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ΑΕΑΜΕΡΑ ΚΑΙ
Three ingredients for prosperity
In an address to the nation shortly after being Sworn is as Sri Länka's elewerth Prime Minister
Chardrika Banda Taraike KUTlaratunga pledged to lead the nation towards prosperity by doing her utmost to cure its gravestills.
TE PTEerie told a tillWide
TV audience that she Would solve
the North-East problem, restore demoracy and re-establish law
änd Ordès.
"We hawe dreårt a The W dreal
for our country, a difficult but beautiful dream. Let us together transform that dream into reality", she said.
Abolishing the executive Presidency
Afrontline minister in the People's Alliance government, Industries Minister C.W. Gooneratne, told We say that the PA, Wascorintitted to abolishing the Executive Presidency. He was commenting on speculation that there was rethinking om this issue in some quarters of the Alliance.
Only the PA could do it
MEP leader Dimesh Gua Wardena analysing his party's rout at the General Elections (notasingle MP elected) told The Island that the people had concentrated on de
feating the then
Hladwated BrПа:
Alliance believin could defeat the
"The people C
for the defeat
Eksat Përa TIL
must accept that rity was nothing the UNP", Dine: who had car pai nationalist platfo
Highest p
MS Candrik Kumaratunga, th der of the Wictori.
nce, polled 464 Wotes at the TEC ctions, the highe came in top of family's home tu District. Her fath
ndaranaike and
Tlawo : RatWatt
Wërë Prime Mini
THE CWicël
TiWolf
North East COm fili
be Rs 25 billion,
fOTTätiOI1 Mi
Senanayake tol sawing could be promises given developmentan
Saild.
The minister E assured of majc COTTmission to ir corruption and n

ruling UNP and sse for the People g that only the PA
UNIP.
annot be blamed
of the Mahajana na (MEP). We the people's prio
but the defeat of
sh Gunawardela gned on a Sinhala
IT, Said.
|referen Ce
a Bardaranalike
echarismatic lea
bus People's Allia588 preferential et GEleal Ele
St OleCord. She
the list from the
Irf, the Gampaha er S.W.R.D. Ba
har other Siri
e Barda rårlike
sters before her.
d from peace
mpeace when the ct is settled Would
, Sri Lanka's neW
lister Dharmasiri
d the BBC. This
used to fulfil the
to the youth, for demployment, he
lso said: "We are rity support for a vestigate bribery,
Lurder".
The Liberals and the RLS de Affair
Liberal Party leader Dr Chanaka Amaratunga who allied himself With the Sri Lanka Muslim Co
mgreSS at the last General Elections said in a paid newspaper advertisement (before the ellections): "It has been brought to my attention that my views and those of the Liberal Party regarding the novel Satanic Vansas by Salman Rushdie have been misrepresented for partisan political purposes and that the totally false impreSsion has been Conveyed that Liberals are hostile to Islam and to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him)......"
GUARDIAN
Wol. 17 No. 9 September 1, 1994
PCE RS 1.O.O
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Placa ColorTibo - 2.
Editor Mervyn de Silva Telephone, 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Saravanamuttu Mawatha Colombo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
News Background 3 Post-Torter of the Elections 4
Polls: Foreign Opiniors 구 COFi:E5 TE
Tig NgW Wawe of ganic
Awakening 5 Drug Pricas TES 277: Clarks's Tal 1ց
Bks O

Page 4
Ace Radio Cab
Computerised meters " Can be summoned to W. No call up charge within city limits Vehicle a Receipts issued on request Company credit aw
Call 50 1502 50 1503 g
éệAset
Another Aitken Spenc
 

Our dOOrStep
ccess from selected stands Bilable
|r ED1504

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MEWG EACKGAFOL/WD
P. A. PROMISES - T
Mervyn de Silva
he visit of Mr. Amarna Werroma, I the
Indian Prime Minister's special envoy, turned the spotlight for a moment on the ExterTal.
if relations with India, our huge neighbour, had been a major problem as in 1988-89, this polls result would have been ideal. We Would h13W3 hädd a ngW PrinTing Ministgr Who is warmly regarded in Delhi. And to back it up the UNP has chosen an Opposition Leader who is the most outspoken defender of the-Indo-SriLanka Peace Accord, anda key player in the Indo-Sri Lankan drama of 1987 and after. The deft diplo Tacy of Prime Minister Narasimha Rao saw a remarkable İmprovementin bilateral relations in the final phase of the Premadasa presidency.
17 years of UNP rule have ended. The focus is on the doTestic. It started in the South. And the spotlight was on Chandrika. And both the talent-spotters as well as the anti-UNP voter, waiting for the "Big One", spotted a winner-Chandrika, the missing perSOmality factor that ČOF Tipleted tha aquation. Anura's departure of course had helped resolve the conflicts within the party. In the South, Chandrika's campaign style and the Solid fact of victory settled the Sirima-or-Chaindrika issue. If there was any residual uncortainty, any linggring doubts, the massive May Day gathering in Colombo, and the huge procession, such doubts were cleared. Chandrika was "the draw'.
The Opposition P.A. romped home. And the South was a perfect field for a trial run. It is the traditional horne (Dutugemunu Country) of Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism as Well as Sri Lankan radicialisT=Leftisrl. Dr. S.A. Wickremasingha, one of the founders of the movement, came from the deep south. So did the Rajapakses. And one of ther, a Tamil won comfortably. In short President D.B.'s "no ethnic problem, only a terrorist problem" Sinhala-Buddhist hardline made little of no impression.
Strange to say, the only parliamentary electorate that the UNP Worl in this contest Wās til å assassilated President Premadasa's home town. The lessors? Premadasaist "populism" did pay dividends, howevermodest. Also, "communalism" was no longer a vote-winner. "Change" was in the air. A demoralised Opposition voter had started to talk of a "Chandrika magic".
And yet, the Stati: look. The UNP had it had Hgld at the Pr. earlier, observed Da A.G. May 1st 1994. signalled in bloods War Ining:
SRI KOTHA
MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY
Evidently, Sri Kot til "GEES" diri",
"While the UNPri the whole, Tissarihah We in derlying ower E fift OfițS WOtĖS LĖ "Wher Line II|Ofë Uri are marginally Willin policies of a post-Pre peasantry of the Dry by the void left by the di Serchlärt That Cra; a champion for their view the revamped of disarray, as a wi UNP", Wrote pseph
He also paid speci servant and the pos ntage voted against resuits Would proba argument that IMF affect the living stand arhdlQWer ITniddle clÉ
ECONOMIC ISS
In the slogan Seventeen-Year-Cu Sewell-Year Itch, T disadvantage. The t the Wer-Tiddle cla the long queue at the rativestore were not we memory of thene under-21 (once the w: ratre Socialist era" ration cards etc. The barrage SO deadly il fire-power this time. housewife had fadec
G00ds Were availa

THE VOTERS WAT
Stics Called for a closer |0St 12 electorate:S tät ovincial poll tem months yalal Abeysekera in the The COver of that issue 'ed a special May Day
ha, the headquarters of get the Tessagel
*tainedits Woter base On lara Tla Was Very decisi3000 i.e. Tore thall One UNP" wrote our analyst. barne Galile and Matara g to be appeased by the armadasa UNP, the rural Zone are disilusioned late President the mass ated by the absence of cause compels them to PA, still in Some degree lable alterative to the ologist Abbey-Sekera.
all attention to the public tal voter. A large parcethe regime. The recent bly help us sustain the -World Bank policies lards of the middle-class i55. Salafiat.
SUE
-and-wall-poster, the rSe quite easily baat the la UNPHäda di Stirlit rials and tribulations of SS and the poor joining a multi-purpose Co-opereally part of the collectiW. Woter (18) or even the ting age) in the "langaof quotas, Shortages, Sri Kotha propaganda the 1977 di TO TE
Suchinertories of the .
ble (tha UNP'sachieve
ment) but at a price and the value of money was shrinking. That meant the salariat and the Wage-earner, including the public servant whose Cooperation is so necessary when fighting an election battle. Likewise the police. Hurt by the economic sqeeze, inflation, he would not cooperate with the ruling party.
And so to the slogan War, the full-page AD. and the wall-poster. One of the most effective was the PA's full page ad. addressed to PUBLIC SERVANTS:
DO NOT BEMSLED BY FALSE PROPA. GANDA ON WAGE INCREASES. OWER THE LAST5YEARS YOURREALWAGES (after adjusting for inflation) DECREASED BY 65. HEREARE THE CENTRALEANK STATISTICS. (1989-1993).
Next to inflation, the PA's deadliest weaporn Was unemployment 12.6%.
PROMISES, PROMISES
The PA's most attractive slogan was bread at Rs. 3.50. This weekend (27-28th) the Chandrika Kumaratunge government kept its promise. The CWE reduced the price of floLiT by RS, 4.35 a kilo so bakers COLuld a sell a 450 gram loaf at Rs.350. Diesel and kerosene prices could also drop 10 to 20%. Soon, the IPA will turn its attērition to LunaTiployment. It was not just the fatigue factor that made a notoriously demanding, politica|ly mature electorate decide that the UNP had Overstayed its welcome but the rising expectations of a new generation, the new 18 plus Woter, over a million. For that same reason the first-time voter would expect quick results, jobs, reduced consumer prices.
"Mrs Chandrika Kumaratunge the victor in this Week's Sri Lankan general election Will need all the luck she can get if she is to turn her complex coalition of opposition parties into an effective government." Observed Stefan Wagstyl, South Asia editor of the Руандуз", "утса,5.
"We are in a tricky situation. People are going to Wait and see before they make up their minds about the government" says Mr. Desmorld Fernando, a lawyer-secretary General of the International Bar Association" (See FULL REPORT: SRI LANKAENTERS UNCERTAIN ERA)

Page 6
A LIMITED SWING THEO
Dayalal Abeysekera
he 17-year wait of the SLFP-led
Peoples Alliance to be voted into 'office' provides more than a legitimate basis for the post-election euphoria. It is equally Walid to observe that the "Candrika Wave" Was only capable of installing a minority government, not too frequent a phenomenon in Sri Lanka, the only other occasion being the Parliament of March 1960. Although that particular Parliament lasted a mere 33 days, the current alignment of forces is bound to be more enduring and most likely to sustain the spirit of the victory of the PA. The post-election fatigue is also likely to discourage potential boat-rockers in indulging in unduly extravagant antics.
Before Wecomeback to some speculative ruminations on the causes of the PA Victory, a closerlook at the statistics within a cort parative perspective is bound to ergage the di SCCerring reader. This analysis will, restrict itself to the 17 districts lying outside the Northeast of the country.
The '94 poll in th descended to Tore than 7.6 percenttur (Jaffпа, a mere 2.3 | Province, however With TOr E tar th rcent) casting their E of previous data pr the Sams Todes of
It must surely be high turnout of voter Elections Of 1994. (81.97 percent, to be outside the Northea being four more oC 80 percent mark ha lati Orl-Wide turrout the district le Welt ranged between 77. to 87.3 percent in Ra stent performance ( (columni in Table), that the poll has be
Percent Polled at the Parliamentary Elections of 1994 and
%COWad af 7.994 Electwo)
நீ Feected s Fஒத es AŠ
WMAP P
Anuradhap Lura 83.9 4.3 43.5 55.2 Polo aUW EE" 3.B. 47.E. 51.2 MOnera gala B5. 9.5 43.B SO. 5 BadLulla 7.B 54. 43.5 2 Ratrapurā B3 斗.9 48. 50.8 Kegalla 82.9 4.1 51. *.9 C Капdy 83.7 5. 52.3 事5.邨 M-lt-E B4.3 5.8 ES 49.g Nuwara-Eliya 83. E. 58. 32.3 9 Kurunegala B4. 事.1 47.Ս 51.9 Putt 77.3 d. 5 45.5 53-6 Garnpaha B1.5 3.6 41.9 5.E.E. 1 Colombo 77.6 3B 418 50.9 7 Kasutara B2. 卓.B 43.E 53.8 2 (EEile E1. 4.0 41.2 56.4 Matri 78.8 斗。器 37.4 59.9 Hambantolta 79.E. 5.2 38.7 53.5 7 Sri Larka (17 districts) B1.97 d.69 45. 515 2 No. of Voters (7,715,239) (362,079) (3,353,523) (3,784,926) (214 Court in No. () (ii) (iii) (iv) (
TCT TTLTOOGT SLTTuOLOCO OOL HC ATL LLTTLTLCTSLTCCCLHHLuuuLLLLLL LL LLLLLL
4

RY : A POSt-mOrten
e Northern Province than a farce with less ning out to Castits wote Oercent). The Eastern did very Creditably 'ee fourths (75.2 peallot; but the absence events us from using апalysis.
relief to note the very sat the Parliamentary
Nearly 82 percent 2 exact) cast their vote 1st of Sri Lanka, there Casior.S 0 Which thig is been passed. (The Was 76.2 percent). At IE WOter tLTOLIt FlaS 3 percent in Puttalarn itrhapura, a Wery Consioutside the Northeast Coupled with the fact en judged as a 'most
fair election held during last couple of decades by all parties concerned, demoCracy appears to have secured the best Victory.
The percent of rejected votes has also been brought downto 4.7 percent (column ii) from an unconscionably high level of 7.2 percent in the Provincial Council. Elections of May 1993 and an even higher 9.4 percent at the Local Government Elections of 1991. Though the level of 'voter illiteracy in 1994 has diminished, Monaragala (9.5 percent) and Badulla (7.8 pe. rcent) are still too high to be tolerated. Nuwara Eliya though still high at 6.7 perCertappČārs to hawe taken Some effectiWe corrective measures to bring it down from an appallingly high 11.9 percent at the 1993 poll. A concerted educational Campaign on a national scale is however needed to bring down the voterilliteracy level to something between one to two percent.
the Provincial Council Elections of 1993 by Major Parties.
7 by
reg LWP
.4 51.g
2 52.3 B 55.7
.5 57.9
.3 52.2
1.9 E.
. 4만..B
5 E32
5 59.2
卓3.6
1.9 SO.
3. 1.
:E 37.6
5 44.2
.4 44.3
.7 45.
4g.g
.9 46.9 711)
w) (wi)
33 POW9ďaľMay 1993 Election by
AW Jier P DLNWF Parfiel5 = P4. DLNWF
35. 10.5 모.5 33.4 12.5 TE 4E.ց 3.g OBB O. 3.7 25.5 13.3 3.3 3B.B 35.5 O8. 만, B 卓5.1 32, 17.0 1. E.F 30.6 17.8 1.9 484 26.1 17.6 3. Ε." 18.7 11.4 TO. ES 30. 35.9 19. 15 55.O. 36.4 OB 2.5 46.2 45.7 11.4 1.5 57.1 38.1 29 2.4 ESO.O 44.0 13.8 .7 53.2 4.2 O9. 모.5 53. 31.O. 13.9 O.9 54. 35.1 15.9 3.2 4.
36. 14.5 2.5 5.
(2,994,353) (2,304,495) (928,590) (157,097) (3,233,085)
(Wii) (Wii) (ix) (x)
Tரி நிர்ரி:

Page 7
In order to provide a meaningful direction to this analysis (which might otherwiSe end up in an incoherent maSS of Statistics), We propose to speculatively pursue the reasons (causations/concomitant wariation) which may have given the PA chance for the first time in 17 years to obtain fore votes than the UNP. On a more restricted time scale, how did the PA which obtained 689,858, votes less thari the UNP at the May 1993 poll manage to obtain 431,403 more vote than the UNP just 15 months later, an attraction of 1,121,261 votes to itself. (This analysis refers to the 17 districts outside the Northeast unless it is specifically referred to otherwise.)
The PA obtained 51.5 percent of the national wote at the '94 pol|while the UNP obtained 45.6 percent thus leaving a mere 2.9 percent to all other parties and continued to Taintain a bi-party stranglehold in the country (columns iii, iv. & W). (In the Northeast, however the other parties commandeered 58 percent of the vote leawing the balance to be shared by the two main parties, 24.5 percent by the UNP and 17.4 percent by the PA.) From the 36.1 percent of votes the PA obtained in May '93, the gain is a very substantial 15.4 percentage points or 1480,431 actual votes (more than what DUNF obtained in '93).
DUNFFACTOR
One-must not lose sight of the fact that at the '93 poll, there was the new-comer DUNF which grabbed 14.5 percent or 928,590 votes from the two main parties as well as the other small parties (column viii). With the DUNF splitting subsequently into the Sri Tali and Gairlifactions and each joining one of the major parties, an intense tussle was on to grab these votes by the two major parties. It appears that the sparring was decidedly resolved in favour of the Srimanifaction and PA. This becomes apparent wheп опершrsшes the relative performance of Colombo and Kandy districts (where Mrs. Atulathmudali and Mr. Dissanayake contested, both of whom, incidentally gained the highest number of preferential votes) at the two elections. The UNP gained 2.5 percentage points and the PA 15.8 percentage points in Kandy while in Colombo the UNP gained 4.2 and the PA 12.8 percentage
points. The fact that as a nowice to politi nearly 150,000 pref пеarly 200,000 prefel Mr. Dissanayake is strong indicatorto su AthullathrTudali Tari passed on to his Widi
The registered Wo elections were differe and 9,412,008 in '94, increase Within the 1 When one considers actual Walid Wotes Ca amassive 968,625 wl increase over the '93 to 7,353,160 (not in T: While the Voter basei 114,266, the cast wi over eightfold. Howd first component of this neered by the higher N sed from 74 percent the Second by the pro in rejected votes (from In a Way, it is this addi and the 928,590 Wote at the '93 poll that h; betwee the two " TE other small parties. improved its position." 2.5 to 2.9 percent 214.711 Wotes, i.e., a or 3.0 percent from the The UNP gained 35. percent while the PA share of 1,480,431 W. of the reallocatable actual lubers of W. assure that all thr were capable of retai Intum each polled in'.
At the district level Shift in terms of bei larger share of the thereby ensuring alat in the Parlia Tet. Il || Could carry only the Tpaha and Colombo ned a proportionate the 15 remaining dist later in August of 19 carry only the district Badulla, Kandy ar which had a dispri share of Tail Vote

Mrs. Atulathmudali ics could corrland eren Ces against the en CeSofthe Weteran
also a sufficiently Iggest that the Lalith tie was effectively
W.
ET DESE, at the twWO ent, 9,297,742 in ’93 аппеге 1.2 percent 7 districts. However, the change in the st the difference is пichisа15.2percent I figure of 6,384,535 able). In other words, increased by a mere alid Wotes increased lid this happen? The Sin Crease Was engioter turnout (increa
to 82 percent) and portionate reduction in 7.2 to 4.7 percent). tional 968,625 votes sobtained by DUNF id to be reallocated jor parties and the
The small parties very marginally from
(from 157,097 to gain of 57,614 Votes 2 reallocatable Wote). 9, 17O Woles or 18.9 grabbed the lion's ptes or 78.0 percent wote. The foregoing otes are walid if we Be party groupings ոing in '94, the qua
3.
there was a major ng able to obtain a proportionate wote ger number of seats May '93 poll, the PA Wo districts of GaWhile the UNP obtaimajority of votes in icts. Fifteel Torts 394 the UNP could Is of Nuwara Eliya, Id Kegalle, all of portionately high rs of Indian origin
domiciled in the plantation sector, the majority of Who Were members of the Ceylon Workers Congress headed by Mr. Thondaman whose candidates Contested under the UNP banner.
This relatively overwhelming change when translated to the 136 electorates outside the Northeast meant that the UNP which carried 104 at the '93 poll crashed to a nodest 44 While the PA ascended from 20 to 92 electorates (3 electorates being won by DUNF). But the proportionate changes are somewhat Todest, the UNP which had 46.9 percent of the cast Walid vote in '93 dropped to 45.6 percent While the PA increased its share from 36.1 to 51.5 percent. The PA's ascendance Was partially facilitated by grabbing the larger proportion of the 14.5 percent of the floating DUNF vote.
The Tore Crucial observation is that in spite of carrying the accumulated hospility of the Voters to an uninterrupted 17-year regime, in spite of a much healed and better organised PA guided by a charismatic new leader, the UNP still maintained its robust constituency. In fact, it enhanced its base of supporters by 359,170 between the two recent elections Wher the i Crease in the actual umber of registered voters was only 114,266; what it failed to do was to capture a larger proportion of the floating DUNF vote and the enhanced cast valid vote due to higher Voter turnout and depressed proportion of rejected votes. But it was still capable of seriously debilitating the PA's victory by denying it the luxury of being able to form a majority government.
Even more interesting is to speculate on What factors may have contributed to making a hapless, rudderless and seemingly impotent PA of May '93 which let an up-start rookie like DUNF (which was not even attacking it at the hustings) grab more votes froT itself than from the UNP in 10 districts, to dress itself up as a much Thore Winnable Combination a There 15 Onths later. The dissolution of the DUNF and the resulting floating of nearly one Tillion votes was certainly a circumstantial factor, not directly engineered by the PA. It was a potentially anti-UNP vote bank but predicated on a more virulent anti-PreTadasaisГП,

Page 8
To its credit is the internal healing of the PA which was apparently engineered Within the ruling family and successfully accomplished (though with some anguish) When Mr. Anura Bandaramaike Was invited to join the UNP and accepted same. Mrs. Chandrika Kumaratunga henceforth was capable of deftly navigating the PA by absorbing the modest Anura loyalists and expunging the hardcore.She Was provided invaluable media support by the AFAMA YA which championed her cause in the "national interest' to the exter of even antagonizing Mrs. Bandaranaike.
With this internal Cor Solidation Kurlaratunga Was provided the ideal playingfield to establish her Credentials as an effective campaigner and a leader when the UNP pulled-off the Fransiscu Affairand precipitated the Southern Provincial Council election in May 1994. The test was if she COuld Wirl back thE SOLuthern ProvinCB Which Was more red and blueprior to 1977 but had since gone somewhat green. By winning 20 out of the 21 electorates and grabbing 55.4 percent of the Wotes, a hereditary charisma was reinforced and enhanced by tangible achievement. A leader was born. But still the UNP's voter base was not seriously eroded.
Within this background of a build-up towards the election, what was it that PA raised as issues that really precipitated the limited SWing We Withnessed at the ellections? To an opposition that had been continuously out of power for 17 years, attack on an incumbent government's policies was a more potent weapon than highlighting one's achievements in agone era. As such, the escalating cost of living, the growth of bribery and corruption to gigantic proportions, perpetuation of Crony capitalism enhancing the gap betWeen haves and hawe-slots, the unresolved ethnic conflict with its unending war Were among the main themes of attack launched from the PA platforms.
While there is the escalation of living costs, there is also evidence of the growth of incomes. If this was a crucial issue why didn't it precipitate a much bigger swing in favour of the PAF
Bribery and corruption is an issue of contention for a minority of the voters, disproportionately drawn from the better
6
educated, belonging middle class, the que ti. Ole fails to See || burning probler is Cultiwa te both1 SE9aS0 to wote because of E Deal. If it was an is mass kind and pert of this issue are re Wotes which Went Way. Crory capital once again to the u busine SS Elite but Wlf mass base is the C opportunities for the though, exploitative commerce, is yetm semi-feudalism withi Zero growth.
ANT-WAR
Our personal thin which precipitated th PA is the Continuan Northeast theatre Wi Sight. The UNP's pel last 10 years was Kumaratunga's pron end the War (ora sigr hope to an appreciat affected by the 100,000 service pers ly from these 17 distri the threat of being ex unending flow of col to the village setting is of what one may W respect to one's lo Serviceman engage one suffering on ada there are at least fou are anxious for the Sa rman ald that each fe of two Wotes. Would votes be swung in faw because it is the onl SaWethelife of One'S
It is all very welltow and allegiance to safe rial integrity of the co, not directly suffer the knowing that a lowed Coffin. The rhetoric When that possibility
Some electoralewic ming to Sustain the rnc

to or aspiring to the si Orother Wise literaTOW a farTler WiloS8 the lack of Water to ns COLld be Swayed ASCardalOUS Air BUS Sue, it was not of a aps the best effects flected in the postal Werwhelmingly PA's SITT I may be evident pper middle-class of latseeps downto the treation of Some job a rural youth which, in terms of global Orē attractive tha a ts promise of a near
king is that the issue elimited swing to the Ce Of the War in the ith an end Still Out Of for Tance during the evident failure. Mrs. TiS5 that te PA WI|| Ial to that effect) gawe ble wote-bank directly War. Approximately onnel drawn primariicts are always under sposed to battle. The firls that Cortle back Sa Constant reminder itness one day with Wedi Orlle. For each there Will be at least ily basis assume that "Tore families Which afety of each servicemily has a minimum n't these one million our of the PA, merely y desperate hope to
lowed one.
oice one's patriotism 2guarding the territoIntry. When ore does a mental anguish of One Will arrive in a annot be sustained is very real.
lence is also forthCOtion that the Sinhala
electorate has become less tolerant of a chauvinistic stand. The MEP which perhaps came closest to representing this stance was unable to secureasingle seat in the legislature. On the other hand, Mr. Wasudeva Nanayakkara who went out on a limb and stated in a TV debate that the right to self-determination for the Tamil cornmunity should be granted (or something to that effect) was rewarded by the Voters of the Ratnapura District with the largest number of preferential votes. (As a corollary to the Sinhala community's Soflering of its stance wis-a-Wis the ethnic stand-off, the rejection of the Tamil chauwinistic overtures of Mr. Ponnambalarn by the Tamil constituency in Colombo is yet another Welcome feature that transpired out of this election.)
The fact that Mrs. Kumaratunge gave a cold shoulder to the MEP at the negotiating table and went out of her way to aCCommodate Mr. Nanayakkara before the elections is perhaps an indication that she had more than an intuitive grasp of the need to find a lasting solution to the Northeast problem. She may hawe regarded the presence of the MEP within the ranks of PA to be an impediment to WOrking towards a Solution during a victorious post-election phase and considered the risk of alienating the MEP voter as an acceptable risk.
The post-election scenario of the IPA forming a minority government dependent on the continued support of the minority parties would tend to bringin more pressuTe towards a Solution of the ethnic Conflict and the War since the latter would receive extremely high priority on the minority parties' agenda. Thus, if the limited swing in favour of the PA was instigated by that Sector of the electorate adversely affected by the continued War in a desperate attempt to stop it and the PA is currently buttressed by a group of minority parties clarnouring for a just settlement, will the new Prime Minister be given the chance to rise above the cacophony of chauwnism and produce apragmatic and lasting political solution to this protracted problem? On the other hand, will she be able to survive in office without conscientiously pursuing such a solution. As such, prospects for the survival of the PA in office appears to depепd very heavily on its capacity to produce a lasting political solution tO the ethnic Conflict.

Page 9
POLAS, PCFEVGWOPVWOMW
Sri Lanka enters an uncer
Stefan Wagstyl
Mrs Chandrika Kumaratunga, the victor in this Week's Sri Lankan general election, is Will need all the luck she can get if she is to turn her complex Coalition of opposition parties into an effective government.
Until she can exerta firm grip on power, Sri Lanka faces a period of political uncertainty which could easily spill over into society апd the есопопу. "Wе аге іп а tricky situation. People are going to wait and see before they make up their minds about the government", says Mr DeSimond Fernando, a la Wyer and Secretary general of the International Bar Association.
Fortunately, Sri Lanka is a country which has learnt to live With political tuoil. Neither the civil War in the north of the island, an uprising of nationalist extreTlists in the South in the late 1980s, nor the assassination last year of President Ramasinghe PrenTiadasa has caused significant social disturbances orthrown the economy seriously off course. It is possible the Country Will Surwiwe Luns Cathed the end of 17 years of conservative rule by the United National party.
Mrs Kumaratunga's most immediate challenge is to hold together her parliamentary majority. With only 105 seats in the 225-member parliament, her People's Alliance, itself a coalition of nine parties, must rely on the Support of at least three minority groupings. Moreover, she will have to co-operate with Mr DB Wijetunga, the powerful executive president, who stands above parliament and belongs to the defeated UNP.
Mr Wijetunga's rapid acknowledgement of UNP's defeat suggests he is taking a conciliatory approach. But he may COme Underpressure froTSoTesections of his party to change tack.
Such pressure may surface soon, as among the main aims of the People's Alliance is a revision of the constitution to Curb the president's powers. This change Would require a two-thirds Tajority in pariament - which could only beachieved with UNP's co-operation. UNP will also be concerned about the People's Alliance's
pledge to staTp o SOITE UNP TETCr. prime minister Ranil' nCëde the réed for laws, they may ball ex-ministers to acco
Economic policy-r Kumaratunga with a challenge.
She has promise government's prom: hawe in the past fiw country fast growth ir and investinent.
But bu SingSSTe First to satisfy her left Kшmaratшпga may | Some gestures-Su We duties on the imp ewenthough the owe will be pro-market, may not. For exampl Considering the futuri state-owned tea in

tain era
ut corruption. While S, including outgoing Wickremasinghe, co
tougher anti-bribery K. at moves to bring LITt.
making presents Mrs particularly awkward
di to follo0W the UNP arket policies, which e years brought the output, foreign trade
See three dangers. -Wing supporters Mrs be tempted to make chas imposing punitiOrt of ILIXLIriES. Next, rall direction of policy day-to-day decisions e, the govеппmentis e of the Ower-lanned dustry, UNP, which
introducedlimited privatisation of the estates management, Wasplanning moreradical reform and Mrs Kumaratunga may be tempted to fudge the issue.
Finally, Mrs Kumaratunga could try to increase Welfare spending. Hermanifesto includes promises of big food hand-outs to the poor. However, she may not be as profligate as she sounds, as such pledges are routine in Sri Lankan campaigning.
Сп balance, businessmen are willing to give Mrs Kumaratunga the benefit of the doubt although they may postpone big in West Tient decisions for a few months. Some executives even argue the People's Alliance will prowe good for business. They say that the corruption associated with the UNP was beginning to harm investment activity.
Moreover, they Welcome Mrs Kumaratunga's determination to end the civil War, in which Tamil Tiger separatist guerrillas are fighting foran independent horreland.
- FÉJti TE
Resurrection
gsed the pale Galielt sire (uľkeď Érl Spairl, herose Lith Stalingrad. Trippürg FISCİstfangs that tore your tfurtuť
ulso huis CalrTL FILLI Līds that only blessed.
Lycle irl TÉTle, corres LFLe ResLLITection s Borde: [E: slaptort Lure! LL TL the ridd right of Maleuolence
,ே ராய்ட
through your chose LOLe
LLOTT LECLITÉ COLLIS LIS fe r T .aIrch this May. she LuÉZl proclair rl. Jmle the grCLCe passLIrging, riser, seet 330085 டிரிப்ேபler, மரTேMழ5 remar fülltrample Orl the gruss, fesaller gold of April
May PLL's of its Scarlesarri boyurus Fue Red Ballers thatkindled yoLreyes.
U. KaIunatilake

Page 10
Lanka's Faith in Dem
Eric Gonsalves
In the eye of provincial elections
last May, Sri Lanka seemed on the Werge of a descentito instability. The assassination of presidential Contender Lalith Ath LlathTTLJIdali and Presidelt R33 Sİnghe Premadasa highlighted a rising tide Of Violence.
However, the popular reaction against the murders, as in Bombay after the bomb blists, brought a consensus that the political leadership should go ahead with businéSS aS USual.
The election turnout was almost a reсогd, an average of75 регсепt. Despite efforts by the ruling party to use its position to bolster its campaign by induce ments to the electorate and the unfair use of goveinment media, it was generally agreed that the elections were free and fair.
Blame. Om Politicians
That was a significant tribute to the people's dedication to the democratic system. It also underlined the reality that much of the violence and malpractice that tend tomar the electoral systems in South Asia is due less to group tensions than the deliberate excaberation of such potential tensions by political leadersfor immeditate gain.
The result of the elections was negative for the ruling United National Party. The People Alliances, led by former Prime Millister Siri Tlawo Barda Taike ad COmprising the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and other left parties, gained the largest Umber of seats in the most important western province, including Colombo.
With the breakaway Democratic United National Front, the PA could lay claim to the two other provinces by a small majority. But the government preempted that by appointing UNP Chief Ministers.
LLT eTeCLuLLCTL LLuuLLLLL LLLLCLGGL CLCCCCTTLtCCTMT Erdeirya/Affairs MMwsfyyy
Pretladasa follow nomic policy. He er Tıt nal Monetary Fundr liberalization has bee
The dor Ilestic and T1TluhitieShaW9 trerT ask only for continue ntry and its policies. T reasonably Well and
WE).
Of the Other har followed a populist employmentand rur: brought to the UNP pporters of the SLF and among the Work
Also, despite the north ard East, he to look after the int. Wetle Musli OH Most of thBITals. Ca
The Sri Lanka Mu disappointing electio ylon Workers Congre of estate Tamils, has of the UNP. Looking to recall that up to repatriation of thes major problem relatic
In the Nuwara Eliy of Councilors electe freely admitted by the qшепce has been t Sinhalia Tiddle class nal base.
Equations within E rties have to be Work Taike is ailing. Her Kumarutinga has de ctoral magnetisman erstwhile heir, her been forced out of th
There is talk of a that Would include th

OCracy
"Eed a tWO-track ECOraced the InternatioЕefoппп package, and in largely completed.
foreign business coedoLJSfTEdo Tard distability in the Couhe economy is doing seems setto impro
Id, Premadasa also policy on housing, al development. That many erstwhile su P iri ta rurali ara S ing class.
Tamil problem in the Tlalde Serious efforts rests of the Tamils, du, Statē Durbā. The into the UNP fold.
slim Congress got a n response. The Ceiss, consisting mainly done Well as an ally back, it is interesting 10 years ago, the e Workers Was the
is with India.
a district, the majority d were Tails. It is UNPtilatte COSEhe alienation of the i, the party's traditio
and between the paKed Out. MrS. Bandadaughter Chandrika monstrated her elledis a rising star. The brother Anura, has Le party leadership.
national government e present UNP, Amu
ra Bandamaike and Gamini Dissanayake, the DUNF leader. The reason for the DUNF disappeared with the death of Premadasa and probably only a rump will SLurwiwe.
Eventually, much will dependon personalities, their competence and image. Ideology and issues played almost no part in the recent elections.
Liberalization and decentralization hawe i gone So far that they Cannot be turned back. Ewel Committed Socialists acknowledge that the private sector will be a major factor for growth. Hence, gaining wotes by using public money for housing or employment will be done under the barner of SCCialisST IS WĊ|thält of market forces.
Premadasa's Legacy
No party can afford to ignore Premadasa's legacy. So they will follow in his footsteps to the extent that yields dividends and use the labels that Suit the T.
There is an effort to forge a consensus on changing the Constitution to revert froп ап execшtive presidency to a parliaTentary System. This, too, Would alter the ground rules.
The government has been able to put down the Sinhala extremist JVP in the South by resorting to considerable force ad at til The S dubio US methods. But the Liberation Tigers hawe not succumbed to force or blandishments, although their area Cof Corintrol has been CirCUTSCribed.
The LTTE'Salmost-Certain inwolwerelt in Tluch of the pre-election violence and the assassinations Was mot used to prewent Tamils from participating in the electoral process, пог were they backward in doing so. But the north and east still remain outside the political process. Until they are brought in, the overall problem Will res Thain UlreS0|Wed.

Page 11
On Subduing the LTTE
Since the LTTE appears to hawe mo intention of accepting anything but defacto independence, it will hawe to be subdued by political and military attrition. The question is Who has the Will.
Fomal COI1wEntions Existin SOLth Asia for cooperation in dealing with terrorism, as do for limited exchanges betweensecurity and intelligence agencies. There is, hOWewer, a need to address such problems jointly and in greater depth, as they
See T to hawe COTIT the Causes behind TI the local population
But this is not to Su peacekeeping force.
The Suicidal tEdE probleerTS åCTOSS b0 for what it is - self Cooperation by fost makes South Asia a ctive place for those
A return to Uncertainty
eople in the Sri Lanka Freedom
Party (SLFP) still talk about it with awe. For the elections in 1977 - which practically blanked out the SLFP and the then prime minister Sirimawo Bandaranaike from power and hasn't let them back in since - Junius Jayewardene's United National Party (UNP) had adopted a low key, Surefire method of campaigning, Wolunteers stood in bread queues, bus queues or at any Social or political gathering and started discussions on how the SLFP had taken the Country to the brink Of di Saster.
"It was a brilliant strategy", says Sunethra Bandaranaike, Sirimavo's eldest daughter. "We thought people Would appreciate what my mother was trying to do for the country. But we had not expected such a groundswell of reaction".
This time around, as Lankan voters go to the polls on August 16, the clock may be turning back. Chandrika Kumaratunge, Sirima Vo's second daughterandanointed successor, poses the first real leadership alternative to the UNP in many years. The SLFP is also a leading partner in the People's Alliance, a grouping of nine parties including the Muslim League and the Left, formed aftersnapparliamentary polls Were declared six months before the election deadline. And the ruling UNP, in a wastly different political situation, and bereft of strong leadership since President
Ranasinghe Premac last year, is pullingol in Control.
An opinion poll Co day was in Col. eligible voters - ow Sinhalese-ford|th Wote for the UNP, Alliance, While a sig Were still undecided. Cted to be the key ele to cross 113 Seats, absolute majority in: Parliament.
Currently, manifes help. "Both the parti On the Same linesion it is corruption, liber: or the North-East (TE blem", says J. Kadeg COTTentator.
The main political Lanka's system of switched from power to absolute power Sources closea to | Pri nge and Prime Minist nghe say that Ewen if hawe to COI sider We mentary system. Th advocating parliam saysit wilalsopush sk require a two-thirds

on bases eradicating ilitancy and delinking front the militants.
iggest another Indian
2ncy to exploit ethnic rders must be seen destructive. It inhibits ering suspicion and peara SaleSS-attrafrom other parts of
lasa's assassination It all the stops to stay
Iducted for We Sombo among 1,600 er 90 per cent were lat 44 per cent Would 23 per cent for the |nificant 29 per cent . This bloc is expcement for either party which would give an Sri Lanka's 225-seat
sloes are not Tuch
2S aTe ITIOre Or lesS Tim Ost ISSLES, Whether al есопопnic policies Amil separatists) proarTma, eCono:Tnistand
issue this time is Sri govеппапce, which to the prime Tinister With the President. asident D.B. Wijetuer Ramil Wickrer Tasithe UNP wins, it may rting to the old parliae Alliance, besides entaгy sшpremacy, raruling that doesnt majority for ame
the globe who may be interested in econo
Tic exchanges,
Relations improving
Relations with India are steadily improwing. Both sides hold similar views on the LTTE. Economic ties and other exchanges are growing. The value of regional соорегatioп is appreciated.
The Indian Tamil issue has disappeared. This augurs well for the development of a TOTE-effective South Asia Association for Regioinal Cooperation,
ndments, and scrap the system of referendum Which allowed Premadasa to postpone elections and continue in power.
Any which Way, both sides are likely to be in for some nasty surprises. For the UNP, it could be a power struggle between Wickremasinghe and Gamini Dissanayake, a Jayewardene protege. "In fact", says a senior government official, "the reason behind the President declaring early ellections may hawe as Tuch to do with stemming further rot in the UNP as catohing the Alliance off guard. The UNP will hawe to do SOr The housecleaning".
And if the Alliance - mainly the SLFP - Wins, it could, on its part, face trouble ES SOO1 aS | Tiristerial berths are allotted. Besides, it will hawe to deal With a president- Who is also the head of the cabinet - from the UNP, Presidential elections are due this November, and the new head of state Will assume office only next February, which could be a prime recipe for a political crisis.
Also, neither party has yet factored in the LTTE- and a war that is costing the exchequer about Rs 1,600 crore a year - in its plans. "I don't know What will happen after the elections", says Christihe Edwards, a Colombo housewife and an undecided. "Or if voting will make a difference. But it's time Sri Lankagotsome
peace".
– Wü 7óóry

Page 12
India should keep her h
lin amo in7řerview With J.A7. Jayewardene
Mayank Chhaya
Ormer Sri Lankan president Junius
Jayewardene has said India should continue to keep her her hands off Sri Lanka but acknowledged that lately new Delhi has adopted the right approach.
She (India) had already Sullied her hands. It is not trusted by its neighbours, especially here. The best thing for her to do is keep her hands off, Mr. Jayewardene said during an interview while responding to the question if India had any role to play ir Sri Lärka.
The former president, 85, now leading a retired but an agile life, agreed that during the past five years India's approach towards Sri Lanka had gradually it proWed.
Mr. Jayewardene spoke of the Indian role during fortner prime minister Indira Gandhi's government with particular candidness. Asked if there was a way to solve the Tamil insurgency problem without compromising the country's integrity, he said the insurgency is almost finished. It Would have been over a long ago but for India.
Asked if he was saying India had sustained the insurgency, he told India Abroad News Service India had sustained, financed and trained the Tamil insurgents both at the Tamil Nadu golwernment lewell as well as help from the central government (under Mrs Gandhi) against a democratically elected government.
He said even former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi had started off on a Wrong note but he quickly realized and then began to cooperate with the Sri Lankan government in fighting the insurgency. Rajiv and became very good friends and he helped us take up arms (against the insurgents), Mr. Jayewardene said.
On whether he thought the government
O
of Prime Minister P. was approaching the non-intrusively, he s adherent to that (the and keeping distance
But Mr. Jayewarde but Mr. Rä0 S (19 ( (referring to lndia's pi
On the outcore elections he said he polls were peaceful. of happiness Or LInh rdict, Obviously man a change, he said.
Mr. Jayewardene WIBWS On the raging C OOttO aboliSte 2: Which he originally 19 FOIS, HE SE I WitOL ty it will not be possi Alliance to abolish t dency.
It has worked Well: Well. But if there is any it should be under the a two thirds majoritya Mr. Jaye Wardene sal tive presidency Wa France as Well as in Saif me here.
AskEd if thETE Cũ| incompatibility betwe nce government anc Party President, Mr. Jayewardene said th we like igпогапt peop margin it (the PA) can the executive preside and work together.
However, he saidt shortening the term c as the presideпсy fr years to four or five

ands off Lanka
W. NESilla RC Sri Lankan problem said Mr. Rao is an policy of Cooperation
).
ne purgently added if one billion people opulation).
if the parliamentary was happy that the There is no question appiness at the Wey people wished for
had unambiguous bät 0WET WEthgT Kecutivepresidency,
introduced in the ut a two thirds majorible for the People's he executive presi
ind thinkit Will Work change to be made constitution through SWell as referendur i. He said the execuS Working well in he U.S. and it is the
uld be problems of en a People's Alliaa United National D.B. Wijetunge, Mr. ey shoLuld not behale. With the arrow not possibly abolish ncy. They should try
here was a case for if parliament as well "OT the CLur Tert six a years. When the
six-year-ters in was introduced, there was a lot of development work needed in the Country. But now that we have taken care of most of that development work, we can hawe shorter termis, hē said.
Mr. Jayewardene said the Sri Lankar economy Would remain on course if it Continued the economic reform and carried on with a free market economy.
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Page 13
Opposition victory may
Merwyn de Silva
“W/ሮ are committed to free-market
policies. We Will| hawe a Clear ECOnomic policy and the private sector will be its main promoter."
So says newly installed Prime Minister Chandrika Kumaratunga, leader of the People's Alliance Which won Sri Lanka's August 16 parliamentary election, Dominated by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party of former Prime Minister Sirima Bardaralaike, Kumaratunga's mother, the Alliance is a coalition that includes communist factions. In her heyday in the early 1970s, Bandaramaike, along With Indira Gandhi in India and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Pakistan, epitomised the populist-socialist policies then prevalent in South Asia.
But clearly, the new generation of South Asian leaders hawe al|got the free-market religion. In India, Prime Minister P. W. Narasimha Rao is busily dismantling the licence-and-permitraj, While his Pakistani Counterpart, Benazir Bhutto, is presiding OVer a major privatisation of state assets. In that context, Kumaratunga's statement only provided fresh proof of how completely the old economic ideologies have been swept away in the region.
The United National Party (UNP), which until its defeat at the polls held powerfor 17 years, had generally received good marks for its economic policies. But some Concerns Were raised by a package of pre-election goodies that President D.B. Wijetunge introduced earlier this year. Inflation remains at double digits, and Kumaratunga will have to keep her campaign promise to lower prices. To that end, she has kept the key portfolios of finance and planning for herself.
Sortlepolitical analysts also believe that the Alliance's victory has raised fresh hopes of an end to the 11-year-old civil war with Tamil secessionistguerillas in the north and east. Kumaratunga has said she is willing to open unconditional talks with the Liberation Tigers of TamilEelam, who are fighting for a separate homeland in the north and east of the country. In an apparent indication of her determination to find peace, she has held on to the new portfolio of ethnic affairs and national integration.
The prime minist ahead of her. The el executive presidenc November. Wijetun contest the poll, an will be opposed by B
The Alliance hash; to change the execut old parliamentary sy two-thirds majority.
Lacking a stablem Kumaratunga has to of the minority parties Concentrate of the Alliance was denied the election because than 50% of the pc partiаппепtary seals give ita clear plurality house. By the same manage to get a res. Wote, which translate parliament.
The new Alliance: pendent on the Sri ngress (SLMC), whic and has promised to nga, and as Sorted Ta them former separati: may not go ower Well w lists.
Already, Some oft rties are asserting the ssion of the role of gover tent, its lead Said: "The SLMC SHO granted". Asked to "She Kumaratunga this is not an Alliance Alliance-SLMC gover.
But Ashraff also gav Supreme compliment
sciär. "Whät Tladerflt ka was the fact that Sinhala leader who identify Sinhala chau are opposed to Tam Muslin chauwinism. | a Sinhala leader who hala chauwinism is t bloodbath in our cousil

pring ethnic peace
r has a busy time ction for Sri Lanka's must be held by je is expected to i many believe he andara laike.
ld to postpone plans we presidency to the stem for Want of a
ajority in parliament, Zount on the support Todo thatshe Thust thnic problem. The a clear Tandate in
it did not get more pular wote. Its 105 are not enough to in the 225-herber token, Lhe UNP did jectable 44% of the 3d into 94 seats in
administration is deLanka Muslim Coh W01 SSWEr SEäts
support Kumaratumilgroups, some of stguerillas. Butthat With Sinhala national
hе поп-Sinhala paTselves, in a discu
the SLMC in the ler M.H.M. Ashraff uld not be taken for 2xplain, he added: should realise that government; it is an
lent".
"e Kumaratunga the from a minority polia sign with Chandri
She Was the first had the courage to inism publicly. We hil Chauvinism and am convinced that is opposed to Sinhe an SW er to the
try".
Ashraff's Comminēts Seem to hawe emboldened S. Thondaman, leader of the plantation Tamils of the central highlands. Thorida Tian has been a meTiber of UNP cabinets for the past 17 years, but has now informed President Wijetunge that his party, the Ceylon Workers' Congress, will "function independently".
Thondamandid not insiston his indepeidence when he was a minister informer President Junius Jayewardene's cabinet, 1Or When he Served the late President Ranasinghe Premadasa as his tourism minister. But Jayewardene and Premadasa had clear majorities in parliament. In today's changed circumstances, both the Muslim and plantation Tamil communities are redefining their relationships with their Sinhala-Buddhist partners from a new position of strength.
In the eye of the ethnic storm, of course, are the TarTnils of the morth and east, mot those of the central highlandsor the Tamilspeaking Muslims of the east. Kumaratunga will have to respond soon to the statement of Anton Balasingham, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam spokesman, who has welcomed her unconditional offer of a negotiated Settler nent.
But President Wijetunge has retained the defence portfolio, which is crucial to the government's handling of the Tamil insurgency. Kumaratunga said: "We intend to end the ethnic Conflict as soon as possible. I hope to have areasonable working relationship with the president". Most analysts believe the Tigers are far more interested in talks with the present government than the UNP, which always insisted they lay down their arms first.
Meanwhile, troubles abound within the UNP camp, GaminiDissanayake, a senior minister who opposed Premadasa, is making a strong bid to oust ex-Premier Ranil Wickremasinghe from leadership of the UNP parliamentary group. The feuds that onceraged between the various Bandaranaike family memberSSeem to hawe receded into the past With the Alliance victory; now it's the UNP's turn to be riven by dissension.
- Far Easte/77 Ewan W. Fewey
11

Page 14
Sr Lanka tilts to th
he president of Sri Lanka, Dingiri
Banda Wjetunge, took a gamble when he called an early parliamentary general election. He believed that Sri Lankans, however fed up with the ruling United National Party after 17 years in power, would shy away from the left-leaning People's Alliance. With a parliamentary victory behind him, he would enter the even more important presidential Cointest in November confident of Victory, It hasn't worked out that Way. The UNP lost on August 16th, albeit by a small margin. Mr Wijetunge could go the same Way in Nowenber.
The new prime minister is a almost certainly Chandrika Kumaratunga, a mOther of two children and daughter of SiriTawo Bandaranaike, a prime minister back in the 1970s and widow of yet an earlier prime minister. She was expected to take office on August 19th. Mrs Bandararaike-albeit she is learly 80 - now hopes to join her daughter in power by beating Mr Wijetunge for the presidency.
The People's Alliance won 91 directly elected seats and 14 allocated under proportional representation, a total of 105, in the 225-seat parliament. One of its allies, the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, Won nine seats. The election commissioner, announcing the Alliance victory, was apparently satisfied that it Would command a majority in the new parliament. The UNP won 94 seats. A number of small parties shared a few seats and are likely to support the Alliance,
The campaign had had brutal moments, with at least 20 political Workers killed. Mrs Kumaratunga claimed the government was plotting to kill her. But election day was fairly peaceful, with the army Out in strength to protect the polling booths. Not in the far north, though. There, where the Tamil Tiger separatists are active - in Some areas in effective control - there was no voting
The market economy was the Central
12
issue in the election. the country's prosperi growing at more the People's Alliance sai policies had led to C and corruption on as in Sri Lanka. The A. restore the Welfare
есопопу.
Just what sort of W been explained. Afte called in those daysfrom Britain in 1948, cal care were free. subsidised. Legislatic Was the most a dwar
title Mrs Bardarana
Trent Wa:S throw { 1977, Tore than hall Welfare.
The SWitchfrotar
the Work of Jurmi LIS J wyer who led the UN пmajorityіпрагliamen Welfare payr TnentS, Sl, The top rate of incol 65% to 35%, indire:
gap.
The darker side to the poor hawe becom people hawe grown v - very rich indeed, 40% of the populatic line. Inflation is high mpant in high places accused of it; many Crats are. Most pe Lanka needs a gow to look afresh at the: more important ewer the Tigers, which is ned.
The new govern without the presiden a constitutional Shi Jayewardeme that tr to an executive pres

e left
The UNP pointed to ty, with the economy un 6% a year. The d the government's iouble-digit inflation ale It 5GBI Jeffe Iliance promised to state and a mixed
relfare state has not Ceylon - as it was - Wonindependence education and medi
Basic foods were on to protect Workers Iced in Asia. By the ike's socialist goveUt in the glection of the budget Went om
market econd Thy Was ayewardene, the laP. Backed by a huge the slashed almost bsidies Were ended. Te tax was Cut frCIT1 ct taxation filling the
the economy is that epoorer. While a few isibly-andirritantly Some eastimate:S pout I below the powerty and Corruption ra... Mr Wijetunge is not inisters and bureauople agree that Sri ernment With the Will se problems, seen as I thiain the Conflict with at least being contai
Tert Carlot do TLCh t's consent, thanks to ft engineered by Mr ansferred real power idency, a posthetook
himself. His successors have retained this system. Mr Wijetunge thus is head of state, head of government and Cortlander-in-chief of the arried forces. It is he who summons parliament and appoints the prime minister and other ministers of the cabinet. He also presides over the cabinet and can hold any portfolio he wishes; Mr Wijetunge is both defence and filmar Ce Tinister.
Even if Mr Wijetunge loses the presidertial election in November, he will hold office - short of a coup or revolution, neither of them the least likely - until the end of the year. Though his parliamentary ploy has not worked, he will be hoping for conflict within the Alliance. And he may not be disappointed.
Mrs Kumaratunga was the star of the election, sometimes addressing 30 meetings in a day. She has the sort of energy (and family connections) that put Benazir Bhutto into power in Pakistan. She and her mother have been struggling for supremacy within the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, the main party in the Alliance. Mrs Bandaranaike, imperious though infirm, is the official leader of the opposition. Her daughter may be none too keen to see her in the presidency, not least because Mrs Kumaratungaherself has presidential ärTibitions.
The UNP will not easily live with its defeat. After 17 years, its tentacles extend right down to the lower levels of the bureaucracy. In the election campaign it reminded the electorate that, when Mrs Bandaranaike was in power, there were bread queues and a ban on restaurants serving rice more than twice a week. One пеwspaper wrote during the caГпраlign that Sri Lankans had to choose either to hold their noses and vote for the UNP, or to close their eyes and vote for the Alliance. For better or worse they have shut their eyes and hoped for the best.
-- E!!fldrylist

Page 15
Conflict and responses to
Kumar Rupasingha
Increases in the devastating effects of violent interna reassessment of political approaches to conflict and grea development of preventive diplomacy as an effective inst transformation of complex and protracted internal confli at both the national and international levels, Leaders humanitarial and developmentagencies, human rights or organizations, the business community, the media, gov necessary to formulate and implement a viable policy fre
While during the Cold War the West focused on global conflict through the storting lens of the nuclear threat haging over all humanity and judged all CETer Conflicts als Thore Or leSS Critical, depending on the degree of Superpower involvement, now We can clearly see that these old and newly emerging conflicts h3 We had and Wi|| COntinue to ha We their own complex dynamics. The dilemma faced by Western governments and pubics is that current man-made Catastrophes and threatened catastrophes can no longer beneatly categorized, explained or understood as proxy wars of other types of offshoots of the Superpower rivalry.
Globally there were 50 serious and emerging ethnopolitical conflicts in 199394, according to Ted Robert Gurr, head of the "Minorities at Risk" project. GUT attributes 26.8 million refugees to these conflicts and about 4 million Cumulative deaths over the duration of the Conflicts listed. The Departinent of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University has compiled an initial list of 28 major armed conflicts in 1993, defined as conflicts which hawe produced more than 1,000 casualties in a particular year, as Well as 22 minor conflicts (less than 1,000 casuaties in a year).
The UNDevelopment Programme, in ils How77av7 DеиёNoуу77ёлf Reporї ї994, states: "During 1993, 42 countries in the World had 52 major conflicts and another 37 countries had political violence. Of these 79 countries, 65 Were in the developing World".
ttLLtTCL COLLH LLuLLT LL LCLGLLLLL LLmmLT LLkCK under way for rose than a decade,
taking the Wves of four to six Won people. Since 1945. Tore than 20 тWотдеоде /haие оWea Mтиагs ауто"
Weyer/WS.
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OLeeeL K YeO LLTeTm0L0O LLTLL0OGOH G0HOOOLLTS LLOLLL LL 0LeOLGOLGLCCCTTLTOCGCOCC C LHO S GHCCLGGGOueOGHHOHS LATCLCLS
i.
"Lessons frc
ProfeSSOTEC books and article Philippino expeгi "Community-ba Philippines". Th and Analysis, wł place at the Facu
PIOfeSSOT GaTC: acade Illics as well пalfога, ехрresse He further obser conditions WCIe also cautio II need ag process" fог пагт
Proceeding to 80,000 people h; COITICS OWE"ll primarily due to pressure on the S
Professor (Gär backed by pract ISG "BETS OF TESOL till:
* COIII in III heilt.'
* Citizens parti
figure high on " Recognizing t
COIlfideICE-El һапness suppң
"Searching for phobla vis a vi
* Defining thes " Identifying are
isSLIES.
* Til fel
* Monitoring пnt * Long-teIII 1 Pe: * Looking for di
Following the anongst the audi
and journalists.

Conflict
Il conflicts since the end Of the Cold War DeCessitate a ter emphasis on preventive strategies and activities. The rulent for the peaceful and constructive resolution and cts will involve sustained, multi-dimensional approaches hip and contributions in expertise and resources from ganizations, the scholarly community, Conflict resolution ernments and inter-governmental organizations will be Limework to advance preventive diplomacy.
om the Philippines - Lessons for Sri Lanka"
arcia of the University of Philippines and author of several is on theories and practice of conflict resolution, as well the ience with internal conflicts, presented a lecture entitled sed Strategies for Conflict Resolution: Lessons for the le talk was organized by the Centre for Policy Research lich is a liliated to the University of Colombo. The talk took lity of Law recently. ia, Ino strangerto Sri Lanka, hlasirinteracted with Sri Lanıkarı lashuilla Ihrights and political activists invarious inlcIIlatiold anguish over the unresolved internal conflict in Sri Lanka. wed that this being the "Election Year" in Sri Lanka, the favourable for a "bipartisan peace initiative". He, however, ainst the tendency on the part of politicians to use the "peace Ow political cnids.
he Philipinno case, Ed Garcia pointed out that more than ad been killed in ethnic conflicts, as Well as in relation to d. The advance made in resolving the Internal conflict was "Citizen Participation" in shaping events and in exerting State. AI GLEITI:lla S like.
la, whose specially is Illethodology of conflict resolution cal experience, placed before the audience what he telled 2n"- or Reflections on 12 essential components of conflict
to a negotiated political solution.
ripation to ensure continued vigilance that priority issues
the пational agenda.
le need for 3rd Party mediation.
lilding between parties in conflict and strong leadership to Jrtsor peace process.
acceptable processes aimed at overcoming mistrusts and is each other.
Lubista Iliwe iSSLICS.
as of convergence, before proceeding to tackle contentious
de-milita Iization of conflict,
chalisIIs.
lice Education Programmes.
ferent alteIIlatives,
resentation by Prof. Garcia, there was a lively discussion ience which included academics, students, political activists
13

Page 16
A broad Survey carried out by the PIOOM Foundation, a non-partisan, Dutch-based nonprofit organisation conducting research on causes of gross violations of human rights, listed 160 wiolent and potentially violent domestic and interrational Conflicts in 1992.
P100M's survey for that year enumerated 32"outright Wars", in which there were at least 1,000 battle-related deaths per year, another 69 low intensity conflicts "in which the violence is more sporadic and less intense", and 59 serious disputes "in which one of the parties has threatened the use of violence or has deployed military troops or made a show of force". The number of outright Wars and low-intensity conflicts outweighing the serious dispute Category, indicates the potential for escalation to low-intensity conflict or outright war.
Whilst there was a decrease in global spending on armaments from 1987 to 1990 of some S 240 billion, military speriding in many parts of the World, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia, did not decline. In general, wiolent conflicts hawa led to the diversion of SCar Ca reSoLCestowards Tilitary spending. According to the UNDP, in 1990-91 all developing COUmtries spent the equivalent of 60 per cent of their combinged = expanditures for education and health on military expenditure, compared with 33 per cent in industrialised countries. Among the highest proportional spenderson arms and arTed forces in 1990-91 were: Somalia 200%, Compared with health and education speInding; Ethiopia, 190%; Angola, 208%; Yemen, 1.97%; Pakistan, 25%, India, 138%. ¥ಗ್ಧ 222%; Iraq, 271%, Sri Lanka, 107%; Syria373%. (Hamam DeveКортелf Reporї /994)
Countries which hawe experienced war are extremely Wulmerable to further dewastation. A U.S. aid delegation warned recently that 20 million people are at risk of starvation in nine African countries, including more than 6 million in War-torn Sudan, Sortalia and Rwanda. (femato
a/Headrille, Wine 7, 7994
Further research findings
1. Most of today's conflicts are internal, rather than inter-state. According to the UNDP's Hewmar7 Dewe koymay7ť FerooW7 1994, only three of the 82 armed conflicts between 1989 allid 1992 Were between StatBS.
2. Civilians, make up the vast majority of casualties in today's Wars, according to the UNDP, as much as 90 percent.
3. Internal Conflicts hawe Created the greatest forced movements of people since 1945 - in 1993, 18.2 million refugees and 24 million internally displaced, according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. It has been estimated that this total could rise to as many as 100 million people by the year 2000.
14
4. There is a wide tions of the escalatio and attempts at meC
5. There is a lack frameworks for Cor resolution.
6. The massive p arms throughout the the scope and lethal
7. Landlies are nately, render was dangerous for civilia
POIS in
SLudha Ranmach
Call for boycott
As usual, the Libe Elam (LTTE) has call elections,
Whether ElectiOS 5 Jaffa ha5 begrithem in the present pol||S. district returns 10 mE It has an electorate of of whom live in area: Where Colombo has a military presence, for a boycott of the pol rtion of this populati exercise their franchis
With most people ir away from voting for the question Lupperm Whether the choice of living in areas cleare accepted as represe Jaffna District. HOW CI сtiоп? Moreover, are areas really free to Wot
De fir?
Challenging the le ctions in the penins. petition in a Colombo holding elections in Jë cles 4E and 93 of th guarantee the right tc of Voting age. In the Jasna, a freg and f franchise Will not be p
Moreover, since the is using an electoral 1986, thos Who atta then, are being denied Despite these walid ar TULF, the Court has Jaffna will go to the px
While the atmosphe by the LTTE is far frc election, the situation the army is no better. tig EPDOP is i fir cadres are preventing parties from campaigs

- gap between indicaIn Öf intérflä| COf|cts Fiation.
of effective regional flict prevention and
iroliferatio of S Tall World has increased ity of War.
ofte used indiscrimiit areas extremely Ins and artiOurt tO a
lingering legacy of destruction.
8. Strong linkages between criminal activity and conflicts such as drug trafficking and gun-running and extortion.
9. Violent internal conflicts lead to gross abuses of human rights and humanitarian law, as well as genocide, as in Rwanda.
10. many of today's conflicts are identity Conflicts, where granting substantial deVolution of power or territorial autonomy Would likely bring an end to the violence.
To be continued
Jaffna : a futile essay
andra
ration Tigers of Tamil ed for a boycott of the
should be held at all in OStCOtrOWerSiaiSSUB
The Jaffa electoral Eers to ParliTEL 5.5 lakhs, the majority s under Tiger control, neither a political nor With the LTTE calling ls, a significant propoOf W| bé LIIlähle to
Tiger territory staying ear of Tiger reprisals, st on many minds is a TEIE 2000). Votes i by the army, can be Intative of the entire Pedible is SL-ChanelleWOBS ir the Cleared eard will the elections
gality of holding elleula, the TULF filed a Court. It argued that ffirma ContrawerneS ArtiE COristituti0, Which Wote to Ēvery Citizen situation prevailing in air ExerCiSE (Of OITES OSSible,
Election Commission register prepared in ined Woting age since their right to franchise, uments made by the acted the petition and ollS aS Scheduled.
are in areas "liberated" Im Conducive to a fair in areas "liberated" by in the outlying islands, control. Its gun-toting Cortestants froTother
ing,
The Government's law and order machinery is conspicuous by its absence. Will the UNP allow its ally, the EPDP to carry weaporSeven on polling day and to tamper with the polling proces? That the EPDP WiI be allowed to do so is feared by many.
Unlike the 1989 elections, when the contestin Jaffna was primarily between EROS and the TULF-EPRLF combine, these groups seem to have little chance of winning now from Jaffna. There has been no scope for political Work in Jaffna since 1990, and groups like the EPRLF hawe lost Whatewar little support they may hawe had them.
The Contest in the currentelection appears to be mainly between the EPDP and the SLMC, While the former is likely to win from the islands, the latter enjoys support among the Muslim refugees living in Puttalam, who were driven out of the peninsula by the LTTE.
As for the LTTE, despite its boycott call, it is believed to be supporting "one of the independent groups". Apparently, some carididatė.S in the East hawe og IOWdto Carpaign by the local Tiger leaders. Yet, in comparison to 1989, the LTTE's involvement is rather low key, for in 1989 the LTTE mot only expressed tacit support to the EROS list but also many Tiger sympathisers were known to have contested on this list.
No credibility
Few in the Tamili aras beliewe in the usefulness of the elections and Parliament. The Contestarts areaWare that the elections Will mot Solve the ethnic problem. Yet, they are contesting to keep Tamil representation from falling into the hands of the Sinhalese parties. The Tamil people then are comfonted by an election which to them has neitherany USenior Credibility. Undoubtedly, the conduct of elections in Jaffra is not indicative of a return to normalcy in the region.
By holding an election in the Tamil areas, perhaps the Government is trying to prove that it is in control. However, by thrusting a farcical election of Jaffna, the Government is fooling no one but itself.

Page 17
The new wave of Islamic
HASSAN AL - TURABI, the "spiritual chief of Suda on questions of human rights, minority rights and the
A new mature Wave of the Islamic awakening is taking placa today from Algeria and Jordanto Khartoum and Kulala Lumpur. As first evidenced in the Iranian revolution, this awakening is compreheinsive-it is not just about individual piety. it is not jusy intellectual and cultural, nor is it just political. It is all of these, a comprehensive reconstruction of society from top to bottom.
This widespread Islamic revival has been given impetus by the vacuum left by a bankrupt nationalism, especially Arab nationalisII, and African socialism. The post-colonial nationalist regimes had no agenda but to throw out their perialists. Once they achieved their goal, they had nothing to offer the people. Then they turned to Socialism as an alternative to the imperial West. Now, like everyone else, the Islamic World S di Sillusioned With S0CialliST.
The Islamic awakening began to build in South Asia and the Arab World, as well as in Iran, in the 1950s - participating in some governments in the 1970s. Perhaps due to the limitations of language and access to the sources of Islamic law, the expansion of Islamic Consciousness came Somewhat late to North Africa and then South of the Sahara. The Gulf war, which brought foreigners into the vicinity of our sacred religious centres in Saudi Arabia, gawe an enormous boost to the movementin North Africa, not only among the general population but also among the elites.
The new and critical aspect of the recent Islamic awakening is that the elites in the army and government - the so-called "modern" sector-are themselves becoming Islamicised.
This has already happened in Sudan and is in the process of happening in Algeria. In 1985, the Sudanese army led by General Abdel Raman Siwar el-Dahab intervened to stop Islamisation. But his efforts led to an uprising by junior officers Who supported Islamisation.
The form this Islamic awakening has taken has depended on the nature of the
challenge from the challenge was wery
TGVerment beCame West. The US iden the Shah's effort post-Christian-West list, sexually licentio ted in term S of drin Ayatollah Khomeini
Castle fixated on Co Satan".
In Malaysia, to ti example, decolonisa ther gently. So the less on the Connor Timon ideals. The a thus been Tore i COr revolutionary reactio
AWakenedlslarm tc with a sense of ident life, something shatt ColonialisT1. In the Afi cular, it offers a sens TCE
lslam provides a f minimum consensus regionalism and tril been so devastating The idea of the "nati thing in this regard. E African nations are colonialist cartograph
Moreover, the Isla provides the people values, Whichthey ol not because they ar. Tent.
In the wake of the C totalitarianism in thE Eastem Europe, the endlessly of the rebi that sphere of activit of govemment. Butor lost the shafa as the colonialism did theys rience of absolutist g
Under sala nor his own people. So protected and Societ People felt that then

: awakening
Ln's Islamic military government, responds to criticism case of Salman Rushdie's apostasy
West. In Iran, the sharp, so the Islamic Obsessed with the tified so closely with to introduce the lifestyle - materiaus, highly emancipaking alcohol - that and his followers benfronting "the Great
ake one Contrasting ation cate about raeople there focused 1епепmy thaп оп соWakening there has structive than Iran's
.
Iday providespeople ity and a direction in ered in Africa since rican Context in part2 of common allegia
ocus for unity and a in the face of the Dalism i Which hawe y rampart in Africa. On" has offered noVeryone knows that only the legacy of ES
mic code of shari'a with higher laws and Jey Out of belief and I enforced by gove
lapse of materialist Soviet Union and ! West has talked th of "civil society", "beyond the reach y When the Muslims r binding law under iffer the bitter expeWETTt.
ler Could Suppress the indiwidual was WaS a UtOOTOLUS. Irms that governed
the society were their norms because they Were God's laws.
The colonialists did away with that, introducing a sense of alienation between people and government with their secular laws divorced from indigenous values and internal norms. That alienation remained as the legacy of colonial rule. Even if there were formal elections, people just elected their tribal relatives or voted for those who would give them money. There was no representation.
Finally, and fundamentally, neither nationalism nor socialism could mobilise our societies to develop. Religion can be the most powerful impetus for development in social situations where profitand salагу incentives are insufficient.
When people are taught that agriculture is their jihad their holy struggle, they will go for it in earnest. "Be good to God and develop agriculture'. That is the slogan that is transforming Sudan from near-famine to self-sufficiency in food.
To the rich West that may sound strange. But what role did Puritanism play in carving America out of the wilderness? What role did the Protestant ethic play in the development of the European economies?Religionisamotorofdevelopment
Those who fear (or seek?) confrontation with the Islamic awakening point to several areas of clashes with the West: the rights of women, the rights of non-Muslims, the penal code under sharia and the case of Rushdie.
Let me respond. First, on Women. It is true that a very powerful tradition developed in some Islamic Countries that segregated Women from men and deprived them of their rights of sharing equally and fairly in society.
With the new revival of Islam. Women are gaining their rights because no one can challenge the Quran in the name of local custom or convention. In Sudan in particular, the Islamic movement сагтпраіgned forgiving Women their political rights. Now, Women not only have equal educational chances but are playing Substantial
15

Page 18
roles in public life - some have gone to parliament. Women returned to the mosque as Well.
On the rights of minorities, undershana there is a guarantee for non-Muslims of freedom of religion and cult. Private life, including education and family, is immune from interference by Islamic state law.
Uri der Such Cowellants irn IslaITiiC hlistory, for example, alcohol was free to be consumined in the Jewish or Christian qua
ter"S,
The Sharia itself is Tot Ole Standard Code observed Worldwide in a monolithic Way. It is applied in a decentralised way according to warying local Conditions. Different MuslisT COITITIUnities haya différent Schools of law.
On the penal code, when Maj. Gen. Gaafar Mohammed al-Nemeiry applied the shari'a penal code in a makeshift manner back in the 1980s as a political gesture to demonstrate his Islamic Commitment, it brought worldwide conde
Innation of cruelty ar rights. As a result, ma that, under the rule { of theft Will result in SL the sewering of hands
ThlatİS Cottrug. OWE OT S0 there hawe bt Sentences bCCaUSe, U listered Islamic law, required is very high.
The Whole idea is punishmentWith majo in order to morally e Petty theft is punishe tha i TÕSt Of the W
Om Salmar R Lushdi not be convicted of Islam is very univers: It does accept territ jurisdiction. Thus, th Islamic State does nol state.Those living ab to SlarTiC laW bUt tO obligations between:
DFLWG APRICES
Third World,
U.Karunaltilake
п a recent Newspaper feature a
medical administrator who appeared to be saying things sweet and reasonable about drug policies Suddenly slipped up with the phrase "Third World Generics". Insidiously implied was that Generic Drugs made in the Third World Countries were third class Here was the sorry spectacle of a creature who owed his education, his job and his salary to the poor of his country, deliberately devaluing the rationals of the WHO policies for Third World Self-sufficiency in medicines.
Since the early '70's WHO had intensified its efforts to bring effective Health Care to poor populations mainly by bringing Primary Health Care and Essential Drugs, within reach of Third World Budgets. In this effort WHO was fortunate at the time to be able to enlist the dedica
16
Fifth C
ted assistance of H TldWid Who hladd COr to the Social Welfar CHärter.
In Lanka this effor by Prof. Bibile and WHO auspices set drug rationalization standard for most p. had identified these grappling with healt not just by powerty bu tional activitives of M aggravated these prc
Drug rationalizatio some extent by the C Wities of the Gover Strializgd Countrie:S engaged in curbing M

di abouSee of humā ny in the West think аf sharia every act Jch punishments as i Or. EVET ExeCLutİOrı.
arthe Past two years en only two such Inder properly admithe degree of proof
lo associate. Se Were rtheft as a deterrent ducate the people, dno more severely
rid.
e in Sudan, he could apostasy. Although alin its implications. 3ry as the basis of e jurisdiction of an extend beyond that road are not subject
international treaty StatBS.
Within Muslit states, it has been a traditional view that public apostasy is punishable by death, subject to trying to persuade the perpetrator to change his mind and recant. But, from the early days of Islam, apostasy completely coincided with treason, because warring societies were based on religion and someone who publicly abused his religion would objectiWely join the other party as a combatant.
Today in Sudan Such intelectual apostasy as Rushdie's is not punishable by death. It must involve active subversion Othe COStitutional Order.
The Islamic awakening has reached a new stage. It is no longer interested in confronting the West, in fighting with the West. The West is not our preoccupation. We are COICerted with the Constructive regeneration of our societies by mobilising our souls and our minds, not fighting "Great Satans". Except when a policy is directed against Islam, the West is not the enemy for us.
Watkw Pairsprawffïwa5 (Pwlldyfarw
Column
Ball Wörkärs WÖmitted themselves a ideals of the UN
t was spearheaded is tea Who under up a procedure for lāt 5 bēcālē or countries. WHO countries as those problems created t by the drug promoultinations Who had
bolemS.
n was made easy to brug Regulatory actients of some indu
which Were also Multinational profitee
ring, Monopoly Mowes, and the promotion of irrational use of drugs. Fortunately the Health Administrators in the Industrial World upto two decades ago were mainly those of the Post War, Welfare States interested in the well being of their people. With Reaganomics and Thatcherism breaking out in the sewenties Drug Regulation in the Industrial World was given a subtletwist that ensured once again the dominance of the Mutinational Corps. Just as Reaganomics and Thatherism got under way with the use of Wierd Victorian Vocabularies so did the spillower of these policies into the medical field also rely on such Wocabulary. The catchphrases of the New economics Were.
1. Market Oriental growth for the
Health Sector
2. Market – Orjerted in Owaition, in Wes

Page 19
stment, andreturnon Health Servi
CS.
3. Market Oriented Researchard De
welopment 4 AO|It Of CCtrOS
5. Profitability of the Health Sector, the pervasive motive for the progress.
This vocabulary of catchphrases took the idea of profitable investment in Human Suffering from the Multinational Corporations to the Actual Health Services and the new generation of Health Workers of te '80'S.
Wittistu in the 80's the Multinatinal Corporations begain claiming that a large percentage of their Budget Was innovation and research expenditure.
The "Research' consisted of picking up leads frot fundariental researh Carried out at WorldWide Centres of excellance and following upavenues that gawe promise of quick returns. Unfortunately in the Pharmaceutical Industry 'quick returns' are obtained from areas of Wide spread suffering like Aids, Anxiety States, Asthma, Allergy, Cancer, Diabetes, Gastritis, Hypertension, Insomnia and Skin Ailrments.
The result is that research Workers, in research based industry keep driving (or being driven) round in the same profit obsessed circles all the time.
All the losses in the Multinational Corporations from poor decision making, outright corruption, inefficiency, bribery of Governments, and downright Corporate ignorance get camouflaged in the area of tax exempted Research expenditure. Even if the mountain has laboured long to bring out a product which does not sell against the established drugs or which cripples or maims its users the research which Was apparently unable to predict its clinical failure or its ill effects gets tax exemption.
Also tax exerpted are all the so called New Product Development Activities for suchdud products as well as legal comperisation paid out to victims of ill effects. The Multinational Dividends paid out of all this blunder, deceit, murder and Ilaiming, is of course like in the armaments industry
the creat of the sha
Innocent of all this ctual ErdeaWOUrthe at İnternational Cent ntinue to spew outf tion which is gree Multinational F 8 D: rted into their So-C;
perty.
A depressing exa is the application of
ital discoWerieS ir which hawe SWLung W of the hands of Me ndations into the Cl The tragic side oft maSSes in the de Wel Countries Wh10 USÉd at a nominal COSt Wil: tions: 0 both SidaS Curtain now find the prices for vaccines THgSe Multirational: they pass a millior ill-earned profits to : dations, are actual tle WHO On their t Re:Searchard DEWI Some Research Fo abdicated the functi ngineered waCiclines may be failure of a established or a ; mass administratiot Even so the MNC in function of Judgear as has happened in gerants, and leade TTE OS II olEr Enwicornmental mon
With a fraction of (to keep these MNC prices further) Gow set up a Worldwide biotechnology units, test and Tonitor ad Waccines the World II
WHO has already of Essential Drugs: nka, the country of it Rationalization proc
1. Created a II Drug Industry in th stries or Which th

ire Ilarket.
abuse of their intelle"eal research Workers Eers Of ExCeller Ce COLurdamental inforT Taldily pounced on by and shrewdly transfoalled intellectual Pro
Imple of this process the borilliant fUr da Temolecular biology accine production out dical Research Fouches of the MNC's le Jokgere is that oped and developing
to get immunization the Research tituOf the erstWhile IrO Whave to pay fantastic
fTO Multiraticals, s who cooly claim that or two out of their SOITE RESEach Fou= y being subsidisied by ax tales of losses on alopment. Worse still Lundations hawe eWe on of testing the bioeAdverse effects, or vaccine is now often statistical basis after in the Third World. Wolved takes Over the ld Jury and Repriever the case of fluoro-refidi fuel S and TräTSfoareas of Health and itoring.
the Subsidies paid out 's from putting up their Trents could have net-work of appiled to research, produce, ministration of, all the
eeds at low cost.
acheived cost control
So that, except in Lasconception the Drug eSS has:-
HSSive Wiable Generic C|ridustrialized COLe American Federal
Drug Authority has after careful investigation and follow up delivered a verdict of soundness, safety and cost effectivness rating above the MNC's.
2. Setupa Third World Network of UN sponsord DrugFactories in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Pacific Region which produces high quality generic drugs to meet Govement Tender requirements of these countries, as well as a vigorous Export Market in each region.
Hence our Medical Administrator's belitting and patronising comment on Third World Generics' signals a new emerging Class of Third World Administrators nurtured on the toil and suffering of Third World Populations but ready to betray their people for personal incentives offered by the MNC's. Falling for private promotional goodies is bad enough but getting even partially brainwashed by the pseudo-scientific promotional claims of the MNC's is a griveous insult to the Universities they attended both at home and abroad.
I Lika thiS , MNC'S Fifth Calur of administrators, professionals and Sometimes (sad to say) Academics has from the eighties systematically dismantled the clean edifice conceived by Wickermasinge and Bibile and built by Bibile and his inspired team.
While in the country of its Conception the mopping up operations of the Witch Hunt against Drug Rationalization are nearing Completion and the last of these who co-operated in Bibile's great adventure are in the Sniper's sights, those inspired by his ideas are sowing the seeds of Scientific Welfarism from the Atlantic to the Pacific. May be even these workers Will be targeted by the MNC's because the MNC Fifth Column apart from gaining Control of Governments appears to be infiltrating into severa UN. bodies like UNIDO, WHO and UNCTAD. In fact, quite a few of those administrators, in our own Health Ministry who violently opposed implementation of the Bibile-Wickramasinghe reforms Compelling Bible to go to the Ministry of Industries for implementation have subsequently become sundry WHO Officials around the World on the basis of Bibile's reputation.
THIRD WORLD BEWARE
17

Page 20
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Page 21
2077: CLAAKE'S 74IE
Think about it: killer Con
Arthur C. Clarke
Af. 0946. GMT on the morning of 77 Septerлбаг л the axceptioлаMybаалfffйл/ surfiner offhe year 2077, møst of the Inhabitants of Europe saиуа са 22/пg fire
as appear in the eastern sky.
Мои/лgу аf 50 ki/оллеfers a secoла, а thoшsana" forms of rock avтаулmeta/ Mтураcfeď on the plains of northerr Malý, desfгоуїл9 f7 a fеиv f/алт/ng тотелts the AEO of cases.
779 CWYWes of PlaNLa av 7 Waror7A WAFA? wiped froT7 the face of the Earth, and the Дasfg/ories of Иалѓce sалk fогеиег БеLCTY YLuO L0CCLLCLCCLLLL LLLCLTLTLkL carT7e f'W LWY7dering lar7dyawa' affer the Whaлл7егѓ/оиv froл775pace.
AffагfЛeMт//a/s/7осќ, л7алќѓ7a"reасfeа! With a determination and a unity that no earlier age could have show. Such a disaster, if was realized. Tilght not occur agasnfora shousand years = Bufffrngsif occшг fоллогroии. .... So begал Pro/ecf Sрасадуtлага!
- "Feofaszys Kaiff Fāf7ā," 7973
COLOMBO -- S00 after the last fragments of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 crashed into Jupiter last month, thernorsoon skies above my home in Colombo cleared momentarily and 1 hurried to set up my 14-inch Celestron telescope.
I didn't really expect to see anything, so could hardly believe my eyes when clearly observed a line of dark bruises spread out across the planet's southern hemisphere.
Some imaginative souls suggested that he comet might have a catastrophic impact on Jupiter, but its effect will be largely cosmec. And it will certainly have no effect on Earth, despite the inevitable alarmist Wamings by religious fanatics.
Eut the spectacular collision between the enly discovered cornel with the solar Sistem's largest planet has brought sudden new attention to a genuine threat: the chance that a rogue Cornet or asteroid could strike Earth, with possibly devastating conseque
CES.
As a result, the fictional "Project Spaceguard" described in my 1973 novel will now begin in reality if Congress approves an Tendent to the 1994 NASA authorization trequesting the space agency to identify End catalogue within 10 years "the orbital characteristics of all COmets and astėroids
The author of "221A Sacre Oyssey, "wemilltirling the CityT7YTITLW7 kg/kW7.5 557 fe'i ŵff2.
greater than one kilort around the Sun that Earth."
Though this amend the Shoemaker-Levy result of an "Internatic Detection Workshop" tional Aeronautics an in 1992. With a nod Farra," the official r was entiled the Spact
| Wonder What Thi hawe thought of these of his farious remark te landing in New Eng that two Yankee pro stones fell from the sk
Certainly no one col quickly and how dram: soapparently remove would become prime
In view of the numb century alone - mos asteroid that exploded the force of 20 hydrog a very good case for possible dапger, parti cost är Thong mations W mpared with Tnost nati
(Historians might als rtake Some surveying. meteor-impact Craters found until We started there may have been c have been misinterpri morrah hawe a good casualties. How many
Many people would know of impending co Could be dona to a Wert warning time- which Would prowide — We si lop the technology ne even destroy, such int C8.
There are at least oncoming asteroids ( sins, might be deflecte force approach: nuket larga bomb-probabl or the equivalent of a high explosive - coul many fragments.
This would not ne thing, because somec be heading straight t
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ets are Out there
terin diameter in Orbit Cross the orbit of the
ment was prompted by comet, it is really the hal Near-Earth-Object organized by the NaSpace Administration to "Rendez was it port of this workship guard Suгvсу.
mäs JefferSon Would developments, in view in hearing of a meteoriard: "I'd Täther beliėwe essors lied than that y."
ild have imagineed how atically a cosmic event i from everyday affairs title news,
er of Collisions in this it notably, a comet or in 1908 ir Sib Bria With en bombs - there is a global survey of the cularly as the shared ould be negligible Corial defense budgets.
o be advised to undeJust asthe n'UITherOUS On Earth Were newer looking for them, so isasters in history that ited. Sodom and Golaim to be meteorite others are there?)
probably prefer not to Smic doorn, if nothing it. Yet given sufficient We hope Spaceguard Could be able to deweessary toward off, or Jders from outer spa
three ways in which * their cometary Cou. The first is the brute e beast. A sufficiently in the gigaton class, }out a billion tons of |split an intruder into
essarily be a good the pieces might still Ward us. The atmo
sphere, however, would burn up most of the smaller fragments, and at least instead of massive devastation in one area there might be minimal damage spread over numerous sites. Needless to say, such a preemptive strike is advocated by enthusiastic and currently under-employed bomb designers.
Perhaps a better solution is one adopted in another novel, "We Haley of God" in which a potential killer asteroid is detected a year before it will collide with Earth, giving astronauts barely enough time to make a rendezvous and deflect it into a har Tile:SS orbit by mounting rocket thrusters on its surface.
Given enough warning time - at least several years-this could be done with very modest amounts of power. An initial deflection of only a few centimeters, at the beginning of a multimillion-kilometer journey, could ensure that the asteroid steered Well clear of Us.
Although the orbit of a solid body like an asteroid can be calculated Centuries in advance (once the object has been discovered) the rocket-thruster solution might not work so well with Comets. These flying icebergs Warmupas they approach the sun and begin to went gas. The resulting "jet propulsion" makes their future position uncertain, so if we ever have to deflect an oncoming comet, We would have to allow a very significant safety margin.
An even more elegant solution has been proposed by scientists at NASA and elsewhere: "Solar sailing." The plan would be to attach a huge lightweight mirror of metal foil to the cometor asteroid, capturing the minute but continuous pressure exerted by sunlight. Unfortunately, the acceleration produced by this feeble pressure would be sominimal that years, even decades, of warning time might be required,
All these solutions would require a vast investment in new technology. But people who say "Why waste money on space? should remember the dinosaurs, whose extiinction it is now widely believed was caused - or at least accelerated - by the impact of a giant meteorite around 65 million years agC.
And NASA's increased commitment to identifying threatening bodies in spacecould have another benefit: it could give new inspiration to America's falgging space program, and restore some of the lost magic of the Age of Apollo,
— ? Meg Hy York Eres
19

Page 22
AEFOCOAG
EXTERNAL COMPULSONS OF SOUTH ASIAN POLITIC Greater Kailash Market-1, NEW DELH-100048. 1993. Rs 3.
A Semblance of South A
Punyapriya Dasgupta
This is äTOHET Sēlir är related book. SoTB of the articles included in the Wolume Were written for a seminar in early 1989 at the University of Colombo. Others are reprints of papers published elsewhere, a couple of articles were written by the editor of the book, Shelton Kodikara, a Colombo acadernic, to give the publication a semblance of cort prehensiveness.
The Ford Foundation found the outcoT of Suc exeri Teritoriju enough to be encouraged with agrant and the resultis, as the blurbo Says, a publicatil thlåt "WillitergSt Studgts of South Asian politics and international relations".
The book retains in its title the theme of the seminar: External Compulsions of South Asian Politics. Its purported aim is to explain how the international systern has influenced the regional subsystem of South Asia and why the South Asians themselves invite external powers to Corne and play SorTerole in the Scene.
The parts played by the United States, the BrStwhile SOWiët Union arld to SOThe extent by China are dwelt upon. And since, by the time the publication of this book had been arranged, the Gulf War was fought, it was thought necessary to have a chapter om the impact of this important event next door, on the South Asian peoples. The task of Writing this piece fell to ProfK.R. Singh of Jawaharial Nehru Uniwersity,
Of the thirteen professors and researchers contributing to this book, four from Sri Lanka make the largest national group - understandably, because the seminar Was held in Colobo. Of the others, three are fron India, two from Pakistan and one each from Nepal, Bangladesh and USA. All of thgh do sliot Writt about the Exterslial compulsions of South Asian states.
The longest essay, of 35 pages, by Shaukat Hassan of Dhaka University is devoted entirely to the ethnic issues that hawe provoked questions on internalistability in South Asia. After a survey of the problems of the Chakmasin Bangladesh, of the Sikhs and the Assamese (but surprisingly, not of the Kashmiris) in India, of thePathans, Sindhis and Baluchis in Paki
2O
stan and of the Tami kat HaSSarı lists the of the ethnic Challe nation-states in the:
In South Asia thé national integration p. they Soшght to repre the salience of Cultur rsity within a polity.
Jinnah's rejection
nal language of Paki spoken by the major the beginning of the With the creation of nhalese rejection of of Sri Lanka into its st The competition fors SCarCe econorrlic of tes ethnic tension, rnments run by na remove ethnic griev: tical parties rise an mands.
On the main topic external compulsion principal thesis has What has been des chapter" of the book Rias of Quaidi Azam bad.
Briefly, it is that SOLuth Asia haWe lar process of external that amity or enmity the global powers -South Asian relatio the lost.
This Pakistani pr India's population re capability are-far gre med strength andre: the South Asian Cou
This StrLICLIral iml nue to remain a SOL
the region unlesse
is acknowledged by other South Asians most likely, Pakistan jects a military CapE counterbalance indi:

S. Edited by Shelfton U. Kodikara. Sage Publications, M-32
25. pрЗ52.
sian politics
ls in Sri Lanka, Shaureasons for the rise
ges to the so-called
Subcontinent.
ruling elites' ideas of rowed faulty because Iss or ever eliminate alandlinguistic dive
of Bengalias a natioistan, although it Was ity of the people, Was process that ended Bangladesh. The SiTari|thTEW, the Island ill unfinished civil War. CarCe reSOUrCëSard portunities aggravaAnd when govetional parties fail to nces, Sectarianpolidamplify ethnic de
: Cof the book, that is, sin South Asia, the been presented in Cribed as the "core contributed by Rasul University in lslarma
interrial Cornflicts ir gely determined the interactions and also between of among has influenced intrans Only marginally at
ofessor admits that sources and military alter tail the COThbiSources of the rest of
tries.
JalarlCE WOLIld COslliIrce of Conflict. Within ither India's primacy Word and deed by the Or : SOTIČOr els - — асquiresапdproability big enough to
From this viewpoint the development of nuclear WeapoSn by Pakistan can be justified. Rias is aware at the same time that although a nuclear parity may produCe Strategic Stability, the "traditional riwalry" between India and Pakistan is not опly unlikely to end but may even enlarge the geographical area of competition.
Pervaiz Cheema's 'Security in South Asia: An Approach' is a reprint of a paper first published is South Asia olfax. This professor, also of Quaidi Azam University, paradeshis government's propaganda on Kashmir with some academic make-up. He See:S the "Kashi Tiri iritifada" as the "universally acknowledged product of a new generation of frustrated young KaShrTỉfls rather tham (a). TTlanifestation of Pakistani efforts".
He seems unaware of the fact that in the original intifada in Israeli-occupied Gaza. Palestinian children fought with stones and slings and not with the Kalashnikow rifles which their elders had used in the sixties and these wenties. In Kashmir Pakistan supplied the separatist militants it had motivated and trained, with abundant Kalashnikows and other Weapons.
This Pakistaniacademic has many solutions to Kashmir's problem, from which he wants India and Pakistan to choose. His preamble is that India should not insist on treating Kashmir as integral to it when Pakistan refuses to accept such a posttion. He suggests partition of Kashmir along the river Chenub leaving wery little of the State of Jar TuS Kashmir to India.
Alternatively, he is for Pakistan-occupied Kashmir to remain With Pakistan, Jammu and Ladakh with India and the Walley to be placed under UN trusteeship for ten years after which a plebiscite should decide. Whether this Core of Kashmir should join Pakistan or India or become independent.
Cheema concedes that these solutions may not be the only ones available. His anxiety is that the Kashmir issue must be settled and only then will nuclear development, domestic upheavals and outside equalisers lose their potency.

Page 23
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Page 24
His previous four bo This One is a
THE POLITICs
T. D. S. A.
A detailed
the General E
Printed and
Swastika
TO BE RELEASED ON

Oks Were best – sellers.
masterpiece.
OF SRI LANKA
ру
Dissanayaka
| account of lection of 1994
published by a (Pvt) Ltd.
SEPTEMBER, 5TH 1994.