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•- BLACKJULY LANKA
GUAR
VO. 1 6 No. 17 January 1, 1994 Price RS.
PARLAMENT
AND
PRESIDENCY
- A. Jeyaratnam Wilson
MEDIA AND CONFLICT
— Regi Siriwardena
 
 

RE-visTED --
- ARDEN
O.OO Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/43/NEWS/93
GAMINIS FUTURE
- Mervyn de Silva
U.S. POLICY
AND
THIRD WORLD
- HOWard Schaeffer

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WITH THE BEST
ELEPHANT HOUS
OUALITY AT AFFC
NO 1 JUSTICE
CCLC)

COMPLIENTS
E SUPERMARKET
ORDABLE PRCES
A. Il-KEBAR MWAWWA THA
NMEBO 2.

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TRENDS
Sawing the police image
Savв Іhe image of Шле роїсе, а Sensor policerran kold his ITSn. LTCQUIF Pelha WOLII, disCTIT777a for] and blas rLrired hĒ2 fr77age of the роIIce, SшрегіпӀелdепI of Po/ice S.W., Y.B.M.B. Bērdade Wella said addressing a parade.
TreaІ Іле гїch алd Іле pooraIIke because thay Ware all agшаI beforg thalawaсfол согтplaints whoavаг the corp/afriars, the SP fold the
The пеиy Inspector-General of Police, Mr Frank da Siwa, sardsIIlar Zihings or assLIrri/ng office recently. WII the police change?
Power is the object
DUNIFIleader Gam7in7 i DissanayaRegola CIS COEECe Offs parly in Kandy that power was the objectofапуроїїcalpariy. Towагds this end a party seeking power wошIdaligп wїлThолdаталогапу птал, ог remain їп Ihe Opposїіол forever as song parties seemed LüF]IEF]|[[] []].
The UNPS Head WaSSWOIIGr7 Egcause there was no effective oppoSof. Ald, TF79 UNP WOL/d do алуїh/ng Io remaiл їп power, Iһа DLNWF Meader53ïd.
Anura, Ronnie strengthen system
President D. B. Wielunga, the UNP leader, told the Party's 39th AFF Las Carl Wells i Carl af Iһе гесепї епІгy ofАлшга БалаагаTaske fra fıE LUMP WOLVad srengthen theарагуапdthe daппocratic Syster 77 a 7d 7e refurf 7 of For 77 se de Mel, a fonтпегUNPFIпалce Minister, Was "significans and irportant".
Mrs B cracks whip
Cigir fra Fry Wirts CaLEV SLFP CCHHaLCL LGOCLaL KLLLHHLHLCLLLYLLLLLLaLLS Tibo by party leader Mrs Sirirrawo Валdагалаika following reports that Ihree of the Thad Asked for a SSCrof Ea/of at the Opposition sponsored
ro-confidence
CIS LINPCTIg FM
MMS EFE tolerate those ste the party, a spoke
BRIEFLY
New laws ag:
Media organisa Media MOWETlent tested. Whe t announced tough file CritiCST . ruling personaliti Constitution as ". offenders liable to and the confisca perty. The new li: C dit E
DS
Support Pri prel Sri Lanka's hig ddhist prelates the Malwatte and As OCCasion Of Courte by the new Highe Ste Aura Band nation's probles II: if both major pol UNPTI tHE SILF Presidät D.B. W
The prelates st the Editio W35 T1
partypolitics.
Police Se deSe
Army Headquarte Police to help tra Who desert. In t EWE dSetEdit|| thgl ar OffiCETS.
Deserters on t serious security sman said. Many nsible for armiedric acts of Violence. de Seters arE fr0 Kurunegala and, stricts, according dquarters source.

JJII JII le COLMissfer.
aika Would no Way pping out of line iп
Tā 5ā.
^ . . .
ainst Sedition
tiÖrı Sand the Free
immediately prohe GowerTent | new laWS Which if the government, es and eWem the Sedition", "Taking 20-year jail terris tion of their proWS Wäre IntrOdLnergency. Regula
asident, say ates
hest ranking Bu2 Mahanayakes of giriya said on the Sy callspaid them : Education Miniaranaike that the could be solved litical parties (the Pfully supported ljetunga,
aid that service to ora irTiportant than
t on army rters
3rs has asked the ICk dOW Soldier:S еп years 22,547 he army; 131 of
he loose pose a threat, a spokehave been respobbbgrigSand Other TE OLIK Off til m the Gallpaha, Anuradhap Lura dito an army hea
Biological colonialism
Half a million Indian farmers gathered in Bangalore to protesta new threat from the West - biological Colonialism, Giant West based coпрапies аге поw patenting seeds which they "develop"in their laboratories. They are trying to do this by defining to their own advantage the Teaning of "Knowledge", a spokeSman for the farers said.
These rich companies in the West Say that knowledge handed down for generations from father to son in poor Third World countries is not knowledge because it is based on a natural process; only what is found in a laboratory is knowledge. So poor farmers Tay soon not be able to grow food anymore because the process has been patented after repetition in a laboratory in the West.
LANKA
GUARDAN
Wol. 16 No. 17 January 1, 1994
Price Rs. 10.OO
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co.Ltd. No. 246, UnionPlaca 2 - סnBחםlםC
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press B2/5, Sir Ratnajothi Sarawa mamuttu Ma Watha, ColorTbo 13. Talephone 435975
CONTENTS
News Background MGO's 3
Tidi 5 Understanding East Asia 9 RU55ia TITI Media and Conflict (2) 13 Constitution 15 Chester Bowles (2) 16 J. R. Years (17) Books 2O

Page 4
NEMVS EBACKGROUND
D.B. VS THON
GAMIN THE CA
Mervyn de Silva
In the mirror of the exciting events
between the two assassinations (Lalith and President Premadasa) and the CPC brouhaha, We had a fleeting glimpse of the new politicalprocesses and trends. In Other cirCLINT15tal ICE35, W3 Would a We Cause for Surprise in the manifest failure of e Wen Our maturest politiciars and abolest of analysts to appreciate the nature of post Prernadasa change.
Premadasa Was not just the lower-middle class lad who made it to the top. He Was the quintessential city-slicker who was ST1art enough to break out of his metropolitan 'prison' and roam the Countryside where there was untapped voting power Waiting to be mobilised - a new generation which had a glimpse of the Good Life on a village Kaday TV set. The garment factories project was launched not merely to exploit the opportunities offered by the global quota systern. The factories were located in the countryside LaaaL LLLLLaLL aLLLLLLLaL aa LaLLLLL LL SLLLaLLLLLLLaLS a head-start in the election campaign, converting his limitations as a city-sticker into a political advantage.
Having watched the Premadasa campaign, political observers should hawe been prepared for the change in Presidential election strategy with Mr. D.B.Wijetunge's assumption of office. No aristolike Mrs. Bandaranaike, President Dingiri Banda Wijetunge's popular appeal is to Kandyan middle-class and peasantry who share an inherited antipathy to the "strariger" in their midst, the cheapindentured LLLLLL LLL LLLLaLL LLL LLLK LLLLLL LLLLLL Companies transplanted. His gut-reaction is to resist pressure from the C.W.C. That
is precisely why We
els.
In turn, the proud ground on the ques the plantation indust demaid 5 of the Tam - 240 Working day. demanded by the Ur proposals, the exte Contract to a 30 ye; SmiSS, Elferich Elc.
Since President.JP
LIPG|Er. Mr. PTETlada
CWC OSS Waste: spect. He was reco a Ca Eirēt lilistër E:
ärd å träde ulij bi a vitally importantico HSą WOtdbäflk Butr|
ET TU,
Mr. Копgahag
“But do you ta for the all thent ill that book"
Mr. Dissanaya
"Most of it, I President Jaya the authenticit Էյքtaւյse he kilմ
I Wish to state JR in a letter to tunge and Prim Wickremasingh InErlt ättribute
true..."

DAWAN --
ASUALTY
Watched him dig his
I]da Tall StO-Old ITIS tion of re-structuring ry, particularly on the agement Companies S as against the 300 ions; the daily Wage insion of the 5 year аграсt, power to di
R'Stirn Earld Tore SQ, isa's presidency the ated with special regnised not sirTiply as Lutasa party leader, loss who represented Instituency, important reimportantas bOSS
JUNIUS
e (Chairman):
keresponsibility icity of the facts
kë:
lost of it. Evel Wardene accepts y of most of it, WS".
a, says President President Wijee Minister Rail g"that the stated to me is not
of the estate labour which produced tea and rubber, the largest exchange earner.
Mr. Thondarian Was taker aback. When he Was informed by the Presidential SeCretariat that all work on a Wocational Training Institute supported by NORAD (Norwegian) funds had been stopped and a Committee of officials appointed to inquire it the latter.
"As I said before the told Was Tost Lincordial.... I felt that I Was not Wanted by the government" Mr. Thondaman told Roshari Pieris of the Surday Times; "| Was lostihl Lurt..." h3 added.
Mr. Gamini Dissanayake has been thwarted at every turn. He may however succeed the next time, if Mr. Thoridanan Carl persuade the 6-7-8 CWC Tembers who joined his deputy Mr. Sellasamy to defy the group leader at voting time. The decision to appoint a committee of inquiry seer T1s to hawe upset the octogenerian CWC leader who has not been slighted in this manner by any national leader. But he Will have to change his tactics to presemwe CWC unity, the a HII ir Tiportant considefå til.
The big loser is Mr. Dissanayake. So TLICH SO HIC 53TIS to ha We || Ost Eboth his self-assurance and his bearings. The SLFP-led PEP is enjoying the situationthe UNPCWCDUNF caught up in a crazy run-around.
But if Mr. Dissanayake cannot get the chair Tlarship next time, his political fortunes. Would be at the lowest pitch since S0LL0LLL LLLLLL aLLLLL LLLLLLLLSLLLLLLLL LLaLLLLSS LLLLLLLH LLL a runa Way Wictory.

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NeW NGO ruleS -
The Civil Rights Movement (CRM) invoked George Orwell Whenit reacted to the new emergency regulation introduced or Dec.22 to compel NGO's to register if they are in receipt of over Rs. 50,000 per year,
The regulation following the report of the NGO commission appointed by President Pre-Tadasa. The former Supreme Court judge Mr. Raja Wanasundera
leaded the Commission.
The government promulgated emergeincy regulations for Compulsory registration of non-government organisations which are in receipt of Toney, goods and services in excess of Rs. 50,000 per year.
The Ernergency regulations alsa provide for the monitoring of NGO receipts and disbursements for money, goods or Servicas in excess of Rs. 100,000 a year, the state-owned Daily News said,
ErTargency regulatiCTS for the registration and monitoring of NGOs were promugated to implement two most important
TECOITTIgrldatioTIS O' mmission of Inquiry ntalorganisations, W singhe Premadasala rous complaints by abuses ard Tlalp) NGO3S.
THE Wär Tät SSLJ the forner presiden! Corrission Stated it meWork for IntOri ties of NGOs, and 1 from foreign SOUr being misapropriate prejudicial to natic Order, econo Ticinite detri Tata| to the TT religious and Culture
THE NGO CITri: among other things, Isory legislation, mo Inding, appointinent
Stalis Tet Of fund and necessary
STS at differentle'
NGO's The question of
i troductio
This brief paper is intended to present, at a time when the function and operation of non government Organizations ("NGOs") is being subjected to considerable discussion, a noverview of the existing statutory framework within Which NGOs exist and operate, a summary of the fiscal consequences attaching to certain NGOs LLLLLL LLLLLLaLLLLLLLaL L LL0L aL LLLLLaLLLLaa L accountability. It is stressed that it is of paratiount importance that there ba no challenge to the principle of non-interference, central to the integrity of the work of NGCls.
This autonomy and freedom from arbitrary interference is integral to the effectiWerness of NGOs who are engaged in human rights Work or projects on alternatiwe developmental Todels or with enviroTl|TlBrită Corr:Eiff5 Which are Critical of the state. The vibrancy and strength of Sri Lanka's derTocracy is linked to strong civil
A LIV i 1ld SLi Li
society institutions, form an essential pË
There is no homog THIGTE TE ESSEEriti: Structure and the p There is, Flowever til SE NGOS WITCH I to the publicinfulfillr and their programin activities and opera T1 Cobili Saltior CT ŠILJCF geld in the public C. for the purpOSE oft in a category separ This paper does rol sory treatriment of fu and recognizes that for the inception of Sion, depèndent Om Ved by the NGC) :

- CRV7 protests
FIG Presidential COinto non-governmeC1. Pri:Sgil Raq= Ippointed after nurnethe public alleging ractices by certain
ad under the hard of : appointing the NGC) at tilbare Was Ild frang the funding actiwihal funds, especialy es, Were allegedly d'Or used for actiwiti ES Imal Security, public ESS.CCivitis antenance of ethnic, ilharmony.
SSicorn real:CITIFTET de Cid, |aWS to cover CompUnitoring of foreign fuof a COITTissioner, Sed Cretariat, ar i NGO co-ordinating mechavels of government,
The emergency regulations pro Tullgaled cover the two main areas of registration and monitoring of receipts and disbuSements, as the enactment of legislation Would take a longtime, official sources Said.
The NGOs will hawe to register With the Director of Social Services. Ha Will EELFIE authority for the nonitoring of receipts and di SEJLIFSETTEILS.
LL LLLL LLLLLL LK SKHH SY LHHLLLLLLLS Was "reminiscent of the concept of some Big Brother to Watch over all activities". Reminding the public that it has been functioning since 1971, under Successive governments in periods of insurgency, strikes, Tassacres, civil strife, terrorst Wilance, large-SCale "disappelarances" and Extra=ljudicial killirīgs. They halwe als SEEr
a0L LHHLLLLLLL LLLLLL LLLLLaL LLLLLLLHLLLL LLLL0LS rgency regulations. But never was there an atterTipt to interfere with the free functioning of independent organisations.
Accountability
ity Trust Paper
sf Wis 5LIl NGCS art.
Jeneity among NGOs.
di Still:05, il til rogramme of M GOS. | a Schisrm betWeer ’aise funds, by appeal ment of their purposes he and OSE WOSE til do t t || 3 1 fi Irids, NGOs ergalection of funds are, his paper, held to be tE3 frCOTT1 Other NGOS. address the SuperWiInd-generating MLGOs there may be grounds a scheme of SuperviWIWITEITLIS TECare obtained through
appeal to the public,
2. COStituti Ora ad FLIdaeta Rights of Association
Article 20 (1) Cf the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 22 of the LaLLLLLLLaLKSLLaLLLLLLLa aHHaLKYaa KKS Cal Rights recognized the right of freedom of association. This right is, however, not an absolute one and is subject to such restrictions as may be necessary and TeaSable.
At another level, the right of association may be regarded both as an incident and, more importantly, a necessary condition for effective participation in a democratic Society, quite clearly a right tied with an indiwidual's right to exist and take partin Such activities as are necessary for his or her fulfillment. As such, denial of the right is a denial of the right to personhood.
The Constitution of Sri Lanka guarantees certain fundamental rights including

Page 6
the right of freedom of association (Article 14(1)(c)). Articles 15 (3) to (5) inclusive, limit the right of freedom of association by reference to the interests of racial and religious harmony or the national economy. Article 15 (7), which applies to all fundamental rights, provides that the enjoyment of such rights is to be subject to the interests of "national security, public order and the protection of health and morality, or for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others, or of meeting the just requirements of the general Welfare of a democratic society".
It lay be seen that while nounconditiorallright offreedom of association exists, both international law and the Constitution of Sri Lanka recognise itas fundamental, and inalienable by stultification on illegitimate grounds or by unreasonable administrative requirements.
3. Fiscal consequences
The status of an NGO has direct consequences on the assessability of its funds under the Internal Revenue Act.
NGOs which are established for a charitable purpose, and which continue to carry Out these purposes, fal|| Within the defimition of charitable institutions in the Inland Revenue Act.
Grants to these NGOs are not taxable incorne, as these grants do not fall within the definition of incore.
The profits and income of charitable institutions are exempted from taxation under the Inland Revenue Act, in certain circumstances, if for example, the profits are applied solely for the purposes of the charitable institution.
Any income or profits of such NGOs which do not fall Within the above are liable for taxation subject to an allowance of Rs. 42,000/-,
4. The Legislative Framework: Formation and Operation
No universally applicable system of registration exists for NGOs. There is, howeWBr, a measure of control exercised over those NGOs that, as a consequence of their juristic form, fall Within the purview of certain legislative enactments. These statutes Which are activated by the formal attributes of a NGO, rather than its activity orfunction, contain provisions atto operation and accountability. Additionally, there exist other statutes that focus on NGOs
4
whose operations a rtain identified areas ге. Аgain, provision. tion do exist. The la existing statutory fri bstantial: they occu NGOs that adopt a regulatory controls : that opt to operate aSSOCiations. These most part, be ad either by reform of th or the adoption of Conduct.
Each relevant st: considered below W. sions as to registrat ntability, transparen the effect of Ol-Cor
(a) Voluntary S Organizations (R Supervision) Act A voluntary soci fined as an organi; Timent nature, d donations for its o has as its main ob of Tellef ald SErwit destitute arld Witi is, therefоге, песа: operations.
The Act require cial Service organi red. The Registra of inspection and is, additionally, po establish a board tīrs of fraud Faili Sions of the Actis by fine.
(b) Societies Or
The Ordinance formed for the pi Some benefit to it! Other_SCCiety Whi gaZette, notifles a the Act.
The Ordia1Cer of a Society to be examination and a also provision that must be bodies cd Registrar of Com E inforTlation to documents, inclu registration, requiri
(c) Companies
There is provisic

Concerned With cesuch as Social Welfafor efective regulaunae that existin the TheWork are flot SUwith regard to those form not subject to uch as those NGOs
as unincorporated concerns can, for the }quately addressed e existent legislation a voluntary code of
tutory enactment is th reference to proviion, financial accou:y of operations and прliance.
ocial Service egistrations and
1980
all organization is dezation of a non-goveependent on public perations, and which jectives the provision :es to the sick, poor, TS of disaster. There ssarily a disclosure of
Severy voluntary Soization to be register has broad powers investigation. There Wer in the Minister lo of inquiry into allegaure to observe provinoffence punishable
dinance, 1891
applies to Societies urpose of providing s members and any ch the Minister, by s recognized under
equires the accounts available for public nnual audit. There is registered societies irporate and that the panies may specify be included in the ling those effecting ed to be filed.
ALէ 19Bք in for the registration
of an association as a company. Where there is a prohibition on the distribution of income to its members, an association that applies its income in promoting its objects may be registered as a limited liability company with the deletion of the Word "inited'.
A company must registerits memoradurT and articles of association Which is to set out the primary objects of the company. This step will, to a significant extent, delineate the intended, if not actual, activities of the NGO adopting corporale form.
Every company must file an annual return Whsch must COntain details aSC) the indebtedness of the company, and include a balance sheet for the company. An auditor's report must accompany the balance sheet.
Failure to comply with the provisions, Which tackle concerns of financial accountability will result in a Court order for compliance and is deemed the comission of an offence punishable by fine.
The Registrar also has power to call for information and to inspect books in respect of information that should hawe been filed but actually has not. The Registrar may, Where he considers it necessary, appointoneormorecompetent inspectors to conduct an inquiry into the affairs of a company.
The outstanding questions of the means by which there may be greater scrutiny over the undertaking of a corporate NGO is an issue that extends into the debate over corporategovernance. This is, perhaps, no consolation but denotes the extent of the problem which is not likely to be resolved by the establishment of a general overseer of NGOs. This is clear from the experience of the Registrar of Companies, if the activities and Tisfeasance of corporations is confined only to a limited extent by the extensive disclosure requirements and the presence of one central regulating activity, it remains dubious, if not palpably Wrong, to assume that a central supervisory agency concerrned with the registration and investigation Of a|| NGOS Wi||function more effectively with respect to the issues of transparency and accountability now raised with reference to NGOs.
To be continued)

Page 7
MINDA
Exposure of a
Hector Abhayawardhana
learned audience in "Colorbo
had the opportunity recently of listening to a distinguished American professor from Wisconsin predict that "within a common ideological and institutional framework, the RSS (Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh) - WHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad) - BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) family now seems to be edging LLLLLL a LLLLLL LLLLCLLLLLLLa a LLL LLLLLL goal: namely, seizure of the central apparatus of State poWer and the remaking of India into Ram Rajya". It must be said at once that he was not alone in his prognostication of doom for our neighbouring Country. Let alone the more distant past, even recent political events and sociologCalifacts have been showed aside to catch the resonance in one's ears of the tramp of primitive armies of half-savagemen and hysterical Women marching backwards to a millenium that has long ago lapsed, if it ever existed.
Few people were willing to recognise LLLLLLLLKLLaLLaLLCL aLLSLLaaLLL perpetrated on the people of India. Hindu Society was always hegemonised by the twice-bon up Castes of the country (Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Waishvas) who were distinguished by the sacred thread that was strung across their shoulders. It Was the thread that separated the holy, the powerful and the rich from all the rest. Though the BJP, RSS and WHP consisted primarily of those who also were distinguished by the thread, they lacked power in the contemporary Society. In Uttar Pradesh, Brahman, Thakur and Bhumihar landlords had the major share of lands in the Central and eastern districts; only in the Western districts did the challenge of Jats and Gujars (among Sudra castes) challenge their domination. At the title of Independence, in spite of all the changes that Went before, 8% of agricultural households owned virtually all the cultivated
land. Among them End ErahlTin5 OWE ted area, While the OWEd another 32 and the Untouchab
Large landholding on the practices of c. and easterTT UP, Tt so powerful that they status Culture: they Cullivati ad a 5 tenants (often from and employed field li OW Castes and L. castes sought to cha by inventing freshm Ahirs who claire
Tythological Yadu Krisha al Calladt Similarly the Kurmis they be called Kurn of discert frt Sudra castes comp) for higher recognitic rchyard incapacitat Common struggle as SOCiadiSCriTilation
Th5 Ciwi|| di Sogdi
Was launched in 1 numbers of young p the Congress barne Emboldened by the campaign of 1928, attertij to E lä santry. In the UP the for the stoppage ofр Soon this developec stopping the payme GaПОП ППSBIf ISSU UP peasants asking the legal rent whiles the Whole amount. Congress Socialist P a special stimulus to TIO VETEnt and the

Oax
Thakurs (Kshatriyas) d57% of the cultiwa
integriTmediate CasteaS 8, the Muslims 1.1% eS 1%.
in UP had an impact istesociety, In Central hakur landlords Were raffected Britical de Sisted ffOIT di TECt ed out their lands to (he backward castes) abourers from among IntoUChables. SOTE Inge their ritual Status yths of origin like the
ESCEt for til dynasty of Lord het Selves Yada Was. WTO de Edg Ft ni Kshatriyas in wiew 1 God Indra. Besides, etE WLF EEC CET in in the ritual hieraed therselves for the gainst economic and
el CE TO WEITEIt that 930 enthused large eople who flocked to ra|| ower the Country, Bardoli satyagraha they set out to draw rdships of the peaderland Wäs Tade payment of taxes and into a campaign for It of rent. Mahata ed amanifesto tote them to pay only half securing a receipt for The formation of the 'arty in 1934 provided the Kisan (peasant)
AII-lr hidia . HKiSE CO
ngreSS Was forTed in 1936. A Kisar Manifesto was drawn up and presented to the Congress Working Committee to be included in the programme at the forthcoming legislature elections in 1937. The demands included a 50% reduction inland revenue and rent, a moratoriuri or debts, abolition of feudal levies, security of tenure for tenants, a living Wage for agricultural Workers etc.
The Kursini tenants provided the backbone of the Kisan movement started by the Socialists and both Kurmi and Yadava tenants provided the Volunteers of the no-rent campaigns. But the conservative leadership of the UP Congress consisted of Brahmin and Kayasth elements who Were too powerful for the Socialists, who Were themselves dependent in the CouIntryside om sma|| Handlords of Brahminis and Thakurs. In neighbouring Bihar, conditions were even Worse. The Congress was led by middle-class professionals of Kayasths and Brahmins. With close links With Bhumihar, Rajput and Brahmin laindowners. They refused to sanction a no-rent campaign as part of the Civil Disobedience Movement. When the Socialists supported the struggles in several districts and, as the struggles Widened, as IoW Caste cultivators Were increasingly embroiled with upper class landlords, the Bihar Congress leadership prohibited all Congressmen from participation in Kisan Sabha meetings.
One Writer on Contemporary Indian caste has referred to the condition at the time of Independence as one in which Caste, class and power Were closely intertwined. The sacred thread provided a clear divide between the upper castes and the backward classes. With two exceptions: the Kayasths of UP and Bihar and the Jats of Western UP Were included in the upper castes. Without belonging to the

Page 8
twice-born, There was also a small middle-class of landowners among the Yadawas and Kurtis Who, on account of their English education, had found emploWrent at the lower levels of the civil Service or in service industries. The Congress party leadership was completely dominated by the upper castes. Among the twenty most important figures in the Constituent Assembly not one belonged to the Sudra CESTES.
But the Constitution of the Indian Republic had set up a parliament and State assemblies on the basis of adult franchise, and the Overwhelming majority of electors belonged to the Backward classes and the Scheduled Castes. Immediately after Independence, militant lower caste leaders set up the Bihar State Backward Classes Federation and lobbied for coInstitutional provision of special facilities for the Backward Classes. The Government of India appointed a Backward Classes Commission in 1953 which produced a Report two years later recommeriding reservations of 25% to 33 1/3% for class and class government posts and reservations of 70% in various professional Schools. No longer was it imperative to run after ritual status in the Tanner of the twice-born. Much more lucrative Was it to seek to achieve Social mobility outside the caste system by recourse to state power and authority. Unfortunately, the Backward Classes Commission Report evoked such an uproar in both houses of Parliament, When in Was introduced in September 1956, that it had to be tabled and kept waiting until October 1964. Even then the decision taken Was that there should be no reservations in the All-India services and that the State governments should be permitted to implement the policy of reservations as each of them thought fit. It was no surprise then that the Commission report came to be completely ignored in both UP and Bihar.
There is a full account of all this in a chapter on "Middle Classes and Castes in India's Politics" in India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations Edited by Atul Kohli). In Bihar the Yadawas Ware the most numero Luis caste Outside the tribal areas, consisting
6
11% of the populatic the local units of began to admit them ntation of the Prades ttee and allotted and to therT1 ir the Stati hOWeyer, Brahminse Led TOrg EFlash 1653
against8.7% of Yaqd; unevenly concentrat stricts of UP and the ning Bihar. The "co sses" also had pow the 12% of Schedul of MusliTS. The Bac to look outside the
political leadership a SSEis. Ewen Charaill 5 as the powerful lead Jat peasantry of tr found the roadblocks insuperable. This is W for the Socialist Party tic leadership of Ram
Already, in 1957, t Bihar had agreed to: of the Bihar Back War. for implementation o sses COTrilission r reservation of posts. COnferen Ce of the SOI a resolution Committir 60% of leadership pos g0Wemment SerwicE armed forces for Sud duled Tribes, religiou Ten. The anlua : TESOWEtt 503 Cf Candidates at the f elections should befri the end of the 1960's, häd WOn a Sizable si STIME| CultWatcrS COf LE Lodh castes. Durin mpaign of 1967, the rpuri Thakur (belongi ste) appeared as a leader With a Wide f 60% reservati for Сопgress parly was and Bihar, With the SC the largest non-Cong struggle for power WE between Forward an A new division had c

on, Almost overnight the Congress party gawe therTn represesh Congress Commidest number of seats B Assembly. In UP, und ThakLrs Corlstituof the population as awas, Who Were also ed in the Centraldeastern areas adjoialition of upper claerful support among BdCaste Sald 15:
KWard Classes had Сопgress party for gainst the upper claSingh, Who emerged er of the BrosperCILIS | Wester districts Within the Congress what opened the way Lunder the Chari SrTila1Thanqohlar Lophia,
he Socialist Party in Support the dermand Classes Federation F THE BACKWET CIEeCOTime nations for In 1959 the annual cialist Party adopted g the party to Secure its in political parties, es, businēSS and ras, Harjans, Schesminorities and WOonference of 1961 the Socialist Party's Orthcoming general om these groups. By as a result, the party allowing among the : Yadawa, Kurmiand g the election caSocialist leader Kang to the barber caBack Ward Classes ollowing, promising these castes. The defeated in both UP Icialists emerging as ress party. But the is not a straightfight di BackWard classes. Oleto the Surfae.
In Bihar the Yadavas had become the second largest Caste group in the Legislative Assembly. Demanding installation of a Yadava Chief Minister, they colluded with top Congress leaders to bring down the Socialist-led administraion of Karpuri Thakur's SarTyukta Widayak. Dal. In UPa similar process was underweigh With tha Jats led by Charan Singh seeking alliance With marginal fartners and low castes of the central and eastern districts through a new Bharatiya Kranti Dal challenging the twice-born castes leading the Congress party. Assisted by changes in relations on the land brought about by Zemindariabolition, Yadavas and Kurmis in Bihar and Jats, Ahirs and Gujars in UP appeared as a new agrarian class generated by the Greg Revolution.
The BJP projected itself With the assistance of the new consolidation of BackWard Classes in the struggle to bring down Congress power in UP and Bihar. The Socialist Party broke up into segments, especially after the death of RaTl|Tlalo har Lohia and the Jalātā Dale Terged as the instrument of Backward Class politics. A spurious anti-Congress front with the Janata Dal and the CorImunists enabled the BJP, party that had always been limited to dependence om Bania support in the towns, to seek to become the new party of the twice-born castes with Support from Backward Class elements. With the collapse of the Janata governments at the centre and in UP, the BJP stepped up its claim to represental Hindu Castes on the basis of defending their interests against Indian Muslims Who Were alleged to be aligned With Pakistan. It was the apparent success of the BJP in the Hindi-speaking States of UP. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh that revealed their irrelevance to the struggle being fought by the Backward Classes and Scheduled Castes to Shake off domination and discrimination from the coalition of upper castes in government. The Very movement of the twice-born Castes in the direction of the BJP brought about a new alignment of the upper Backward Classes With the Harijans and the Muslim Tasses in Uttar Prades.

Page 9
|NDA
Recipe for refc lacks dash of
Stefan WagStyl
he ghost of
the destruction of
the Ayadhya mosque, which has haunted India for a year, has been laid
to rest.
The Werdict fTOT Six State Electio 15 Held last month is clear. Though Vote counting has yet to be completed, the electorate has rejected the militancy propagated by the Hindu revivalist Bharatiya Janata
party,
Supporters of the BJP, the main opposition to the ruling Congress(I) party in parliament, unleashed widespread violence and political unrest after they stormed the mosque last December, resulting in more than 2,000 deaths. At the time of the riots the BJP's support was
rising. Before
Ауodhya,
the
BJP
Controlled four of the Six States. NOWit Will
run just two.
The BJP's defeat COTES as a relief to the Congress party and Mr PWNarasimha Rao, the prime minister, Who even a few months ago feared the BJP might do well
enOLigh in
the state polls to give
unstoppable impetus to its demands for an early general election.
The outcome is thus the prospect of
greater political
stability
f
t
government than seemed likely earlier this year, Mr Rao, who was under attack from within his own party for failing to combat the BJP with any vigour, has seen his softly-softly approach windicated. Now he can look forward to leading the party and the country at least until the next general
Electior dLIG I 1995.
Mr HKL Bhagal president, says: strengthened the pe the prirne minister".
BusineSSIT1er.
We1colled th
it provides sc of political time of econo
too have is
investors W.
Bombay Sto index up
BLISSISTEr a' po||resulta Sit prOW of political stability Change: Sճ tձՃ
WäSDS WC SE Exchange's index On the first tradir
electİO TESLIES.
Mr Tarun Das, d Confederation of leading employers "Stability atthe polit for the economy including foreignin'
However, the fac isnow relatively stal itis popular. The ele India 15 TETlai di: national political le

D spice
, the Congress party "The results a We rty and strengthened
also
e poll result as
hlave
TE ELSELTTELICE
stability at a ппіс change; so tock
O sent the
2k Exchange's
Ilarket
We also Welcomed the
ides Some assurance at a time of economic hawe stock market t the Bombay Stock up 59.71 to 3,292.85 g day following the
irector-general of the Indian Industry, a Organisation, says: ical level is good news and for investors, Esters".
t that the government old05. Sot gall that
Cition results show that
SI|Ilusioned With their
adgf5. TG fail B.JP
support was not matched by any surge in enthusiasm for Congress. Without such enthusiasm, Mr Rao and his party will find it difficult to carry out controversial policies - notably the economic liberalisation he started in 1991.
The appeal of Mr Rao's Congress party has worn this nearly 50 years after it came to power as a nation-builder, leaving Indians looking for a new direction among their political leaders. Some have found it in the BJP's brand of Hindulationalist, though, as the state polls show, others, such as those who woted for the populist coalition in the largest state of Uttar Pradesh, are repelled by the party's Tl||tant HindL Ilătiorld|5|Tl.
Nearly one third of Indian voters were eligible to votein the state elections which took place in four states-Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh - where the BJP had previously held power; and in two other small states - the city of Delhi and the
Orth-easter State of Mizora.
Congress benefited from the anti-BJP Wote Tainly in the states Where it was the only credible alternative - Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, where it overturned BJP majorities, and Rajasthan, where it reinforced its position as the largest opposition party,
But in Uttar Pradesh, the most populous Statė ad the Batllad of Torth Iridiar politics, the anti-BJP vote was captured mot by Congress buta powerful third force in the form of the alia Ce betwee the Samajwadi party and the Bahujan Samaj
7

Page 10
party, representing mainly the deprived lower castes. Congress Won just 28 seats in the 425-member state assembly which It OTCe dominated.
The BJP may be down but it is not out. It remains the single largest party in Uttar LLLLLLHLL 0 LLLLLLLLSLLLLLLLLHHaS of Rajasthan and won Delhi, where state-level polls were held for the first time in 40 years.
Mr K R Malkani, the BJP's spokesman, says the party needs to broaden its support. He claims it suffered because it Was Wrongly portrayed as a one-issue party Committed to claiming the site of the Ayodhya mosque for a Hindu temple."We hawe to explain ours glwes better to the awerage Than".
The BJP's defeat colles as a relief to Rao, who feared its success could have forced early general elections
Many middle-class Indians hawe sympathy for the BJP because they see it as a vigorous alternative to an ower-conservative, tired-looking Congress, One leading businessTan says: "If the BJP can develop a non-religious agenda, it could yet be the party of the future".
However, at least until the 1996 national elections, it is Congress which is in power. It Will hawe opportunities for legislatiwe action as early as today, when parliament Teets for its winter session. It is already preparing the next tranche of its economic reforms for publication in the 1994-95 budget in February.
Mr. Marcola Singh, te reforTTl-Tiridad fira C3 rilister, Ha5 indicated the budget will bring further reductions in custors duties, tax reforts and measures to ease private companies'
entry into insurance dominated by state also further liberalis
Controls.
However, the pe further radical refor Сопgress generally economic liberalis: customs duty cuts exporters and foreigs if it Can be achia WE political hardship.
But, with a few ho MFS are IIClath lũCCT1!
Teasures - such |ab)OLJr la WS Which sacking Workers an OWermanned publics about two-thirds O
|-JCLII. AS MI F pro-reform MP anc minister, says: "TF reforT. But a Critica
abSent".
Mr. ManГпопа П. S pro-refoгпп сопseпst both in Congress a large, Economic ref. I list Tort's st;
ba-CaLSE the BJP
liberalisation. But J: parties of the left whi critics of promarket Lhë Electi S.
MPs hawe good r TadiCal reform. In to Himachal Pradesh, administration pL pro-market Economi trimming state spent for apple farmers no-Work, no-pay rule went on strike (Whic result Was electoral
ELI Mr. Call support for reforms

and other industries enterprises. He may ie foreign exchange
litical obstacles to m remain daunting.
is Willing to accept itior - SLICH IS
ard in Certiwes for inwestors –butonly |d Without to Luch
nourable exceptions, emplate more painful as relaxing to Lugh prevent companies d cutting jobs in the tector, Which absorbs f India's organised Childarmbaram, a former Commerce Yere İS, Support for mass of support is
ingh believes that a JS is steadily growing nd in the Country at Jr III Was nota isSLJe ate polls, not least
generally supports 3qlqta DI. Icd Other ich hawe been strong reform fared badly at
eason to be Wary of e Touritain state of
the outgoing BJP Irsued Exemplary Creforms-including |прi cutting subsidies
and introducing a forcWiserwarts Who they often did). The disaster.
Jara IT belieg WeS that could grow With a
stronger lead from New Delhi. Even cost-cutting in state-owned industry and other controversial measures are possible, he says.
At the Confederation of Indian Industry, Mr Das agrees: "Reforms are on Manmohan Singh's agenda. I believe the prime minister will now let him get on with it".
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Page 11
UNDERSTANDING EASTASA
Japan and San Franc
C. Mahendran
ur relations with Japan in modern
times began in a meaningful Way only after the Second World War. The defeat of Japan and the reconstructions of that country thereafter was discussed earlier in our lecturerS. It is loft for US noW to analysehow SriLanka and Japan interacted, given the traumatic experience that country went through after the atomic attack of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
In 1951 WhEnth18 SBIl FranciSCO PBaCB CofGTECE WES HEeld, Sri Lanka häid already broken with her colonial past, and as an independent country, participated in the Peace Conference. Mr. J. R. JayaWarde W0 WG the Filla C3, Millister of the government at that time represemited Sri Lanka. The di SCLUSISO at that conference; which were dominated by the Soviet Union and the U.S.A., was engrossed in arriving at a consensus on how best to time Japan's militarism. In this effort the Soviet delegates kept on hammering at the therne that Japan should LLLLaLLLLLLLa LLLLLaLLL La LLL LS S L LLLLLL at thisjuncture his Excellency J R JayawaIdene intervened and advised those present, that the fault for Japan unleashing War in the Pacific Was a direct result of the actions of a group of military leaders of that country, and therefore it was not properto punish the entire Japanese nation for this; and he quoted the famouS Words of the Buddha that "hatred does not cease by hatred but by love alone" and advocated that Japan should not be divided. At the end of Mr J R Jaya Wardene's speech there was considerable enthusiasm, among those present for the type of solution advocated by our leader. The Soviet delegate expressed reservatil. TE COfETET CE decideidrotto diwid Japan. Since then the Emperor of Japan, the government and people of Japan, have had aspecial affection for the people of Sri Lanka. This was emphasized by the people of Japan when in 1990 they invited Mr JR.Jayawardene and Medam Jaya Wa
rdene to Japan and atte KarTalk Lura D; ting the speech mac
Thus Japan"S poli has been one of b indship. In addition Jayawarden's Spee. powers, not to harm that Sri Lanka eWe Japan and Was Br WIS TOirter Stedir from Japan. This W. history of a nation, stated that she Was rations eventhough cked by anotherCOU and people of Jap upon themselves to olur governmantin Ctill Of Sri Lalka. demonstrated by th nce rendered by JE a per capita basis, S third largest loan di pan. It should also bi COTTCCgd TBCCV in 1966. This to country to reach ti capita loan commitr confidence Japan h in our economic pel
Politically Sri Lar had close relations problems to speak Wisits by leaders Lanka hawe CeTtter Wali-lated rel; Bandaranalike Wisite Wed by His Excelle HS ProSiet 19F ror Who Was the Cri Laika ir 1952. Lat Wisited Japan both of When he was the F Minister Kaifu of Ja LETIK I 199O, COWE of bi-lateral exchang

iSCO Conference
ETECted Stolet bolet äibutSU CGITTerTOrale by Our leader.
cytowards Sri Lanka Brevolende and frieto his Excellency JR ch appealing to great Japan, he also stated nthough attacked by titled to reparations, claiming reparations S tlle first tirTE ir the that a country had mot interested in repaSri Lalka Was attantry. The government anthereafter took it help our people and BCCIOmic: re-construlThis fact was amply lĒ ēCÖTÖTNIC åISSIStäapan to Sri Lanka Om Sri Laka T3C3WES the SELSEITIE for JaStated that Sri Lanka rig loans from Japan 2 ShoWS that for Our le third place in per ments by Japan is the as in our country and for TTiance.
ka and Japan hawe in that there a TE 10 Of that need attention. from Japan and Sri ited the healthy and Editions M5, Sirira, W) d Japan in 1975 follocy J R Jaya Wardene B. The present EmpeWml Primice Wisited Sri FsBSideflt FremadaSa Fficially and unofficially Prime Minister. Prime panpaid a visit to Sri ёгіпg an active period geatthe highestlewel.
Foreign Ministers of both countries pay regular visits, the lastone was when Hon. Harold Heratvisited Japanin 1990. During these visits considerable Work is done to COf Solidatë the exteriSiWE ECONOTIC Which bind our two Countries. The Oveseas Economic Cooperation Fund of Japan has been extending loans to Sri Lanka since 1976. After 1986 Japan has surpassed the World Bank and USAID in LLLLLL LLL LLLLHHLLLL LLLLHHLLHLLLLLLL LLLLLLL aL Overseas Development Assistance to Sri Laikā.
Recently OECF assistance has been principally for infrastructure, Such as trasportation, electric power and telecoTITLUlicatios,
The CuTulative total of OECF loan commitment to Sri Lanka as of March 1991, amounted to Yen 226,636 million. Japan also gives Sri Lanka Grant Assistance, and on a yearly basis. Grant Assistance has been around 2 billion Rupees a year.
There is considerable trade between Sri Lanka and Japan, but this bi-lateral trade is Weighted heavily in favour of Japan. Sri Lanka buys approximately 300 million US Dollars Worth of goods from Japan annuaIlyand Japan purchases around 75 million Dollars Worth of goods from Sri Lanka.
Foreign direct investment from Japan has been slow inflowing to Sri Lanka. But посiest amounts are generated at present. This relationship can be further strengthened if the Sri Lankan side assiduously cultivates the private sector in Japan, learning to Work in Japanese milieu and encourage Japanese investment, by join and bi-lateral policies. Japan also is interested in helping the South Asian region as a Whole. Wein Sri Lanka ShOLuldéric-OLIräge this aspect ofJapanese foreigп policy, by actively participating in the South Asia forum initiated by Japan.

Page 12
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" Computerised meters " Can be summoned to V " No call up charge within city limits " Vehicle at Receipts issued on request Company credit aw:
CaII 501502 50 1503
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ur do Ortste D cess from selected stands
西、

Page 13
RUSSIA
Charlatans can never b neW eCOmOmiC Order
Nikhil Chakrawarthy
he startling news of the sweeping Tူးူ Of the Ultra-nationalist forces in the parliamentary election in Russia is a matter of considerable significance. It was but natural that in the background of this sensational assertion of ultra-nationalism in the parliamentary poll, Yeltsin's victory in the simultaneous referendum on the revision of the Constitution giving more powers to the President, has sofar receiwed little notice.
It was an Yeltsin-designed election exercise - the time, the terms of reference, the arrangements for conducting iteverything was as per the Order of President Yeltsin, except the results. In fact it was over this very heavily-biased setting of Russian elections that had led to his conflict with the old parliament, which had resulted in October in the brutal arted attack on the White House of Moscow, by which Yeltsin had ruthlessly put down the resistance led by his rivals - Speaker KhasibulatOW and Vice-President Rutskoi. That bloody suppression of Parliament by Yeltsin had ironically received an extraordinary outburst of appreciation from his so-called "democratic" patrons in Washington and London. The public revulsion to that ghastly display of force against his own people, Tlust have contributed in no small measure towards the miserably poor showing of the pro-Yeltsin forces in thig CLITTEt electIOTS.
The folly of that ferocious suppression of democratic dissent has been sharply broughy home in the current elections as the Yeltsin supporterparty, Russia's Cholce after its pathetic poll performances, is now appealing to the Communists for
LLkM MMMCM MMMMM LMLCS LLk aCMMtmtBuLMMCC Y Dne of South Asia 5 leading analysis.
support in the forma rnment. During the YElsim's Cronies dis the ultra-nationalist Party, Zhirinovsky, i Today the verdict shown Up Who desE
There is much to Russian elections - many other countrie! one thing, it has sho of the West. The gia lary the US, insiste scrapping of the Ru Cure in the Irlang ples, While they den for such drastic stru Yeltsin had to repe West for aid and app With a beggar's bowl of What Russia bad has been that the been thrown out of Verish ITETIt On One : under-World on the lous Crooks turning blackIIlarket. Social been stopped While prices rule the day.
Inevitably this has di Senchantment Wil but their open den |tsin's importunities
· hurt the national p
people. His growelli Washington has ta home. The Tla:SS ras OW been translate nowsky's populist a significance is the bagged an estimate in the Army. It is wor ared attack on the

Special fo the Lanka Guardian
e the architects of a
tion of the new goveelection campaign, Tissed the leader of Liberal Democratic is "a political clown". if the ballot box has
Wes that title more.
east for us from the - for US as Well as for s, great and small. For wпup the bankгшplсу nts of the G-7particud upon the complete SSiia economic Struif free-market princiled the economic aid CtLura||transformatos. 2atedly beseech the leared before the G-7 , but he gota pittance y needed. The result entire economy has year with mass impo
ther, with unscrupu
millionaires through Sector benefitShaVe
shortages and high
given rise to not only ecolonic reforts unciation, while Yeto Washington hawe ide of the Russian ng identification with nished his image at antinentatall this has into Votes for Zhiriproach. Not without report that he has three-fourth of votes h recalling that in his
ParliarTentin Octo
ber, Yeltsin could depend only on a small section of the Soviet army, the rest was reported to have refused to be a party to that putsch.
It is thus obvious that the mighty victors in the Cold War are today prowed to be not only short-sighted but by their own act have undermined their stooge who has badly forfeited the confidence of the public in his own country. The result has been the backlash of ultranationalist. In other Words, it is a very adverse reflection on the US policy which has been responsible for this phenomenon of a new type of lationalist fundameritali ST in RUSSI. It WOLuld be foolhardy to dismiss it as fascism. The secret behind Zhirinovsky's success lies in his articulation of the WouInded feelings of a proud nation whom Yeltsin's AITeri Carl Tasters tried to hlLIITliate in no uncertain terms, even putting Shackles On normal COITIIT cercial busine55 as could be seen in the scandal over the Indo-Russian cryogenic rocket deal. The question that the West has to face is: If Zhirinovsky is a fascist, who is responsible for making him one?
For US the Russial election Te Sult:S come as a Warning for those in authority. While the Odernisation and liberalisation of our economy were overdue, the Furid-Bank prescribed structural reforms are about to hit the common man in a big way. Apart from the inescapable rise in prices, the spectre of large-scale unemployment coupled with the grim prospect of extermination for a good section of indigenous enterprise – all these are being presented as part of the new economic strategy. The starving of the social sector, the heavy cut on education budget, side by side with the share-market scandals and magnum size corruption - all these have come
11

Page 14
while the nation's pride is hurt by the facthat the entire economic strategy has been imported from the West, without any significant indigenous input.
In the name of globalisation, Manmohanomics has made the country subservient L aa LLLLL0L L LL LLu LLLLLLaL LLLCLLLLLS ngton. Any perceptive observer knows that behind the debility of our foreign policy lies the heavy dependence on Western aid. For a nation with a history of proud nationalism, unbent even in the heydays of the Cold War, What We hawe been passing through is galling indeed. How out of step the vendors of the new economic policy are can be gleamed, for instance, from the Tanner in which the Finance Minister recently sought to run down the genuine urge behind the revival of the Swadeshi spirit saying that this would harm the gament export trade. Dr. ManTohan Singh, on the other hand, is not оп record to have takеп апy step against the US pressurisation for opening up of Indian market to textile imports. No Wonder that a good friend and fellow-economist of Dr Manmohan Singh, a confirmed US-an, haS extolled hiras the Gaider of Indian economic reforms. Today Galder's landiwork has turtled out to be a political flasco for Boris Yeltsin,
Itisthistype ofmentality thathasfueled Ltd-lationaliSTRUSSia ad ISOL to do so wherever national self-respect persists even in the midst of the so-called globalisation, another name for the econdmic domination by the big powers of the Nortfl. T1B realfaCE ofthis IlBW Econolic strategy is to bring about disintegration of national cohesiveness and debilitate heaIthy national self-respect. The time has COTIEfOT tOSE WOTE EtrUSted With the governance of our democracy to heed to our people's genuine urge more than the super-moneylender's dictates from abroad.
LLLLLLLLL KLLLaLaL LLLLLL 0Ya LLL LLLLLL to ponder over. Charlatans can never be the architects of a new COOIllic Order - either in MOSCOW or in New Delhi.
12
Why WC electior
Brian Beedhar
But eastward, look not to misquote the Arthur Hugh Clough that Europeans pe Wegek find|itte for thig
SEE.
The Corning Weel W||10t DB the Clearl a new, better, kind many optimists hawe Would bG. ThG WOtg SLICII a RUSSia a li history-tormented C begun the long road micrTodernity. In two the road is going to for the RUSSIES LE WOr HTC LIrld Fer| had expected.
NUTEgs Or E. ThE change all that mL political battle. It is . that the new parliam enough from the old ble W a Way With tan Country a round a por for II.
The four parties t "rgFOIII list" W|| Edgw rtainly Wina Comfort: But these four do each other about W. their leaders a|| Fla TıbitiO1S.|t SBeerT1S their candidates Will of better-placed refo day, as has been THE TËfor Wote COL
The opinion polls Worth in today's Co. two truly reactionar Tunists and WI; wildly misnamed L. may pick up a fair r the parties of the WC that Ci to EET of the Communist today's economical pretty Well.

Drry about Russia's
S
T
LO
, the land is dark. Or, a 19th century poet too bleakly, letus say ering eastward this irconTilfortin whatthey
Ker d'S RILISSiT. Wote -cut breakthrough to ET RUSSi that t00 a too rosily thought it Will, with luck, bring title closer. But that ountry has only just opolitical and econoalready visible Ways,
bе потепugged — imselves, and for the - than the optimists
se elections may not Ich in Russia's OW lepressingly possible ant Willot be differert OrlethEt EOri5 Yesin k Sh||S tÒ Lite thig ogram of serious re
hat most people Call BEI th-T1 alIOst CEable majority of Seats. lot really agree With at reform means, and we their own private unlikely that many of
StadioW i fa Wor rmers before election hopefully suggested. ildend up badly Split.
s (for What they are nfusion) say that the y parties - the Coadimir Zhirinovsky's Ib Era I DET OCTatS - Umber of seats. And Jolly middle, the ones cent of both the pain past and the pain of JSterity, could also do
It is not impossible that the new parliament will contain a big enough opposition to blockat least part of President Yeltsin's agenda, even with the huge powers that his proposed new constitution will give him. It should be no great surprise if this happens. Many Russians have been badly hurt in the past three years' economic collapse; others are dismayed by Mr. Yeltsin's repeated lurches unto dictatorial arrogance, No incumbent would go into such an election with an easy heart.
But, surprise or not, there is agrisly irony in the prospect. The only real argument il defE15g Of Mr. YetSi'SCOStitutiOn-breaking abolition of parliament in October was that he needed to clear the way for a 5TGoth ErlacrnEnt of His refors program. If that smooth enactment is still denied to him, the tanks he sent against the White House Wil||ha We Created a horribly dangerous precedent, for no decisiwe gain.
NLI Iber two: The other sufferers from Russia's still incomplete transition to normality are likely to be Russia's neighbors - and that does not mean only the couintries of what Russia proprietorially calls its "near abroad".
The most striking thing about the past few months has been the growing unanimity among Russians of all political opinions that the rest of us owe their country a sphere of influence, a chunk of the World they can call their own. Those who make this claim range from embittered ex-Communists and Wild-eyed neo-nationalists all the Way across the spectrum to liberals like Andrei Kozyrev, the foreign minister. They all Want the right to take a hand in their neighbors’ arguments, with a gun in լիB harit]-
Again, this is no surprise. The end of the Soviet Union was not just the end of abroken ideology. It was also the collapse of a great state, a power in the World, the sort of place people feel proud to belong to. In a twinkling of the eye, Russia had beеп tгапsfоппеdfroпimperial supeгроwer to ruined supplicant. Such a shock strikes deeper into a country's consciou

Page 15
sness than a mere change of political beliefs. No Wolder that all sorts of RLSsians, Whatever else they disagreg abcut, should have joined in this reassertion of the right to be a country that people take their hats off to.
But again, this is a cause of alarm to the rest of Europe. So far, both Europeans and Americans have been markedly reluctant to criticize Mr. Yeltsin for What he does either at home or abroad, because he is assured to be at bottom a reliable friend of the West. It is title to take a harder look at that comfortable assumption.
It may seem no skin off Europe's nose that the Russians have started playing the great power again on their southern flank, in Georgia and Tajikistan and in the Armenia-Azerbaijan mess. (Ewen this Could prove Complacently wrong, if a poking of Russian fingers into Muslim nests stirs up the angry and indiscriminate bees of Islamic radicalism.) But it matters much more directly to Europe if Russian reassertiveness turns westward. Think of what the Russian 14th Army is already doing in Moldova; of Russian claims on Ukraine of Russia's rumbling quarrel with the Baltic StalES.
Russia's "near abroad" lies just as much to its west as to its south. In one Way, the Western section is the Tore important, because it includes the fellow Slaws of Ukraine and Belarus, whom Russians see as natural partners in a new, post-Communist center of power. That takes them right up to the borders of Poland and Hungary. Russia's near abroad is also democratic Europe's near abr05d.
This raises great questions for Europeans. The new democracies of East-Celntral Europe, are already calling for protection against What they see as a returning tide of Russian power. Does the West go on telling thern not to fuss? Bill Clinton's people, or the far side of the Atlantic and With their eyes turned toward Asia, show signs of being more tolerant of Russian re-expansionism thar next-doos-to-it Europe can afford to be, Are there here the makings of a large European-American clash of interests?
Say not that the struggle in Russia does not matter. The flashes of lightning in the aastern murk should be making EuroDBars think,
(International Herald Tribune)
MEDIA AND
A SOut
Regi Siriward
OWE We Withi
- States of Sol ties of conflict lie the different identiti gious groups hawa E COTTunication. Th What in a pre-model might hawe been i WeetWO Corted EDECOTIES TOW a 1ä it is projected by the Spread far beyond Wiolence.
Obserwers of eth in South Asian Cou hawe ofter draW played by partisano expression of inflat Teda. It Would be that such riots Were the relative importa respect, as against Cative ruTOLIIrS orth te Organisation Of W groups, is often dif large generalisatior the role of Tedia outbreaks of Violenc that of acting as thei that of creating alc lings and attitudes W priate situation, erup is why | Want to cor Tiple where it see COTITUNICators Irite of the fact that the ol ge they wеге projec of mass religious wi
Perhaps the most event in any South title Was the teleca. the Rama story as an incredible popull: the character of a partly of a religious r that in many places Inday mornings ord standstill while peop. glued to their TV sets makers and sponso rtion than that of Cre: spectacle. This is no Was innocent of any a recent essay titled
The first part of his Decenter issue.

2ONFLICT(2)
n Asian Perspective
the Order statism th Asia the potentiallit only in the fact that es of linguistic or relieen solidified by mass are is also the fact that In South Asian Society localised clash beng groups in a Village tional event because media and its ripples the original scene of
nic and religious riots tries in recent times attention to the role rbiasedreporting and ratory opinion in the too simplistic to say caused by the media; ince of media in this he influence of provoe element of deliberaiolence by interested icult to assess. As a I, it may be said that
ir relation to - Such te has been less Often mmediate trigger than Ig-term state offeehich, given the approJts into Violer]Ce.That CertTat E O Olle exalms unlikely that the inded Or Were aWare ut COITE, Of the TCSSting would be an act lence.
extraordinary media Asian country in Our sting by Indian TV of a Serial. It achieved arity, taking on partly Tedia CarlWall artid itual. It has been Said
aCrOSS India On Suinary life came to a le sat with their eyes . Probably the serial's rShad ro Other inteating a popular media t to say that the Serial political character. In "A Historical Perspe
зrticle appваred fл ашг
ctive on the Story of Rama', the eminent Indian historian, Prof. Romila Thapar, points out that there are many versions of the Rama story, textual as well as oral, and that the TV serial privileged one wersion, "familiar to North Indian Hindispleakers, and broadly to the literate few elseWhere". She goes on: "The choice of this version therefore makes a specific social and political statement, becoming all the more significant given that television is part of the Government-controlled media. With such powerful backing the serial Comes to be Ser as the lational Culture of the mainstreat'. But While the Serial had therefore a definite ideological character, its main consequence was perhaps unforeseen by its authors. For there can be no doubt that the Rana story on TW played an enormous partin helping fundamentalist and extremist Hindu groups in boosting their cause in the Ayodhya dispute. The culmination of this process Was the demolition of the Babri Masjid in December 1992, which led to massive violence, destruction and loss of lives throughout India.
| hawe used the Ayodhya affair and its media prelude to suggest the ethical aspects of the immense power that media people hold in their hands. It is a power that can be disintegrating and catastrophic in its Consequences in our societies, divided as they are on religious, linguistic and cultural fault-lines, unless it is used with a wisdom and foresight that is conscious of the plural character of these societies and of the perils of fragmentaוחםti
Finally, I wish to say a Word about the TOle Of the media in relation to half the population of South Asia. Teanthose who are bornfernale, inherit the traditional disabilities attaching to women in South Asia and are subject to the prejudices, stereotypes and pre-conceived assumptions in terms of Which Women are still for the most part seen in our societies. Women's groups in South Asia hawe often criticised the gender biases, implicit or explicit, in Tainstream media representations of women. Any viable communication ethic in South Asia today must take into account the treatient of Worthen in the media, and I hope this aspect will receive its due importance in discussions during the next four days.

Page 16
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Page 17
CONSTITUTION
The election as President of Mr. D.B.
Wijetunga by Parliament raises in accordance with Article 40(1)(a) of the Constitution some intriguling questions:-
.
2.
The new President has lore than a years of President Premadasa's term to serve. He cannot therefore avail hirisalf of the artendment Which entitles a President to face his electors at any time after his fourth year in office, Former President J.R. Jayewaridere used this and obtained re-election.
The raison d'être for the armendment Was to enable the President to choose a favourable opportunity like a prime minister under the Westminster nodel.
In the case of President Wijetunga, he could be a sitting target for the opposition, if the times are bad. The U.S. and French executive presidents are in a similar position as they too serve fixed terms. The U.S. president however functions differently; his is a combination of presidentialism (incluSive of Veto powers) and congressional government Without a prime ministerial system. The French hawe defined roles fortheir prirne ministerand president. The Sri Lankan constitution on the other hand places the presidenta Schief executiwear din the position of a British prime Tinister; the prime minister perse has only restricted functions, mainly as chief of the government's majority in parliament.
There is still another problem; given the Island's political Culture, the people identify the President as the embodiment of the government, not Cabirlet or Paria Tent. TLS a President successful in obtaining re-election before a parliamentary general election can reasonably expect that his party Wi|| Win at the polls on the Crest of the Wawe of his own election. In President Wijetunga's case, ParliaTent will have to be dissolved before he faces the electors, as Parliament's term ends before that of the Presi
Presidentia Ceh
A. Jeyaratnam Wilson
delt. The Elec: extente Corfu parliamentary sident Wijetung frOFTI The Victority) eletiad: depends on how is Tobilised.
5. If the presidenti
majorities are CC be no problem. ctory, then there President may fir his position. He alternatiwgS: (1) r Telard Paralle perate with him a Cere Tornial he at all agreeablet office. Further State S lat “E head of the Cabir Parliament and permitted to fund
The question of Cor engaged the attentio Warden Who Stated 22 question". The o lett, Lallith. Athshlathar he gawe me (When Trade and Colmerce Sident and Parlame lo share power" Aga re (and the plans m president J.R. Jayew, Kobbekaduwe was Takes such a pos under the constitution dent is elected, the relinquishes office O following. Parliament fOrtle Presidg t Commander-in-Chief ccessive votes of noc ment (without the req king st extremely er functioning president
The French Haw impasse. The Word is sidet Francois Mitte sort to this techniqu

OiCeS
to rate Will to sole sed. Will they elect a ajority hostile to Prea since a candidate LUIS Dar TW will stard for |d possibly Win? Ital Well the Opposition
all and parliamentary incidental, there Will If they are contradiWill befriction. The ditUntenableto hold Will| haWE Orle oftWo "esign because cabiTt Wi||TfLS 10 - or (2) rewert to being ad of state if that is O the government in Iore Article 43 (2) president shall be let" but with a hostile sabinet he w|||| mot be til itt TC|E.
tradictory majorities n of President Jayethat was "the Catch ther principali archiTidull, in an interview he Was Minister of a) said "the two (PreIt) Will hawe to Wearr7 in, our political Cultuade to eject former ardee When Hector
expecting to win) sibility unlikely; for even fa neWpresi: existing president in the 4th February
Will make it difficult function even as - ThGrd Could be SUIonfidence by Parliauisite majority), manbarrassing for the
a Way Out of the Cohabitatio. PrgTald has had to TEE WE TE
with hostile majorities. He found Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, Who contested him unsuccessfully and later became Prime Minister, difficult to work with. The presiden fierefore clarred contra over defence and external affairs leaving domestic policies to his Prime Minister. All this is in keeping with French political Culture which is different from ours, Besides the French do mot have a clear two party System as We do to all intents and poLurposes. They hawe "political families" Which shade into each other. So coalitionbuilding in France is a practicable propositil.
6. Lastly the framers of the Constitution appear to hawe neglected to provide for a situation when a President is elected by Parliament.
Article 30 (2) states the President shall "be elected by the People". Article 31 (2) stipulates "no person who has been twice elected to the office of President... shall be elected again". The term is six years.
According to these provisions President D.B. Wijetunga is entitled to be elected for two further tertis, as in his first term he was not elected by the people but by Parliament. It is also a root point as to Whether former president J.R. Jayewarderg Gould have stood for a secorld elected term for he was not elected by the people for his first term. Parliament Dassed an a Teardment that the Was deamed to have been elected. But this was Parliament's decision and the President Was not the choice of the people in his first teIII.
The United States anticipated such an eventuality. After President Franklin Roosevelt's unprecedented four terms as President, the XXII Amendment of 1951 proWided that "no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice and no persol Who has held the office of President or acted as President (italics ours) for more than two years for a term to Which some other person was elected President shall be elected more than once (Italics ours).
15

Page 18
CHESTER BOWLES (2)
Importance of the
HOWard Schaeffer
owles's views often set him apart
from most other foreign policy practtioners and COITTentators of the time. He agreed with them the "free World" faced dangerous challenges from Moscow and Peking and that United States needed to take the lead in containing Communist power. He devised his foreign policy coinstructs in a Cold War context and consdered them not only morally just and in acCordwith America's historicpUrposebLut also effective containment strategy. He Was Convinced that the United States had to develop powerful forces to respond credibly and flexibly to the threat of aggreSSion froT the COTunist Countries. But while he did not want U.S. foreign policies to ignore the power of the gun, he also Wanted them to stress the power of the ideas that had made Arnerica a distinct society, "a city set upon a hill" With a message to the World.
The developing Third World, and especially Asia, excited Bowles and became the focus of his attention and creative energies. Differing with many members of the often Eurocentric U.S. foreign policy establishment of his time, he faintained that the fate of the planet would turn on what happened in this Third World. His fundamental, long-held position was that the United States needed to stress "positive" policies that Would identify it. With the aspirations of Third World leaders and peoples, not "negative" ones such as military measures designed simply to thwart Communist threats.
A major element in Bowles's approach Was his insistence, soon widely accepted even by ardent cold Warriors, that Washington recognize the potency of nationalism and accept the preferences of many Third World governments for indeperident, non-aligned foreign policies. He showed similar courage and foresight in opposing security pacts such as SEATO and CENTOthat Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles developed to bring smaller Asian countries into the Western alliance system. He was an outspoken opponent of colonialism, and Warted that the United States could not
16
afford to defer to the allies as the dec Worked itself out in A: that the United Stat a latter-day Colonial
militarily to fight what tiOn Were UnWin nabo| Asia, and skeptical solutions to probles Third World, he stro Sals to introduce A Wietnam and Laos, a (jcted that thiS WOLI|
Unlike most other cials, Bo Wlesbe CarT) good friend of Prim was a leading advoc of India to the United ntly sought to dew economic, and in the between Washingto fought hard, ultima against a U.S. milit Pakistan. For years United States should nalism against wha threat of Chinese e theast Asia and el Dulles-like pacts bu providing behind-th. an indigenous Asiar by India. As he look Ways to contain Con ntry: that both fasci him, he also explo COLudoderate the regime and reduce Unicos. LikB SO TE th B Se endeavors 0 sharp conflict with ries more ideologic; cally courageous th
Economic assist: World Wasa majorit tive" foreign policy that extensive, Care linked to precepts a preferably in a den be an important Co many of his content SaW foreign aidas ; reflected the histori

3rCI WOrl C
interests of its NATO lonization process ia and Africa. Fearful 3S Would be cast as power if it intervened in his correctBStifTlae Wars in Southeast it all times of military ls, especially in the gly opposed propomerican troops into nd prophetically pre
|lead to di Saster.
SGior Armericam offiBa Waradrmircrand Minister Nehru. He ate of the importance States. He consisteelop closer political, a 1960s, security ties and NEW DEli. He itely unsuccessfully, ary relationship with he argued that the | Tobilize ASia latioIt ha Considered til xpansionism in Sousewhere not through by encouraging and e-scenes support for | MOITO E DOctrine led ed for Tore effective imLunist China, aCOLIlated and frightened red approaches that behavior of the Peking its ties to the SOWiet iny of his initiatives, ten brought him into OWerful Contemporaally rigid or less politial ha Wa S.
nce to the developing amon Bowles's "postagenda. He believed fully programmed aid ssuring its properuse, iocratic setting, could d War tool. But unlike poraries, Bowles also moral obligation that spirit and revolutiona
ry principles of America. It represented for him the most rewarding and tangible aspect of America's postwar international role, the opportunity to export America Wealth, experience, and values to help the world's poor help themselves to achieve better lives under free institutions.
Bowles's emphasis in the immediate postwar years and long afterwards on the importance of foreign aid helped give it the centrality to U.S. policies toward the Third World it has had since the mid-1950s. He was not a development economist and displayed some impatieF1CE When th05e With a Cade TIC CTG-dentials in that field tried to talk theory with him. But his lack of academic sophistication did not deter him from developing a set of guidelines which he believed could maxi Tize the benefits Of g COOTmica SSstance. He held that aid should be given With no political strings attached. He defined that concept rather narrowly, largely to lean that the United States should not force an aid recipient to alter its foreign policy to a pro-Western posture as a condition for eligibility. But he did believe in economic strings, and insisted that aid recipients reform their economic policies and administrative practices as preconditions for U.S. help. Equitable land reform Was always high on his agenda in this Context.
His clear preference for aid to popularly based Third World governments over assistance to authoritarian ones, especialyright-wing regimes, reflected his strong belief inderlocratic values. He Was COWinced that only governments enjoying strong public support would be able to create the climate of popular enthusiasm required for successful economic development. He also argued that Small-scale technical assistance, such as establishing training programs and assigning AmeriCan Specialists, Was not sufficient for the economic progress of Third World countries. They required foreign exchange to meet their goals. He saw only a limited role for foreign private capital in the early stages of economic development, though that did not deter him from making efforts

Page 19
to open India to American investment when opportunities arose. He also favoredincreasing regional planning and participation, as far as practicable through the United Nations, and urged that nongovernmental organizations be encouraged to undertake their own projects.
Many of these concepts seem commonplace enough today. But they were novel ideas when Bowles first promoted them in the early 1950s. Later in the decade he was successful as a congressman in Writing some of them into legislation, and as Kennedy's under secretary of state played a key role in the revamping of the administration of economic assistancë under the then newly-created Agency for International Development (AID).
Much of Bowles's thinking about foreign and economic development policy was influenced by his long innings in India. He put great emphasis on the comparative economic performances of India and China, a competition he called "the battle of the Century." Buthe hada more sanguine view of India's potential world role than its performance to date has warranted. Nor have subsequent developments justified his conviction that U.S. and India interests were fundamentally congruent. He rarely acknowledged that there were far-reaching differences in perception, experience, and objective between the two countries that led them to approach issues in dissimilar, sortetimes inimical WayS.
Bowles's background in advertising often showed in his foreign policy years. His early experience in running a leading ad agency made him a highly skilled publicist and promoter. Few in public life during his best years there could rival his talents and energy as a salesman of ideas. But the legacies of his paston New York's Madison AWB rue also included a few failings. One was his practice as ambassador of loading the policy options he presented to Washington in Ways which favored the one he preferred, "If there's one thing learned in the advertising business," he said, "it was to make people think they have a choice but not give them one." He also tended to be highly repetitive and single-minded; to derisive critics in the State Department and else Where hea Sometines Seemned to be marketing foreign policy as if it were a breakfast cereal or tooth paste. His detractorstended to sniff at his advertising background. Dean Acheson Was probably the mostacerbic on this score.Writing
about BoWlgs, Trur reflected that "tirth sing business See nent deformity, like footbinding."
Bowles's highly advocacy of his pe also reflected his ac Few American an mpaigned as open he did for policies th served had not yet so the eyebrows in апd elsewhere, the him. In private influential friends, ngressmen and the to the State Depal House, and articles he issued frost his stream of copy d: Other Alericans th:
TLegLI ClLEIggy L. Maybe Galeč
TE Held be Tlert De Willi.
TE TO WISG rei WWF )
Expert,
ThLLIs g. Iller GLÉIL et In to tle
So Iki In Impe Her Thoцgh
We Wee S JLIl'ÉLIS : Viril Fli
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Julius I ProLing Arld. LL! Our He

an's secretary of state spent in the adverti|s to Create a permathe Chinese habit of
unorthodox public Sonal policy positions vertising background. bassado TS ha WE Cay and strenuously as administrations they ccepted. If this raised he State Department did not let that deter orrespondence with ultiple mailings to comedia, offical Cables Tent and the White or major publications, New Delhi office a |signed to persuade it India was important
The Scholar’s Tale
PalTit 8
It ofSelfАрроілtппепt апdАпоіпштепt et Lule elected ILLITEJers margled ghosts of the recent Election irl LIJithutoLILI TILL.I.Ch circILII Inspection Lesthetic for the Operation er disfranchuisernerut of the Opposition
trayal by BLI BLITLder 5 Nax{Llite hLe CITIC) FIOller
рlesome part of the process euse of the Habeased Corpus
rமuling legal Eagle rframe-ups legal.
ШІІ ілJulius hadпо redeеппілg astless Lortex of his souls Black hole died Erl Crd Las the transsori ed evil ofdark Ambition.
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CCS LLUOd'Erec LLUlletler NCLXI Lifes alactiles or may be Stalag flites Li Lick LUith Stutfi pre-emptive skill SLLaHGLLYLLLL LLLLL LGLLLLLLLLSL LLLLLS
"Ler ..dirig FLLr Lda merLItal SqLuiggle the filed legal Eagle ssed into Statute by his rarisoппесd puppets dated resigrations in his bristling pockets.
LLs arried by refered in Luhere he started that his political Luorld Luas roLuld and charted Fle he thence rolled up the electoral lap O codedhuis slgrtals for the clearnsing Act.
to U.S. interests. Confident that they Would be converted to his way of thinking, he urged prominent Americans to visit India.
Not all of these visits were unalloyed Sucesses. Bowles recounted that When the Commander in chief of U.S. Pacific forces, Admiral Radford, came to New Delhi in 1952, Mrs. Radford founderself seated next to Indira Gandhi's husband Feroze atadinnerparty at Bowles's residence. Catching only the last name of her Indian dinner partner, she exulted to him that never in her life had she thought she would meet the great Mahatma Gandhi. Moharldas K. Gandhi häd in fäct bean assassinated four years earlier. When one of those to whom he told the story found it highly amusing, Bowles, who had no sense of humor about such things, sharply demurred. "It was the Worst day of Tly life," he said.
Ole
U. Katunatake
17

Page 20
THE J.R. YEARS (17)
On to July 198
Arde
he police running riot and burning
the Jaffna library and so much else was perceived the World over as Sinhala racism. Actually it was police lawlessness. It is to be noted that Out of a total of 18 policemen killed by the Tigers up to then, 14 were Tamils. After the D.D.C. elections fiasco in Jaffna, the Tigers stepped up their violence. The president and his wife and the prime minister and his Wife Went to London to attend the wedding of Prince CBS.
On 27 July, 1981, the Tigers attacked the Anaikottai police station and killed two policemen, On 15 October Prabhakaran's L.T.T.E. ambushed two soldiers in a jeep On the Kankesatural Road and killed them. On 22 October UnTilla Mahes Waran's men attacked the People's Bank at Killinochchi and gotaway with 40 milion rupees, Toreta 2 Tii||iörn U.S. do||arS at the rata the prgvalling. Arī ar my corporal Was killed, bringing the number of service Ten killed up to three.
The Alaikottai attack had resulted in the deaths of a Mosler police a Nazeer and a Sinhalese policer Ilan Jayaratna Banda. Wien the latter's funeral took pla CE in his home to Wn in Kurunegala there were racial riqts therë. The Violence spread to many towns in the south and West of the island, and was particularly masty in Sabaraga ITILI Wa. It Wasim Ratnapura that a glimpse of What Was in store for the future was provided. There suddeпly appeared vehicles carгуіпg racis! thugs who set fire to TarTil shops and boutiques and disappeared as quickly as they had corne. They did no looting and did no physical injury to their victims. They were carrying out a drill they had carefully practised. This was an entirely new pheOmenor distinct from LE normal ethnic violence resorted to by those bent on looting.
1982 brought more killings.
Serviceman Abeyratne Banda was killed at Kayts on 13 February and Police Costable Mahes Wara, a TaThil, at Kainkesanthurai on 22 March. On 2 July a police patrol of four Was ambushed and shot dead by L.T.T.E, men at Nelliady on
B
the Pt. Pedro road. I |Tii| CCTSLEDE.
Five days after Pre: WO HISTE-ElectiOr, til the Cha Wakach CT Eesti TarTill policemen al C driver Were killed.
The end of the policemen of which possibility of SinhalE compatriots in the S a COinSideratio for til point om Wards all ki servicamen by the Ti. y Sinhalese, incredit intelligence Was tota HS IrlicätöfS. Orl 1 Inspector of Police Were ki|ed at Pt. PE an army Corporal Wa 3 June two airTBriWE This was followed by forces of a large Ill had been rounded that they were shot W THE SinhalESE Clau had already shownt ra in July 1981, WerE response to the act They were Waiting f The excuse Was pr .n 23:Julyס .T.E.
At midnight, an an nagar Camp Was an Lr tilg Jaffa-Palai W|| || |ald Thirl BS, T SihlalES, Wēreki||E
This Was the trigge mists Were Wailing fo
It also häpper Eid || which the Tigers safety of their corn; la Silla ESE COLl. into account in Wagi against the governs |lowing the midnight up in ColCIT EO AS HI reda military funeral at Karlatte Cerneter red at the Cemeter bereaved families bödie St. JB fOWT C

3
Orle gf HerTI Was a
sident Jayewardene he LTTE. attacked police station, TWC a Sinhalese police
Year score Was 32 | EB WETTE IS. THE tali tip of their Outh Was no l'Origer le Tigers. From this |lings of police and gers Were exclLISIWEly, the government's lly Unresponsive to 3 February 1983 an and a police driver dro, Three days later 5 killé in Jafffla, Ofl re killed in WaWunya. thēmās sacre by the Tiber of Tigers Who p. It was explained hile tryingto escape. winistellerients, Who leir handin Ratnapua planning a massive ivities of the Tigers. or a s Luitabbiltà eXĊLISE. bvided by the P.L.C.-
my patrol from GuruEl 5 L TFEVEl
road and blown up hirteen soldiers, all d.
arte Sihala Claul Wi
i.
to be the time as CLund ad decided Lift the patriots living among I no longer ble taken ng their guerrilla War ent. The Sunday soarmbio Lush, lernsid3n1b]uiilt ë gQWernment prepa| fr til dead Soldier:S . A vast crowd gathegrounds where the were Waiting for the
OW for Jaffna.
The crowd soon turned unruly, Finally, to avoid an ugly situation getting completely out of control, the government decided to cancel the military funeral and hand Over Lille bodiësto their fäITlities at the Army Headquarters in another part of Colobo.
On Sunday night there was sporadic violence all over the city directed mainly against Tamil-owned boutiques and shops.
On Monday morning the govern Ileit-controlled Daily News carried a front page account of the amb Lush-killing Specifically mentioning the fact that all thirteen dead were Sinhala soldiers. By mid-morning the city Went Lupir1 flameS.N0allempl was made by President Jayewardene to āddress lai ad to reāSSL tī people that the government was in control of the situation; no appeal was Tade to the people to keep calm and to desist from harming innocent citizens. The government appeared to be reluctant even to Ilpose a curfew which was finally declaredat 2 p.m.
The trained goon-SQuads, first Sean in action in Ratnapura two years previously, now started operations.
Some days later, Cabinet spokes lar A. de Alwi S, il a tällik ower T.W. Said: "This SK Haa SK LLaLLLLL LLLLLLLLSLSLLLL LLLLaS LLLLaLL LLL part of a very deep plot to overthrow the government". This caused general amuserient, because most Lankans believed that the trouble-Takers Were importarit persons wery close to the government. Besides, although to a cabinet minister a plot to overthrow the government was the most heinous crime imaginable, to most aaTLaaS aY LLLLLLLLS LLL LLLKLLL LLLL LLLaLLLL S ghtening and distressing than any possible danger to the continued existence of the government. De Alwis, however, drew attention to a pattern in the new type of face violence, Which Tany people had themselves already noted:
"Although riots took place, burning of hOuses änd shOpStOOkplaCe, in Widely different parts of the city there was a

Page 21
distinct method in every case: the rioters Carlie along, took out the people from their homes, or the employees from the Shops, put that on the road, the carried some of the goods on to the road and set fire to them. Whereverit happened, it happened in exactly the sa Tig Way, This was the pattern. There Were, according to information now in the hands of the government, definite instructions not to loot. They carried lists of names and addresses; they knew exactly where to go. There Waslooting, but that Was the Work of the thugs and hooligans you find in every street junction".
Burning and looting Wenton, despite the curfew, for days. Thousands of Tamils Were Stranded and refugee camps had to be improvised for them. Physical harm to the victims - and there Wasplenty of it - Was not the Work of the trained squads.
For five days the country heard nothing from the head of the government. Then finally, on Thursday 28 July the president addressed the latio. It Was a dissä StrOUS performance, reassuring perhaps to the Sinhala chauvinists but certainly not calculated to restore Calrn armong the people. In the course of his speech he said:
"Because of this violence by the terrorists the Sinhala people themselves have reacted. The government has OW decided that the title as COlle to accede to the clamour and the natural request of the Sinhala people that We do not allow the TowerTent for division to grow any more. The Cabinet this morning decided that We should bring legislation, firstly to prevent people from entering the legislature if they belong to a party that seeks to dwide the nation: Secondly, the legislation will make parties that seek to divide the nation illegal, or proscribe them. And once they are proscribed their riterinbers cannot sit in the legislature. (Such persons) will lose their civic rights and will not be able to hold office in anymovementor organisation or practise a profession... I canot See any other Way We can appease the natural desire and request of the Sinhals people to prevent the country being divided".
Not one Word of sympathy for the innoCent citizens who had been Wictis of the racist violence, President Jayewardene has repeatedly shown a reluctance to talk to the nation whenever (as so often hapopened in his regir Tie), there Was a natio
nal calamity." He of to the people, no syn He automatically see a threat to his presid 1987 terrorists slau civiliars, he remain days. Then at a gat Karandeniyahe Wa said: "Under our C. rnment is the presid The elected Presid: except for ill-health C relevant in my case. (: April 1987)
" When, hGWEyer, On TE des Were Fung into a p root where the presider his parlia Teritary grou|| attempt to assassinate hi dere Was D tela WNCESCO thiS hoiribLI5 CriTTB|
South
The South Asian on "Human Right D. Society', meeting in mber 1993, decided t running parallel to th State SLUTT Tiit Schledu 1994 in New Delhi. Was established to fi co-operation In pre human rights and th Vibrant civil society in OthĒr dECİSİOS tak grOUP are:
a) The formulation NGC) position om Voluntary sectori posed that this dr ted to a represer NGO COITIITLInity this paper would and introspection the Effective inde aCCOUntability of
b) The Working groL Asian Gowerime feasibility of de percent of their C TOCratic instituti reS.These funds nately disbursed Cal parties for the research, the Str organisations, ar гпа! democracy v
This reform could mal inputs into ti parties and free

fers 10 reaSSurärce pathy to the Wictims. is the event solely as ency. (When in April ghtered nearly 500 3d Silent for several hering of his party in S reported to hawe Institution the gowaerit and hiss Catillet. 2nt does not resign Jr lunacy. This is not sic)". (Daily News27
August 1987 two greraarliamentary committee L. WES I COffenCig With , in an unsuccessful rn, Within hours Jayawa| infor Thing tha mation of
The president's speech greatly disheartened all law-abiding citizens and Was especially galling to the Tamils.
As promised in the president's speech, the sixth a tendment to the Constitution designed to prevent violence to the territorial integrity of Sri Lanka, Was rushed through Parliament and became law on 8 August,
The amendment contained a provision obliging Members of Parliament to take an oath against espousing a separate state in Sri Lanka, an oath that the T.U.L.F. members Who had been Elected om a mandate to Workfor a separate state could not take, They forfeited their seats in parliament. This was to prove a great mistake from the government's point of View because it found itself bereft of any perSons to negotiate With other than Tigers with guns.
Asia
NGO Working group) emocracy and Civil Dhaka on 12 DeceO hold a Consultation ile SAARC heads of ed for the autumn of The Working group Cilitate. So Luth Asia Irricoting dermocracy e development of a
South Asia. Among 2n by the Working
Of a draft COTO the functioning of the ir region. It was poroaft WOLIldbe circulatative section of the '. It was hoped that provoke discussion in order to facilitate pendence as well as NGOs in the region.
Ip Called upon South rts to exa Tire the oting at least one SDP to promote deOrls and civic Cultushould be proportioto recognised politi3 pLIrpOSes of policy engthening of pārty Idin promoting inteVilhin the paгlу.
facilitate professiohe Work of political them from financial
dependence on large corporations and otherillegal and Suspect sources of finance. The expenditure need to be public and transparent and subject to audit by the Auditor General. The Working group Will develop a concept paper to further refine these proposals including the drafting of model legislation.
c) The group noted that certain COLIntries in the SAARC region had been successful inpublishing Well documeInted Annual Reports Con the status of human rights, it was felt that this exercise needed to be replicated in other countries of the region. Where such exercises have not so far been done. It was hoped that this Would lead to the Creation of a SC Luthi ASiam hur Tari rights Watchdog. It was also felt that there is a need to coordinate all the regional initiatives on human rights, democracy and civil society ISSLe5.
d) The SAARC Working group reiterated the urgency for SAARC countries to ratify all the international instruments and their optional protocols. Furthemore, it called for the early incorporation of these provisions and their enforCenTilentin the relevant municipal-legislation.
The Working group meeting Was chaired by Dr. Karlal Hossain and was coordnated by the Law and Society Trust of ColorTibo, Sri Lanka.
19

Page 22
BOOKS
PKF misadventur
Shekhar Gupta
IIndian Intervention in Sri Lanka
By Rohan Guna Tatna
Published by South Asian Network on Conflict Research
Distributed by Bahri Sons Pages: 500; Rs 495
ne of the key players in India's
Sri Lankan misadventure recently coifessed to me that Within 48 hours of the Rajiv-Jayewardene accord in 1987, it was painfully obvious to him that India did not hawe the "temperament to become a regional superpower". On top of the list of the various traits lacking-ruthlessness, ambition, arrogance - was the absence of a Machiavellian intelligence agency that separates also-rans from power players in the World community. The Sri Lankans certainly disagree, considering the effort their own intelligence agencies seem to hawe put in to make this book possible. Rohan Gunaratna, a Sri Lankan Writer of repute, has obviously been giver trunk-loads of documents on Indian intelligence activity in Sri Lanka, including RAW's top-secret correspondence With its Sri Lankan counterpart, the National Intelligence Bureau (NIB), Theresult is a damnation of India and RAW, which is based for Everything, from initiating Tamil ins Lrgency to Setting up the accord, the War and then plotting against the IPKF as well. The pity is, despite the book presenting a Sri Lankan point of view with a blatant bias, it is partly correct, for the IPKF operation was as much a saga of Rajiv Gandhi's lack of comprehension of World affairs and the Indian establishment's myopia on long-term Security, as a ColoSsal failure of intelligence,
To know more about it, however, you
2O
need to go, not to th the harried IPKFCOI
ligence was either RAW, or was not pa ir til B. SO TOLUtil F many in the IPKF h if RAW was not play game, keeping cha open for political gal army vehicles and p ower Culverts and | RAW for roadmaps On deafears while th We maps lay locked the agency's headq LIETOFTSSTEL suspected Tigers an release as they hap) rces". The standing officers Was: "HOWT you'apprehend toda
Unfortunately, it is tactical bungling the throw any new lighto accure in concluding Was Tot as TlLUChl to C a5. to CTEtate tro Lubol ssions from Color a separatist Tamil T up with the IndirahOTE 3:S Well: EITIE the Bodo Security F on, as also policy board.
BLI B Tllstake G believing that those ( Straits are better the parts whose confid ying to hir T. lIf anyth Tore inefficielt as to to contain the LTTE nations of Several shows. Accordingly relied On aCCOUnts training camps pub press rather than on

e - bia Sed VieW
le NIB, butto any of Tmanders. Hardi TTB* Tot available with issed on to the IPKF ad this baco Te that ad begun to Wonder ring a cynical double |S L Fig LTTE TS, DOZES Of Indial atrols were blown up repeated queries to of the north-east fell emost comprehensiшр in a cшpboard iп |uarters, Worse Was of the IPKF catching d RAW seeking their ened to be its "SOLjoke among Indian any RAW agents did
y?"
this aspect of RAW's it Gunaratra fails to n. But he is extremely that the Indian policy dismember Sri Lanka El and Extract COCEto under pressure of overnent. It squares Rajiv era politics at mber Bhindranwale, orce, GNLF and so failures across the
LIranatna makes is in hisside of the Pälk in the Indian CounteErlce they are betraing they Were e Werl heir continuing failure Or" SOIWe th3 aSSaSS|- top political leaders if Gurarata had of Sri Lankan Tiger lished in the India
Sri Lankan intellige
nce, he would have got most of the speIllings of places and people's names right and Would not have talked about training camps in New Delhi's R.K. Purant and Green Park, WhëTE it's diffiCulte Wento fid parking space.
What is of value is the correspondence Gunaratra has unearthed between RAW chief during the IPKF days, Anand Werma, and his Sri Lankan counterpart as Well as the details of Werma's meeting with JayeLLLLLLLLS LLLL LL L a LLLLL LHaa aLLLLLLL comes off Worse. Also, while talking of bungling and sheer diabolical doubleCrOSS, GUna ra tra Could hawe TerticleId R. Prer Tadasa and the Sri Lankan intelligence under him who provided arms and ammunition to the Tigers while they were being chased by the IPKF. Even Lalith Athulathmudali, who has been quoted copiously in the book, had alleged that armaments Were sent by Sri Lankan inteligence to the LTTE, and, most ironically, in Tata trucks given by none other than India.
Frankly, this is a book an Indian should hawe Written, for the Sri Lankan misaldwenture is a saga of failure on all fronts: intelligence, policy and politics. For us, in India, the fact that RAW was up to terrible tricks is not such a big issue. In 1971, following the ruckus Created by revelations of CIA Wrongdoings, US Senator John Stennis, a strong supporter of the "company", had told the Senate: "Spying is sprying. You have to make up your mind that you are going to hawe a mimtelligence agency and protect it as such, and shut your eyes. Some and take what is coming." Why RAW failed so miserably, pushing India into a War it never wanted, and yet losing every objective it had set out to achieve While the LTTE carries on, having added the scalps of Rajiv and Premadasa to its tally, is the question that somebody, Some day, and on the Indian side, Will hawe to a SWer.

Page 23
s
Why there's sc in this rustici
There is laughter and light baiter Titlist the:
rural di TT1:sils ĻĻho arg2 : List; Sorting put kåCCI) leaf in a bir TI, IT IS, CITIE: If the hundreds of such
barns spread tytut in thị: Tid artici Lipmuntry LLLLLLLLH KLLK HuuLLLLLL LlL aBLaLlL uLLLLL LLLLHa LS dallimi, di Iring the Coff 5:2:15 Cor.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows Fis a lucrativo: Cası Top and the HTEET EA LES LITT, t; } gold, to the value of Jir Rs. 250 million or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

ENRCHING FRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter tobacco barn.
Tobaccan is the industry that brings er TıployTIEmil tra
hic scienci highest numbe T uf people. Artici ThE:52 people are the colbarra barr, IowTiers, thia' trab.: CCC growers and those who work for the IT, on the land ariri irl, the barms.
For thern, the tobacco leaf means rearingful work,
a carnfortable hife àTird a ocure futura. s. FC
rough reason for laught ET,
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people,

Page 24
PEOPLE
Celebrating T
C
Dynamic
In 1961 People's Bank ventured out in the of only 46... and a few hundred Customers
Today, just 30 years later
People Resource exceeds 1 Customer Listings at a sta Branch NetWork in exCeSS
in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Bank has g in the Sri Lankan Banking scene. Their spec resources at their Command dedicated
dedication that has earned them the title
PEOPLE'S BANK
Banker to the Millions

'S BANK
Three DeCades
f
: Growth
challenging World of Banking With a staff
0,000 ggering 5.5Million of 328, THE LARGEST
rown to become a highly respected leader ;tacular growth is a reflection of the massive to the Service of the Common man - a
"Banker to the Millions'