Page 1
Vol. is No. 21 March 1, g4. Price RS. 10
NATION
The Nation-state in E
J.V.P's patriotic p
Security and insecu
LTTE VS islamic reviv
NEEDED A NEW
J.R. Y POOJA TO INDA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ALISM
urope - S. Sathananthan
rofile - Mick Moore
Irity - Shelton Kodikara
|alism - Mervyn de Silva
OONSTITUTION
— Chanaka Amaratunga
EARS
 ̄ ܨܬܐ
AN HEGOMONISM
Ardern --مح؟

Page 2
WITH THE BEST
ELEPHANT HOUS
OUALITY AT AFFC
NO 1 JUSTICE
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COMPLIENTS
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ORDABLE PRCES
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Page 3
TRENDs
Gun toting politicos
The People's AIIrance contesting FIESOLWsfer77 Pro Wir7Cfa/COL"r7Cseleсііолs has asked Ihe Ілspector-Geлега! ofРоїce to disалл gшп foting polificians before Te SPC ar 7 Eastern Province local bodies elleCOWS de 75% OF. Te WaipOns were fiss Led by the gove7777E7f fo hĒSĒ9 policians When Іhey wеге пmembers of Іле поw dissowed SPC and other local bodies. The gипs have пof been relигпесі.
The PA has also asked the IGP to prevent the operation of Vehicles WithoLP number plases in The SoUhärr, Pro Worl7CGI. SLC7 Weicles filia We been associated with death squads iл the recent past
Crack down on porn
Inspector-General of Pasca Frank da Siwa has deployed the CrimiлаІ Іпvestigatioп DeparІmen! (CID) to crack down on pornograPfiscpublicassorshaarg now "flood'ing the Courty". Le Widmagazines and Cher GESCërle Vfera l’UFE a re reaching the hands of School chiMadre and are sold rear EdLICā fora រៀបions a police spokesптап S.
Bogus tourists
Over 20,000 soreigners are overstaying their visas in Sri Lanka, engaged In "nefarious activilias". They include "sex perverts" апа MCs"WorkgrSf7 7.LISICOF77 ELS 7355 oulfils tha Immigration Department has fold The police, Immigration DBрагілтепї staffers aӀопе аге по! enough to flush thern out, Controllar of Trigration J.A. Ariyarate has foldshalsspector-General of Folige.
BRIEFLY. . .
"LTTE wants peace'
Sarwodaya leader A.T. Ariyarane, after a recent Wisit to Jaffna, told a Sunday Times interwiewer that "LTTE cadres and Jaffna civilians genшinely yeаппforpeасе". Нe was Willingto actas a mediatorbetween Egovernment and the Tigers, hք SEC.
Ariyaratne Said that Without violeT1Cë Change Could Come about through a process of give and take. Waris madress, he said.
Sellaswan
CWC GEmer# Sellasamy, now POWGr Struggle
TOTČolitiC di T Workers unior, tious trio" of block betWeen Flint Sël (and Cabinet mi Thal. He hared man's grandson idaman ard CÖ Salta SiWaT ad
Monitors Independent r Welcome to kee forthcoming. So COLCill Electis dom Party (SLFP: ry Dharmasiri Se a public statest What has gone o ctions, "anything SLFP Secretary:
Aid The E An aid group Scheduled for JLII off indefinitely. V pproval of a col deal and the IOOSE restraints in ther Was the cause :
Ted Sources.
No justice
A presidential COWicted Critil Opposition Lead Bardara laikā5 administration ofj hitting rock botto Were COTIVicted 0| ble homicide by Kurunegala and E 3 years rigorous they did not serve Were pardoned by
"We are constr respect for law a Rule of Law the existi Such a 50 itiSticLITE rity as a Whole to to Correct this things before the Ceritertain absolL tE institutions of justi nalike said in a pu
Mahattaya't Sta Tiger supremo temporarily SUSp

n'y aCCUSeS il Secretary M.S. TOTO ile i a Within the hitherto massive plantation CICLISed a "almiingагесопсlliation and Lumio EDOSS lister) S. Thondahe trio as ThondaArLurmugam Thongress politicians Kandasamy.
Welco Tle
CritOTS WLuld og 0 & Watch 0 tilg uther Pro Wicial Sri Lanka FreeGeneral Secretana nayake Said in lent Considering n at previous ele
is possible", the Said.
it put off
ј пеeting earlier le 8 has been put "World Bank disatrOWEersial Airbo Luis aning of budgetary un Lup to electionS, according to info
says Mrs B
I pardon for two als was cited by er Mrs Siria wo an example of the Lustice in Sri Lanka T, THE TWO TET attempted Culpathe High Court of a Chi Setel CEOd to Tiprisonment. But a day in jail. They y the President.
aired to ask What
di Order ad the re could possibly ciety, and whether upon the commudo all in its power plorable state of : public begin to a contempt for the :ë", Mrs Bandarabic Stātērīgi.
Sexecution yed
Prabhakarallas 3rded the death
sentence for treachery on his deputy "Mahattaya', according to Lankapuvath. Prabhakaran has yellded to national and international pressure, the report said.
To 21st Century with UNP Sri Lankan born British (Tory) MP Niranjan Dewa Adithya told an Independence Day meeting in London that only the UNP had the economic Wision to take Sri Lanka into the 21st century. "It is the only party the international community trusts", Dewa Adithya said.
UNP against car loans
When Weste ProWincē Chief Minister Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaranatunga proposed car loans for WPC members, opposition UNP members got up and opposed it.
Ashraff will resign
If the Sri Lanka Muslit. Congress lost even one of the six electorates it will Contest in the Ampara district, he would resign from parliament, SLMC leader AHM, Ashraftolda press conference in Colombo, If hispartyloSteven One eleClOrate it Would be due to rigging, he said.
GUARDAN
Wol. 16 No. 21 March 1, 1994
Price Rs. 1.0
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Urilor Place Colormէյլ) - Չ,
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephoпв: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Saravanamuttu MaWā Lha, Colombo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
News Background 3. War and Peace (2) The Security Council 5 Ethnoflätionalism in South Asia 7 Jane Austen and History (2) 9 Outlire fra New Cistitutio
WP 12 J. R. Years (21) 15
Nationalisms. Today 19

Page 4
DRU
Doctors are aware that Market Oriented
The main reason is that out of a bewildering scientifically validated compound, only one or tw
Fizears that rritary clairris advanced for markering p
Before this happens unfortunately irrepara
and Inedical te TTT.S.
Generic drugs that have entered the Pharma
est of Time and have weathered the Lanceasing sea.
For over a third of this century we have mad
hospitals and clinics, and to the private Sector.
This great reliance is the biggest factor in the medical profession.
M. S. J. Indus
Factory :
P. (
C
 

GS 2
Drug Policies are not always desirable.
'ariety of derivatives that proliferatefroni a single a finally renair in any Rarional For Flulary. This
rposes fail under extern dead scientific scritiny.
ble damage has been done in human, economic
lcopoeia and have remained there have stood the
rch for clinical excellence.
e and supplied Formularly drugs to the country's
our growth and our service to the people and
tries (Ceylon) Ltd.,
lind Laboratories
D. Box 430
յloլTլbg 15

Page 5
NEWS BACKGROUND
PrOVinCia POIS
Mervyn de Silva
Provincial polls do not decide any wital iSSUë but the results of the election Sinthe East and the South will surely show how the tides of political opinion run right now. THE South is tot 100% Sihlala but it has always been regarded as a fair index of Sinhala opinion, particularly on the Tamil question, It is a politically Conscious ellectorate. That is beyond dispute. And So the result Will also be a fair test of Sinhala Wolter reactions to the economic; Cost of living most of all. President Dingiri Banda Wijetunge is the first Kandyan President since Mr. William Gopallawa-post was purely ceremonial. On the economic, the ethnic and the new post-Premadasa Style, the Southern response will prove an ideal case-study for the political analyst.
The East is not Sri Lanka's Bosnia but the ethnic Composition (the per Certages) may encourage such comparisons. The Muslim Wote is the Critical factor. How Will tПа 33%, Muslim vole in the East, where the Tamils constitute the largest group, affect the final result. It is also a test of group identity. Unlike their brothers in the rest of the island, the Muslims of the east, are Tamill-speaking. LTTE attackson Muslim Willages was Widely regarded by both Muslim and Sinhala opinion as exercises in "ethnic cleansing". In any case, the LLaLaaLaL LLLLLaS LLLaLLLLLKS SaLLLaaLaLS sed" the otherwise parochial outlook of aH HL L00LLLLL LLLLLLLLSLLLLS L0LLaLLLLL LS ssein' Willage was the most striking sign of this radicalisation. Diplomats from the Arab and Islamic Countries have show a special concern for the fate of the bгеthren in the East caught in the Sinhala-Ta
Ti|| CT055 fir3.
In short, the attitude afawerage Muslim family is no longer the parochial. He was alive to national, regional and international trends, Delhi was smart enough to spot this when it installed a Muslim general to LHHLLL HL LL LLLLL S L LLLLLL LL LLLLLLLLS
Though Prabhakaran is often dismissed as a "thug" by his critics and a narrow-minded, if brilliant militarist by others, the LTTE supremo has intuitively grasped the geo-political aspects of this secessionist struggle. "Eelam" confined to the northern province is neither viable
TOT TEKES SE SE reeds both Space a
NELOYA ATTACH
Wat is the LT eastern province el military rather than th his thinking, Prabh Tilitarist. He unders oflaпd, people, пalu the wiability of his EE appreciates the sigr rmal factors-India, nly the Westand eco aid group) propag: Credible election int. the regime. Credibili pation,..., particular speaking) Muslim, probleInis is charail Bust it up, the electic серагіicipaliопtoа
THE ambLIsh in W high percentage of lies, was the LTTE's LirdLIE WiolerCE LI Week. It was the L1 its polisbusting terra a fairly serious set amb Lush gawe the W first chance to fighti usual, the LTTE is to achieve a politica the government art cal (propagandist) s Cted setback Won't tгying agalп.
Lankan me For. Co
The bulk of the of the Foreign Corr. tion have resigned Week over disagree of the association.
A spokes than fo Tibers told The Sla Ilēt Calle to a lea annual general me Friday and most of Tl)BISTELLEITINOLITC the Teeting prior to

and Tiger Tactics
as a mini-state. He nd green pastures.
鸭
TE'S attitud to the ections. Though the le political dominates akafan is no crude tands the importance rareSOLIrCBS iri S1 Ort ILAM project. He also lificance of the exteWorld opinion, certaioricassistance (the Ida abrad etc. A he east Willstrengthen ty lies in Wolter partici= y Tamil and (tamilHis answer to those cteristically militarist. EXERCISE EIld TEL= TiniГПLJITI.
Wellioya, which has a Sihala Setter-failifirst serious effort to DLH1B a réalis]. Le firlal TE"S ITISOLLIE That Irist operation proved Jack, The atterTipted |-arTBSOldierS the | Out face-to-face. AS using military means | objective- to deny 1orale-boosting politiuccess. This unexpestop the LTTE from
Imbers lea We rr. ASSn.
Sri Laikal eTEDETS 2.SpOndents' ASSOCiaheir membership last Terts. On the COrlduct
r the dissem ting Timeind" that the disagreedat the aSSOCiation's eting in Colombo Om Šī Lākā Tedtheirresignational LTE ETEC LiOrl Of Office
bearers. The spokesman charged that a group of correspondents from the Subcontinent together with a few local members had Tanoeuvred to dolinate the association's leadership.
The journalists who resigned include the Correspondents for Reuters, IPS, A5Sociated Press, VisneyWS, London Observer and the Daily Telegraph of Lo
dol.
Stock market racket?
Securities and COTISSIOT oficias as Week raided the offices of a reputed stock broking firmacting on complaints thalstaff of this firm maybe involved in a multimillion rupee stock market racket, Stock market circles are Worried that the suspected large scale fraud could hurt the international image of the HLIrgeoning Colombo Stock Exchange.
SEC Dirgctor-Gengral Aritha Wickrdmanayake told "The Island" that the SEC LLtLLL LLLLLL GLCaaLLLLLLLaLLLLL LLLLLLLaaLLLLLLLaLLL LLaaL of identities of genuine shareholders by Certain indiwiduals in share transactions with the possible help of staff of this stock broking firTT.
JVP denieS
An organisation claiming to be the United Kingdom branch of the Janatha LLLLLLLa LLLLLLaL LLLL LLLLL Y LLLLSSS Tent denying newspaper reports that the JWP has now disowned violent politics.
"No such statement was issued by the LLLLLLL LLLL LaLLLLLLLaSS La aLaaLLYSLLLLLLLS ā ČārĒicēPieris refered Wasa Tērbēr of the JWP UK Branch but he ceased to EE ä TETiber".
"The UK Branch of the JWP reflecting the views of the JWP as a whole believes that in the present political climate it is impossible to enter mainstream politics or take part in parliamentary elections in Sri Lanka. It is imperative as a first step to end the repressiоп апdепmergency regшlations and to restore democracy in the Country before the JWP can return to parliamentary politics".

Page 6
PART 2
WAR AND PEACE
Question: As it looks now, it is going to take quite a longtime, until the end of the year, before Mr. Ekeus's Commission Can conclude whether or not Iraq has implemented the provisions of section C of Security Council resolution 687 (1991). In the meantime, are you willing to engage, or are you in fact engaging, in any renegotiation of the conditions of limited oil sales? We understand that there is talk of raising the amount from 1.6 billion to 3 billion, but What about the Conditions the Tselves? Secondly, there are many different views as to Whether the implementation of section C of resolution 687 (1991) should lead to the implementation of paragraph 22 of that resolution.
The Secretary-General: Let me begin with your first question. We began this negotiation during the month of July, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Carl August-Fleischhauer, the UnderSecretary-General for Legal Affairs, and this was precisely to obtain a partial lifting of the oil embargo - olin exchange for humanitarian assistance. At the last minute the Iraqis discontinued those negotiations. Since then | hawe Tlentioned to then that We are ready, if they Want, to resume the negotiations, because Webelieve that itis in theirinterest. There is no incompatibility between a partial lifting of the oil embargo and a total lifting of it. If tomorrow the Security Council decided on a total lifting, then there Would be no reason for a partial lifting. But a partial lifting. But a partial lifting of the embargo, or oil in exchange for humanitarian assistancethis Was the point of view I defended - Would create a new political atmosphere, a new atmosphere of confidence between the United Nations and Iraq, between the Security Council and Iraq. So the advantage of a partial embargo is not only that Iraq Would receive money which would COWe the distribution of additional humanitarian assistance, but that it may create a new political atmosphere in favour of Iraq.
As I say, if they decide tomorrow to begin to resume negotiations concerning a partial lifting of Sanctions, We have no
4.
objection and We art role is to Sewe al|| St United Nations.
Question: Just to to renegotiate the CC
The Secretary-Gen t0 senegotiate Whate' for the partial lifting of by the Way, Whateve tiated by Luis Will haw the Security Council. often to the Iraqis, it do Will not be appr. Council. So we willp Tent betweenth Se how the partial lifting —and here you hawe the oil will go thro Turkey or the pipelin — but once this agre We Will need the agre COLrCil.
Question: Do you takes Iraq to implem nded of it by Ekeus ir Oil embargoasin par believe that the Iraq SBB asid til delar: resolution, and, you
led to ceasing the
paragraph 22 is imp
The secretary-Gen has to be decided by but according to the of the Member States lost involved Coun Council — they hawe tion Orlifting the sanct rdStrictive One.
Question: Since y only With atrocities, of the Whole situation it is established that r of Croatia hawe i Wa Bosnia, would you br Security Council un, CFEITET
The Secretary-Gеп

3 ready, because Our at ES METES, Ofte
clarify, are you ready Isiltilīlliong?
eral: We are ready We has to be decided the oil embargo, and, r agreement is negoe to be approwed by So, as mention very may be that what We Wed by the Security resent a draft agreeacretariat and Iraq on will be implemented the problem Whether Lugh the pipeline of of the Gulf, etc., etc. telent is concluded BTient of the Security
believe that it only ent all that is detaOrdert of Ett agraph 22, ordo you is should implement lation of the borders KOW, thE OITES Elaoppression, before EfTE Ed?
eral: This question the Security Council, differet declaratiOS -at least the three ries in the Security a broad interpretaiOnSandnota legally
OL COmrsiSeräte not but with the atrocity in Bosnia, now, once egular armed forces leda Member State, ing the matter to the Article 99te
aral: First of all, to
Boutros Ghali speaks
give you an example, just returned from The Hague in Holland, where Was receiVed by the President of the Criminal court. They are doing a Wonderful job; We hawe overcome all the logistical difficulties in Cooperation. With the Government of Holland: they hawe the building, they have rooms, and they are beginning to work. This morning-and this is very important - We received a grant from Pakistan, Mrs. Bhutto, of S1 million, which will help us to create a spectial fund to sustain the Criminal Courts. The critinal court will Soon begin its Work very seriously, and this is a very positive Contribution, Which is Why I Want to The Hague to confer with |FlքII1,
Concerning your question, I will give the maximum information to the Security Council, but the Security Council has to decide - and I don't know What the decision Will Eo 3.
Question: The Representative for Western Sahara just came back a couple of Weeks ago. In your last report you Warned that if one of the parties does not accept the plan of the Secretary-General you Tight go Without it and hold the referendurT1. Are you still convinced of the need to do that? Are you willing to go ahead and Owerride one of the major parties to the conflict in that area?
The Secretary-General: First, I will continue to try to provide direct contactslast one failed, here in New York-between the Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro (POLISARIO) and the representatives of the Government of Morocco, because belieWe that through direct contact between the two We will be able to establish a climate of confidence, again, with the same approach, Supposing that the referendum Were to happen tomorrow. The implementation of the result of the referendurnWhether the referendum is in favour of the polisario or in favour of Morocco - Will need the Cooperation of the two protagomists on the ground. So it is important to carry out a double operation: one, the direct Contact betWeen.

Page 7
The Security Council
Need for refort
The composition, functions and powers of the Security Council are specified in Chapter W of the Charter of the United Nations and further details about its powers are spelt out in Chapters WI and WII. Its composition is such that it can make no claim to even an iota of democracy. Permanent Membership in any deliberatiWe, legislative or executive body is the very antithesis of democracy. Moreover, endowing each of the Permanent Members with the power, by a negative vote, to veto any proposal, even if it is endorsed by all the other fourteen members, is to west each of them with the potential to thwart the overwhelming will of the other members and, for all practical purposes, to paralyse the United Nations itself. The present Secretary-General, Butros Ghali, has draw attention to the fact that this power Was used (up to January 1992) 279 times "thus rendering the United Nations powerless to deal with many of the (se) Crises with Which the UN Was Confronted" ("Agenda for Peace").
Permanent Membership with the "veto power" was a product of the Second World War. It reflected the thinking of the five major powers who having co-operated to defeat Nazi Germany and an expansionist Japan felt that they had a joint responsibility to maintatin the peace. Today many consider the Council, particularly its membership, as not reflecting the principal elements of the current political spectrum which, briefly stated, are the following:-
- The marked reduction of East-West tensions and North-South Confrontation,
-The emergence of one superpower Without whose leadership or, at least assistance, the Council appears unable to take effective action,
- The enlarged membership of the United Nations following the disintegration of the Soviet Empire, and
-The current surge of nationalisms,
the tendency to frag States ad IE EWET parties Col Cermed r inwolwing their neig ment of their dispute
In the light of the addiSSatisfaction i the Composition ar. Council, the Secre Member States to SL on Security Counc ArTong others the Tribulgard BLJS UN have made pr COLICiI R3yjSCIT". Some countries in t hawe StäkEd Clain: Tibership of the COL
Editorial myopia
TE Interior June 1993, in urging is Due" displayed, acknowledged inter sLIrprising mycopia. T cular editorial dealt Council as if it was UN that Was irlinges. principal organs (wi Charter) Were ignor functioning effective sted that Germany a Perlanet Melber With the right to a , With out the "weto pli ming that these two accept a SECOld Cl mbership Status. It is litaristiC C05 titLUtill! ntries prevent them Article 43 of the CH "All Members of the Takeo Fuala Joe Fle it:SC|| alid II ECCOfi
agreement of agree ... for the purpose of tional peace and sec nations aspireto Per in the Council alth amend the relevant tutiönssoas tomake

- another AChilles” heel
mentation of existing present danger of the esorting to force and hbours in the Settle
ES,
above Considerations In many quarters with ld functioning of the *tary-General inwited Ibit to hir their idea:S i "reapportionment".
InternatiOIE || Hera Representative to the posals for "Security In addition to these, he South reported to s to Perlanet Me,gllוJr
Herald Tribune of 30 that "A UN Revision
for a journal of its Tatia standing, 击 0 begin With this partionly With the Security the only organ of the of reform. The other de Article 7.1 of the
3-d (Oro 355UTigid to bg ly. Secondly itsuggeind Japan be granted Status in the Council
"oice and a wote but .
ower", thereby assumajor powers Would aSS Perferent Metrue that the "antis" of these two coufrom Complying with arter Which requires United Nations to 2 Security Council, on dance With a special Tests ared forces maintaining interna:Lurity". Surely if these manent Membership ley hawe to do is to rticles of their consti: it legitimate for thern
to send armed forces abroad only, and only, "on call" by the Security Council and "in accordance with a special agreement or agreements". It is very unlikely that great nations such as these two, Whatever their recent past, Will be looking for honour and prestige without the responsibility that goes with their membership of the UN.
EuroCentric myopia
The editorial referred to also displays a sad euroCentricism of With the US Representative to the UN is also guilty, though probably by an "act of omission". The journal concerned also proposes that "to Taintain the balance betweenrich and poor countries, up to six new rotating seats might be added, to be filled on a regional basis". Neither the journal nor the US representative seen to realize that today the "poornations" wi|| Tot bastatisfied With Crumbs from the tables of the rich. They also see T1 to be ignorant of the fact that there is today among the nations in the South a deep concern that the Security Council has tended to be dominated by four "Northern" powers, led by the USA With the fifth permanent member going along with them though not always with tha SiarThe enthulia ST. To additWO more "Northern powers" albeit without the "weto power" will only deeper this concern. Finally the US representantiwe to the UN and the International Herald Tribune seem to be blissfully unaware that some major Third World Power hawe been reported in the international media as "staking claims" to Permanent Membership in the Security Council.
THE SIG'S Witti
The Secretary-General has invited Member States to "submit their ideas on "Security Council reapportionment". It is hoped that all have done so, On Such an important matter as this the views of "We the Peoples of the United Nations" should also he heard. The major International NGOs, Recognized Peace Research and Cother related Institutes, interested acadeTiCS etc, should Contribute to the thinking on this important subject. Foundations

Page 8
such as the Ford and Stanley Foundations should organize symposia and otherfora for exchanges of views on the subject. The International Herald Tribune can be a focal point for the "International Debate" that should precede any "reapportionment" of the Security Council. The Secretary-General would do well to take into consideration and to give adequate attention to views expressed by all quarters and not only by Member States which, "with a few not able exceptions, hawe lot used the United Nations for the global purposes for which it was created, but often to serve narrow national and even commercial interests". (U. That 1970 at the March 25th anniversary of the UN)
Some considerations-membership
No claim is made that the questions raised below are comprehensive and coverall the issues. At their very best they are intended to stimulate further thinking.
(a) In view of the principal elements of the present international political spectrum (see the second paragraph above) and the increasing demand for democratization of the UN System should not the membership of the Security Council be increased to reflect better the present enlarged membership of the UN?
(b) In view of proposals, and even claims, being made by some Member States for Permanent Membership should not the international community formulate clear criteria on the basis of Which States can be granted Permanent Membership if the COLCi?
(c) in the criteria formulated for the granting of Permanent Membership should not the aspiring State's adherence to the Charter of the United Nations be a paramount consideration, especially its human rights record, its respect for the sovereign equality and territorial integrity of other Member States (Ch. Art. 1 and 2), its participation in UN "Action With Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and acts of Aggression (Ch. W|| Art. 39 to 47) etc?
(d) Should not the constitutional disability of a State to participatein UN Action for Peace, as required especially by Arti
6
cle 43 of the Chart its achieveing Perm the Council?
(e) Should Grea be replaced by the E notwithstanding the COLUntries hawe a CCL experience in intern hawe COinSiderable i rnational community adheTCCB to thB || considered compara
(f) Would not the Representative to tr rmanént MambérSh Japan deepen the ci about a Security C already dominant "N rced by two more Nc have the potential to poor nations of the number is increased
(g) Should not d given to the claims certain quarters that ship be granted to S World States"?
(h) is it likely tha aspiring to Permaner Satisfied With a seco membership as prop the editorial in the 3 the Interflational HBr
(). If in dealing W. States for permanent derations such as th above are taken into present Per Tament | İncili will, in wiew of its OUN Charterbi the first store?
The questions rais call for a consideral Wer".
Other COnsideratio power“
(а) In any reorgа rity Council is it likel present"Big Five" wi power"? The questi

r, be an obstacle to ment Membership of
Britain and Fra CE Iropean Community fact that these two Tulated Centuries of tional relations, still sluErice in the inteand Whose record of JN Charter can be tively high?
proposal of the US e UN to extend Pep to Germany and incern in the "South" Luci i Which the orth" is being reinforthern powers which xert pressure on the South, even if their by six?
Ue Consideration be now being made in PETITāEast METEOne selected "Third
t any Member State it Membership will be nd class permanent osed by the writer of June 1993 issue of ald Tribune?
the claims of rew membership, consi0Sernentiomedin (c) CCount, which of the Members of the CouOWIn feCOrd Wis-à-Wis in a position to "cast
2dim (h) and (i) abowe on of the "weto po
15 —the "Vetб
lisation of the SECLthat anyone of the surrender the "Wet n has already been
raised whether any new permanent member Will accept permanent member status without this power?
(b) To what extent has the likelihood of the use of the "veto" by the Russian Federation prevented the US from giving effective leadership to the international community in effortsto, even now to deal with the situation in the former YugoslaWi
(c) To what extent has the possibility of the use of the "veto" by the Peoples' Republic of China prevented the US from seeking Security Council approval for Sanctions against the Peoples' Republic of Korea for its refusal to permit complete and regular inspections of its nuclear sites by the International Atomic Energy Agency?
(d) In view of a likely increase, in an enlarged Security Council, of Permanent Members with the "wetopower'should not provision be made in the Charter to prewent situations. When, as has happened before, the Will of a large majority of the CounCil Can be thWarted and the UN paralysed by one single Permanent Member, or a very small number of them? Could not a modicum of democracy be introduced by provision being made in the Charter that a "Veto" will take effect only if a specified number (say one-third) of the Permanent Members vote negatively on any proposed resolution?
Conclusion
In view of the divergent and conflicting interests involved any meaningful reform of the Security Council will take tough negotiations lasting months, if not years. Efforts 10 introdUCE EWE E T10 diCUT Of democracy into functioning of the Council will call for even tougher bargaining over a longer time. If however, the political Will is there and Member States strive With a deep Commitment to the global purposes for Which the UN Was established a Tore representative and a far more effective Security Council can emerge from the General Assembly in 1995: the year which marks the Organization's Fiftieth Anniversary. Unfortunately it is this commitment and political Will that is sadly lacking.

Page 9
Ethnonationalism i. A comparative regi
Shelton U. Kodikara
O of the most striking featuress of national and international politics Over the last twenty years has been the emergence of ethnicity and religious fuIndamentalism as factors both defining and challenging the traditional concept of the lation-State. Sir CB the late 18th är the 19th centurids, the nation-state Was defined in terms of a group of people joined together by COTmonties of culture and descent, by a shared history, and Which Was bounded by a specific territory. In some cases (France, Japan, China), states Were ethnically homogeneous and CO rifornTeed to a COTTON CIWillisatio riħall Taltrix. Im Some instal C35 of TeCent Stateformation, such as Pakistan, the aspiration to build a separate nation on the basis of a cortimon religion led to geopolitically Un Wilable structures Which Were againfragmented on the selisame theories osseparate nationhood.
In the larger number of cases, nationstates Were multi-ethnic, multi-religious, and even lacking in the factor of a common descent. It is in these latter category of states that what is now being referred to as ethnonationalism - the consciousness of one's separate ethnic identity and religionis posing problems to the existence arıd stability of the nation-State,
"Ethnicity", says David Walsh, "has abundantly demonstrated its durability and its disruptive potential in the domestic politics of numerous states", and he cites Roald Comer's WiW that "the latīOrl-State may hawe been one of history's more SgrjOLISITiStakes".
Religious fundamentalism, taking its rise from the Iranian revolution, has Spread to other parts of the World. Corisciousness and assertion of ethnic identity has increasingly also become a World-Wide phenomenom, epitomised Tost poignantly in the cases of the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.
In this paper, We are concerned with ethnonationalism as a pervasive feature of the politics of the states of South Asia, and With the Cortionalities. Which can be perceved in the ethnic conflicts and religious fundamentalisms which hawe semerged in the region. No conceptual clarification of ethnonationalism attempted in this
paper. Our approa cal, based on a CC lysis. We start from nationalist in Sout has SeCL Irity ir Tip) li C: of the region. In th рарег, апatlвпрtis ratiWE CONCILISIOS.
Ethis litis litilt i Ellis III Case of India
India presents
post-colonial state, ries of States, idiW languages, thOUsa multiplicity of ethni nalities. Hinduism, represent the majo With post-indepen ddhism representi againstacaste-bas a genшіпe religiou tendencies have a the Indian polity, bl. Well as at present, fying principlēs a hawe held together as a State or empiri ble entity.
|rn Histori Call tir Tl Mauryan, Guptaan British empire of In by the doctrine of E The present India msday theorists, h поtsimply because r5rn, bulbecauset rests which bind today may be a loyalties, but it is a SeltsitSette powerful political differences betwee Waris, Sindhis, Ber Tamils, there does fiable as al "efinic
The conflict betw slins is primordial religio-political riwal existed Since the e Sėnit CharCEriStic:5 political discoursei a historic allega linguistic identity ha the reorganisation

n South Asia: onal perspective
his essentially empiriuntry by country anathe premise that ethnoh Asia, as else-where, atiOnS fOr the COLuntries The filla SECtion of this made to draw compa
in South Asia: The
a case-study of a Or rather of a congeided by hundreds of rids of Castes, and a Cally identifiable natio
IslanT, and SikhiST) I Contending religions, dence revival of Bung more a reaction EddiSCriminatiomhthair S revival. Fissiparous lways been present in ut in historical tiriles as there hawa been Lunid tendencies Which What is Bharat, India, as a single, identifia
2S, there existed the Id Mogul empires. The dia Was held together British "paramountcy". in Raj, despite dooas continued to exist, of its appeal to seculalere are COTTOn inteJeople together. India and of many divided lso a state which preWorld as a viable and entity, Owerriding the in Jats, Punjabis, Ma1galis, Malayallees and exist Sorleone ident: Indian".
WĠer HiduS Eid MLin the SenSo that a ry between them has ghth century, and preof the Hindu-Muslin
India do Come from ty. Consciousness of as already resulted in
of the Stift f te
Union of India on linguisticines in 1956, TlCoreStates hawe been Created Sir Ceatha to accortiodate other groups, such as tribals in Mizoram, and there are still perInding demands for the creation of more states of the Union, for example the Gorkhaland demand of ethnic Nepalis in India, and the Jharkand movement calling for a separate Jharkand state comprising sixteen districts of Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh.
In India, Hindu-Muslim rivalry has reference both to the escalating crisis in Kashmir and to the new phase of Indian politics which was ushered in by the destruction by Hindu activists, con 6 December 1992, of the Babri Masjid mosque built in 1523 by Babur, founder of the Mogul empire, on the spot on which Lord Rama Was Said to hawe beer boOT. ESClation of the Kashmir Crisis has resulted from three sets of factors. First, the inabilty of India and Pakistan to resolve the Kashmir issue by mutual acco Todation as foreshadoWed in the Simila Agreement of 1992 and the consequent rise of a Muslim militant movement, which seems to be increasingly supporting the creation of an independent Kashmir. Second, Pakistan's avowed support (political and diplomatic) of the Muslim militancy, and its arming and training of the Mujehideen. Third, the armed repression, involving torture, rape and killings by Indian armed forces, Comprising not only the Border Security Force and paramilitary Units but by army divisions as Well, in many instances no doubt by Way of reprisals against terrorist attacks by the militants and human rights violations, including rape, by
FET.
Confusion has become Worse confouinded because not only are arms from Afghanistan finding their way to Kashmir, but battle-hardened Afghans also appear to be joining in the fray on behalf of the militants. Since 1990, ower 3500 civilliams have been killed in Kashmir, 7400 Kalashnikows have been seized,and six million Kashmiri Hindus have fled the Kashmir Walley,
The destruction of the Babri Masjid Was a Symbolic act highlighting the extent to which religion has become an issue in

Page 10
Contemporary Indian politics. The Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which has been on an electoral upswing since 1984 was probably, not directly involved, in the destruction although the party chief minister in Uttar Prades at the time of the destruction, Kalyan Singh, together with senior party leaders, was present in Ayodhya at the site, and the chief minister, at least, expressed no regrets but, to the contrary, acclaimed his pride after the event.
The extent to which the destruction was pre-planned and, if So by whom, Will remain uncertain, but certainly the RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh) and other partners in the so-called sanghpariWar - the Saffronbrotherhood - COSisting of the WHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad), the Bajrang Dal, and the Shiw Sema, were either individually, and/or collectively responsible for Ayodhya, and the Tanner in which the Congress government is now trying to ban the use of religion in politics. and the Way the BJP itself played up the Hindu Card at the mid-terr elections for four erstwhile BJP-ruled states (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Rajasthan), might be an indication of the new role which religion is playing in Indian politics. The point is that the Babri Masjid destruction was not only an issue between Hindus and Muslims. It was meant to demonstrate that all was not Well in the Indian polity, that the majority Hindus did not have their proper place in their own rashtra, that Muslims were being pampered at the expense of Hiindus, and that it was necessary to re-establish Hindu dominance in India. The 5ecLarist state is alleged to cater Tore to needs of the Iinorities than the Hindu majority.
The changing social context of politics relates to the new asperity which has Come to characterize both caste politics and communal politics. We do not concern ourselves here with caste politics. But in advocating Hindu Rashtra, the BJP and the Hindutva activists are not only attempting to reimpose the old Brahminical ascendancy in Hindu society, but also seeking to re-establish Hindu ascendancy over Muslims and other minorities in India as a Whole.
The consequences of the Ayodhya events, socio-political as Well as economic, have been devastating for India. The demolition led to corrurial violence in Which Muslims figured overwhelmingly as the wictims. In January 1993, as N. Ram of Frontline magazine put it, there was another round of "premeditated Systema
8
tic carnage of immo Siliw Seria ärid its CC
On 12 March 199: engineered by unde slims. With connectic shed on the city of tWelwe borTbo-bolāsts irterse busireSS a Stock Exchange, Air trol pump station r headquarters, Plaza prominent hotels, "t and deadly peacetim bombing the Worldhë 300 Were left dead Were injured on this fascist. And this WE story because it has Hindu organisation: ITIOre COmmunally WETE EDEfıOTE. THE BJ attempted to rational tion by Calling attenti CETCE
The Ayodhya movi the BJP, is not just It is a mass move Sir CO2 iridependom ratiOrS CLILLI radi
This TGäfTITTEtig) provide an endurir unity, and beside: resurgent, resolute It is slanderous it
TOW e Tet i S a is... The BJP mmitted to secular
Another interpreta Wever, lays emphas caste implications ( Society aCCCrtfing tỵ rarchy.
The Ayodhya out either With religion o relationship. It is a II War, Waged upon the democratic secular cl the traditional owners society. The Babrist the enerny not just b but because its exis of India's constitution, ris. To the traditio: the ides of democra rrent. He is simply no the equality oral hurt We of caste, Creed hurts his self-interest
1. SSe:S have to De a CC
he loses his right to |OWET tham his qWTl. of this right to exploit

ent Muslims by the Timumalallies",
a Muslit backlash world Bombay Muns in Dubai, LineaBombay a series of Selected areas of ctivity, such as the India building, a peear the ShiiW Sema Cinema, and three le most devastating e episode of terrorist dkOWI". More than rld TOrtha 1000 ne day of communal |s mՃt the Emt Of the inly geared extremist to beComē Ewen assertive than they Pleader L. K. Adwani ise the Babri denolmto its larger signifi
ement, according to for building a temple, ment - the biggest Ce — t0 réaffirm the entity.
alone, we hold, can ng basis for national 3, the dynamo for a , and Todern India. o say the Ayodhya assault on Seculais unequivocally co
Sm.
tion of Ayodhya, hois on the class and if reordering Hindu its traditional hie
age has little to do With Hindu-Muslim anifestation of class Constitution and its haracter on behalf of of privilege in Hiridu asjid is a symbol of ecause it is Islamic, tence is a relinder all principle of seculaally privileged Hindu, cy is equally abnot prepared to accept an beings irrespectiand sex, because it ... If people of all claected as his equal, exploit the castes Ram is the symbol
The Narasimha Rao government proceeded to ban the RSS WHP, and the Bajrang Dallas communal organisations in December 1992. But Prime Minister Narasimha Rao himself has not beer cleared of charges that he has been soft on Communalism, and alltegations hawe surfaced that the Congress Party itself, in previous years, used the Hindu card to win elections.
Sri Lanka
Elements of comparison with ethnonationalist politics in India are provided in the case of Sri Lanka which, though much smaller in size and population, replicates features of ethnicity and religion in the subcontinent. One is the existence of Tamil Sub nationalism, similar to and hawing links with the state of Tamilnadu in India, and of a more pronounced separatist ideal than has existed in India. A second element is the role of religion. Buddhist had a close link With the state in historical times, Sinhaladvipa itself hawing being consecrated as a land which would behallowed by Buddhism for 5000 years, and attempts by the post-Colonial state to restore Buddhism to its pristine state elicit the same responses from the Tamil Hindus as does the attempt to restore Hindus and Hinduism to their past ascendancy does in India amongst Muslims. A third is the same feeling of neglect and insecurity felt by the majority Sinhalas Visa Wis Tamils as the majority Hindus are feeling in repect of the Muslims of India.
One school of thought in Sri Lankathe so-called "jatikachintanaya'schoolWould describe Sinhala Buddhismas“lhé transcendant Culture With its basiC ellements shared by all ethnic groups", but this is not a position ever supported by all Sinhalese, leave alone the Tinorities. The "minority complex" of the majority Sinhalas, however, is a reality, and this feeling of insecurity and inferiority is based not only on the relatively small size of the Island and the SITlalness of the Sinhala population, but also on the fact that there are 50 million Tails across the Palk Strait
Taiad.
Tamil feelings of insecurity and discrimination have been generated by the imposition of Sinhala as the only official language in 1956 (a grievance now redressed), by government attempts to reverse the advantaged position of Tamils in public sector employment and in admission to the universitites, and most wiwidly by Simhala "colomisation" in a reas Considered by Tamils to be the traditional "homelands".
(To be Солtїпшеd)

Page 11
PART2
Jane Austen and His
H.L.D. Mahindapala
Of dOeS Elizabeth I. Her Vision
indicated what history ought to be: a reign of "tolerable comfort" without "guilt or misery". History ought not to be the ever-simmering Macbethic cauldron brewed by demonic forces. The task of history is to deviate from its traditional course to avoid its agonizing Sounds and furies, signifying nothing. It is this concept of history that pervades Jane Austen's World of fiction. This was not an escapist route. The history that was not dramatised before the readers eyes was not out of Jane Austen's mind. She kept out of that historical process because her vision extended beyond the constraints of time and space in recorded history. She Wasn't escaping history; she was only pointing new directions away from its beaten-track.
As a percipient reader and observer of history she rated it, at the peak of her Taturity, as being on par With Thorals – and in her scale of values nothing was higher than morals. "Their conversation, however, were not always on subjects as high as history or morals", she wrote. The CoboWIOLIS Tleed to LuderStand Tilar in the "historica" Context is underscored. Wher she Wrote: "... the chief object in seeking them (i.e William recital of his past events) was to understand the reciter," and she Was only too conscious that even a simple narrative of an individual's history revealed "proof of good principles, professional knowledge, energy, courage and cheerfuness - everything that could deserve or promise Well"Embodying these positive principles she portrayed a new man, a new hero not a Sisyphean hero chasing elusive historical forces that brings neither relief nor Teaning but ordinary mortals engaged in normal pursuits or spontaneous gaieties, Whilst Watching each step for its moral content; not one who sets out in search of his own identity in encounters With titanic forces but One Who e VolWest0 a higher morality through the daily rounds of living. Her heroes and heroines remain as credible individuals Who Stumble through their diurnal paces upon the means of striking a discerning balance in their lives. Their balanced judgement, Without any EXCesses, Would preserve them in harmony not only with themselves but also with the rest of the community.
Her novels do not portend or portray great transformations of character driven by causes, There is only the slow and gradual movement towards self-realisa
tion - and that to feats but by norms the average indivic basic domestic fic rational mind prefe the "little social CO its Ceferolial dor ha SSiles, beCaLISE, most appropriate huTan face.
Though social : duals in 110Wemen no absolutea Way ol b50Cause of their nu erratic 'ifS" ald "bLut indeter Tinate forC nothingness beyon "little social Comit clean environment probed by a rational cated, detached, ra tE S her to be CJE in English fiction. SF the vision to taken history and, on the new-found-land on realistically expect sion gravitates tow unattainable, goals prepared to leave t of history. Her enlig without religious NSFIELD PARK)r. idealistic utopianisir as one of the finest mind ever found in Tim irid iS illLIITiinated that though she dec She rei Tailed ar i history kept out of history of Tolstoyan Conflagration. Haw dewastating elemer micro-sociéties 50IT nents that Survive vicis studes.
Firstly, there is needs no elaborat Concerned With the nships. Her const: with the exploratio nships, outside the W||E IIIS (JFls describ definē r Constraits of Exter stepped "outside" pursue her Search In oral relationship. Thirdly, she dwells

Ory
not by extraordinary
mēā5 āccē55iblt ual going through the Itinė, Jame Auster's sto dwell and analyse monwealth". With all esticities, rituals and
ewentually, It Is the esting ground of the
cientists place indivis and issues there is judging responsibility merable variables, the s', and the "chaos" of as contained in "the di Our COWI Circle". The onwealth" provide a for the indiwidual to be mind. This unsophisttional approach elevaif the greatest realists le ha S, or the One had, en away from nagging other, to invest in the ly that which can be 2d. Her underlying WiYards distant, but not fori diwiduals Who are la TimiaSnimal mael Strom htened expectations, bvertones, (e.g. MAmantic obsessions or n Would preserve her roducts of the rational Fiction. Her discerning once again in the fact ded not to be in history tegral part of it, The HEf framework is the forces, of conflict and ng eliminated those t5 She fĖetailed in har e of the basic compothrough all historical
he family unit which om. Secondy, she is Inter-personal relationt pre-OCCupation is of personal relatio
stresses of history. ovelist Would tend to lationships within the ial forces, she boldly Which erabled har to
exclusively for the
between persons. lowingly on domestic
felicities which climax in marriages. The thematic and the dramatic coherence of her Works is derived from Towes and countermoves leading to marriages. In Weaving marriage as the Central plot that runs through the lives of individuals Jane Austen once again broke new ground. She acknowledged marriage as the universal bond that can be shared by all indiwiduals in any time and place. Besides, through the processes of marriage she lifted the individual out of the rut, out of the crowd to grant him/her a rare moment of recognition by placing both partners on the highest pedestal of doméstico celebrations. She Was the first to celebrate the personal glory of the anonymous indiwidual who reaches the highest social stature in the ceremony of marriage. The unseen majority comes out of hiding to live one day in a lifetime (leaving aside multiple marriages) with an exclusive identity as al hom Coured and ChoStar indiwidual of the occasion of his/her marriage. This is the only moment where the individual struts the stage in all his/her glory and finery to the applause of those around them. After taking Centre stage on this day alone the individual fades once again into the amorphous mass of the majority. Isn't that also the day the indiwidual celebrates his/her immortality by perpetuating his own kind through marriage?
What other meaningful or lasting mark Carl the indiwidual, lostima blank universe, Take against total oblivion?
Jane Austen was the first to give pride of place to this grand, uniwersal act Her narrative concentrates on the in escapable domestic plotting that precedes weddings and marriages in any culture. These doLLaLLLLLLH LLLCLCaLLLLLLL LLLLLL Laa LLLLLLL kind of importance in the lives of the involved inner circle as diplomatic demarches, or economic bargaining that goes on in the wide World of global politics. It is the unwritten history of all individuals.
Finally her "little social commonwealth" is not the charmed circle it is supposed to be but an exclusive dimension Where SOThe Of the fundamental Thoral issues of rational beings are tested. She picks up the dominant political concepts of her time which, influenced by the "enlightened" French Revolutionaries, determined public discourse, and redefines each one of those concepts as a new morality for individuals not involved in active politics.

Page 12
Her phrasings, quite remarkably, are identical to that of classical political philoSophy, SSLes of "equality of alliance", "partialities and injustices", the "overthrow of all order..." in the "little social commonwealth" are raised in Very clear, absolute terms. Jane Austen was categorical when she said (in PERSUASION) that "she wanted more vigorous measures, a more complete reformation, ... a Tuch higher tone of indifference for everything but justice and equity." Despite this ideological position she stubbornly refused to step out of the domestic framework to deal With these issues at a political level. On the contrary, she relates the political principles to individual relationships. The fact that she has miniaturised the complex political concepts to domestic situations does not witiate the meaning or the relevance to society or the individuals. By converting classical and grand political concepts to elementary active principles that individuals must pursue in personal relationships she not only rejected mass revolutionary and romantic movements, which in the post-French Revolution era were supposed to redirect the course of history, but also defined the altered Society of the future as an exclusive domain where only the morally alert activists are admitted and ordained. She begins from the inner core of the individual, placing that to be the consecrated Source for Enshrining moral equality and justice. The application of the redefined political principles on a one-toone basis in the day-to-day lives of indiwiduals is a nowel concept Which can hawe far-reaching effects in transforming society and indiwiduals Without resorting to aggressive or even passive political action. In other Words, Jane Auster's characters are not political arnir Tals balttling for revolutionary justice in fierce Constitutional or bloody contests but, by and large, elegant, cultivated, civil and rational minds "fully occupied in all other COTTIOrl Subjects Of FOLSekeepigrighbours, dress, dancing and music"." Her creativity excelled in binding absolute principles to individuals pursuing such di LJTrial activitiËS, Each little Circle was Coristi= tuted asan autonOfTOUS Unit. She"acknowledged it to be very fitting that every little Social COTTOWEat dictate its Willi Tatlers of discourse; and hoped, ere long, to become a not unworthy member of the one she was now transplanted into". Being accepted as a worthy member of the inner circle is to be a moral being.
Jane Austen's study of a moral being in his/her natural habitat ranks her as the Margaret Mead of a new social order. Within that new order she sleuths, somewhat like Agatha Christie pairing, mis-pairing and re-pairing the Wandering nubile who finally find the missing partners of their lives. And, over all this, she reigns
O
like a benign զաee judgement in a rea misery". It is a realm
lad freed the Tselve history to embark con exactoral Center.
The journey of thi Winding paths, Wa: NSFIELD PARK-t Austen said was or ti". MISfield Park Will B. Flir of Luflé sombreness and the Mansfield Park, its U gulated internal mo" lism, its theme, its : of "sanctity"pervadi together With Fanny East ROOT1 in the d Sfield TE STEdS LI Weave aп image o which, in turn, pro ground for various individuals seeking i. TOT I CILTE. ILS EXC SiOTakES. it a di Kafkesque CASTLI nsions, Where the rit called to indulge in Ll a fe WWOuldbe a 10 ne" and "great pat routes for those Who Park. IL ES ISO repose to those Whe |aWs in exorably selle become apart and p adhering to its moral strald Tanifests its Fanny which is, by E IIlOral al IlaratIV through it.
When Fanny ente finds it SOTIEWhat fr ncerting. Its author Sir, Thomas, is aloof new life-style putsh test. And yet, through she finds the self-sa and Cornforting. In fa. swing Outside therno Which has becorit e Ë to Fanny: "...The ey long to m9. I love t OF THE WES IES. for an hour together. than many other th Fanny's re-entry int. moment of great reli HOWher heart SWe||E dE as she DASSed
Sout..." It is as the barriers of a so haven of repose:". rtsmouth) in the mic moise, to hawe COfi STell; substituted (at freishness, fragrart The OrderlineSS, hE

in dispensing moral m without "guilt or Where the individuals s from the rigours of the discovery of the
s discovery, through S e SSayed in MA|G I10We| Which Jarle le the Tle of "Ordinais a dolair SLuffUSed fring authority. The imposing features of Written laws, its reements, its symbosetting and the aura ng the entire domain, 's austere, unheated Bep recesses of Maat Corne together to f I irriEr Sari: LITT Je:S to be a testing ife styles chosen by n their own Way their usiveness, its secluStar Wariatio of a E, with many maTIETOLIS I Tlata35 TE hëir purSuits but Orly inted. The "serpenti15" Weave alternate
Weir Marsfiel place which affords ) seek it. Its specific cts its inheritors Who arcel of Mansfield by Code.This Lunderlying als in the progress of and large, the central E thred that I LUIS
"Sansfield Park. She prbidding and discolitarian father-figure, and der Tanding. The er through a rigor OLIS the passage of time, methings endearing ct, she finds it uneasy fal CCode of Marsfield, delightful Way of life enings do not appear o hear my uncle talk | Could liste to in | EnertäislSITETOrg imgs hawe dome....."
Mansfield Park is a ef and joy to her: ".... di With joy and gratituthe barriers of Po
i5 häd :55 "didnightmare into a . She was (at Post of closeness and Termert, badair, bad Mansfield) for liberty :3 Frid wordur..." 3 TCrä toile, the trä
nquility, the freshness, the liberty, the fragrance and the Werdure is Suggestive of a hawem far remowed frOT the tu Tutuous Vulgarities of the outside Worldcharacteristics that suggest it to be the rearest to Jane Austen's vision of a pastoral Eden, The"release: from Portsmouth"* leads to a total change from one way of life to another, from one age to another "Visions of good and ill breeding, of old Vulgarisms and new gentilities were before her..." The crossing of "barriers" is of great significance to both Fanny and a LaL LLLLLL aLLLK a aa aaLaLLSYLLLLLL is a certain finality in the act, especially to Fanny. She has crossed the "barriers" of "old vulgarisms" to enter the order of "new gentilities". The "new gentilities" is the ordained way of life at Mansfield. She had been initiated into that Way and she accepts it willing to bear its responsibilities and share its repose, which is altogether a life far superior to the tumultuous, seedy goings-on at the other side of the "barrier" — barrier that dra WS a distinct divisitor between the World outside and the way Out of it.
The crossing is also decisive to the aLLLLLL LLLLLLL a L D HLCKS L LLLLLL to Jane Austen's theme of "ordination"- a life-time Commitment to an altered way of life. Though Mansfield is a theatre for all-corners to play their individual roles not all of thern are chosen. Fanny, Grants, Crawfords, Rush Worths and Yates come to Mansfield to be tested on selected principles which eventually pick the choSETGE,
The major segment of Mansfield Park Constitute the part played by a host of characters presenting their mercenary walues, questionable virtues, templing offers and easy pleasures at Mansfield. Characlers varying from moronic Rushworth to versatile Henry Crawford are drawn-toWards Mansfield. Though each display their innate temperaments - e.g. intelligence, Charm, Vivacity, generosity etcthey are tested only on the basis of living up to the enduring principles enshrined at Mansfield. The corrupting apples, the tempting Snakes lurk in Mansfield like in any other earthly place. These misleading teTiptations dragging the innocent are teased out in the lingering relationship between Mary Crawford and Edmund. This interplay goes on until it reaches the final segment - the crossing of the barriers. This signals the new phase: a total break from the past, leading towards a new inheritance, the altered society,
Clearly, What Fanny inheritsis mot position, power or property but what Mansfield represents- namely, a World away from Worldly life. The Way was cleared for her not by spiteful exiling of rivals who were Supposed to be a threat to her ascendancy

Page 13
to the throne at Mansfield but by the failure of the London-based interlopers and their Collaborators to lure Mansfield into their corrupted ways. Their efforts were to drag Mansfield into the "serpentine path". But Mansfield triumphs in its principled refusal to deviate from the "great path". Their attempts to overthrow the moral authority at Mansfield and turnit into another bit of London (a corrupt citadel) fail ignominously. After that their retreat into self-exile is inevitable. After that only one kind of EW-COITET Could be adTİLLEd Lo Maisfield Park. Susan, a novitiate, with the full potential of growing into the new Social order. Thus "old vulgarisms" and "new gentilities" become the fundamentals that distinctly separate the old societies (LoIndon, Portsmouth) from the altered society (Mansfield).
In the main then, Mansfield Park is a refuge from all Wulgarities-wulgarities of individuals, majority and history: "At Mansfield no So Lunds of CortentionS, no raised voice, no abrupt bursts, no tread of violence, was ever heard; all proceeded in a regular course of cheerful orderliness; every body had their due importance; averybody's feelings were consulted. If terldErness Coult be BWef SLIpposed Wänting, good sense and good breeding supplied its place; and as to the little irritations.... they were short, they were trifling, they were as a drop of Water to the ocean, Compared With the ceaseless tumult of her present abode. Here (PotSTIC Luth) everybody Was Toisy, ewey Voice Wasloud...., nothing was done Without clatter, nobody Sat still, and nobody could command attention when they spoke"." This passage could wery Well be Jan ALISTS iriStiltive Con to the constant chaos of the disorderly World outside, particulalry the violent eruptions that were tearing Europe apart. The coHLLLLLLL aaaaLHLaL C aLLHHLLLL LLLLaa LL aa latter half of the Book, Tranquillity becomes a key Word in this theme. And the theme is orchestrated at eveгу оррогішпе Toment:"The elegance, propriety, regularity, har Tony, and perhaps, above all, the peace and tranquility of Mansfield, Were brought to her remembrance every hour of the day, by the prevalence of everything opposite to them here".'
To be Corrued)
NORBS
1 Ibid. - p. 409. 2 Ibid. - p. 245. 3 Ibid. - p. 245.
4 FEFISILJASION - JIE ALJ5. 5. It 6 MANSFIELD PARK - Jarl E. Aluslai, P.212.
II. P. 3.
E P42.
9. P 1 IP3. | 1 || E. PBB 12 E. P. 384.
Outline
Charlaka AIT):
Once more, those past-time is the E endIBSS SerThirarS Cof Constitute a reform Lanka Carlook for W. EWE Tonths, of bliss President D.B. Wjel cted speech to an all tional expertise hadh red, the good people Wealed မျိုချိ Parliamentary Selec tutional Reforms that of the President be; by the people to elect this proposal Socks CStiiLLI tii iirl te lil Which are contaire proposed amendme not an issue, which | T. aldi la WE IWE advocate of the repe and baggage of t Which II rėgärd as the legacy bequethed th Tpion of authoritaria Cynicism, President Shirt, I am not Satis: the COI 15 titutional 5 required is the enact il dire | LE assumptions from th fiers of the CO: Republic (1978).
ImLIstalsdefrlpha. to the simplistic, app adopted by the SLF People Alliance, Th to evoke the debate, TillarmerlärisfT1, lm Wh they maan the Const blic (1972). That ( alTIOSt Ed S obnoxiOL) spects, ever Thores of 1978. I certainly COStitution to E fE tion Wic Witi da lakes or board, With in practise operatei to Britis doctric Pärliat, Ar LundEarthF3 Constituti: and National Sta. red to be "the SuprE power" which event it exercised through
What them you n Constitution1 || WOLld nce is given that IF Converted intó a Se us who adore analy: Vision.5 ind irresist Outlind for and W. C. wholly out of place.
What advocate thing new but since irit til change in relation to (and more often th:

i for a NeVV Constitution
aratunga
of Lus Whose favourite de-SS di SCLISSIOl Et the elements that Tust if the Constitution of Sri ird to Tiary hours, days For this Wells talk Inga, Who in an Linexpediance Whose Constitutherito EJG 1 Lurdis COWa of Anuradhapura, reP has proposed to the Il Cbir Tittee Ċirl Cristithe method of election mamlad from electİ0 ion by Parliament. What StarTed the current ut of Tary a SSLIMTiptioris in it. Whether or not the mit wil||imporowe things is interest5 TE T1 Luchi, for ays been, a passionate arool and branch, bag E current Constitution thighly dubious political His Country by that chaInism, opportunism and
J.R. Jayewardene. In ified With linkgrin. With LILCLE WI. Whit is Life of a new Constitubasis of Very different Sa Which ITIOtiwated the Stitution of thE SECOld
Sistädt SLIbsid "Coachi to tha Constitution, FP and its allies in the eir approach is always
Pr65idential ST1 WSPsich by Parliamentarism itution of the First RepuConstitutio is for TB, Is as, and III SOTTE real= o, than the Cor 15titution1 Hø "lüt Wämt lFlE: CLITTETIl placed by that Constitugerous simplicity fully Out the restraits. Which the nation of its origin,
of the sovereignty of lingly, the legislature in of 1972, the peculiarly le Assembly Was declaTE ist LTElt of 5tät adjudicial power which
E COLIS,
Taỵ Bisk, Is the type of Fawr), Jr. WhilgariaSSurais Colum Sot being TIET SLICH ES LOEC of Ses of Constitutional proble || do think a brief Institution Would not be
s the adoption of Sortlein this country We hawe ency to discuss even | Wat i Streia LESE an not found Wanting)
too will play that game by saying that ar. amended Version of the Soulbury Constitution, the only nonpartisan Constitution this Country has operated since the achievement of independence, with several innovations to bring it into line with modern conditions would be far more satisfactory.
SUC a 1EW COStitutio1 Would aCCOrdingly contain the following features:
1) a non-executive Head of State elected by the members of both Houses of Parliament and by Provincial Counci||ÖrS.
2) an executive consisting of a Cabinet of Ministers appointed on the reco
LHHaLLaaLaLaaa aL LLLLLaLLL LaLLLLLLLS
3) A Parliament consisting of two Chambers to be named perhaps (as in the Soulbury Constitution) the Senate and the House of Representatives.
4) A Senate which would consist of a majority (60%) of Elected Senators rityםחu a miחwinces aטthe Pr וחטfr (40%) of Appointed Senators to represent political parties, the profession, ACAdelig ald Ho HfS HIld Dkler distinguished persons.
5) A House of Representatives elected On a new System of Proportional Representation based on the GerTTām electoral system whereby 50% of the Membership will be elected from coinstituencies which would be larger thãm the preserl Cønstituerities and tid Olaf Half frosna flationalist Wich Would ensure strict proportionality of the OVETEI result.
6) Senators and Members of Parliament shall have freedom of CONScience arld not to be subject to expulsion from the legislature.
7) Provincial CoLiricils With Enhanced powers within the framework of a FEIlles Ell (CD; Igl][Ll][i].
8) Judical Review of Legislation, which Would enable Acts passed by Parliament to be Subsequently challenged bafore l'E COLIrt5.
recognize of Course that with elections likely to take place Soon, it may be inappropriate to eract a new Constitition until the CÖrČILJSir, of 5 Luch Glacti05. A CD15titutionāli LLLLaaaaaaaaLL LLL LLLLLL LL LLLLLLLLSDDDD System | hawe outlined should, Howevwer, E3E enacted as a matter of the highest priority so that it can be used for the forthcoming Parliamentary Election. By this amendment the freedort of conscience of MPs should HIST JE BESLITEf.
What is most importantis that public awaLLGLL HH LaHGGLLLaaaLLL LLLL00L LLLL LLLLLL enhanced and the appalling habit of the Bandaranalike and J. R.Jaye Wardene golwernments of partisan constitution making should be made a thing of the past, not a practise for emulation now and in the future.
1.

Page 14
JVP
Revolutionary Practice
En VirOnnment
Mick Moore
The "modernity of Sri Lanka's economic, political and institutional environment resulted in the JWP pursuing a revolutionary strategy that lay somewhere between the classic, mobilizing peasant insurrection characteristic of pooragrarian societies and the Urban terrorism associated with industrial Societies. In particular, in contrast to the classic rural insurrection, the JWP campaign was marked by the absolute primacy of political considerations and structures over their military equivalents; great tactical flexibility and rapid changes of approach; equal flexibility (or instability) in the personnel composition of the movement; the predominance of students (in a broad sense, including intellectuals and those who had previously experienced higher education) among the personnel of the movement as well as its leadership; and the need to give central strategic attention to the problem of snaking violent revolution in an environment dominated by the two great modern societal institutions - a complex state apparaELIS anda highly integrated market economy on which most of the population depend for their livelihood on a day-to-day basis. These arguments are elaborated below under seven sub-headings.
Persong
The prior task for the JVP leadership in a logical sense - the recruitment of cadres - has in practice proved one of the least problematic aspects of the Towement from its inception. For the enormity, in both demographic and psychological senses, of the problem of educated youth unemployment has provided a continual inflow of new cadres. There is a close affinity between the general ideological Stace of the JWP and the fact that educational experiences, perceptions and institutions played a dominant role in the recruitment process." In a Society where (a) public sector, white collar posts have long been seen as the route to security and status for those With advanced educa
tional qualifications b
talassets Orconnecti exclusive private bus governments hawe r. sponsibility for provid sation is high or educationally-certific liating personal expe уment appear to ha" On the Fattitudes of J" mbers." The mower nomic policy prograп more than exiguous complete statisation
mic activity has been and One assured to as поt to require exp|
The JVP leadershi ensured that they ha offresh Cadres by put effOrtsto indoctrinate Children as Well as u These young people by We Weera's Su un doubled Charisma impressionable recrui jeweera maintain his Over the Towerment, Were Tibbilized first mpaign, with the as: rrillert do Cision ir student represental decision-making stru Action Committees V a result Were domint the middle of G. de largely in control of tr had destroyed the r. organization. The mo - but very streetWi Students Union provi til to JWP dosial It too, was defeated CafT POLISES WESTE W Closed Frorm 1987 : a large number of you Collections and tile TOWement Was able
 

in a “Modern
It no significant capiIts with the sociallyness sector, and (b) utinely assumed reng such posts, 'statithe agenda' of ited youth."" Humiiences of unemplo'e left a deep mark WP || eader5 and TE|est's declared ECDIme has newer been see below). But the of almost all econohe dominant theme, be so self-evident icit justification.'
from the beginning da continual Supply Lting in considerable and recruit schoolliversity students.' Were easily swayed perb oratory and Reliance on such ts in turn helped Wipersonal dominance University students in the 1980s caistance of a gove982 to abolish all on in university tures. The informal hich sprang up as ted by the JVP. By ca de the JVP Was e student body.' It ling UNP's student e Orthodox Marxist e - Independent ed the Only opposi2 of the campuses. The fact that the tually completely at that there Were ng people with JWP their hands. The EC LSethel. Past
investments in recruiting schoolchildren were also to pay dividends in 1987 and 1988, When Schoolchildre a II ower the island Were among the most eager participants in protests against the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord.' The police on occasion acted with predictable brutality, providing an excellent propaganda theme in the for of deaths of Schoolchildren at the hands of the police.' The schools, too. Were closed for about two years, providing Tore ide hārds.
This high level of dependence on students and Schoolchildrer for activists solved one problem, but raised others. One Was the Continual reed to train and assimilate new recruits. For the rate of turnover of JWP cadres was very high." The movement depended heavily on a stratum of the population whose commitrinent, endurance and technical competeince was always questionable." A related problem was the danger of infiltration by the security forces. The organizational form adopted in the recent campaign was designed to cope With this situation.
The JVP departed substantially from both their own 1971 practice of the loosely organized movement and from the classic Leninist model of the relatively small party of committed cadres. The JWP's organizational pattern bore a close resertiblance to that recommended by management specialists for large modern corporations attempting to deal With rapid and continuously changing conditions in the most competitive reaches of the contemporary World economy. That in turn is not surprising, for the JWP faced analogous problems, it was a large organization needing to adapt continuously to a Competitive and fast changing external environment.
The similarities between the JWP and "flexible corporation' are, at the abstract level: a small, generalist top executive Cadre concentrating on strategic decision

Page 15
making rather than routine management; a relatively Small cadre of permanent managers, Supervisors and skilled Workers; and a large peripheral body of people employed on specific limited contracts both for highly specialized operations and for un skilēd tāsks for Whichlabourreļurements are unstable, Oп the perіphегу of the JWP were large numbers of young people used only occasionally or temporarily for specific and relatively routine tasks, such as pasting up posters (a major channel of communication and propaganda), delivering messages calling particular institutions to participate in strikes or other actions, and monitoring compliance with such calls. To some degree at least, these "irregulars' tended to be concentrated in the military wing of the JWP, leaving the dominant political Wing less exposed to the danger of infiltration (see below). Another component of the periphery of the JWP organization was small groups of professionals who were used for two kinds of military operations: professional criminals for major assassinations, and army deserters-and, indeed, soldiers on leave - for military training and some operations.“ The inner, strategic leadership of the JWP was almost entirely political' in outlook and function. While many problems emerged in contro|ling the movement from the centre, the thinking of the centre Was almost exclusively political, and for that reason all the more effective (see below).
Wijeweera appears to have learned a great deal from the fiasco which ensued when the JWP actually resorted to force In 1971: most of his cadres had been revealed to be inexperienced and incompetent in matters of armaments and L'actics, and the more "intellectual" ellements in particular showed little inclination actually to fight. He introduced a substantial distinction between military and politiCal functions, andel Sured that the for Tiner were both executed professionally and subordinated to the political leadership. The problem that he was newerable fully to solve was that of controlling units on the ground, whether political or military. This was especially true in 1989 when the TowerTent carrie under pressure from the security forces. We do not know in detail LLHLLLLLLL aa LLLLL LaLLLLLLLaaLLLL aLHHLLS nicated amũng themselWEs and how the leadership obtained a very substantial degree of compliance With its orders'-
quite an achievemen which, because of ri Was always in a Sta certain that the perSC in Universities and
higher education pla"
The JWP needed to Zation – the ITIOre lies of Collunicati printing facilities an Station - frO diSCC forces. This was no Tamil separatist mili North, who had bo jungle and, more i supply, retreat and c. tiesin South Irldia, t retreats. They were almost continuosly tions containing large opponents and infor
Te WPLSWC as cover. The first, Were "bunkers', i.e., stores specially Cons described as "jungle Case5 TeaträLer ChStrLuctir OT. SL JCch have been a lessor tely from the Tamil a different physical NUTIH. || WHE H ITS TOSt Su Chi Ti Cost b) LI been discovered byt early. It is, howeve bunkers played a m stics; more importal Buddhist temples bases, StÖTÉS, är dp} from the securiry s. exclusiwe f0CLUS COf thi clawinist themes th in their logistic depE Tonks. In the early's campaign, when the fOCES WÉfa II dCLubot |ties were experies fOTC-5 COTT'lard i 1 rsuade their (almost Se and mainly Budd Buddhits temples. L became hardened, "I me acceptable targ forces.
Notes
*JWP Ter Tibership ha Sinhal; Buddhis an Budddhist nationalism (C

it foram organization apid Cadre turnOWer, te of transition, It is inal linkages Created Olles ilStitutionS Of yed a major role.'
i protect their organiactive Cadres, their on their stores, their their Toble radio very by the security easy task. Unlike the itants fighting in the La CCESS tO del Se portantly, training, OITITLIIlication făc|- G WP had o SECLIra obliged to operate amid dense popula2 nurrbErs of political
TËTS.
types of fixed points rather Surprisingly, | small caппps and tructed in a reas oftem
3' - Willich in ITIOSI light scrubland. The bunkers appears to learned inappropriaguerillas operating in arlWir OlfTEIT in LFB take for the JWP for nkers See Tonto have he armed forces fairly r, unlikely that such ajor role in JWP logiIt to the Were the which they used as | CCS i WTC to Hir orces. The almost e JWP on'patriotic'Or us hadits counterpart indence on "patriotic" lages of the anti-JVP loyalties of the armed Considerable diffiCLced by the armed their attempts to peexclusively. Sinhalehist) troops to search Later, When attitudes atriotic"Tonks becagets for the Security
ld been almost exclusively di a degra of Sinhalas
schauvinism) had always
been implicit or Explicit in its progarTime and discours. However, in the early 1980 the party adopted a fairly Orthodox cosmopolitan Marxist LLLHLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLLaLLLTL LLLL LLLLLLLLMLLLLSSSLCAAS rimination. When this position was rejected in fawour of an explicitly chauvirilst position in December 1983, the Secretary General left the party, taking with him a substantial fraction of themembership. The JWP's changing- and opportuniLLLLLL S S LLLLLLaLLLL LLLLL LaL LLLL LLL LLLL LL LLLLLL are explained at song length in Chandraprama, Sri Lanka: The Years of Terror, chs 13-16.
° "Unclaubtecly the mast pawerful am of the JWP, second only to the military Wing, happened to be its studert Wing. It is fruir Til the student's wing that a considerable perceritage of recruit Tients were made for higher and important positions of LLLLLL S LLL LLL LLL LL LLLLL L L0LL0aS L HLLL L hierarchy happened to be either university graduates, drop outs ortbachers" (Gunaratria, Sri Larika. A Lasľ Revoluľom, p.45).
" G. A. Chandraprema, Furfschism, ErFinika aCCCHCCLCCHMMLaLseLMLKLLHaaaMMSKLLLaaCCL LCH
HEJ Sri Lärkar Experierīce (ColorTıbo, Indepeniident Studerils Union, 1989), pp. 28-9,
Chandraprema, Sri Lanka. The Years of Terra, Ch. 12.
Relatedly, the capture of state power has always appeared as the main JWP objective, an end in its own right rather than a means. This was especially evident in 1971, when the "patriotic objective lacked real potency. There are plausible accounts of how, once they attained local power in 1971, father tham Creating a'Tawīlutionary admiLLLLLLLLS LLLLLLCLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLL0 to roles in the existing state apparatus.
" ChandrapreTā, Pusschism, Eric Cha Luiwfnism, p. 29.
Chandraprema, Sri Lanka: The Years of Terr. c. 25; MatthE5, Thalala WILuki Peram Luna", p. 432.
One of the first contract killings organized by the JWF WH5 that of Daya Fathirana, the leader of the independent Students Union, in 1986. See Chandraprena, Sri Lanka: The Years of Tarrar,
1.23.
"See report in Island International 21 Septc
98.
"For example, a high school student was killed by police firing in the town of Badulla on 13 SepteTiber 1988, allegedly because the police had exhausted their supply of rubber bullets (Island I'r 7fearra Maria, 21 SepterTiber 1988).
" Chandrapema, Sri Larka: The Years of Terrar, p. 54 and passimi. In Somo Casas, large nurnbers of cadres left at one tire. This, nortially reflected some dispute at leadership level: "By 1979 bickering within the party had emerged and agroup headed by Nandana Marasinghe resigned from the party. After the JWP's decision riot to participate in or support the general strike of 1980, a large group, among Whir Ti were several Tiddle class young intellectuals who had been attracted to the JWP's "new image" after 1977, left along With H. N. Fernando and the Ceylon Teachers' Union. Another group headed by "Captain" Kullara tre left tha party in 1981 CWT differences With the party leadership. After the Presidential election LLLH L 0000S SaH LLLLLL LL L LLaaL L LLL "slrength“. Im April 1983, Waas Thilakarätres änd
13

Page 16
Mahinda Pathirana WCMC removed from the party. In 1983 December, a large group among whom WCra Lionel Bopage, left the party because of the change of policy on the ethnic issue' (ibid, p. 51).
Though we paid lip service to "the leading role of the proletariat" in the revolution, our emphasiis haSalways been on the provincial sectorin organising students and unemployed youth. They will be the first to desert the party in a situation of repression'. This quotation is from the resignation latter of Lionel Bopage, the JWP's General Secretary in 1983 (Ibid., p. 113).
" The JVP named its military wing the DJW Dashapire. Jarlatha Wyapasaya- the People's Patriotic Organization). The name DJW first appeared in 1987 in the context of the reactions against the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord, although the military wing was established in mid-1986 (Ed., p. 65). The JWP position was that the DJW was a Separato Organization of patriots, not part of the JWP (See the interview with Rohana Wijawcara in Sunday Tings (Colombo), 13 November 1988, pp. 9-10), While in 1987-89 the JWP was engaged in various kinds of dialogue with the major political parties, especially the SLFP and the UNF, in Search of political advantage, it was convenient for all sides to attribute violence and murder to the DJWard Lh L5 absolwe the JWP. The DJ W WEES headed by a member of LhoJWP's Politburo (Alles, "We Weera's Changing Political Ideology', p. 9).
* Gumaratria (Sri Lanka: A Los Revolution, p. 279) claims that the JWP put more effort into rescuing from captivity their political cadres than their military cadres. It is not clear whether, on balance, this reliance or 'auxiliaries' made the JVP more or less vulnerable to counter-intelligence. It seems likely that, in the first two years or so of the recent campaign, when the state's security and intelligence services were weak and heavily perietrated by JWP Sympathizers, use of auxiliaries presented few problems. However, once the securily forces began their crackdown on the moveTertin August 1989, the whole Towerient becaThe Wulnerable to betrayal under pressure. The top leadership appears to have been traced and eliminated through the classic counter-insurgencytechnique of first catching the 'small fry' and forcing HET to inform On the GOUTCE of their information and instructions, leading eventually to the top,
**Alles, "Wijeweera's Changing Political Ideology"; Chandrapremia, Sri Lanka. The Years of Terror, ch5:21, 23 and 31; Gumaratma, Sri Larki A LS Ferior, 221.
'The leadership appears to have remained physically dispersed, in many cases taking cover by leading the lives of relatively affluent members of the middle class. Wijaweera spent his last Tonths living with his family in the guise of a retired plantation owner in a large house in a rural area. Formore generalinformation on the WP"sorganization, Siga ChandraporETIH, Sri Lanka: Trig Years CafTerror, ch, 2; and Gurlaratria, Sri Lärka: A LOS Revolusior, pp. 22,37-48, 213-20 and 324-5.
On the importance of the these linkages, see for example Chandrapremia, Sri Lanka: The Years of Terror, ch. 22. Jonathan Spencer has provided IIIe with Some illustratiiris of this from his own Experiences.
* Chandraprema, Sri Lanka; The Years cor Terror, p. 200; R. Gunasekera, JWP Tactics'. Island Inter alarias, 23 September 1987.
14
" Generally speaking ELUIddhistoks i Sri La serve different caste gro monks which actively su to represent those low cas |lly active JWP Supporters. SLuffer grieviously in the lor tir T10 the priesthood was, WhatarCostandescrihed: lly in Wolved in national glgi however, raised the stake

the Warious orders of ka are dra Wri frOnT and ps. It seems that the ported the JWP tended es which were especiaThe priesthood was to grun. Ewan besore this clear contradiction to 5 Buddhist ideals, wide:torial politics, The JWP', 3 considerably by going
The Scholar’s Tale
Part 10
LLLLLHGLGLL LLL LLLYSLLLLS LLL LLLLLLL Lluis Legions" Norter TL encampment L'ill TTILLCIl paterTLCICOIT descensior. begrited Cathis ballot-scooled Nation
Livil/lent Corarlandel Plausibility ordede Tri-Sirala Trini
a fool tole on the Kolle Monarchy lching to Leild is Exceller cy)
KoLe's CalCated CCI LI LĪo 1 Calling a foreboding Florizor Pretender betrayed ruo Los for be due to genetic aort fort, lle ir regir tecil departica (ort d'Eberg Emperor ELLEIT terely King
La [ or Lly A LLUIT is gruppe2shot S History's calları olur. Borld-Pot
rom Rajarc. La's Historic confirles is Excelleric's extended frottlines Legions leapt sand-Leaste and brine
Ilclori la stalla Idfle
Signal flashed slutsily to Station gering Operatior Clearisation பூlig beய்g_filயூ (Llorated Hero played Bridge Utile Deal LLC ted. retri is Programme Crernation preceded til, Luluile Sanity receded тidпідhІшіШhрге-set precision LLaaL HHHLLLLaLaa YLLLLSLLLLLLHHLCaOOLLLLLLL LLLaLLLL sallott LULIS eLVer Tore letal e sharre begat guilt irl Tost people i gult LUcas crasled by leaders Lultch-lu Intforscapegoats a Ld pleaders
some scapegoats before they could plead er massacred in Jal by Hell's breed Llifying to be freel Cor. I parador LLLLLipley TT Lurder darLd Iri ĈIUJ FiLeTTa.
LLLLLL Y LaLLLLLLLaLLLL LLLLLLL King a Lucatted. If Inperial transfor Tucation scleta fred b. arl Liciplfo.Il Lould tot speak to Huis Nation. m luis Capital's LinusoLught IJlarnes ! som les Lajects ba (eral remur iris icturell), furtured Llle rolfor
the City had faced all in Uasion
Jule fue Floodlini'sfaded a Luay
repova lēc Frīda.
to the lengths of murdering those monks who stood in their way. When the counter-terror got underway, little compunction was shown about kiling Tonks basiewed to hawe JWP connections. In addition, independent monks who tried to protest about the brutality of what was happening or LLLLLL LL LLLLL LL LLLLGLL00L LCLLLL LLLLLL by the cat5, and in Cina of two cases of recalcitranice by the bullet. Guna ratne suggests that in 1989 at least a hundred monks were killed by anti-JWP foĪCBS.
U. Karunati lake

Page 17
THE Ι. Ρ. ΥEAPS
Postscript
Arden
The Findla di Still Of Sri Lak
The news card as a bombshell. On 24 July 1987the government-controlled Daily News carried the story that the previous evening President Jayewardene and Prie Minister Gadhi had reached a accord interms of which the Lankan government was to concede a single "autonomous state" in the northern and eastern provinces, the very issue on which the fighting had been all about. (In the 1977 general election 67% of the Voters in the easter province had voted against separation). India, for its part, would ensure that the teTOrists Would Surrender the Weapons (which India itself had supplied them with) and see to it that Indian territory would no longer be used for "activities prejudicial to the unity, integrity and Security of Sri Lanka". To enforce the accord Indian troops would move into Sri Lanka. With this accord Sri Lanka accepted Indian suzerainty after just less than four decades of independence.
In 1940 the Ceylon National Congress senta delegation to the Rangarh Sessions of the Indian National Congress, The delegation, led by J.R. Jayewardene, di InterWiB W With Mahat Ted Gardhi. It reported later: "We asked him what Ceylon could expect from a free India. Many in Lanka prefer to remain as a dominion in the British empire than to be free and run the risk of being exploited by India which could easily Swamp Lanka. Gandhiji layghed and said, "Ceylon has Flothing to fear from a free India." (Michael Roberts, DoCurrents of the Ceylon National Congress, quoted by K.M. de Silva.) Gärc|H's WiéW of India Was romanticizEd and nowhere near reality.
At the 1955 conference in Bandung, Indonesia, at Which the idea of a lor l-aligned movement was first mooted, Ceylon's printerminister Sir John Kotelawala, in his address, made some critial remarks about the Soviet Union, which had opposed Ceylon's entry into the U.N. AfteLLLCLLLLLLaLLLLLLLaLLLLLLLaLLLHHLHHL LHHLLL John Why he had mot been shown the script of the speech before Sir John had delivered it. This drew a tart reply from Sir John who told Nehru; "you don't show me
your speeches; IWC The matter ended th indicatio of the IC view of himself as big made Ceylon's lead of India than they ha Countries became fre knight in shining arr Ohink ofhimas bei for India and unscr. tiÕS.
Soon after indepe his troops into Kast and forcibly approp ncely states, which British India, into the
I 1949 NBL foi King of Bhutan und med responsibility f relations. Today, fc. treaty is still bitterlyre
ΠΕΕΕ
| 19 EST NELSE alleging hostile acts against Indian citize Tedda but Goa tory". This offence a rter was greeted with
"The Indian gover Crest of a unique stic public suppor WOICB hä5 bBer"| FNE sition parties hawE the "liberation' of G leads the fOrCeS ASoka Mehta, On and og St-ifOTITE government". (New Statesman.
The popular acc to Neh TL's head. O launched an offers Ladakh and India' claiming a large extE for ldiğıq 0 the b); MCME0"|||E daw| imperial hey-day bL Chima, The Indianp| station "aggression troops gave the Ir beating, its famous cut to pieces. Inex

In't show you mine". ere but it was a clear tian prime minister's brother. The incident er See Wern ITHOriel Wary been Since the two se. Nehruwa Snothe nour the World Castle Ing. He was a Tibitious upulous in his ambi
Indence he arched limir and Hyderabad riated those tWO prihad not been part of | |dial UiO.
rced a treaty on the er which India assuor Bhutar"S exterThal rty years later, this sented by the Bhuta
nt his army into Goa, by the Portuguese S. TE WOII COT3= bCCaT "UiO terrigainst the U.N. Chaeuphoria by Indians:
nment is riding on the upsurge of enthusiat. Not a single critical aardhere. The Oppogenerally acclaimed Soa, India once again Of freedom" said Mr. le Of the ITIOSt 50ber di CritiCS of the Nehru
of 22 December 1961)
alim must hawe gone 9 October 1952 hig iwe against China in S Orth-east frontier int of Chinese territory asis of the so-called n by the British in their ut newer conceded by ress Called the Confro" by China, Chinese dian army a sevеге Fourth Division being plicably the Chinese
then withdrew without pressing home their advantage. Nehru's death not long after was possibly hastened by this humiliation. The defeat led to a decision by India to build for itself the most powerful army in Asia. India, with a rate of illiteracy perhaps unequalled anywhere in the World, With Crippling powerty affecting hundreds of millions of its citizens, rampant disease and malnutrition, with a Caste-ridder, male-chauvinistrational ethic, would wenture on a massive programme of militarisation, That this programme was carried through with an impressive whole-heartedness was mainly the achievement of Indira Gandhi who came to power promising to abolish powerty. She was prime minister of India for over 15 years.
if it was Nehru who dreamt up Indian hegemonism as a replacement for British colonialism in the Sub-Continent, the theoretical framework for the policy was the Work of K.M. Panikkar," whose Writings are said to constitute the bible of the India diplomatic Service. One of his oft-quoted passages Says:
"Our vision has been obscured by an Lun-lindian Wawe of pacifism. Ahimsa is no doubt a religious creed but that is the Creed which India rejected when she refused to follow Gautalia Buddha. The Hindu theory at all times was one of active assertion of right, if necessary through the force of arms. It will be clear that Indian freedor can only be upheld by firmly deciding to shoulder, or share at all costs, in active defence of the areas necessary to Security".
It was Panikkar's teaching that prevalled in the thinking of the new rulers of India, not Mahatna Gandhi'S.
This Panikkar was according to M.O. Matha's Days with Nehru) a slob who wore soiled clothes DLLLL LL MLL LL LC LLkuuLLLLLL LLL LLLL HHS LLLLLL regarded Parikkar with amused contempt. He told LLLK LaL LLLLLL LLLLLLL LL LLL L L LLLLLL chief who had a passion for top hals and would present himself on formal occasions wearing his that and nothing else. This story, besides telling LES SOITTIElhing of the Tian whic Created Iridia's foreign policy, rÉvaals tous Nehru's Crypto-racism.
15

Page 18
Indira Gandhi enthusiastically followed the Panikkar doctrine. Having destabiliSed East Pakistan, leading to the birth of Bangladesh, she adopted a bullying attitude towards the new state. She made an agreement with Sheik Mujibur about sharing the waters of the Ganges; but soon after his assassination reneged on it. She diverted waters from the Ganges at the Farrukha Dam, 11 miles from Bangladesh border, at the rate of 40,000 cubic feet per second, lowering the river's level in Bangladesh by 6 feet. India's attitude about the Waters of the Ganges has been a festering sore in the relations between the TWO COLLES.
II iiS Me TbirS Ricar Niori CIIS Indian leaders hypocritical and Mrs. Gandhi duplicitous.
"She earnestly assured me that India Was not motivated in any way by antiPakistan attitudes...I later learned that, even as she spoke, Mrs. Gandhi knew her generals and advisers were plammingto interwenem East Pakistam, and were considering contingency plans for attacking West Pakistan as well".
蟲 Having successfully destabilised East LLLaSLLLa LLLLLLSS LLLLLLaLLLLLLLLLLLLL LLaLLH to Sikki.
The Sikkimese, ethnically and cultrally close to Tibetans, had an ancient civilisation. Sikkim Was Ole Ofte last Ofte fald remaining Buddhist states in the World. Indira supported an opposition group in Sikkim and encouraged it to stage an anti-Tonarchical rising. She then sentin troops "to restore law and order". She appointed a Chief Executive for Sikkim. Soon after, the Tonarchy was abolished and Sikkim became India's 22nd state, in April 1975.
LLLa LLLLLaLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLL LLLLLLLLS ned friendly; but in the 1977 election campaign J.R. Jayewardene, addressing a meeting in Galle, permitted himself a Witticist: there were, he said, a COW and a calf in India and a cow and a claf in Sri Lanka. He was referring to Mrs. Gandhi and herson Sanjay and Mrs. Bandaranaike and her som Aumra. (Mrs. Gandhi's election symbol was a cow and its calf). This crude remark received wide publicity in Idia and Care to the attention of the imperious Mrs. Gandhi, then in the political Wilderness. She never forgot it. Of such trivia is the stuff of history woven. Ten years later, Pranay Gupte, referring to Jayewardene's unwillingnesisto pay political homage to India Wrote:
16
"This rankled (sic) Jayewardene once COW, and it has irrit (Newsweek 15 Jar
The "COW' remark L. cause of India Gandi lity to Jayewardene's
in William Shirer's of the Third Reich", h totake OWCTALIstria:
"Thoughout 1937, financed and eggE stepped up their Bombings took pla part of the country. Were to stage an spring of 193B a Schnigg attempted German army wot "Germa El Ej
als".
The plan for Czec
LCF differt:
"In 1933. When Hill ||Cor ... EFTE SLUÈter
for Ted) under the Hermein. Helleifl: the annexation of SELE2 With Hitler foi iStrLCtİDS WEITEtif E Tade Whichare Czech government SUTIlarised the F must always dema Can EWET BE Satis
India adopted su. TarIll:5 Were Irldia"S"; this purpose, India cle WETE, Ethnickit) Tai and Were of Indian all Lankan ethnic gr. origin was ignored).
Whеп Jayewarde July 1983 ethnic viol SeerTning tO enC0Lurag mists to run amokam in reprisal for violenc Gandhi acted swiftly t operating from bases a bloody four year euphemistically refer but was actually if against Sri Lankatoa |tended With the a CC by Prime Minister Raj dent Jayewardene in 1987 in Which the provinces comprising ka's land af Ed ClairTi as their "homeland"

Mrs. Gandhi, who
characterised as a ated her SOn". luary 1987)
Indoubtedly was the ni's iTriplacable hosti
Sri Lanka.
"THE RSE Ed Fol e tells of Hitler's plan
the Austrian Nazis Id om by Berlin, had campaign of terror. ce every dayin some ... The Austrian Nazis
open revolt in the d , WHEN SCHL
to put it down, the ld enter to prevent eing shed by Ge
h05|OWakia Wa5 I10t
Erba-CaTE CHETCGGerman Party (Was eadership of Konrad spēdt) Berlin, after Austria and was clo"three hours. Hitler's at "delands should
unacceptable to the AS Helgi SE LJBrErs wie WS: "WE Id Souch that We figd".
:h techniques. The Sudeteners" and, for itled that the Tails ny Tillions of Indians origin. (The fact that pups were of Indian
1E. Tishandled the ence to the externt of |e Sinhalese cha uwiong innocent Tamils :e in the Orth, Mrs. oam the separatists in India. Thus began struggle which was red to as a civil War, dia's War-by-proxy sserther hegemony. cord formally signed I'W GIPTESColombo on 29 July Orlerde:Ster
one third of Sri Laed by the Separatists Were toforma single
autonomous state (Subject to a referendum being held within a year in the eastern province to ascertain whether its Voters Would Wish to separtate from the north). India Would disarm the terrorists and cease to provide logistical support for their War. To enforce the accord Indian troops Would move into Sri Lanka.
It was a total Victory for India, a defeat all down the line for Sri Lanka. Predictably, Jayewardene claimed the accord as an achievement by him: "The secret of all leaders - military, political, social - is to Take the Correct decision at the correct title, and that comes by intuition...inexperienced people do not get that... I get that attimes". (Iman interwiew With the London Times and the New York Times). Not Unporedictably, the World, too, sawit as an act of statesmanship by Jayewardene. It was the statesmanship of the bank teller who hands over the cash to the hold-up man pointing a gun at his head.
Stephen Solarz, chairman of the U.S. House Foreign Relations sub-committee for Asia and the Pacific, Wrote to the Nobel Committee in Stockholm proposing JayeWardene and Rajiv Gandhi for the Peace Prize.
Time Magazine reported:
"Jayewardenes pro-Western attitudes and laissez faire economic policies hawe long irritated New Delhi, which describes itself as a non-aligned, socialist-leaning Country and Sees itself as the dominant force in South Asia. As part of the accord, Jayewardenвagreed to deny military use of the naval base at Tricomalee and other Sri Lankar ports "in a Tanner prejudicial to India's interests and promised that foreign broadcasting facilities in Sri Lanka Would hawe no "military or inte||igērcē purposes'. The latter concession was prompted by Indian concerns about a VOCE Of A TErica tra ST1ittudCCO T1Struction rhearthe Wg St C0aSt tOWIl Of PULET.
Sinhalese distrust of India runs deep. Over two millenius, Sri Lanka's Buddhist majority has fought back periodic invasions from Hindu India". (Time: 10 August 1987)
After the Habarana massacre and the Pettah bombing, Jayewardene had finally LLLLLL LLL LLLL LLLL a aLLL LLaLLLL left to him but to fight to a finish in the northern peninsula. His troops, under General Cyril Ranatunga, captured Wadamarachchi, the Tilitary base of the L.T.T.E.

Page 19
and Were moving on Jaffna when M.G. Ramachandran Cried genocide" and called on Gandhi to make Jayewardene stop his troops. Exactly what threat was held out by Gandhi was not revealed but it was sufficient to make Jayewardene tell his troops not to advance further. With this, Jayewardene was left without further options. The Tigers nextпassacredапоther busload of 32 civilians, 29 of them being Buddhist monks. Events moved fast from this point onwards until Jayewardene's final capitulation.
Rajiv Gandhi sent a flotilla of fishing vessels bearing foodstuffs which he said was "humanitarian relief" for the people of Jaffna, The Lankan nawy turned the boats back. In retaliation for this loss of face Gandhi sent some Soviet-built cargo plans escorted by Mirage jets to drop a token quantity of foodstuffs on the peniinsula in Violation of Sri Lanka's airspace. He claimed he did so to send a "message" to Jayewardene,
Gandhiran the gaunlet of World-wide CriticisT for these acts. A Senior Indiam journalist, Mulgaokar, Writing in the Indian Express, said bluntly that India's foreign policy was being run by juvenile delinquents. Christopher Dobson Wrote of "the nauseating stink of hypocrisy rising out of Delhi", adding:
The fact is that it is India Which is the colonial power in the region today. If the Indian navy had shut off the Palk Strait to Tiger reinforcements and supplies, if in fact Mr. Gandhi had behaved With that rigour he demanded from Britain in O Lur treatment of the Sikhs, the terrorists would have been defeated by now". (Evening Standard, London)
"Mr. Gandhi's resort to big-stick diplomacy in Sri Lanka recalls Indira Gandhi's belligerence With Small neighbours. Mr. Gandhi begins to look like his testy and authoritarian mother but Withouther Cunning: (New York Times, editorial)
"A rogue elephant trampling upon its neighbours" (Wall Street Journal, editorial)
"Il diam Cha Lu WinIST Tlakes the Situation in Sri Lanka Worse". (Die-Welt, Hamburg)
"New Delhi has no scruples. This Carh COIThe to a bäderld". (Frankfurter Allegemeine Zeitung)
But Gandhi WasdeaftOthese CriticiSTS.
He was on a multitO divert attentior at outcry of corruption rnment; he had to ction Which Was four was hur Tiiliatingly di And most important his dynasty's grand. monism. He stepped of a sudden Jayewa
The accord Wa5 || ě55 in the SOLIl Coft| of millions of rupees' done to government buildings, telephone ty stations etc. An a Jayewarderne's life ir One minister Was kill seriously Wounded. шПhurt.
Theseparatist terr With the accord, eith bhakaran, said it Wa but India. Пас no furl after it had achieve Prabhakaran:"We CE luctantly the Tigers their arms. They re. been used... (Later Pri: On this and decided
The U.S.A. aiLE great achievement. rtrTent, Which had flat Wardene's requests and Order in the mort island (lestitoffend II nded to his post-acc to restore law and C. a press release is: States information S was stated that Depu y Robert Peck ha Were now going on government to dete! appropriate and pos: ssage to Sri Lanka CE clear: "In your part c. nO LISE I for friendS W just as soon you join
At the interView Times and the NW." rdene Wasaskēd hOV With Opposition to 1 Sinhalese in the SO last, he replied: "I rep My government rep Sinhalese) have to otherwise they will be in the Sunday Times
In explaining hims

Jurpose tack: he had home away from the against his goveWin the Haryana elled the corner. (Gandhi afeated in Haryana.) fall, he had to further lesign of Indian hege| up the pressure, and Tidere CaWedim.
met with violent prohe island. Thousands Worth of damage Was -owned buses, cars, exchanges, electrictempt was made on the Course of which 3darhdSeWeral otherS
Jayewardene was
orists were not happy er. Their leader, Fras a stab in the back; her use for the Tigers Hits ains. L'artlanted annot fight India". Reagreed to surrender alised that they had abhakaran Went back (חסlo fight
the Settle Tent as a The State Depally turneddown JayeJr help to restore law and the east of the dian), readily respoOrd request for help IsdEf in the South. In sued by the United ervice in Colombo, it y Assistant Secretadi Said"diSCLISSiOS With the Sri Lanka rThirhe What 'WC)Luld E3 sible." America's reThe through loud and If the World, We hawe thout muscle. We'd ed the other side".
E gawe the Londo ork Times, Jayewahe proposed to deal he accord from the uth. Plonking to the "eSent the Sihlalese. resents them. (The follow (the accord) locked up". (Quoted of 9 August 1987).
alf to his countrymen
after the signing of the accord Jayewardene said India Would send 1700 troops to Serve Under Sri Lanka's Brigadier Gerry Silva and that India would compel the Tigers to Surrender their as within 72 hours. Before the ink was dry on the accord 3000 Indian troops landed in Jaffna, including several general officers all outranking Brigadier Silva. This number grew to 7000 in a Week. The island was ringed with a large number of Indian warships. It was clear the Indians had come to stay along While.
Commented Colvin R. de Silva to a reporter: "My generation gained our independence from the British Empire. I hope your generation does not have to begin the independencestuggle all over again". (Sunday Times: 28 June 1987)
Being Finlandi:Sed could, argurably, be a Comfortablething for a Small Country - it Would have nodefence expenditure, and perhaps, an occasional crumb may fall its Way from the table of the metropolitan power, Butndia, prisonedinīts Hinduistic casteism, is "an area of darkness" (V.S. Naipaul). A Small country Could not have a more rebarbative suzerain.
Muslim fundamentalism, if it appears harsh and cruel to the modern mind, is still equitable - it is after all, none other than the Old Testament ethic, lsla T is totally egalitarian, Hindu casteism, on the other hand, is an appalling pyramidal social structure builton bizarre Superstitions and barbarities un matched in any other part of the World, Tot ewe among the Savages of the Amazonjungles. There is a never-ending flow of news stories of castest horrors from Indian, Suttee, the self-immolation of the Hindu Widow om hēr husband's funeral pyre, banned by the British, is again viewed with approval. Thus:
"Hundreds of villagers, police and Overnment officers looked on While a young Hindu Widow hurled herself on to her husband's funeral pyre". (United News of India 1 October 1986)
It is Common for a Hindu bride to begin her married life a servant in her motherin-law's kitchen. If there is any dispute about the payment of the dowry, the mother-in-low (often with the assistance of the bride's husband) will pour kerosene oil - readily available in the kitchenon the young Woman and set her om fire. Such bride-burnings are pandemic in India.
7

Page 20
"At least 1672 India II WOT en Were killed over the past 2 1/2 years in disputes Over dowry", Junior Home Affairs Minister P. Chidambram said today". (Reuter report from New Delhi 23 July 1986).
"Dowry Hunter Cuts off Wife's Breasts". (Headline in the SUN 9 December 1980
D.P.A. from New Delhi)."
In India there survives, widespread, a form of slavery called indentured labour - it cannot be eradicated because of the appalling powerty of the Tasses. No AfriCarl Slawe in the Cotton-fields of the American South ever suffered the riseries of these indentured abourers.
Untouchability persists despite Mahatma Gandhiľs preachings. W.S. Naipaul has Writter:
"The antique violence remained: rural untouchability as Serfdom, maintained by terror and sometimes by deliberäte StäTWEtior...
Untouchables can be killed for Wearing their moustaches curling up rather than drooping down". (India: A Wounded Civilisation).
Child Sacrifice, to propitiate barba ric gods,
SCOTOl:
"Police said 3 children were hit on the head and killed before the temple of a local goddess". (SUN 20 June 1985 D.P.A. from New Delhi)
"A gang beheaded a yough at a ter Triple altarin northern India as a Sacrifice to a Hindu goddess". (Indian Express 23 August 1986)
"Fear of offending the god of Teasles has led to the deaths of at least 53 slurt children in Ahmedabad. The Teasles Would hawe been treatable bo Lutför thair parents' determination to remain om good te TT1s With Baliya Bapa, the god of measles". (Times of India 8 January 1987)
A February 1994 report says that a Tamil Nakiu hlLJSband who was mot Salisified With thig dowry his Wifa had brought him kept her locked up in a room for three years arid every evening syringed blood from her weirs which he mixed with his drink of whisky. A report from Barner has it Lihat police thare had got in on the CLurrent Graza and cut of the penis of a man suspected o kidnapping. A report from Amritsar says that the police there brand the word "PICKPOCKET" on thic foreheads of worTan suspected of theft.
18
Remarkably, these rshipped, thëse sam red, by the ruling C ("India from Curzon haS related that Nel astrologers, (Quoted the New States an Campaigning for th by-election which b politics, Mrs. Gandhi in the ashram of Sring ting herself at the Sw: for divine blessings ir nse India of the Sins
(R. Sundar Ra
Capitalists in Indi: from their powerty-s bring them up as por them for employmer Pradesh police shoc to avoid CITeSOI In Bihar police blin pouring acid into th reasons. All these reported in the Wor thET I TE TECOLUted "All Area of Dark WOLInded Civilisatior
The Times of India reported that "aroun lies" in Rajasthan Siti ries old tradition" of Of Sand in the mouth girls who ther died Were regarded as " some regions new-b starve or Were give nking Water..." (CLIC September 1987)
India's central gov it is with corruption, (Rajiv Gandhi sacke W.P. Singh when the gating allegations o' some of Rajiv's close bent onmaking Indië
S litt til to de casteism, powerty, in and ignorance arma milio Soldi". Tā the metropolitan po, ICHIEF Sri LETKE TE rdene's leadership.
FOBEFt E. G. To nomist Summed up
et.
"Sri Larka häSl E t El

samegods Were Woe Superstitions shaynasty. Durga Das to Nehru and After") FITU USEU lũ CCT15Ult by Mervyn Jones in of 24 October 1969). |ë NOWember 1978 rought her back to "spent many hours VeriSiWarmi... Prūstraami's feet, she asked her altempt to cleaif the Janata Party". al, New States than
2 November 1978)
a buy little children tricken parents and 05 titut E5 Or Tutilate it as beggars. Uttar it rural law-breakers e court procedures. their suspects by eir eyes, for similar horrors hawe beef d's media. Many of
in Naipaul's books eSS'' acid "Iridia: A
Η
of 4 September 1987 di OOOHidu fai|foo||OWE'da "CEtLplacing small sacks S: Of The WEDITT; 11 Fiant of suffocation. They "LSE/E55 Caters" |n orn girls were "left to | COThtar Tirated i dristad in Weekend 6
"ernment, riddled as at the highest levels disablest minister latter Started investicorruption against 2 personal friends) is a World power and With the horrors of "lair lutrilior, disease ng the hundreds of SSCs. This the Was WEr into WHOSB clLallen Lunder JayeWa
n Writing to the EcoSri Lankas predica
St. Control over both eastern provinces,
what with Indian troops in charge indefinitely, and the Commander of the Tigers running matters there in co-operation With or under the guidance of India.This means - and the agreement seems to stipulate it-that the harbour of Trincomalee, until recently considereda potential strongpoint for Western forces, will be "realigned' to suit Indian terms.
"By extension this means that the Soviet Union has scored a strategic gain by having one of its, "non-aligned friends - Mr.Rajiv Gandhi-keep that strategic area under his control. As Mr. Gandhi himself said in a broadcast on August 1st, not only have the Tamils"got more than they asked for' (in effect, if not name, a separate state) the agreeTEt Will al SO Tlake Cartir that Sri Lanka returns to the path of "true nonalignment", which is a euphemism for doing nothing that displeases India or the Soviet Union". (Economist 15-21 August 1987)
After the accord was signed, the Heritage Foundation, described as a conservatiWe think tank "With close links to the Reagan administration", provided a drole after Word to it. The foundation submitted to the administration a report "A Key Role for the U.S. in a Changing Sri Lanka', prepared by "a Senior policy aralyst" Kenneth J. Conboy. The report recommeinded that "Washington take immediate steps to ensure that India's gains in Sri Lanka do not come at the expense of U.S. interests", adding:
"When Washington failed to respond With strong support for Sri Lanka in the conflict it led to a Waning of confidence in the U.S. by Sri Lanka which, feeling isolated, concluded it had little choice but to make major concessions towards the Tamil minority and India. The U.S. stands to lose much by the accord. Sri Lankan diplomatic Cooperation has helped temper Indian criticism on U.S. (sic) but this will not be forthcoming now. The accord legitimises Indian interwention in Sri LankamidormesticpoliCies".
"This could threaten U.S. interests if it forces Sri Lanka to concede Indian hegemony in South Asia". (SUN 24 August 1987)
The horse, however, had bolted.
(CEle)

Page 21
ΡΑΡΤ2
Nationalisms today: Western Europe and
S. Sat.1-Ildt
Eric J Hobsbawm and Anthony DSmith are two representative Western theoreticians. Hobsbaw Subscribed to the idea of "nation as progress" during 19th century Western European capitalist developent in which "national movements WETE Expected to benToWements forrational unification or expansion" (Hobsbawm, 1990: 33. Emphasis original). He readily admitted that "the other side of the coin 'nation as progress' was therefore, logically, the assimilation of smaller communities and peoples to larger ones". He hastered to assure that such assimilation is not ethnocide: it "did not necessarily imply the abandonment of old loyalties and sentiments, though it could" (Ibid.:39). He used the two notions of administrative incorporation and citizenship to describe the Construction of State-civil society relationships in Western European national States. In each country, the bureaucracy expanded and the State "ruled over and administered.... inhabitants directly, and not through intermediate systems of rulers and autonomoUS corporations. The nineteenth century revolutions in transport and Communications typified by the raiWay and the telegraph tightened and routinized the links between Central authority and its remotest outpost" (Ibid.:80-82). This new State-civil society relationship WES COStrLICTEd Of the EdTOCk of "digcratizing politics, i.e. of turning subjects into citizens" (Ibid.:88). Under conditions of "increasingly unlimited electorization of politics.... the need for State and ruling classes to compete with rivals for the loyalty of the lower orders therefore became acute" (Ibid.:83). He implied that in Western Europe bureaucratic rationality and democratizing politics made national oppression politically counterproductive and virtually impossible. In contrast, attempts to construct culturally homogeneous nation-States, the normative States each encompassing exclusively one nation, in the 19th and early 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe led to the expulsion or extermination of minor nations and forced "the greatest mass migration yet known, within and between States" (Ibid.:91). State-building by Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian nations in the
former Yugoslavia sametoday.
Smith too support as progress" and des which began with a explained the subs "these subjectivelyu Culture formed the large and powerful administrativė, judici apparatus, and proc Cetterritorie:Sald th" populations". Smith examples of Britain Edwardl, for exampl Norman) State expa stroying the Welsh ki T10StWealSlmer imit pheral cultural cornst nation of the Englis similar happened in WIII to the pays d'oc of Toulouse, at the Спusade" (Sппith, Words, "progress" in national States ther Vulnerability of peop. arn Exedia S. Thin Ormal be greatest in condit tions are militarily Labog to TlOLJirt ar of the latilater
latiOS.
FrOT Etio to Tin
Smith teFlüs to Cüm but distinct process the British example, i. tion of the English r of its correspondings the national incorp fläti 3. || Critrast ction of the unitary E was achieved by the rporation of Scottish His perceptive analy of the English Statec the hazy description of the English nation Tlati Ollä Stät, HCL "lateral Ethnie", Wilt possessing links with grO LupS or classes, to

South Asia
are examples of the
Édith idea of "latio Scribed it as a process
"eti COTE". HE equent stages thus: ified communities of Core around which States erected their al, fiscal and military eeded to annex adjaIeir culturally different
the i dre W Or1 the a FC: "UET e, the English (Angloinded into Wales, dengdoms and bringing the realm as a peri|unity under the domish State. Something France Lunder LCDLuis , notably the County time of Albigensian 1991:39). In other constructing unitary is a function of the blea 5 Who Word to bg tions."Progress" Will iOS Willere Such alWeak and politically organized defence ritory and rights as
ority
Setworter-related 3S. The first, to take Sthe historical formalation. The evolution lation-State included ration of the English he political construBritish lational State
prior colonial in COand Welsh peoples. siis of the emergence :ontrasts sharply with of the transformation -State into the British Ised the nation of a chiSa "COrtie" neighbouring ruling describe the Constru
ction of the British national State through "bureaucratic incorporation" (Ibid.:54). He obliquely recognized that military conquest by a "lateral ethnie" could be one Way to establish the "links" and "if successful, the national State proved able to Weld often disparate populations into a single political community based on the cultural heritage of the dominant ethnic core" (Ibid.:68).
But a crucial qualitative difference must be recognized. The growth of a nation-state by aggregating outlying sections of its OWN nation in fact consolidated and gua
ranteed national rights of that nation. In
Contrast the hegertonic incorporation of OTHER independent nations as minor nations and their unilateral redefinition by the State as subordinate "minorities" who are subject to forced acculturation in order to construct a unitary national State, even if engineered using economic and political leverage, isnecessarily Coercive andineVitably violates their national rights, Smith slurred over this political distinction beCause he ignored the COLONIAL dimeinsions of the incorporation. He presented the transformation of the English nationState into the British national StatO a S merely a question of scale, a "unificatory" continuum from small to large State forms, a part of the progressive local-national-regional-international integration. By ignoring the colonial incorporation of Scottish and Welsh peoples he implicitly justified their subordination to the English major nation and defended the legitimacy of the British national State.
Similar processes of national State-buildirig COLuld bei ObserwEd in most oflér Western European national States in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But Hobsbawm concentrated on their undeniably "emancipatory" (Hobsbawm, 1990.164) aspect, the progressive impact of bourgeois de Tlocratic revolutions. He dug deep into the European Enlightenment and Age of Revolution to substantiate his belief that the incorporation of Weaker nations by a rational bureaucracy was benign and that democratizing politics precluded their outright repression or forced assimilation.
19

Page 22
At the level of psychology, Benedict Anderson (1983) employed the notion of "imagined communities" to study nationalism. His analysis of the origins of national consciousness may be walid in the formation of each nation. For instance, it could be argued that when England had been a separate nation, its mer Tibers who were united by a common idiom may hawe imagined themselves to be bonded into a community regulated by its own, English, nation-State. But it is wholly fictitious to Clair that the Scottish and Welsh peoples voluntarily chose to imagine themselves to be one with the English and willingly subordinated themselves to for the British national State. It is insufficient to argue even that "print capitalism" helped to construct the British "imagined community". Indeed the national movements of Scottish and Welsh peoples, their concern over the exploitative nature of relations. With the British State and the response of the English, who never completely accepted the Scots and Welsh, exposed the liberal myth of a "consensus" Which supposedly underpinned the "Union". In fact the "Union" Was Created and has so far been held together by the superior but now declining military and economic power of Westminster. Similar situations could be found in almost all unitary national States. As With Smith, Anderson too formulated his methodology based on the fortation of nation-States and then applied it to explain national States, whilst ignoring the political distiinction between the twoforms. Consequently the notion of "imagined Cor Tm Tnunities" mystified the colonial incorporation of minor nations and masked the intrinsically coercive processes of State-building. In effect it defended the legitimacy of unitary
lational Statē5.
A crisis of legitimacy
Perhaps the single most important criterion used to legitimize the Western European"civic-territoria"Stateisthe concept of nationality, or membership in a nation, based on citizenship. To justify the nodern democratic content of the concept, the devaluation of Collective national rights was mystified as a neutral market Techanism. Which "outbid" other atawistic loyalties; thus argued Smith: "citizenship is used not simply to underline the membership of the nation and differentiate 'us' from them' but eventore to outbid the claims of competing allegiances and identities, notably ethnic ones..... Again, this is a conception more honoured in the breach than the observance, but it remains the touchstone of progress towards the nationalist ideal of the civic-territorial nation" (Smith, 1991; 118). In contrast,
2O
nationality under th Cal" State in devel practice, if not in law sion within the rulin competing "identiti gious, etc) invariat over loyalty to the S Imbers of other hiera "Ethie" War reCa inegalitarian relatior thē dømÎlämt"Ethmit said, is foreign to th bsbawm's position W tizing politics in We ntries supposedly Community into equi WiC Was ab Satir
tries.
Such political equi duals based on the by citizenship, as obtained in practice mple, language Was to nationality: but ir defined by citizenshi the French, and any pted this definition St. officially recognized language within the bisbaWT, this ethnoc by the French-speak Terely a situation simply neglected the 1990:97). In Britain, tion virtually decimate ge. One example o ppression of Welsh W recently as in the 19 boys Who spoke Wel roorn or on the play forced to Wear anot it readin English: "I the dominance of the so overwhelming in "Tulti-culturalism" W. spect of the Scottish It entered popularus nce tO Afro-Caribbea ties Who Settled in
u TberSiri the ITiid
Again, in Belgium lation Coltrolled the te. Despite formal a ncept of nationality "bureaucratic imCorp) Thish nation irhCluded te the Flemish peo homogenization, by : mish language. For e Imade the mediu.In Fleish universities, tiOla||ITOWBrTent TOT. Cratization of the Bel end of the 20th Centu national State in 199

: "ethnic-genealogping countries is in determined by inclu"ethnie". Loyalty to is" (linguistic, reliy took precedence ate as citizens. Mechically subordinate Sarily placed in an ship with respect to ". Democracy, it was stype of State. Hoas similar de TOCratern European COLuonverted a political citizens, a process пom-Eшгореапсоu
ality between indivtheory of nationality Smith noted, rarely In France, for exasaid to be irrelevant practice nationality p"meant simply that "Ole Els B Who a CCEIch as the Magyarys, only one (French ir bofides". FOT HOide of a minor nation ing Tmajor nation Was Where "The FBInch others" (HobsbaWim, cultural homogenizaad the Welsh languaf the Systematic Su'Could Suffica har E. AS 220s, Welsh schoolsh either in the class ing field were each ce around his neck; mignorant". Indeed English nation was Britain that the term as rarely used in reand Welsh Cultures. age only with refereni ad ASia minoriBritain in significant Oth century.
the French (major) Jnitary national Stalegiance to the cothrough citizenship, rati" jf ta Flaattempts to assimilaIle throLugh cultural uppressing the Flecample, French was of iristruction riħ al But the Flemmish nāad a further demdiam State at the tail y to create a federal
Letter
Evening with Zhirinovsky
Intrigued by Chanka Amaratunga's Cosy "Evening with Zhirinovsky" We are tempted to inquire from this head of "a well established and powerful party in a major country of the World", whether prior to December 1993 there were no Elections to the Sowjet ParliaTert after what he calls the "collapse of Communism"? If there were, did the results of that election support this Collapse Theory? If Collapsed, why did his paragon of Liberalism, Yeltsin, haveto diSSalve this freely elected Parlament with heavy artiIlery before Zhirinosky was pulled of the petitbourgeos hat?lt seems onlychance that this particular Fascist Freak can be disclaimed by the midwives of the Liberal Chimtamaya,
Non-Convertible Rouble.
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Page 23
s
Why there's sc in this rustici
There is laughter and light baiter Titlist the:
LLLLLL LLLLLLLlLM gLLLLm GmmL LLLLLL 0LLLLLLLLD LLL LLrrClLL leaf in a bir TI, IT IS, CITIE: If the hundreds of such
barns spread tytut in thị: Tid artici Lipmuntry LLLLLLLLH KLLK HuuLLLLLL LlL aBLaLlL uLLLLL LLLLHa LS dallimi, di Iring the Coff 5:2:15 Cor.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows Fis a LLLLeOLL LLL LLLLCHC HLL LHLHL uuuLGLCL LtgtLLLLLaL LLLLLLLHHL L gold, to the value of Jir Rs. 250 million or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

ENRCHING FRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter tobacco barn.
Tobaccan is the industry that brings er TıployTIEmil tra
hic scienci highest numbe T uf people. Artici ThE:52 people are the colbarra barr, IowTiers, thia' trab.: CCC growers and those who work for the IT, on the land ariri irl, the barms.
For thern, the tobacco leaf means rearingful work,
a carnfortable hife àTird a ocure futura. s. FC
rough reason for laught ET,
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people,

Page 24
PEOPLE
Celebrating T
C
Dynamic
In 1961 People's Bank ventured out in the of only 46... and a few hundred Customers
Today, just 30 years later
People Resource exceeds 1 Customer Listings at a sta Branch NetWork in exCeSS
in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Bank has g in the Sri Lankan Banking scene. Their spec resources at their Command dedicated
dedication that has earned them the title
PEOPLE'S BANK
Banker to the Millions

'S BANK
Three DeCades
f
: Growth
challenging World of Banking With a staff
0,000 ggering 5.5Million of 328, THE LARGEST
rown to become a highly respected leader ;tacular growth is a reflection of the massive to the Service of the Common man - a
"Banker to the Millions'