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PITY TO SANITY
- Vaasanthi
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KET AND WELFARE
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FLICT
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WHITE HELMETS
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Page 3
WAR AND PEACE
THE ARMY HTS BA
Mervyn de Silva
he LTTE has suffered heavy
casualties -at least 75 dead, a CCOrding to an SLBC report - and lost a network of nearly 45 Well-laid bunkers in the latest Army operation. Commenting on "OPERATION JAYAHANDA," Brigadier Gemunu Kulatunga told the pressin Colombo that the massing of LTTE cadres around the FDL's of Palaly, a strategic base, had been reported in the past few weeks "while negotiations were still in the preliminary stages". Brigadier Kulatunge was obviously underlining the fact that the LTTE was "preparing forwar while talking peace". The attack on the Tiger bases was led by Brigadier Asoka Jayawardene, Commander of the 1st Services which includes the 3rd and 4th Armoured Corps. The SLAF provided air cover,
The Army operation was obviously planned immediately after a suicide Squad of "Sea Tigresses" destroyed the SL Navy's SAGARAWARDENA, north of Mannar. At least 31 sailors, including the captain, were killed or taken captive. Monday's onslaught on LTTE bases in the north has served as a much-needed Torale-boosting exercise. The question is what impact this return to "war-war" will hawe on the "jaw-jaw" that started With the bold and enterprising initiative of Colonel Anuruddha Ratwatte, deputy Defence Milister's visit to the North and Prabhakara's own comments in a face-to-face erhCournter in Jaffrha With Arlandi Suriyaprakasam, the BBC's Tamil program organiser.
In a connected development the World Bank Cautioned Sri Lanka that "new eCOnomic policies to Curb powerty and unemployment shound be prudent" but also welcomed the government's new effort to find a settlement to the problems of the north and east. It would be the single most important step that could be taken to unleashing the nation's energies, it was important to attract foreign investment. The "peace dividend" is indeed Crucial to the new P.A. administration.
Commenting on a statement by the newly appointed Secretary to the Treasury, Mr. A.S. Jayawardene, Prime Minister Kumaratunge's economic adviser Dr. Lal Jayawardene, the former Director of the elsinki-based UNU-affiliated WIDER research institute said that the UNP had
increased the budge dollars. The Presid: Central Bank or the finance the UNP's "Welfare package." desperate Wote-cat are spending over 2 Of GDP or defence, rupees on War-relat refugees. The drair Saidim ar interwiew 60's and 70's the i than one percent of is also lew thinkin community that the Iatch dolar for di developing Countrie director Gus Speth
voice. Apart from i Otr COTSideratiO4 The finest eaches a war-affected area
its WE WILL W P.A. had the follo Wii
A POLITICAL S. ETHNIC PROBL NORTH-EAST W DAWNS
But WBI t5 BB karan, the LTTE st request to make - base at POONER He said "there are Jaffna penisula ar l3d. Thg Sirhäal routes sealed with Jaffmain a finala SS all'OW CiviliañS tOUS from the peninsula to take the sea rout: and acts of chivalr hawe erabled Our by sea, the Kilali rc Welcome if the gow route for people an people will greatly: TTT1ght Withdrg Witr{
But for the army of LTTE TISSåC: Te including Offic a "Tiger" night-raic rmer Army chief tolk with the Jaffna pE independent"EEL territory and natura

CK
tdeficit by 448 million ent had not COSulted Treasury on how to
May Day giveaway Plainly it was a last ching gimmick, "We Obillion rupees or 4% and another 3 billion ed problems such as is far too great" he W With th3 LG, l1 t8 sland spent no more GDP headded. There g in the international rich countries should ollar defenCe CLuts in STETTUNDP is one such influential пWestппепt, there are S, tourist for instance. are in the north-east,
INElection poster, the ng as its first promise:
SOLUTION TO THE EM. WAR ENDS. PEACE
Cilt:WiW Prabhaprero had a specific - the heavily fortified YN Should be closed. Woland routes linking dit Other liSe army has kept tWO an intention to attack ault. The army will not i.e. these routes to and so all our people hawe 3. Enormoussacrifices y by the 'Sea Tigers' Jeople to travel safely Jute. It Would be most elent allows a laid dgoods. I am sure our appreciate if the govebiops from Pooneryn..."
Pooneryn is the site rein which nearly 400 erS Were bLutCheredin I. "Profil&karar" å foHthe LGis 10t Satisfield minis Lula for his future AM". He needs people, resources to build his
mini-state. He needs land since his people are not only fishermen but farmers.
The Army High Command is preoccupied with morale. The senior officers are morally answerable to their troops. After tig - SAGARAWARDENE SL uicide . Ett Ck,
morale was loW.
The PA has to satisfy the "peace constituency", of which the minorities area wital segment. Mrs. Kumaratunge, Who Was associated with her husband Wijay's peace initiatives, including a visit to Madras had credibility. And she used that to Taximiseher electoral Supportagainsta UNP led by a President who had said there was no "ethnic problem" in Sri Lanka, a rejection of President PrerTadasa's line,
(Солtiпшod олpagа 15)
GUARDIAN
Wol. 17 No. 11 October 1, 1994
PC. F.S. 1.
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Place ColOTTEO-2.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Sarawanamuttu Ma Waha, ColorTbO 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
Chandrika KumaratLunga's
|triy The Future of Presidency Est to PluiST
Sik NEWPTETET 5
The Disinterict of
Skeletal ReTaim5 7
NalilaisST. rh. Conflict
Collic Resolution 13 Responsas to Conflict (3) Arlending the Constitution 19

Page 4
  

Page 5
Offering the Olive Bri
Vaasanthi (in Jaffna and Colombo)
S 3 Tedi Cal Studert i Jaffa
University, Wasu has barely had time for studies. Or to think of a Career. He has been too busy coping with a life of trials, War and deprivation in this strife-torn peniInsula, seeing little else in his 24 years. NOW, barely a month after a new Sri Laikai Gwerrimelt haSibeer Sworm in at Colombo with Chandrika Kumaratunga as the prime minister, he feels things will change.
Arld WalSL – With 75 lakh Others in an area that still reverberates with sporadic gunfire as Sri Lankansecurity forces fight the LTTE — Will hawe something to look för Wärd to. "We fel Caldrik Wi|| do Something positive," says Wasu. "There is hope that peace will Come".
The question is When? Ever since Kumaratunga's People's Alliance coalition assumed office in mid-August, offers of negotiation leading to peace have been flowing fast and talk in both the Tamil strongholds and among the majority Sinhala turns as much to peace as it does to the Crucial presidential elections due in November. Though Kumaratunga claims that people voted herinondemocracy and anti-Corruption issues, the fact that solving the crisis was a major manifesto promise, that moderate Tamil parties lend support to herin Parliament to maintain her majority, and that Sri Lanka bleeds off close to a quarter of its revenue on civil war costs and that 1500 people hawe died since 1993, all indicate its importance. "We are enormously sympathetic towards the people of Jaffna," says Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar, "But everything takes time. We have been in power only for a 10th and We hawe dore a fair amount. I can't tell you when the cease-fire Will be declared".
As of now, both sides are posturing to inch towards the middle ground of detente. LTTE spokesman Anton Balasingham talks about how Kumaratunga is the best bet for peace in years and how she is Welcome to Jaffna the minute she
reciprocates the LT cease-fire. "We are -fire," says Balasing nga, reacting to L" Pirabhakaran's Offe unconditional talks Sked the LT TEt mattings.
This oliWg branc But, mutual animosi tically built upower t and Kumaratunga' attractive, Will hawe SSures as Luch fr Sinhala decisionma United Nationalist
BltTen Ched bureau the armed forces, f0 a lessening of clout tions. "I don't only h nOW." KurTiaratunga adds: "I am always finish off people W
E".
While this state politics of violence, it issues of peacemak are three questions. Government absorb administration that Lanka, running ever to overseeing bus TWO: OW WiI| Kull moderateTarThilalie red if the LT TE is af rtinence in the he Would the north-eas is, or Will it be furth - the first Would be MLJ SITTIS ad te S tľOLJ ble betWC the although it is said expressed the Willing Sri Lanka Muslir C rtäst AIliäIC8 TIETib
EWE if all this is a good chance that Soric difficult-to-acc bargaining table.K.

anch
TE's suggestion of a pleading for a ceaseharm. And KumaratuTTE leader Velupillai :r of a Ceġa sal-fire and on September 5, has name a negotiator for
I Wawing is Welcome. ty has been systemahe past three decades S approach, though to withstand the preT te LT TEST kers: the still powerful Party opposition, the cracy and certainly, r whom peacemeans and defence allocaave political enemies told India. Today. She aware that the Tigers ho don't agree With
lent underscores the also throws up critical ing. Essentially, there Ole: Flow Will theneW the parallel LTTE-run Iolds Swayin north Sri ything from the police iness and taxation? aratunga balance her s Who Could be ange:Corded official pre-e- W. StrLICLUTETo Thtgg: st province stay as it 2r carved, or merged 2 to appease Sinhala eCOrld Could lead to Ta Tills and Muslims, ta till LTTE IS gneSS to approach the onference, an impoEr Obroker täKS.
Worked out, there is the LTTE Taymake ept demands at the Jrraratunga will then
hawe to balance the defenceservices and, POSSEly, resurgent Sinhala Sentiments. Also, it may actually provide Pirabhakaran and his Tigers with more clout, at a time When it is St||| difficUlt to tg|| Whetherhe has lost any of his influence in Jaffna. There is a possibility, say government Sources, that he could demand all army Camps in Jaffna to be shut down, The TOrient traffic to Jaffna is clear, and the ECOmor Tricembargo completely lifted, Pirabhakaran is likely to strengthen his image as the sawiour of the Tamils. Another demand that the Governmentis expecting is that the LTTE will ask that the army take its permission before moving anywhere in the pgпіпsula.
These demands will certainly raise goWernment hackles, especially when the LTTE is already Tanoeuwring the situation its Way. For instance, it has raised the India bogey by pointing at A.N. Werma, principal Secretary to P.W. Narasimha Rao, Visiting Colombo as Rao's personal emissary. "If the talk:S fail", "Says Balasingham, "We will certainly not be the reason for it". This is the danger - even before talks get going, the prospective participants are already setting up defer1Ces in the Event offailure.
At the same tirtle, the latest peace Toves offer the best chance for peace in Sri Lanka since the ethnic problem blew up in 1983. Moreover, the timing is fortuitous. Pirabhakaram realises that the Tamils are weary of deprivation and War. Militarily, the stalemate continues and in recent months, it is the Sri Lankan Army which has claimed more successes than the LTTE. Finally, Kumaratunga's move in partially lifting the economic embargo in Jaffna within days of her swearing-in has given the indication that she is serious about solving the ethnic problem, unlike her three predecessors. The Tigers' official response calling for unconditional talks has been equally heartening. After what seems like ages, Sri Lanka's most famous tourist slogan - Serendipitycould be inching towards reality.

Page 6
Boost to Pluralism
Sagarika Ghose
The recently concluded Sri Lanka elections have been a Watershed in Tore Ways than one. Not only has the 17-year rule by a single party been broken but also the Social base of elections in Sri Lanka in general hawe been Wildened. These Electio Shawe Seela TetuIT of the TaThill United Liberation Front after years in the wilderness and they hawe witnessed the active participation of the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress as one of the partners of the victorious coalition. For too long, the two main political parties-the SLFP and the UNP - of an island consisting of diverse groups hawe battled over the Sihala heartland. Now at last the arena of political contention may have shifted from the Sihlala COTE to the TiTi| ad MLIST
periphery.
Plur PolitiCS
It is ironical that it is Mrs Chandrika Kumaratunga, the daughter of nome other LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLGaLLL LLaaLLLLLLLS tedапега of poteпtially ппоге plшга! politics. Fort Was Mr Badararaike Who first embarked on the linguistic policy that was to drive the two Iain Communities of Sri Lanka apart. When Bandaranalike first founded the SLFP in 1951, he did so in order to take up the cause of the Sinhala Buddhists more Vigorously than the UNF. By 1955, he had opted for the "Sinhala Only" policy as far as the national language of the island was concerned, to the exclusion of Tamil. In fact, the SLFP along with the Mahajana Eksath Perumuna campaigned on a radical nationalist polatform, thereby almost pushing the UNP to a situation where it abandored its earlier policy of parity of the two languages - Sinhala and Tamil- and energetically took up the "Sinhala only"platform as well.
Thus, political competitiveness among the two main Sinhala parties led them to adopt increasingly nationalist positions. The gulf between the two communities Widered further as a result, Tamils began to feel betrayed by the Sri Lankan leadership and in general elections from 1956 Onwards, the more militant groups within the Tamils, such as the Federal Party SWept the polls and moderate groups like the Tamil Congress were marginalised. In an enigmatic twist of fate, SWRD Banadaranaike was assassinated by a Buddhist Tonk, a prophecy perhaps of the violence that was to follow from the SLFP's policy of Sinhala exclusivist.
Although governments changed regularly every five years until 1977 when J.R.
4
Jayawardene chang and the pattern of
mpaigns remained Cc agerida. SuCCESSiwe failed to bring the mi nstream and thus Sc Tamil problem. Wher became prime minis nguage of Courts Act gradual replaceTent lese and by the 19É Openings for Tamils were becoming limi campaigns for civild
All governments a of trying to settle the S and ea Sttl0 take the in B SQLrt. Sillé Araparai and Trinci resented by the Tan the other hand, p. demand for locally e Cilsir theSe areas : polising control of th the UNP governme. Out off percentage T. level, whereby Tami Secure higher mark dents to secure adr Courses ad to frustra in Jaffna. Early fore came from these yo TT1 Light in 1978 trie Tamils by remowing tWeen 'citizenby des registration'in the CÖ| of its own wote bank. ned foremost place of power was ruled
Differences
Therefore, there: official Creation of a Sinhala community ir two parties could rel power, ignoring thea the Tails, but also and Malays that m: demographic profile. main communities, t The 200-year old : Tamils are distinctsrc: Among the Sinhales rences among the Gc Vaard Salagama Ca: nities across the islar created Warious cor tWEE SIhala jard Malay that belie the of the two distinct gr Tails" and "loW COL

ged the constitution Woting, election caInfined to the Sinhala governments hawe norities into the Thaiwe the roots of the 1 Mrs Barmadara räike ter in 1961, the LaI had provided for the of English by Sinhai0s it Was clear that
in the civil Services ited. Agitations and isobedience began.
lso followed a policy Sinhalese in the north pressure off the land lese Settlements in omalee were bitterly nils. The Sirhala, On BerCeiweld the TaTi lected regional Couis a Teans of TOIOead. Added to this it's policy of setting arks at the university | Students needed to is thar Sirhalla stuThission intO SCièr]Ce tion among the youth users of the LTTE uth. The UNP goveto reach out to the the distinction bescent' and 'citizen by nstitution but, for fear
Buddhism still retaiand decentralisation
L.
as been an almost an monolithic majority Sri Lanka Whichthe y on to carry thern to spirations of not only the Moors, Burghers ake up the island's Even armong the two here are differences. Sri Laka - Colombo Til the Jaffa TaTiS. too, there are diffeligamaапdtheKarastes, in local CottuId, people hawe often Timon linkages i bleBurgher, Tamil and colonial classification Oups of "Sri Lankan Jntry Sinhalese".
Apart from her pact with the Muslims, Mrs Kumaratunga has appointed a Tamil as her minister for foreign affairs, She has appointed a ministry of national integration Under her own charge and received the Support of the plantation Tail leader, Mr. S. Thondaman. After many years of Communal bloodshed, a leader appears ready to break. With the Sinhala-dependence of her predecessors and capitaliseon the strengths of a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual island.
To the Editor
I find from the Colombo newspapers that you celebrated your 65th birthday on September 4. As one tribesman in the Sarine profession to another (celebrated) one, I thought I would add my birthday Wishes to you, even though it comes so belatedly. Just for the record between you and me - as September-bornto another. marked (I Wouldn't say celebrated) my 64th birthday om September 7, in this land of Liberty, Equality and Fratermity
After 1956 when SWRD spoke of "the revolution of rising expectations," this is the first time I believe that his daughter is leading another mini-revolation of "rising expectations." She has made a brave beginning, and may she succeed! But frankly, Wouldn't place any bets on it. The odds, one feels, are against her unless She SUCCeedS Othe EXeCLtive Presidency.
More strength to your elbow and my good wishes.
S. Siwarayagern
La Coumeauwe, Paris, FranciB.
The Wrifer was editor of the independers Jaffrabased Saturday Review and jailed in India)
To the Editor
Justa line to Wish you belatedly though it be-a happy 65th birthday. I got to know about it only, last Sunday, through Jayadewa's column. I think he had paid you a charming and Well deserved tribute. In my judgement, of all Ludowick's students, yours has been the most pervasive influemCë0r1 public Therland TatterSir CurtirTe. I have talked of you as "the glory of the thirds and the envy of the firsts."
Here's wishing you more power to your elbow.
(Prof) Carlo Fonseka.

Page 7
Sri Lanka's New Pri
PTCha Saltitha
(Translated from the Thai journal Arthit Weekly)
I thought it would be interesting to readers to see the CLLLLLLL LLLLLL LLLLL LLLL LLCCLLLCLL LLLCLCLL LLLL LLLLHLLLLLLLLL HuL recently Sri Lankans have trade connections particularly
LLLLLL LLLLCLCL H LHHTC LLCL LLLLLLL LCLL LLLLLHHLLLLLLLLC LL LLL countries. I was to say the least, quite surprised recently USA and a leader of the opposition to SLORC, when he ex
LLLH HHHHHHLLLLLLL LLLLCLaL L L LLC CLLLMHLLLLaa CC HTLLLCLLLLLCLLL LL LLLLLLLCC H
The article translated here is an indication of the inti: critical interest in the world around them, have in the pol
The picture of Sri Lanka as a paradigmatic welfare sta would try to pursue similar policies is not without releva itself. Three issues prior to the one in which this article - tiger tiger in trouble'. I placed a translation of this on t a copy to anyone interested who requests it. In the arti. immediate neighbours and draws attention to the sixploital to Malaysia, the article suggests that Thailand is looking a competition. The article also argues that the prosperity of T sharing 20% of its income. It argues further that the im: aid which should still go to the disadvantaged majority. puts the welfare of all of its inhabitants before the purg Lu the victory of the UNP.
Sri Lankans may have difficulty accepting this interpret
Gehan Wijeyewardene, Depari rrent of Anthropology, Reseri
When President Wijetunga of Sri Lanka called a general election for the middle of last August, he probably did not expect the people to elect a party of the left. It appears however, that the Conservative United National Party which had been in power for sevепteеп yearshas поwbeen defeated. The left wing party known as the People's Alliance gained 105 seats (of a total of 225 in parliar tent) and With the support of two or three small parties the left has Thore that half the seats and car form a government.
The biggest problem the new goveIlment must Sowe is that of the Tarket economy. In the period just past the conservative government experienced no little success in economic development, National income increased by as much as 6% per annum, but Mrs Chandrika's party claimed that the policies of the old government brought massive inflation and there is corruption on a Scale not previously encountered in Sri Lanka. Mrs Chadrika hlas arīOLICEed that there Will be a return to the policy of a welfare state anda mixed economy. But the new Prime MiniStēr : haSlot is di Cated What kird of Welfare state it will be.
Since Sri Lanka gained independence from Britain in 1948, education and health care hawe been free Social services[prowi
ded by the state). In funds for the Supp which has allowed lives without greath red with Asia in ger also be Credited, Lup) progressive policy labour. The Whole
is devoted to the
population. Becaus that, for Sri Lanka, iThabitarts is Tore mic growth.
When the COSE election and broug |goverппnent expeпc Was Cut root and b Tuch reduСЕ at th on the Wealthy Wer
SirCC to the di ewen more depriw population lives be Inflation has risen cians and public SE spread defrauding pLublic felt it Was tiu а пеW goverппепt Chaldrika KUITEara party COTE t0 gowe
MIS Chaldrika is Tor BandaramaikE

coverage given to Sri Lanka in the Thai press. Despite the h each other through their mutual Buddhism and that more in the gentrade, there appears to be a basic lack of interest LLLLLCCLL MMLCLC LL L LLLLLLL TLLHHLHHHHHLLLLLLL CLL LLLCLLCLC TLCCCC LLLL LLCLLLLLLL in conversation with a Burmese academic teaching in the pressed the conviction that the name "Sri Lanka" came from isCOCCipti.
rost that the Thai middle-classes, particularly those with a itics Of their righbOOLI ITH.
te befores 1977 and the Suggestion that the new government ince for Affif's political argument with regard to Thailand appeared, the journal ran a long article entitled "Thailand 1: Southeast Asia List on Internet and will be happy to send L LLLL LLLLLLLLC LTLLTLLLLLLL LLLLCLLLLL LLLLLLLC HkTLL LLLL LLLLLL LLCCLCLLLLT LLLCLCLLLLTLHTS LLTLCLCLCLLCLLTTLLLLLLLLS LLLLLLaL LLLLLLCLLL it trouble in the future in the fields of economic and military hailand is in the handsofaninority with 60% of the population lge af the new economic power has strangled international The Sri Lankan case stands as an example of a country that LL TL CCCLCLLLLLLL LLCCLLLCTC LLLL LLLL LL LLHHLL CCLCLC S CL CLCLCLL LLLCLLC
tation; but it is an interesting wicw from outside.
HL LLLlLL aT LLLtTS LGTG LCMMGM LLTLLLuS LTMMuLuLTTS LLLTTLLTS
addition has provided ly of basic foodstuffs the people to live their iardship when compaheral, Sri Lankan Tay to 1977, with the lost for the protection of of Sri Lanka's budget Social Welfare of its ie of this We may Say the Well-being of its important than econd
rvative party Won the ht down the socialist liture on Social Welfare anch, SubsidieS Were Ie same time as taxes e reduced.
přived populace Was id. Today 40% of the slow the poverty line. greatly. Among politiWants there is Wideif the public purse. The The for a change and which has led to Mrs Lunge and her left Wing TTT lt.
the daughter Mr SoloWho Wa5 | Pri Tg Mili
Ster for Over three years before he was aSSASSinated in 1959. MS Caldrika Studied sociology and political Science at the Sorbonne in France. She married a WÉIl-konW Sri Lankan Marxist theoretician Who Was aSSaSSinated in 1988.
LLLLLLLL0LLLLLLLL LLaaLLLL LL LLOLL LLLLLL Bandararaike Who Was the first WorThan LLLLLLLLLL LLLLL LaLLaaaLLLLLLLa Minister of Sri Lanka for twelve years during the 1960s and '70s.
It is speculated that Mrs Chandrika Would wish to improve understanding with separatist groups who are still in armed Conflict (with the government). The path to understanding is not going to be smooth, but to say the least Mrs Chandrika Understands the problems of the minorities better than any past leader.
Regarding the economy, the new Prime Minister has promised that the reform of the economy in the direction of a free Tarkets Will continue. Business circles fear, however, that though this will be so, there Will also be lationalization of SOThe industries, specifically food processing, Communications and transport.
Mrs Chandrika said in an interview with
Time that economic problems will hawe the highest priority in the policies of the

Page 8
new government. At the same time there will be improvement of the democratic system which has deteriorated in Sri Lanka. In addition she emphasized the necessity for solving the problems of separatism and creating peace.
Though the left has a big majority in the House of Representatives, governing the country willinot gosmoothly. lf the President does bot cooperate the new Prime Minister will have great difficulties.
According to the true administrative President Who is t is also head C Commander-in-Chi The president has ctions, appoint the ministers. He is a cabinet. He may al. rial portfolios to w himself.
CORRESPONDENCE
Chanaka Amaratunga : Fas
It was without great surprise that I read Chanaka Amaratunga's eulogy of Richard M. Nixon in the Lanka Guardar of June 1, 1994. How funny that a Sri Lankan liberal should exhort the greatness of a former American President who was ignominiously driven from office for corruption and for lying to the American people. Why does Chanaka soft-pedal the charges against Nixon, all of which amounted to a conspiracy to cover-up and the abuse of public office? Even funnier still is that this liberal is enlar nored of an American President who brought to the White House all the trappings of an imperial presidency, to the point even of instituting a new Presidential Guard (a function hitherto reserved for the US Marines) whose Queen's-Guard-looking dresselicited considerable ridicule and was promptly changed after Nixon. Perhaps Chanaka is not aware (despite his professed liberalism) that in America the president is merely another public servant, and that abuse of office in any form is not tolerated, a message that he should be relentlessly dinned into the minds of the Sri Lankan public who hawe for too long suffered the foolish imperiousness of their own public servants and politicians.
Charaka also reeds to take a closer l00k at Nixon's foreign policy. While much of the admiration for Nixon among Americans is due to the fact that he "got out of Vietnam." his conduct of the Wietnam war, from the point of human decency and statesmanship, is appalling. Nixon's only tactic of getting the Wietnamese to the negotiating table was to unleash a relentless bombing campaign of Hanoi, euphemistically code-named Linebacker and Il, which are rather rough positions in American football, Nixon's favorite sport. Perhaps Chanaka's equation of a great statesman is one who is responsible for the killing and maiming of thousands of innocents in the name of saving democracy, a feat that Nixon was unable to accomplish in Vietnam. Even his historic China trip was purely self-serving, and Nixon had no great admiration for the Chinese. Most Americans
6
remember his China Where Nixon stood a contemptuously rem greatWall." Chanaka cting Americans, hay Thmunist rhetoric of time a communist bë McCarthy, a period ir is not weryfondly rem seems to hawe forgot Secretary of State W ski, an educated C. not bring respect to t naka claims, quite the Ford who quietly and
the legitimacy of that c te dėbäC:lle.
Chanaka maligns US President that h; reserve my eulogy.o for contemplating ser Iran. Unfortunately, h attempt by the likes of Henry Kissinger, wh Rockefeller's bank W. galassets were held, Rockefeller kreWithia ntemplating the trans New York to Paris, ar. a matter of time be Something that Would freeze all Iranian ass nsigence of the US in the Shah under mimE more liberal elements further radicalized the the hostage Crisis. Tht from acting in the be and the World as a f sted actions of Nixon': feller and Kissinger. Chanaka's notice the State Department offi tled The Eagle and of American-Iranian rsity Press, 1988. On WOLuld hawe been the Iranian imbroglio if th

ri Lankan constitution ower resides With the Head of State. He
government and fof the arted forces. he powerto Call ellePrime Minister and so the president of o hold many ministeich he may appoint
The President Would have been disappointed after the general election that the conservatives had been disappointed, but he still retains full power to obstruct the new government of Mrs Chandrika.
And, he does not have a great deal of time Until November When a presidential election will be held and the people Will have to decide whether to elect the old President or Mrs Bandaranalike (80 years old) the mother of Mrs Chandrika.
cist, or Just limperious ?
rip through the incident op the Great Walland arked, "This sure is a like so many unsuspee fallen for the anti-coixon, Who Was at One liter and an ally of Joe American history that Thbered here. Heāls0 en that Jimmy Carter's ras Zbigniew Brezeziold Warrior. Nixon did ne presidency as Chacontrary, it was Gerald unassumingly restored ffice after the Waterga
limmy Carter (the only ave ever met, but will f him for a later date) iding the Shah back to e Was thwarted in this David Rockefellerand o Was an adviser to 1ere all the Shah'SilleDecaLISB Kissinger and the Iranians were coer of theirassets from d they knew that it was fore the Iranians did et the US conveniently etS. Further, the intrathe matter of releasing d the position of the SLJch as Bari Sadrand revolution, resulting in s, Carter was thwarted st interests of the US 1sult of the self-interegood buddies, Rockewould like to bring to book by a a former US ial, James A Bill, entihe Lion; The Tragedy Pesafio 75. Yale Uniwadreads to think what outcome of the Whole
"Linebacker" menta
lity of Nixon govemed the White House in that tense period. Andlaskagain, What great affinities do liberals share with Shahs?
Chanaka mentions Nixon's last Visit to Russia as some kirild of greate werıt, He does not mention, however, that Nixons's senile blabberings and blunders in Russia were of considerable embarrassment to the US goWernment. His first act upon landing in Russia Was to meet With Rutskoi and Khasbulatow, the imprisoned former, parliamentary rebels, prompting Yeltsin to denounce Nixon and cancel Noxon's planned audience with him. According to many commentators here, Nixon's visit Sentmore Wrong signals than ones to the dazed and confused Russian populace. Besides, Nixon is not the only one advocating aid to Russia, everybody here knows that Russia needs aid, where its going to come from is the problem.
Chanakaseems also to have been highly impressed by Nixon's reminiscences of his visit to Sri Lanka, remembering Anuradhapura and Kotelawala etc. It is my contention that Chanakahaswainly let himself be duped by a crafly politician who must have prepared himself. Well before his audience With the Oxford Union and its secretary, a Sri Lankan. It is understandable that Chanaka, as a twenty-year old, given his "fierce school-boy admiration," was naively taken in by the crafty Nixon, but it is unforgivable that today, as the leader of a political party, he is still letting himself be taken in by crafty politicians. Surely, as a liberal, he should be more discriminating in the company that he keeps - Premadasa, Zhirinovsky, and now Richard Nixon, What Sri Lankan politicians, especially those who profess to represent the liberal faith, need to realize is that they are merely public servants, beholden to the coInstituencies that they represent, not imperious rulers who are governed by the whims of their OW fancies.
Indra de Soysa
(PhD Candidate in Political Science) Alabama University, USA.

Page 9
HUMAN RIGHTS
The disinterment o
This briefing paper prepared by the Civil Rights Mover grave sites worldwide, a brief summary of correct exhum: sсїелIїс пass grave excavallons in a пшmber ofсошлfrї:
Over the last ten years, hundreds of mass graves have been discovered and excavated in places as far apartas Argentina, the Philippines, Iraq and the former Yugoslavia and Ethiopia. In all these and other CoLuntries thousands of people hawe "disappeared" and their fates remain unknown. For pressing humanitarian reasons, as well as to order to uphold the law, both national and international, judicial investigation should seek out the places where these people are thought to have been killed or buried. The graves should then be disinterred and investigated. Many mass graves have subsequently been found to be connected with serious abuses of people' human rights such as extra-judicial execution and torture. This paper outlines the need for profeSSional excavation of Tlass grave sites Worldwide, of brief Summary of correct exhumation procedure and some information about recent or current mass grave excavations.
It is a commonly held belief that skulls and bones tellino tales. In fact, if performed correctly, the excavation of mass graves can reveal an enormous a Tount of information about how people died, who they were and how they came to be there. By exhuming graves thought to be linked to suspicious deaths and attempting to identify the bodies within, the fate of thousands of people who have "disappeared" can be resolved and the terrible uncertainty suffered by their families ended. The excavation of Such graves is also neceSSary to bring those responsible to justice. In the broader human rights context it is essential to end the impunity which those Who hawe Committed Such CrirTēSSO often епјоу.
So mass graves are excavated and analysed for the following reasons:
1. Ona humanitarian level to inform thОшsands of failies about the fate of their lowed ones
2. as arm irrefutable ScientifiCire Cordof the human rights abuses which occuTred
3. to act as a di
might commit
4. to provide leg evidence for re. Ciwill claims foi families.
The exhumatior be connected to should be undertak lists. Usually they V sion of local judicia cialists are called gists, and these the disciplines of logy, radiology an establish the ideti time and place o death and thė Tilar This is of course rmation soughtabc persoП.
CRMSTAT
While Welco Civil Rights M. careand exper of Justice. Ith: Analyst, the J of whoIIl Will H authorities its describes the expertise. Itha
The excavati one place, pos individual gra how peoplc di the excavatio iТTELTiewable d
There have years. Mass b expert teams for Iner Yugosl. a reprepared t itself and also

*、
*、
-
F skeletal remain
lent outlines the need for professional excavation of mass tion procedure and some information about Current or recent
S.
terrent to those who imilar abuses; and
ally relevant er Tıpirical sulting criminal trials or compensation to the
of graves thought to hurian rights abuses en by ateamofspeciaork under the Superviauthorities, Such spe
forensic anthropolorofessionals Corbine archaeology, Odontopathology in order to ty of the skeletons, the
Who are forensic anthropologists?
The specialised nature of this field and its relative newness means that few Countries have trained forensic anthropologists. But the United Nations, as well as non governmental organisations, is prepared to provide personnel, both to assist in the disinterment procedure itself, and also to train local staff to do the Work in the future. In the past ten years, forensic missions to investigate deaths following human rights violations have been sent to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, ColoTibia, Czechoslowakia, El Salwador, Guatemala, Kenya, Kurdistan (Iraq), Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, the Philippines, Romania, South Korea, Talwan, Wenezuela,
F death, the cause of lner Or Tode of death. rery similar to the infoJut a recently deceased
the West Bank (Israel), and Ethiopia.
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is the main organisation providing training in the fore
ΕΜΕΝΤ,
Resumed excavations
ling the decision to resurne investigations at Suriyakanda, the veinent has reiterated the importance of doing this with great ise. CRM has made representations to this effect to the Minister is also written to the Acting Attorney General, the Government udicial Medical Officer and the Registrar of Fingerprints, all e involved in the resumed excavation. CRM has sent to these briefing paper on the Disinterment of Skeletal Remains, which experience of other countries and the availability of foreign Salso provided them with copies of a UN manual on the subject.
on of a Inass burial site, where many bodies are packed into es technical problems much greater than the exhumation of LLLLLLLLS LCL LGGHCLGaaLLL CLLLLaaaLL aLLLLLLLLLLL LLLLC LLLCLLLLLLLaL ed, who they were and how they came to be there, provided 1 is done with the necessary skill, avoiding the danger of :struction of vital evidence in the process.
ecil great strides in this field of forensic anthropology in recent Irial sites have been excavated with the help of international in Argentina. El Salvador, Guatemala. Kurdistan (Iraq), the via and Ethiopia. The United Nations and international NGOs provide personnel, both to assistin the disinterinent process to train local staff to do the Work in future.

Page 10
  

Page 11
rnment and the rebel FMLN Caled for the formation of a COInnission to review the "grave acts of violence" which had occurred since 1980. In 1992 the Argentinean Forensic Anthropology Team began the exhumation of a grave site at El Mozote, Local human rights groups had already collected Witness testimony which suggested that Children Were herded into a house and shot dead. The Walls and roof of the building were then knocked down and set or fire.
Following the excavation, the forensic experts identified the presence of 143 skeletal remains, including 136 children and adolescents and seven adults. The skeletons showed trauma from gun shot Wound injuries and postmorter in crushing and fire and heat damage. The ballistic evidence showed that at least 24 different weapons were used and that the shots Were fired from inside the house. The evidence suggests strongly that the people were the victims of intentional, mass extra-judicial killings.
Guatemala
Guatemala hlas One of the WOrsthuman rights records in the Western hemisphere. Between 1970 and 1990 massive human rights violations were committed against the civilian population, particularly against the Mayan Indians. Estimates of the number of extra-judicial killings range from 100,000 to 200,000. The Guatemalan security forces are Widely considered to be responsible for the bulk of the killings,
In 1992 a group of Guatemala students established the Guater Talam Forensic Anthropology Team (EAFG), along the lines of the Argentinean model. During its sirSt 18 ITOIthS Of existerCe the EAFG C011[JuCled six ExhUmations in the West of the Country. Because the Guatemalan penal Code does not recognize the participation of non-governmental forensic anthropologists, the team Works closely With the local judiciary and medical staff. To date the team has recovered 218 skeletons from at least 15 sites. All of those exhumed died violently, and many have been identified. The team points out that the exhuntations hawe transforTed the lives of the survivors. Many had abaIndoned their villages not only in fear of the military returning, but also because they felt unable to farmland in which their friends and relatives lay buried. The peo
ple are starting to r The EAFG has an tions planned, but expand their own through training abr
Kurdistan (Iraq)
During the late 19 of Saddam Husseir Campaign against til of Iraq. The attack population, particul and conventional WE sands or possible реople were Killed, h ntly substantiated. B that the full extent human rights abuse
In 1991 Middle E; cians for Human Rig to northern Iraq on assess the leeds Col tion interrins of the e) tion, and determina cause and Tanner C buried in massands WEES, BECäUSB the | retained records of detained, tortured a nOW hawe am emOTIT rmation about thos: includingwideo tapes murders.
The delegation cor was being done to testimony about the F Furthermore, there i to go through all the by the Iraqi polic though there is a ne to be carried out bye) is being destroyed a excavate graves sol ctim and then rebury gation believed thati saw enough to Sup that Iraq has cortim humanity and possib star.
Ethiopia
Excavations are C in Ethiopia by an These are believedt judicial killings durir dictator Mengistu Ha government Was ou mass graves have be

turn to their villages. ther three exhUmaalso they hope to forensic knowledge iad.
B0s, the Iraqi regiпе Carried out a Violent e Kurds in the north against the civilian arly using chemical apons in which thou2ns of thousands of ave been independeut it Was not until 1991 f the repression and
became known.
st Watch and Physihls senta delegation a seven day visit, to the Kurdish populahumation, identification of the probable fdeath of individuals ingle Unmarked graIraqi security forces all the people they ndikilled, the Kurds Ous amount of infoз who disappeагеd, of interrogations and
cluded that very little take down witness uman rights abuses. s a need for a team evidence compiled Most importantly edfor exhumations perts. Wital evidence s local communities ly to identify the Withe dead. The dele1 their short visit they bort the proposition tted crimes against y genocide in Kurdi
Irrently being made Argentinean team, be related to extrag the regime of the e Mariam. Since his ed in 1991, Several en dug up, providing
grim and indisputable proof of Widespread killings. The evidence is expected to be used at the trial of hundreds of former government officials. Dr. Clyde Snow, who pioneered the combination of anthropological excavation and forensic science, points to another need. Creating a historical record fora country like Ethiopia or Argentina is necessary, he says, "So that the revisionists cannot cornealong 15 ог?0 years laterandsay this neverhappened. Hopefully, laying these things out in daylight WII have a chilling effector others tempted to comппїf sшch cгimes in the future."
Publications on the disinterTent and analysis of skeletal remains, including the United Nations Manual are available for reference at the Nadesan Centre Library, No. 4, Charles Circus, Colombo 3. Copies of some of them, including the UN Manual, Tay be obtained as indicated.
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Page 12
CONFLICT
Northern Ireland: From
Lynn Ockerz
here is a growing realisation among
all parties to the conflict in Northern Ireland that causes for division among the principal communities of the province have to be removed, British High CommiSSlolEr in Sri Lankā John Field Said in the course of a talk delivered at Hotel Hilton, Colombo on September 11 under the title Norgeard Wä5äSeere,
It was the second in a series of talks organized by the Lanka Guardian and the Law and Society Trust on the theme "Nationalism and Conflict". At the outset, editor, Lanka Guardia, Mervyn de Silva, who chaired the proceedings drew the attention of the audience to the fact that as in the case of Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka too Was Witnessing moves to end the country's ethnic conflict.
Although religion has been highlighted as the prinicipal source of conflict between the protestant and catholic communities in Northern Ireland, discrimination against the minority Catholic community over the years in spheres such as employment and education, has played a substantial role in straining intercommunal relations, the High Commissioner explained.
Tracing the history of the conflict, Mr. Field said that the division of Ireland into North and South occurred with the passing of the government Ireland Act of 1920 by the British Parliament. Northern Ireland enjoyed limited autonomy and came to be administered by a regional parliament in Belfast.
However, domination of the Belfastparliament by one sectarian group led to the polarization of communities in Northern Ireland. Little interest Was shown in the minority population. This led to a sense of grievance among the Catholics, who moved to urban areas for employment, but their prospects were not bright.
After the second World War, the IRA, once again, took up the unification cause. The coming into being of a Wealthy Catholic middle class in the 1960s, led to a greater awareness among the Catholics of their civil rights and spurred them om
10
to better their pros TOWÉTert at the ti inspiration. This led T1ԸE.
In 1972, direct r was imposed on Nc quently the regiona Was abolished.
The Anglo-Irist aturning-point in th in Northern Ireland. government to adwɛ pertaining to NorthE
Other importantil to resolving the cor 1992 Anglo-Irish tall of bringing about : DECE TOT 1993 A on dialogue and a Northern Irish probl for a settlement has the "nuts and bolts'
The High Commi significant that the a United Ireland in declaration. In the deaths have exceed There is also popul: nce in the province.
The High Commi: a military solution proved ineffective IRA activities has stant extremist Viole
Mr. Field empha of learning from hi particularly those p{ ard 17th Centurie5 Catholics in Ireland WIEr Settlers from E in the minds of the these injustices st Settlement.
The High Comm that the British gove TESLUITES tO TET against the minoriti Fair Employment Li 1976 to essure fair

despair to hope
jects. The civil rights The in the US Was an to agitation and viole
le from Westminster thern Ireland. Subseparliament in Belfast
Treaty of 1985 was 2 history of the conflict This enabled the Irish Ince ViewS On maters in Ireland.
andmarks on the path flict were the August ks which raised hopes settlement and the nglo-Irish agreement JerTTlament end to the sem. A sel of principles been framed but not of a solution.
SSioner said that it is IRA doesn't speak of the reCent i Cea Sefire
last year Catholics led protestant deaths. ar opposition to viole
Sioner observed that
to the conflict has afterall these years. nly generated proteΠΕΕ.
sized the importance story. Past injustice, !rpetrated in the 16th against the majority by protestant landongland, are still fresh atholics. In the past, od in the Way of a
issioner pointed out nment, Was initiating love discrimination is, For instance, the W. Was introduced in ilay in the allocation
of jobs. This was subsequently revised and a commission was appointed to ensure the effective implementation of the legislation. Racial discrimination has also been banned.
The British government now deals with terrorism through the normali process of justice. There are no political prisoners, Offenders are considered as having only broken the law. It is up to the prosecution to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt. An Independent Commission for Police complaints has also been set up.
More efforts are being made to attract foreign investment to Northern Ireland and improve industrial infrastructure. The educational performance of the Catholics has improved.
The British government disowns any imperial interests in Northern Ireland. It now advocates communal harmony.
Distinguished Sri Lankan diplomatand civil servant, Vernon Mendis, in his response to the High Commissioner's speech described the Northern Irish problem as "a tragedy of missed opportunities." The Catholics Were marginalised and discriminated against by a Protestant "landowner hegemony".
The British army moved into the province in 1969. This was the beginning of the rebellion. From 1969 to 1985 the British government offered concessions to the Catholic minority but these were withdrawn in reaction to protests from the protestants. Thus chances to bring peace Wentabegging.
Mr. Mendis' response was rich in little knoW details about the conflict. He was particularly strong on the numerous bloody event that hawe scarred Northern Ireland in the past two decades.
In the lively discussion that ensued, the British High Commissioner among other things, was questioned by membersin the audience on the "American factor" in the Northern Irish problem. Mr. Field explained that an International Fund for Ireland was established in 1986. The US is the

Page 13
biggest contributor. The delegation from the US led by Bruce Morrison, which visited Ireland recently probably offered economic aid for Northern Ireland.
A discussiant from Britan pointed out that the sectarian factor in Northern Ireand was a creation of the mass media. The problem was misrepresented by the latter. The common people of the Irish republic are for an end to the conflict.
The question was posed by the chairman as to Whether there Was a role for the UN in resolving ethnic conflicts of the kind We encounter in Sri Lanka. This gave rise a robust exchange of views. Mr. Mendis was of the opinion that although the Commonwealth could play a role the UN COLldt.
Thus important issues pertaining to even Sri Lanka and the region were clari
fied.
(Daily News)
Irish Troubles
Jayadeva
Speaking of information, must notorTit to mention last Sunday's Lanka Guardian' Law and Society Trust discussion on the troubles in Northern Ireland. The second in a series of colloquia (the first was on post-Communist Russia), it didn't entail any technology except sound amplification. The gathering was small enough to hawe dispensed with even that. Less tiechnology the better sometimes the lively exchange of views and opinions that I Witnessed may not have been wholly acceptable Withir ar "To Eeth COS.
The proceedings started as usual with the Lanka Guardian' editor's wide-ranging introductory remarks. He alluded to possible parallels between the Irish troubles and the Sri Lanka. These were taken up and avidly scrutinised during the latter part of the morning. The British High Commissioner, as principal speaker, modestly disclaimed any close knowledge of recent developments pertaining to the Irish Question. But his historical presentation was a lucid and comprehensive account which placed the Whole issue in clear perspective.
Vermon Mendis, diplomat and historian, responded with analytic passion, filling gaps, underscoring noteworthy happe
nings, regretting miss шгging a huпапе ар
For me, neitherhi and only acquainte through the literary morning most fruitfu гпіпg experience, w again how foolish, ur rous) it is to attach Political Dr. Ethnic |a tween groups in the
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ed opportunitiesand The colloquium also served to remind |roach. us that the media play highly complex
- roles in such situations. This is a phenotoria Tor diplomat, menon that should engage 'Lanka Gua
with the troubles rdians' attention on a later occasion. channel, it Was a
ly spent. A true lea- Meanwhile, the British Government's hich told me once embargo on the broadcasting of militant seenly (and dange- Irish voices remains in force, the sacred !onvenient religious, principle of media freedom not withstapels to conflicts be- nding.
same society, {SuറyIsld}
Scholar’s Tale
Part 18
tating lentils in the Imperial Garrie illiot War Games in a High-Tec frare sectiver less Taised rico LLes (fon. 2 Morlovirale Lert Scuttling out osaction.
duell a LLVluille on these Kau Lilla I l techniques the hoary terrain af Kipling's mystique Lice-Raj Lipping Lup) or orte-track intrigiLLe Mogul-Mosaic or its neLL POLUer grid. 2 brash hints for Sabre rattle to Rocket tuork as Luell as the Peace-keeping Packet lius furled Liphis Stars and his Stripes huL , Lip on Tank sar Tins and Trirco tripe.
islate of collapse Luft his per and his seal jried Julius Rex, come Woe, come Weal Tils sprouted like Dragon's teeth. sty to Lisand ensloued into the breach.
:tīJe Custody for the faller King Luis Gull-boats off Galle Face Greer otection from his on Vizier
hurdle the Caliphate could not clear.
rrd Wizier" Carrte oLL for tle Streets le chorus charged to groLLls from bleats. the safety of Fuis Gun-boat bail aliph sa L his City quail 2 bobs Like those Fle FLCIdolce et Loose ru Filis Cabiriet orti Flus rinodes arlod Luie Lys.
3 the realization Carme Luvere r rurII iilly Kirgpirus ir n the PoLLuer Game aliphate just al greased-Llp Cog ng the Wizier Llurough like a pision rod ce-raj Cort descendirigsrom Hirrualayan heights Erre to the Sterling and Dollars might Le Dollarin its deadly.flight
Mozzad, NeLU-left and Ultra-Right.
U. Karumatilake

Page 14
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Page 15
Conflict Resolution
Horace Perera
HOW the EC and the UN failed
The year 1994 dawned with the War in Bosnia-Herzegovina between the . Bosnian Serbs and the US brokered MusliT-Croat Federation continuing with the Sartle intensity, as in the past, accompanied by appalling atrocities and systematic "ethnic cleansing" perpetrated largely by the Bosnian Serbs. The Muslim-led army had reorganized itself and had developped from the rag-tag guerilla band it had been in April 1992 into a tough infantry force, According to Jane's Sentinel, this army had acquired between April 1992 and April 1994 about USS 160 Tillion Worth of weapons. The records of the International Institute of Strategic Studies showed, however, that it was still outnumbered by the Bosnian Serbs in tanks and military pieces, but was striving for parity. The stage seened to be set for a prolonged War fought with unabated ferocity and accompanied by horrendous brutatlities, which would be terminated only when the last Combatant Om One side had killed his Solitary opponent on the other, and he himself had died in the process. The continuation of the Wardemonstrated that meither the E. C. northe UN, mor both and the CSCE were able to restore peace and Security in Bosnia, let alone end the conflict in Croatia where sortle 25% of Croatian territory was still under Serbian occupation. At this point (February 1994) the major European Powers decided to step in. The USA, Britain, France and Germany (representing the E. C.) and Russia established a "Contact Group brought about a truce and began to Work on measures to achieve What European Security Institutions and the UN had sofar failed to do. Having considered various options the Group decided to impose a "take it or leave it" Peace Plan on the parties. To this end they drew up a Map Bosnia carving it into "political elities" between the Bosnian Serbs and the Muslim-Croat Federation, leaving 49% to the former, 48% to the latter, and 3% (i.e. Sarajewo, the Capital city) Lunder UN administration for two years.
(Note: in What follows Bosnia-Herzegovi. пa will be referred опly as Bosпia, the Muslim-Croat FederationaShe McFederation and the "Contact Group" as the Gгошp.)
BIOSian Recations
In deciding to draw this map the Group took upon itself a formidable task. No matter where they drew the "frontiers"
: Car
there Was the inest impossible to avoic the OtherSide oft ConTiplicated by fai cleansing" large n had been killed or Tal area5, and BOS Cdd ther. To ask th be as difficult as in of those expelled a Hence compromist the One hand towns West Bosnia, in W SSİON O WaT CI 52,811 people, mo: driw fTOT their hl. the ne WBOSrian St hand, in Western E cket around Bi Eastwards, embra Srian Serb held tov stretching as far Kluc. The map WF 30 June by the Fo states constituting to the two parties c a request that the or non-acceptance has been critized by and also by "inde
Tentators. First rrëd: The MC Fe consideration had fact that in April 1 broke out, the Mus iO COStituted ab tion of Bosnia. It W: Several towns With lations, and which most horrible Sawa SinCE World War || the Bosnian Serbs hEff for tfäir bruta Muslims who were in the interest of Security in that Wart ready to accept the The Bosnial Ser | sfied at all. To begin that it was "huntil side" to give up as territory which they also complained th Slia's other natura COrtmunication Cer dgdtOthe MC FedE Other reasons, to Deputy Prime Minis red that the plan Wa ptable and should b rety."

Cartography Help?
apable fact that it was
leaving minorities on line. The problem was it that due to" ethnic Imbers of non-Serbs victed from their origihian Serbs had replaelater to leave would it to concede the right rid still living to return. shad to be made. On like Prijedorin Northhic the UN Commiitles estimated that itly Muslims, had been mes, were included in rt areas. On the other osnia, the Muslim poac has extended cing the prewious BoYn of Sanski, most and as possible towards sich Was approved OI1 reign Ministers of the the Group was given oncerned on July with indicate acceptance in two weeks. The map the parties concerned pendent" political coto the parties concederation felt that due not been given to the 992, when hostilities Iіппапd Croat populaBut 60% of the populaas also not happy that Tajority Muslimpopuwere the scenes of the geries seen in Europe had been offered to thereby "rewarding" lities and "penalising" the victims. However, restoring peace and orn republic they were Group's Peace Plan. Leaders Were not satiwith they complained ating for the winning Til Luch as 21% of the had occupied. They at "quality" land, Boresources and key tres had been a Waration. For these, and be referred to later, ter, WPopovic declas"absolutely unaccee rejected in its enti
Independent Political Commentators
The views of most of these Commentators can be summed up in the criticism that the five member Group seemed to have had no scruples at all in handing over to the Bosnian Serbs lands in Which tens of thousands of civilians had been raped, tortured, killed, died in "death camps", or evicted from their ancestral homes. Democratic Leader, Senator Joseph Bidden Warned that the Plan was one which "this President or this Country will not Want to be remembered as having been a party to..." Many commentators were astonished that a Group consisting of Foreign Ministers of the USA and the four major European states had handed the Bosnian Serbs and the MC Federation a Peace Plan on a "take-it-or-leave-it" condition, When the condition should really hawe been "take it, or leave it and face the consequences". These Consequences should have been una mimously agreedon and statės in Such terms as Would hawe deterred a negative response from either of the parties. They are said to have been anxious not to drive the Serbs from the negotiating table when what was really needed was a show of force. The fact is that the members of the Group could not reach agreement on the reprisals that should folloW non-aCCeptance by the B0snian Serbs or the MC Federation. There were talks in the air of exempting the Muslims from the arms embargo and of intensive air strikes by NATO. France and Great Britain Were opposed to the former as it could lead to an escalation of the War making their peacekeeping forces as well as those of other countries"sitting ducks." The Russians generally showed that they were opposed to both. This was the Achilles heel of the Group's Peace Plan. Radowan Karadzic, the leader of the Bosnian Serbs, saw it quite quickly and decided to stall, asking for modifications. The situation called for a Churchil, a Roosevelt or a De Gaulle. Unfortunately there were one of the stature of these past stateSel.
Karadzic at Bay
Apart from the Bosnian Serbs, the MC Federation and the "Independent commentators there was another party deeply interested and concerned about the Outcome of the War in Bosnia. This was Serbia, whose President Slobodan MiloSewic had in March 1992, With his dreams of a "Greater Serbia," not only encouraged the Bosnian Serb military operation
13

Page 16
but also supplied it with Weaponry and a well trained officer corps. In 1991 he had shrugged off the Security Council's imposition of economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia. By the end of 1993, however, he realized with dismay that extended and tightened Sanctions, if continued, Could hawe a dewastating and crippling effection his republic's economy. This he was anxious to avoid at any cost, particularly as the only reprisal on which there was agreement among the members of the group was the tightening of sanctions. Hence he made a complete "Wolte-face" and urged the Bosnian Serbs to quit stalling and accept the Peace Plan. Resentful at Karadzic's intransigence he threateried to close the bOrder betWeen Serbia and Bosnia thus cutting the latter from all supplies other than food and medicines. True to his Word, which was rather unusual, he ordered a blockade of Bosnia and convoy which had received clearance from the Bosnian Serbs to Enter Bosnia had to turn back after being refused passage at the frontier by the Yugoslaw border police. In a letter which Milosewic addressed two days later to the Bosnian Serb leadership he said "if at the moment when peace is being offered to you, you USurp the right to decide the fale of Yugoslavia, you are really severing all responsibilities of co-operation with us." He also refused approval for Bosnian refugees in Serbia to wote ina referendum which the Bosnian Serb leaders had planned for 27-28 August to demonstrate that they had the full support of their people for their opposition to the Peace Plan. The Bosnian Serb leadership was really "at bay." Radovan Karadzic Was not, howewer, a Tan to be intimated or thwarted. He and his colleagues decided to fight back.
Karadzic Fights Back
The Bosnian Serbs stood by their earlier position that there were now "two states" in EOSia. Ole WaS thle "EOSniän Ser) Republic of Srpska" and the other was the MC Federation. On this basis they called for an overal peace package which, inter alia, Would include the legal recognition of the "Republic of Srpska" and its right to join Serbia. The concept of two states and the right of "Srpska" to join Serbia were out of the question. The Security Council had in more than a dozen of relevant resolutions reaffirmed the "SOWereignty, political independence and territorial integrity of Bosnia-Herzegovina" and had also declared cleary that any attempt to alter the boundaries of the republic "by force" or "under duress" was "illegal and unacceptable." Moreover since 30 May 1992 the Security Council began, With resolution 757 (1992), to replace the term "the former Yugoslavia" with the term "the
14
Federal Republic of and Montenegro)."
taken by Slobodan M lyaset back to the B. But Karavic and his to remain belliCOSe, Plan, defend theirne of Srpska," extend it nue the policy of "eth COLuld not hawe dole they did, planted in people the belief ol Srpska and the pos quent federation wit rted to inflamatoryrh the national uprising for two years. Karai Russians for "having Orthodox brothers."
self styled parliament because We are aloi people of the difficu le added tlat"We S hungry, naked and E reign Minister decla endorsing "ethnic cle suicide Would be b: others anymore." Th Lo SifisläfllLS CE nder of their forces, i declared "the UN, NA Want a Wider War, th Will be a ruthle SS OI the "state" was pu Compulsory Work te to harvest crops, rep in general, to prep; struggle. While eth пшesasapolicyопly the aged are now b non-Serb able bodie Work tearTS. AtterT made, such as thro häld in †E läst WBE COwice the World Ol are solidly behind percent are said to rejection of the Peac if the 200,000 civili Tla SSacredhad Wote supported by thoses camps and by the el a half milion who h result of the referend Very different, provi had been conducte manner. On 1 Sept his parliament that power and food to M and not ever allow : until the world comp. the blockage of ther situation is fraught W like blood is thickel question has to be ri to which the "public tle BOSrial leaders lingsin Serbia prope

Yugoslavia (Serbia The position now losewic was definiteosnian Serb position. Colleagues decided oppose the Peace wly formed "Republic S broders and COrtiInic cleansing." They otherwise having, as te TidS - Off te the sovereignty of isibility of its subseSerbia, They reSOetoric to reinvigorate which they had lead dzic reproached the | failed their Slaw and We hawe, hië told thė "to turn to Ourselves ne" and warning the ties that lay ahead, hould be ready to be Efooted." The FOred in a statement Bansing," "Collective atter than living Wilh 19 cléareSt Thessage TE from the COTT TlaHatko Mladic. "If", he ATO and the MUSlir 15 ley Will hawe it, but it le." Early in August t on a War footing. ams were organized air factories etc. and, are for a prolonged nic clearising COntiWomen, children and eing driven out. The dare drafted into the pts are also being ugh the referendum 2k-end of August, to utside that the people heir leaders. Ninely hawe Woted for the e. As a matter of fact, aris Who had been di from their grawes, uffereing in the death ligible of the one and ad been evicted the lumi Would hawe been ded of course that it di a free 3rd fair ember Karadzic told le "Would Cut off gaz, uslims and Croats.... a bird to fly to them.... els Yugoslawia to lift outes to Serbia." The rith danger. Ethnicity, " tillar Water Erid the aised as to the extent relatio" actiwiti ES Üf hiр сапіпflueпсеfeеlifact Karadzicard
his colleagues have also tried the "Greater Serbia Card" by declaring that the Serbian occupied areas of Croatia and his own "republic of Srpska" could be joined to Serbia and Montenegratoform the "Greater Serbia" of Slobodom Milose Wic's earlier dreams. Milosevic may not fall for it but should a sizable section of his people fall for the bait his position can be threatened. Political COTTentators have asked the question had Some have anSWered it by saying "everyone in Belgrade believes that there Will be a Confrontation between Karadzic and Milosevic but few doubt that there will be." Dr. Predrag Simic Director of the Stitute för |tg Tlati Ola|| PolitiCSG-1d Economics in Belgrade is on record as saying "there can't be two guys at the top: one has to go." Who will it be? Milosewic is a Weteran Communist, a shreWidbehind the scene operator, holds a strong hand, control not only the Yugoslav Peoples Army but also the Police, the broad-cast outlets the other media and the far flung network of party loyalists. By his new attitude towards Karadziche also has the sympathy of the West and Russia is not frustrated With him as it is With Karadzic and his colleagues. Karadzicis notwithout his contacts in Serbia. He is in touch. With politicians there and is said to have on 8 August met with Patriarch Pavel of the Serbian Orthodox Church. A Key figure is Ratko Mladic, the commander of the Basnian Serb Army. It is said that he has not been seen recently in public and so far he has not commented on Milosevic's LLLLLaH a LaLOLLLLL LLL0LLLLLLLS LLL LLLL S färdie Nationāli Stard HāS I SHOW ar Unflagging loyalty to Karadzic, but his ties with Milosevicare said to go much further. The Group is said to be willing to lift some Sanctions against Serbia if Milosewic agrees to have Observers on the Serbian-Bosnia frontier. This will help to convince Serbs that Milosevic's new policy is bringing tangible dividends and strengthen support for him.
"Exempt Bosnia from Arms Embargo”
This cry is heard in many political circles, including the US Congress. The reasoning is quite simple. Exempt the Musli led Bosnian Government front the arms embargothus making it possible for it to acquire parity with, or even superiority over the Bosnian Serbs in Weapons, and hope that it will be able to role back the Bosnia Serbs into the areas larked for them on the roups's Tap. That would be an owersimplification of the Whole situation, To begin with Security Council a Luthorisatio Will hawe to be obtained to exempt the Muslim led Government from the ams embargo, Neither the French, British nor the Russians seementhusiastic about that now. At the meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Group held on 30

Page 17
July to decide on the consequences the Bosnian Serbs Would have to face for non-acceptance of the Peace Plan the priority seems to hawe been to Tnaintain Consensus and avoid strains among themselves. All they were able to agree on the issue of lifting the arms embargo from the MuslimS Was that It"COuld be UnlawOidable." Bill Clinton is reported on 17 August to hawe Set late October as the deadline for unconditional acceptance of the Peace Plan by the Bosnian Serbs. Failing to get that, he is reported to have said, that he would go to the Security Council for authorisation to exempt the MC Federation from the embargo. He is Said to hawe issued this ultiratur to ferd off a move by Congress to lift the embargo unilaterally by adopting an amendment to the Appropriations Bill which Would hawe cut off funds for US participation in enfocement of the embargo. Meanwhile, political Commentators andr Tiilitary strategists have pointed out that lifting the arms embargo an Bosnia need notnecessarily lead to triumph over the recalcitrant BoSnian Serbs. A lifting of the embargo Would, it is estimated, lead to a neScalation of the War forcing the British, French etc. to withdraw their peace keeping forces Which were newer meant to be combat troops. Butros. Butros Ghali has said that if that happened he would hawe to withdraw the entire 35,000 forces and aid Workers. This would mean a complete collapse of the peacekeeping and humanitarian aid infrastructure giving the Bosnian Serbs a freehand for acquiring more territory and continuing "ethnic cleansing." Moreover, military strategists hawe expressed the view that it will take some time before the Muslim led forces learn to use effectively the new types of weapons which they intend to purchase and also to build up an officer Corps equal to that of their adversaries. Further nore, if UNPROFOR is Withdrawn. NATO air power could not be used as there Would be no tactical aircontrollers to call in the aircraft and direct them to selected target areas. Finally the possibility cannot be ruled out that, if Muslim led forces begin to rollback the Bosnian Serbs, sympathy for the latter could rise to such heights in Serbia that Milosewic would under increasing pressure from his own people to lift the blockade and go to the assistance of their fellow Serbs. The Whole scenario OVer the last twenty-eight months has been a test of Wills between the "leaders" of the international Community and the Bosnian Serbs, with the latter winning Continuously. Unless the US can, With the authorization of the Security Council, build a powerful co-alition to "use all necessary measures" and force the Bosnian Serb forces to withdraw into the areas marked out for them in the Group's map, with
Serbia maintaining
there seems to be position into which ti the Group hawe pl Group's ппар сап go a futile atterTipt by turned cartographer: an explosive and WO map which a student tions would hawe k accepted by the Bo Compelled to do sob force. By Bush dista 1991 fTOTitle Situati |ly agreed that the E hawé been Checke. Clinton backtracting declaration She Tad S to the Olle te U Crisis in Yugoslawia, SterTallig-S OW fid
different kind of guag they conjured up, ar hawe tried to hide the to use the measures pter WII of the UN
those provided for in
Conclusion
The Whole story's mbers of the Groupd We their credibility, i. the lack of vision, rest of five of the World's They spent months. On a loudly mouthe basis, but had not largely due to a lack is expected of the si to force the Bosnian Plan. It is Just oner 49 year's of the hist national and regional prevented Members Organisation for the which it was create forms in the Organiz What is really needec ways in which the Me larly those with pers Security Council us That will probably tak des.
Abbreviations
C:SCE COffBreľ108 OT1 іпEшгоре ECELIOggi COTTLT LJNPROFOR -Ubiled N:
SOLITICES
UNPSG RÉlä5E The UN Chiril 1991 Resolutions of the Securi The Lited Natio gard F Yugoslavia The Weekly Guardian The International Harald

its present stance,
no Way Out of the he E.C., the UN ad ut themselwes. The into the archives as Foreign Ministers s to bring peace into latile situation with a of internatioral relaOWI Would not be snian Serbs, unless y the threat of military ncing himself in July on, when it is generaBosnian Serbs could і, апd sшbsequently On the Semi-bellicose 2, on the electio trail, S should play in the The US drid her Wethemselves in a very Tire from the spectre ld behind which they air lack of political will provided for in ChaCharter, particularly
Articles 42 to 51.
ofar, unless the meOSomething to retrieSasad reflection of olwe and COITII TitTrent most powerful states. rafting a Peace Plan "take-it-or-leave-it" the moral courage, of leadership which olitary Super Power, Serbs to accept the Ore instance in the Ory of the UN When COinSideratioShawe States from using the global purposes for d. While certain reation are necessагу, is a revolution in the nberStates, particuTalest Seats in the e the Organization. ke another fiwe deca
Security & Co-operation
ity
til 15 FOrtació FTC-5.
March to June 1994 ty Council IeSituation in the Former
TrijuГЕ
Le Monde
The Econist
The Fira Call TT5 Review of International Affairs (published in Belgrade)
B. B. C. adCNNBroadcast5
The Army Hits Back
Continued for page )
But the PA, in the run-up to the mid-NoWeinber presidential polls, cannot neglect the Wote of the minorities, including now the hefty (Indian) plantation labour wote= bank.... particularly since Mr. Thondarman seems to be in two minds, to vote for the UNP's new leader GaminiDissanayake, his close buddy, or Prime Minister Chandrika, the most popular politician in the island today.
Though not a major development, Mr. Lionel Fernandos StateTert tuTS the spotlighton a neglected factor in this quite complex equation-India. Right from the beginning India and Tamillnadu hawe had a crucial role in the Sri Lankan conflict, and the politic of that problem. The UNP's Presidential candidate still holds the IndiaSri Lanka peace accord, and the IPKF interwention as majorachievements of the UNP leader, Mr. J. R. Jayawardene. Mr. Dissanayake identifies himself with that Jaya Wardene line. Whether this issue will come in the October-November campaign is not entirely certain but believe it Will. India, and Thondaman will figure in the campaign.
So it was interesting to read Mr. Lionel Ferrandos press StatEmerit. "I Want to Madras in June to get my wife checked at the Appollo hospital. The diagnosis reWealed my Wife had to Lundergo an operation." The recent trip to India, he told the ISLAND had nothing to do with peace talks and the LTTE, said Mr. Ferlando Once a very popular GA in Jaffna and a highly regarded civil servant.
The Prime Minister has named a fourmember negotiating team: the PM's seCretary, Mr. K. Balapatabendi, Secretary to the Information Ministry and Lake HouSe press boss, Mr. Lionel Fernando, Peoples Bank Chairman Rajan Asirwadan, and Mr. Navin Gunaratre architect.
However the Army has launched a major attack on LTTE bases close to the Army's FDL's and killed 75 Tigers. Instead of the de-escalation which should be the prelude to serious negotiations, we may See are W escalation.
15

Page 18
PART 3
Responses to conflict
Kumar Rupasingha
Preventive responses
From the less-than-exhaustive outline above of Some of the possible responses a Wailable to Te Tibers of the interlational community to emerging violent conflicts or eScalating conflicts, it is necessary to turn to Some of the particular problems facing non-governmental organizations and political leaders in addressing these issues and some possible avenues for increasing the overall effectiveness of preventive responses to conflict.
The role of governments
Governments, both at the national and international levels, have aparticular obligation to assume a leadership role in shaping and implementing preventive reSponses to emerging conflicts. As members of the United Nations, states, in part, are Colt litted to eliminating the Scourge of War, guaranteeing international peace and security, promoting development and hшпап гights, preventing genocide and enforcing humanitarian law. They also hawe the responsibility of putting their taxpayers' money to the best possible uses.
In terms of preventive diplomacy, it is governments which can efect the greatest amount of change most quickly. But a global shift in how effectively the international community addresses violent inteTrial Conflict Will recessitate immowa tio, forceful leadership, the revision of priorities and the reallocation of resources at the political level.
Budgetary considerations
In 1992, Overseas Development Assistance from the major industrialised coutries amounted to S 60.4 billion, according to The Reality of Aid 94, a study Carried OL ut for ACTIONAID, ICWA and Eurostep. That total represented a deCrease of 0.57 per cent ower the previous year. Meanwhile, spending on humanitarian assistance has been increasing rapidly - from 2.26 per cent of Development Assistance Comittee countries' aid budgets in 1998 to over 7 per cent in 1991. In other Words, within stagnant or decreasing aid budgets an increasing portion of the totalis going for emergency responses to conflict situations. Meanwhile, the IMF estimates that military spending in the World outside the former Soviet Union has fallеп by nearly a quагter to 3.1percent of global GDP in 1992 from 3.9 per cent
16
in 1986. However,
through defence cut nnelled intoaldbud dend has turned out elusive promises o age," one obserWer
Clearly, there is gnment of humani and military budget address conflict bel spread wiolence anc One possible mech: could be through Specific budget line of preventive diplo rnmental and non-g
Recommendations
1. That the major cracies take a lead
moting prewentiwe mT dance and resolutio internal conflicts;
2. That specific c established With res. rtive diplomacy, so nce, foreign affairs, H nce and developme ties related to conflic
3. That developm dgets be re-evalua devoting 1 0 per cE specific conflict prew
4. That the gover industrialised dermo establishment of UI 5sadorsilla||COLIntri political early Warn provide it to the Sec.
5. That govern mer lopment of an effectiv Within the Europea Nations, the Confer Co-operation in Euric tional organisationsi Crises.
6. That governmer Wely Support innow: peacemaking, such kers and peace mon "white helmets".
7. That the goverr industrialised demo Workin close collabo rtmental organizatio wentive diplomacy.

sawings being made Sare not being rechagets. "The peace diwito be one of the more f the post-Cold War has noted.
a Eeed for a reliitarian, development s to more effectively fore it leads to Widehuman catastrophe. alist to achieve this he establishment of 5 0 SLippOrt aspects Tacy by both goveOWernmentalentities.
irdustrialised demointernationally in proTeasureSfortheaWojof potentially violent
abinet portfolios be ponsibility for preveas to integrate defeLumanitarian a SSiSta2nt assistance prioriit prevention;
ent assistance bLited with an eye to int of the budget to ention initiatives;
lments of the major cracies promote the "nited Natio S ambaeS, WHO COLuld reCeWE ing infomation and retary General.
tS pronole the devee logistical capability Union, the United rice on Security and pe and otherinterna0 deal with emerging
its promote and actiative approaches to as civiliапреacemaitors, ie., non-military
ments of the major Cracies support and ration with non-govens in the field of pre
The role of humanitarian agencies
As a result of violent internal conflicts and other disasters such as drought and famine, costs of providing humanitarian assistance have risen dramatically in reCent years. In 1992, member governments of the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD provided about $4.7 billion (US) worth of humanitarian assistance (food, emergency and distress relief and refugee aid), an increase of more than 47 per Cent over 1990. Meanwhile, development aid budgets are generally stagnant or declining, even though population growth, urbanization, the widening gap between rich and poor, environmental degradation, greater competition for scarcer resources, economic stagnation, political repression and other factors are driving upwards the numbers of Wulierable populations Worldwide and the risk of Violent Conflict.
Whilst saving hundreds of thousands of lives in emergency situations, several aspects of humanitarian actions have beCorre increasingly probleTatic. AS noted above, the Costs to OECD countries of proViding humanitariam assistance hawe risen dramatically in recent years. At the same time competition for funds for aid efforts and deliver aid has undermined the effectiveness of overall efforts.
Other factors hindering humanitarian responses to conflicts are that the mandates ofmany humanitarianagencies donot reflect the erosion of the concept of state Sovereignty, the changed character of War, or the life- and cost-saving logic of prevention of violent conflicts, rather than reaction to those conflicts and their consequences. In the field, violence or the threat of violence often paralyses or seriously hinders delivery of humanitarian assistance and endangers relief Workers. In many conflict situations, those delivering humanitarian assistance hawe become targets of combatants or criminal elements and victins of violence and COercion. In some instances, those delivering assistance are seen as acting as aggreS:SOTS.
Delivery, in Some circumstances, has involved diversion of aid to combatants of Criminals, thus helping to sustain violence. In-the-field co-operation with combatants aimed at facilitating delivery has undermined the Credibility of humanitarian agencies with donors and the public in donor

Page 19
COuntries. External organizations hawe disempowered local organizations, struсtures and individuals. Meanwhile, педоtiating for passage of aid has legitimized parties to conflicts.
Recort Tendations
1) That the mandates of humanitarian agencies be reconsidered in light of the increased numbers of vulnerable populations and the changed character of war. Despite hawing information on the probable escalation of conflicts, some agencies with the resources and credibility to help avert violence are restricted by their man.dates and could not effectively communicate the need for urgent preventive action or act toward prevention.
2) That humanitarian agencies consider participating in the establishment of country-specific and/or region-specific networks for the better Co-ordination of preventive and transformative activities.
3) That they consider how to participate in multi-sectoral approaches to conflict prevention and transformation.
4) That the allocation of a significant portion of humanitarian budgets to conflict prevention and transformation activities, including effective early warning of impe
lding widence, be considered.
5) That indiwidual Supporters of hur Tiarnitarian agencies be asked what percentage of funds they want to be allocated to preventive activities.
6) That humanitarian agencies contribute to the design of Sustainable long-term peace initiatives using their in-depth knowledge of conflict situations.
7) That hurtianitarian agencies participate in consortia of agencies with a direct interest in conflict prevention and transfortation to minimize duplication of work and maximise impacts.
8) That humanitarian agencies improve on the early Warning information currently a Wailable through better in-house gathēring, handling and use of information relewant to existing and emerging conflicts. This could involve training in information handling, the use of standardised reporting formats for field workers, the targeting of recipients of information and the development of information strategies related to existing or emerging conflicts.
9). And that they participate in the establishrinent of a multi-sectoral information clearing house with a capacity for analysis and information targeting of those relevant to Conflict prevention and transformation.
The role of development agencies
It is already recognized that prevention can be considerably more cost-effective
in humaramdfirmarc to Wiolent COflict. pTellt assistanCE2 Organizations, I Wo only misguided or implemented devel. do not have as their goalto avert Conflict What is Tore the i sharpen the focu: aspects of develop implementing specil th105e Temtioned C0Luntry-specific Cor
| would argue tha: rtion of development used for emergency Warning systems, C mflictresolution trair gies. There is als OE for sharing informati of conflict, evolving to violence and po! rting violence With directly affected. M of incipient Wiolent c tion of existing con for local preventive non-governmental either complement efforts or the only Catastrophe,
Based om the his responses to emerg peSforcontinLingdi is a need for conce how the best availa deployed to preven insequences, Such Should in Wolwe local greatest stake in aw creating sustainable naging Conflict and Development orga rian and humanitari be more effectiveli political will to mov prewentiwe regime international levels.
RECOT mendations
1. Developmental
Consider refocusing to development to of the need for prac WEnt CcJffic.
2. The possibility ( of overall developm 1tiWe actiWitie S shoLuI
3. The creation rtments for prevent quately staffed and bÈ COr Sidered.
4. Developmental explore the contribul

ial terms than reacting relation to develo
and developmental uld suggest that it is poorly designed and pment policies which primary or secondагу in the broadest Sense. issue is how best to s of the preventive оппепt assistance by ic Teasures, such as above in terms of ISOrtia.
at a significant propotassistance should be "preparedness, early onflict resolution, coing andrelated stratea widently a great need Com Of the rČOtca LuSES trends which can lead ssible means of awethose who would be еaningful fогecasting Conflicts or the escala"licts is a prerequisite action, as Well as action that may be ary to international alter Tätiwe to hUrnam
torical record, ad OC jing conflicts are recisasters and that there arted pre-planning on ble resources Can be twiolence and its cocontingency planning actors, who hawe the esting widlence and in mecharis rTMS for Talpreventing wiolence, nizations, humanitaan agencies can also helping create the e toward a cohesive at the Tati3||
organizations Sh10 Luld their overall approach take greater account tical initiatives to pre
of shifting 10 percent ent budgetstopreved be explored.
of dedicated depaWe activities - aderesourced - should
organizations should tion they can Take to
strategic consortia aimed at addressing country-specific conflicts.
5. Development agencies should also examine their direct participation in the establishment of conflict early Warning systems, and inspecific conflict resolution initiatives, conflict resolution training and related strategies.
Conclusion
For the international community, what has emerged most clearly from the violent conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, CaTibodia, Liberia, Somalia andelsewhere is that in each case a strategic concept is needed that Unites the non-govemmental community, local peacemakers, intenational organisations, scholars and goWernments in Co-operation towards conflict prevention and transformation. The scale and complexity of the problems faced are such that the only realistic approach is concerted action involving all levels of the international community, as Well as co-operation within the components of that community to maximise the impact of their respective strengths. One Way of characterizing such a system is as a "strategic umbrella of concern" under Which an overall strategy for the preveInti0n i Oro ree Solution Of ConflictS COLJld be developed and implemented.
The number of internal armed conflicts, the economic and social devestation they engender, the massive increase in refugee flows, the unprecedented proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and small arms, all lead to the conclusion that traditional approaches are failing us and a new strategic vision is needed if the World Cor TImunity is going to learn how to prevent War. Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacebuilding are the conceptual and operational tools to make progreSS in this field. But to advance the Conceptand operational goals for conflict prevention requires Concerted action.
The Eed of the Cold War haSot meant the end of history as Francis Fukuyama Would have had us believe. In fact, history has become more complex, more rife with risks and opportunities. We can turn away from these complexities and risks in deSpair, or retain locked in old habits and Ways of attempting to prevent or mitigate these Tan-made disasters. I am firmly Convinced that if we attempt to deal with the tide of War-generated human misery using current concepts and instruments it will only continue to rise. Alternatively, We can pool Our experience, energy and resources to help break the conceptual and operational logjam which currently afflicts the international system and coInfronts millions of people around the World with further suffering.
17

Page 20
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Page 21
Amending the Cons
A. Jeyaratnam Wilson,
here is a number of grundnor
Which hawe i to be observed When a constitution is to be abandoned. The present PA government claims that since it did not obtain an absolute majority of the votes cast, (48 percent), it is not Willing to proceed with the contingent amendment. It is doubtful that this grundnorm will be observed by other governments, although doubtless it seems a salutary rule to follow. However Jacques PariZeau's Parti Cuebecois recently Won an election in Quebec with 45 percent of the total vote to the Liberals 44 percent. Yet for all, Parizeau has stated that his victory "is a key step towards making Quebec independent from Canada". There is hoWewer an important difference. Parizeau will request the National Assembly of Quebec to pass "a solemn declaration" that would provide his government with the necessary mandate to make Quebec independent. Parizeau added that even if his government is defeated in the referendum, he would put the question again to CDLuebeckers.
To make things difficult in the Sri Lanka case, Section 82 (2) of the Constitution requires that "no bill for the repeal of the Constitution shall be placed on the Order Paper of Parliament unless the Bill contains provisions replacing the Constitution" etc, etc. There is therefore no way in which the Constitution can be suspeinded. The Supreme Court will possibly declare such a procedure un constitutional.
The following are observations by a student of political science (the present Writer). Constitutional lawyers may have a different interpretation.
1. Jennings eral have argued that the acts of one Parliament cannot bind any succeeding Parliament. This is precisely what Section 82 (2) seeks to do. To put the question at its extreTie, Could the 1977-89. Parliament have inserted a clause in the Constitution stating "this act cannot bearinended under any circumstances", that is to say that the Constitution enacted
|-քՀi = rights = :
(а)
ܒ ܒ ܒ ¬ܨ .
cannot forever
provision cannic
Parliget. Tf Tent will ther, absolute major declare itself a and amendorr: Constitution. T other provision:
The Execut tUrmed OLula CCC) ntators to be "that TlOrta (G0 eternal God WE diece". TEP to sērTowe it TI accordingto Cul need an absolul Castata parliam election to ame
there is Kelser propounded in now by Courts upholding a ne has replaced a |Sen in brief not
if they succi ceases, and
to be efficacic Widuals Who's order regula by and large, new order,th dered as a W:
The Kelsenian tested in two c Wealth and de
in the State of
SSioner of Pris The circuista Ours. Until 22 Milton Obote W ster of Ugandi government. B also known as
nda, was the Pr Head of State in-Chief of Uga 1966, Dr. Obote Constitution of

titUti On
be changed. Such a bind any succeeding e successor ParliaWhether it has WOI an ly or not, proceed to constituent assembly place the entrenched is would apply to any of the Constitution.
we presidency has dingtomany CommeHobbes'S Leviathari, d to whorn under the I owe perpetual obe!ople's Alliance wants lot and branch. But rent PA thinking, it will e majority of the Votes entary or presidential midit.
's theory of efficacy
1925 and accepted seeking reasons for w legal order which In existing order. Ke
ed:
eed, if the old order the new order begins Dus, because the indie behaviour the new es, actually behawe, in conformity with the en this order is consialid order...
heory of efficacy was ases in the Cortinoclared Walid.
Uganda and Cominions exparte Matovu. 1Ces Were Sir Thilarit0 February 1966, Dr. as as the Prime Minil, executive head of It Sir EdWard Mutesa. the Kabaka of Bugaesident, the Supreme ind the Cortlandernda. On 24 February announced that "the Uganda shall be SU
. 1 : 11
spended temporarily with effect from 7 o'clocktonight.
On 2 March 1966, by a gazette notification, it WaS stated that
(i)
(ii)
the executive authority of Uganda shal|| West in the PrirTTE Minister etc,
the Cuties of the President and Vice-President which Were exerciSed under the old Constitution, before 22 February 1966 shall rest in the Prime Minister by and with the consent of the cabinet,
The National Assembly at an emergency meeting on 15 April 1966, adopted the following resolution:
...we the people of Uganda hereby assembled in the name of Uganda do resolve and it is hereby resolved that the Constitution which came into being on 9 October 1962, be abolished and it is hereby abolished accordingly, and the Constitution row laid before us be adopted this day of 15 April 1966 as the Constitution of Uganda until Such time as the Constituent Assembly established by Parliament enacts a constitution in place of this constitution.
Sir Udo Udorrla C.J. Concluded
applying the Kelseniah principles. Our deliberate and considered view iS thattle 1966 Costitution is a legally walid constitution...
The same doctrine had applied in Paki
Stan
in The State of Pakista W. Dosso.
Chief Justice Sir Muhartitled Munir recognised the legality of President Ayub Khan's seizure of power. President Iska
nder
Mirza annulled the 1956 Constitution
and appointed Ayub Khan Chief Martial aW Adriinistrator. The Court relied on Kelsen's theory that the Order of 1958 was a valid Grundnam and General Ayub Khan Was fortified in all decisions her made under the Order of 1958.
3. there is the doctrine of necessity
19

Page 22
which partly Teshes in with the first proposition We propounded. Here the
problem arose because among other provisions of the Constitution of Cyprus, the one dealing with the Su=
preme Constitutional Court could not
be a tended even if it had one hu
ndred percent support in Parliament
for its re-structuring. In this case, The
Attorney-General for the Republic of
Cyprus W. Mustafa İbrahim and
others, the respondents were cha
rged for attempting to overthrow the
goWernment by the use of aTTed fo
rce. The Government of Cyprus was
ulable to aTeld fore dWe WiiWare' дрелселrлеуметтелr clause. The re
spondents pleaded that in view of this
provision, their trial under an ame
ident of 1964 Was W. Was the
COStitution.
The Attorney-General for Cyprus put forward the defence that the inflexibility of the Constitution had "created a sense of legislative paralysis". The government in the interests of governing had therefore to depart for the Costitution. The Court of Appeal held with the Attorney-GeneEl din thiS JUStīCg Wa SSiliadeS relied on Dr. Glan Wille Williams, the Quain Professor of Jurisprudence of University College, London, wiz.,
this Court, now, in its all-important and responsible function of transforming legal theory into living law, applied to the facts of daily life for the preservation of social order, is faced with the question whether the legal doctrine of necessity discussed earlier in this judgment, should or should not, be read in the provisions of the Written Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus. Our una mimoLIS Wiew, and Lunhesitating answer to this question is in the affir TatiWe, .
In conclusion it might be said that it is better t0 haWE a COSESLJI COStitution than a partisan one. If the latter course is followed, as it was in 1978, then a party in opposition will want to restore the status quo ante. We are them likely to face the spectre of changes in constitution with every change in government. Cana Country live on a diet of constitutional change?
2O
In the final analysis skEd factors hat det Cal behaviour-Ceri lity. Humans need to long term basissoth their lives over a per rtain this, they mus Within reaSortheir fu tutions changed afte ction will take away t bility. These two ele predictability, are
ΑΑΜΕΡΑ. γ ́.
President Wo
President D. B. campaign forthe UN 9 presidential electic Thembers that it Wo him to preside over cabinet, which he di
state and head of leading a UNP elect
TE UNPC did
Leader Gamini Dis
Candidate Wilbe P
drik Bardara laik
Quota Crisis
indu
Sri Lanka's hig пge earniпggаппег in crisis. Ill planned expansion by апеa distribution of expor favour has exhau
annual quota (from Within three months
Industries MinistE said that garment been lavishly distrib regime to factories functioning. The Te had the cut the earr mate users for this

ith Eire aretWoilsities=||- ermine human politiainty and predictabibe certain on a fairly atthay can construct iod oftirne. TO aSCebe able to predict LUre.TO ha We COStirevery general elehe factor of predictaments, certainly and essential. For, as
Hobbes said "life is nasty, short and brutish; man is to man a fox; we cannot live in a state of nature where We are involved in a War of all againstall." Hence the need for consensus. But if this cannot beachiewed, the old adage will have to apply, namely that when there is a will, there is a Way. The PA has secured, like the parti Quebecois, a majority of the votes cast. ifican, if it wants, follow Parizeau's example.
n't campaign
Wijetunga will not Pfor the November
I. He has told UNP
uld be awkward for a People's Alliance
OS TOW aS | head Cof
government, while tion campaign.
te Wilbe Opposition sanayake. The PA riITIE Minister ClaB Kumaratunga.
hits garment stry
hest foreign exchait export industry is politically notivated rlier regime and the tuotas by political sted the Flation's the USA) by half
r C. W. Guraratre export quotas had uted by the previous that Were note Wel
2xtile QUota Board led quotas of legiti
Durpose.
The minister has appointed a committee to probe the activities of the Textile Quota Board.
Don't stooge, says PM
Addressing a meeting of upper level public servants Prime Minister Chandrika i Bandaranalike Kumaratunga said that the new government headed by her did not require bag carrying or stooging by public servants.
Promotions in future Would be made on merit, efficiency, honestyand dedication to public and national Welfare, she said.
Ombudsman
People Will hawe direct access to an Ombusdsman in future, Justice Minister G. L. Pieris haS ann OUTCed. Aľ1 earlieľ
Ombudsman Was almostinaccessible to the people because of a tortuous process of Screening of complaints most often by those complained against.
Terrible, says Ashraff
Rehabilitation Minister M. H. M. Ashraf said that refugees of the North East conflict were living in "terrible" conditions. They will be paid compensation next month, the Minister said.

Page 23
Why there's so in this rustict
There islaughter and Eight bantet armongst these ruraldangels who arebusy Sorting Out tobacco laaf in a barm. It is an: raf the huricirxls rf sich
barris spread out in the mid and upcountry inETITigdiate zUre wheTehe arable larid reTTlairls fallow during the off season.
Here, with careful nurturing tobacco grows as a lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turn to gold... to the Value of over Rs. 250 Tillion or note annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk,
 

ENRICHNGRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter obacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings erruployment to the 5ECCind highest nur Liber of people. And these people: ar the trabaccc barri, CYLLYTHE:r's, that trobacCC growers and those who work for them, on the land and in the balls.
For them, the tobacco leaflers IIleaningful work,
a cornfortable life and a secure future. A good erxuqh Eascrı for la Lughter.
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for OLIrland and herpeople.

Page 24
PEOPLE
Celebrating
(
Dynami
In 1961 People's Bank ventured out in th
of only 46... and a few hundred Customer;
Today, just 33 years later
People Resource exceeds 10,00
Customer Listings at a Stagge
Branch NetWork in excess of 3
in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Bank has
in the SriLankan Banking scene. Their spe
resources at their Command dedicated
dedication that has earned them the title
PEOPLE'S BANK
Banker to the Millions

'S BANK
Three Decades Of
C Growth
2 challenging World of Banking with a staff
P.
)0
ring 5.5 Million
28, THE LARGEST
grown to become a highly respected leader Ctacular grOW this areflection of the massive
to the service of the Common man - a
"Banker to the Millions'