Page 1
ek WAS ARDEN F. LANKA
GUAR
VO. 17 No. 2 May 15, 1994 Price RS. 10
DEMOCRACY AND THE PROFESSIONAL CLASS
— Sumanasiri Liyanage
THE EELAMTIGER'S
LONG ILEAP
- Mervyn de Silva
THE ARTS
FONSEKA”S FILM
- Dinesh Wata Wana
MACINTYRES PLAY
— Shelagh Goonewardene
SECESSIONIST M
- THE IND
— Ananda Guruge
 
 
 
 
 

AIRTONEHRU? * *
DAN
Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/33/NEWS/94
SELF-DETERMINATION TODAY'S
GREAT
DEBATE
- Nihal Jaya Wickrama
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
OF R. SIRIWARDENA
- H.L.D. Mahindapala
MAHINDAPALA’s EGO
— Regi Siriuvardena
MOVEMENTS AND IAN LINK
- Lynn Ockersz

Page 2
Blackl
tsyOu
 

Page 3
BRIEFLY. . .
Finding room for
eWCOTEeTS
Nobody doubts anymore that President D.B. Wijetunga is in a hurry to bring sacked and re-enrolled UNPer Gamini Dissanayake back into the Cabinet. But first he must get him into parliament. As there are novacancies in the House the quicket way would be through the National List-ifs.OThe acCOTOdating occupant of one those comfortable seats is prepared to Vacate jt. No One has been that aCCOm0dating.
But political observers believe that the President will have his Way, He is expected to ask for the resignations of a few on the List to bring in Mr Dissanayake, and perhaps Mr Ronnie de Mel, a for Tier Finance Minister, and Mrs Hema Prenadasa, widow of the assassinated President R. Premadasa, t00.
He had his way with the powerful General Secretary of the UNP, Housing and Construction Minister Sirisena Cooray earlier. It is the General Secretary that has to submit the names of the party's new nominees to the Secretary General of Parliament and he was apparently disiinclined to submit Mr Dissanayake's name even if a sitting member resigned to accomodate him. But the President succeeded in replacing Mr Cooray who ultimately did resign, with a General Secretary of his own choice, Dr Gamini Wijesekera.
Wawering National List MPs hawe reportedly been receiving death threats to prevent them from resigning. The President has met this move with orders to the police to round up all the known contract killers and gang bosses in the underWorld.
Wanted: “Soththi Upali'
Police are looking for gang boss Sothlhi Upali, described as the stro
ngman of a powe on his East Color blank, but "Luseful into custoday, a Said.
Refugees
There are 6900 gees in South Ir 5,500 have agree rding to officials begin returning ir August. Over 750 earlier, these sou patriation follows tween Sri Lankal cials in Madras a
New Secy c
The newly app. cretary of the Unii Will be going on told the media. assigned him by F dent D. B. Wijetur persuade some to resign to ľTlak OtherS the PresidE ment. Among the ( ni Dissanayake.
There are ab OU ListrieberS. NO Willingness to resi
No ta
There lawe bE JWP läder Roh estate bungalow the governmenth after Wijeweera y killed. The bung: 65-acre property, its luxury fittings.
Parent
PatS = Ofte Peradeniya Univ rains closed afte in Kandy and fo demand the re-o mpus. A retired H Was elected Pres rector of Educatio cretaгу.

ful politico. A raid bO house drew a items were taken olice spokesman
to retLITT.
0 Sri Larkan refudia and of these d to return, accoources. They will
the first Week of 100 hawe retur Ted Ces Said. The re
di SCLISSİOS beand Indian offild Delhi.
in seat hunt
inted General Seed National Party a "seat hunt", he t is the first task artyleader PresiIga. The task is to National List MPs e way for some IntWants in parliabthers is Mr. Garmi
15 UNPNational le has shown any
gn.
kers
ern rnO takers for ana Wijeweera's n Ulapane which ad put up for sale as captured and low stands on a how stripped of all
s unite
students of the 2rsity which rediSturbânCes met ned a union to епing of the саher Court Judge dent; a retired DiWas elected Se
Gem trade liberalised
Duty reductions, exemptions and other relaxations of rules and regulations at the ports have liberalised the gern trade, Sri Lanka exported RS. 10,9 billion in gemsandjeWellery last year. With the liberalisation Customs Department expects export of 45.4 billion at the end of the decade,
Wanted new faces
The government has asked for new faces in the Press Council. Information Secretary K. A. S. Gunasekera has written to journalists' unions to nominate two representatives each for consideration for appointment to the Sri Lanka Press Council.
GUARDAN
Wol. 17 No. 2 May 15, 1994
Price RS, 10.00
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co.Ltd. No. 246, Union Place Colombo -2.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Saravanamuttu Mawatha, Colombo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
News Background 2 Why Farmers Commit Suicide A. The Role of thig
Professional Class 7
The Right of Self-Determination 9 The Pride and Prejudice
of R. Siriwardena (2) Separatist Mowerinents
in South Asia (3) 13 Correspondence 17 Books 18
Films 2O

Page 4
NEWS BACKGROUND
The long murderous
Mervyn de Silva
t COLuld hawe beer a Scene from
a John le Carre nowell. But this was real-life drama Written in blood by that Шпrivalled Taster of terror and cold, calculated Wengeance, Welupillai Prabhakaran, the LTTE supremo. The victim was not an ex-prime minister of India mor an ellected president of Sri Lanka, no general lor defence Timister but a humble Tami|| Ex FrdCE,
The incident may not have made ewen a one-para item in the Paris press but its significance could not hawe been lost on the French intelligence service, the Quai d'Orsay and Interpol. The stunning demonstration of the incredibly long leap of the Tamil "Tiger was another reminder of the global ramifications of ethnic conflict. The Word goes out from Some jungle hideout in Sri Lanka's northern peninsula and poor Mr. Sabaratnam Sabalingam (42) is gunned down in his modest apartment at No. 3, Allee Paul Leautaud, a quiet, middle-class Paris suburb.
It was Sabalingam's wife Komathy who had responded to the buzz on the intescorn, on the groundfloor. Having given his name the Wisitor, a Tamil, had asked Whether he Could Come up to Teet Mr. Sabalinga I. He wished to "consult arran" (elder brother), about "writing a Case" ("case eu/ha verum") meaning preparing the formal application of a refugee Seeking political asylum. Ever since he had arrived in Paris in 1981 (eighty one) and settled down With his family Mr. Sabalingam had played "annan" to young refugees, become a publisher of Tamil journals and books and a free-lance legal adviser to "lost" flew arrivals.
Three experts on the LTTE produced analytical reports for the Sunday Island. One was D.B.S.. Jeyaraj, the welknown Tamil journalist, who left Sri Lanka more than a decade ago, to live in Canada and the U.S. Sabalingam, he points out, was One of the founders of the Tail students Federation "Maria war Pera war" founded to protest against the discriminatory educational policies of the United Front administration of Mrs. Bandaranaike (1970). The Coalition included the two Tain marxist parties, the (Trotskyist) LSSP, which held three portfolios including finance and co
1stitutional affairs,
In 1973, Sabalingam was one of the famous "forty-two" Tamil youths arrested
2
under increasingly d regulations. There introduced, it is inte to help the "United F Sinhala youth uprisi ples Liberation Front fashionable Guery Was detained withol years later, he Wor Chemicals Corporat ted with the youth wir LiberatiOT FOt.
The TULF was name of the Tamil F kaway faction of th ngress" whose lead lam had accepted E post-independence, ylon. The Prime Mi Senanayake, the "f and his party, lets in United Natio Par Porrabala O.C. W
THis CITITITILITI halwe been irläbili H.L.D. Mahir ıda and 15) could be used his editorial Ose LeT, sooth ration of his idol.
I sent а геply to it would be publi were the only opl both seriscs) inın Hic i SSL Half of T second half the Carth Se:Interite thf
w Wנw kritםII .1 Opponent who pi Lihat some of his charitably. I don WEITE : Le to til Surprisingly, sing tīm. Tos ir tr
With1 the LG Sta On Jarle AustēIl : too), I don't wa Inti of tens of thous: in my Original a II Was Writtel in Al li lil 1994, he sill the journalist/po

eap of the Tamil Tiger
raconian епergeпсу gulations had been resting to note now, "ont" regime quell the ng of the JVP (Peothen sporting avery arism. Sabalingam it trial. Released two Ked in the state-ľum on. He Was associang of the Tamil United
the newly acquired ederal Party, a breale Thain "Tamil CorMr. G.G. Ponnabaportfolio in the first administration in Cenister was Mr. D.S. ather of the lation", ote, was styled "the ty" UNP, While G. G. ESCErtain that Serã
nayake would concede Tamil (minority) "rights" in the name of a "United Nation", Mr. S.J.W. Chelwanayakam (also a Queen's Counsel) did not trust the Sinhalese elite. The “Federal Party" chose to oppose the government in the firm conviction that the "National question" required a federal solution. Like Mr. Ponnabalam, Mr. Chelwanayakam was a Colombo-based Q.C. although his constituency was in the Tamil-populated Northern province, which today Welupillai Prabhakaran identifies as "Eelam", the traditional Tamil homeland. When Mr. Amirthalingam took office as opposition leader. Mrs. Bandaranaike was Prime Minister, with the fouinding fathers of the Marxist movement (Trotskyist and pro-Soviet Communist) in her cabinet.
Just as the new Sinhala generation, romantic and Guerwarist, challenged the founding fathers of the Marxist movement now comfortably settled in parliament and
Department of Dirty Tricks
cation is written especially for those readers of the LG who : Lo follow the later fortunes of the controversy bctween Mr. Jala and me. Even before his first reply to Inc (LG, May 1 completely published in this journal. Mr. Mahindapala had authority to splash it allower the middle page of the Sunday ghis ego by giving it as much prominence as the comincinoPresident Prenadasa, on his death anniversary.
the Sunday Obseruer, wondering at the same time whether shed in full, in part, or not at all. But in thinking that these tions available. I hadn't Ilade allowance for the peculiar (in ovative genius of Mr. Mahindapala. At the time of writing. ny reply has appeared on May 8 (with the promise of the following Sunday), but turned into a sambol which mixed mine with his parenthetical comments.
hat a boxer would feel if he had to fight a match with an layed soul, but who was also the referee. I also discovered answers distorted the meaning of what I had said, but, "t think all these were delibrate. Some of the In, I believe, fact that Mr. Mahindapala has no ear for irony - not e his only controversial weapons are invective and wituperasted can study the pri Ilıted text.
ggering under the weight of three articles of Mr. Mahindapala and two on me (and with many readers probably groaning oprolong theirsor the journals agony. After all this exchange unds of words between us, I hardly want to change a line ticle of April 1, True, he says that his Jane Austen essay stralia in 1980, but in choosing to endorse it by publishing (ws that the literary student of 1980 was already potentially liticial of 1994.
Regi Siriwardena

Page 5
cabinet, the Northern Tamilyouth denounced their bourgeois elders, all respectable opposition frontbenchers in the National Assembly in Colombo. The generatioral EVÕlt hÕWVõr TirrÕrdalsa - rth-south racial divide, Tamil and Sinhala. The Sinhala rebels Wanted to overthrow the capitalist state while Tamil guerrillas demanded a separate state "Eelam".
But by 1987 and the India-Sri Lanka "peace accord", the militant SinhalamoWe Therithadabandoned TOTlantic Guer Warist for ultra Sihala-Buddhistatialism. It was a JVP sympathiser in Mr. Gandhi's naval guard-of-honour WhoatteTipted to murder the Indian leader. Mr. Gandhi was in Colombo to sign a pact which the JWP regarded as a treacherous Sell-out to the Secessioniat Tarnils and their patron “the Indian hegemonists". The traditional Marxist parties accused the JVP of abandoning romantic GuerwarisT fora WiciLus Pol Pottis, What rither the Sinhala nor the Tamil elite grasped fully Was the fact that both youth moveTents were products of a rapidly rising population, rising youth expectations, and the steady dismantling of an advanced Social welfare system no longer sustainable. The Country had inherited an inTiport-export economy from the British-tea, rubber, coconut, it was trapped in the global market.
While a radical, Marxist-Oriented Towement had finally accepted failure and choSen Sinhala ultra-nationalism as a promising platform, it could not match the LTTE or the larger Tamil movement. In the age of identity conflicts, the minority Tamils had a head-start. The Tamils could rely On the diaspora, educated exiles who had infiltrated the establishment and Tiddle-class Society in their adopted homes. And these new homes are all countries where opinion-stakers are human rights consciousand their governments aid-givers.
Poor Mr. Sabalingam was brash enough to accuse the LTTE of abusing human rights in Tiger controlled Tamil territory. He West too far. But Taraki' the well known Sunday Columnist offers a Tore fascinating theory. Mr. Sabalingam Was Working on a history of the Tamil struggle. It was not too favourable to Mr. Prabhakaran or the LTTE. It was, says Taraki", revisionist history.Prabhakaran, while a great admirer of Napoleon, may in fact be Stalinist in his mental make-up. The LTTE has "the exclusive right to Eelam history". Hence the assassination in Allee Paul Leautaud.
Sri Lal
Sri Lanka's ECOTI last year, despite t the asSaSSination nghe Fremadasa a War in the Orth, ar this Week says.
The Country sawl since 1978, the re. Central Balk of Sri was fuelled mainly t Iture: anda 24 per StrTerit.
The report Come ncern about prosp ruling United Natior presidential electio general election ea its first SeriOLUS defe nicial polis earlier th
Reacting to criti party, President D. nched a populist p and hand Outs W| government's reso
SWi
PTEStB. M al ministry secreta action to implemen TESLES TTOLI addre:SS to the nati be kept adequate steps taken by them
The secretaries a PTe:Sident Withlir twWic the relief package V impact on the qual well-being of the pE
TE PESideS nveyed to the offic to the President, has also sent ther dent's May Dayado tion.
The President's includes:
Exemption of yees drawing less
Oth from the PAN April 1, 1993. Priv, and Companies to c paid by employees and hawe them refi reimbursed could b payable to InlandR te Sector institutions
o Housing loanse salary at concessic cent, presently give Wants, to be exte employees as well.

nka economy ahead by 6.9%
Omy grew 6.9 per cent he turmoil caused by of President Ranasind the continuing civil official report released
he highest growth rate port published by the Lanka shows. Growth ya recovery inagricuCerti irnCrea Se il irwie
is amid mounting coacts for this year. The ial party, preparing for S i late 1994 da rly next year, suffered at in 17 years in prowiis year.
CisT frOfT - Within his B. Wijetunga has laurogramme of tax cuts ich could strain the urces. Meanwhile, the
ft action on
Wijetunga has directed ies to take irrediate the package of relief ced in his May Day Jr., and asked at hed ly briefed about the Ito fulfilthese pledges.
reto reportback to the Weeks, ensuring that will hawe al iTrTediate ity of life and general ople.
irective has been coials by the Secretary S.H.J. Wijedasa, who 1 COpies of the Presiress for their inforПа
May Day bonanza
rivate sector emplothan Rs. 12,000 per 'Etax with effect from ate sector institutions alculate total amounts in excess upto now unded. Amounts thus e set off against taxes evenue Dept by priva$ and companies.
quivalent to five years Imay rate of 7.02 per an to government sended to Corporation
Sri Lanka Freedom party, the main oppoSition, has been gathering support atralies, notably a May Day rally attended by 200,000 in Colobo.
The Colombo Stock Exchange's all-share index, which rose 62 percent last year, has fallen rapidly this year, with further sharp falls this Week. The all-share index lost 48.24, falling to 1,002.61 for a tWO-day loss of 8.7 per cent.
The report says the inflow of foreign Capital Soared 47 per cent to SDR490m (S. 466.97 m), taking accumulated foreign assets to SDR1.5bn in December 1993, as foreign fund managers poured money into the Colombo Stock Exchange.
Foreign direct investment picked up, notably in Colombo property. Remittances from Sri Lankans Working overseas rose 17 per cent to SDR454m, Exports were SDR2.1 bin and imports SDR2.9bn.
Inflation rose slightly to 11.7 per cent, due partly to higher defence costs in the
O.
relief package
is immediate action to provide food stamps to 1,200,000 more students.
A further 26 Divisional Secretaries Divisions to be covered by Janasawiya beginning June 4, 1994 bringing relief to 132,985 Torg familieS.
o, Rate of interest applicable to EPF to be increased from 11.05 to 13.05 percent bringing direct benefit to 4.5 million employges.
Death donation under the EPF life insurace Scheme to be increased to an amount equivalent to ten months' salary, from the present six months salary subject to a maximum of Rs. 50,000.
a Scholarship Scheme for children Whose parents are EPFreibers. 2,500 children who obtain highest Tarks in the Grade 5 scholarship examination to receiWe Rs, 10,000 each.
8,000 unemployed graduates to be provided with employment.
New Subsidy Scheme onfertiliser to all Small farriers with effect from 1994 Maha S93SOT.
Insurance and pension Scheme for the 1.5 million infortal Workforce,
Establishment of a Farner's Bank in the course of this year, to provide loans especially to Ioward middle level farmers.
Subsidy on small fishing boats to be increased to 50 per cent from the present 25 per cent.
o Reduced electricity tariff charges.

Page 6
SPECIAL REPORT
Why farmers cor
- reports by Samuni Samarakoon
Between 6.12.93 and 31.3.9412 farmers who
pay back their loans.
They were H.M. Dingiribanda (50) of Tract 9, thana, Kavudulla, R.G. Somapala (47) of Su Ellewewa, Dimbulagala, B.G. Gunapala (44) T Dimbulagala, A.M. Piyadasa Abekoon, (57), Sin (57), Athumalpitiya, Jayanthipura, Lal Rupa sii Heembanda, Singha Udagama and A.G. Upat Camilus Anthony Fernando (23) of Medagam: Havadiya (75) of Tract 16, Onegama, the fathe due to the same loan that the son later inherit
R.G. Somapala, Susirigama, Mahaweli System B
| drank poison to die. There is no need fo sa we me. I want to die in my field, But, shal return as a re-incarnate Cobra or Viper and attack those who
Tāde 7e dise.
That is how R.G. Somapala, father of five, who lived in Susirigama in the Dimbuagala Pradesheeya Division, in Mahaweli System B, breathed his last. He was 43 when he died on 25.194. He lived by farming and Worked for the Welfare of other farmers. His wife, Nandawathie, explained the circumstances that led to his untimely death:
It's about Byears since We CarTieto the Mahaweli System. We got 2 acres of low land and half acre of highland. Having toiled in paddy fields in our childhood the aSWeddumizing of this lot was no task for us. The two of us and the five children always strived hard to increase the yield. However, the yield decreased successively. On the other hand, costs of inputs rose. In this situation, just like the others in the vicinity, We too went into borrowing. At the time of Ily husband's death he had borrowed Rs.9000 from Seylan Bank and Rs. 9000 from SANASA (Thirft and Credit Cooperative Society). I am quite certain that personal indebtedness was not the only reason for his death.
4
D.M. HariSchandr sirigama Farmers S ttee and a close frien rved that the suicide result of the collectiv loCal sarmers and th Certain officials. He :
"Like all of us far lived in great difficult However, my view i Somapala because to manipulate Som: solutions to the Col to promote their ow
We farmersdoric for Cultivation Or aCI harvest. Having bor rbitant interest rates sing businessmen, nder their harvests the Susirigama Far up We openedара farmers' paddy. The was the manager. F surer. In the last C Society borrowed fi ylan Bank and loa faTTESat RS 4020 of the Society were to far Tērs. MeanWh give in to the privat officer sent by MAR Rural Development
This led to a Con

nmit SUCice
committed suicide, all because they could not
Ambagaswewa, R.G. Piyasena (27) of Yatiyallpasirrigama Sevanapitiya, Y.M. Tikiribanda (39) ract 16, Omegama, K. G. Gulna sena, Medagaima, ha Udagama, Jayanthipura, Y.M. Muthubanda nghe (27) Kudapatunagama, Pulasthigama, I.M. hissa I (30), Galmulla, Balkamuna. Further, W. a took poison but escaped death. In 1987 B.G. r of B.G. Gunapala had committed suicide also
:d.
a, member of the Suociety Audit Commi|d of Somapala obseof Somapala was the e indebtedness of the e inhuman attitude of stated as follows:
mers, Somapala to0 y. He too was indebt. is that disaster struck certain officials tried apala's efforts to find Eactiwe indebtedness, personal interests.
it have credit facilities cess to markets after rowed money at exofrom paddy purchafrTeShad LO SLUTTEto them. Meanwhile mers Society Wasset Iddy shop mainly from deceased SOITlapala He Was also the Treaultivation season the Velakh5 from the SeLled that "Outt0 113 each. The other funds also given out in loans hile, Somapala did not e requirements of the D(Mahaweli Agrarian ) for Audit Work.
flict between the two,
which however, did not surface. It affected Somapala's health and after he fell ill the officer removed all the documents and reported a leakage of Rs. 60,000. In reality, a total of Rs. 75,720 was due from farters. Unable to bear the strain caused by the deficit he committed suicide that very evening.
H.M. Dingiribanda, Ambagaswewa, Tract 9
"My paddy Mot is completely ruired. I am ashared ever to sight the place. Indebled to the bank for Rs. 15,000, carrio step in there."
H.M. Dingiribanda (50) father of 3 children, lived in Anbagaswewa, Tract 9. His two acres of newly planted rice went under water several times in the last quarter of 1993 and the beginning of 1994. Replanting the gaps several times was useless. The entire crop was washed off by the time the rains ceased. He Was in deep thought from the morning of 17.02.94 and in the evening he ended his life by drinking poison. His wife stated as follows:
The two acre paddy lot and the two-a- cre highland was our sole means of income, or my husband did not workelsewhere. Our field Was ruined in the last SeaSOrl. The yield per bushel was only 12 bushels. We therefore had to borrow Rs. 15,000 for the two seasons. This was the first time We borrowed such a large sum of money.

Page 7
We planted chilies on the highland, which was totally ruined by drought. We paid only the interest to the bank. My husband was always worried about this debt, because he had newer borrowed before. He spoke about it in shame. We had noway of repaying the loans because of the way we lived, floods and the drought.
if things go on like this, the farmers here will go the way my husband went because they cannot survive flood and drought. Please Sirs, take pity on usand do something for us."
Seetinsingho, Yatiyalpathana North, Hingurakgoda Pradesheeya Division
I салnot repay the debts. There is по food. ThiS se is fLife, / WWW sake Sorl779 ir SeCficide and die.
Seetinsingho settled down as a colonist in 1966 in 3 acres of paddy land and 2 acres of highland under the Minneriya Tank. This land was the sole Source of income of the family. In the initial period, paddy cultivation was profitable, but it was no longer profitable after 1980. His debts increased in each cultivation season and he found it difficult to meet expenses for contingencies and social obligations. W.A. Elinawathie, wife of Seetinsingho, described the situation as follows:
"Farming proved to be a loss, The few grains of paddy We got, had to be sold to the mudalali for a pittance. Children's expenses increased and the parents of my husband got very ill. Finally he had to nortgage the 3 acre paddy lot. He found it difficult to redeen it. He had borrowed Rs. 5000 from the People's Bank. We were so indebted that we couldn't pay our Subscriptions to the Funeral Aid Society in 5 seasons. Finally he took poison and died. I and the 3 children now undergo Untold suffering. They have stopped going to School. I do piece Work as best as could. But now we get letters from the bank asking us to repay the loans. We hawe no money to repay. We heard that they are going to Sule uS.
R.G. Piyasena, Yatiyalpathana, North, Hingu rakgoda PD
Every year on 1 Oth December Plyasena offered airns at the temple in memory Of his nother. On 6 December when I was passing their house Plyasena was holding his mothers picture and crying. When enquired, he said he didn't have a cent with him to offer this year's airns.
Sostated a friend of R.G. Piyasena (26) of Yatiyalpathana, North in the Hingura
kgoda PD, who com sena took poison a following Successive and tobacco crops. F dasa, a pioneerinth cco, introduced to th Still the President Of North Shanthi Tobac of his son's death as
"We suffered loss cco crop. The seasc the same. He too culti SeaSO. With the ea to offer alms on be a big scale. But he d to do50. AS the Prē5i Society too was ingr Se al the memberSS My som had to pay R not be repaid, since way, then went to a wed Rs. 1500 and But, by then he hac died."
W.A.D. Wilson South, a long standin stated as follows:
The tobacco Com mous profitsby che farmers all along. F regarding these fraud tions are often levelle Company, but at the Tobacco Society, whi instance of the Compa during the last period example: They said th of 1992 Would be bo kilo of No. 4 Was the No. 1 was Rs. 125. Rs. 20 increase peo CCO. But what did the wery seldon that akil as No. 1. Thereafter, ti Wely low graded. Alt was to buy at Rs. 125 105 earlier, the actl Rs. 55. When that blamed Piyadasa, Pre Ipathana North Shant Actually he is not ap: He is also among it losses. Piyasena col his father being blam suffered losses. Final Cide."
D.K.G. Guna Sena, WelliSystem B
On the day he fir 1997, FergTrained Ha ΓΕΠiaηΕΟ Πair late in the night. H

hitted suicide. Piyad died on 6.12.93, ailures of his paddy is father, R.G. PiyaCultivation of tobaarea in the 60s, is the Yatiyalpathana, o Society. He spoke Follows:
Ifter loss frontoban Tyson died was rated tobacco in that nings he expected Balf of his molhér in dn't get the chance det of the TobaCCO ave difficulty, becauiffered crop failures. S. 3000. But it could I too Was in a bad faroff place, borroosted it to my son. | taken poison and
of Yatiyalpathana, gtobacco cultivator
bany is making enoating and deceiving armers' complaints sапdmisappropriad mot at the Tobacco office bearers of the ch was set up at the пy. What happened can be cited as an lat Grade 4tobaCco ught as Grade 1. A Rs. 105. A kilo of So because of this ole Cultivated tobacompany do? It was or two was graded hey were сопsecutihough the promise
What had been Rs. |al price paid was happened farmers sident of the Yatiyani Tobacco Society. Irty to these frauds. lose who suffered lod not bear to See ed, and he hir TSelf y he committed sui
edagama, Maha
lished threshing in sealed on the pila'. п deep taughІ шлIї загіпg shouls from
the direction of the field welfthere and found that my husband had taken poison, Arnoment later he closed his eyes.
So said the wife of D.K.Gunasena (40) father of 4 children, who lived in Mahaweli System B in the Dimbulagala PD.
This happened to him because of the gherkin crop. He cultivated gherkin in a half acre plot in three consecutive seasons and suffered losses. We couldn't make 5 cts. profit. He opted for gherkin because there was no Water for paddy Cultivation and the land was arid. He was assured of a big profit by the mahatturu (gentlemen) of the Company. He became indebted to the extent of about Rs.34,000. It is true that about half of that surn was spent on paddy cultivation. But, he borrowed such a big sum in the hope that he would make a large profit from gherkin.
He cultivated gherkin in half-acre and in One season he lost about one third of the total expenses. That is to say, about Rs. 10000. Now you are asking me why he continued to grow gherkin even after he suffered loss after loss. One reason was that he had nothing to do in the off-season. The other was that since the family shared in the work the losses in the beginning were not so heavy. But the main reason was that we got cash into our hand in a short period which could be used for paddy cultivation.
For each season the cost was about Rs. 25,000. But the return was only about Rs. 19,000. Ewe this a Tount did not corThe into our hands. The company recovered money for seeds and pesticides. But if the company people had not cheated us the possibility of a small profit was there.
The Company deceived us all along, First we were given a sifter for grading gherkin. But the company sifter with which olurgherkin was graded hadismaller holes than in the one given to us. Therefore, about 8 kilos of the gherkin we take are graded low. About 10 out of 50 kilos are rejected as low grade. Similarly, the price quoted at the start was also changed. They also took back at least one day's moneyper Week saying that the container in which gherkins were exported had returned. In this way quite frequently we did mot get our money in the final Week of harvesting.
Unbearable losses in paddy cultivation led us to cultivate this kind of crop. Howewer, this was much Worse and we could never raise our heads. Finally, and my four children became destitute. Cannot even God Witness this crime?'

Page 8
Suicides and "Ne
ATCTTGLmmL CLLLCCLLT TTTmCTTLL TTTTCLLCCLmTTTT GLTTTCTETTCTTTT and ville the eart revolves on its aris eterfaster, a because they carri of find arriorse of food for their chi
LLLLLL LLLLTTTL LTCLLTCTS CLTT LLL LLTLT GTGL LCLCG LC CCCC LCCLCLCCCCCLLl LLLTLGTTLS GT CLCTT TTLTLTCTTGlk eaCCCCCC policy and carrying out structural adjustinents. Th TCCTTTLTCT LLL mTCCCT TTTT TCCCkGTTTT CkTTLL GGk LLTT
The PLIrpose of this brief study is to get a realistic the peasant farmer. To the farmer the problem is ori coulers only slal Treas in the Polorinaruwa District, TTLTLLCLGL GTCCCCkL LLkLLLkG 0LTTTLLLLLLLLS LCTTTTCLCCLS CCCL CTCCL LL for II, in order to bring this paper to a narragenre si: CGGL LLL CCCTTTkuTLGGTT CLL GTGGTLTTTGCTCTLT TCLGL TT TLTTTLLL
LS S LCCGTTTTTCLTLL TLL CTTL TGC CLLLLLL 0CCCCCTLG TLC
he Spiriபது பfit sts
0S LLLLLLLCSLCaCLCCLCC aTTTTTLCLTLTLLTTTLa GTaCTLLaLG
T aTCLTCCCTLTTT CTLTTTTLTTT TTTCCTCLmLS LTTmLTT T rgred rரப் பffபா நாப்tேs.
ES CTLCLLGTC LLTTL TLL CCCLLL LLHLCCCCG C CCTTTLL CHCTTCCCLS LT CTCTLCLGL GLLaTTCCTGLHLS L CCG TCCCCTLLLC CCC TLLCCLTCTS
SS LLLTTT TTCT TLCLCCLTTTTLCCm CTLTT TTGTC CCTTGTL TTTTTLLLLLLH TCT CCTLTL LGTGGTTGTL CCTCCCCCTTLCL T TTLCLS CCCCCGGT charge exorbitant interestrates.
0S LCTTCCLCLuHC CCCCCTCTTT LL LLLLGL 0CCLGG LLTLkSk LCCC CCTTkL t
frther eracerbated the crisis in the furning sect
ES YLL LL LLLLLLLCTTTTGTCCT TTTTCLTTLTTTTLLTTLGGGCTL LGLLLLL
алd experitise. This situation has been exploited
ETip.
7. Gover Telf patronage is extended to export crop மரபு. FாETE Aாபசார ராது அரிசோராய்ingாgா
ES SSSLTTCHHTTLC CTTTLL CCCTTL LCTCCLC LCCCC CTTCC CCTTT GGO kHC CC LLTTL CCLCCTTTGS CTT L GTL LLTLTTLLLCLL LLLLCCC
9. Hundreds of farriers who no longer can survive
foillegal and anti-social activities, destructive o
IO. Because of the high cost of labour rary farriers
in the field. Children offamilies desfifte de foi labourers.
11. Mாrtர g high யாராg infants, children a
theirphysicாாாerாதரtentiாாேரtheut
72. Ar fi-derrocromafic forces murid the all-per "Lading rin against their oppressors and organising ther sel
13. No Socialist, Foprogressive or any other shade of
of our fearппінg|population.
Truly, the crisis is deep roofed. And for thafuery r crk ofhrism and behind the Sராேed techார at ar y cosť. Let zu s rof forgef the fact thaf faking or LL CCLCTT LL LCCCCC LkLCTLTLC CCCCLTkTkT T GCT TTLCCTTCTGS

w World' Trends
EF00thள்gயாtrthur rightsாllery, LCTCC TCHT TLTCCTTTS TLTL TTLTCTuLLkuH GTTTTTCmL LkLLTLLL STLLLLL
arter.
IMF, is doing everything foolief the Lord fouards CCCCCCLTTTT TT LLLkTTTErTL CLTCCTTTTLLLLLLL CCCCT LCLCCCCCLL e persarts, LL corsfiffe 77 percer of the total ricrfirirt.
Iriderstanding of the critical problers confronting e of life and death. For practical reasons our study SLLL CLCCTTT TC HCCCTTTmLk T LLLuTTLmTTHL LLL LkLmTTuuLLLLL TTTTLLT TTLLe LLTTCTTTTkLLLLLL LTTTTTT LLLGLT CGTTCCCCTuS SCS T TTLLLLLLL LLLLCTTTT G TTT GGG CGGTT TLlL LLLLLL CCTL
is unfruises ful for
ertilizer at the behest of the World Bank. This caused
TTTT TL HCCTTTLLCTCTTTTLTTTLTCC CCTTTCCTCCTTLmGHCCCL
TGTTTTT C CCTL TTGCT LL TCTLTTL TTCGGGGL TTTLL TCC
TTLTCCTS TTTLGL CLL CCLTTTCCCCTTTLL TT TTTTTTTCCC CCCHTTuu inted both யாys.
TCCT TT CG LLTTLTLL TTLmS LLLTT TTCCCC TTTTCC TTLL LLLTTLS TCCLCLuCL LC TL LCL CCTLTuTC C CCCCLCLl TCTkLkLuC TCT
D of girl short-ferre financial requirerreras. This his
'LF.
GLGLkLGL TLLeLkL CTLLC LLTLLLLLLLLGGTTLLTL CTLCkTTLO OTTTTTT TTTTGLmmL LL LCLCCCT LCC CCCCTTCCCTGLmL GL TCLm TCCCLTLuC LCTLLCL LLLLmmLLLL
producers. However, there is no stable price for their irst the deceitful activities of Erport crop corpoilies.
TTTTCLCS LT TTTTC CTTTLLTTLLLCL HLCCC TL LCTT L TCCCCCLL of sштшіше оп fobacco.
yfur Trı ing Creeither confemplating suicideor fakirg f the ecology.
stர ஒchரரing oftheir Children ரdget ther to heர suicides or crop failures are leguing school to become
ாl ring mothers in destitute fries. Therefore sedeherforthe familyonforthecountry in general.
LLLLT LC TCCmLTLTTT LTL CCCGCCCC TTLCCCLLC TTCCTC CCTLLTTT பEE ரிசரிghffrtheirரிாரிாental rights.
SSCCTkTTCClLLS CLCC TTLTL GG TTTLC LCLC CTTGGTLLTCT TTTL
lCLCLCC TCCL LCCCCCCkL LTTCTC GL TLGLCCL L LCTTCS GTCTTLL CT
gy is hidder the ghost of death. It has fo be stopped e's life just because one has no rears of litelihood пf sectors ofошгsociety.

Page 9
The role of the pro
(A Postscript)
Sumanasiri Liyanage
his is a sequel to an earlier T赠。 by Comrade Hector Abhayawardhana under the heading The Role of the Professional Class' (Lanka Guardian, Wol. 16, No. 4, June 15, 1993). It was am analysis of the results of the provincial Council elections held in May 1993. He TICLES:
No less significant is that, while PA-DUNF was able to win in a majority of parliamentary constituencies outside Colombo city, it was unable to win in any of the Colombo city constitue
CBS:
COTrade Hector las discussed the changes in the Colombo city during the last decade to answer the question why the PA, ad hE DUNF WEITE Ot ble to Win in any of the Colombo constituencies. These changes hawe, according to them, transformed the class configuration of the Colombo city with a bias towards what he called "the professional class' (or classes). He further notes:
Though the actual numbers of busineSSmen, administrators and professiorials may not be as large as some of the other classes, the importance of the role-played by thern Sets their mark prominently on the face of the capital
city.
The hege Tony of the professional claSSes is firmly established as a result of the fact that "the bulk of the lower riddle classes formed their political attitudes after the upper strata'. Hector thinks that these professional classes were "the cream of the middle classes and provided the backbone of the political regime of the UNP". In the March 1993 provincial council elections, these classes, according to him,
MCLTMM LLLLLLMCLLHMeLLLMCCLLCL of the political bureau of the LSSP.
refused to move wit in Voting against th Were unable to iden the politics of the ol ple's Alliance and t National Front,
It appears that th the provincial Counc ther POWince held changed the attitu professional classe. attributed to three SLFP, the leading got rid of its "Soci openly declared its economic policies'. raturinga's "Tají S. immediately after t resultSSeensto ha of the busir less CCT
Secondly, the Sol and its repercussior indicated that the that the IPA may c forthcoming electior more likely if the PAi Kumaratunga. In f: Southern election, who read the char Were about to cha Thirdly, the power are at present, much the SLFP than that THE LSSPF te Cant pOWEr base, a tre S. O EPA. IT riday Times politica scribed how the busi Tıbo Tost of Whom f the Taj Samudra me changed their mind the SOLutherr Electii a wivid description victory.
Came March 24

ofessional class
h the rest of the people Ie UNP". Why? They tify their interests with aposition' ie the Pedle DerTOCratic United
Ie victory of the PA in il electionsinthe Souin March this year has des and T100d of the S, This change can be main factors. First, the party of the PA, has alist demagogy' and affinity with the 'open Ms Charidrika KLJПаartiudra declaration' he Southern election Ve WOrl the COrfider]Ce
munity.
uthern election results 1s in other areas hawe JNP is in decline and Ome to power in the Si ThiS TESLulit is ewen sledby Ms Chandrika Ct, ewe before the
Some professionals ge of Wind direction nging their loyalties. BaltioriS. Wihi t-PA Tore biased towards if the Coalition in 1970, CP, without any signifire only the junior pahe Well-inforTed SLal correspondent deiness tycoons in Coloirst declined to attend Beting cum lunch had S after the results of ɔns. The following is if the event after the
In the afterglow of the
PA victory in the South and the organiZers of Chandrika's private business luncheon could not cope with the influx of the captains. There were too many big fish, even sharks, for the Golden Pond, and the hotel authorities quick on their toes shifted the venue to the glittering crystal ballroom on the upper-most floor of the same hotel. (April 03, 1994)
The attitude of the professional classes towards the PA has definitely changed. Some have openly declared their close affiliation with the PA. Prof. G L Pieris, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Colombo, Deputy Chaiman of the Jamasawiya Trust Fund, and member of the Youth Commission resigned from the post of Vice-Chancellor to join the SLFP and enter into national politics. Prof. Pieris' move has a definite symbolic value. Mr Lakshman Watawala, formerly Chairman, Peoples' Bank, and Chairman, Greater Colombo Economic Commissionalsosgwered his links with the government signaling that he night also consider seriously an invitation, if any, from the SLFP. Open and tacit change of sides by businessmen, administrators, bureaucrats and professionals can be anticipated in the coming months. What would be the implications of this influx of members of the professioral class to the PA
One Tlayargue that the entrance of the members of professional class into the PA Would produce Some positive results. First, as comrade Hector correctly points out, "the role of the new middle class (= professional class) "...becomes crucial for the development of the economy in countries like Sri Lanka". In the era of late capitalism, the World economy hastransformed qualitatively and the process of globalization has begun. In this context, delinking with the World economy may be detrimental to the development process of the under-developed countries. The

Page 10
economic strategy has to be designed to attract foreign capital, technology, and to get an access to foreign markets. The possibility of participation in this pursuit is provided by the key factor of foreign capital inwestrTiernt, the vehicle of which must be constituted by the native business and professional classes". Secondly, the professional classes, especially the intelligentsia who were appalled by the underTOcratic, authoritarian practices of the UNP government, may be keen to go back to the politics of the good old days. Their liberal attitudes and civility may help to reverse authoritarian tendencies and also Contribute to introduce neCSSary Constitutional changes with a significant devolution of power which in turn may help to resolve the ethnic problem. Thirdly, some segments of the professional class are against corrupt practices of the politicians and their Cronies. The entrants of the Colombo Tiddle class intellectuals and professionals into the PA Inay introduce "cleanness' into its future administration,
However, two questions may be raised. (1) Why hasn't the association of professional classes. With the UNP ad Tinistration produced development, civility and clean administration? (2) Will the association of the professional classes. With the PArake the difference between the UNP and the IPA insignificant? I shall not answerthese questions as my anSWer may suffer from a subjective bias because | am a member of One of the constituerit parties of the PA. Nonetheless, some relevant issues may be noted. It appears that there has been a change, in the last two decades or So, not only in the derilographic landscape of Colombo city but also in the character and behaviour of the professional class. The term "professional class' in comrade Hector's note does not refer to a homogeneous entity, but to a combination of different groupings with dissimilar eCororic and occupational Characteristics. He See TS to hawe USed the termin the singular form to emphasize their social and political functional uniforrnity. It is true that in the fifties and sixties, there were some integrating and convergent factors such as English education,
a liberal philosophy culture and valuesy's gned a uniform chara nal class. During this leaders of both the opposition parties be so that the political prewailed Can be cl cpherson's phrase a mocracy' based on C elites with little popul
HOWEwer, the rial configuration of the hawe changed signific duction of the new : the late 70S. The bu to hawe become do T fessional ClaSS. Ewe professionals actha ntly in the sense tha' increasingly commC hawa lost Societal T values take second ssionals. So it is dou talk about the profes social group sharing civility.
The future Tol Oft| may also be conside ilheret |iTits of 'Til сy which, iп папуіп: beyond What Agnes democracy'. She he ments, its Teritsar
What does the "
ITOdEss dBTCCEL instance, a relati separation of sta deTOCratic: Charai
a fundamental do
fUTTT1 []f a CDTIstituti
the de TOCratic: Civ, led "human rigt system of contact representation. P possibility of Stru power groups, i and compromise, of how and by wł groups are const

and the Western tem, which hadaSScter to the professioperiod, the political govern Tent and the alonged to this class system which then läracBrizèd in Mas an "equilibrium deor petition between агparticipation.
ure and intra-class
professional class cantly since the introeconomic policies in siness group seems minant within the proIn the Way in which s changed significatheir activities hawe Idified so that they asponsibility. Ethical place for many profebtful Whether We can
isional classes as a liberal values and
he professional class gradin relation to the
|E-Cla55' derTOCfFlstances, d’Oes rot go Heller Calls formal
is discussed its ele
jirTitS.
for Ta' Character of
is tail the first we (never complete) te from Society. Alts cter is constituted by cument (mostly in the ion) which formulates ric liberties (the socaits'), pluralism, the and the principal of luralist ensures the ggle among Warious ncluding equilibrium but it reveals nothing at factors the power ituted. Human rights
ensure the freedom of speech, association, organization, belief and property, but they do not guarantee the affectivity of their use; they do not stipulate any thing with respect to the eventual collision of various civic liberties. The principle of Contact ensures the possibility that the contracting partners will be able to modify their contract and to sign their contracts but it does not guarantee any kind of support for the weaker contracting partners. So it builds violence into the Constitution of the der TOCTatic State, the process through which one of the partners forces the other to conclude a new contract. The principle of representation ens Lures legitimacy of goweTrents through the participation of all citizens-further, the right of the representative organs to control those that are not elected. But it reveals nothing of what precedes and what follows the election of the representative organs.
In order to make the Peoples' Alliance a democratic force, it should have a programme going beyond the formal democracy'. It is not certain that whether the city professionals will agree to a programme which may curtailsome of the privileges that they enjoy as a result of their economic, social, political and Cultural power. The Peoples' Alliance should address these problems and articulate a frarnework to blend a flarket-based growth mechanism with social justice and democracy. A negotiated social contract could be organized only on such a basis. The expectations that the city professionals will bring civility and democracy into Sri Lankan politics through their direct involvement in PA politics might end in disappointment and disillusion. It is relewant to end this note with Keane's quotaיחסti
The powerful like to disguise themsewes withimits codes, which is why activities of solidarity and opposition among the less powerful аге песessагy for maintaining a gen Lire and deTIOCrafic civility. Without these activities, civility always degenerates into port posity.

Page 11
  

Page 12
by the Government of Canada that the right of self-determination is not an individual but a collective right and that it was, for that reason, beyond the Competence of that body to examine any complaint of its violation." The jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice' suggests unequivocally that the inhabitants of each non-self-goweming territory Collectively constitute a "people" who are entitled by the exercise of the right of Self-determination to terminate their state of political tutelage, if that be their Will and desire.
The United Nations General Assembly has, however, qualified this entitlement by cautioning against "any action which would dismember or impair, totally or in part, the territorial integrity or political unity of sovereign and independent States Coinducting themselves in compliance with the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and thшs passessed of a government representing the whole people belonging to the territory without distinction as to race, Creed or colour.'14
Therefore, while all peoples enjoy the right of self-determination in all its manifestations, a numerically outnumbered but cohesive social entity, possessing a clear identity and its own characteristics and enjoying a relationship with a territory,' but living within a State that is sovereign and independent, may do so only if two further Conditions exist:
1. the State to which it belongs is actively pursuing a policy of discrimination against that social entity on the basis of race, Creed or Colour, and
2. that social entity is not represented in
the government of the State.
By this self-serving qualification, the member States of the United Nations hawe sanctified their own territorial units, howewer haphazardly or arbitrarily these might hawe been Created.
It would be wholly unrealistic to expect any government to concede that it is treating a numerically inferior Social entity within its territorial jurisdiction unfairly, let alone subjecting it to gross discrimination. But in the absence of Such a concession, an assertion of self-determination by any social entity that perceives itself to be the Victit of discrimination. On the basis of race, Creed, or colour Will necessarily lead to a confrontation with the State. If the conflict deteriorates into Wiolence, as it
10
often does, the entity or other option will targeted by the State sures, usually of an a military nature. The hi. movements, whethel Bengalis of East Pal ded, or of the Ibos C failed, has been unce And So it is today in
all Orte.
Nex Sr.
Notes
1 Undar the Cor 7LYErfið Purishrrier d'IFig Gri 260 (III) A, UN GAOR Tany tyd the followinga lo destry, in whole ori racial Cor EligiOuS grO genocide: "(a) Killing Tembers. (b) Causing serious rrëmbers of the grup: (C) Deliberalely inflictir
If I CICLukad to dgstrijction in Whole O (d) InTiposing TËāSLU births within the group (e) Forcibly transferrin another group."
GrCCid, Crispirat rect and public inciter attempt to commit ge ganocida are prohibiti
2 The Lugi Salalar: Res. 217 (III) A, UNG 13, UN EDUc. AH10 (1: The right of Every per: i Courias othat th; persecution. Under the La fra Safusof Faslug GAOR, 5th Se5s., SL any person Who, "owi being persecuted for rationality, Tic Tibers grULup Of Political CF country and entered: ble or Ljn Willing, owin his country, Tlay not of his illegal entry or ror rmay hg be2 PCatLI nI
"WITI ČOLITY.
3 FLIG’ "Er TF Righirs, GA Re5; 220K Sess. Supp. No. 16 52, art. 26. Under the DDErfläITDs rmaliforn (1955), "any d diori cur preference : scÉiril, tar sialt irlal tar II purpose or cffect of recognition, enjoy The Löling, ChLITär rig domis in thig political, or any otherfield of p Tinatiom ad i5, SLb prohibited. Two cow lized agencie5 – | Misriri. Er rT3 upation 150);

seeking secession almost certainly be for retaliatory meaLnti-terrorist Ore Wen story of secessionist it be that of the ikistan Who: SLICCeeif East Nigeria who inscionably bloody. the country which
|LArık'a
IT III lig Frtlitrilitir Hiltil TE of Gerocide, GARS, 3rd Sess, (1948) art, 2 Ct5 CT|TittlËd Wilh inligt npart, a national, ethnical, Lup, a 5 SLJCh" Coristilutes
f the gΤαμμ, Jodily or mental harm to
ngomthegrUJLupo Corditions bring about its physical fi prl; res intended to prevent
ng children of the group to
r to corTnrrnit gerhMCitle, di-, ment la CCITITitgerocide, nocida, and CCIrrtplicily in
di Fr. 3.
allor of Hurran Rights, GA NOR, 3d Sess. Supp. No. 34871, art. 14 recognizes on to seek, and to enjoy, a his own, asylum from a Draft Cornwerfor riffing Teoria:5, GA FReis. 429 (W), LJN) pp. N.20, 1950) art, 2, ing to wĖill-foundgd fear of
reasors fråČICE, religiOH hip of a particular Social inton," has left his OWI 1 rother, and ES Eleith Efrag a such fear, to retuTito be perialized on account presence in that country. Tad to the riorilliars Oħis
rif ar 7 Chwil a rhaid Polirkcal ] A (XXI), UN GAOR, 21s1 UN Doc. AVG315 (1955) III Cyrill
F5FEEgristinction, exclusion, restri 15dor HC, colo Lr de thnic origin which has the mullifying Crimpairing tho ntCr Exercisg, Omar qual ht:5 Frid fundarfleirtal frgseconomic, social, cultural ublic life"Constibules discriject to limited exceptions, erlionsadopted by speciaLO : Corwi. No, Tiff spect of EmployTherif ard Trl LINESCO (JTVÉrjürT
O
11
|
14
15
Against Discrimination in Education (1960) - seek to outlaw discrimination on ethnic grounds in respect of equality of opportunity of treatment in employment or occupation, and in education.
LYLLLYYeOOOS LLTLOOOMOO L0HH TeT LHT MLLLLL Fights, ibid, art. 27.
YYLLHLYkLSS LeeeLYOaaM a LlLSS OMM L aeLu
Rights, bid art. 1: Inlamational Cawanantan
Econorfii. Social and Cultural Fights, GA. Re5. 2200A (XXI), UN GAOFA, 21st Sess. Suppo. Nl. 16, UNDoc. A/6319 (1966)49, art, 1.
Declararior) on the Granting ÇIs srodeErldCYCLE LH LLekHMM LLMMLL LMMMu LCLOMCCLS CLL LC0S 1514(XV), LUNGAČOR, 15th SC55, Supp. No. 16, UN Doc. AW4584 (1950) 55; GA Res. 21 ESCO (XXI), UN GAOR, (1955).
see Helsinki Act, principle VII: By virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, all peoples always have the right, in full freedoi, to deterine when and as they wish, their intential and exterial political status, Wilhout exterThal interference, and to pours-Lucas they wish their political economic, social and Cultural developert.
Principales which sculad guide Merribars in defeffriring WhéMigror Fior an obligaffon exists la DLLMM LLM LLMLMMM LMOHLLLO aMMMLLSkeLLLLa F3S af Fhe Chärfer, GA REas. 1541 (XW), UN GAOR, 15th Sess, Supp. 16 (1960). 29.
E. Young, Represantative of the United Kingdom, in a specchin the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, 15 October 1986, as cited in G. Marston, ed., United Kingdon Materials on Intertafiorial Law 1986 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986): 57 Brit. Y.B. ITEIL. EF EL 5TÉS.
A2929.C.W.s.4
General Comment 12 (21st Sess, 1984).
A.D. on behalf of the MRIraq tribal society) V.Canaria, Cammunicalion No. 7B'1980, decision of 29 July 1984; Chief BerTard Orfinayah CMLLML MLMuHuLMLMLLLCMMMLL LeMMatkS aLHLLLLMLLLLLLLLH LLLS LLLYLL000SS LLLLLL L LAL March 99.
Legal Consequences for States of Eric Continued Frasgos Of SiOLh Africa ir Marribia (SOL) West Africa). Norwillisfariding Security Council Resolution 27G 1970). Advisory Opinion, 1971 I.C.J. Rep. 6: Wester Sahard, Advisory Opmion, [1975) I.C.J. 12. See also GA-FEIS. 1514 (XV), supraroto 6.
Declaration om Frincipales of InfarfıEficiras L. W Concor7ing Friendly Fellafarisard Čad-Kaap Erailler among States in Accordance with the Charter of thg United Nations, GA Res. 2S25 (XXW), UN GAIOR, 25th Sigss, Supp. No, 28, UN DOC, ABO2B (1971) 121.
These according to the special rapporteur of the LLLLLL LSLLLLL LLL LLLL LLLaLLLL LL LLLLLLLLS tion and Protection of Minorities, are the ele ments of a definition of the word "peoples" which hawa Tierged from disÇL55sion15 on the Subject at the United Nations. A Crisescu. The Fight LGL aakSLMLMHHOMS MMLekeuM MM LTMLCT Develop Tarif on the Basis of United Nations Instruments (New York United Nations. UNDOC. ECN, 4 Sub-204.Rev. 1., 1981 (para 279.

Page 13
PART 2
The pride and prejudi
H L. D. Mahindapala
f deal further With all the other
minor issues raised by Mr. Siriwardena it could lead to a slin Wolute. I Would prefer, therefore, to refer, as briefly as possible, to a few more points about literature and journalism. Mr. Siriwardena talks of "the boring novels of Jane Austen". Consider, for a charge, his attempts at "creative writing". Would certainly recoTitled his dramas as the best antidote for insomnia. And judging from a critical point of view (and not his lopsided morals) I would venture to say that the contrived dialogues in his one-act play Sound more like a laboured monologue that could come out only from the kind of artifical intelligence in a Hong Kong-made robot struggling to Werbalise a Wooly, Sterile idea. Splitting a labyrinthine monologue and putting it into the mouths of two lifeless scarecrows (could it be "Reggie" and "Regi"?) huddled in aflatin Moscow does поtпake itaпеxciting dialogue, огdrama. Lest he thinks that I am not doing justice to hir let The add that thTE IS SOIT content and a passable felicity of language in some of his poetry.
There is another Curious role of Mr. Siriwardene which is hardly known in the circles Where he assumes the air of treading on holy water, Mr. Siriwardena who is now championing the cause of the
freedom of the pre forgotten (I hope) t Lake House in against Aubrey Colle most cartoonist, for rtoons pillorying Mrs naike Who, at that sorts as the first W. of the World. He poul petition against Col other so-called intel se. When Aubrey CC in Melbour're about
he spent in Sri Lank to the shock he got Mr. Siriwardena too
D it. HE t TE "|
Esmond (Wickreme me". Understandable signatures of all othe SiriWardela.
It was also a time naike had COrtle inti of sympathy follow death and it Was Wer intellectuals at that Bandaranaike as thi W. R. D. Bandarala Consequently, Tarzi Collette, Who Were Were seen as the shment boys. Thes intellectuals Werew
THEATRE
Government and Man
Shellagh Goonewardene
Test MacIntyre's latest play, which
is derived front the laterial of Leonard Woolf's acclaimed novel "The Willage in the Jungle", bears the same name, it is a dramatised rendering of significant events in the novel, and yet there is a vital new ingredient, the playwright's particular bias: the use of the hindsight of historical perspective to focus attention on several Critical contemporary issues.
The action of the play, and the unraveIlling of the lives of the main characters, viewed through a kind of doublevision that the playWright devises with the creation of the characters of Millington, the English Civil Servant, and his native assistant,
Wickremanayake, p stions to the audienc
SorThe Of these Tna Considering the po developments in Sri ndence, hlas exchan rnment for governme nal elites made any lives of the "Wretched of the villages? D. песе5sarily пеап 9( those who hold the then intrust for the people, or do they g own profit? Are thos and exploited by "th

Ce Of R. SiriVardena
ss, Would not hawe he role he played at Iobilising a petition alte, Sri LaПka's fore
drawing certain cai. Sirimawo Bandaraime, had am aura of Tan PrinTg Ministgr his signature to the lette along With the ectuals at Lake Houlete was reminiscing the "good old days" a he always referred When he heard that had put his signature didn't believe it until singhe) showed it to y, he could accept the 3S Lt not hät of Mr.
When Mrs. Badaraopolitics on a Wave wing her husband's y fashionable for the time to be pro-Mrs. ey Were When Mr. S. ike came into power. eWittachi and Aubrey Very critical of both,
reactionary establi-o-called progressive "Orried that the "two
terrible twins" of Lake House had dared to caricature their holy cows. Is it surprising that he should now gang up with those in the media who openly call for the sacking of journalists who disagree with their politics? The "Reggie" at Lake House who metamorphosed into "Regi" at the |CES now reverses his role and, without turning a hair, organises seminars on the freedom of the press through the ICES (Incestuous Cabal for Elewating Sycophants). In fact, in the brochure put to promote a seminar organised by him one of the copywriters of a leading advertising agency, who did not fit in with the others listed as editors, was elevated to the rank of an "editor". When did advertising ageCIES HWE "EditOIS"? PrinterS - Error? !חחחחH
Lastly, I Wish to emphasise that I enjoyed Writing every bit of this article, particularly because it opened the way for me to take on the anointed Sacred cow of the intellectuals. Besides, it has also given me the opportunity to show that this sacred COW, like most of his bovine species chewing the cud in the NGO circuit, had succeeded only in passing ill-digested grass which may be sweet-smelling a Tibrosia to the insects around him. BL ut any discerning reader will discover, if he/she had Cor The this far, that Sacred COWS by any other nartles Tell the same.
s linhumanity to Man
Ose a Series of queC.
y beformulated thus: litical and economic Lanka since Indepeging a Colonial gOWE2nt by their own natioreal differen.Ce to the of the earth', the poor pes self-government Jod government? Do reins of power, hold
greater good of the ovem mainly for their e Who are oppreSSed Ieir government, left
with any options other than to revolt violently in a desperate effort to gain some from Of Control 0Werth EgiT"|WES?
These are provocative and weighty questions and they resonate in the mind as the drama develops. The value of this play is that the questions apply mot only to Sri Lanka, about which Woolf Wrotein the early years of this century, but in a wider context, to all those countries who after long periods of foreign rule, became independent, self-governing mations; most of them shortly after the conclusion of World War II.
The Prologue which opens the play sets the pararTeterS of this extra di Teisio

Page 14
Which is essential to the playwright's intertion, and Takes it clear to the audience, that this is no straightforward translation of the novel into dramatic terms, as was for instance, Santha RamaRao's scripting of E. M. Forster's "A Passage to India", for the stage. MacIntyre is really using the poignant story of "A Willage in the Jungle" to articulate insights into the universal phenomenon of man's inhumanity to man, and more acutely, how this innate desire of the powerful to exploit the powerless, becomes in terms of government, the institutionalising of oppression.
Woolf's unforgettablestory of the village of Beddagama as it is re-told on the stage, evokes an unfailing response of outrage and pity at the blatant injustice suffered by the victims the jungle peasant, Silindu and his two daughters, as they are mercilessly crushed by their oppressors, Babehami the willage headman, Fernando, the rapiaCiOuSbusine SS Tarı, and Punchirala, the malignant Wederala. In responding afresh to the story, I was moved to remember Chitrasena's "Karadiya“ Which in terms of dance, gives classic expression to the same theme, depicting the oppression suffered by the poor fisher folk of Sri Lanka, again with the central motif of debt dominating and ruining their lives.
The scope and extent of "The Village in the Jungle" as conceived in dramatic tems by MacIntyre, makes ita wery ambitious undertaking. It calls for highly experienced acting talent to convey the play's Complexity, as Well as Considerable technical resources, and both these Were not fully available to the playwright in directing the first public performance at the Erindale Centre Theatre in Canberra On 15th April.
However, despite the drawbacks of a script that is still in the process of being shaped, and some faults in staging, the Very real potential of the play was realized in the impressive performances of Michael Snelling as Millington, Gandhi MacIntyre as Wickremanayake, a sensitive and inteligent rendering of Silindu by Amrit Macntyre and excellent cameos by Raja MaclIntyre as Fernando and Natasha Moldrich as Purchirlerike,
There was another element which struck me as totally convincing and informed by real imaginative power. This was the ensemble acting of those who comprised the villagers of Baddegama. The actors effectively captured the essence of Woolf's description - "They are simple, Sullen, silent men (and Women). In their faces you can see plainly the fear and hardship of their lives..." in their demeanour, reactions, manner of speech and body language. This I felt, was a major achievement and augurs well for future performances of Ernest MacIntyre's "The Willage in the Jungle."
12
TEST WISG IISG TE SC Tliet bi
The C Brayed
The her The Pro Decree Bul's e The Cl Αt Γίίμα
Taking I Fighting Tesce MeloLLJË Spreadi Fl Si
பேldsறு Book-ke BLIII. HL Prosessi
Release These C Cller l'IS ! TILL LLE
T15 LLL Stre o Mel SLIrè
So or WWELL Fort St. For You
T2 LII For e. May be On the C BLLt Lille WasifloL
The ROL O LES Dгорріл! Τιεμ ίππ
TILLS FE SlIse F1 State CO SlIfS Kl Sίαιε μία
METe 5
The Cali WIS LI Which ll DisgLise

The Scholar’s Tale
Part 3
III ble, Titulasn't that Lurderous pitfilast LLCIS ScandaloLs rudal. SLui/land electromagnetic, spread global ils being deaf LU: LJL Ll Leir babel
ph's edicts Livert on Llle air terdiem by electroruic blare ne, incredibly, Luas Democracy Јгаппппе-logic increasingly hazy oloured pompous decree
eing the Neu Dharrnistru refExecutīLe's sig lets LUcas serisation
plough ing artil Fligher Ordination)
he Salt life from each proliferatt Task Force
OLICTU or Lபழமge (Id Cut LT Le TTOLed Lo Stark TÉTÉÉCErzation 'd by class collaboration ng the share market feuer rike-Scab to Drug-launderer
"Tellu qs AccoLrtfart tard Barker 2eper drid Book I taker) man, arld Dog Doctor orials ofeach. Le and extre.
dro Ethics and Cort trols or sultants coldescended to console
ror-stop Cashhaemorrage ir's Las a one-digit percerage
strue in a Free-Market Way
U percerintage oni inflated oLutilaj lat the pickings and pockettings up like ICB rocket Lings
eballistic trajectory Id thatulas held dour by Registry e actiorilor. Lc Ld Resor TTL and HoLi sing sands in desperate questing.
dMarket Livert Lp Lith a boorn. Real-Estate ha Luviks heady zoor T. LFLe GNPTecorded Crise, rest of each profiteered price State's responsibility for shelter I feed or land and LoL Se tender.
rld Table Knights uvent comunercial tπιCίτιΓαι ΑαμStπιεπt Cαπιίμαι g Old Chiuary and Soul Care ported bad Cement and harduare,
! UN package ort HoLIsing ctories for Bricks and Tiling rps sort Steel and Pilirg ns for Cerrent and liming Ins for the loud costdueling atterted Luith price: Privatising
phate's Hur Taun Settlement s substance of hurt an embezzler tert Is Grand Vizier at the General Assembly das a Neu Deal Jor Jree.
U. HauTulatilake

Page 15
PART 3
Separatist Movements
Lynn Ockersz
(iii) Sri Lanka
Nineteen eighty three was a crucial turning-point in the history of Sinhla-Tamil relations in Sri Lanka. In July that year the Worst ever Sinhala-Tamil riots occurred, Following the killing of 13 Sinhala soldiers in northern Sri Lanka by Tamil guerillas, Sinhala mobs ran amok in the Southern parts of the country. Tamil civilians were killed, property was destroyed or razed to the ground and thousands of Tamils turned into refugees overnight. Fora Week or more mass hysteria reigned in Southern Sri Lanka.
Figures are not available on the human and other costs of the riots, but it Wouldn't be an exaggeration to state that hundreds were killed. Suddenly the island's Tamil minority community perceived that it could no longer Co-exist With the Sinhala majority. The Tamils had to go their own way. The Tajority community had unwittingly prowed that the Tamils were a 'separate
lation".
Prior top 1983, the Tamil underground organisations operating in the North hardly had a Support base Worth speaking of. After the riots the membership of these groups grew in leaps and bounds. A civil war situation had developed. The SinhaleLLLLLL LLL LLL LLLLL LLLLLL 0LL HLGLSS LLLLLLL remained that Way to date.
The Tamil guerillas are, of Course, fighting for the secession of the northern and eastern provinces from the rest of Sri Lanka. They call these provinces their "hor Teland". To the Sirhalese this is ama
tħeTla.
Secession, however, is not what the Tamils Wanted initially. They were only Seeking regional autonomy in a federal structure. Nor did they resort to arms to further this demand. Theytroda parliamentarist path and sought to redress their
grievances throughp
Tamil anxieties hë They were the bigge dominated by the Westminster-style d eTiphasis On mumb Other minorities Woul represented in parlia the TOderate Tails Party in the fifties an the Creation of a fed
TEt.
BBSidBS this dBm ears, the TaTills ir til the Country Were p. and made the targe Anti-Tamil riots, for 1956, 1958, 1962, 19
To add insult to Sinhala-dominated g discriminatory legisla Tills. The "Sinhala 0 instanCé, deClared official language in result, many Tamil opportunity of advant rests in the public Sec ridise the marks of Sul tics and physics in t the Sewenties prewer Of Tarsil Studerts frC tie5. SoThe of the Se.fr joined Tamil militant
Efforts Were mad political leaders in Sixtie:S tOil Teet the regional autonomy, thwarted by Sinhala the initiative Was tak Ssary legislation, pro country. These leade being pro-Tamil and result, the Tamil der red.

S in South Asia
eaceful methods.
Id a national basis. st minority in a state
Sinhlalese. In a emocracy with its ers, the Tamil and dhave been underment. This was Why i led by the Federal Id sixties demanded bral system of gove
and falling om deaf he southern parts of 3riodically harassed 2t of mob Violence. instance, erupted in 977, 1979 and 1983.
injury, successive overnments passed tiOr Wiis-a-wis the Talnly' Act of 1956, for Sinhala as the only
the country. As a s Were denied the cing their Career intetdr. Effortstd:Standabjects like mathemahe advanced level in ited a large number Im Entering universiustrated youths later groupS.
e by some Sinhala the late fifties and
TäTil deTand for However, they were hardliners. Every time I DEITELtil E TELE
EES TOkЕ Dutim TE rs Wereportrayed as anti-national. As a and WenturiansWe
It is against this background that Tamil parliamentarist parties like the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) took up the Cry for a separate state for the Tamils, in the late Seventies. Very soon these parties were Superseded by youth-ledTamil militant organisations which resorted to arms further their der Tard S.
Inhertime, Premier Indira Gandhiattempted to get the Lankan Government to talk to the roderate TULF. When these initiatives failed, the Indian Government acted as intermediary between the separatist groups and the Lankan Govertment. Thus, under the Premiership of Rajiv Gandhi, an attempt was made to hold peace talks between the two parties in Thirlphu, Bhutan. These unsuccessful talks held under the aegis of the Indian Gowertriment irm mid-1985,
Then came the most significant development in Indo-Lanka relations in the context of the ethnic conflict. In July 1987, at a time when the Sri Lankan security forces Were going all out to capture the Jaffna Peninsula, the Indian Airforce violated Sri Lanka's airspace and parachuted relief Supplies to the Jaffna populace. In the face of this physical intervention by India, the Sri Lankan GowermsTert Called off the Offensive and collaborated with India Om finding a political Solution to the LLLLLLLH LLLHHLLLLS LL LLLLL L LLLLL La LLL0S lпdo-Lапka peace accord.
Under the Accord, provision was Tade to develop powers on the provinces through the mechanism of provincial councils. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which hademergedas the biggest, toughest and most ruthless of the Tamilguerilla groups, was forced by India to recognise the Accord and abide by it. Nevertheles, India acted as an underWriter to the agreement. It consented to disarm the Tigers in the event of the latter
13

Page 16
turning out to be recalcitrant. In other Words, it prostised to enforce the peace. Towards this end, huge battalions of the Indian Peace Keeping Forces were inducted into Lanka. This marked the begimning of India's military interwention in the island's ethnic conflict.
Soon problems began to emerge. The Tigers began to renege on their promises, For instance, theydidn'thandoveraltheir as ITIs to the IPKF. IPKF Tiger clashes erupted when attempts were made to Wrest Control of arms. For two years India struggled to enforce the terms of the Accord. The Tigers proved elusive and tough. They put landmines to good effect. The IPKF lost nearly 1000 men in the ensuing militarystalemate. It was a no-win Situatiom for the Indias.
The next significant development was the Coming to power in the Sri Lanka of President Premadasa in 1989. He repeatedly called on India to withdraw the IPKF. During his presidential campaign he had pledged to rid Lanka of the IPKF presence. India eventually withdrew her forces. Meanwhile, Premadasa had launched talks with the Tigers. Both parties had a mutual interest in getting rid of the IPKF. Hence, the brief "honeymoon' and the consequent "breathing space' for all Lankans. For about a yearthere Waspeace, even in the North-East-but not for long. Once the IPKF was off their backs and they had regrouped, the Tigers launched lightning strikes on the Lankan security forces and police. Sri Lanka was back to square one''
The next significant event was the assaSSination of President Premadas a con 1 May 1993. The Tigers are the chief suspects. The method of deploying a suicide bomber, the daring and resourcefulness, all point to a Tiger hand in the killing. The daring assassination in the heart of Colombo indicates that the Tigers are stopping at nothing.
However, the Sri Lankan Gowernment, too, doesn't seem to be in a conciliatory mood. The new President, DB Wijetunga, has gone on record as having said that the problem facing Lanka today is a "terro
14
rist proble" and The implication is th made to Crush the than Work out a poc national problem.
Sri Lanka must bi
(w) The Chittago
Bangladesh
Like til LTTE SE Bahiniguerillas fight nomy of the Chittag in South EastBrf Bal motivated, seeming of militants. They, pping at nothing. "Pe little ornoimpact ont the Shanthi Bahini to such initiatives b' ngly fierce attacks has 'stuck to its guns
TOW.
In 1989, the Bal passed legislation to strative system in the Were established in which consists of ur forests. They are:
Khagrachhari, Ra rbā.
The laws provide Councils to govern E stricts. Each Council seats. Twenty of the of Chairman were E people of the CHT. also elected, were to Settlers,
This was a definit as far as the admini red, but the initiat impression on the S Was projected as figh the tribes in the hill tr
Analysts trying to : for this intransigence of South Asia's gueri Well to focus on their r of fighting dourly int ned their attitudes.

Ot an ethnic conflict. at all attempts will be igers militarily, rather litical solution to the
ace for blood-letting.
ng Hill Tracts of
Sri Lanka, the Shanthi ing grimly for the autoOng Hill Tracts (CHT) gladesh, area highly lly indefatigable band 00, SeeTi to be Sto3aCe Owertures" hawe herin. On the contrary, seems to be reacting y launching increasiOn its adversaries. It 'for over fifteen years
gladesh Parliament change the admini3 CHT.Three districts his 5000 square mile dulating hills and rain
nga nati and Banda
ld for three elected each of the thTEE diWas t0 CO Sist of 30 ese and the position 2Served for the tribal The retaining seats, be filled by Bengali
2 break with the past istration Was Conceiwe didn't make al hanthi Bahini, which iting for the rights of acts,
ascertain the reason on the part of some la groups, Would do
mind-set. Longyears
le bush hawe HardeThey hawe staked
everything on their 'causes', including their own lives. Therefore, there is no turning back until they, and they alone, enjoy supreme power in their future "domains. Wouldn't it also be possible that Continuous fighting in the bush makes the guerilla shrink from the prospect of leading a Comparatively colouriess, unexciting ciWiliar life?
Coming back to the landmark legislation of 1989, each of the proposed district Councils was invested with the authority to monitor and Control all transfer of land rights. The Councils also had the right to reoccupy land transferred fraudulently. These rights touched on the most vital issue in the guerilla campaign. The most Crucial demand of the Shanthi Bahini was that Bengalisettlers from outside the CHT, or lowlanders, should be barred from encroaching on and settling on tribal land. As mentioned earlier, the British initially encouraged this practice. This continued down the decades, and was given fresh impetus with the induction of Pakistan's 1962 COTSti Libio.
This Constitution was amended to bring all local institutions under the control of the central Government. Until then, the CHT region enjoyed a special status. As an "excluded area' in terms of the Government of India Act of 1935, it had a separate administration.Underthis.dispensation the tribal peoples enjoyed a degree of cultural autonomy and Were largely Self-sufficient.
With the ending of the CHT's special status, encroachments by Bengalisettlers also increased. The background to increased Bengali settlements on tribal land was the population explosion in East Pakistan in the early sixties. In 1965, for instance, average densities had reached 1,215 per square Tile. The Pakistan authorities were Compbelled to re Settle lowlanderS irn the sparsely populated tribal areas inhabited by the Chakmas (the tribe that is dominant in the Shanthi Bahini), Marma, Tripura, Mro, Tangchamgya, Khuirni, Chak, Murung and other groups. This set the stage for the tribal uprising. The Bengali settlers were not only seen as land grabbers; they were also considered an

Page 17
alier presence that threatened the lifestyle and culture of the tribal population, The tribals were mainly Buddhist while the Settlers Were Moslert.
The ппilitary regimes in Bangladesh accelerated the process of settling Bengais in the CHT despite the fact that the Shathi Bahini was for Ted and confrontations with the Bangladeshi security forces wегеіпcгеasiпg.
ThUS in the SLITTer of 1979, General Ziaur RahT3 Chlaired a "National Colference on CHT. It was decided to speed up resettlements in a phased manner. For instance, 30,000 landless Bengali families WETE} to be reSettled O GOVETTEenowned and in the CHT the following year. Most of these lowlanders Were settled or communally owned tribal land. Settlements Werethus establishedin Kaptaiand Ranga Tati in the north and along the Walleys of the Churgi, Myarni and FerT Rivers-areas which were farmed by the Chakra and Tripura tribesmen. By the end of 1980, about 25,000 families had been resettled.
It is believed that by the end of 1981, Bengalis accounted for a third or half of CHT's population of 746,000. The Shanthi Bahini adopted the strategy of turning its guns on the settlers. Massacres followed Tassacres. Retaliation Was Swift and equally bloody. Displaced Chakima tribesmen sought refuge in India's north-eastern Tripura state. Subsequently, the Chakra rebels established bases in Tripura with the blessings of New Delhi.
Attackson Bengali settlements reached a peak in 1985 when guerillas reportedly killed 38 and Wounded 24 Bengalis. The attacks Were carried out at Assalong, Sentilla, Trindong and Tanokkopara.
With the guerillas showing little willingness to talk peace and the pressure on and mounting, the CHTis boundto constitute another bleeding wound in the conflict-ridden South Asian region.
(w) Bhutan
frecent new reports are correct, even the tiny, landlocked Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan isn't being spared the outrage
that is coming to b cleansing".
It is Said that SOTE of Nepali originare camps in South-east told the Far-Easter that they were driver Steads irħi SOLutherr Bl community who we their culture and lang Nepalese minority cl: cution began in 199( started protesting ag: majority Community using the national la and adopting the Bh Negalese claim that resistance, they Wer homes by the artiny a
In Bhutan, the known as the Drupka tam origin. Its Temt ddhist. They occupy Bhutan, while the Ne bits the SOLlth. Thig I: aCCOLlt fOT CO2-thir 600,000 population.
The Bhutarese ai the refugees are not allege that these ref ghbouring Nepal or in to attract ther is the that are provided to refugees are even be Ofän in Wäsion forces is to "overwhelm' B ghbouring Indian stat of Assam. It is also refugees are being ir tes of a “Greater Nep
The majority cor Se8TStO Dein:reaSir the Nepalese present 5fer T7 ECD10; Thic Fee story from independ be a SSL urTed that eth the rise EWEr in Bhul,
Infaines to the Bh it must be said that a in the past to integral the mainstreat of instance, Nepalese a National Assembly.

e KOW as "ethnic
e 85,000 Bhutanse iwing in eight refuge Nepal. The refugees | ECOOT lic Review Out of their homenutan by the majority re tгуіпg to iпрose guage on them. The aimS that the persewhen its members ainst attempts by the to force the into nguage, Dzhongka, utanese dress. The When they showed e driven OLut of their
ld the police.
majority community Settlers, is of TibeIers are mainly Buthe northern part of palese minorityinhatter are Hindus and d of the Kingdom's
uthorities claim that
from Bhutan. They Lugees are from neidi Wat is belig Ved Free food and shelter the refugees. The ing described as part "om Nepal. Theiraim hutan ard the reie of Sikkim and parts
claired that these 1stigated by advocaa'.
Timunity, therefore, gly apprehensive of CE. SiC the Far-E- ie Whas Verified its ent sources, it COLuld Inc tensions are on
.
Iutanese authorities, Il efforts Were made le the Nepalese into Bhutanese life. For re represented in the 1959, although the
Bhutanese authorities called a halt to Nepalese immigration, Bhutanese citizenship was extended to all the Nepalese already resident in Southern Bhutan.
Furthermore, efforts Were made in the past to absorb Nepalese into the administrative services. They have also been admitted to the army and the police and stationed in non-Nepalese areas.
Two members of the Nepalese community were inducted into the Royal Advisory Body, an institution which was established to advice the Bhutanese King on policy matters. In the Bhutanese judiciary, prowiSion has been Tiade for the inclusion of a judge of Nepalese origin.
Much has been dorne in the Socio-Cultural and educational spheres to integrate the Nepalese into the larger Community. For instance, Nepali has been given the status of a national language. Inter-Marriages between the Nepales are being promoted while Nepalese children of secondary School age are sent to schools in the North, while their counterparts in the North are sent to Schools in the South as part of a programme to facilitate national integration. In this context, the marriage of the Bhutanese King's third sister to a Bhutanese Nepalese assumes tremendous significance.
If, despite these Teasures, ethnic tensions are on the increase in Bhutan, it only points to the intensifying tensions that the development process in general is generating. AS Urmila Phadmis has pointed out in Ehrlicity and Nation Building in South Asia, in degree to the proportion to which Bhutan is being industrialized, Tore and more Bhutanese Nepalese are being recruited for middle and lower level jobs in industrial projects, thus giving rise to competition for jobs among ethnic groupS.
Such competition gives rise to ill feeling along Communities. In such an environmet, itisaneasy taskforvestedinterests to stir up or play on group prejudices and antagonisms and promote communalist. Bhutan seems to be heading towards such a scenario.
To be Continued
15

Page 18
Ace Radio Cab
" Computerised meters " Can be summoned to " No call up charge within city limits." Vehicle 'Receipts issued on request Company credit a
Call 501 502 50 1503
éệAset
Another Aitken Spen
 

access from Selected stands
WOUT : d0Ortste
|Wailable

Page 19
CORRESPONDENCE
Arden on Nehru
Thank you for bringing to agrand finale, the long-running series, "The J.R. Years" by one "Arden" (LG, March 1). According to your content's page inscription, the last piece was the 21st instalment. I could not believe it, that I have read such a truthful post-mortem of J.R. Jayewardene in any other journal recently. I applaud Arden for being so informative in compiling juicy factoids. But, have been Wondering whether the author is a single person or not. It appears to me, that Tore than one hand (or should say, brain) had compiled this lengthy analysis. There seems to be a distinct difference in the text and style of the first half of the critique (with a lot of legal jargon and quotes) from that of concluding postscript, filled with half-baked quotes from sources as dubious as Richard Nixon and M.O. Mathai, Nehru's one-time secretary-cum-housekeeper.
also noticed a streak of anti-Hindu drivel in the 'postscript". What else can infer from contents such as, "Muslim fundamentalism, if it appears harsh and cruel to a modern mind, is still equitable - it is after all, none other than the Old Testament ethic. Islam is totally egalitarian. Hindu castes, on the other hand, is an appalling pyramidal social structure built on bizarre superstitions and barbarities unmatched in any other part of the World..." Come on Sir, do not need to provide a laundry list of "virtues" which embellish Muslim fundamentalism, Just two would suffice, which is as repulsive as self-immolation and bride-burnings. First, the Time magazine of March 21st provide a feature relating to the cruel practice of female circumcision, which should be better-termed as Tutilation. This ritual torture of Women is practised in Muslim Countries of Africa and Middle East. I ask Arden, whether this is also an old Testament ethic? Secondly, how should one classify the death penalty imposed on a Muslim author named Sa
Iman Rushdie by lr Civilized act?
India's first prime under fire froTArde rial provided in a lo Nehru"S SÉCretE named M.O. Matha cular book, but Wa bit. We should note
KMPikka WB
SiTilar Cultural ba( generated the anim the. Pikkar"COL
Who Wore Soiled Socrates and other But Mathai Was mot
an "infatuation" or to sell his book, he chapters with Sug "She", with a foot publishers prevent What hE Wrote und revealed that he Sentence Under thi ptions. Arden relies testimony to reve; "Nehru's Crypto-rat evider Ce fOT Net
Should hawe Culle Works, such as Girl DiscoveryоfIпdia, i Has Arden read a
| titյubt it,
Again, the Source relating to Nehru's too far-fetched. Arc ("India from Curzo has related that N astrologers (Quote the NeWStatesma
What Can One T13
factoid? Did NEL ited astrologers to proved that Nehru astrologer's Sugge | Wonder, whether

an's Tullahs? Is it a
Tiister Nehru COmeS l, based on the Tlateusy book from one of ary-Cum-housekeeper i. I too read that partis mot impressed One
that both Mathai and
e Keralites and this ckground could have Iosity between both of ild have been"a Slob) clothes". But So Was intellectuals in history an intellectual. He had Indira Gandhi and just left one or two blak gestive captions like -note stating that the ed him from printing "She". Later Search
Lid Ill BWès Write B ose "provocative"cai too Tuch Om Mathai's
I What hB tersTTS I ES cisT". If Arden Warted iru's racism, heshe
it from Neh Lu''S JWT pses of World History, and An Autobiography. ny of these classics?
esmentioned by Arden belief on astrology are dennotes, "Durga Das n to Nehru and After") Ehru , uSėdi tO CONSUulit ed by Mervyn Jones in n of 24 October 1969)". ke oLuti from this bit of I reveal why hе сопsшDurga Das?Hasitbeen acted according to his stions? If so, by whom? Nehru being ashrewd
politician, was just lending his ears to the astrologers' circle to charm the voters who believe in astrology.
Arden also presents only one-side's version of the China-India border War of 1962. He recites Nehru's deeds of Bhutar Treaty (1949) and Annexation of Goa (1961). Nothing is mentioned about the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1959, and the resulting flight of Buddhist leader Dalai Lama and his followers from Dharam Sala to Delhi. The origins of 1962 war between Chima ad India is nota S. Simple as Arder had formulated in his diatribe or Nehru. The entry on India in the Encyclopedia Britannica (15th ed, Macropedia, Vol.21) notes that, "in 1959 and 1960, China concluded agreements with Pakistan and Burma, respectively to settle the petty disputes that had prevailed since the British period over certain sectors of their frontiers. India was incensed because the agreement with Pakistan Covered Sections of the former Kash Tir boundary occupied by Pakistan in 1947 but still claimed as de jure Indian territory". Thus, the border dispute originated from China's annexation of Tibet in 1959, since the then "understood border" between India and China was based on the 1914 Simla Conference between British and Tibetan officials.
Lastly, forfolks like Arden, John Kotelawala's "tart reply" to Nehru at the 1955 Bandung Conference may be thrilling. But it is similar to the thrill of boxing, great Mohammad Ali losing about with Leon Spinks on points. If Nehru is Mohammad Ali, Kotelawala is just Leon Spinks. In the annals of twentieth history, if Nehru merits a paragraph, Kotelawala Would mot even be credited with a foot-note. Soletus not brag too much about Kotelawala's "tart reply" to Nehru.
SOh Sri Karth
Osaka BioScience Institute.
Јарап.
17

Page 20
Village in the Jungle
Greetings from this part of the World stiil read Larka Guardan regularly, and particularly enjoyed "Mahindapala and Morality" by Reggie Siriwardena in the latest issue received. I must say heartily concur with all Reggie's rapier thrusts. He Writes as Well as ever.
I am sending you a piece I wrote on Ernest MacIntyre's latest play which is derived from Woolf's "Willage in the Jungle", for favour of publication. It is hot off my Word processor
Shellagh Goonrewardene
Wictoria, Australia,
(The reviow is published in this issue)
- d.
Explanation or Justification?
I didn't read zeth Hussain's article on Bosnia (LG March 15) but I read a comment on it - A Hindu Perspective on Bosnia — by Sachi Sri Kantha (LG May 1), which motivated me to write this brief Tote.
According to the Kanna theory of Sri Kantha, the current generation of (BOsnian) Muslims are reaping what their forefathers sowed. I Wonder whether Sri Kantha tries to justify the Sufferings of Bosnians or to explain the courses of the sufferings. If it is a justification, then it reveals the cruelty of the intellectual mind. If it is an explanation then it is not an explanation of a scientist but of a layman.
Everyone who reads history and has a common sense knows that the historical forefathers of any race had committed some kind of 'sin' to the "other. However, a rational intellectual can't relate the contemporary political turmoils and sufferings of a later generation to thesin of their forefathers. Can Sri Kantha justify or explain the tremendous Sufferings of Sri Lankan Tamils using his theory of Karma? it will be mere absurdity. Even some Orthodoxorfanatic Muslims may justify the Bosnian sufferings as it is the punishment of Allah because they didn't practice Islam in their day to day life. Rational intellectuals can't entertain these type of irrational religious ideology in Contemporary
Dolitical diSCOUTSE.
M.A. Nuhan University of Peradeniya.
1B
BOOKS
India a
Ananda WP
INDIA - Facing Twenty-first Cen By Barbara Cross
FeW foreign jour CrOSSette in eithe grasp of the many: Cal and Cultural life deep sympathy Wil are analyzed and p Present implied ple More than most ot Cent upheavals of Consistently attemp rtunate impressions Calls the "journalistic quately researched neWS Storles WFiCI Celin US edia Undoubtedly it is her in the region and interestin the cultur people that hawe pr forward on several record straight. As Tent in the culture a Waits. With interest for which the app through an illustrat TlOnthS bäck for the shington D.C. Her which made the bac tional Herald Tribun publicity to this sple Site but also gawe it, "Wersailles of the Ea
A book Written of lsory reading to all wh What goes on in not also the rest of Asia. be a tough country makes India all the Apart from this intelle greater need to know

and her neighbours
Guruge
te
பry
ette
malists match Barbara r her Comprehensive aspects of socio-politiof South Asia or the h Which its problems resented with an ever a for understanding. легs reрогііпg the rethis region, she has ted to offset the unfoi Created by what she shorthard" in inadedi and hastily Written make their appearaquite so frequently. first-hand experience er deep and abiding alachievements of its OTiptOdherto COrle OCCasions to set the regards her involve! of the region, one her book on Bhutan Detite was whetted 2d talk given a few Asia Society in Waarticle on Sigiriya, page of the Intera9 not only gawe wide indid World Heritage a new appellation as
dia by her is compuOare COCerred With only South Asia but As she says, "It can to fathor, but that
more fascinating". Ctual fasciation, the "India better is What
she has eloquently outlined in the concluding paragraph of her monograph:
Strategically, politically, Culturally, and as a great Story of Sheer huTan endea= Wour, India cannot be ignored as its nearly one billion people, their immense human potential still untapped, move toward the twenty-first century, still seeking good leaders to Whom they can cry, this time with Conviction, Bharat Tala Kijai (P14)
Religion
Barbara Crossette has organised her twelve-chapter book in three parts: I. The inner self, II. Daily realities, III. India and the world. The first part discusses a range of subjects relating to religion and myth, Women and minorities. The most significant element which she has brought into these discussions is to high-light the coIntradictions between tradition and reality, intentions or expectations and perfortānce. This too is cleverty done by marshaIlling statements made by prominent Indians themselves.
She gets Natwar Singh to say that the "supreme indifference to history" on the part of the Hindus was the reason why India "has not produced a single world class historian". Again, on Chandra Sekhar's statement that it really did not matter if politicians took bribes as India had bigger problems like poverty, illiteracy and disease, is based her comment:
But many of those bigger problems were being exacerbated by corrupt leg|- Slators and bureaucrats siphoning off funds for development in one of the biggest pork-barrelling arenas on the pla
let.
She has convincingly shown how aff rmative action taken in favour of depressed communities by the "Nehru generation" has resulted in the reinforcement of the very social system they thought they Could abolish by law.

Page 21
Contradictions
As she pans over many facets of Indian life, she leaves out nothing which highlights the puzzling contradictions and paradoxes: e.g. "extreme prudery and Social Convention" despite a tradition of erotic art and phallic Worship: "sexual frustration and humiliation of abuse in intimate relations" which women experience in a Society which claims that it treats its Women like goddesses: resistance to Ode This I on the basis there is "a Wast incardescent Indianness" which permits a former Foreign Secretary to admit"Even today, in the last decade of the twentieth centuгу, we are саггуіпg our Stoпе Age With US".
She notes that "No other large country has India's inexplicable immunity to cerisure and sanction" and gives examples of declarations of "tough love" in such statement as John Kenneth Galbraith's "Functioning anarchy" and Katherine Rai
ne's "Blessed gift of inattention".
Though the Editor of the series calls Barbara Crossette's book also an example of "tough love", meaning "sometimes biting buton the whole sympathetic", She does roti TiCEe Words. For instance she says, "Official India's repeated protestations of its commitment to democracy апсd due process are taking the ring of meaningless mantras" (p.32); "Statistically, few Indians are born with the hope of enjoying a childhood as other children know it(p.41); "Out of a nation that will have a billion people at the turn of the century, a nation of strapping Punjabis, Fleetfooted Keralites, sinewy desert-bred Rajasthanis, adventurous Gujeratis, and tireless mountain-dwellers with lungs and legs of steel - why can't India field an Olympic team that brings home more than scandal? Where is India on the playing fields of the world" (p.49)
From this absorbingly interesting collage of vignettes from experiences of different real perSons interspersed with quotes of men and Worther one knows from news, literature and the arts in the first two parts, Barbara Crossette proceeds to the third part India and the World. In three chapters
are examined the ph isolationist and its ghbours and the US and explained are "Hi Superiority" and India rence toward other historian Romila Tha ming the traditional { for these. Along with tior för SÕLutheast AS Thailand, Malaysia a wing "lost their cultu of Tlaterialist". Bart sses its policies wit USSR, Cambodia an cularly insightful are Indian media and how
pertaining to the Tiar the coup against Gor
teTeSt
The chapter with a Sri Larkar rewielWE
With di ar tS i cing With the obserw, a closer Vantage poi rations that must live
shadow, this static ry of glories butasou a ma SSiWE SturTblish development", she lis tes which by their ver chapter, however br following comments:
Politically everyon neighbours has beer lyan intrigue since th 1964 and the Conso his da Lughter, Indira later, Except for two FTerls in 1977 and I non-Congress gove stop playing dirty trick Indian policy-making ngladesh, Nepal, BF extent Maldives and Case) was a garne foi SchETES II E. M.
Affairs, andwiceregal cloāks. p. 110)
India riħ Officials TO li

erOfTherior of lidia's
TelationS With neiA. Amply analyzed ndu5Ense of Cultural
's "disdair Orir diffeAsia nations". The paris quote da5 blaeducation of Indians
India's ConderTra
siar nationS SUch as nd Indonesia for ha
"a| rOotS ir the u5sh
ara (CrOSSette di SCLuh regard to former dAfghamistan. Parti
! CITITEgeTtS D1 the
Withaled the EW’s anmer Square and tachev.
a special interest to 2r is the one dealing eighbours, Commetil that "See fTOT it, from the Smaller perennialyin India’s ith land is nota gallerce of insecurity and gblock to regional sts events and dispuујшxtapositioпіп one ief, leads her to the
e of India's Smaller
the WictiT Of Kutie death of Nehru in lidation of power by gandhi, a few years
brief historical IO1989-90 (when two rnment) pledged to Sonthe neighbours, | on Sri Lanka, Bahutan, and to : SOIme Pakistan (a special intelligence agents, Ministry of External diplomats in imperial
onger deny that Indi
ra Gandhi at sorTIB point decided that a SeriOLJS Tamil insurrectio ir Sri Lanka
Would serve her interests... Sri Lanka had
in a fBW BCadě.SbeCOTE SOLJt ASia'S model developing nation, with a literacy rate over 90%, extensive welfare programs, and one of the lowest population growth rates in Asia. Indira Gandhi did not like what she saw. Sri Lanka had begun tOlÕÕiklikė aCOI|iduit fOT WBStBT influeCe in the Region. (pp. 114-115)
RebelliO
According to Indian journalists, the Scale and thoroughness of the project to under Tile Sri Lanka far outshore anything Pakistan has done recently in Support of Kashmiri rebellion, yet India Was never challenged in international organizations, or in the United States Congress, which Could hawe inwoked aid Sanctions intended for Countries that actiWely seek to destabilize other nations...and Sri Lankans interpret the Anerican silence as proof that Washington had turned the region over to India (P. 115)
The concluding chapter, following an eXCêedingly briefanalysis of Indo-US relations, is called "Afterward: Victory to Mother India'. It seems to lead to the plea that the USA should "make Connections"
With India,
India, quirky and quixotic, proud and prickly, is very different from us in culture and tradition and yet very much like us in the political task its people set for themselves: to make democracy Workas well as this system inherent in contradictions can be made to workin a diverse society
(p. 141)
Barbara Crossette has undertaken a Very ambitious task by deciding to cover all these diverse aspects within the scope of just 150 pages. Naturally, she had often to resort to the very jourtalistic shorthand of which she has been justifiably wary. But she has given a readable and indeed very informative account of a great country whose potential for regional and world leadership in diverse fields is noteworthy.
9

Page 22
FILMM
Holding no brief f
Dimesh Watawana
hat does a deputy speaker do when his voice is ignored in ParliaTent? If he is Gamini Fonseka, Sri Lanka's most famous actor-turned-politician, he makes a film. The most recent product of this frustration with political life, "Immortals," is a reflection of Mr. Fonseka's well-known maverick persona. As a politician he has always gone against the mainstream, and as a filmmaker his films have always explored controversial topics.
"Immortals" takes as its subject the civil conflict that has bled the nation for decades. The LiberationTigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a minority Tamil group, conducts a gшеггilla campaign against government troops, demanding a separate state from the majority. Sinhalese. The protracted war simmers and occasionally boils over in the northern and eastern parts of the island country.
But ironically the rest of Sri Lanka contiпues to function in a trance-like peace. Business booms and only the occasional "incident" reminds people that the country is at War. Though there is no censorship, television cameras are seldort trained on War-tornareas. "ITIT Ortals" häs Tadethe Conflict real for millions of Sri Lankans, offering many their first glimpse of bloodished.
The message of "Immortals" is played out in very literal terms, as the film focuses on the life of a red-blooded army Colonel played by Mr. Fonseka. He serves as a father-figure to his young colleague, a captain who has plans to marry and start a family. But the young man becomes a prisoner of war and his pregnant sweetheart attemps to take her life.
The colonel intervenes to help her overcome the trauna and prepares to help bring up the child, which he sees as his duty. Meanwhile, he has to deal with his disturbed past, which turns him to drinking. This past is eventually revealed: When ethnic fighting broke out, his Indian wife and his son were forced by her father, an Indian general, to leave the country. But Col. Ranabahu decided to put his Country before his own family and remained in Sri Lanka, where he was drawn deeper into the continuing conflict.
As far back as 1975. Mr. Fonseka foresaw the development of this bloody conflict from Communal violence to a full-scale offensive in the early 80s, and delivered
2O
a prophetic warning year, “Sarungalaya" pali,"Screened in 14 rther, it pleaded for historic enmity betw and TarTilS. Both th cry from the song-an. the Hindi light ente churned out by man And both lost money
Nevertheless, Mr. red Sinhala cinema assistant director irn 1 in 1958, remains det statement about the his own political del goes further than just He has repeatedly c. accusing politicians and failing to make c. the War, behavior th: into the political Wilde
"TTOrtals" COSt; rupees (US$140,00 twice the average Sri Bernard Gula Sekera decided to take ther to take the anti-Warn ple. The producer, no Mr. Fonseka's previ himself for anotherin shout,
Then came a surpr a long government ghtweights with the Minister of Infortatio who gawe it preferer that its subject Wason cance." The film was to Coincide with the nce Day. After just C a group of producers for jumping the officia a judge cleared it for rtals" became a box ils production costine is now in its 11th Wee in remote areas, are {
Mr. For Seka has Ci ted, for he fought his to make "Immortals.' after political commit production in 1990, hi rted. Whem filming fir he Castra W talent in son, the daughter of friends, even somep High-ranking army of

or hatred
With his filt of that (Kite). His "Sanka78, Wenta Step fua cessation of the een the Sinhalese Se films Were a far |-dance Comedies in rtainment Told, as y local film makers.
FonSeka, Who entein its infancy as an 956 and a San actor armined to make his war, even if it brings mise. The Taverick appealing for peace: "eated an uproar by
of war-mongering Crete efforts to end at may yet lead him ΤΠΕξS.
SOrne Seven Tillion O) to make, about Lankan filmbudget. , the film's producer, isk: Somebody had Tessage to the peodoubtremembering DUS OSSES, Steeled mense financial Wa
ise. The filmjumped waiting-list of lliinterCession of the and Broadcasting, ce on the grounds e of "national signifireleased on Feb. 4 lational Independene show, however, filed suit againstit que Lue. Within days "elease and "Immooffice hit, covering ight weeks. The film c; its cinemas, even 'onsistently full.
use to feel windicaWn battles in Order
Most dramatically, ments delayed the 5 original Cast deseally began in 1991, the main roles: his ne of his producer ominent politicians. cers and One thou
sand soldiers portray themselves for the Camera. Some of the film's technicians also play small parts.
The filming was a punishing ordeal. The location for battle scenes Was a borderline area which has been the scene of an actual battle. The parched shrub jungle afforded little cover and made for tough shooting conditions. Many collapsed from heat exhaustion. There was no need for feigned realism.
Also, playing the roles of the rebel LTTE Tigers were three men who had once fought government troops themselves. Soldiers who had fought on opposing sides now acted side by side; Mr. Fonseka the maverick had struck again.
His film, however, EndoriSeS no ha tred and holds no brief for either side. The three languages spoken widely in Sri Lanka (Sinhala, Tamil and English) are used throughout the film, reinforcing the central Tessage, as re-stated by Mr. Fonseka: We're brothers, one nation. Let us unite to stop the War, before Sri Lanka turns itself into a nation of Cripples, fatherless children, Widows, a nation ruined by War.
Yet Mr. Fonseka fails to offer a substantive solution to the War. To be fair, no one else has found an answer, either. But at a time when public opinion leans toward a military offensive against the rebels based on the Jaffna peninsula, Mr. Fonseka drops a bombshell: More War is not the 21:SWEler.
"For Once, Was able to look at the Tigers without hatred. Perhaps it is not too late for another dialogue between the government and the LTTE. And as for the film, it Is nothing extraordinary, but definitely a thought-prowoking - one," said fillmgoer Patrick Fernando after seeing "ImmortäS."
Technically, the film leaves something to be desired, in particular the battle scenes. Mr. Fonseka admits as much, but counters that budget constraints crimped production. Yet it is fair to say that "Immortals" is a groundbreaking production by local standards. As both deputy speaker and film-maker, Mr. Fonsekar uses, "We spend over US$1 million a day on the war. With that money, I can make four or five films on the subject, and make a better Contribution to the nation."
(A WSJ)

Page 23
볼
Why there's so in this rustict
There is laughter and light banter amongst these rural diarisels who are busy sorting out tobacco leaf in a barn. It is one of the hundreds of such
13 TT1s piTEid ut ir the Tid ard Lipcountry inter II ediate zone where the arable land remains fallow during the offseason.
Here, with careful nurturing tobacco grows as a lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turn to gold... to the value of over Rs. 250 Tillion or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

ENRCHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und Oflaughter obacco barn.
Taccu is the industry that brings eployment to the second highest nLimber of people. And these
X4&pll: 17’ E: the tob CCO ETT WTETs, the tobacco Hrweis and those who work for ther, on the lard and in the barris.
For them, the tobacco leaf Teams meaningful work,
clfitable life and a secure future. A good enough Teason for laughtet,
CeylonTobacco Co., Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people.

Page 24
INTEREST FREE CRED CONVENIENT REP
LC
Yes. All and
benefits are y
CEYBANK 'N
Contact the C
CEYBANK C
Bank of
No. 4, BANK OF C
COLO
BE WISE. CARD - WISE
BANK OF CEY
CBarkets to the UNation
TELEPHONE: 447823 - Ex. 418O & 41

Τ2
AYMENT TERMS
)WEST JOINING FEE?
many more fours with the
VISA CARD.
entre Manager,
ARD CENTRE,
f Ceylon
EYLON MAWATHA,
VBO - 1.
ON
@ 5.