
ter Ramil promptly reje(sal. "This is a matter WITTTTT-it. Til Jit zt Help ihé gverriméril, If Nile Weilo 10: AFP.
r of Sihallise Wil|| CowaEe · 113 PrinTing Ministgro5 in Community is likely to ala opinion, the Tamil y the middle-class, Will e WCGC planı. Arı arı0JBClive S lät of füfflêr now DUNF leader, Mr. É, wllL 1lds the wiew ! to domy Indią a role. Ti por0WinCE CỦLucillors ayake said "the key to orth-east question was Pät:10 r. W ich Pr:Sileft were responsible". "He had mot baem properly
the Country should be Sersless War within a !h Th{2 lrrjā-Sri Larlkārĩ. r impler heritation of its in a position to and the
the EPRLF, a left-Incli¡foLrder, Padmanabha closest COIT rides Were Tiger hit squad in Mareport somewhat diffeportive of international gtheathmicuestion but
Carlot exclude others TCCratic, pluralistic sothat the opinion of other lected in any regotiated
isoramy future interrabe influenced by four
Creis no "ethric probOil of the Iinorities and tellectuals, academics, it. This is the listic
flict is a by product of Ti. It C ble eSwed fing with the LTTE, the omba tant and enemy. lf opinion (Sinhala and êrd international IlleTITO" Wealth etc).
the political (i.e. the War oblem) are both distirict related. The "war must militarily defeating the
LTTE. The ethnic problern Illust be Seledbyangan eraus, realistica utaramy package for the Tamils of North-a- Ind-east, and this should be negotiated with the democratic - parliamentarist non-LT TE Tamil groups. It Strikes me that the broad thrust of the Case presenited by the PrirT1 e Minister from time lo time places him in this category. This may be true also of the (SLFP) Chaisman of the Parliamentary Select Corimitlee, Mr. Mangala Moonesinghe.
The WCGC proposal and the meeting with SCretary-General Boutros Boutros Ghali should be studied along with the recert CIA "projection" of 50 million dollar "operation" In Sri Lanka which Would inWolve a 5.000 strong peace-keeping forc:.
GUARDAN
Wol. 16 No. 8 August 15, 1993
Price RS, 10.00
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. N0. 243, Urior Place Color Ilbo - 2,
Editor. Mervyn de Silva Telephone 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi SaravariamLutti MaWatha, Colombo 13, Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
Trends and Brially Sri Lankām Crisis; '83 — '93 " Tyroring Fernardo " Bradrilliam WBarakoor * F. Sampartflar
Wis Ang LäTika Guardiari-Marga
Sir Ilirir o Fress Friggjari 11 PCS - Dewoition in Practice 13 The J. R. Years (8) לך P Meeting the Challenge of POWCrty in Säulh Asia CUFTËSportidence Pl]

Page 4
TRENDS
14 Years for 70 Year Old
(r) What COLld big a trend setting ju(granta High Court Judge handed down a 74-Year fail term for a 70-year-old woman who had returned from a visit to India Carrying 278.5 grams of heroin. "At yourage you should be engaged in mediLaCS GaL SL a LLLLLLLHLHHH LLL LLLGL generation". Negombo High Court Judge H. M. S. B. Mada wala said.
ΒHIEPL Υ. . .
Rs. 5. for a AGA
Tigers who grabbed an Assistant Government Agent, Kalawanchikud's K. Ama|ariathan, llaw02 de T131 digid filw82 million rupees in cash for his release. Military sources believe that the Liberation Tigers of TanTill Eelam (LTTE) is desparately in need of funds and the security forces have Warned state officials and businessmen to move cautiosly in Tiger infested areas.
President raps army
In a one-and-a-half-hour talking to after the July 25 debacle at Janakapura President D. B. Wigtunga told the services chiefs that he was not happy with their performance. The army lost around half a hundred men and Tilitary equipment WIL Jd Ft JWÈT RS 50 Tillir Willer the LTTE over-ran the base camp.
LLCL LLLLLLL S LLLLLHH LLLL SLLLLLLHHHHLLLLLLLS in-Chief of the armed forces and also Minister of Defence ordered the security forces "to go all out on the offensive".
Wanted: a Code of Conduct
Parallet - Dr Willa Wickrellasnghe (Minister of Planning and Plan Implementation): Some of the tabloids indulge in Tudi slirging. There ase SOme newspapers which do mot give the name of the printer. There must be some professional body like the Press Council to even ban the publication of newspapers if they are offensive......Why do newspapers shake false allegations about pegple? There Tust be a code of conduct for journalists.
International beauties for tourism
Beauty Queens from sixty Countries will bain ColorTıb0İrı Cctoberfor an international Beauty Pageant to promote tourisin, The event is sponsored by the Ministry of Tourism. The show Will be compered by Miss America SuSan Jeske.
THE ANIK
SRI LANKAN
Crises (
by viole
Tyronne Fern;
Crisis by de
TOITEIt –
situation Were the depends On hOW t National Crises are because they affec CitĪZES Tid the Lu COL untry. In the Wor O BarraikE "C progress. BLlitrflLust not agitate against E
It is appropriatear refor US OSSE citizens. The analysi Ceased to be an a think-talks. It is a grments of OL Jr socie?" for Solutions. I the opportunity to look examine the Corp. situation and identify On Which WER: Carn bol,
SLS.
That Would be a of this exercise. It WC
C)CC3SiOS SLJC1 aiS äpportioning blami: nflicts hawa Cost th; hawe our different po E Our environ Tent, O Eliffs ärld Cor Wicti WCT, or Occasions opportunity to be ob rlatt, arld it build Solution-the Ele us, among all of yol
Mutual recrimina To Wallow in il S W dO T1 Qt Jľ1 LF13 (th: engage in White-wa
The Mir isfer of Lega guras address

AGUARDAN-MARGASSIMINAR
CRISIS 1983 - 1993
cannot be remedied
ՈCՅ
ando, M. P., P. C.
firitiri i5 i CritiCa a turning point in a directior LC) EO taker
1g Crisis Is TharldlEdd. of critical importance the lives of all our
Lur direction of the is of the lite SWR flid: isi ESSE tial t) El Conflict thält does lar only above it."
idnecessary therefohe Crisis a SCOrl Cerred s of the crisis has long Cadelic exercise for vital task for al 55ly in an urgent search refore Welco Tle this at the past decade, The AS Of Our la LiO(13|| Ways out of the Crisis uild a lational COISE
COITStructiWg OULCOTTE LuldbE fulilato COrlwert
this into an orgy for 3. OLur fratricidali (CCnation dearly. We all rspectives shaped by Lur Education ardo OLur
S. We see WeikE: this, t) Seiz. E the jective and dispassiotogether a corri Tion ents of which are With
I.
tion is self-defeating, wasteful and Wrong. I r hand expect you to shing or absofWing the
Refor15 gave the inau
guilty. We need of course to learn from our mistakes - firstly by identifying the mistakes. But to engage in a debate om the original sinners responsible for our Crisis Will take us mOWhere,
Equally futile would be the attempt to Compartmentalize the Crisis in tiric seg|T|Ents or in other Categories. For Wë hawe had a lational Crisis and What I WOLuld Call a Societal Crisis involving all aspects of Our life, The roots of this crisis can be traced Well beyond 1983 and its repercussions will be felt we|| beyond 1993, Perhaps what has happened in the last ten years is the aggravation of all the problems and pressures of the past. Some []f y[]LJ frlay St:ẹ it in historical or political terms as a belated and bloody nation building process of a post colonial polity. Others as economists, Tay wiew our crisis as a failure to tackle the pressing issues of economic development and our inability to provide employment, especially to the youth of our country. Still others would see this as a Crisis of Walues both religious, moral and quintessentially Sri Lankan. And you would all be right. For it is surely a ITIUltifa CETEC Crisis.
If however | hawe to single Out Corne aspect of the last decade that binds us all together into a common perspective, it is Lur Common abhorrerince of the Florraldous Wiolence that has COWLlsed our Society. The thousands of valuable lives lost, the Cruel maiming both physically and psychologically, of So Tary and the SenSēlēSS destruction (of what We hawa patigntly built as our common property will remain an indictment of our generation. No religion, no ethnic group, no political party can justify this. Those who proclaimed that the end justifies the means hawe long been dumped into the dustbin of history. Crises cannot be remedied by wiolence. There is in the Tainstream of

Page 5
our politics a conviction that we can only have a political solution to our problem. The extremists have brutally defied this, forcing the State to defend itself with arms and equipment which We could hawe used for national development to improve the quality of life of all our people. The cult of violence - self-denigrating as We Sri Lankans are - is not confined to our country. But it is a cult alien to our cultural norms and values. It has grown like a Cancer in Our Society brutalizing Our people, impacting awen on tha Tinds of our children who grow up in this atmosphere of violence. I appealtherefore for a consensus on the unConditional end to violence which must involve all parties and groups,
The light in the encircling gloom is the commitment of our people to democracy. As a politician | hawe been greatly inspired by the popular response at our elections not Therely because the Wotes Were Cast for any particular party or indiwidual. But because they were cast at all. Whether in the dark days of 1988-89 or in the shadow of the assassination of Our Executive President in May this year, the demoCratic systerT Worked admirably. The people of Our Country of all walks of life defied the Violence, the Lhréats arçd the fears Of a total breakdown. For that We Tust Ell be grateful. Had our people not maintained their faith in democratic elections and in the system of participatory democracy and the rule of law, We Would Surely have slipped into the abyss of fascism, totalitarianism and despotism as so many deve|oping Countries hawe dorie. We hawe been Closer to that fate tham most people realize. But we have averted that disaster and We hawe the people of our country to thankfor that. The democratic institution of free and fair elections triumphed at the May 1993 Provincial Council elections. hawe C doubt that other der Cratic institutions such as Parliament, the indepeindent Judiciary, the free press, the Public Service and the unfettered practice of human rights Will likewise Survive the trawalls We have been through and emerge more robust and durable from the testing experience in the historical crucible of the last decade. We feed these institutions. Without any one of them our democracy
is meaningless and |Lublië,
ESO SEE 13 de dually Lushered into the far-reach ing ecc. last decade as anot the tunnel. Des Cassandra-like pre tions there has bee
TEIl Cf thé ECUflLr We hawe set. Of CO, Constani adustritler fine turning of progra thrust is in the rightd a great deal of time have forged ahead. goal of prosperity sol policies now,
returI to the thEf turning points. The they also have (pp. ther grasp those Op
PT05 TK.
FAS C
30 Cha
President D. B. W report from the F. Group led by (chaiman).
The Foreign Affa appointed by Premadasa in Ap changes in the regic Order which hawe a national interests C foreign policy-TE
The delegation following members Study Group.
T. Gāini Corea SW. Dassarayake, Mr. L. Stanley

Our Crisis will be iso
Welopment being gra
the country through inor Thic refort This of the her light at the end of lite the inevitable dictio 5 ad reSewaem an upward movemy towards the goals Jrst there is need for it of policies and for TlmES. BLIl ille DASIC irectior. Wähä WE || 35t while other nations
But We Car reach the all. We have the right
The that Crisis are ELISO y have dangers. But frtunities, Let us togeportunities for the CO
Timon benefit of our ration and the peace and prosperity of all her citizens,
Other mations hawe had crises, some ff Corte por Coloriged thar otherS, and hawa Come out of them. Looking around the global Scene We see several nations grappling with a cute crises - Wars, insurrections, famine, drought, debt, rampant inflation, floods, wiolence from drug rerchants afledthELInderword ald SOOT.WE are therefore not unique, But that should mot make us complacent. We hawe to get Out of Our Criss to move ahead to a stable peace for a better life for our people,
As Sri Lankams We hawe the talernt är id the ability to do so. But We must work together and through discussions we rust endeavour to achieve acceptable Solutions.
| Wish you all Success in your discuSSİOS.
S LS LkC CLLTLTL LGOTCCaLaGLLLLL LLLL HHL LL LLuLML CLk CMaLluaC
Grecommends
nges
Wijetunga received a oreign Affairs Study Dr. Gair Ilini Corea
irs Study Group was forner President 3ril 1991, to study Orlal äldir literational direct bearing On the if Sri Lanka and the iking process.
consisted of the of the Foreign Affairs
(chairman), Dr, Liorn.cl Mr. Mervyn de Silva, Jaya wärdena, Mr.
Lakshman Kadingamar, P.C., Mr. S.K. Wickremasinghe, Mr. G.C.B. Wijesinghe, Mr. Nilal Rodrigo (secretary/co-ordinator), and Dr. (Mrs.) A filla Dias Bandara rhaike, serior e COITIOmist of the Citra|| bark.
This first Report of the FASG contains 30 recommendations relating to the generation of increased foreign trade, foreign aid, foreign investment and financial flows and technology essential for Srilanka's national development.
The President thanked the Ternbers of the study group for their waluable Contribution and said the report would receive careful consideration from all relevant agencies of government.

Page 6
SRI LANKAN CRISIS 1933 -- 1993
The EXterna F
Bradman Weerakoon
have been requested to explore
ir SorThe Of its Tarnifestatiors, the exterial dirtlersions of the Crisis whic clifaxed in 1983 and continues to be endemic today, a decade later, My obserwaliors will be irm a personal CapaCity, even though I cannot fully diSengage myself from sy Official position. It Wil|| || 5 : Tf53Ctig of 5 officia||
government Stance.
| hawe been privileged to Watch the evolution of the crisis from the ring-side. Earlier, through the position of Secretary to several Prime Ministers who had to grapple with the ethnic question, and now, mmL LLLLLL aLLL LaLGDLLLmmD LLLaBG0S also had the opportunity of Witnessing at wery close hand, the trauTatic happenings in July, 1983 as the first LLHHLLLLLaLaLSLLaaLaLLLLL S S LL S LLLLLLaLLLL services. It is with this background that add my own thoughts to the dialogue which engages us today,
A Word about one's own perception of the probler T1 is required to put What ont has to say in context, What really happened in that last Week in July, 10 years ago? There are varying perceptions om this, depending on Where you Were at the time and how involved you became in What Want on, The Sober 'Daily News' in its editorial of 24 July, has described SS LL St t S KLLGLL S LH S La S LLLLLL Conscience of Sri Lanka". Tartill Writers generally describe it as a pogroT, a halk Caust, or a raffpage agair 1st är outnumbered inority, who did not and could not shCW any resistence. Gowerm ment ConTITLUniquC:s representing
LLeLLmmtLLL Ha GtLG HHHL HOuLu LLLL GLLLLLLL LL
GLGLLLYLLLL LLLLML LELLaLLLL LLL HHT LLeLLLLS
the majority commu ethnic: riols, Cor disturbari Ce5, T1 conceptualising Who believe, part of the the immensity of the the COTuities a
Conciliation. The the need to inspect if | Willä WHEE, Käfi mQWE around in CL
Welfare Centres ard affected people, the In addition to the phy damage to property ThOSt Sêr iOUS WäS th"
i Fifi rijs of Hit T; ability or inclination itself to protect their fundamental obligat Citi (ris Sir TCC to had been under :
to for E. BLIJt (jf. this: the State hård die obligation - the security. Subsequer all relief and rehabilit involved) did little Serit}L15 TTlET1lāl trau people, there seeme - either to flee Ort the Flub Of the CrisiS.
What WEE Consequences, Wh begun to be Tanifes The TO Tetum
accelerated after Ju
Jr 3 fg W of the .
1. The probler of
Tпе іппаge wf attempted to por democracy - 1 -- Suffred

Factors
nity refer to it as the LE COTTLIrla is difference in at happened is, I roblEITI. It ||Lustrite:S gulf that separates ind the probler of personally, who had areas of devastation Erlä, RalfTäärla, Etc. rew hours, run the lister to Fuldrids of Tctories are stark. 'sical loss of lives and , what I sensed as a lack of Corfiderice afTil people: about the of the Government life and security. This ion of the State to its be in question. They attack by hoodlums occasion in July 83, I them its pre-eminent right to safety and It GowerTentaction tation (in which was to crassif this Tost ппа, То папy Tamil !d to be only 20ptions 3 Fight. To me, this is
te exterra
C teder Ci5 F1 ri it, even prior to 1983? of change clearly ly 1983. I shall focus
irriage -
lich Sri Lanka had oject of a Tulti-ethnic he dharmista Society älmOSl irrèlričWäblé
da Tage, the foreignmedia especially projected wisuals and stories of Violer. Ce ard la Wles SIléSS COrldCT g{i by the Government. The violation of hurian rights became a central issue in foreign relations. Much time and Energy Was expended in minimizing the damage done to aid, privatë foreign investment, touris T1, and even tale.
Hundreds of thousands of Tamil people, rary intellectuals and professionals, went into exile. The diaspora became a highly vocal and influential lobby in the countries they settle i.
India which had always had a strong interest in Sri Lankan political developments (particularly as they affected people of Indiam origin and later the Sri Lankan Tamils) found itself inexorably drawn into the wortex. The refugee spillower into Tamil Nadu highlighted the interrilestic effects of the Crisis. India's regional and national Security concerns converged in looking at Sri Lanka's ethnic problem. Thereafter, India was to be inevitably linked to the problem amici atterripts at ils resolution,
Political acticorn by the Tan Til COTT unity was overtaken by stilitancy which grew rapidly into a full-fledged rebellion with external assistance. For Sofile, the final objective became that of a separate St Elt.
Let The try to ExpFind a little om the first
3 areas andtrace Where We areno Wisince our Contention is that crisis continues.

Page 7
First, the Iridian equation which is quite Well known, the historical evolution of which is quite well documented and hardly needs mention here. I shall only highlight Some elements which appear significant:
" That dia's interest in What is happening on the ethnic issue will Corti|LI, THE Ido-Sri Lirik ACCO has not been abrogated, although it is not much spoken about. It is unlikely that di Willi i Wei LFTE TITTEEr of the IPKF again - "Once bitten, twice shy." However, political and diplomatic interest remains high and this is bipartisanas far as Delhi is concerned.
In India there are mixed feelings about the LTTE. The LTTE's fight against the IPKF and the Rajiv Gandhi assassimation areinTripossible to forgive and forget. Delhi is also mot um mindful of the support the LTTE have in Tamil Nadu and the threat it poses of Sipbai ratisrT1 in India.
" There are different perceptions EtjetWEË Delhi ärld Madra5. Om W to help the Tamil cause.
" To India, the Indo-Sri Lanka ACCOrd for Tula - merger of the North and Ea Sil, de Wolution and the referendLUT, Would still Constitute är acceptable package to satisfy Tamil aspirations, especially of Safety and security. The 4-point package of the Tamil parties Would therefore appear broadly acceptable.
Recent statements by the Indiam leadership that the Tamil problem is a Sri Lankan problem could well be the result Of fatigut, internal preoccupations and ambivalence in having to deal with the LTTE as distinct from the Tarril Causa,
Mowing away from confrontation to Cooperation in facing the secessionist challenge, India has given Sri Lanka
valuable support
ETTS.
The image pro and human rig: intert Wined, i p them together.)
| Flä5 Hof stir C05 to 1/2 Ti|i. Who hawe choser
decade since 19
C) ÇOÇLU Tale : diaspora Consist the population, th the professional men and women acquired refugee the pipeline, SO applications raje:
With recession Countries and th
fTCIT S fOffTEf Y
lefe is O'Wat of these refugee is an example.
For a wariety of
they are political C 50 The Ca'USe trOU lobbying of the become an impo many countries. F of faid, di. Is it or CI influenced attit
relations and at
The attitude of C at the Cortlissi is clearly the eff: pressure. Sri La challenge of res. Stater Tents, etc.
There has beer
ir Sri Lankar || Sought assistar internationally to associated proble ters OriStäCtiwiti 5 WealthוחטחחוחנCC)
established proc

in regional and global
blem, the diaspora hts. (Since these are ropose to deal with
Tlated that the Te are }n Sri Lankam Tamils to live abroad in the
83. TB3 a5 bČer Er15US takarl, TIlis s of all segments of le old and the young, and the unemployed, . Many of them hawe : stat Lus, others are irn The ha Wa häid their cted.
in the industrialized Ie influx of refugees ugUsläviä Especially, l'OWE L 'TELIT" SOTTE S. The Swiss Todel
TaSOTS — BOECHL JSE Onstituents, bicause ble; because of Wocal Tamil cause this has rtant political issue in Especially in the case Untry lobbying has Udes in bilateral
the Aid Consortium. a rada and Australia an on Human Rights ect of "Constituency" rika had to face the olutions, ChairrTian's ir til CHPR.
intertational interest errorist. We have Ce regionally and deal With this and the Til of anti-Sri Lankam abroad. Although the COuntris hawe ar edure for extradition,
following the Indo-UK Extradition Treaty, there has beer interest in following this precedent
The presence of large numbers of Tamil citizens abroad has increased the Consular work of our foreign Missions. Conversely, entry of bona fide status citizens to several Countries has been adversely affected, Wisas are extremely difficult to Cor Tie by.
Inter-governmental agencies like UNHCR hawe had their role erlärliced to deal with the refugee question. The Tādāte hs, bet extended to tākie care of internally displaced persons. Also, international NGOs, ranging from Amnesty to ICRC and MSF hawe be-COr The in i'w Olwed in the Sri Laikal situation and the monitoring of the human rights situation.
Interest in foreign mediation-several COUntries have expressed an interest in Tediation of the problem. This Underlines their constant refrain for a "politically negotiated settleTent." As regards donor Countries, human rights and the political settlement (good
go WermanCē) hawe become am indispanisable adjunct to aid di SCL:ssions.
Active interest has been shown by the UN Secretariat at the possibility of UN mediati Cri. This has beer Carl W.SSed by Tamil expatriates and resisted by tle Government. T UN Secretary-General's "Agenda for Peace" provides the framework for such attempts, The proposal for a UN High Commissioner on Human Rights, if accepted, Would enable the Security Council to take cognizance of internal situations which have threatened international peace. Sri Lanka's approach to the issues of self-determination and the UN High Commissioner were conditioned by concerns at how "integrity and 'sovereignty' could be affected.

Page 8
THE SFI LANKAN CRISIS 79833 - 1993
lt is up to the political li
courage and statesmar
R. Sampanthan
ME has been said ald Written about the horrible happenings of July 83. If the actions of the rampaging mobs Were Unimaginably atrocious, the Tanner of its execution revealed that it was part of a diabolical plan. There was nothing to indicatë that the Gover Terit or Some infLJETtil SCİOrl Withis it WEdG alt |Bäst covertly not part of the plan. The total paralysis of governmental machinery and the lack of ewem a Semblance of rem Orse from those in authority rendered such CONCILI Sinis irresistable.
- Ten years hawe gonce by -
A decade is a short term in the history of a Country, but events in a given decade can be So tumultuous, so or minuous, yet so significant and far reaching, that if one has to learn from the lessons of the past decade, and endeavour to ensure that the future holds hope, a deep introspection by all Concerned is the least that one can expect.
1983 to 1993, could be characterised
S
(1) A decade in which a fierce war has continued to rage in the North-Eastern part of the country, and an insurrection had rocked almost the rest of the country for some length of time,
(ii) A decade in which over a hundred thousand citizens of this country whether they be members of the armed forces, youth engaged in armed combat, or noIl-Combatant Ciwilliams hawe been killed and many more mained incapacitated or otherwise physically injured.
(iii) A decade in which public and priwate property Worth billions has been dewastated or destroyed. In the North-East scores of villages have been razed to the ground, many towns are in near ruins.
(iv) Adecade in which Over a million
citizens of this country hawe been rendered destitute deprived of their homes, the
bread winners of the of their wOrCatiOrS irn, li ration deprived of a opportunities, and h; in this CCOLuntry or iri : the World.
(w) A decade in of the Country has be ir the Field Of hur Cruelty, inhuman trea tention, disappearar ssion of other freed ( all too frequent pher
(vi) A decade in ty of people particul who are yearning for rable life hawe experi and suffering of an ul tude. The fear of irTır and a deep sense traumatised the you its impact on Society in the extreme.
Thousands of y( rm Irtured iri arti tħos nging, cultural religic who for long had alrt of education and Wi that CC) Luld hawa bat the benefit of them: society and the Co such a state of desp; SUCkEd it) till: W) ti
(vii) A decade i billions of rupees ha the prosecution of W. pursuit of peace, an acquire credibility . peace by peaceful п sed by a sense of mesty.
(viii) A decade rendous eWerts a future, but tragically learnt.
F. Sariparisharis Secretary-General of the

eadership to show
ship
ese families deprived fe, the younger genedequate educational ave become refugees SEWE Tal other parts of
which the reputation ben severly tarnished Tan rights. Torture, atrrieri t, u Injustified deices, and the supprebrm Shia Web BCOn The ar 1
OrTErlOrl.
which the vast majoriarly in tha North-East, peace andarı honouienced human misery nprecedented magnininent death or injury of im SCCLurity hawe so Jng and the old, that Cannot but be harmful
Luth, boys and girls of disciplined upbrihus and family wallues, Ostmadean industry th immense potential I chanielled towards Selwes, their families, Luntry, hawe reached air that they are being ex of ar Ted COr Thibat.
WiC Lids of "we beer experided irn "ar, pUrportedly in the
as Sentiom which Carn inly if the pursuit of ethods is characteriSeri JuSne SS and ho
n which its Tiany homany lessons for the were not adequately
(ix) A decade of several missed opporturitiÈS,
The Government of Sri Lanka must inevitably stand largely indicted in respect of these depredations. Though other players in the political arena and in the are of military conflict are not free from blame a Government which has been in power for a considerable length of time cannot absolve itself from responsibility.
The wiew that seeming economic progrESS COLuld be a pa nacea for all Serious ils afflicting the country's body politic Would seem misplaced.
The view that the rest of the country Could be insulated from the tragic situation prevalent in Some other part of this sTall Country Would also seem myopic, Many tragic events have proved the fallacy of SLIch wie WS.
Ari irrational disinclination to ewolwe ar acceptable political solution, Cannot bean excuse for the Continuance of a War in which ultimately there can be no winner Orly l'OSors allaround as indeedhas been said before.
The view has been expressed that the fact that the Wast majority of the wictims of the War, whether they be combatants or civilians, hail from the underprevileged Sections of Society or alternatively the fact that the previlleged Sections hawe not beri the real WİCTİMS Of the Wär, hlaw Tllāde the powers that be, insensitive to the urgency of peace. The wiew has also been expressed that wested interests of verying hues being given precedence Over the COTITIOr good, has contributed to the Continuance of the War. The series of missed opportunities only serve to buttra5S thESE wieWS.
The events of the last decade Carlot be viewed in isolation for certain laindmark events of the previous decades.
T. LJ. L. F., fig maர் Tary III parlar TEra la ry party

Page 9
The Bandaramaike — Chelwanayakarm pact did provide a framework in the 50's which could hawe been built upon. That was not be. The Dudley Semanayake - Chelwanayakam pact in the decade of the 60's was yet another effort in the same direction. That too was not to be. These pacts accepted and addressed fundamertal concerns of an aggrieved people during a given period. The abrogation of these pacts and nor redressal of these Concerns inevitably aggravated the situal tion and introduced into the Whole equition new and even Tore complex dimersions.
If the broadest possible consensus 5ud the al-Tark Crstiti making, the 1972 and 1978 constitutions were regrettably exercises in constitutiorial brow-beating. The erasure of the meagre safeguards enshrined in the 1348 Constitution drafted by the departing BritiSh CColOrhialistS, irh the SOrT1g:What futile expectation that such safeguards would adequately compensate for the unification, purely on the ground of colonial administrative Convenience of separate administrative entities, and the enshrineTent and entrench Tent of provisions in the 1972 and 1978 Constitutions to reinforce the unification of administration, so as to give it a distinctly hegemonistic characler and pre-empt legitimate clair is for Autonomy, had only contributed to greater rigidity on either side and the renunciation of flexibility as a means of resolving conflicts. The stage was set for the intensifikLLH a LLLD LLLLLS LLLLLL 0aL LLLLLL Development Council exercise Was a feeble attempt to retriewe an almost hopeless SituatiOr). That glectiOr1.S COuld bije held t0 these Councils in the North and East and that they could be constituted was yet another opportunity offered to the Government. The government itself has subsequently accepted responsibility for the collapse of these institutions. The victims of injustice were prepared to the wery end to be the wrotasies of peace.
The Referendum of 1982 reject in the North and East did not contribute to political stability in that region or for that matter in the rest of the country.
The pogrom of July 1983 was followed by the acceptance of the good offices of India. The All-Parties Conference of 1984 and the Thimpu talks of 1985 ended in a fiasco. Not merely did the Government fail to offer anything substantial, it even retracted from its earlier COTrittents. During a critical phase, Waluable years
were lost, and the C. into the mire. Particip processes were beir the Bäck, Seat. ATTEI aSCendancy.
1986 and 1987 rnment accepting p Of PrOWilcia | CDUI|C|| Agreement, the 13t Constitution and tl| Act followed. Then OC), H3S Core t0 { Provincial Council: ndThEisit to the Casis cial Councils Act, W products of consen nlanding parties p til LuS i SSLS-TFT T : Crit1stitution and hi A "* WETE TIL Ewerli tf 1515 between the La tra and India. C te G_WITTEITL of S:
Tetofdia, afte to the Constitutional cils Act were tabl further Constitutiona wital aspects of the
Täiuffil
The duly elected most populous and in the Country, has state that her positio of the Province is . a glorified head cle inclined to believe general and comm Tark related to Tat in a region Such as til rison of the position to that of a glorific perhaps hawe been
If the 50's firl abrogation of agre TT1ättgr5 Cỉ ựital C[]r 70's by efforts to redressal of these and international pri influences the pas sions, which howev ment of efficacy. " Teant to offersolut Concerts, when trar ctice, do rol offer : for a redressal of th
Te A|| PrtS partiamentary Sele after the Constitution ment, one regrets, h

ountry stipped further ants in Constitutional ng perforce driven into d militancy Wason the
Witnessed the Gowdro-fогппа the сопсерt S. The Indo-Sri Lanka h AmeritimEmt tL thiք ProWirCİ3|| COLITICIIS lain Opposition party ccept the concept of S. The 13th Ametitutionald the Pro Wiwere however, tot the SLJS EE||WÉÉf thĖ CICarticularly or conte
3 Art II
Provựir Cid COLICIIS le prochucts of ConseGower firests of Sri mimi Linents made by Sri Lanka to the Govethe 13th Allendilet Id the Provincial Cougdi Parlia T1git, for | reform in respect of scheme of autonomy
Chief-Minister of the prosperous province deemed it proper to Its the Chief Minister comparable to that of k. Her relark a relates to Tatters of or Concern. If her reers of special concern e North-East Compaof the Chief Minister 2d Tessenger Would
пmore apl.
60's withnessed the 2Tients in respect of ICET, folQWEd in the preempt democratic concerns, domestic issure in the 80's has sage of legal prower, lack the basic elleThe legal provisions iOS tOST1: Of the Se islated into actual pragenuine opportunity ESE COCES.
Conference and the ct Committee set up of the present Parliaa weadero Constru
ctive Contribution to the resolution of the COfflict.
The failure to evolve an acceptable Solution, but the relentless pursuit of policies long resisted by an aggrieved people, and in recent times, increasingly, through deliberate programmes, in violation of the Substance of earlier agreements and commitments, and in total disregard of Current legal provisions purportedly inteinded to remedy these grievances, raises the question of whether the lack of political Will to evolve an acceptable solution, is attributable to a determination to pursue Such polices, under the smokescreen of political dialogue and attempts at comproTiise. In other words, is there an attempt to thwart in advance, the possible benefits of later political resolution by altering ground realities. This would be tragic, as such an attitude can sadly only lead to the Irersification of the conflict, and immerse has IT to the whole country. One cannot but ask, whether the present situation, in which the country is being bled, in every sense, has to Continue.
Aggrieved people reach a stage when they need a solution that will be effective and Will endure. It has to be commensurate with the sacrifices they hawe made, and the sufferings they have borne over a period of more than four decades. The Coming decade Surely not be a re-enaCtment of the one gore by. If drift, delay, and a lack of honest purpose are to be COrtin Lirg features, the possible Consequences could perhaps be only deeply SOTľOWfu | O || Of LJUS,
Just grievances can Only be reSOlwed by just means. They can newer be and indeed have never been resolved by force or by subterfuge. The Tamil people need to be offered a just effective and enduring Solution, not a specious one. They need to feel Safe, to feel SėCLure and hawe am effective say in the manager nent of their affairs. To ask foras much asis necessary to live in Safety, in peace and honour, is not to ask for too much. The people are soveriegn and the Tamil people should have the opportunity of sharing this sovesiegnty. Ultimately, it is the Tamil people, and the Tamil people only who hawe a right to be final arbiters of their destiny. Given a genuine, I have not the slightest doubt that they will decide prudently and wisely,
It is up to the political leadership of this Country to ShOW Courage and statesmaship and take such an offer to the Tamil people.

Page 10
T
SRI LANKAN CRISIS 1983 - 1993
Towards a Sri La
Uvais Alhamed
he decade 1983 - 1993 has
undoubtedly been the most traumatic of this Century for all Sri Lankans irrespective of their race, religion, language and Cultural backgrounds. It is importarit that a decade of such significance should not be allowed to pass without having a hard long CICk al the Series Of Events that unfolded on the socio-political stage of this COUntry and the impact they have had on ewery Segrnent of Sri Lankan society. A| Categories of Sri Lankam society, whather they were the young generation still going through the processes of schooling, or the WOLung Themand WOT en Who Flavië en tered the Universities and other tertiary institutions dreating scenarios of their own preferred futures or the older folks with family and other responsibilities trying to make ends meet faced with a spiralling Cost of liwing orthe champions of Commerce and industry efficiently harvesting the returns of an open economy or even the politicians, some of whom Would hawe regretted, specially during the JWP days of 1989/90, their decision to enter the political arena inspite of all the perks and power it engendered, they hawe all seen and experienced their pact of the events that took place during this decade.
That this seminar is being held in the early part of August 1993 is in my opinion of special significance because it tacitly informs us that the decade under discussion is in fact from July 1983 to July 1993. Due to the Scheming machination of a few cha Luwinistic individuals the artir ColoTibo ad sole other Lurbam ārās in this blessed Country Were set ablaze ten years ago turning itinto killing fields where immoCent fTen, WoTler and Childres fror the Tarnil Community were mercilessly killed and properties plundered and destroyed. The period between this month of share and the Janakapura disaster two weeks ago has seen the snuffing out of innocent
TIL Wristir, a seriffer principal of Zahira College, Color bo, is a LI N Corpsulat.
8
Sri Lankam lives, liv Communities in this C COmeto a stage Wha Weface realities and COSCience as to tendency has been for ten long years trai bOTb Culture into the life styles which all
Country had been ac
Young children b: and 15 who were att time this decade beag into adole:ScerhcC! ar ( memories of July 19 Wedi during the next ! hawe not only resulte and COr träd dictio S i One Could easily su systems they had peers, parents and WOLuld hawe TCCEiwe
ап sure every pare TITI OT MLISHIT Wu rred about the iTipai this decadE WOLld ha SSiOslable Tinds of th
An important que: asked is Whät actior Society, who thertist matized by these ewe younger people to memories of the July killings and the mas the villages and Mos that this question E eastest ESSECaLS the alderS, Wheter t chers, religious leade in Come Way or the othe insibility for the even take Teaningful step youпger generation gative attitudes they and grow up with the to live With a spirit of rstarding im am ess multi-religious and r

Un kan
"es belonging to all Juntry. We have now In it is imperative that search Our Collective why this destructive allowed to Continue 1splanting a gun and placid and peaceful COT Tuities of this Customed to.
:tween the age of 5 ending school at the an have since grown i adulthood with vivid 83 and all that folloer years. This WOuld d in various Conflicts their minds but also Tise that the Value Ibibed for their "eligious leaders too a severe beating. nt whether Sinhala, lld hawe been Cori:Cetthe gory images of we had on the impreheir charges.
stion that has to be hawe the elders in lwes had been raunts, taken to help the get ower the bitter riot, JWP and other Sacres of Muslims in ques. It is important he addressed in all e it is ir CL Tibert Col hey are parents, teaars or politicians who er should lake respots of this decade, to JS O El SLIre: la the sheds Whatever reTlayhawe developed 2 right frame of mind good will and undeentially multi-ethnic, multi-lingual Country,
identity
This is a challenge to the elders and leaders of all communities if We are serious about our assertions that our only Salvation from this anarchic situation is to think and act in terms of a Sri Lankar identity and Sri Lankan Society.
The unfortunate trend in Sri Lanka ever since we received independence from the British has been one of compartmentalization. The people of this country who had been mixing freely with each otherirrespective of the community to which they belonged and Who Were able to close ranks to Wage a struggle against the British to win freedom began to withdraw into their private enclaves of Communal living fully cloistered from other influences and interactions, and began to develop with parochial and not national interests uppermost in their minds. The country saw a proliferation of Muslin Associations, Christian ASSOCliations, Hindu ASSOCiations and Buddhist Associations, arrot in any way decrying the importance of these organizations which hawe dome yeomen service to their respective religio-CuItural entities, but What is lar entable is that not many people hawe taken the initiative to develop organizations which could forge linkages between various ethnicand Cultural groups irnl the Country. It is the absence of such linkages that had made the different communities easy prey Wher Contentious issues Corld to the fore and they become easily Tanipulated by unscrupulous, Self-seeking individuals and parti ES.
It is indeed a sad Commentary of our times that generally a man from the North is Lumable to COITImunica le With the Tlah from the South in any of the two national languages. Is it mot Sad that We hawe to talk in this vein 45 years after attaining independence from the British. We hawe Seen in SOme of Our teledramas whên a Muslim man's role is played by a Sinhala person, he is made to mispronounce the Sinhala words like the way my grandfather

Page 11
or great grandfather would have spoken that language during their times, and this is done presumably to provoke humour and laughter among the audience and sadly enough at a time when there are Tiany Muslims who could speak and pi| fossTr better in Sinhialla thiar the Sinhalese themselves, Very often Muslims are portrayed in tele-dramas as unscrupulous traders or as gem Terchants prone to cheat others. Considering the fact that the period. We are discussing will be remeTibered as the decade in which television has got deeply entrenched in the national ethos of this Country, is it not a great pity that the national media should give its blessings to such activities which are extremely inimical to national interest and Would in no way help to bring about national integration.
While it has to be conceded that all three C0mm Lumities in this Country hawe had their share of the privations and suffering of this decide, ther is o doubt Whatste weer that this period Will go down in history as tha Worst the Muslims have experienced ever since they settled down here sewera Csmturies ago dating back to pre-Islamic days. When evidence of the presence of Arabs have been established with the excavation of Arabic Coins inancient cities like Anuradhapura.
There had been a Ceylon Moor settleTent in the heart of Jaffna which had see Several generations growing up in harmony With the Tamils. This harmony and Understanding had been so pronounced that at one time a Muslim was clected the Mayor of Jaffna. The Jaffna Muslim Community had been able to produce the first Muslim civil servant in the country and also the first Muslim graduate who went on to become the first Muslim lawyer. Today there is hardly any trace of Muslim existence in Jaffna. Everyone of them had been driven away from the land of their birth and are now scattered around Sri Lanka as refugees. They are now making a valiant effort to build anew their broken lives and looking forward to the day when they can go back to the land in which they and their ancestors were born. Their plight is as bad as that of the Palestinian refugees, but there is hardly any concern international or national expended or ther. Muslims who had been living in Mannar for several Centuries were given only a few hours notice to leave their homes sans any of
their belongings. Shing in refugee
Country. It is said
were grabbed from taken a Way in gun enter refugee cam now living a miser the charity of a few ral Muslim willages i and the Polau attacked by the hundreds of iOC: Children awe teel Cred. Those who destitutes. The mo
ce the Muslims this decade Was Wh populous Katharık. Crated by the Tigers cent God fearing Mı in prayers in the F down by these h hur man form turning a mass graveyard.
expect a communit for mo rhyme or re the political bungli ther riselves leaders
During the last
meetings hawe bee. parties and NGOs duals hawe taker t the parties in Wolwe Goyt. Hlas had talk: ir Sri Lanka and COT. Tittee had bet resolve the conflict, ries from the South E HIC LTTE in the N riced by the Janaka Weeks ago and the bomb blast only las violence that had g years ago still seer the day, spite of all ments of politicians their intention of Col dos not Seri to bo of the tunnel and ir ruing to be lost.
White'wgr te ar nflict may be, Sri La for a longtime reper nity five years earlic SCÓPICOTIC debacle ; of the previous re. EE Ced Paria Tel a position that coul

they are now langulCaTiOS all Gwer the that gold ornaments them at gunpoint and ny bags. They had to p5 penniless and are ble life depending on kind individuals. Sewethe Eastern province Wa district hy bygg mara Luding tigers and erit Tieri, worTC:ri tari ni mercilessly massa2Scaped are living as st shattering experiead to undergo during en two Mosques in the Jdi willage were dese3. MQTg tham [[][] iftfløJslims Who Were deep Mosques Were mauld Eartless Creatures in the House of God into What more could you y to suffer apparently ason except perhaps 1g of those who call
ten years nurTBrOu5 n held among political Independent indiwihe initiative to talk to in the Conflict. The S With the LTE Jath elsewhere. A Select 2n functioning to help and religious dignitahave had talks with rthi. But still ag Ewidepura disaster (of a feW Bambalapitiya Kowil t Wel Ek, the Culture of ripopad ur lation te TiS to be the Order of the pious pronounceand others declaring flict resolution, there 8 any light at the end O'CeTt iws är Coti
tecedents of the cokāsas a While Will It the Tissed opportuar. In 1977 thanks to and This Tanagement gime, the UNP was twith a 23rd Tajority, d hawe strengthemed
the elbow of any regime to fearlessly address the disillusionTığrıt of the Tamil youth and resolve the continuing conflict, if only they had the political will lo do so, While the disaffection and frustration of the Tamils especially that of the youth of that Cornmunity Were simmering beneath the surface with all signs of blowing up at anytime, the regime that came to power, without using this marvellous opportunity to marshall all their resources and resolve the conflict once and for all, began to preoccupy themselves with two other issues which were of no immediate significance. These Were the action taken (a) to deprive Mrs. Bandaranaike of her civic rights and (b) to change the existing coinstitution using the 23 majority to set up an Executive Presidential form of government giving the President almighty poWers, it has of Course to be said to the Credit of that regime that they set in motion a vast economic recovery programme which gained morentum in 1988 and is going on unabated even to this day. But LInfortunately they were mot Sensitiwe or Sensible er 10 Lugh to understärid that for any form of development to take place there should be first and foremost peace and harmony in the country. Perhaps they thought the Tamil question would in the fulness of time get diluted or resolve itself, along with the acceleration of economic development. When the entire economic machinery got stalled as a result of the aftermath of the July 1983 riots, aided by the relentless propaganda of the Tigers Which Was of no match to that of the Government, the realization had come a little too late. The last opportunity of 1977 and the miscalculations that followed had resulted in the most agonizing decade of .1993 סt 1983
The liiwes that hawe been lost om both sides of this senseless war and the colossal amounts of money that has been spent by the Government to keep their War machines in operation represent useful hur nam resources on the one hand and Scarce material resources on the other. It is indeed tragic both to Sri Lanka and its citizens that it has not been possible to come to terms with the basic issues involed in the conflict and bring about a lasting solution so that all resources could be chanelled to make our dear land a better place to live in for us and the generations to cor The.

Page 12
Team up
COMMERC
and reap
retu
Our range of services incl
* Current ACC * Savings Acc * Suru Minor”
* N.R.F.C. and * Fixed Depos * Certificates " Savings Cer * EnCaShmen Foreign T * CAT card fa
Grow With the
A front runner
COMMER(
Your SucceSS
Branch NetWork Foreign Branch (Fort), City Office (Fort), Petta Wellawatte, Narahempita, Borella, Nugegoda, M Wennappuwa, Kegale, Kandy, Matale, Galewe Matara, Jaffna.

With the
AL BANK
optimum
S
Ude:
OutS
:Ounts
SACCOUnt
| R.F.C. ACCOLIntS
its
of Deposit
tificates t of Foreign Drafts and other rade Facilities
cility
Commercial Bank
in Service Commitment
CAL BANK
is our strength
(People's Park), Kotahana, Kol|upitiya, Maharagama, Katunayake (FTZ), Negombo, la, Kurunegala, HingUrakgoda, Galle, HikkaduWa,

Page 13
PRESS FREEDOM SEIWNAF
Call the othe
Some implications of press freed
Prof. A. J. Guna Wardana
bogin with the proposition that "a free press is a condition of a free Society". Or, to go by an early formulation Credited to James Madisor, consider that "a populaг govегппепt without popular information or the rears of acquiring it is but a prologue to a farce or tragedy or perhaps both."
This, it goes without saying, does not F'ħir that orga Carm take a rabSolutist wiew of the Corcept of press freedorT, limaSmuch as there is no Society totally and absolutely liberated from the restraining hard (seen or unseen), there cannot be a press that is totally and absolutely free. Like every institution of society, the press must necessarily contend with society's deep structures, with Cultural formations irl SOCialfari Ca5 Wellas With quotidian circumstances of a transitory nature. Such operative factors present in Society may at times impinge Lupon press freedom in negative Ways, exercising various coinstraints upon it. These Constraints may either have to be accepted as givens, as matters which are non-negotiable. Or they may have to be actively confronted arid
OWECOITIG
These Commonplaces bring me to ceIntral image of the free press as a highly Complex and Vulnerable social organis I. The qualifier "vulnerable" demands to be LurderSCOrted. If WG characterist the idea of a frea press as one of the fir1 est artid noblest instincts of organized human society, we must at the same tirine grant that its practical and institutional expression is Constantly under different degress and kinds of pressure from forces generated Within and by that wery same society. Consequently, a free press becomes an institution that needs to be protected, sheltered, safeguarded, even gently
Paper preserted if L
Sir Press
tended, if we walue witality.
The historical ex Cieties proves that Subsist Or COr Sti! Lu guarantees alone. W at the chequered FIS Allie t Constitution to realiz eidd tt T gā: point, let rme qu'Otto a reputed United Sta Wel Conference On"t held some years ag
"....Let me point Ol. of the Uritsi Slil:S document — If ya |language in the Fir: Constitution of the "Congress shall pas freedom of the pre or the subject, absol 3. WOT a DCL ut "What d."
The thrust of the the tullurls, is their is tutional provisions, the press and Cons CLI stail and reStriCl instructed froT 0Lur the judge's Words ul position that the law a free press, althou stionably of parm.OL regard,
Obviously, then,

r Guy”
O
апka Gшагdiнп - Мяг9я Friðfir SS TT or
: its significance and
perience of Tany soress freedom Carnot tionally ratified legal We only have to glance areer of the famous O the United States !e this simple yet often Jorate slightly on this a statement made by les judge at a high-leha media and the la W" (), The judge said:
ut that the Cristitullor isnota self-executing L I lock at th 3 litra St Wellet Off: Inited States, it says, Sno law abridging the ss." That's all it says lutely all, it doesn't say
a state car or Can't
Idge's remarks is that iterpretation of Constican either empower olidate its freedom or la fred T. OCCOpresent perspective, timately articulate the 'alone cannot protect gh the law is uniqueInt importarice in this
a free press needs
Other protective mechanisms besides legal bulwarks and constitutional guaraIntees. The law and the constitution are in a sense) external factors, elements that exist outside the press, whether we take the press as a profession, a Commercial Enterprise, Or as an institution localscd in Society.
In addition to the vital external protection offered by the law, a free press requires What I would call an internal life-support system, or if you wish, internal deferet TTECharlis that Briables til B free press to withstand negative forces acting Upon it from Outside. Or, if you abide with the fanciful conceit of the free press as a delicate and Vulnerable organism, then there has to be some way of at least preserving its homeostasis without undermining its essential energies,
HOW does a free press generate and Consolidate such a life support system? What means are available for this purpoSe? Without presuming to giwe a direct ànswer, I Would like to be suggestive on this question, And with that end in wiew, shall quote, at some length, what regard as a Candid, perceptive and straighttoWard description of good newspaper praCitice.
"The best journalists feel singularly dedicated to maintaining credibility. They regard Credibility as the most precious Commodity of journalism. They will go to tremendous lengths to check out a tipo or a story. Most Wi|| mot publish until they are Completely satisfied that they Pawe all the infoTTiatiom a wailable — at least Within the dcädlingrestrictionSand institutional limitations of newspapgring.
11

Page 14
"Among good reportersthe rule is to call the other guy. Put another way, if some Ome attacks an individual, th: attack should not be printed without providing an opportunity to answer. Blind Criticism from confidential sources who refuse to identify themselves should not be alloWed, although such a rule can be diffiCult for editors to police.
"All this does not mean fairness in any Sense of reporting, inch for inch, all sides of the same Story. It does meam fairness in hearing out the other side and making an independent judgment.
"This Lunderstanding of a jou malist's sense of fairness is critical.... Fairness and accuracy are essential to credibility; but these are the responsibility of reporters and editors. Objectivity is a difficuity goal in the newspaper business. There is no way an editor can Wrench Out of reporters the inculcations of 25 or 40 years of personal experiences that Seed biases. What those reporters must do and be trained to do is give each side a chance to present its case, particularly or controversial issues, and then Write as accurately as they can. This is a painstaking, sometimes tedious business. But when it works well, it is the essence of good journalism.
"A truly fine newspaper is not a public relations operation, or business blotter, ora boosterforthe Cortmunity in which it is published. It is not a mouthpiece for the government of a quasi-governmental publication for official staternens Hrld Prorouncernens. Nor at the sal The time is it an activist cause-orieited instrument in the hards of an elite group of the leaders or individuals who think they have the sole perception of What society is or should be. A newspaJer Certainly is not the last Word on the news. Nor is it even a comprehensive, utterly fair, totally accurate, always excellent, completely objective chronicle of its times. A med it does mot llawe to be correct all the title. Nor could it be, putting out a totally new product every day of the year.
"A truly excellentnewspaper is a colloction of bright, eager, and hard working
12
human beings, rep as best they car, What is new and or funny, sad or important. More of printed has more Wrong than with ti do With keeping per honest people; To ting dark places the but, always, mostl truth."
These congent line 15 years ago) by H. Managing Editor of | and by Joseph A. C. and former president "Tath of the Waterga
Two Tajor points Simons-Califa 10 SLUTT rtantly, it establishe feature of a good new - Credibility that Ca fairs less and accur: Simons and Califano ir 1 eweryday decisio IT editors, reporters and a variety of moral arit THE: TTlãrlflET In whit. ethical challenges a negotiated also deller а пеwspaper.
| Would SubTit tha above – that is to sa ted upor fairnessanc With the Timrå| Find шpheld by newspape praxis — Coristitute til the internal defenCert pport system that h; in respect of press newspaper demonstr qualities of fairness 2 a newspaper is seen Toral and ethical it newspaper becomes to function according dictates gains enorrt.
It would be foolish that press freedor Tibe Under these Condition ble that press freedot WLulrierable and Tore:

orting what they see trying to deter Time rofound, significant telling, different or tET1 tham mct, what is to do with what is at is right; Tore to ople honest than with reto do with eliminaIn reflecting sunlight; y to do with seeking
IS Were Writter about Ward Simons, ther he Washington Post alifano, Jr. attorney tial aide, in the aftote experierce.
i emerge from the TTlation. Most irripos that the defining wspaper is credibility in Only be nurtured acy. At the sale,
hit at the fact that, -flaking p) TOCESSES, | writers hawe lo face i ethical challenges, :h thesë Tiral and " E COULEEred äld Times the quality of
I the qualities noted , Credibility predicajaCCuracy, together ethical standards rs in their everyday 12 COTE ellerlerls of 12 Chari SrTiOrlife-suave been alluding to freedom. When a at is the substantive Ind accuracy, when to genuinely respect Tperatives, when a Crediblic, its freedom I to its professional Jusly in strength.
to aSSert, however, COf TheSuraSSailable IS. BL ut it is UndemiaWOuld beCOrr (CSS GECLure if SG Luchi Cordi
tions are fulfilled. Further Tore, protests against casual or organised infringments of press freedorn, and demands for the removal of restrictions on press freedom, will acquire greater Walidity and moral force when it is seen that the press is actually striwing towards the goals of professional excellence and Social accounta
bility,
.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Air Mail
Canada/U.S.A for
USS 65 / soT 1 year
JSS 45W for 6 months
d
U.K., GerInany, New Zealand, ÁL15! Tilli;1, NeLEET lands, France, Japa II. Holland, Philippines, Austria, Norway, Sweden, China, Ireland, Switzerland. Nigeria. Belgium, Den II na Irk, Paris. Lordo.
USS 55/ for 1 year USS 35W for 6 not his
事 翡
Hong Korg, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Baharin, Arabian Gulf. Syria, Singaport,
USS 45W for 1 year USS 25W for 6 Ilonths
匣 翡
India, Pakistan.
USS 40W for 1 year USS 22W for 6 inor this
Local
Rs. 250/- for 1 year FRs, 150W - for fi II1p tills
-

Page 15
P
rovincial Councils -
(An Analysis of the Extent of Devolution
C. Suriyaku maran
(1)
The attached is a Schedule of cross classifications, of Func or restrictions on them from the Centre, by director indirect
LLLLauL LLaHLaL0L L0L C LHaaS HHHL La LLLtLLLLLLL LLH tLLLLSSSL apparent powers at one point, there are limits immediately tr
The Cornistralints the refore are in some places at List | itsel (the concurrent functions), and importantly, of Course, under
Warying reservations and statements, mostly of a broad n: On these polentials and limits, With the actual Teasure of lint
SLLaL aaLLLLLLL LLLL LLLL LLLL LL LLLLLLLLL LLLL LL LLCLLLLL L against each item, the relevant Constraints or supports.
The result helps to give a clear indication of what the Thirtee
A final Sheel, surns up the overall conclusions.
(The powers of Governor, at Section 154B, et seq., are no to limit or enhance the discharge of those functions, eithe meam that the powers as now available are necessarily hea
PROVINCIAL COUNCILS
(The Thirteenth Amen
Furtr List I (Proviricial Council)
Police a W. R. Order D.I.G.
Defence, Security, Provincial Police Commission. Etc.
(2) Planning lmplerTentation.
Prof. SLIMīyak 777ārān is om f'fhG. Board of Directors of the Cerisrg ser Reglur IE/

Devolution in Practice
Available to the Provincial Councils)
ctions "devolved' to Provincial Councils, set alongside limitations DOWerS a Wailablė tÕ låt!ėr.
tre directly set out in the statute "in one place" as it were; behind hereafter, or elsewhere in the provisions,
f the so-called Provincial Council functions), in others at List || "the Reserved List Set Out by List III.
ature, hawe been made from warious quarters from tirile to tirtie hits, or capacities, not always brought Out clearly or objectively.
Unction, its Provincial level capacity, or lir Init, by bringing together
:nth Ameridiment has been ir practice.
it reflected here, such powers not being Functions, but potential Sui generis, or as expression of Central power. This does not Ithy, or do mot need scrutiny.)
DEVOLUTION IN PRACTICE
dment - 9th Schedule)
List II (Reserwed) List Y Concurrent)
National Policy-ALL subjects. Defence-Security-Civil Power,
GP - National Police Commission
— ETT ergency,
Foreign Affairs-The Constitution.
Finance-Currency-Customs-Excise,
Taxes, Audit.
Trade, Inter-Provincial Trade.
Ports & Harbours, Rivers, Shipping,
Minerals & Mines, Fisheries ...,
Immigration, Elections, Census,
Archi '/8eS, 9 tC,
Labour,
Sält,
Survey,
Persions,
Parliamërit, President, Privileges,
etc.
Cloto-Kotte.
AI flInctions mot ir I & III.
Planning, Monitoring, Employment Planning.
Develtportari.
13

Page 16
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16) (17)
(18)
14
FLscfjar)
Educatlon Ser Wilces
Local Government
Housing and Cons
truction
Roads & Bridges
Social Services Reliabilitatio
Regulation Road/
Carriage Services Provision, Inter-Pro
wincial Services.
Agriculture
Agrarian Services
Rural Development
Helt
Indigenous Medicine
Rest Houses
Pawn Broking
(Not per Banks)
Market Fairs
Food Supplies Co-operatives
Land
List || (Provincial Council)
Pre-Schools State Schools (Facilities, Supervision) Appointrments, Principals
(LOWEET LE2 Wels). School Boards. Education Development & Implementation plans Appraisal - All Staff E.O.O.
(Higher Levels). In-Service Training, Local Examirations. Nor-for Thal Education Programmes(Tplementation), Educational Buildings, Libraries,
Playgrounds. Teaching Audio materials, Furniture and Equipment. Textbooks,
(Under P.C.C.)
Provincial Programmes. Tenancy Act Rent Act,
Provincial Networks,
Proyirci.
Pro Wicial
Exterision, Minor Irrigations. Researc.
(Under P.C.C.)
Hospitals, etc. Services. Plans and Facilities. Scholarhips.
(Under P.C.C.) (Under P.C.C.)
(Under P.C.C.)
(Under P. CC.)
(Under P. CC.) (Under P. C.C.)
Larid USA. Inter-Provincial Irrigation, etc. Alofia S.
MerTimbership ir Larid COTITission. Functions as devolved by and Comission,

List II (Raserved)
Declared Universities Institutions. National Schools, Supervision, Higher Recruitment. All Criteria.
Appointments-Principals
Tгаіпіпg. Provincial Advisory Boards. Approval of In-Service Training. Approwal of NIE Curricula, etc. Guidelirles för Libraria S. Approval of Textbooks.
National Highways, etc.
National Transport (all systerns), Ports and Harbours. Post and Telecommunication.
Inter-Provincial Irrigation SELlerert. State Lands, Plantations. National Research Institutes,
Select Circuit Bungalows.
Delamined by Government.
Ditto. Ditto. Administration/Management of all
abowe. -arid Commission. nter-Provincial Migration.
List III (Concurrent)
New Universities.
Integrated Urban Dewe
lopment.
Relief, Rehabilitation, Re-settlement Displaced
Perso 15. Relief Natural Disasters, Restoration, ReConstruction Rehabilitation.
Träding. Press. TOLIrism.
Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Farms, AgroIndustries, Social Forestry, Wild-Life Water Management Planning, Welfare Services, and Inter-Prowincial Schler Te5,
Training, Family Planning, Medical Boards, Registrations
Food Stocks/Rationing. Co-operative Bank.

Page 17
(19). Irrigation area Works.
(20) Animal Husbandry (Under P.C.C.)
(21) Establish Enterprises (Under P.C.C.)
(Plus Research) (22) Reformatories, Etc.
(incl. Inter-Provincial) (Under P.C.C.)
(23) Liquor (Under P.C.C) (24) Burial Grounds, Etc. (Under P.C.C.) (25) Libraries, Museums, (Under P.C.C.)
Monuments, Records. (26) Mines and Mining As permitted by Parliament.
Developппепt (27) incorporation, (Under P.C.C.)
Regulation, Etc., of Corforations (28) Regulation of Incor- (Under P.C.C.)
porated Societies, Associations (29). Theatres, Etc., (Under P.C.C.)
FILLO'r
sports
List || (Provincias CoLrCi)
(30) Betting, Gambling Regulatory Functions. (31) Debt (Under P.C.C) (32) Offences (As in List) (Under P.C.C.) (33) Fees (As In List) (Under P.CC.)
(34). Electrical Energy MMir" Schle1125G.
(35) Borrowing (Under P.C.C.) (36) Taxes, Fees, Duties, (To extent available)
Tolls, Fines,
Charges, Revenues.
A "Others' (37) Environment Provisional.
1. Capacities for discharge of Functions circus Tscribed, inter-alia, by:
FORLIST
— Perwading Ceritral control ower "National Palicy" for AII FU
FOR LIST III
- By above. - By cultibers orite processes for use of Function5 by the F - By (consequent) de facto use of Functions dominantly b1", OWERALL
- By inherent limits to effective performance of "Own Funct - By dominant Central control through List II (including min -By"Decentralised Finance' (applicable to Local GowrTirth. tax ba5e, and (C) str(riger Investment Funds raising Cali KS LLLLLLaL LLLL LLLLLLuHLLLLHHLGLL LeLLeeeL CLLaL LLLLLLLC aL LLMLMCaLL LL LLS
government type) iters.
3. The Thirteenth Amendment would appear as it designed 10,
-- fggrict its "decla Ted in1Bn11"; - CD15trigin Briteriaded Dewi (Colution in 'N.E."; - provide to the other Regions a package they neither ask
KSGLL LLLLLL L0LLL LLSLCLLCLL LLLLSaLLLLLLLS t LLLLL LCLLLLLLL GLaLLD CHaS HLH
5. Regarding the broad experience sofar, there has been one provish of a strong consensual (as against confrontational) relation with the functions with conspicuous autonomy, not always expected in the lag

List II (Feserved) List MI (Corcurrent
(Covered under Land, etc. above)
Planning, etc. Inter-Provincial Services
(See also No. 9).
Livestock, Training Labati ES, PSLES.
Subject to National Policy and
Implementation.
National Memorials Cemeteries.
Those of National liportance.
In Charge.
Trading Corporations, Banks,
Insurance and Finlar Ce Corporation5.
LiC2C-3 FC3S, TAXĖS,
Hydro and Grid.
Subject to Parliament.
Item "Others' as provided by
Parlia Terit.
As provided by Parliament. (Undefined Joint
Functions.)
E
MNCTIONS
"CC. F 1he Carltro,
ions' (e.g. Finance, Planning and Development);
is Lula firmarcial al C.Catil),
LLaLLLLLLLaL LLLLLaLLLLLLLLmmLLLL LLLLLLLLS LLLLLLTLSS SKSLmtLLLLOLaLLLLS aLLLLLLL Citiis.
harge are, for he most part, secondary, 50Tewhat "irinocuous" (essentially local
gd for, mor Wirawa sE of hICIW to LISE, wer, the same,
wgwer in practico (not reflected in the Schedule). This is that, given the accident Centre, the particular Provincial Council has beer in a position to exercise its |al provisions.
S

Page 18
Ace Radio Cab
" Computerised meters Can be summoned to y
No call up charge within city limits " Vehicle a " Receipts issued on request " Company credit av
Call 501 502 50 1503 •
ệAset
Another Aitken Spenc
 

ccess from telected standa
our doorstep

Page 19
THE J. R. YEARS - (8)
Supreme Court Removes K. C. Jayewardene’s Riposte
Arden
Pà: it rust be presumed, expelled Mrs. Bandaranaike from The
Tibership in that Assembly and deprived her of her civic rights, in the belief that the three COIT hissioners Who had found against her were all Ten of honesty and integrity. But it transpired that one of them, K.C.E. de Alwis had been naughty. While a Special Presidental Commission inquiry was pending into charges against A.H.M. Fowzie, ex-Mayor of Color ribo, de All Wis had had financial dealings with him. Felix R.D. Bandararaike former Minister in the 1970-1977 government, was one who had been found guilty of abuse/misuse of power by the S.P.C. and had accordingly been deprived of his civic rights for 7 years by parliament. He petitioned the Supreme Court under Article 140 of the Constitution (as arrended by the first amendment) for å Writ of CLIC Warranto and a Writ of Prohibition against K.C.E. de Alwis. The OthEr Two Commissionars WLre als named as respondents though no relief was clairTed against ther TI.
The Tatter Ca The up before SETT Färä= kom C.J. Wimalarate J. and Colinil-THNOThe J- aS S.C. Refgrg|Cg N.O. 1 (Of 1982 and was argued on 23 and 24 September 1982. Order Was divered of 18 October 1982.
The financial dealings referred to in the petition Comprised:
1. A sale of land by de Alwis, as attorney for his son, to Fowzie's daughter for a surn of Rs. 575,000, the consideration being paid by FOWzię;
2. A renting of a house in Colombo 6 to Mrs. Fowzie at a rental of Rs. 6,500 per mensem, de Alwis being the attorney for the landlord, his SԱfl:
The transactions were admitted by de AWS bullę ClairTgdtilätth:10 tic: SSLed by the S.P.C. to Fowzie was no longer in operation at the time of the transactions asit had been revoked by the Commission.
The other two her fibers of the S.P.C. supported this position, in affida Wilts, they said they had decided in January 1980 not to proceed further against Fowzie because () the Tiain witness against Fo
Wzie, B.A. Jyä siri September 1978;ar ssion had already on some other char, had already been N'EST TIFE )
In support of their ssioners relied on a Ter 1978 Servir
Notico Lunder Se Inquiry La W No.
til a fluther COr yolu, you are not steps in respect 1.1 1.7E,
Sg
Ewer or the face 2O NOWë Tiber Serit rew Cator of rhotic a postponement of
The C.J. Cortle ICC of the decision would be the file of ssion Containing as arci Crisëquërantial hawe been giwem t. his staff. Such ewid Ting although WÈ ! L-Att WWE WW) u li like t
As regards the CO IT! This siarth ers for mot to proceed with WZie, Wimalaratr IE both events, name nghe and the impo on Fowzie precade to frame charges could, therefore, ha decision not to proc
All three COThis wed on this point t although later the attempt to make ( difference of opinic dated 20 Novembe nited td,
By a majority . Court found de Al unbecoming of a ju

E. De Alwis from the S. P. C.
ghe, had died dari 22 d(ii) another Commiound against Fowzie ges and civic disability Tiposed om hirT) on 1 those findings.
"affida Wils. Lhe COITITi|etter dated 2) NOW E3in Fowice Which read:
til 15 of the S.P.C.
Of 98.
Tirunication is sent to required to take any of thg Igligg däted
gd. J.G.T. Weeraratne
(CH1äairrThär
} of it, the letter dated to FOWe Was IO a
e Eut an irtimation ol the inquiry sing die.
led: "The test Wide(I this particular issue record of the COITThiecord of such decision directions that TuS ) the secretary and to ence was not fort comentioned to Counsel o peruse them (sic)".
t reelsoris given by the
the alleged decision the case against Fo: J. Corrested that ly the death of Jayasisition of civic disability the S.P.C.'s decision
against Fowzie and ardly be grounds for a :ced With the charges,
Si:OfTheIS Were ('di StJ (2ilie2y the SupremEe COLurt, re Was to be SOThe Jut that it Was Only a om as to what the letter risent to Fowzie a TOL
ecision the Supreme wis guilty of "conduct Idicial officer" and held
that he had becoile "Unable to act and that he was dise titled to hold office and function as a member of the S.P.C. Inquiry".
The C.J. Said, i'r 7fer alia, "There is both a real likelihood of bias and areasonable Suspicion that his judgment Was Warped by favouritism though, repeat, there is no proof of that, I would therefore issue a writ of prohibition forbidding the first respondent from taking any further partin the investigation of the conduct of FoWzie. Right-minded people would not be unjustified if they looked askance at other decisions of the first respondent.... What intrinsic Worth any recommendation already Thaide, or that will be made in the future will hawe is not a matter for this Court. That must be judged by those who seek to impose punishments or the basis of such recommendations".
And that should have given Jayewardene furiously to think and to reconsider all the steps already taken on the recomicdations of his S.P.C. However, the reslierce of both Jayewarder and de Alwis Was inexhaustible.
Complaint against Belt
The next thing that happened was that de Alwis petitioned the presidentalleging that Wimalarate J. and Colin-Thome J. had been biased against him and also that there had been "a vicious conspiracy" by Felix Dias Bandaranaike and FOWzig to gel him (de Alwis) to enter into transactions with Fowzie, with the purpose of discrediting the S.P.C. and himself. He claimed Wimalaratne J. and Colin-Thome J. WB re EBCld to Felix Did5 B31 da rdnäike for past favours and had reas Ciri to be hostile to the president's government.
the three-judge
Altogether the petition was a shabby ad Tiga -Tiridad document ad told a improbable tale. The president did mot toss it into the Waste paper basket. The Cabinet decidad that à parias Tartary saleict Cos InsTitlee should iriquise into the allegations.
C8 Marc 1983 Mr. Gai DiSS 3
yake, Minister of Lands, introduced a motion for the appointment of a select Commi
17

Page 20
ttee to inquire into the allegations in de Alwis' petition,
Mr. Dissanayake (no mean plonker hiTself, though om a more subdued mote than his master) referred to what he called "certain fundamental principles" which prompted the government to go before the hÕus ärid äsk f) ä selett Critee, ArToring the said fundar Tental principles was "the belief that no complaint by any citizen of this country, however lowly placed or however high, should have no forum in which there is an adjudication or an inquiry". There were certain matters of public interest in regard to which some finding had to be arrived at, he said. There was not going to be a witch-hunt, but it was parliament and parliament alone that could go into the matter,
Mrs. Bandaranalike made a blitter public protest:
"On February 26, at the annual Convention of the U.N.P. President JayeWafdele de Clared that hiË WAS HEW the judiciary and the legislature and that he alone had "the power to do anything'. He has already exercised his power Over the legislature by remowing, during their term of office, Ternbers who had been elected to parliar lent at a general election. He now proposes to der nonstrate his power over the judiciary by Subjecting two senior Tier Tibers of Our highestcourt to the Hurriliation ofhawing to defend themselves against the wituperation of a man who ended his judicial career in disgrace.
If de Awis honestly believed that these two judges Were "prejudiced' against hir T1 Why did he mot object to them before the case began, or even while the case Was proceeding? Will EWE ry (JIS LUCCESsful litigat, Ewery COWicted critinal who chooses to Take foul allegations against a Court that has held against him, be afforded this facility of causing the judge to be summoned before a select Corrittee of parliament to answer his foul allegations? Or is de AlWis being Singled OL ut for Special treatrment and being accorded a special privilege for his contribution towards the disfranchisement of some opposition leaders".
She described it as "a barbaric atterTipt by the Cabinet to intimidate the judiciary". (The Island 9 March 1983).
On 10 March a select Committee was appointed by Mr. Speaker Comprising six government M.P's and one opposition M.P., to inquire into de Alwis' allegations.
Cf | a || Jayewardee's assaults om Sri
Lanka's der T10xCratic institutions this perhaps Was the Tearnest. Lankans hawe
8
always held their su esteern, Both Jayew SCCT Cd deter Tired contempt and disrep
De Alwis was rec tions. He claimed tha permited Felix Dias his petitions typed in typewriter, which Wa: reused totype Colin in the CaS. COI-TH Ce a Certificatë frorT) of questioned docum the petition and the typed or the same
LLLE! LIl () "fler Of the P A World
T. P. Titelj ju: But the WıEELE
The gold
NLFe JпLJETS To up. FIF Tete L ()L’r ffer" All I Fair pric Suïrcillet
Lilt | fut: ir
e Leër Otis (, FOr“ (I Lú: Pouerty
Creatior WLIS Llé
PolJertu
Siliff TIL: Jī, DL tu i Ur Ftu Tபு Arld L.J., Ir I fi Ic:f I ČJr. III er:
Mo "kets L)Tg TTL5 Fixx, H, Or TV. C - Ife. HII get Witll thr: Tյ tյ ԼliԱ

preme Court in high ardene and de Awis to bring the court into Lt.
kleSS in his accusat Colir1-ThorTie J. had Bandaranaike to get his chambers on his s the identical machi-Thome J's judgment Corte J. had to produan expert examiner ents to establis that judgment Were mot Tlaching, De Awis
even attempled to make out that there was A Siri ister pla behind the date on which the Supreme Court judgment was delivered, 18 October 1982, two days before the presidential election. His argur tent was that the judgment was personally embarrassing to President Jayewardene and that his election could hawe been prejudiCed by it. He said: "It is mot possible to conclude that the choice of the datë had been innocently done. The circumstances leave no room to doubt the guilt of the judges. They would have all agreed to this dile".
(To be continued)
The Scholar's Tale
(Part III)
Lerin Till givent to things Cogital o behell sorr te Lupftecu Lucul illars as tjue quie, World III first la Lunched uirir
Lyütt a decided les Spir
Jrs fril' Crur 7 ble Carl Cr Csill sI Loolj bled Lois (J 1 LISCGI dsIsl re:srcuir L LLJ LKL ir sidios ir flexing 2d silo Lulju Irlto u Right Spiri Ceir llifo i Schools pu i'r lled LLvid FitzOL, it 5 tr). If 2 Schools Filad tħe Last la Ligfi ties Jeresiddledon siutctiori lL Lë Bock Jr. flé Tour ClL’Or Masters degree that was free CI S OLLU II (LLUer (Lufte thousa rid see. O ObserJet LU OLI I è notico 1 hilad broLlgħu I luir Tlifr IL I iiiorl "E25, HCPL sing Car Ltd Le JT ing li do L LUI L L L'Éth ladders reversűrg * Las perched clear qffle StrLiggle g a general for telplessly boggle. derived he realised Equatior extraLis Sociral Cort JSC)l
rticilio'r ! Cor Little (Filer I 1.2 of Resol Latfort LLCIS field test Creation,
1 por Eur tiu Culle L'Écut for 1
* Tafel I NeLI MILFS Sol LE tijl
C'eller , LUKIS Ėeus (c) Isis Lire ng subsidies (o Llle Rich Iron the Poor days frislead of Work Wacutions
illers instead of Horle Production Jees for a six rupee dollar
jes II (Ludar Tero dolor" Cu Il FlyLiro"
listing of Controls
Kcept the Workers payrolls
moLedo t free' Tianipulation (ook OLJEr the Poor TTL III's tenTiptatior Palth artid HOLLSürg Being plaīn hallucirucatior or the ber 7 Li sed populasion On freed price CCITTLe HoLisele551 ess card Pero lists stirtless less ! styll Cils of Ca, Corylict COLLILEric Lir yr 1 er tirg Presider fia II Pogrom
Continued
U. Ha I LIII latilake.

Page 21
SOUTH ASA
Poverty:
FFEELE
At the 1991 Colombo Suit, the Heads of Statea Cr (Gwernment of the SAARC iations agreed upon the urgent need for a bold and innovative strategic thrust towards powerty allowiation in thic Region. It was recognized that endemic poverty in South Asian COLIntri:5 COltributed to trie Tullifa Cele Crisis that posed a threat to the fabric of their societies, indeed to their Wery. CXistence is (drocratic States.
The Heads of State or Gower frient further directed that the search for the strategic thrust, which could be adapted to suit the socio-political circumstances of each country, should involve inter-governmental cooperation in accordance with their agreeLLLLLL K LLY S 00LL LLLLLLLT LaLaaa aaL aHHL SAAFC Should fTIL','L irite) COft afEäs Cl Cooperation. The latter decision was in keeping with the emerging trends in Europe, North America and South East Asia where closer economic, technological and Cultural links between sovereign nations, located in close geographical proximity, have led to economic gains as well as the enhanced effectiveness of government policies. LikewiSe, closer Cooperation between South Asian Contrics Would, On the Orie hard, erable them to exercise and benefit from the Tarket strength of one billion Corsumers and, on the other hard, help build upon shared bonds of Culture, history, economics and ecology.
The strategic thrust for poverty alleviation, outined in this Report, EnvisageS the era dication of a significant part of the powerly problem within a specified time frame. It will then leave only a residual number who would need safety nets and other social welfare programmes. This category can be kept within manageable limits and be carried by society until they too can be brought into the mainstream of develop Tent in wider hunar |ETT15,
LLL LLLLL LLLLLLL LLLaLLLL LLLLLLLLeLaLaL LL Over one-fifth of the World's population. They KuLLLLLL LLLLLLLHaL LLLLLaLaL L aaaC L HHC HaL ancient civilisations, a civilisation that has brought together various religions and beer able to maintain its uniqueriess and vitality through the millennia even while adapting to accommodate rew values, new technologies, now forms of economic production and new institutions of social organisation. They share a Common geography, a COrtition eco-system and, except for the Himalayan countries of Bhutan and Nepal, Common history of Colonial rule. Today, they also share as the heavist of their burdens, the affliction of poverty which saps their strength and vitality and hides the bright face of their civilisatior1 arid peoples.
A large number of successful programmes notwithstanding, the development strategies pursued by South Asian Gowerrir Terits hawe
Meeting the
Frport of the Ariss Iіоп. The CПяІггт1: Pri:757 i Bhaid ffig ridi, if
of pār fi rtirar, wassi Dr. A 'fri5éT L. M. L. g T
5,
failed to make a sigr blem of powerty Thai tended to Liderest magnitude of the pro arca 105UCCBSSëS. Rë Iy is full of local as ments that hawe help Worst Consequel CES areas; mamy of theS2 wid}{dTIČldels för Ölhé Hiround the World. Als ment that, despite ar |le SOLuth A5aT GN per cent peryPardL Was actually declini ca and the Middle E. tion of people below ned since 1950. De the problem of powe atpresta stāgari million people live SÖLuth Asia. It is Siri for any society to C: at risk. This "powert a problem in its o, obstacle in the pur human development
The limitations of approach ES are "10"W sed and are leading new two-pronged a all South Asian COLI' conceptual and op E which are fairly Well |iär tre of ECUf Us Thi ctural adjustrTert Wł aiTS i) tradistOrr Til thiE rt-oriented internati The second prong, (döLutbol Firid CğrfLASİCr Wiation, Tha ConfLIG rther by the evidenc grar Trines when takɛ only small segment: är baltër of ärid llë particularly in the! sh of this Commission," Luriär TibigLJOLIS attērıl rty alleviation,
It was in recognitic the Heads of State SAARC Courtrids di pendent South Asia nty Alleviation and di causes and Conse

Challenge
Ілdepслdent SoшIII 1 On Foway Alle viFT Was H.E. Krishna DIdr Prir la MI Star Vice-Chairmar, Coo
araahחa gחוrבP Sotлth Asiяп Регsре
nificant dent in the pronly because they hawe late the complexity and El ĝi, [ ig it th3 tigf3 CEL SOLFAN, Sir Fhistowell as sectoral experiCd alevisiko sorTIL Offic: of poverty in selected experimermits ha'we prois countries and regions (), it is is Tallachieve| exрапсting population, o per capita rose by 3, 1 Iring tha 1980s whan it gim Latin Armerica, Afriist. Similary, the propOw the poverty line declispite all this, however, arty still remains. Ever ng number of nearly 440 in absolute poverty in ply too large a number arry, it puts democracy W C)Verhäng" is mot Only W1 right, it is als Carl suit of other goals of
earlier developmental being Widely recogni
LO Llle for Thulalior) Of a Ittern of development in tries. The first prong, the ratia di ErSiOS of Lunderstood, is the fanmi= : ||SrSlliSSir Elfi Strlich in the longer tem, economyrtoar expomally competitive on.
Wflich 5 Stil mird in h, is that of powerty alleion is compounded fue that liberalisation pro*r1 alԱme temtl to be Ilefit s of the population who ave the poor worse off, Orter ter. In the view What is reeded is to give ion and priority to powe
II of these concerns that
(Dr" (G'y'&err111E21t of th18 acided to set up an Iride"1 CCITTIIIllššir Il Crl F"[]ựērected it to examin the JECGs of the resilience
of poverty in South Asia, to distill the positive 25.5ons from 5 ccessful and sustainable Cxperiences of the ground, to diagnose what Went Wrong with past development intervemtions and to identify critical, concreta and practical elements for a coherent strategy to alleviate poverty. The TerIns of Reference of the Payerty Corrimission are giver in the Annexure. The text of the Colombo Summit Declaration on this iter is set out below:
TWIE Hārds of Slag i'r Goyer Tierf a CCrded the highest priorily la Ife alevialior of poverty in a South Asian Countries, Thay affirmād that SQLfh Asia'spåørt::Uld C05iffe a Le ad Ofantare5 Ce OfOWïdes Their basic r )GES are FTTET AF?
ley are frobilized J. Creale ecurior Ti" groWE/h. This requires that the poor are a powered and are irreversity linked to The plainstream of development. It was rated that each South Asian country has had significan success cases of this approach so pQvery alseviatics.
Recognising that a great majority of Vese people rerrain belgw Yre poverly Mirje, Feye Winced keer7 friseresfirma "Daa|- LCLLLCLS aa LLLLLL aLaLaaaaL LLLLLaaLLLLLLL approach sowards fflè sasisfåCicor cof Etäisic needs of the South Asian poor.
Deeply conscious that primary educaTiom is fihe CUF7ing edgg in Pime struggle against powery, and the promotion of develop tent, the Heads of Stafe or Goverrrriert reafsirrried sie irrportarice of altasning FF7E targes of providirig prirTary EdLJCasin ki al Children farvaan fia agg5 Of 5 - 14 years by a year 2002. They agreed to share their respective experiences and
Eclinicās Experise ficiācijeve fisi gCal,
LLT SLYLLeL LL LLLLL LL LLLLLLLGGLGL decided so gstablish an Independent South Asiam Corm777 ission on Poyanty AlaWallon Consisting ofer77irie71 persons froT) CCLuL aLLLTMCCLGHuLLLLL LLLLLL L0LaeaaLLLu LHH in-depth study of diverse experiences of the sever CULJпtries or poverty alleviation ar 7ed so report o ffe Severif; SurT7rTi ffileir LLGHaHGaOtlmtLLtLtaL aHH aL LLtttLLtLLL LLL CLLLLS very in South Asia.
Convinced that the solutions to the problem of powerly required a politically directed approach based on the lessors of past experiencë, taking into account thë Tyriad exaTiples of successful grassrools initiatives as well as the proven macro-level successes and noting the failure of the overall pattern of development to makeatrı adequatreirTıp act on the probler II, the COTimission recognised that powerty radication is a deeply political objective which cannot be achieved through purely technocratic means. Rather, a more Cohereril, practical and Concrete approach Would have to be devised Within a democratic political systernas a participatory and pluralistic process iri which wormer änd fier of all
19

Page 22
the diverse CorrimunitieS that Take up SQLith Asia are equal partners,
More specifically, a basic premise that has emerged from the analysis is that the major reason why the poor hawe been Lilable to owerCome their condition of powerty is mot so Ilurch the lack of initiative Cork 10Willedge On their part but rather the existence of institutiomalised obstacles to effective action. Over Coming these systemic obstacles requires both releasing the creative energies of the poor themselves as well as a lead role for the State. Sensitive support would need to be provided by a number of other actors as the process evolved. Underlying this premise is the fact that "the poor are rich" in South Asia, not only in their ability to survive against insurmountable odds but also in their ability to contribute to growth through their creativity and strength. The evidence on the ground shows that growth, human development and greater equity can be achieved in the same process. Therefore, the Commission decided to focus its attention orways and Tears of removing the institutional obstacles to collective action towards this objective. This approach had the added advantage of leading to a consistent and Cohere it strategy rather than a "shopping list" of panaceas,
The strategic thrust for poverty eradication in the shorter term, presented in this Report, however, would need to be harmonised, in a step-by-step manner, with the longer-ter.T. strategy of an oper economy-industrialisation approach, as both these clearly identified prongs in a new overall pattern of development evolve and mature in the South Asian Context, The har Thonisation of thësė TWC) prongs within a new overall pattern of development can be reinforced by economicCooperationarTong South Asian Countries, leading to the building of a viable South Asian Community.
MEMBEF5F THE COMMISSIOri
Chairrriri: Mr. Excellenty Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, FTITIET FriTi Minister af Pol Epal
LESLS LSMLLLHLH HHLLaSLSaaLMMLLSLLL CLHMM LLTLMLLS LLaLLLLLLLS LaLLLLL LLLkLkOekLL LLLL LL COCM LLeLLLLL LL LS
spectives, Shri Lanka. Dr. Shaikh Maqsood All, Member, Flariring CorrrrlrBLLLLSSSLCCLaMLLLSS SS LCaaaC MMLLaSS LCLLLMLS Plafining Commission, Bhillán, Mr. K.R. Wenugopal, Additional Secretary, Prime Minister's Cifice, Iridia, Hori, Abdul Sattar Moosa Didi, Slătit Dignitary, MaldiviBs, Mr. ShrbakrishnB Upadhy EHy, MefTrk}{2r, Nlati-or1íil PlariThiTig Commission, Napal, Mr. Safdar Hussair. KaZITi,3ECTEtary, Ministry of Labour. Manpower and Overseas PakiBLLLS LLLLLLLLS LSLMLLLaLL LL0CCaLLCMS LSLLLLLLLS rierit Repr:SETlativc o Shri Lanka to the United Nations iri Ggrigya, Shri Lanka, Mr. Fazle Hasan Abd:d. Ei E:LitivË Director, Bangladesh Rural Advancertierl Committee, Bangladesh, Dr. Jigmi Singay, Director, Department of High Sgrwiss, Bhutan, Dr. S. R. H13; hir Ti, shadwi3Er Pariring Commission, India, Mr. Hassan Schir, Doputy LLuuuuuuuLLSLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLMLLLLCMLLLLLLeMzaLLaSSMMLCLG0S Mr. Madhukar S.J.B. Rama, MariagesTĚnt artid IrI'WESir Tigrill Consultat, Nepal, Mr. Shoaib Sullin Khan, General Managar, Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, PEkistE 1.
TERMS OF REFERENCE A. Analyse the positive arcinogative exportierce of the pasi pagriyalewiation.
LSLL0LL0LLL LLLLHL LaLLLLL LaL CaaC LMLCCaC HLLMMLMLLLLLL L cau5FeS and dyTärnici Cill pH','Erity in South Asia. LS LLLLL LHl LLekkOLOLC LL0LCL LMLL LL SLLkekL0LaL MMH SUSTEIairiable" ExperierçE:5 om this grJurid, where PFIFFCCir
2O
hva EEE| TobilisGrid T T Primote huntıları id:yi:komie D. Identify critical eleTEnl. g al puverty alleviation fu underlying conceptual frastE dickigis, and tha proxCE33' diffETEt sci-Mililicial Circu
E. Examing this allowing!
Tipomarits ir li turi weriall f'wi
(1) HJYNI İÇEISLur B a Ti approach lor IFA SILIth |Fig concept cal "Daal B Siti ta' rti; (ii) hCarlow to Ensur: It':
Correspondence
Sansoni Cor
Your issue of 15 Jul Arder, Section SL-tit IITission", says this:
"If I CITIEFE causa of the distur cry and he quotes a RCT ar Catholic: p. the Moyement for | Equality (MIRJE), W Tre sa: S tilat ä! O This wiew,
My Press Release ( | || Sid Which le is proof. "Coordinating Secret: 30 PLushpaidană Ma W Kandy 7 Jamuary 1981
Report of the Sansor for Eelhi
In Chapler VI, para Paper No. 7 of 1980) completely Tisrepres File:8 says that || (withı rim: Cry for Eelam" was disturbañCë".
Tilt imԷլյsiյrl tյt I paragraph is definite |LjE2Cam1251 WETIELF13|| 3 MŲ TOT 1983 asking him to rectify it do nothing as he was wrote to the Preside Lrflflfi:FllL Will was published.
The Report has ni therefore request Y. Mr. Sa Sinia dalso t Before tha ČT1Ti 53-si that to say that "the maisil Cause of the di: mplification. Yours sin CEFEąly (Fr.) Paul Caspersz, !
To this, Mr Editor, following: (1) Ån aktract frgrn Ty Evidence bug ssion, sitting in a.m. (p. 2732):
| thirikitiSri
Si i oftC iS . the August 19 or two - the the othere
I tes CCTILE"

tale economic growth Eld
.
her el was distralSouth Asia, including the work tid pirālismail TEthihat car be multiplied under ITI5|EITCE5.
key human diviupreml. Cany aTaviation stralogy:
i u Th Litrilional BillETEt Asi: pxxar, kaip in Tirid F1" Eriul: {d II ETA 1991
browission of pri Tiary Education
F
nal Childrer behwegn the aggs of 5-14 by the Year 2000; (iii) how Th1: GQVEmments Could facilil:als: Lirid SLJE pport initiatives of people and nor-gover TTentageLLLLLL L LE L LLLL LLLL LLLLL LC CCLeL MLLLL a Tarag:t) it of the environment Endicale the role of Syer Teris f ther iroofili
LlLlL L LLLLLL C SLOLOLS LLLHHkOL KkLLkCL a L C LaLaLLLL LL L keke LL LCCLC LCCCLLeLeLL HT LLTLkLaH developmerit activities, thereby ensuring real participatory drwgl komert, where growth, HLJ. Tan digy_JJITIL-rit #5fird equity are futually re-inforcing and COTEITIBritary.
,ே
Identily the institutoris fired, at all Eveis, lar
initiating, supporting, expanding and Tartaging the insic LLLLLL GLLL LLLLLL LHHLLLLHuCHCu LLCLaLLaa GaLCL0L0S
mmission
y 1993, in the article by fed, "The Sansoni Co
Fr Lund that li 3 ma im r: W5 Eel Roy. Fr. Paul CasperS2, Irigst, closely in Walw'Édir nter-Racial Justic9 and ho supports this view".
tirie didihola arsupport
if 7 January 1981 (which |uest you rhow to publish)
rial f Platatio res at a
iCommission: The Cry
2. (page:266 of Sessional | Eă (COIT Ti3:55io : F15 entecimy gvidence Wher any others) held that "the "the air case of the
my name in the above ly an error. AS SOOM 1S F1E error had b) 23:1 TT13 dl, | Write to Mr Sashi . He replied that he could mo longer im officia. Ithem it. He replied that I could a press after the Report
Dw i bereri published, a rhod auto publish my letter to he extract of my evider CE Ori in which I clearly state Cry for Eelam" was "the IUriaslag" i8 Hr. I FJEST-5i
i,j."
allow ma now to add the
| War Ilir RCOfd of forg the Sällsomi CirTirrhiKandy, on 5.6.78 at 10.30
wer-simplification to state, stated), that the cause of 77 (SUrbans:PSWEss O'B dEfTlär frf EllfT Flsd arnival clash in Jaffriä.
diri my e Widem CD to Scak
to identify what I called the remote, the proximate and the immic diale causes of the disturbarices. At no point in Tiyewide
mce did 1 saythat the Tärd for EE FT Wag The Thain CHLISt.
(2) The final lines of the Sansoni Report
(which I believe or hope in SOThe Way compensated for the earlier misrepres: ntation of rtly wiew as to the Cai Luses ta' the conflict:
Blore end, I wish to quote a passage which appears at the end of the evdience givem by Fr Paul Caspersz... || is this; "The ultimate solution of the proaLLLLLL SL LaLL LCLLLSLLLLaLLLLLLL LM LLLLCLS Tships in Qur Courtry lias inth CastablishrTent of a genuimely Socialist Society, In this socially every man, Worlar and child Will b3 qiwan (du > plä Ce ri0 lbBCa LJse arte isa Sinhalase, a Tamil, a Muslin ar a Burgher, not because TE) is a Buddhist, a Hindu, a Christian or a Muslim, but because orhe is a human being with inalienable human rights and hur Tam resporisibilities. The il TITEdial E sgulion lias in all the Bäders Öf ÖUf country, the leaders of all political paries, caf al communal arid religious groups, getting together to provide the climat for the rapid SOCIO-CACCIPIOmiC development of our country. These leaders Today balong to the middle Class. They must realise that communal CoLLLLLLLLS LLLLuH LLLL 0LLLLLl LtOC LaaL recurring periodically, are inimical to the socio-economic: progress of our country. Indeed, they are inimical to the interests of the middle class itself. The leaders of the majority Corrirrtunity and the majority religious grJUp TI Lust, rëalise that the miriarities Hawe thair rights and LL LLL LLLL0L0 LL LLLLL LLOLLGLL00L0 needs to be given full weight. They must TETETıber that pärlia refallary d’Erm (Cracy is the rule of the majority with the Cori:Girl of the Thirt filis, ThF 2a defS must start Thair daglitföräilirls alt är jurid table or Blsewhere on Ivo iralerable premises. The first is that the country should lewer agair Willimi ESSE'went SSLJich as those of August 1977, which are a disgrace to a country which professes to live by the ideals of Malta, Karuna, Mudita and Uplekha, by the ideals of brotherhood and compassion. TH sccord premise is that the Country should not fritter away its tire arid its energy in intercommunal violence and Conflict, While the rair task that a Waits it is the liberation of a|| Lur people: TOTT powerty, unemployment, hunger, ignԸrar ICE, ard d'ISCä50.
Paul Caspersiz
Kandy.

Page 23
LON SHF
AGEN
GOLD STAR (H
REGULAR AND EF
TO and From:- EAST
P.O. E 3rd FLOOR, ASSOCIAT 185 3/1 UN
COL
Telephone:- 4:
4
Fax:- 4
Telex:- 2
Cable:- Ll

PPING LTD
TS FOF?
ONG KONG) LTD
FICIENTSERVICES
AND SOUTH AFRICA
OX812
EDMOTORWAYS BLDG, ION PLACE
MBO 2
4O66, 431394, 449 133 7543
18974
255 AVE LONSHIP CE
ONSHIP

Page 24
STILL LEADING Mr. William Thompson obtain and established the first Joint in this island On
01st June 1841.
He called it
“Bank of Ceylon That was 150 years ago, but that was not We. We opened our doors in 1939 only to capture our rightful place in Banking and are proud to say that Wes
LEAD
Over the years banking profession shared our expertise and BANK OF CEYLON
became Sri Lanka’s
SANDHURST TO BANKERS
Bank
Bank
 

ed a Royal Charter Stock Commerical Bank
till
of Ceylon
ers to the Nation