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LANKA
GUAR
VO. 16 No. 16 December 15, 1993 Price R
- Mervy
THE SOCIALIST MERGER
- Bernard Soysa
- Regi Siriwardena
CHESTER BOWLES
--. HOWard Schaeffer
V/C/SS/TUD
- A. C. S
- Teresit
 
 
 
 
 

DAN
S. 10.00 Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/43/NEWS/93
/IN AND THE UNP
"n de Silva -
FIGHTING THE TIGERS
- Jayanath Rajepakse
UNDERSTANDING EAST ASIA
- C. Mahendran
Es OF VISAS
Candappa
a Schaeffer

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tSyOUF
 

t

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BRIEFLY. . .
The Left unite
Sri Lanka's oldest political parties, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the Communist Party of Sri Lanka merged after a 60-year long divide on an idealogical dispute. The LSSP was Trotskyist,
Combined party sources said: "We will no longer be bound by doctrinaire politics though there are
355sonis to Epe learTt frontFileTn".
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Air Mai
Canada/U.S.A.
USS 65/ for 1 year USS 45W for 6 Ilonths
U.K., Germany, New Zealand, AllstTalia, Netherlands, France, Japan, Holland, Philippines, Austria, Norway, Sweden, China, Irelaqırıldı, SWitize:rla Ildı. Nigeria, Belgium, De III Imark, Paris, London,
USS 55 for 1 year USS 35W for 6 months
事
Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Baharin, Arabian Gulf, Syria, Singapore.
USS 45W for 1 year USS 25/ for 6 months
毒
India, Pakistall.
USS 40/foT lyear USS 22W for 6 IIonths
事 事
Local.
Rs. 250/- for 1 year Rs, 150W-foT 6 III OTıths
These SOLICE collapse of the strategies had to a Chiewe SÕcialiST
A le
Frarki dCi Silwa Police Chief (IGF a message: "If
Taitai the diSCİ them during the fundamental rig against thern Cou no Courts Would
NeW GOVel
NOt
Mr Ljiljig | Fg Gowerm ment Ag+ Trif|CDITIEEE Flas GOWETOT of the te Norther and E
He succeeds L SET1Eự|Tätr1E. Whit term ded on NOWEIT
Սmions
Platti tf opposed to ti TOWE5 t0 Hidd plantations on la companies. The rlDW managed by five year Contrac asked for 30 year against this Tow told President W that the compa theSeltsilä | ä5
VieWS On mi Ga
A COTTittE, President Wjetu public Views mechanised ger the Kalu Ganga. into flak from Secretary to thi PUSSedeniya is

S Said that I the SCWiet UiO - be changed to
N CP
Sri Lanka's reW ') told his men in police personnel pline inculcated in air training many hts applications ld be avoided and
SLufte"
TOT for the -East
Tardo, a forner ent of Jaffna and been appointed imporarily merged aSt3TT PTOWICE 5. t. General Mali se five year term liber 29.
protest
ade unions are ne governппепt's Over State-OWed ng lease to private a plantations are the companies on ts. They hawe nOW leases, na protest e the Unions have "ijetunga: "We fear nies will destroy
Sets".
ining the Kalu Inga
3 appointed by nga has called for յm the proposed in mining project in The project has run elwir OTTientalist.S. e Clitte "...B. at the Ministry of
Public Administration, Torrington Square, Colombo 7.
They want stricter rape laws
The Sri Lanka Women Lawyers' ASSOCiation has asked the Ministër of Justice for tougher laws against rape. Among the laws Wanted: mandatory life sentences, no pardons; consent not to be a defence if the victitis under 16; and bald Character Of VictiT1 not to be Considered Tlaterial evidence.
Mill St.ET HETOC Horat Old B delegation from the Women Lawyers' Association that he too considered rape to be an extremely serious offence and that he would CITI GidÈT thir TCCÖTTĒridätiö S.
GÜARDIAN
Wol. 1 ES I No. 1 ES I DečerTibēr 15, 1993
PTE RS TODO
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Unio Place Colji Ilijo - 2.
Editor Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi SaravararTuttu Mawatha Colombo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
NeW5 Background Towards a Siпgle
Socialist Party ES Old EBHE 5 IT LE WOd 曲 War and Politics (2) 구 J. R. Years (14) 1 POETI 10
Rola of Pre55 COLucils 15
E-boks 1구
Correspondence 19

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NEWS BACKGROUND
Caste and the Thond
Mervyn de Silva
C. is the great "unmentionable' in polite bourgeois society but it has alWa WS beari a facto r iiri political-and-electoral equations. As Prof. C.R. de Silva has observed "Since becoming UNP leader in 1973 Jayawardene has integrated elements from the non-goyigama caste into his party and given them positions of pOWer, By 1982, the UNPhad beentraInsformed from a party of the dominant goygama caste (which was its image in the 1950's) to a political Organisation. With much Wider appeal. On the other hand the Tulti-Caste SLFP of the 1950's had become increasingly goiya-dominated".
Other scholars emphasise the deep influence of Hinduism and Hindu practices on Sinhala-Buddhist society.
It Was Mr. Gamini Dissama yake the DUNF leader who introduced the topic of caste into the current political debate, increasingly confused and fierce as Sri Lanka stands on the threshold of 1994, the year Of Presidential polis. Was Mr. Dissanayake provoked (claverly?) by the CPC Chairman Sarath Kongahage? May be. But Mr. Dissanayake is a seasoned politician from the Nu Wara Eliya district, While his father Andrew Dissanayake was a businessman and an (SLFP) MP from Kandy. The five-letter Word "dhoby" figured in the CPC proceedings when reference was made to a recent biography of Mr. Prenadasa Written by One A.R. W. Perera, a reply to Bradman Weerakoon's Wellknown biography.
Die Mr. Dissana yake lose his cool? Or had he decided the "character-assasination" of the Premadasa was politically necessary at this stage of the pre-election game?
There is little doubt that Premadasa Still remains a factorin party politics...certainly UNP politics.
Mr. Thoda mam is also a träde uliomist. No, he is a trade unionist Who took to politics and not only earned recognition from the major parties but was made a Cabinet Minister by the UNP. He is a
2
master-negotiator. H is also the provent ution, a globally imp today.
So What is the pr man expects front that is from Preside the same recogniti LInder Fressdärl Pr not only treated him but gawe him an : PreTada Sabeliewa ssful plantation lab After all, there has in the estates for
States retain th
EETTE'.
Mr. Todd Sition in the Premad поt епјоy thal pos Tore, theng WPresi ngē ālso represent: constituency - a r ndyan Buddhistele:
It all stated With a dential Secretariat Training Institute su the Norwegian aid : of officials had been into Warious matters Institute. This carrie: But it gawe the CWC "issue" he needed meW administration, the altered orchangi nship.
But it so happen. ewепlargerissше оп da — the future Companies Who now TIEB hard" trid LI number of Working the daily Wage. The ( Wage like if it is to offer.
Mr. TOT I political base is a tra a upcountry elector: hostar, the thottar

aman FactOr
He has proved that. He laster of Conflict-lesJortant area of activity
ОБЈЕПР Mr. THOПЈаhe UNP leadershiprnt D.B. Wijetunge — on that he enjoyed BTadaSa. Tile latter as a Cabinet minister autonomy which Mr. i the eminently succeour boss deserved. "t been a major strike уeагS. And the teа e major exchange
adа пеаг-шпіqшероasa cabingt. Hg dOES ition today. What is dent, Mr. D.B.Wijetua Central Province majority Sinhala, Ka
torate.
|Ett fTTEPESİBibOLL 2. WcjCational pported by NORAD, agency. A committee appointed to inquire Collected with the is a boltfrOTithe blue. leader just the right 0 lockhorris With the and test therlature of gCWC-UNP relatio
ld that there Was an the governmentageof the Management W run the plantations. Tion issues are the days and Wages i.e. CWC detlands a 12accept the 240 day
S a politician Whose [JE Union father tham to. His "base" is the in that produces tea.
This particular trade union has its hand On the jugular, Sri Lankan exports 2051 million dollars in the first nine months of 1993, a 25% increase ower the SäTE period last year. Tea and rubber production rose by 35%, while coconut was down by 17%.
The issue now is the next stage of privatisation. The Parters Association insists that the guaranteed Work-days should be no more than 240 days. The PA also insists on the right to retrench Workers. The IMF and World Bank argue firmly for faster re-structuring of the estates, Ownership and management. The Thanagement companies formula and the lease of estates to these firms was Presdent Premadasa's compromise which the IMF-Bank reluctantly accepted. Mr. Thondaman is protecting his trade unior-poWer base by exploiting the emerging conflicts in the (Sinhala) Political Establishment, starting with the traditional UNPSLFP rivalry, in the run-up to next year's Presidential Corte:St.
The Centra Pro WinCe Councilisanothear battlefield. It is not for nothing that Mr. Thondarman has decided to fight on that area. It is tot a frOrtal attack : Öll the government or the UNP. He is only using the CWC's "independence" or "autonorry" to senda signal to the UNPleadership that (a) Thondaman cannot be ordered by bureaucrats (b) any differences must be settled at the highest level, person-to-person Summit, and that the (c) CWC retains its autonomy especially in trade union matters e.g. management Company leases, number of days of Work, Wages.
Rather than the UNP pressuring the CWC, the CWC is now turning on the heat on the UNP. As a result, the UNP'troika" (3 ministers) are trying hard to resolve the dispute while Opposition leader, Mrs. B. revels in the mounting conflict and confuSidor. But the fact that Mr. Thöda Tam has been Crossing the Palkstraits Tariytimes does not support the theory in some DPL circles of a pro-Opposition Indian move.

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CWC Statement
T蠶 CWC Wishes to put the record straight in respect of the various half truths and misrepresentations made by the twenty two plantation managing Companies in their so called joint Statement published in the Island of 29th October '93.
Initially the CWC regrets that the plantation managements have sought to justify their reneging on the Written undertakings that were given to the CWC as a condition precedent to the change ower of the management of the plantations that were under tE JEDOB Ft SLSPC. O of 5 LICH undertakings was to maintain the terms and conditions of employment of the Workers underters no less favourable than Lihat they hawe enjoyed.
In tems of this undertaking the managing Companies agreed to adopta fluctuating wage scheme which entalled a topping up process for 25 days Wages per month if the employer was unable to offer 25 days of Work to the workers.
On representations made by the companies the CWC agreed for a flexibility in this regard as from January '93, subject to achieving a target of 300 days per year by the respective employers.
The lack of good faith of the managing companies is clearly demonstrated by the fact that they cut back on the number of days offered to the workers to nullify the effect of the Rs. 12- wage increase that they agreed to impletent by fixing a 240 day Work limitation.
The reference to past decisions of the Industrial Courts in order to justify the cut back in the number of days Work offered to the workers is at best a naive attempt to twist facts.
Any persom knowledgeable of the plantation industry would have to admit that LLLLLL LLLLLL LLLLL LLLL LLLLLLCL LLLLLL Crediting of half names and averaging poundages in order to calculate the Wages of the Workers.
After the transfero parameters set by in Custom are being di the companies eith ignorance of practic being Tisled by SOL at see in respect of
The statement by TäkES TEIfėser:CetO" by plantation Worker on preconceived m depress their living Sålede:Ill Has Flic de incidents refered to resolved either ate: dquarters level at th Lurici.
It is extremely rel ging Companies ha" Industry Was alread private sector WaSg rights in June 1992 the imagination ast the management of alacrity in that conte
TE COEti they are stymied by part of the labour tot bear exarmilation fo deliberate CL ut back fertilizer and agricult Weeding, draining a productivity has dec |aECLUT TE3Sident in Ceturies hawe beer such places as Ga believe that the To thinly Weiled strateg fromппапаgement had offered to cols thin the guidelines ( the issue of excess WCd.
As a back as Felt made written represt Tent that the ante: nies Selected to m: industry should be

if managementall the dustrial courts and by Eliberately fouled by Ef Dut Of their CIWI. es of the industry of rces Who are equally olanting Conditions.
the companies also "WOICE" TSOrtEd LO sas a mark of protest anagement plans to standards. What the
:m is the fatt Lhat thë
had been amicably State lewel or at Heaf thBם חסtiחB"חIBח| Bן
ġwart that the ThailaWe ditt tilt "t y in a crisis. When the ranted Tanagement "... it therefore defies O why they took over plantations. With such 翼t.
the companies that " a l'EUCLance. On the be relocated does mot г. опе thing duetoа * Con inputs Such as ural practices Suchas ind replanting labour reased, for another, up-coшпtry area for offered relocation in alle, ChilaW etc. We bility factor is another Til t0 Shift the fOCUS E fit. Te CWC det TCtCo|ChTeat Wiof the industrial law if labOLJr Could be pro
ruary 1992 the CWC entations to the Govecedents of the compaanage the plantation thoroughly investiga
ted as they may not hawe the resources and the expertise for the task.
On a Written assurance given by the Government wouching for the integrity of the managing companies and in the face of opposition from all other unions, the CWC openly supported the privatisation of management as a means to improve the industry and enhance the standard of living of the Workers.
Towards achieving this objective the CWC reintroduced the minutes book system as a medium of communication between labour and management at the estate level.
The SLCC855 of the 5 CherTE ha5 bger] Seriously retarded by management not changing out-moded attitudes in their approacht labu.
The CWC has also agreed that Work loads may be varied in agreement with Lumion committees on the estate, The praCtiCE OWE WET had bēĒr LFE LJTilate:Tl increase of Work loads and derial of Wages to Workers.
Наviпg over 50 yeагs experiепсеіпthe realm of labour management relations on the plantation sector the CWC is Well aware of management problems and had gone Out ils Way to be of assistance to managements. But our primary concern is towards the Welfare of the Workers and of the industry itself which is a national Wealth.
Therefore the management companies Will be Well advised to address the problems confronting the workers who are getting more and Tore frustrated on account of their plumeting living standards by a cutback in the number of days Work offered to them rather than engaging in rgtoric.
A dialogue in this regard could be more productive than an exercise in shadow boxing through the newspapers.

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PAC Statement
New Plantation Management Contract - Critical issues
A meeting of the heads of the parent Companies of Mariagernerik Cornpanies listed here with, Was held on 1 November 1993 and the following importantiss Lues Were discussed in detail.
| ISOLITCOTiTOri COSeriSUS tätä reW Plantation Management Contract cannot be finalised unless the Critical issues mlarläined belców arg SOrte (Jut With the Government and the Trade Unionis, prior to signing of the contract.
As you hawe indicated during pastmeetings, if the Companies fail in their endeaWour to manage the plantations, it would not only be a poor reflection om the Gowernment, but also have a disastrous impact on the ecolory of the country.
The CritiCä| ISSLIES Which have t0 bg sorted out, are listed below:-
A) Labour/Industrial
RelationS
1. 300 Days Guaranteed offer of work
As you are Well aware, the excess labour problem is one of the main issues affecting the viability of almost all the Plantation Companies. Therefore a guaranteed offer of 300 days, is an impossible task at this Torrent. Whilst every effort would be made to offer the maximum number of days, it is not possible to ensure that more tham 240 days of Work is offered.
2, Excess Labour Possibilities of
Retre Chelt
As in the case of any other industry, the Plantation industry should also hawe the flexibility to reduce the nuTiber of Workers when retrenchment becomes a necessity, in order to restructure and make the operations profitable.
3. Mobility of Labour
This is a necessary pre-requisite for
B)
the wiability of th Мапаgement s option to transf: tllOut Trade Url
Registration of Incoming Bride
Апу пеw registr. Will| hawe to be C. rce With the The Соптпрапies and be given at thisjL registration of al
Financia/
ADB Funding Y Rupee Bonds ExpoSLIre
a) 14 Tonths F taking over of EST Managing A ge borroWir Erg ErOUTi for each CO iE5 WErE II tion Comp they were m ging Agents WEITTTT Girl.
Therefore, t tie3 to the E Мапаgппеп the accepte if tՒյց իցէյ|ti by the Man it Wil|| bg |
Curt SS the existing
We recogni. Catior 15 ald fying the CD te vyft Of not being tE паgemeпl | to avoid thi Suggest tha (inclusive oi due to leas Converted

eplantations, and the hould be given the ar workers freely, Wion interference.
Dependents, S & Cas Luals
ations of employees, arried OL ut im a.CCOrdaEdS Cof the Plaritation 1 по шпdertaking caп Incture, regarding the ly new Workers.
Funding
S Deotiated (20 Year)/Currency
awe passed since the of the managerinent e Companies, by the gents, and the averangs of all Companies RS. 1 OO rTI OT TOTe mpany. These liabiliCurred by the Plantaaries (RPC's) whilst ianagedbytheManaor behalf of the Go
ransfer of such liabilBalace Seet of the t Companies, is mot d practice. However, S T OttEKET OWE". agement Companies, cessary to Walue the ests to be off against
|ili|ilia S.
Se the technical impli
difficulties detresponding assets in the existing liabilities aken ower by the MaCompanies. In order S difficulty, We Would it the total borrowings debitēStS іing Companies), be to a soft loan at 2%
interest p.a. гераyable iп 25 years, with payment of interest and capital repayment commeincing 5 years after the signing of the contract.
b) As you are aware, the Management Companies would require at least 4 to 5 сalendаг years to make the plantations Wiable to the extent, that they would be running Without a cash deficit.
Therefore it is important for the Government to understand this situation and impress upon the international lending institutions to led to each Plantation Company, ar 1 arT10urnt between 200 and 300 Tillion, at a concessionary rate of interast of 2%, repayable Over 20 years, repayment Commencing 10 years after the signing of the contract.
The ADB funding on dollardenominatedrupee bonds, is acceptable to the Companiesin principle. However, in order to hedge against the fluctuation of the doIlar, a dollar i COTE that WOLuld acCLre from the Sale oftea litself, is not adequate, since the entire sales proceeds may have to be Converted to rupees, for Working Capital requirerTents, as long as the Companies operate at a cash deficit. Therefore, our request is that 5OITig Tethod Should be-deWised either for the Government to underWrite the exchange exposure Orto provide rupee fu nding at a concessionary rate.
2. Gratuity Liability and Funding of Outstanding/Future Gratuities
As agreed upon during our earlier discussions, it is imperative that the Government takes ower the grat Lility liability up to the amount at the time of signing the contract.
The Companies cannot, naturally,

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accept a situation where the Government will top up the component applicable to them only at the time of payment of gratuity, since the delay between the time of payment and point of topping up by the Government, will affect the liquidity of the Companies adversely, as large amounts are involved in gratuity payments.
Therefore, it is essential that an Insurance Policy be taken up by the Government in order to cover the gratuity liability as at the date of the contract, and the additional liability which may be created eʼWery year orn account of service under the employment of the Government, if there are salary increases, as the gratuity is based on the terminal salary. This could be carried out by the issue of GoveLLHHLLLLLLL LLaaLaLLLLL L LLLL LLLLLLLLkL0L LLLLLLaS rporation orto Insurance Companies.
Implications of 30 Year Lease on the Parent Company Accounts due to the Bedfor COTSolidation
The accounting standards will require the Parent Company to consolidate the accounts of the Management Company, on the basis of the new 30 year lease proposal. On the basis of available information, it is apparent that most Plantation Companies will operate at Considerable losses during the next few years. Consolidation of such losses will have a very considerable adverse effect on the financial status of the Parent Company.
We therefore request that the Government gives a directive to the Registrar of Companies and the Securities & Exchange Commission, to allow the Parent Corrpanies to exempt Consolidation of the Plantation Management Companies' accounts on the basis that it is a dissimilar operation when compared to the operations of the Parent Companies.
Direct & Indirect Taxes, Lewies etc
Since the turnower of Tea Plantation Сопрапies are large, any inпposition of a direct or indirect tax, translates
C)
1.
into a Substanti: ECElt CréäSE amounting to 0.1 Which Was paSSE Was as Uch a annurn for an aw
Прапу.
Marious taxes ar Provincial Count such as Munici Councils all addition to taxes by the Central ge
You пnay agree Industry should such unforesee therefore it Is im is GTOOd|Bilt til Platti C torius of 10 year Filment, Provinci OOdieS i Wil|| Tot i indirect taxes indLIstry. It is. Im Such taxese wies price of inputs industry.
Legal/New Agreement
Agreement Bas Land Sir Tilar t
The new lease a based on utilisa entire discretion Companies, with the government Management ( giver the freedo) changes recess
Sifti. O activities, amalg and estates, dis LInutilised or url rationalisationar i'r WOlwed in res operations taker a profitable unde
TTTaSfoT of TIT
It is imperative assets be show Sheet of the ME

all loss. For e.g. the in the turrower tax % for the tea brokers, 2d on to the industry, s Rs. 600,000/- per erage plantation Co
e being imposed by is and local bodies pal Councils, Town Millage Councils, in andlewies imposed Wellet.
ta 'tEd Partiti
be protected fron tEIXES adlEWIESärld JOrtant that a clause ne Contract, aSSuring огтпрапies of аппогаsand that the goveal COLJICil5 OT l0CaI Tipose any direct or TH W| affEC Fle portant to note that should not affect the
to the tea rubber
rDraft
ed. On Utilisation Of
a Lease
greement should be tion of land at the of the Management no interference by al authorities. The Companies should Til to Take WhateWeT iary, including dively new Crop or reW anation of factories posal of redundant, der Lutilised aSSets, 1d all oth GT actiwities itructuring unviable over by thern, into rtaking .
Iowable Assets
that a III irTrTowable r1 on the Balance naging Companies
and transfer of such assets should be at the sole discretion of the Managing Agent. Any deviation of the above, will поl permit the Management Company to obtain funding from Commercial Banks and Will seriously hinder the management of the plantations.
Implications with Regard to All Employees Being Taken Over and Future Employment
During 50T e of the di SCUSSjors we had regarding the new lease agreeTest, We Were made to understad that, whereas labour, supervisory and clerical Categories will continue to be employed by the RPC's, we would be granted all authority. With regard to their employment, during the 30 year and the extended leases.
However, We Were told that the Management Staff should be taken over by the Management Companies. Our understanding of Management Staff Covers both the Plantation Management staff such as Superintendents, Asst. Superintendents etcard the Management Staff at the Head Office, Whilst Management Staff at the Head Office have been employed by the Management Companies, and Will continue to be employed in a similar fashion, the Management Staff at the estatelevelareatpresentemployеes Լյf the RFC's.
If We are required to take over this Category of Management Staff and be Solely responsible for them, it will be recessary for these employees to resign from the RPC's and join the Management Companies on new terms and conditions. Such a change of employment Would entitle them to claim gratuity for past Services and all implications of such payments, should be considered before a final decision is made.
We also wish to advise you that the Management Companies are not in aposition to either absorb or maintain redundant staff in Regional Offices, Which were allocated to the RPC's.

Page 8
Towards a single
Bernard Soysa
The Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the Communist Party of Sri Lanka hawe agreed to Work together for the formation of a single socialist party in Sri Lanka. The unfolding of political events on the rational and the international seene in the past two decades have increasingly contributed towards making this event inevitable.
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the regime of Eastern Europe has given neW Opportunities for capitalist propagadists to pronource orbituaries on the Socialistidea, These people Whohail With glee the break-up of the Easterm European systems are apparently unable to recognise the grave and growing crisis of capitalism and What it spells for the future.
In the midst of this clarlour it is necessary to boldly reaffirm our adherence to the socialist goal.
The need to combat Secretarian differences and to forge the unity of left forces has increasingly gained recognition.
Many efforts are be in Asia, in Africa ar. achieve this end, to face the threats of it rism and to find po problems posed by denial of democrati of human rights, the Tent and the Conti exploitation of peop.
The Lanka Sama
Communist Party of of their own history fact that "our own p e international
should no longer d apart". The cumula frequentres Cort to as: Cal Weapon, terrori human rights, the rights and the attac the media Cal|| for Without delay. A so for the ethnic proble must be brought to :
Old Babes in the Wood
Regi Siriwardena
For the LSSP and CP to merge makes, of course, as good sense as for Hansel and Gretel to cling together when lost in the Wood. For both parties the dwindling of the left's popular base Takes competition between them suicidal, and the CP, in particular, has been reduced to desperate orphanhood by the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile the old theoretical feuds that divided the two parties for halfa Century hawe been consigned to the rubbish heap by history:Trotsky today is as irrelevant as Stalin, Whether in national or in international politics.
But is the merger going to make any appreciable irtpact on the Course of Sri Lankan politics? We recall the formation of the United Left Front in the early sixties —nota Terger, Of course, butan alliance, Which hoWewer also included Philip GunaWardena's MEP. But that alliance was launched with the hope of making a bid for state power. Its only result was to pave the way for the entry of the LSSP and CP into an SLFP-led coalition, while in due
E
Course Philip Gun riche irl a UNP Cabi
This title round, t is already committe partner in ar a Ilias: 1964 coalition politic the ground that left pr to push the SLFF in ction, especially With ntages enjoyed by brains". We all know LLUITEd Out. Butto di will be advanced or With the sanguine Charidrika-lgd SLFF Siwe that the Siri Crucial question is: N left today to contrib or policies, with Sor brains' gone and the older, and with an : herself an intellectual
But the question p. FCe Isn't fundament

socialist party
ing made in Europe, in Latin America to Tobilise left forces to 1perialism and militaitive Solutions to the ethnic conflict, the rights, the violation threat to the environued oppression and
Samaja Party and the Sri Lanka in the light are conscious of the ast experience within Socialist mowerient wide us and keep is tive problems of the assinationas a politism, the violation of derial of democratic k on the freedom of remedial Tha Sures |ution must be found ITIS and the civil War
Erld.
With the mis-management of the economy it has to be recognised that the rich are growing гіcher and the poor are growing poorer. There is a dangerous erosion of the living standards of the majority of the people. This proceeds alongside of the creeping dissolution of welfare measures. We are also Witnessing the mounting effort to impose a new colonialism on Sri Lanka.
The Working class has to join forces with those who are ready to strive for the preservation ofdarnocratic freedornfor all.
To strengthen this common effort and to ensure its victory the division between the Lanka Sama Sarmaja Party and the Communist Party of Sri Lanka must be ended as soon as possible by the formation of a single socialist party. The LSSP Was founded in December 1935. We hail the fifty-ninth anniversary of that historic event with the pledge for the unity of Socialist forces in Sri Lanka.
Wardena found his
et.
he merged LSSP-CP d to being a jounior a With the SLFP. is Was defended on essure Would be able a fore radical direthailtellectLuālädwathe left's 'golden how those dreams ubt, the same hopes this occasion, and expectations that a
will be more respoa-Edöre. Butte What in fact hlä5 te ute by Way of ideas me of those 'golden Survivor's Sorrle What SLFP leader who is in future Command?
Sed in the la St Senteally a matter of the
calibre of individuals. The left merger takes place at a time when Sri Lanka and the World hawe entered on a phase of politics in which the old formulas and the old rhetoric of the Sri Lankan left seem like faded banners. What is the Content of the LSSP-CP's 'socialism' today? is it still a reteration of the old attachments to nationalisation and Welfare populism, which have become increasingly unrelated to contemporary realities and popular demands? If riot, What are the new alteflatiwgSit Flas to offer?
Since the Crisis of socialist in the last decade, beginning in Eastern Europe but Soon engulfing all socialist countries, there has been active rethinking of concepts and policies by left parties the World over. The LSSP and CP leaderships have stood Out by their failure to produce any innovative thinking. Given these circuInstances, will the merger be anything Thore than a forlorn embrace of ageing babes lost in the Wood?

Page 9
WAR AND POLITICS (2)
The LTTE : The Mi
Jayanath Rajepakse
he other tWO issues, the link
between the Tails of the north and the east and the LTTE, and the military challenge of the latter, being two integral parts of a whole, can be considered together. It is Wall to recall how the LTTE came by this role. On the one hand, excesses by the Sri Lankan armed forces against Tamils in the Peninsula especially, during the period'83-'86 approximately, induced Tamil civilians to look to whoever amongst thern could afford them some protection. Cn the other, the deception perpetrated by the Government against the elected, moderate TULF leadership caused them to become marginalised in respect of Winning Tamils rights.
Here too, the Government did not lack for good advice from India, in the first week of August '83, the late Harry Jayewardene was given one, simple and clear, piece of advice to be conveyed to the President, by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and External Affairs Minister Narasimha Rao: they said: tell the President todo a deal quickly with the TULF, because otherwise he is going to have to deal with militants sooner than later. It is one of those sharp ironies in which the history of human conflict abounds, that literally even as the Indian leaders were giving this advice to the President's Special Envoy in Delhi, Parliament here was adopting the 6th AmeIdent.
Now, if the LTTE's challenge is to be Withstood Successfully, their military capability has to be blunted to the point where they themselves stand denied a military option. But, for such an endeavour to make any sense, let alone be realised, it has to go hand-in-hand with negotiation of a Settlement la Carl COTl|Tland Tamil support across the board. For, it is only to the extent if any that the Tamils in the Oth and east come to believe in the state's that Ileans Government and Opposition) sincerity of purpose about a fair settlement, that they could be persuaded to Towe out from under the LTTE's shadow. Arnd, unless and Luntill that happens, any talk of a Government military option is pie in the sky.
Even at the level of military action per se to blunt the LTTE's capability, two
Conditions need to has been no eviden hawe to be prowide in men and requisi Which Would enabl hold the military initia second, they need simultaneously in th the Govern Tent's S! and Securing the e at the theoreticalley given the LITTE's ail guous Tamil domair at the very least, th to be able to Wrest initiatiwa sisultaneo|| But even granted the reSQLIrCes, One Still para-military forces Cadres to administ, enable the forces to clearance. The prob cleared areas has length by Taraki' in 21 NOVember.
Military Situation
The layman hast to be had fromedia situation. Over thep features hawa gigm There is no need t sharply escalating dead, disabled and This is Tot baCä5 rather, because it le Illid of Each of Lis emphasis. Then, t Sequence of Succe LTTE on critically im carps-such as Ja indicate that the mili the LTTE: they seen When and in What's achieve surprise. T periodic reports of a and dissensiOnS W Tand: bath uSual rious loss of Tilitary
"Counterpoint' (the
Tonthly) Would haw issue a persuasive strategy and tactic ch-heralded Operati
All in all, the imp a layman is that the

litary Challenge
9 met, of Which there :e yet first, our forces di With the resources a types of Weaponry the to Wrest and tive long enough; and o hawe this a Wailable 9 Orth and East, For rategy of first clearing ast is doubly flawed: el, it is an On Sequitur to establish a contin north and east so, State's forces need and hold the military Jsly in north and east. it they are given these needs the back-up of O defend, and civilian er" cleared aregas, tO extend the frontier of lem of "pacification' of been dealt With at the Sunday Island of
prely on impressions reports of the military ast year or so, certain e to characterise it. o dwell here on the avel of casualties - Otherwise WOLInded. e it is uninportant: Joms so large in the that it requires no Iere have been the ssful attacks by the portant armed forces nakapura. This Would aryinitiative lies with able to strike where, rength they like, and ef hawe also been "ge scale desertions, lithin the high coy indicative of a seTorale. Readers of Rawaya's English seen in their latest account of flawed in the TECert ITu
Ya|| Digwi.
ession to be had by military situation per
se is adverse to the state's interests. This suggests one or both of two conclusions: first, that Our forces lack the necessary resources in numbers of men and appropriate weaponry needed to Wrestand hold the military initiative, and/or secondly, that the military high Cornmand, lacking the necessary resources for viable military strategy, are nonetheless seeking to meet unreal expectations and timetables set for thern by the political leadership. It is worth recalling that the IPKF, with hugely superior forces in numbers and equipment, and free of the responsibility of protecting Sinhalese "frontier' settlements, yet failed fully to blunt the LTTE militarily in the time they were allowed.
Just over two years ago, a Committee convened by the Government to examine the prevailing situation recommended a rapid and substantial induction of extra military resources as the minimum requireTient to enable a viable strategy to blunt the LTTE's military capability. They coincluded that without this, there Would be prolongation of fighting with increased loss of life, loss of military morale, and the fisk of flawed Tiilitary strategy to keep pace With unreal political targets. There Was no evidence then or later their recommendation was accepted, far less implemented: there is a Tiple evidence from published reports of the prevailing Tilitary situation, that their forecast Was Well-fou
lded.
Those in charge of these affairs then Continue to manage them the same politiCal party TermainS in office as Lushered in the ethnic conflict, now in its 11th year in its present intense form. Both the political and military approach towards resolution of the conflict remain visibly unchanged. This should, at the very least, provide a Solid basis for book-makers offering attractive odds on Conflict resolution.
Finally, there is surely something terribly wrong with the governance of a country ostensibly at War, for Well-meaning distinguished citizens to hawe to mobilise public subscription to provide frontline military forces With their bare necessities of food and shelter, never mind adequate types and quantities of Weaponry with Which to defend the Ilselves.

Page 10
THE J. R. YEARS (16)
Referendum Fall Out
The Pavidi Handa Case/The Wi
Arder
DE the referendum campaign a group of Buddhist monks and Christian priests calling itself Pavidi Handa (The Voice of the Clergy) printed a pamphlet urging the people to wote for the Pot against the Larimp. Deremitipola Ratrasara Thero was the chief organiser of the group. P. Udugampola, Superinteindent of Police, sealed the press where the partphlet was printed and confiscated 20,000 copies of it. Ratnasara ThiËfo petitioned the supreme court underarticle 126 of the constitution. The Supreme court held that the S.P. had acted unlawfully and LLLLLL LL LLLLL LLLL LL LLLLLLLLL LLLLLL freedom of speech and publication, and ordered him to pay the petitioner Rs. 10,000 in dar ma ġes plus Costs.The COLLI rt's order was made on 8 February. On 2 March the government publicy annouriced that Mr. Uduga Tipola WOLuld be promoted as Senior Superintendent and that the damages and costs ordered against him would be paid from state funds.
LLL LLLLLL LL LLLLL LLaaaLaaLLLLLLLS on 8 March, International Women's Day, Mrs. Wivienne Goonewardena, one-time L.S.S.P. Member of Parliament, led a group of persons carrying banners to deliver a letter of protest to the U.S. embassy in Kolupitiya. Having delivered the letter without incident they were returning hor The Wher SorTĖ policerimer Confis Catad their banners. A press cameraman took apicture of this incident and was promptly arrested and taken away to the police Statior. MT'S. GOOTE Wärde Welt to the policeststion to inquire and, according to her, was manhandled and kicked by the police and placed under arrest. She, too, petitioned the Supreme court under Article 126. The Court held that her arrest Was unlawful, ordered the state to pay her Rs. 2,500 in damages and instructed the Inspector-General of Police to make inquiries into the matter and take necessary action in accordance with law. This judgment Was delivered on B. June. On 9 June the sub-inspector Who arrested Mrs. Goопеwardena was givena proпotion on
B
the orders of the pre
Next, on 11 June Very much in the s events on referendL
Unruly Tobs car WEd WehicleSand of two of the judges case, and also a hou till recently occupie threatiS; ad CoboSCEarli tried Without Succe police. The lines Wer
ently ELISy.
The C.R.M. Cale instanca of Contemp) of our country" a atioгпеy-generaltot the Supreme Court. June 1983)
A few days later & nate Was Kalu Luc ces of the Daily New he who had organis and claimed it was express one's view: duly published in the the attorney-genera апу поlice.
Mr. Paul Sieghart CLutiwa CCT liitte Section of the I.C. dent Jayewardene reported:
"TF ProSigf had perSonally 0. of the two police yment out of publ ges and costs.T. necessary to TE He strongly critici: for mot affording M sub-inspector the Oral EWider Ce anc as an instance of above the la W.H Ils IIälich lät |

Vienne GOOneWardene Affair
Sident.
occurred something tyle and Spirit of the Im day.
ne in gowérriment-O- irWeSted tfE OLISES Wodheard this ise the third judge had . The TOES shouted ties at the judges who SS to telephone the estraпgelyal|регma
lit"the mostgrievus t of court in the history nd called upon the ake up the Tatter With
(C.R.M. Leaflet of 2
person who said his sky arrived at the offiSand said that it Was edt delOStration a democratic right to s. This statement Was a Daily News. Neither nor the police took
chairman of the exeif Justice (the British J.) interviewed PresiOn these Tatters. He
aely conceded that he ridered the promotion officers, and the paIC funds of the da Tlädhische Said, had been intain police morale. sed the Supreme Court Mrs. GOOWarrier's opportunity of giving clearly regarded this the Court putting itself El SO WCILITEEred thE le had left Sri Lanka
for a foreign visit some days before the der nonstration outside the judges houses, but pointed out that the right to peaceful protest was always available to the people of Sri Lanka. He has now conceded that the promotion and costs out of public funds were his decisions -at a time when he found the supreme Court a hindrance to some of his policies. The conclusionisinescapable that he was deliberately seeking to teach the judges a lesson, in order to Take them Tore pliable to the executive's Wishes. If that is so, these were grossly improper acts, but for the immunity from all suit which the President enjoys under Anticle 35(1) of the constitution, they might Well have been criminal offences under Article 116 (2)".
TFEpresldent's wie WS On What ConstitLted peaceful protest seemed to accord With Kalu Lucky's; the president's own style of registering protest was shown in the way he responded to a report that the incumbent monk of the Buddhist temple at Getāmbe had dESCribed hÎTT1 as a "traltor". Government "temporarily acquired" the terriple land and barbed-wired it. (WaInapala and Hewagama: Recent Politics).
The Blundering Bureaucrat
The Bar Council de landed the appoiit tent of an is partial commission to inquire into the der monstrations. President Jayewardene who was ready enough to appoint a parliamentary select committee to inquire in K.C.E. de Alwis's accusations against the Supreme Court judges who had found against him, ignored this demand. The Chief Justice issuEd a statement in respect of the demonstrations:
"They will in no way stop the judges of the Supreme Court from independently discharging their duties. (The judges) fee that Certai actios taken i fecerit LLaLLLLL L LLLLLLKLL aLLLLL LLLL HaLLLLLLLaLK a LK events of last Saturday (11 June); we need hardly add that such events Will in no Way deter us from being indepe

Page 11
indent in discharging our duties". (Daily News)
The Country had no difficulty in figuring out whose "actions" the C.J. was referring to. BLIt the government had not dOne With the judges,
Next occured an event of Which Chief Justice Newille Sananakoon said: "The annals of the Supreme Court do not record sucha шnique eventaпd|venturetohope there newer will be such an event in the years to Come".
On 8 August 1983 the sixth amendment to the constitutior beCa Tie law. This ill-COInsidered and, as it turned out, disastrous amendment, interala, required Supreme court judges (among many others) to take an oath not to support, espouse, promote, finance, encourage oradvocate the establishment of a separate state in Sri Lanka.
The C.J. said:
"On 21 July 1983 the President of the Republic forwarded to the Chief Justice eight copies of a bill entitled "Sixth ATendment to the Constitution" which the cabinet of ministers considered urgent in the national interest in terms of Article 122 (1) of the constitution. The S.C. Considered this bill on 3 August and tendered its advice to the Speaker. This bill was passed by Parliament with Some amendments and was certified by the Speaker on 8 August. Each of the judges of the supreme Court took the Oath set out in the seventh schedule to the bill before another judge of the Supreme Court. The oaths of the judges of the Court of Appeal, similarly, were taken before another judge of the same Court.
The oaths of the judges of the Court of Appeal Were taken on dates prior to 4 September and the oaths of the judges of the S.C. Were taken before 31 August. They were Well Within the time limit of one month stipulated in the Act. On 22 July the petitioners in AppliCatio No. 47 of 1983 instituted an application against the respondents, Complaining of an infringement of the constitution. The application was taken up for hearing by a bench of five judges On 8 September, The argument was not concluded on that day and was resumed the next day. Counsel for the peti
biomerS Wa,5 milak When one of my
Wasгеadlпgа со it to my notice that section 157A, CO that the judgesoft the court of app. Oaths before the not been done by
The judges of b. this Tlätter ad W rfgrala, that in th of one month expir same day and it prepared to take ti
There was or et || W5 fOTT justice that he had dent and had bee det had 33 Edwi general that the E had expired on the Oath Could bead til 12th, WS if of the Supreme C appealhadbeen lo armed guards plac to prevent access
The Minister of cating it, assured r instructions to the action, Was Tade that the guards h; The Deputy Solicit Court that it was the Certh Lusiastic bure: Sed on behalf of t cial bar. On the las the Deputy Solicit. the apology and S. ssion of regret".
(No explanation Y Deputy S-G for this action. It Was left to be the blundering burea On hir Til to do this),
The C.J. also said:
"On 15 Septembe Court of Appealanc ľECEiwed TESG |Ett Commencing 15 S mind the provision Daith to be taken
perSonis directory:
| Mar 19B It

ng his submissions brother judges, who y of the act, brought the provisions of the aineda reguirement esupreme Court and a should take their resident, which had any of the judges.
th. Courts Considered Cote to the President, ir opinioпthe period adat midnight on the at they Were thus Ieir oaths.
ply from the presad by the minister of contacted the presi1 told that the presised by the attorneyĒrid of Orē rī 7th, in the result no inistered on Monday led that the courts | Lurt and the Court of cked and barred and ced on the premises to them.
Justice, while depreThe he had not given police to take such : aware on Tuesday ad been Withdraw. or-General informed :act of "a blundering. Lucrat'. He apologi9 Official ad uoffiit day of the hearing r-General Withdrew ubstituted an expre
was offered by the
strange course of 2 Wondered Whether ucrat had prevailed
ir all judges of the the Supreme Court ers of appointment September. To my which requires the before a particular ind notmandatory".
was proposed to
amend the Parliament (Powers and Priwileges) Act to permit the publication in the press of parliamentary debates notWithstanding that such publication would be contempt of court. Ostensibly this was in furtherance of the freedom of the press, the government even suggested that the proposed legislation Would bring Sri Lanka's law into conforrnity with the law of other Commonwealth countries, including the U.K. It was a transparent device to enable judges to be attacked undercover of privilege, with the publication of such attacks made legal.
On 17 March the C.R.M. lodged a strong protest with the president against the proposed amendment. The protest was ignored.
On 20 June 1984 the Parlament (Powers and Privileges) (Amendment) Act No. 25 of 1984 became law. The publication by any person of any report of any proceedings in parliament, whose publication had been authorised by parliament, was made legal even if it contained material which was in contempt of any court of law,
Referendum Fall Out I
Wijeweera's Case
Rohana Wijeweera, leader of the Janata' Wimukti Peram Luna (J.W.P.) filed plaint in the District Court against Chandranada de Silwa, Corrissioner of ElectionS, seekinga court declaration that the referendum had mot been Conducted by the Commissiones in accordance With the law and asked foramandatory court order that the returning officers be directed not to destroy "the packets and documents" COInected With the referendur,
Plaintiff alleged, interalia.
a. open and flagrant violation of the Referendum Act by Ministers, M.P.'s, officers of state and others;
b. illegal acts committed within polling stations in the presence of Presiding Officers which those officers placed on record in their reports to the Commissioner
C. abuse of police powers in Violation
of fundamental rights;
d. the display of the lamp symbol in
derogation of the law;

Page 12
e. the Confiscation of polling cards of those suspected of being against the proposed amendment of the COStitutio:
f intimidation of voters by threats, wio
lence and deadly Weapons;
g. intimidation of Opposition polling observers and the forcible prevention of Opposition polling obse
wers from functioning
h, Impersonation on a mass Scale, in a highly OrganisedmannereIC. etc.
Due to the failure of the plaintiff to answer interrogatories served on him the District Judge dismissed the action.
An appeal to the Court of Appeal did not produce a different result.
The Report of the Commissioner of Election 5
Next came the official report of the LaHLHLLLLHHLLL aa LLLLLaLLLL LL LL LLLLLLLLS du. It Was the T105t defiant, Tost Courageous, most principled official act by a public servant after constitutional ameLaaLaLLL LaLLLL LLLaLLLL K aHaaLLaLLLL protection from public officials and pola Ced the T at the Tercy of transient holders of political office,
The report confirmed many of the irregularities.complained of in Wijeweera's plaint and mentioned a few more.
Writing in the restrained language of the public official, he told of opposition polling observers being intimidated into keeping away from polling stations, observers who did turn up being forced to leave the polling stations and voters displaying their ballol papers so that others present could see how they had voted. The commissioner called this "surprising and shocking"; he expressed "serious doubts" as to whether the voters "had exercised the degree of freedom of voting stipulated by the law". Throughout the poll there had been disturbance of the peасе; in certaiп cases violence had been resorted to resulting in the close of the poll being held up. The COTim|SSiOeralSOf Theriticorned"the liberal display of referendumsymbols in violation aa aaLLL LLaSLLLa LLLLLaaa LLLLL a La view that woters were "subjugated to soTeone's command" to display their Tarked ballot papers by threats that, otherwise, "adverse repercussions were likely
O
to be Visited on the previously at nine ge Sgweral district and
principle of the secre always been observe
He pointed out tha cted symbols was b: the deliberations of a Committee because, sons, it was found tha led to Wiolence d'Urir! bsequent to the bann had five parliamentar two local Bodies ele pment councils elect mentary by-elections

Th". He added that era ElectionS ald IOCa electis the cy of the ballot had 壹出上
t the display of ellei 19EGO. Efter barliamentary select
among other reaat such display often g election time. Suing, the country had y general elections, ctions one develoion and sixty parlia|| ali of those Bla
ctions this provision was complied with. He said: "What is clear is that there was a consensus of opinion to observe this ban'. In the 1982 referendum, for the first time, the ban was openly and widely violated by the government party; the police did nothing about it though the commissioner requested the I.G.P. to have the displays remowed, Some displays were in front of police stations, he pointed out.
The government had a simple retort to the Commissioner - it ensured that the report was not printed, (Interested parties, however were successful in making a few photocopies).
de Twins and the Multi-SaurS
(The Clowns". Cantos - No. 3)
feedle Gior IrldT, LU ea2d2 Siirl org as they really retric tried in curring, ere being put to roar that Согтлnom Europeап Home, d no feel of media praise ille clo Lurling irii old trodder 1 Lucas,
as they canle ir from the Cold Alal CIsa. EITIS IIIrl JOT 7 ard bells LLere Tade to Jeel
dr II ker jigle Lisa peal perfect Wisdor. It is LLJs slached
LLLLLL L LLtOLLLLLLL LLLLLLLTL TLLL LLLLTL UCLUes of TheLUScasts, Leek ELF-LUeek h CoUer Stories, torg Leir cheek.
Court Jesters neuer fell * LES ET LI TALJElles el SL LLLLLLG LLLLLaLLLL LLLL LLLLLLaOLOLLL LLLLLL the AFI erit Squir Lere taken in
der the ConTLIT ZOI 1 ELL'opea. Il spell 2 Fools, LD JOLLUT SOLL O 5G2l thLeLy bartered Old Byza IlfīLIT TI's Gold
the coLitterfeited IILOuld. the Cor Ir P TOT ELLropearl Home d' O LITLICH-O Lf5 ft) gift o'r llor
2 El Irisiar Earth forged Lifth steelgrit Is broker (Griesbereafh their seet tile. In Lest-SILIrs Lith slump-crazed cries retearing dol. In their factories.
TT LLLaLkLGGLLLL LLLL LLLLLLLLYLLLLaaOLOLL LaLL 2d the Troops to Lote them in
U. HELTLLILatiTake

Page 13
Know your Eas
C. Mahendralı
W are now entering another phase in our lessor of East Asian events namely, the emergence of this region since World War II as a dynamic force in World events. I say dynamic force because the end of World War I saw Chinair ruins, aH LLLLLL LLaLLLLLLLaL S HaaLLLLL LLLLL L ruins, and the entire Japanese country and its economy in ruins. History at times seems to Work by the Ying Yan concept that any action pushed to a extreme will result in an opposite reaction.
World War II in East Asia was begun by Then who wished to preserve Japan's position in Manchuria and gain a new ептіріге, пеп dedicated to the conservatiWEB raticornal polity ard Copposed to Commumism in China. The result of the War Was a total loss of Japan's colonial empire, the destruction of the old polity and the rise of the communist party in China as a dynamic force.
We all are aware that the defeat of Japan in 1945 paved the way for American occupation of that country, Japan's history was significantly changed by American occupation because even though it lasted Only Seven years it was a decisive factor for Japan's subsequent development. The occupation succeeded because it built on Some earlier trends yet in crucial respects it broke with the pre-War systern in Ways which were revolutionary, it made Changes that WOLuld hawe CCCLurred had not Japan been briefly subject to a foreign OWer. A significantreforn Linder occupation Wastle enlactrment of the 1947 Constiuti. Uldgrti51gWCOStitutiOWeil that Japanese political life was transforrned into a parliamentary state. The pre-War multiple elites such as the privy Couİncil, the services, the special officials close to the emperor, Were either abolished or strictly subordinated to the Cabinet. The Cabinet became a COTirittee, both houses of the dias became fully elective, the judiciary became indepenident, goWern Ors of prefectures Were Belacted, human rights was guaranteed. The position of the Emperor was changed. Formally sacred and as well assovereign; he was stripped of all powers related to government to become the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people deriving his position from the will of the people with
The Writer served as Sri Lanka ambassador in Tokyo, Beijing and Seoul,
Whom residés SÜWE dChie WGITigit Of OC; for II. All land OWI dlordsid || ||Tld ten acres per family government and Sol extremely easy cres derr Ser of the E. the reforTitler'S WESI WWE Of T5 di holding Companies, zaibatSLu farTnilieSarni fortunes with a Capit: giant combines into Combines, compani reform had very sig the emergence of
industrial power aftë argued that these re that the post occupa rnment ignored the may be so. But, goi
ECOES EEt Inew erTnerging elites re-assessment of th Which had led to
Tilitary. In future Wr COTITTETCiall Clä SSE35 politicians to bring a entity wherein the e has transformeci Jag
Finally, a vital ri id:ti. Befort compulsory only for Exter to risë y CBE Well Cl for 12. Fur of education Was E Amèrican patternwa education. As a res. Otacott tot |lence in SchOČols, Lur" Cal Educational insti
At LTE ET Of the lost, its populations its foreign relations: stries Smashed, di Sm lack of raw lateria appeared bleak. The installed by the Ame TratterS irl hard alli there. On Was a de American help to reb had been devastate billion dollars had United States as aid led and by 1953 We rmation taking place

t Asia (2)
reign power. Another upation was and reed by abSente e laheld by others above Was bought by the dito för flertiglatS 0 dit term S. I the ITconomythetarget of TE zaibat.5L. Thû first SSOlved 83 Zaibatsu
froze the assets of d then Wiped out their a lawy. This broke the their components or ES ad EOKS. THIS nificant influence on Japan as a leading rtle War. Critics Flave forms lear little and tion Japanese goveanti-trust law. This ing on what the past a reforms helped the in Japan to undertake le e Comornic syster T the elevation of the at We See is that the Were to ally with the bout a stable political CDTi Tircle Flat lan could take place.
2form took place in It War education Was "six years. This was SädStStudets therr Tore, the quality 2Tiphasized and the sadopted forgeneral L'It What We firld TS Ed he producing of exceiWEersitis ad teChIIILLES.
War with its empire SW Coller to 72 milliom, Se Wêreld EditSinduantled or stopped for l, Japan's prospects COTrittee that Was rican OCCupation took di What We See frOT tried effort With Juild an economy that so that by 1952, two been given by the inflation Was Controfind a rapid transfoin the Japanese eco
nomy. By 1970 even a casual visitor to Japan was assaulted with evidences of Wellbeing. Television antenras sprouting from tiled roofs, new buildings with air conditioning and automatic doors. The old roads had been replaced With new ones and the railway was humming in the countryside bringing in transportation to the door step of every Japanese. The life expectancy in Japan had risen to 68.7 years for men and 73.7 for Women. Per capita incorne had risen from S. 146 in 1951 tj. 5, 395. || П 1950. апој гоlse to over $ 2000 by 1972. This put Japan ahead of Italy, Austria and England in per capita i COTE
There is no single explanation for Japan's phenomenal growth in the early p0:st-War decade. Rather it was a restu|| of a great variety of factors working togaher, Japanese Workers Were hardworking, literate and technically advanced. A German industrialist visiting Japan in the late 1960s commented that Japanese Workers Worked the Way GerTian Workers used to Work, The Japanese had a high rate of savings. A 1970 advertisement for a Japanese bank on a Tokyo billboard showed as Tiling family: a mother, a father " and a single child and the caption read "Happiness is a bank account with a million yen" (at that time about 3300 US Dollars).
At the end of World War II there was a gap between the technology of the most advanced nations and that of Japan. Importing new equipment Japan took advantage of technological progress. Another factor in Japan's economic advarice was the relatively light burden of non-productive military spending becauSe of the occupation and the prowiso that Japan should not build a military that Would challenge the countries as she did before World War II. Even agricultural productivity increased and as We saw Japan became a country that emphasized total independence in this sector. Another Critical Condition for growth was the resuTiption of multi-lateral World trade, United States being anally of Japan and with the Cold War in place the Japanese government and business leaders took full Advanlage of this alliance to transforrn their economy gearing itself to export to the United States, perhaps the Worlds largest economy at that time. Today 40%

Page 14
of the Gross National Product of the World LL LLLLLLLLLLL LL LLLLLaLLL LaaL Japan.
A final factor of great importance for economic growth was the particular Japane:Se Combination offree enterprise and government guidance that business from OLHET COLULITIES SOITTĒtir TĖS TEgferTed to S Japan incorporated. A number of points may be noted.
1.
12
Banking credit backed ultimately by the govепппепt made heavy capital investment possible on the assuTmption that increases in productivity WOuld provide Surplusesto cancel Out debts later on. The system worked WПеге гошghly 2/3 of the capitalгеquirements of the average American company Were met by stock and 1/3 by debt, in Japan the percentages were rewerSBd.
The government was more deeply involved in planning than the government of any other non-socialist Staleandguidedthe есопопyprobably. With greater skill than any socialist state. The Finance Ministry and the Ministry of International Trade 8 InduStry Co-ordinated their efforts through the Economic Planning Agency in charting Japan's future growth.
The government successfully carried out a policy of protection. Foreign Competition was permitted mainly in агеas whereforeigпсопрапies could not Compete or where Japanese production was not planned. Infant industries, particularly new technologies Were protected by successive walls of tariff, quotas, currency controls, foreign investment controls and bureaucratic red tape. Foreign invest Tent was not Welcome except when it brought in new technology and then Only as a minority interest through such protective policies as well as by direct allocation of research funds to Tokyo University for example strenuous efforts were made to develop industries of the future such as CoTIDLuterS.
Japanese businessmen ofter chafed at bureaucratic regulations and government interference and argued that it was their own efficiency and hard Work that Was responsible for their success. This was not untrue, Inspire of the large government role in the economy Japan was not a socialist COLIntry. Mosteconomic decision Ta
king occurred Wi unit. Each compa Consequences ol Each company re tom financially'ye ress. The toward. took for granted Supportive busine did not exist in Tic
Today we see Japa the Second highest pe the World. She Coltri Eo of all aid allocations World. Her trade With is phenomeral and as She has tO EJE TECkOTE
Korea was occupi 1912 or Wards and the became a Japanese C Eld of the SCOW) the COrtırTurists push the Americaris push E ended up in the bifurca lari, This bifurcation r rthern portion becomi nted Country while the nced largely by Amer inciples. The South Co ped rapidly so that to republic of Korea hE economic growth inp ctor While the North есопоmy belyіпg the of the country is perha ral area of the two hat
The North Was und: torship and the South a long line of militar de Cid 19 BE EWE elected form of gove presidency is elective is also an elected a brought about a comp. of the South Korean and economically We that the Republic of K
Today isa liberalise Not S i Sti|| || tE government ruled by Soon and the type of a Lutfloritaria With llar possible either in the the economic sphere.
The South Korea has Showm Consider: despite the recent prol nomy South Korea tot capita income of a 6000-7000 and is inc growth rate rapidly Wh

ithin the Company ny had to suffer the Wrong decisions. SEd Gr its OWrl HCIthe attitude of busiS the government a favourable and SS Clint late such as st other countries.
п Eпoying perhaps аг capita iпcome in utes practically half to the developing EST OF THE WOT| an economic giant ld Wit.
ed by Japan from KorEan Ferlingular glony right uբto the rld War, There:after ed from the North, d froll the Sout tion of the peninsuBSL ulted ir tieġ Ong a Socialist oriea south Was influeican economic priSequently develoJiday you hawe the wing considerable factical y every seas a Very stagrant fact that the North Es the richest mineWes of this country.
r COTTILIS (ICäthough having had y rulers ultimately rt to the denocratic frient. Where the and the parliament ssembly. This has illet fälsfOTTEtio
Society, Politically
can therefore say OBE.
di State Whereas the grip of a Socialist Presiderht KirT Yu1 government is very diyany mandeuvre
Čolitical area Crir
economy however ble resiliency and J|EffS in World BCDlay economy a per pproximately USS reasing her annual sch Hased to SJfT1B
economic problems but the government has beenable tomanage this problemand keep a steady increase in the Korean share of World trade to the point that today. the South Korean economy has to be considered as one that is geared to consistent growth over the next decade, Today the rapidly advancing economy in every field of activity to the point where she has begun offering loans to developing countries With a vieWto attracting business.
In 1948. When the British left Sri Lanka foreign policy as a function of Government Was in the hands of the Prie Minister of the country. The Prime Minister controlled the Ministry of Defence and External Affairs. Mr DS Senanayake being the first Prime Minister naturally had control of foreign policy of Sri Lanka. Early in his stewardship of the country's affairs Mr Seria rhayake decided that it was besto have a continuity in the relationships that existed as they were under the British. In other Words We as a nation were guided by Our national interest, and in this effort the Commonwealth and Foreign Office in London assisted us in setting up the nucleus of a foreign office in Colombo which was part of the Ministry of Defence and External Affairs. The British assisted the new Dominion in many Ways to smoothen the transition. Thus we see early as 1950 When the British GowerTent decided to recognize the People's Republic of China on the 5 January 1950; on the same day the Government of Sri Lanka too sent a telegram to the Government of the People's Republic of China that the GoweTent of Sri Lanka had decided to recogrize the People's Republic of China. This event took place at a time when the Colombo Plan meeting was being held in Our Capital, and Mr. J R Jayawardena who Was then the Finance Minister issued the declaration on behalf of the Government.
During this period our attitude towards East Asia Was, one of exploring, and analysing as to what We could achieve front our contact With these Countries. Naturally having just emerged from our Colonial past, We were not in a position to in any way decide on a line of action which can be considered a policy. HoweWer, WEry SOOrl EwErlls urfurled Wflich forced Our hands to declare a certainline in DLur relations in East Asia. When the Korean War broke out in 1950 and the United States had decided that she would fight that War to the bitter end, even if it meant invading the People's Republic of Chird.

Page 15
China had firmly supported North Korea and was in great need of a stragetic commodity at that tire. As I have indicaled in my earlier lecture rubber was a commodity that was produced in Our Country in great abundance at that time and latural rubber suffered in the World market consequent to the United States Govertment deciding to dump synthetic rubber on the market. Her War tire Stockpiles Were being released at the expense of Our natural rubber, leading to price decline of Our rubber, and Our estates and estate owners as well as the agency houses suffered considerably because we could not meet the cost of production due to low prices.
The Chinësë Government at this time sent a feeler to us through, Sir The of Our LLaLY LLLLLL LLLLaLL aLS LLLLLLaL LLLLLLLL0L interested in selling na LL räl rutuberto China. We promptly responded and Mr. R.G. Semanayake the than Minister of Commërice was sent to China heading a delegation and concluded the famous rubberrice pact on the 17 December 1952. This was the first Tajor initiative by Sri Lanka in regard to initiating a policy in East Asia, and this rubber/rice pact was to remain the cornerstone of our policy towards China which is held by the Chinese as a Todel agreerTerht between slations that EEEfited bot CoultriES. T.E.Cirl BSE Government agreed to sell Sri Lanka rice L LaLL aL LLLL LLLLLLLLDLLLaaaLLL LLLLLLLaa GLLLLL which WE WETE to which was from Burma, Was bought by the Chinese and shipped from Burma to Colombo. This was a very mutually advantageous agreement, and the Chinese even today quote this agreement as a symbol of the type of friendship that could develop between two countries, and in this case between Sri Lanka and the People's Republic of China, as a principled standby the Government of Sri Lanka.
They have always Taintained that they would never forget the help. Sri Lanka gawe China at a tirn B. When the United States were even threatening Countries like Ours With dire consequences if we sold stragetic goods to the enemy. In spite of all these Warnings, the Government of Sri Lanka Knew What hier interests Were namely the right to sel rubber to China. Sri Lanka of course suffered the conseque1CBS and the United States in her reaction to Our sales brought into force the Battle Act that precludedanyasSİstance to Our Government in view of our help to the People's Republic of China,
Notwithstanding our Gowerm ment stood firm and We Were windicated in our
actions beCaLJSE COL stems from this sing into one of the endu hawe ewer taken pl: COuntrie5. EWE tOld rnment assists us
assistance, and is that despite the thr powerful country. We Was able to withstar a stragetic Cor TTTTC) Republic of China i Flave told US that th: this act of friends advantag90LIS to bc
The next big eve rich dividends Was sco Peace Trealy 1951. The Govern Warded the St. Francisco to repor event. At this COT Mister Mr J R Jat became the Presi äSSESSEd thE Situa difficult one for the di Japan. We being a Japan professing B ng least in the Sar J R Jaya Wardena s Union at that title W Lup Japan into thre LFlat the United Sta frr: Wä5 1 Ws IT the Japanese Gowe nce in its plans to attempt would not s the CTL Cia TOThe dings. When it was N turn to speak Mr Ja famous speech Whi the halls, in Which E powers that divisio solvetheproblem, іі am irľgdentiSt. ClairT would rise again an their Country.
On the Other Har great powers to të Buddha to heart, fa TlOLIS, Iir:5 frOfTt namely "ha tred doe butby love alone", t LBC. Il ||E: la || al) delegate thanked til for his speech, and t practically everyon that Japan should b territory being tak country. Mr Jayaw; it is not the people blaľTe, but a feW le, that country into W. but right for other C

Ir Chiria policy which |lle act has developed ring relationships that 3. Ce belWEEIl the LWC) ay the Chinese Govein the spirit of this notivated by the fact at of retaliation by a a small Weak country ld pressures and Sell dity to the People's n 1952. The Chile:SE y Would never forget lip) which was to be itF COL ustri S.
int which was to pay Wher the San FfriciWas to be signed in lent Sent Mr. JPR JayaMinister of Finance to "East Sri Larkiai || || E. FerEICE Or Filar CB ya Wardarai WhICO later ient of this country, tion as being a very efeated power namely Buddhist country and uddhism, were to say na boat culturally. Mr Being that the Sowet was determined to cut 2 parts of more; and tes as the Occupying inds, decided to give rnmentevery assista
See that the SCO WİEL ce the light of day. At t during the proceeMr J R Jayawardena's ya Wardemla made the ich Was to rFSOLIrid in 2 appealed to the great l of Japan WOuld not at all it will bring about II, and the Japan ESE d fight again to reunify
Id he appealed to the ke the Words of the
and quoted these le BuddhistScriptures S mot Cease by ha tred See WordSree Werderd the United States the Sri Lanka delegate häSchwität Urloff-Lind e Was of the opinion Eleft alone. Without any em a Way from that ardena appealed that of Japan Who Were to aders who had misled ar, and it was nothing Ountries to take Stock
of this situation in dealing with a defeated foe maganaimously in order that, that Country would be able to rejoin the comity of nations as a full partner to play a useful role. In this policy Mr Jayawardena was able to lay down a very fruitful line of action, because here again. We find that policy laid down by Mr Jayawardena and the Government of Sri Lanka at that tirTIE has led today to Japan being the greatest benefactor to Sri Lanka in regard to aid 3nda SSİStarCB.
Today the Government of Japan contributes roughly half of all overseas developlent assistance to Sri Lanka. These actions by Our leaders at that tirThe Were wery Useful and contributed in mo Small measure to bringing about a very healthy relationship With East Asiam countries. In regard to Korea we find no firm policy had been drawn up, in 1956. Mr. S W R D Bandaranayake became the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka and one of his first acts was to open an erribassy in Bejing, and Chima reciprocated by opening the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in LaLaLLaLS LL LLL LLL LLLL LLLLLL aLaLCLLS riment of Mr. S W R D Bandaranayake took upon itself to formulate and follow With other"COL"ltri ES I ASil Africate non-aligned status of our country. FolloWingasit did the far Tous Bandung Conference in 1955 We find this new thinking was received very Well by the People's Republic of China and North Korea which Wäs also a SCICialist CCuntry. Crl The Cither LLLLLL LL LLLLLLLL a LLLLLL KLLHu was assisting South Korea was unhappy that SOTle of the ASiarl CÖLJitrif5 WETE joining a movement that was to build up a third force. The cold War, and the attitude of the United States O'Wards Non Algnmentas a force, inevitably led to Socialist Countries, considering Non Aligned countries as their "natural ally".
In regard to Japan However tour relatioship continued as it was because Japan felt that a country that not only spoke on her behalf at the San Franscio Confererice, but also had given up her right for any compensation or any was reparations consequent to the bombing of the Colombio area by Japā riese bombers, was mot only a friend but a friend that had to be assisted. Thus olur policy towards East Asian Countries Was such that, our natioHal interests Were Serwedd. Our leaders both in the UNP and the SLFP in bringing ab OLUtaClOSeramility between peoples and Gowemments of East Asiä ni Countries and our, Government and people helped in forging a relationship that was and is mutually beneficial.
13

Page 16
Ace Radio Cab
" Computerised meters " Can be summoned to wo " No call up charqe With in City II mit 5 " Wehicle ac * Receipts issued on request " Compan y credit awal
Call 50 1502 50 1503 օր
Another Aitken Spence
 

Cess from selected stands
ur do OTG teD

Page 17
MEDIA
Role of Press CC
Ja Ved Jabbar
he universality of communication
ethics, their World-Wide relevancă and applicability across continents, acrosscuItural and national frontiers acquirea particular intensity in South Asia for at least the following two reasons:
a) The extraordinary diversity and hete
rogeneity of the South Asian region in virtually every respect of creed, class, casts, dialect, language, culture, race are nevertheless contained within a large yet
unifying homogeneity; the identity of a SOLuth Asia civilizational persona Which Seeks to preserve a heritage of shared values and ethics in the face of advancing LITEJElizationalidu Strializatit Flaterda and Weaken this identity with new Valē5ādētics,
b) CorTriunication through the mass media and specially the electronic media ls grøWing at a pat:E. faster tham Cither aspects of Social and economic development, e.g., faster than print literacy, thus opening up the possibility that a critical "knowledge by-pass" is taking place. Unlike the industrialized Countries in Which Electronic media developedafter the pEDple had achieved print literacy, in South Asia, electronic media are promoting a new evolving culture of contemporaneity that prioritizes consulterism, acquisitiveneSS, cost petitive less, imitative less and Tlaterial progressas adjuncts of electronic literacy even before people have had the opportunity to irribibe their historic values, ethics and knowledge through the print Tedi.
Therefore, COTTunication ethics from a South Asian viewpoint have an excePotional Sociological significance: they relae to a set of principles and perceptions Concerning an extremely varied and Wolatile region at a time of great ferment when change is affecting the nerve-roots of the people.
In a comparativ Asian region in Col is markedly defici pment and media C for one or two regio by the Criteria of ac newspapers, the vi: ple rank amongst COUTtries of Ver
trig5.
Only in cinema {ם סוחregion in Sg Convenient access ITITUniCation.
In a regionardina turbulence, are ethic Vocally defined and : Or are ethical stard: ting, shifting and imp
On Certain issues, to clear and Consist the rule of law, On t in p Lublic office, On thi de Tocracy, there ar Lundisputed Waluas. H un precederted techir rapid Social and dern tion, Some i SSL es räi neering are already i Cal questions,
TraditiCla notions Ēī Ēā 5ārdi nged by an artialgar Which pragr Tiatis T1 h Cower ideālism, ir WM SECOnd place to Te. the public persona Ol Superseded the right
There is a flota
Er i'r Willi: tg | Call ständards With ra of individual privacy aCCLIFacy and the Til: and TW generally ob:

DUn CiS
"E: C{]T1lE}Xil, thE SøUlh ntrast to other regions ent in media develo:OTTunication, except ls of Africa. Measured CESS tradio. TWard st majority of the DeaEFTER EJOT AC0 C0 50 150 developing cou
do the people of the arts enjoy somewhat L Fl TSCL Jf CL
Era of 55 WCTE SOCial alstandards unequi2xplicitly recognized? ards too also undulafel:ÍSE”
ethical stardards Carl ant. For example, on he need for integrity e need to strengthen g abiding, universal, OWeyer, in an era Of hological change and ographic transformaSed by genetic engiintroducing new eth
of fairly fixed, permadS E PE being Challeof mixed values in as aSSUmed primacy which privacy takes dia scrutiny, im which fa h LunTnam being has S of their dividual.
le difference in the Press C,b'SErựES Ethigard to the principle and the principle of IIs Er ill WHL sådio SEWE the SäT.
Whereas the Press perhaps by its very nature is frequently accused of violating both privacy and accuracy, the electronic media are not similarly accused. Partly because their nature is less prone to such violation and partly because radio and TW in South Asia are either often owned by the State or controlled by Government. This is surely one of the distinctly beneficial aspects of official Control of the ellectronic media - as in France and Italy of Pakistan and Sri Lanka. As a result of this, there may be an excess of political propaganda but there is a virtually total absence Of Iridi Widually defamatory attacks, except in cases where ther is political defamation by Government of the ՕբբՃsition,
Where the Press applies high standards to every institution and individual, the Press in South Asia is fairly reticent and reluctant to publish analyses about the propreitorial Wested interests of Press OWhers. There are instances Whereir through the newsprint import system or thľOLJgh fa WOurs granited by Government, Press proprietors hawe SeCLured Substantial financial benefits. When the public is der nied access on the part of the Press, a set of double ethical Standards are applied by the Press itself,
The Press is also sometimes reluctant to raise or pursue issues that may have an adverse impact on its advertising revenues. While a direct correction between editorial policy and advertising booking is disclaimed by the Press, there are examples where the Press prefers to maintain Cordial relations With a major SČLurce of advertising Të vënue fathertham to rock the boat. To its credit Wewer Olissues such as dangers to human health from tobacco stoking, the Press has been a vociferous forum for the expression of views by the anti-STIoking viewpoint while at the same time accepting advertiserients from tobaCCO Companies promoting smoking
15

Page 18
presumably on the valid ground that as long as it is legal to manufacture cigarettes it is unfair to deny cigarette-makers the right to advertise them.
The principal characteristic of Press Councils as advocated by the Press is that of a self-regulatorybody which minimizes or does away altogether, wherever possible, with a role for the State in enforcing regulation upon the Press. While the preferences for Self-regulation in Press Councils Tay be a strategic choice to ensure freedol of the Press and avoid interference by the State under the pretext of regulation, this option also has the potential disadvantage of reducing objectivity LLLa aaLLLHHLLLLLLL LLLLaLL LLL LLLLLLLL0LLLLLLL LLLLL LaL regulate itself.
With this inherent amomaly about Self-regulation, there is also the nebulous dimension of the wested proprietorial interest of the owners of the Press. Press proprietors invariable act through a Collective body such as a newspaper publishers society. That is a valid form of self representation. However, When proprietors are also editors the proprietorial interest also comes to feature in the position taken by Editors' Councils on wital issues, sortletimes blunting their sharp edge, or when strong positions are endorsed on paper, depriving actual implementation of effective less.
It is revealing to remember that the institution of the Press Councillas failed to become truly effective even in the country acknowledged to have a genuinely LCLL LLLLL LLL LLL LLL LLLLLS LLLL LL KCLL0LLLLL0L a LLaL LLLLLaLLLLLCLLL LLa LLLLL LCLLLLL S Inities of the "serious" newspapers have been curbed by the existence of a Press Council in that country. Whether it is the čase of a single individual like Elton John who in November 1993 accues the Mirror group of newspapers of both Wild slander as well as "cowardice" in portraying him inaccurately or whether it is the case of the Sunday Telegraph that maligns the Pakistan cricket team in April 1993 With barner headlines and the publishes a apology in October 1993 at the base of page five, the Press Council of the U.K. is an apt example of the contradiction between the Press operating as a strong
16
and vigorous institut the PreSS COLIrcII f: an effective regulato
It is pertinent to no ge, of say everyone reported in the Pres W OT t Wille el that therefore the O' material handled by t ethical standards. It a five to tem per Cer is a tolerable "marg question hoWewer ar viduals and the or adversely affected b rgin of tolerance" ar. ted by any collective Press or by the Pres their 515 ibilities är Sacrificed at the at: WOLle that Teet:S the Press, perhaps Institution, the "mar Tot be the 5äTEe a tolerated in Oller, SE and perceptions sh rting are critical to Walues of integrity as
Amargin oferroris devils" or in synta language, բage lay priorities but is not a of defamatory That Without checking fc subject of the story
A shoe factory m total production abo til L are defective ar arė mot going to Sub: 1010 Lir. Orth EliflterE: proprietors, its Work: purchasers of the de Wer, a Single inCOrrEC a Substantially neg wictim of the repor ClarifiCqtiOS Ort C0 wholly correct.
Thus, there is a EnforcEl HLItöflÖrstu active Press Count lewel of participatio representing the inti of Society, a form t inction of a Press (

ionald On the other ailing to develop into гybody.
te that, or the aweräUndredneWS stories is perhaps less than iCal Stad TdS ad verwhelming bulk of ld Press itselfleets Tay then be said that It wolume of Violation ir Of Waria C2". Tile ises Whether tie indiganizations that are y this so-called "maa suitably compensa3 action taken by the S COL Cir. Weller ld interests may be ar of the 90 per Cent ethical standards. In more than any other gin of wariance" Cas the margin of error ctos beca USe le WS aped by news repothe Social universal ld accuracy.
stolerable in "printers" x Or Costruction of out, or even editorial acceptable in respect rial often published ir accuracy with the
1aidd War CDe.
ay produce out of its ut five per cent shoes lid those five per Cent stantially damage the sts of the shoe factory SO ideede Verte fCtiwe SOES. HOWEtпеwsstorycan have lative impact on the it which Subsequest tradicti S WI|||| Tot
need to develop and s, credible, alert and cil with an adequate n by private citizens Brests of readers and lät CONTbill:35, the fLDITilbUdSTlan With the
function of a quasi-legislative Press forum to become truly effective Press Councils.
Journalists unions are primarily concerned with the economic rights and interests of working journalists. In theory they have an equal interest in upholding ethical standards amongst their members. In practice, they are preoccupied with Wages, Salaries, fringe benefits and Working conditions. While some large and some Small publishing groups are offering fairly reasonable incentives and InCOTes, OuTlalists Lumios hawe Considerable Work to do in seeking to obtain decent incomes and facilities. In certain cases, due to their special position as Tedia-related bodies, journalists unions obtain additional benefits in employment-related issues such as Wage Boards, etc. thus freeing them to give Tore attention to ethical standards.
Iп general, whereas јошrnalisls шпіопs have played a sterling role in advancing the struggle for democracy and constitutionalism, they have been relatively lax in enforcing ethical standards due to obvious difficulties in monitoring and regulating the conduct of their own members.
AS a degree Ora diplomaiSnot mandatory for entry into journalism, and as the possessioп of a degгеeог a diploппа Is to guarantee of ability or integrity, there is a discernible number of individuals who Work as journalists who, either through ill-intent of misusing their position for pefSOslal gain of through Sheer inCompBlence, Violate ethical standards. Again as in HE Case of the ForêSS as an Institution, the question is whether the number of such individuals and their respective positions isso high as to warrant extraordinary concern. After all, the overwhelming majority of journalists are individuals of integrity and ability. Thus, all it takes is just one or two aberrant persons to make glaring
Violations of ethical standards.
Press Councils and journalists unions are irriportant institutional mecharisms to safeguard professional principles and ethical standards as well as to help evolve and enforce new approaches and strategies to maintain an equilibrium between th13 frE3èidorT1 of the Tl3(dIE ärcj CörhtirJLIS accountability of the Press to the people.

Page 19
BOOKS
The Biographer's
Howard Schaeffer
first met Chester Bowles in July
1963, just 30 years ago, when he came a LaHLHL LLLKLL a aaLLaLHHL LLLLLLLLaHHH F. Kennedy's ambassador to Jawaharia Nehru's India. I was then a fairly junior officer, a second secretary in the political section, but Bowles had little regard for the ordained pecking order and although the embassy was very large I came to know his quite well. I admired Tuch of What he was trying to do, I Worked with him in India for four years, then returned to Washington. Where I Was India desk officer, in effect his backstop, for the balarice of his six-year stint as ambassador, | Kept in contact with him when heeft New Delhi and retired from public life following the return of the Republicans to office
der FICTE NIXO i 1959.
LLLLLL LHLLLLLLL 0LLLLLLLLLL LL LLLLL LLLLLL his imprimit on many, phases of Amēricam life. Born into a prostinent New England family in 1901, he studied at Yale University, then made a small fortune in the advertisingbusiness in New York pioneering many novel marketing techniques in What has been called the golden age of American radio. He entered government service during the Second World War, when he played an effective and highly KLLLLLLL LLLL LL LLLCLLL LL LLL LLLLLL a LLLLLLLLSu Administration, a key civilian agency whose activities had a significant impact on the lives of all Americans. These early successes paved the way for his entry into postwar elective politics. An ardent New DBagrard adTrer Of Fränkis. HODSByet despite his family's longtime allegiance to the Republican party, he became Democratic governor of the state of Connecticut in 1948 following a closely fought contest. But despite his accomplishments during his two-year term, the voters of his state put his political ambitions on temporary hold by rejecting his bid for reelection in 1950. The defeat Was a bitter disappoiritrTērt to hir T1 and a Tlajar Selback to his
Titi S for natili the Tid-forti 35 53 ha a potential contendel ad at le3SL uti|| 18 hawe aspirations for
Like many anothel defeated at the poll: CowerSeas dipolar Tatic 1951 WS, SBT TLSISS krl EW EWES at th predicted that the a a crucial turning po take COinSide: Tä Eole
slal affairS BOLF1 bef. and had briefly held: positions, but he ha Httertior ITILICHATOTE Most people Who kr following a few yea again return to the ( ttlefields.
They were wrong decades, at OTC WAS ON È CITTF || Eåldir American foreign Dwight D. Eisenho Victory brought his i nce irl NEW Delhit{} E ayearanda hal, he Cut ir Spokesman and adı affairs. Elected to C played a highly activ Affairs (COTITittege ol Sentati wES and Serv a dwi Ser to Serator ring his campaign fo sidential nomination
til WHET KEIT secretary of state, sought, but accepte the State Departrile His relatīOS Wit KE came increasingly d than a year he was

Approach
all office. As early as d been spoken of as for the White House. 960-1B CONLil Lied EC) the presidency.
"Americar politicians s, Bowles sought an
assignment, and in by President Harry
ÖfTC Ild. FEWWF at tinė II WOLuld Flä WÉ ssignment would be st iI Fi5 ifE. HE Flad interEStirl internatiTE får for Fle War several foreign policy Id focused his major Orldomestic Thatters. leWhirTithought that rs in India e Would dorlastic political ba
- Ower the next two and abroad, Bowles ng liberal lights on the Jolicy scene. When Wars 1952 SSctigs mpressive performain early end after only TELITTELT Collectlief Democratic party viser. Om interratioral 'ongress in 1958, he 'e role on the Foreign the House of Repre'ed as foreign policy John F. Kennedy dur the Democratic pre1. He was disappoiy did not make him a job he had long d the SECOTht| 5 lot II) Il LIrld EI DEarl FL3R. annedy and Ruskbeifficult, and after le SS is tissed and kicked
upstairs in the so-called Thanksgiving Massacre of 1961 to become the president's special representative and adviser Omi ASiarl, Africar, änd Latim Americam affairs. He left that rather aroslalous and frustrating position to return to New Delhi for a second term, remaining there during a particularly turbulent period in Indian history and U.S.-Indian relations.
Bowles died in 1986 at the age of eighty-five following a 22-year struggle against Parkinson's disease. I was then U.S. ambassador to Bangladesh, and Wondered at the time what kind of judgment history would eventually pass or LL LLLLLL LLLLL LHHLHHLLLLLLL LLLGLL H LLLLLL LaLLLLL LLLLLLLK LaLaLLLL aL LLLLLLLK LLL LLLLSL La S When I returned to Washington I was Surprised to find how little had been written about hiri, aside from what he wrote himself, and I Welcomed the opportunity | later had to fill What I considered a important gар.
The book | hawe Written, with the Support of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University, fo. Cuses largely on Bowles's foreign policy role, especially over the two decades from aa a aLa LaLLL LaLLLLLLLaCaLK KLLLLSS Were his primary concern. Fascinating as his earlier careers inadvertising, wartime administration, and politics often Were, hawe looked at them mainly for What they disclose about his ideas on foreign affairs and his capacity to become a major influence in the making of foreign policy. The book thus stops short of being a full-fle(dged biography. | hawe also limited the Scope of my discussion of what might be Called the private Bowles, or Bowles the man. I have tried to present the flavor of his personality, his values, and the way he operated, рауіпg special need again to how these influenced his foreign policy role. But I have rol gone irito Tiany of his personal relationships or other aspects of
17

Page 20
his life apart from his Career, and || hawe left it to others to develop convincing psychological explanations about how he got to be the complex person he became.
Writing the book was a great adventure, my first effortas an author (as distinct from a drafter of Foreign Service telegrams and memoranda) after a long diplomatic caT3er. My principal Sources have been Bowles's own writings. These were voluminous. He wrote a long account of his years in public life, published two major books and several shorter ones on foreign policy; and prepared countless Inagazine articles, speeches, and lectures. He was als O ar Éirl Grgetic private Correspondent and a prolific drafter of memoranda both as a government official and as a private citizen, From time to time he kept a diary and Wrote private notes for his own record. To the great satisfaction of potential biographers, and no doubt with them in Ilind, he carefully preserved his papers and before his death gawe all of them — every last scrap, his daughter told me - to the Yale University Library where they hawe been expertly catalogued and, with few exceptions, made available to scholars.
When going through these papers was surprised by the way Bowles had or his OWri simply declassified many of the seCret and confidential documents he had drafted. A good number of ther are on Sensitive issues and Would probably hawe remained lockEd Lup) in the archives had he not done so. Indeed, wher. I reported to Some friends at the State Department What I had been able to find one of thern suggested that Yale should be obliged to return the material to the government for prOperhardling. Fortunately10 SLIch silly Effort was Tada, I am CDnfident that Yala Would hawe reSisted it, and that it would hawe failed in any event.
Aside from preserving his papers and passing them intact to a reputable university library, Bowles provided another important assist to future biographers. A few years after his retirement from public life, he engaged one of his colleagues to talk about him to a dozen Cor Sco people With whom he had Worked closely over the years. The texts of these interviews Were transcribed as oral history state
1B
ments; they too are:
| Can't Owerstate it rmation generated b On BOwless partha Would think to Cathe rning about him anc foreign and domest There is a big differer people Wher recolle: ties are fresh artill afterwards. In the C. | spoke with more WOTle Who had kT another of his man included former Sec RLISk, Onetirrepresi Clifford, and other and Indian pertsona Well-known figures V hit. Because. Con. years after my infor in touch with Bowle had last thoughtabo Compare in quality himself Corrission. ple With Whom spok for rily purposes whe ral impressions art When they tried to rec reTel e Ed HCr55 Biographers, and need to be alert for Eard E TE WE|| äldWi; against the Written available. I Ought to the interviews provi talk flot Ebout CCS| themselves. Their : fascinating, if self-SE levant to What I Was
Official document: (including some Bow and the papers of SOI ciates in the presi other governmentar Were also especially Ferrors of ser South Asia proved a WIES'S WEWS ET EC|| assignmentas amb: material covering the
been published, but obtaining under the
dOIT Of IrfOrTillati) ,

available at Yale.
Wimportant the infoy this unusual action is been to me and, Prs interested in leai the Taking of U.S. ic policy in his time. Ce between catching Ections of their activarviewing them years purse of my research than fifty men and }Wr 1 BO'Wle:S ir ()rh(3 Or y incarnations. They retary of State Dean destiäi äldWiStar Clark prominent American lities as Well as less who had worked With Lucted the interviews TmartS li ad last beiger s, or, for that matter, ut him, they Could not with those he had deary On, Most pedWere Trvālubl in they offered gene| ODSGrWalid 15 thal :ollect facts only dimly ; : the ITISt S of tiri:B. listorians generally, Tlistaken memoriës Sed to check the
record When that is add that, for SCrme, ded opportunities to er Bowles but about ICCOLTS WEITE Ofte rving andlargely irretrying to do.
s, Other Oral histories les himself prepared) The of BOWes's assoential libraries and Id university archives useful, The Foreign Ted Slasgs SeriES On Witä SSJLJrC for Btivities during his first ASSACOf LO, Illiä. The a longer period of his 2W Delhi has not yet
| WES SLJCCESSfLu|| || United States FreeAct many new, rele
Want documents to supplement those declassified earlier. Although they do mot provide as complete a record as would like of Bowles's efforts and accomplishments in India in the 1960s, they offer a sound basis for analyses and judgments.
Let The move on now from Tethodology to discuss some of the more important Contributions Bowles Tiade to the way Americans thought about foreign policy and to the role he played in helping make that policy during the two decades when he was an important liberal voice in the foreign affairs arena, Tome, and I would hope tomy readers, Bowles's significance in foreign affairs goes beyond his immediata, ofta lilitad Chile WerTests. His Career provides broad insights into the objectives of U.S. foreign policy and the way it is lade. It has fresh resonance at a title when Americans are actively rethinking their approach to the World following the end of the Cold War, And it should have particular interest for an audience interested in the development of U.S. policy toward South Asia and the Third World.
Perhaps more than any major figures of his time, Bowles believed that U.S. foreign policy should be guided by Americar Walues and principles. For him, these Were the liberal political, economic, and Social ideals he had imbibed during RocSevelt's New Deal and sought to put into practice when he held positions of power in Washington and his home state. He was COrlwiriCEd häl these ideals – What hé called "The Continuing American revolution" - could inspire and Towe leaders and peoples everywhere, whatever their Countries' historical experience and Curent circumstances. The United States Should promote these principles Worldwide, he contended, not by the exercise of military power but by supporting the forces of political der Tocracy, eConorrlic progreSS, and Social Justice abroad, and by Setting exemplary standards in its practiCesat home. He favored, in effect, a global New Deal. It was that aspect of his career, and his fidelity in style and Substance to the liberal Ways of the 1930s and early 1940s, which led me to title Ty book C'ester Bowles - New Dealerir) The Cold WE

Page 21
CORRESPONDENCE
The Wisa Saga
It may be useful to put down my recent experiences in trying to obtain British and ArTIGr|Carl WISäS.
My visit to the British High Commission Was like a Scene Out of a coTic operä, First of all things, what was uproariously funny was how the Sri Lanka staff actthey are in fact, Tore imperious than the British officials there. Whilst, the Sri Lanka Misilics is is their iris leis gasictLimis cosideLLLLLL aa S LLLLL La Laa aLLLLL aLLLLLLS LLLLLL
ut in the Wisa applications of their fellow bretheren on the other side of the picket, a Great White Father sits lazily sprawled On a Stool. Within, drinking a Cuppalanguldy and for ever, tired the exercise and it took all of twenty minutes, because, besides drinking tea he was doing a hard job 'supervising the Sri Lankan staff and they ie the SL staff every so often exchange pleasantries with their 'supervisors'.
The powers that be made a grievous errorin declaring David Gladstone"persola Corn gra ta' andhawing him bundled out of the island unceremoniously. No Wonder Britain has lost its old civility towards Sri Lanka's third World citizens. Surely, our "leагпеd"Foreigп Office advisors ought to have advised the then President against this owe but the that Was the title of LL aaL LLLLL LLaHLHLSS KLa aHLL0L LLKLaH HLH Were obviously just 'yes' mento the core.
Back now to the British High Commission. After the preliminaries you are inducled to an interview cubicle hardly suffcient to Swing a Cat and woe be unto you if you go in With your briefcase, because, Whilst questions and docurrents are asked every so often, your back gets good exercise bobbing up and down to floor level to reach your briefcase. I could have Well emerged from the ordeal nursing a badback because even the fittest Brië not impervious to injury. By the way, their more affluent counterpartie the Arnerican Embassy has an ewen smaller den. The British High Commission and the AmeriCan Embassy must therefore give us a little Tore "lebensraun' out of the goodress of their earts. Otherwise, there could well be liability insurance claims |0dgedagainst them. See What's going om today in the States, the Mecca of liability
SLe.
All the docume Was going primarily Edito bL CLITE that it was in the holiday, The face of a cost plete blank. typical "ugly Americ Eåsked The Wilatit riflt It Without earli thought-provoking t can' by two Ameri and Eugene Burdic digested by all for The Nig Wil York Her "Ormbshell", and ni to consider just one - Viz. Joe Bing of
To cut a long st grilling and broiling granted Standing Embassy were 52 Lihat day. | did a he My trawel agents ac CIELffel 35 I did. | af Ed FinT and SardWİCHES. WM hir II, at 7.15 a.m. E 9 in the queшe and the Chad been OCC Cofpoor SL Tore thia [Die CBS of newspapE prized places Were Rs. 200/- each. Fu exposed to the blas rock-Wall of the ET city. Add to that, yÖL the grime, Soot a WChicles Which BnW this trying ordeal by Lustill this tartLrg. El Wafiledim, The Wri Aericans in their
O LSE Whatever DE angle of the Augus how this simple fact organised America
lds
Finally, this is no a piece of facetious firrn, True, quite t applicants are "refug C)Wrth Country — T10. CaSBS need study of the business a They need not suffe pushed around? W. the British High CorT

ls had showed that Yombusiness. Ihappeply to anidle, question, lature of a ELISTian's the Englishman drew Whilst the other with Earn' Eragga docio Curtly 2ant, enlightened him ng his Wrath. That look "The Ugly AmeriCarls Williad IT LEd ErgT :k should be read and aign office personnel. ald Tribune called it a Wonder if you were Character in this book the State Dept.
Ory short, after more the visas Were duly
Outside the Americar
persons in the queue iad COLIIT t at 7.15 r. vised The to send Ty rn thal Torning Which With a flask of Coffee s'ha || Called to religWE
Was about No. 8 or the first 5-6 places in Eupied by the derelicts In eagerly Sleeping on :r overnight and these later Sold to buyers at rthermore, you stand ing sun which hits the Jassy With some ferou HN3 WE LO COFt Erld With id smog af passing elope you. I endured Weагіпga linen mask ded at 8:45arl When ing outside, which the argesse provide, is of Cause of the Slant and it. Sur, I Was a razed escaped these highly S. But, even Horter
it meant to be merely
prose. The facts stay nrBB quarters of thea destrying to flee their Istly TarTils and their ind scrutiny but, what nd holiday tra Wellers. the ignominy of being hy om earth thershold Thissionad the Arme
rican Embassy have such large Comme. rcial divisions in their Missions here puShing their trade. Only the other day the ASSOCliation of British Cha Tibers of COmmerce Entered into a Memoral dirt of Understanding with its local counterpart There is fillo doubt at a|| that the Chläff Hās to be separated from the grain. No cawi at that, My nephew studying Engineering in London has told me that you could buy a Permament ResidėCea Wissä III LOCdO for £5,000/- through various crooked agents. The British High Corrission and the American Embassy must take precautions indeed, but I would like to toss this SLuggestiorn to therT1,
I've never had to go myself for visas before and these were duly obtained for Te 35 abona fide traveller earlier by my tra VelagentS.
It may be a good idea for the British High Commission and American Ernbassy to delegate, say, two or three travel agents of good repLike to handle on their own responsibility the wisa applications of boma fide business and holiday travellers. They Will gladly do this as they normally deal With only bona fide travellers, This is al simple method which will avoid animosity. The ball is now truly in the court of these foreign ITmissions.
It was not easy to get a French wisa either. On the day my Travel Agents said should go to the French Embassy, I went and to my dismay was told that no visas Were being issued that day owing to staff shortages caused by the holiday month of August in France. I protested to the yQurlig ger där TErie" at the en teānce thiä I had only a few days left for departure, Whereupor, he asked me to wait a half hour for the Visa Officer Who Was out of the MISSI0m. He Came Söømer tham expecled, promptly assessed the situation and Collected the money (Rs.501-) with a request that I call for the visa the following day not before 10.30 am. The following morning the Visa was collected but I had Lo fork Cut a further RS. 1,600/- because, although my letter with the application mentioned that only a 4 day Visa was required, owing to computer error a further 2 days were magnanimously given a additional cost. Alls well that ends Well but a better syster of issuing visas must be devised for the Convenience of both Visa
19

Page 22
applicants and erinbassy officials.
The Swiss visa presented no difficulty and they came Out With flying coloursmũ hasslå, T10 fuss. Thịg [[]b before them was just properly and quickly done. Bravo Hei WEtia!!
A CS Candapра ו"ח סBחחים"םC)
US Ambassador's Response
I am very grateful to you for the opportunity to provide some comments on Mr. Candappa's letter. We value the feedback we get from our visa clients, and We want to take every opportunity We car to improWe our Services.
The central problem he discusses in obtaining an American visa is the discoTfort of waiting outdoors in line. He's right to protest. Part of the problem is that, out of a desire to be thë first in the que Lue, applicants often begin lining up outside the Embassy walls as early as 3:00 a.m. would like to stress to your readers that there is no gÇOdreasC) ni for wisa applica fills to appear at the Embassy Several hours before the opening of business, since our policy is to accept for interview everyone who appears at the gate between 8:00 a. Frl. and 10:00 a.m. On Wisa prOCESSing days. A list it is set only of those rare OLLL0aLLaaa LLLLLLa HLK LLLLLL LLaaaLSLLLLLLLS LLLLLLK still need to look fora better Way of managing this, and I have asked my Staff to come up with ideas and changes. As one modest improvement, we will begin the process of admitting wisa applicants to the ETibassy compound al F:30 arri, rather than at 8:00 a., T. MOTEO WEer, those a poli= kkLLLLLL LLa aLLLLLLLaa LLLLK LLLeLHHHHaaLLLK HH our visa Waiting room (which seats only 35 people) Will be per Titted to Waitir a quiet, shaded area inside the Embassy compошпdшпtllspace in the Waiting room beccles available.
Regarding his suggestion that We work through selected tra wel agencies to facilitate Wis issuance, I must advise that the Embassy is prohibited by U.S. Government regulations from favoring any traVel agency (believers as We are in free and fair competition).
There is, however, a quick and easy Way for persoms who hawe had an American wisatogetanother One, Mr. Cardappa
2O
and many business this category.The por multiple-entry tourist expired and if you Within the past two y drop off the followin ssy between 10:30 Monday, Wednesde Tpleted Wisą applic rrent passport; the pE wisa (if it is iri armi ex բassբort photograp} CLJITEпаtiЈП, SLICh : employer or abusine The COS LIET OffiCET applications that Tic Wisas will be ready 3:00 p.m. and 4:00 rmoon. This "drop-o of the ways in Whi iTıprowe Our Service: is one final point Wr in SEEaking your rei nding of Our Situati always been wary Introls upon their lliw WE ha WE F1C) Systes Cards or residencer it is a very complex a person Once the Staë5. FGr l'ESG r especiallyrigorQUSir cants before they Entry.
That said, OWe' Visitors should expe tEOUS and efficient any one of your reac City Criticist Wri continue to improve
Terešita C. SChaff:
A TEJä553'dir.
FOI OW t
Il Was Wery intere: HLUSS "Start: IE "MI ment" (Larika GL : 1993).
It is TOS LotLII the voters lose their their representatives can Organize "initia elected representat rceritage of Woters asking for a fresh SFIOLIld EJE: IritrdLICE Melbers of Parliar

people may fall into ocedure is this: If your or business wisa has WE WSE: LE J.S. Bärs, WÖLI TTlay SITTI[]lỵ g items at the Emba
and 11:30 a.m. on ty and Friday: a COatiorn forrT1; yoLIr CLIIssport Containing the pired passport); one l; and supporting doas a letter from your SSCO tact in the U.S. W|| Xalile all 5 LUCH Irning, and approved for pickup between p.m. that same afteff" procedure Is One C1 W e Evg rigo s to the public. There sch | WOLIld adwarcE sidership's understaO, A TeriCan S ha We of intru Siwe police Coes, and, as a result, of national identity egistration. Similarly, porO Cedure to deport y are in the United BaSOS, WE ITILIS e 1 Screening wisa appliarrive at the port of
Ver, Cour prospectiWe t ii) eSS tfal C) Ltreatment, and I urge ëIS Who has ConstruE TIE 50 tät We Call ՃDրditioms,
ΕΓ
he U.S.A.
sting to read Mr. Zeth adia Reporting Parliarian October 15th
late that irl Sri Larika, OWes. Once they elect 5. In the U.S.A. Voters ti We:S" TO CA || titler Wes by a Certain pesigning a petition lection. Similar laws di Sri LKW || (jLr ent agree?
It will be a good idea if our Members of Parliament visit the American Library in Colombo and study the US Constitution 3 Tid the Warious Federālā State la WWS. There are StorTarıy good things that olur politicians can study from U.S.A. and Caada. We Would new er hawe ar ethnic: problem im Sri Lanka if we orily hawe a Federal type of Government,
W.T. Sarawanapawan EdTonton, Alberta, СНП-НСЕ.
Buddhism Betrayed: No QLIeSiti O Mark
recently received from Mr. Arthur C. Clarke, through a common friend, a clipping from a Spanish newspaper with a request for a translation into English. The clipping contained a news report that Mr. Clarke lad refuser af invitation fross tole Wati Carl to meet the PopJE, beca LuSE HE considered the Pope one of the most dangerOLJS mer On the planet as a result LL LLLL KLLLLL LHHaLLLLLLLaHLS a LLaLLL methods of contraception.
Spain is still predominantly a Roman Catholic country, but there has been no outcry against Mr. Clarke as a result of this staternen, ro public meetings to denounce him, no charges that he was a Sri Lankan agent trying to undermine CatholiLLLLaLSL LL L LLL L LLLLL La LLL aLS K S KS Ceratury Mr. Clarke might hawe run the danger of being burnt at the stake, but LaLLLL aaL aLK S LaHHLaLLS LLLLLLaLaaaS S LaLaHLL Seems to have matLrEd er 10 Lugh to tak these things in its stride.
How sad then that the spirit of Buddhism, originally the most antiauthoritarian of religions (witness the roble words of the Buddha in the Kalama Sutta),
Til Luch as to make possible the hullabaloo over Professor S.J. i ambian's book. | LaLLL LaL aLa La L aL aHLHHLLS LLaLLLL0LLLL0L Tambiah left open the question he was discussing, by inserting a question mark after the phrase "Buddhism Betrayed'. Would like to suggest to him that in the next edition he removes the question rmark, The Whole episode r makes it abUndantly clear that Buddhism in Sri Lanka has been betrayed, and by some of its most vocal professed defenders.
Regi Siriwardena Colom EC 5,

Page 23
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