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LANKA
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Return Of Sir
FTITēr UNWP ( Sїrisena Cooray, ser ofre previo, ошt of parliаллел back to re-organ rew UWP lead
lākā dārāfri
asked to resign fic party sources sa,
Preside
Pg5 C,
lāk Tārā
Ora Ole Or772
hin) to talk to the CLITTer]f SSL'é5.
wi// be ir The forti)
Tea compan
Privale Corpo a for assed lar in thered. Twenty ΠεaΠf CαπημέΠεις losses amountry |ion (at end Jште
According so wage hikes for powerful unían le prices in the W préWanfrg (SCO gΓαννι,
BREFLY
ReWisecte
FS 24
A Call for TE WIS
supply of three sawed the state
240 millon). A lo пnillопрегаігсга!

isena Cooray
Зелега!... Secretary
a powerful miniLIS regime bĽur?OW t is to be brought ise the party. The arship wants him
SMPS)
JacÇÖTTüdafa İTİT),
| OD TW
Sandrika Bardara
Inga will appear filona/TW (Rupa wapeople or pressing The арреагалces
1 Offrferwiews.
ieS i the red
апies гшлліпg the 7tations are deeply of the 22 managehave гuл шp hugg յto Rs 3.517.5 mil
4.
Industry sources ced by postcally
àdgrsänd Wared
"ord Tarket were
wery and healthу
nder SäWeS
חסilliוח (
EEElde Sforte
AN 32 ES CEft
US$4.8 (about Rs West Ejid Čof USS3, 2
it was accepted.
Presidet i Cladrika BadāTE
malke KLImaratunga Carl Cele{d an earlier tender deal under the previous regime where the same bidder had quoted USS 4.8 million.
ReWieW Of WOA
The government has appointed a
Tinisterial COTTittet tOireWi WithĒ
Woice of America agreement. The projected WOA complex at Iranawila, a West coast fishing village, has come under heavy attackby religious and peoples organisations. The protesters fear that the American presence and influence will disrupt the cultural and economic life of the local community and also be a security threat to the nation.
GUARDIAN
Wol. 17 No, 17 January 1, 1995
Price RS. O.OO
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 245, Uricor PläCE ColóTibó - 2.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 147584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Saravanamuttu Mawathā, Color:Tmbo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
News Background The Pope's Best-Seller
a Poor
Hashmir Ouestion Carlsofshop arid Scciety Tackling Rural Unemployment MediaTraining Institute 15 Boks 1g

Page 4
NEM/S BACKGROUND
1994 : YEAR OF TH
- and of Course
Mervyn de Silva
WO national elections, parliamentary
and presidential, and the assasination of the UNP leader one of the presidential Candidates, dominated 1994. Both ellections, the second more crucially, turned the spotlighton Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunge, the daughter S.W.R.D. Bandaranalike (prime minister 1956-59) and SirisTā Bär däTEā ikg, the World's first Wortan prite Tinister and twice Sri Lanka's.
This unique legacy of the daughter of two prime ministers is frequently emphasised in Current commentaries but not always is its true or its many sided significance, correctly identified.
Consider the 1956 Revolution. Of course it was not a revolution but "revolution" is the only Word that could convey the explosive April "56 outburst, the emotion that seized the anti-Establishment forces which had come together to topple, to SWeep away the Bourbons, from the seats of power. "The memories of men" says John Still in the only line that has been found quotable in his book on Ceylon, THE JUNGLETIDE, "are too frail a thread to hang history on". My own memories, re-ordered perhaps by present history, identify the following as the most salient.
(1) "1956" instantly earned the honoured title "Revolution" because the revolution promised by the revolutionary wanguard had not in fact swept Sri Lanka (Ceylon). And that pre-independence wanguard had been formed in fact by the "brightest and the best" of the native middle-class intelligentsia, many of them educated in Europe and U.S.
(2) The power-base of these Marxist revolutionaries was the Working class, 3rditStrāde uiOS.
2
But the "proletari or the Sinhalese W "Indian" Tamil plar not oblige the prop Smarte St Of Colonial "model" colony to a experiments yield smooth transfer of the most tidy, and profitable.
They had alreac giant named D.S.T WErE the mode al transfer, to the Se National Party.
All went Well, alth first general electior What disturbing sig and their British There was a strong
The wery first ma Wås - Tot all that fa sourced in family all bly in a realTil of hur by the pursuit of ps SLJCCESSor. D.S. H mind, not his parli: natural heir, Mr. S.W Leader of the Hol capitalist Ceylon, th dual traces of feu loyalty. The result CBite SriLE moderate socialist necessary, perfect
wention.
The UNP had be: dily. The alternative ctorate Was a Mar its pronourements riously, would use P

E BALLOT the bullet
arreWolution", based Working class and the ntation proletariat, did hets. The British, the ists, had ConwErted its
laboratory, their main ng lessons on the lower, the best-timed, | of Course the Tost
ly picked a leader, a he only questions left nd the timing of the nanayake-led United
ough the results of the 1 did Sent Out a SomBnal to the ruling elite rainers and jockeys. anti-UNP) opposition.
jor 'conflict' (the Word shionable then) was legiance, andinewitaan affairs dominated JWer, the question of ad his son Dudley in amentary deputy and W. R.D., Bandaranaike, ise. In the emerging Iere Were strong residalism and dynastic ?Bandaranalike laua Freedom Party, a party...historically, a y timed, benign inte
in losing ground stea! aWailable to the elleist CDalition, Wlich if Werg to be takEl Se
arliament to demolish
bourgeois institutions and install a socialist regime. Bandaranaike, for all his Oxford education had a far surer grasp of the mass mood, that is the Sinhala electorate, than the "champions" of the Working classes. He was particularly sensitive to the aspirations of the Sinhala Voters, and their increasingly vocal avant
garde, the Veda-guru-sangfra combination (monk, Sinhala teacher, ayurvedic physician).
The Oxford Union orator Bardaramaika had become a Buddhist, and sported national dress, He became the eloquent advocate of a new ethos, Sinhala as the official language, cultural rewiwalism (indigenous arts and Crafts) nationalisation of foreign capitalist enterprises (the busiest port in the region, public transport owned by the bus mudalalis etc), - a heady, policy cocktail. The 'mixed economy' was matched in the field of foreign policy by a vigorous. Third Worldish or activist nomalignment, the second to become the platform on which Mrs Sirima Bandararaike Was become an international figure.
ANT-TAMIL
Unfortunately, the domestic policies of both S.W.R.D. and Sirira Badaranaike - Sinhala only and the pro-Buddhistline, particularly on the schools take overWere destined to create an entirely negatiWe image among the national minorities, specially the Tamils and the Christians, It was Sinhala only that finally produced Prabhakaran, altering fundamentally the mode of Tamil protest from parliamentaristand publicagitation to violent gestures, until it gawe birth not only to an armed Secessionist Tower ent but to the toughest exponents of undiluted terror, the Eelam Tigers. A look at the World today. isto recognise the phenomenon of "identi

Page 5
ty conflicts', nearly all inspired by language or religion.
The Sri Lanka Conflict resulted in military intervention-albeit by invitation, the Gandhi-Jayawardene Accord. But 60-70,000 Indian troops could not crush the 3-4,000 strong guerilla group. The IPKF was asked to withdraw, by President Jayawardene's elected successor, President Pretladasa. The War' costs Over a million dollars a day, swelling a defence vote which is over 5% of GDP. Meanwhile the LTTE has become one of the first secessionist guerrilla groups to establish a naval arm, and now experiment with "Flying objects"
PEACE CANDDATE
Chandrika: Barldararläike KLImaratunge, the younger daughter of Prime Ministers Solomon and Sirima Bandaranaika, is the child of the 1956 revolution, both its achiements and those policies that produced or exacerbated tensions in our multi-ethnic society, and under-developed dependent "Third World" economy.
She has been brave enough to recognise the problem and the urgent need to resolve the conflicts produced by such deep-rooted resentments- whetherit be the armed struggle of the separatist Tamils or the strikes, demos, gheraos of lower-middle class youth, workers, and trade unions. With each passing week and each confrontation, the P.A.'s strength is proving to be less than sufficient to meet the assorted challenges. The confrontations of the past fortnight reveal the following:
(1) The charisma of Chandrika is the PA's principal strength -underscored by the 64% as against the 50% at the midAugust general election.
(2) Though she goes through the ceremonies of consultation, compromise and COnSEnsLIS – the FremadasaistmanträT - it is as much a "one Woman show" as the original was a "one superman show".
3) The AMORMO strike was settled only to produce a GMOA strike - a plan lack of administrative experience.
(4) Prof. G.L. Pie highest rank, "boa, Settled 44 Strikesincluding reporters, ces, foreign busines stors to ask "HoW in disputes? Image of
(5) The ideologic coalition exposes
T
The LLCII Caugllւ ն Տալft LuiL SJ LElf I Le Earl Su Col Ll Retrogres Tuat lest
So the Cili Wherı fırı Signaled The surf
AS COL | rt H. To thesos The Lucur ProLed by
JLISE LIJFlf? The Synd This Go WFS CF To the so Te Wrif Sirice (Flé Crug Ethi
So conium Rice (rld The Holy The Irldig The Empi Held EIFli
Lirikirng L OLL. Her

is, a scholar of the ted". On TW he had зaving the audience, liplomats, Wire servimen, Would be inveany UNRESOLVED instability.
lly assorted grand lifferent l'Erdencies,
the radical-Left and the unions more deTonstrative and vocal than the conservative SLFP Tiddle. The PA lacks cohesion.
(6) The WOA-Church-NGO's-Buddhist clergy etc involved RANAWILA issue reveals the diversity and the confusion. Diversity could be a source of strength but right now it is an all-too visible sign of discord.
le Scholars’ Tale - 21
arld Wecue of L’rusolrling Tapestr Ly | claLting crimisori the passirig Cenfuri L blood ard Jr. Tres froTīru lle Llucky start en Hiroshirta Lucas soort past the State of LF1e Art legal Lited exter lillor relentless irl ils mid Cert LLIl y notation sed to sa Usage etfu Ilic er girteet ir 1g Jlad Gengluis card Tim Lur seerin still learTirg
pbaľ linkage Orl the Capitul rlet ned Imperial suns begari la set
each Lariation of the Holocalist ieful therrle this Certuri uJill Outlast
Protuned Fuis Programme interface :sil Code on Morley's Master Plate ed genetics É1 Capital's Recession gette | nomearts a repro-recessive therite
1 fue Jones" had neuer had it so good rorf te SLIIsaced LUith dire Depressfort's brood Jal intrill inity to the Slumping Sickness asingly deficient despite Hi-Tech trirtuess. Jinistication of the Cerut Lury's last g}L(arter g or the Wall LL as the chill CLIt Anster launchpad kill could riot spike the Economy ticity rraybe could end the Mortolony
*rıcürug Lui Jith the JeL.Lelin thue Crouyrı religion falcored the CTL (el Court do Luyn lands of Capital reeded Saluation S, Cc thtay, Araby, Byza rufi LT and the Balkarus. e Lith the Frenzied fires of Hate plea, Argola a rud Asgaruistar at the Sticke
Irka or this Global Programme
LLYCailed, readLrg. Ar TT is ar ud the Mart
U. Karunati lake

Page 6
The Pope's Best-S
Air FriedTiar
PARIS
Call it a publisher's dream. Orbetter still, the answer to every agent's prayers.
The Pope has written a book, the first by a sitting Pontiff that is mot a theological treatise but is to be marketed as a potential bestseller.
Earlier this year, in utmost secrecy, the Watican gawe world rights to the book to Leonardo Mondadori, chairman of the eponymous Italian publishing house.
Theadvance paid by Mr. Mondadori, Who iS, a dewOLIt Catholic, Was Zero. ThiS is because all royalties on the Pope's book, which is likely to be translated into more than 20 languages, Will go to charity,
Those involved calculate the book Could sel|| Torg than 10 million Copoies Worldwide, meaning that revenues front hardcover and paperback global retail Sales would CCITTg tõ mõfe thäm US$ 100 |Tll|Ճm.
In late March, with Pope John Paul stil|| completing his handWritten manuScriptin Polish, Mr. Mondadori contacted the New York superagent Mort Janklow to sell World English rights. And recently Mr. Janklow sold those rights to Random HOUSE foi a adWICE StillåtėditO be
mOTEthan SS 6 Tilliol.
For the 74-year-old Pope, the book of essays - "Crossing the Threshold of Hope" - is a chance to convey his inneTost thoughts about life and religion to readers around the World. His previously published works include catechis Ins, plays Written in his youth in Krukow, and a collection of poetry.
For the publishers and agents, handling a book written by the spiritual leader of Tloréthan 900ITillion Catholicsis Comme
Cial leaWes.
Mr. Janklow, who said he was "flatte
red" to be asked to agent, is forecasting book Wil|| See the k are stratospheric", h
Indirectly, the dea ge to Prime Ministe Italy, who still contr ndadori, having las Cotrol of the Milarinternational stock
The royalties will a special account Istituto per le Opei Wäti Carbark,
Mr. Moldadori 5i June 30 with Joaqui spokestan Who Wa behalf. He received me, which will make When it is publishes had been translate Polish to Itali.
Mr. Janklow, W getting his usual 15 refused to di SCOSE
lle rhai Wicifr ("OTR Will publish the boo under its Alfred A. Britain, Australia through Jonathan ( diary.
He calls the book
idea ardd a tres Therid He says the book religion generally, E cularly about ther changing World". A deals with Godar TIläfI, BITI[1 fIlåfl'5 TEl
MT. JaflklOW, Wh[ ded Sidney Sheldc miele Steele and for Reagan, figures "th bookS that Will CrOS tholics and non-Cal

Seller
become the Pope's
big sales. "I think this ilds of rubers that a Said illa inter WieW.
will also bring prestiSilvio BerUSCOi of bls 47 percent of MoTonth sold majority based publisher in an iffering.
be handled through
being set up at the
re did Religione, the
gned the contract on Navarro the Vatical sacting on the Pope's | the 35-chapter wolua for a 230-page book d this fall, only after it d by the Vatican from
10 is believed to be percent commission, the precise advance andom House, which Kill the Uited States Knopf imprint, and in and New Zealand Cape, a British subsi
"a tremendous literary OLISCOmmercialidea".
IS "abÖLut the Tol of and Catholicism partiole of spirituality in a ld, he adds, "It also ld his relationship to ationship to God".
Se Clients hawe inclUir Judith Krantz, DaET PESident Roald
is Will be one of those S Ower" betweer Ca
holics the World OWEr.
Mr. Mondadori, Who haS readthe book, said that perusing it "is like hawing a personal audience with the Pope in your OWľ1 horne".
The book evolved after the Pope canceled What WOLuld hawe been his first television interview, with the Italian journalist Wittorio Messori, last autumn. After the interview was annulled, the Pope began Writing essays in his spare time that corresponded to the 20 questions Mr. Messor had submitted in Writing. These questions, expanded to 35, formed the basis of the Pope's Sportaneous authorial effort.
Sonny Mehta, the president of Knopf who handled the rights purchase along with Alberto Vitale, the Random House chairman, said, "I think it's probably going to be one of the Tost important books We've ever published".
Carmen Balcells, the Barcelona-based agent who also handles Colombia's bestselling author, Gabriel Gaarcia Marquez, will Seal World Spanish lang Lage rights. These could fetch as much as USS 2 million in advance money, while the other big prospective markets are thought to be Germany and France.
In France, Mr. Mondadori already has Set things in motion. In early June he met in Paris with Ivan Nabokov, nephew of Wladimir NabokoWard head of Editions Plon, which published the Pope's last CatéchiSIT).
"The Holy Father"Mr. Mondadori reca|led, "gawe us an indication of his French publisher through his spokesman Mr, NaVarro, and We are still talking.
"This autumn, the Pope is scheduled to Visit the United States, probably just before the book appears. But this is an ecclesiastical visit rather thana promotional book tour.

Page 7
POWERTY
Urban Poor: The Sri La
SUISi SiriWardara
SS Lanka is a particularly rich case for the study of Urban Poverty. Alleviation through Community Based Programmes. The specific Tnix of pro poor and non pro poor - * experiences and initiatives played out between the people and the state, is an inviting field for the learner and the analyst. What is perhaps unique is search for coherence and Systemic change. In 1993 its Human Development Index rank was 83, Way above her South Asian neighbour. Yet it is been Wracked by deep political crisis, manifesting itself in youth insurgency and protracted ethnic war. The purpose of this Essay is to get a clearar perspective into core areas issues, and move beyond stereotypes and mystification. These COre areas and issues Would be fruitful for the discussions at the regional Workshop on Community Based Programmes for Urban Poverty Alleviation.
The essay is in five parts. It opens with an overview sketch of the general perspective and the urban context. Thereafter, We Towe onto a macro outlining of the main Powerty Alleviation policies and programmes, including their urban sector application. The third section focusses on the micro experience of poverty alleviation in the capital city Colombo, and aspects of urban housing. The fourth Section deals with the issue of the strategic option which in my opinion, is the crux of the search for a coherent breakthrough in urban poverty. This is done by Scrutinising in some detail the innovative initiatives of selected CBOs and NGOs, who have graduated out of the process as it Were. In the final section, we reflectively frame a set of critical and strategic issues, which must be addressed in depth, if the search and praxis is to move into its next productive phase.
1. Perspective and context
1.1 Liberalization, Crisis and Response 1977-94
Sri Lanka liberalized and opened her economy in 1977. She was the first South Asiam state to do so:The impact Was far-reaching and Systemic. Now With hindsight, we are able to see how different segments of civil society and the state responded.
The liberalization process basically produced a set of Contradictory outcomes. While there was high growth and high short term employment, it was accompanied by a parallel process of pauperisation, Widening social inequities, ethnic War and youth insurgency. In other Words While the opening up produced an accelerated development process, it also produced its own Counterdevelopment process, The pre 1988 structural adjuStrment package produced deep social stresses in the for IT of increased malnutrition, increased school dropouts, stunting and wasting of children, and worsening income distribution. There were new safety nets introduced in the form of Food Stamps, but they were sorely inadequate, especially in the shorter term itpacts of adjustment. Obviously, there was something essential missing in the initial liberalization response.
The post 1988 period tried very hard to put the correctiWe, System-wide crisis, in the form of youth insurgency (1987-89) and ethnic War, demanded a daring and Unconventional response. The crisis was also the oppo

ankan Experience
12
rtunity for system change. The response took the form of immediately putting in place a second macroeconomic policy leg in the form of a national powerty alleviation programme and strategy called JanasaWiya. In actual fact, the response Was multi-faceted in that a whole pro poor policy package was tried out. What made it fundamentally different in quality and Content - not store of the same - Was its basic methodological premise. While the pre 88 state system Worked on the basis of top down delivery-oriented bureaucratic strategies, the new post 88 propoor order Was based on mobilizational strategies, involving capacity building and organizations of the poor. This Was an attempt at a major paradigm shift.
Urbanisatio1
Let us take a quick Owerview of the Sri Lankan urban scene. It has 51 Urban Local Authorities. They are Subdivided into 13 Municipal Councils and 38. Urban Councils.
Table 1. Sri Lanka: Population growth and urban
population growth annual growth rates
Annual growth rates 1953 15, 1 1ցիi 1ցE3-71 1471-E1 1ցB3-E1
Population (CO) H9810,552 2.5SO 14,848 3 . 1. H
Urbar Populakri (C000) 12:39 - 2,015 | 2,848 - 3,92 44 1. 2. ES PETEL JET 15.3 19. 22. 1.5
LLLLLLCSS 00 CCMMLLkLLL LLLLCLLLS LLLLLLMMMCLL LLLLLLLaaLLLL S aLLLLLLLLuuu
The above Table shows that the urban population growth rate declined since 1953 from 4.4% betweg 1963 and 1971 to 1.2% between 1971 to 1981. This resulted in a 2.6% urban population growth rate for the period 1963 to 1981. For the period 1971-81, urban growth rate for the period 1963 to 1981, For the period 1971-81, urban growth was actually slower than total population growth. Another point is that while the share of urban population has been progressively risingduring 1953, 1963 and 1971, it has actually fallento 21.5% during 1971 to 1981 period. This is an uncommon trend.
Several factors hawe contributed to these low growth rates and pattern of urbanization. Sustained investment and emphasis for broad based rural development and decentralization, originating during the 1930s and continuing unbroken thereafter, have offered rural people life choices in the village itself. Cheap transportation and Comparatively short distances hawe enabled easy Commutation fron Willages to urban areas. The success of family planning programmes has also felt. The relati we lack of industrieS irm Lurtar areas Outside Of Colombo is another factor.
Table 2 lists the population of the principal towns. The primacy of the Colombo Metropolitan Area with its cluster of suburban towns - Dehiwala-Mt. Lawinia, Moratuwa, Kotte, Negombo, Gampaha, Kulutara and ParadUrä.

Page 8
Table 2.
Population of principal towns (thousands)
Source: Registrar-General's Department, Department of Census & Statistics
Note: (1) Provisional
(FADECC) 1990)
Principal Town 1981 1983 (1) 1984(1) 1985(1) 1986 (1)
LLIDITIE 59 523 曲闻3 EGET DehiWala-ML Lavina 175 18 1 - BB 19
9 1 E 33 138 13 Motu "WE EE 137 138 133 13B KE TOT 12 1፴፰ I Kantly 99 11 12O 15 13
Galle TE 9. 1Ո: 1帕斗 Negombo 68 7? FÉ 7ց Trincomalle 5 4: 5 51 5
Matra 3. 구 5. 5高 62 Arī dilipu 36 41 44 մIE 4: E:LI. 33 39 44 Kalutara 3. 39 3 串了 51 Balticalioa 45 罩 4g Mallo 31 36 39 41 표 Ratina plura 3. 44 구 51 54 Kurunggala. 36 40 4: NLJWH ra eliyB 22 3. 2. 25 Cllia W 1 한석 2G Քց Pullallari 22 3 24 25 7 Kegialle 15 4 1 7ך לדו Marilir 15 IS 1 לוE B Wavuniya 19 ED 1 3 Hamtram Eca OS 11 | 3. 14 Tt 1, BOS 1949 2,035 2,11 2,185
Table 3. Sri Lanka urban pop
TOWI size NO. If 1953 urban towns pOp Lullation1
to Wis
100,000+ 426,127 50-100,000 383,038 20-50,000 154,727 10-20,000 15 213,15D 5-10,000 卓 29,691 5. 11 37,400 T 3 1239,133
PECEO
total popLula.
2. 26.9 O.G 1斗5 13.8 .3 OO.O
Source: Statistical Abstracts 1985, Department of Census and Statistics ADB. Urb;
Table 4. Distribution poor relief stamps (food stam (Sri Lanka) for
Midy բբբulati
Distris Number of persons receiving stamps Color 337,833 GHmբaha 505,125 Kalul 379,839 Kandy 487,913 MäàB 218072 КҸшwaraeliya 151325 Galle 364,720 Matara 290.87.2 HEITLILE 234,872 694,648 Mairiär 9.03) Wayunya B0,757 MLultiLu E3,047 Balticaloa 2FOB Аппрагаi 287,702 TrircUITElle 151E03 Kшfшпegala 구, D55 FİLuqlı 33 1487 Anurādhapurā 3Լ18, [[15 POLOrimaruwa 115,425 EBL|| 238,018 Moreagala 21B,493 Ratnapura 455,3gg KEgille 331 EO Tt: 7,345,018
1, 1,
833, 535, 896,
075,
386, 617, 867, 682, 48, 919,C 12B.C 18C 10). 379,C 465. O
1335,0
16,
558, [] 2O, 327 658, 327 879, 713, 3.09,
Source: Department of Social Services, Sri Lanka 1987, Unpublishe Published by the Ministry of Health of Sri Lanka. As quoted

Table 3 gives a breakup of the urban population classified by Town Size for two different periods, 1953 and 1981.
Quite extraordinarily, one of the biggest increases (534.6%) in population has occurred, not in the biggest segment of towns by size, but in the third segment of towns containing population of 20-50,000. The biggest increase of 622.5% has occurred in the fifth segment of small towns with populations ranging from 5-10,000 people. This Suggests that the impacts of suburbanization are predominantly in small and intermediate towns. That is also where growth is dominant. These features are noticeable mostly for the period of the late 1970s and the 1980s. The trend is concentrated around Colombo. However, a point to note is that the Conventional authority based definition of "urban' to mean Municipal and Urban Councils, means that suburban growth Was not classified as 'urban growth'. So, we Tay conclude that the urban sector comprising an urban Core, its periphery and the suburbs, probably represents a higher proportion of the national population than is apparent from the official share of urban population.
There is a gap in more recent data as the 1991 decennial Census Was not dome Ornaccount of the freak population movements arising from the long-drawn northern civil War. However, the Colombo Municipal Council states that the current resident population of Colombo is 1,000,000 where approximately 300,000 are displacees from the north. In addition, its floating and commuting population is estinated at 500,000.
ulation classified by town size
NLITTET
of
4 31 3.
3. 3.
1981 urba Partiet change population of total LirJAr
1953-8
1,11,265 ፵W.E H+ 151.7 292,132 E.1 23. 991,837 3. -- 534.B 49.02 15.5 133,6 14.53 5.2 2.5 90,832 器虹 H 1EՈ,4 3,193,459 ՍԱՍ + 11
in Selor profile, (PADC0 1990)
ps) under public assistance programme all Island
the year 1987
Per Cent of population Pro Wici O who receive stamps aWOrage |COD 18.卓 O0 32.9 IԱԱ 41. (28) [[[]] 韩5鹉 O 55.5 |O}} 호.5 (41)
O 43,1 O 4.
4.g (44) 75. OO 517 E8.4 KO) 53. (67) O 구1. m t OO EI1.4
III) 55.7 OO 58. (57) OO 42.H. OO 36.5 (4t) OO 36. CO 65.8 (45)
52. OO 4,4 |50)
O 45, 미
didata and Hgalih Buletin, 1986. in ADB Urban Sector Profile (P30) (PADCO 1990).

Page 9
1.3
Overall, up to the 1980s, the dominant feature of Sri Lankan urbanization is its moderate and balanced character. Internal migration has been more from rural to rural than from rural to urban. But it is most likely, that the decade of the mid 80s and the 90s, has seen a much greater influx into the Colombo Metropolitan Area.
Urban Poverty
A fairly simple but telling index of Colombo's urban poverty is afforded by Table 4 below, which is a district-wise breakdown of Food Stamp receivers for the year 1987. What is at once noticeable is, that of all twenty five districts in the island, Colombo district is the only one with a percentage below 20 (the actual being 18.4%), with the next lowest being 24.5%,
Ratnayake (1994) has offered the following summarized characteristics of the urban poor.
(a) The majority are Working in the informal sector as Casual construction labour, in factories, in retail trade, in transport, in personal services etc. Petty trading is particularly vulnerable to the vagaries of the informal market, Their ir CorTheS are LueWem and unstable.
(b) Some of the recent migrants - mainly femalewho are employed in the garment factories of the FreeTrade Zone, though employed, find that their wages are inadequate. They are a new category of 'employed poor.
(c) Some find employment in poorly paid industries which are prone to unpredictable changes in employment conditions (seasonal employment, temporary shutdowns).
(d) Single parent households are particularly vulnerable and susceptable to fluctuations in income and the increased cost of child care. Such mothers have restraints on working because of their obligations to their children. The absence of extended family networks reinforces these vulnerabilities.
The following additional characteristics are also noteWorthy.
(a) As a reservoir of immense hidden creativity, ingenuity, effort, efficiency and leadership, the urban poor constitute an indispensable resource. In this respect, can one for a moment think of our cities and towns functioning without their contribution toj, urba GDP?
(b) The poor are supported by an infrastructure of micro processes and networks which are part an parcel of the informal sector. They are strategic in sustaining the informals as a productive constituепсу.
(c) Poor Women hawe distinguished themselves as a community of persons with great qualities of integrity, commitment, tenacity, leadership, responsibility and culture. Poor Women are subject to the triple burden of being nothers managers of households and being poor.
Focusing on housing stock and its quality in Colombo, gives us an idea of urban poverty, The position is as follows:
Permanent Dwellings 40,861
Sun Settlements 22,358 in 700 locations Shanty Settlements 20,685 in 750 locations Tota | Uits 83,904

Bearing in Tind that both slurs and shanty settlements are quite heterogeneous in income terts, it would be generally correct that they contain a concentration of the urban poor.
1.4 Poverty Line
The position of the poverty line before and after the watershed of 1988/89 are different. Prior to 1988, the position was that there were many poverty lines, each being derived from within particular programmes. The mainstream poverty line then as now was the Food Stamp cut off point, which was Rs. 700/- or US$ 14.50 monthly family income. However after 1988, utilising the initial experience of the Janasawiya Programme, an attempt was made to systematise this inconsistency. Based on the experience in family identification of the Very Poor by the communities themselves, the following threefold categorization of the poor was introduced in 1990 and is yet functional.
1. Very Poor Families below Rs. 700/- amonth: where no member of the family has an earning capacity: these accessed to Public Assistance,
2. The very Poor Families: those whose asset bases and monthly family incomes were less than Rs 700/- a month, they access to the Janasawiya Programme benefits in Divisions coming within each Round of the Programme.
3. The Less Poor Families; those whose monthly family incomes are between Rs. 700/- and Rs. 1,500- are also poor, but they have slightly better asset bases: they access to all other development benefits excepting the Janasaviya Programme.
The distinction between the Very Poor and the Less Poor was found to be extremely functional in the Sri Lankan context. The idea was to harden the targeting and net in only the Very Poor for the Janasawiya Programme. But for all other powerty alleviation purposes, including the Janasaviya Trust Fund, those below Rs. 1,500- a month constitute the poor. It is only in Janasawiya Programme that the Very Poor/Less Poor distinction is relevant.
Though this reforIT was an attempt at having a new order regarding the categorization of the Poor, that has not been possible. For example, the National Housing Development Authority uses the cut-off points of Rs. 4,000/- or US$ 83 for the urban poor and Rs. 3,500or USS73 for the rural. This figure is close to the cut-off point quoted by the CBOs/NGOs participating in the Workshop, which is Rs. 3,000/- a month or USS 62.50.
2. Macro poverty alleviation policy and programmes
2.1 The Janasawiya Programme
The new national Poverty Alleviation policy and programme was the centrepiece of the new President's plan of action, initiated in December 1988. It was called the Janasawiya Programme. Janasawiya means "people's Capacity-creativity-power”. It was spearheaded personally by the Head of State, whose vision and innovation it was. It was also the lead programme of the new government.
Itsimplementation was to encompass the whole country over eleven Rounds or cycles. Each round covered anything between 20-28 Divisions. These were not Concentrated but distributed across each of the 25 Districts. As of today, four rounds comprising 99 Divisions have been implemented. The fifth round will Commence in June 94. With a ladditional 26 Divisions,

Page 10
bringing the total upto 125Divisions. This is well above one-third of the country as the country's total number of Divisions is 301. Upto now 455,132 poorest of the poor families hawe participated. They hawe been identified OL ut of a total of 1,118,331 families,
The Programme is perceived almost wholly as process. The Whole process has been well captured in the six Janasawiya principles,
Trust the people, especially the poor. People, decide and do: others support thern. The Poor should be separately organised. A countrywide process of learning by doing. Always do what is just and right. All procedures to be open and transparent,
The main features of the Programme can be summariSed thus:
1.
Identification of the Poor: The Poor are identified by their peers in the hаппlet through an oреп, COmm Lumity based process. The threefold Categorization of the poor is used, plus a fourth sub-category, the Youth of the Very Poor families and the
The partition option
S.O. Mulli
ne of the proposals formulated
by Pakistan under "six alternatives" for resolving the Kashmir question is to partition Jammu and Kashmir. In such a partition, Pakistan wants to retain the Northern territories, Mirpur and Poonch Which it already has under its illegal occupation, and add toit Ladakh and the entire Walley of Kashmir. The only area that Pakistan is prepared to concede to India is Jammu. Notwithstanding diplomatic fanfare attached by Pakistan's Foreign Minister Sardar ASeef Ahmed Ali in making this proposal, there is nothing new in it.
The idea of a partition-based solution was first mooted by India as early as in 1948, When futility of the UN efforts to resolve the question through plebiscite had beCOTE clear to all Concerněd. In Such a partition, India was willing to concede Gilgit, Poonch and Mirpur to Pakistan if in return India's claims on the Walley, Ladakh and Jammu are recognised by Pakistan. Nehru Sounded the idea on his Pakistani counterpart Mohammad Ali Jinnah but there was no response. India then informally mentioned it to the US for
Prof. Muril of the Nehru Uriversity specialises on South Asiar security issues,
taking initiative in thi: not Willing to put fort ly and openly as th with the spirit of J&P and also in conflict stated position both WE|| 5 il the UN.
LUS GfE 7 C9
TUUS did of the partition optionir ming that any propos |dia ad Pakistā ( thë US Continued it option. In Novembel keep the option out tted to the Security ( NatiOriS COTiniSSiO| stan. In 1952, the St tioned Mr Chester E dor in India, from po| and 35k hir t0 d pressing for it. There derations behind this US, along with its cle the British Walted engaged in the UNE Wesleff influeflCB al mtinent, particularly i ptance of the partitior by India, it was thoug

Youth of the Less Poor families, dentification is facilitated by the application of Divisionally derived local Criteria relating to employment, asset bases, earnings from casual employment etc.
Two mutually reinforcing streams of direct support: Each poor family, irrespective of size, enjoys two infusions of direct support. One, for human development and living, valued at Rs. 1,458- or USS 30, is available for a fixed twenty four month time period. This takes the form of food and non-food articles. It is also tied to a regime of productive work, One member of each family must put in 20 days of Work (primarily for the benefit of the family) and participate in four days of community review of actual work done. The second infusion of support is for investment and income generation. It takes the fort of access to Credit. When the family is ready with a feasible project.
Flate
To be Continued
i, Sri Lanka: The Social Impact clEcuriosmi: Policies during the last decade -
A Special Shidy, LJNICEF. Claribo, Juni 1955,
sregardas India was 1this proposal formahis was incompatible K's accession to India With Nehru's publicly Within the country as
Wour any initiative on litially, While maintaialmutually agreed by could be considered, o resist the partition r 1948 it managed to of the Report submicouncil by the United 1 on India and Pakiate Department cauowles, its AmbassaJrsuing the proposal iscourage India from Were Warious consiSUS reluctance. The JSSally On the Issue,
to keep the issue and use it to build the Tid Clout in the SLOCOn Pakistan. An acceCoptionas Sluggested ht by the West, would
recognise the faitaccompli of Indian position, deny any share of the Walley to Pakistan and thus alienate the latter from the West. The US Representative in the UN, Ambassador Huddle, clearly Underiiled this concern in his communication to the State Department of November 1, 1948. In the overall strategic perception of the US for South Asia, which was being evolved in close consultation with the British, nothing could be done to alienate Pakistan. That Would haWe hindergd the Western plans being finalised at that time, to get Pakistan recruited in their strategic Schemes and military pacts for "Middle EaSt" ad SOLuth A5sia.
Ceasefire Wre
In the face of the UN-exhausting its patience and efforts to resolve the Kashmir problem to the satisfaction of both the West and Pakistan, the US was forced to give up its reluctance on initiating moves towards a partition-based solution of the Kashmir problem. The US Secretary of States, Mr Dulles, Cartle round the view during 1957 that cease-fire line between India and Pakistan may be adjusted somewhat to Pakistan's advantage to compensate for India's hold over the Walley. This position was altered due to the influe

Page 11
nces of the British and the US Defence Departiment and Lower State bLUrea Lucracy, in favour of Complicated Criteria for partition, based on geographical Contiguity, administrative divisions, religious concentration and potential hydropower scheTes. This Was to accommodate the PakiStani interests as far as possible. HoweWer, When Pakistani Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon was sounded on the partition proposal in 1958 he was not willing to Concede anything more than Jammu to Iridia. President Eisenhower, Col Cered with the rising Chinese challenge to South Asian security, asked Pakistan's President Ayub Khan in December 1959 to accept a permanent partition of Kashmir along the "present armistice line" but Ayub's response was an emphatic No. Explaining his response, Ayub drew Eisehower's attention to the location of the "wital communication systmens" of PakiStan Such as roads, military establishments and "no fly zones" covered under the US Strategic Air Command facilities in Pakistan. Ayub argued that a partition-based solution would bring India Within fifteeries of Some of these facilities which Would be too close for comfort to Pakista. President EisenhoWest did mot pursue the matter furtheras some of these facilities Were set up under the US military assistance to Pakistan and the Defence Department would have strongly supported Pakistani position for their stakes in keeping Pakistan as a military ally. But the State Department in a Policy Planning paperprepaгеdin November 1960under the title, "Another Look at the Kashmir Problem" again concluded that partition with special arrangements for the Walley was the "most realistic solution". Objectively, the view that the partition option presented the most pragmatic approach to resolving the Kashmir question was expressed in the US establishment on many occasions even earlier.
An opportunity to test the partition-baSedapproach came when the US, in the Context of China's military aggression against India in October 1962, pressured India and Pakistan to resolve the Kashmir question. In the six rounds of negotiations which took place between the two countries during 1962-63, India went to the extent of offering more than 1,500 sq. miles in the north-eastern sector of the Walley, in Poonch and Kisham Ganga
areas, but Pakistan anything less than t shmir Walley.
COITCe55/OIS
The US pressured "substantial" conces the Walley but even 5ätisfid Päkista. E Ayub regime had bE With the US and throl weSald efforts of FOI it was cultivating C r-weight to India. Tow ceded a sizeable Fa Sito CEE clinch a boundary : mber 1962, barely t Chines åttack : 0 Wher til StrL“ talks, induced by the COTTier Ced in RaW talks were being cor in May 1963, withou then Foreign Secret: wia, ewen pleaded W being unrealistic on offered by India, he chance in history E neighbours to arrive: ment of the dispute was not quite movec
This being the bac tion proposal and Pal rity in pursuing it, the Sal and its thirty-yea| stan is interesting, if
Asserslaf/ves
The announcerTer by Pakistan soon afte cle ir NEW YOrk Sei conveying different hole and the intern: hortle, it is meant tore stand and telling th that the government options, Since the been attached With t coming to the neg. political Will to solvi ElrllÖLIslCEfflért älso | governments stardt HAWE to talk to Paki: the terms dictated hollowness of the go on Kashmirthrought "Six alterratives" ha

Would not consider he whole of the Ka
India to Take further
Sioms to Pakistar il that Would not have ecause by now, the Come diSenchanted ugh the active initiatieign Minister Bhutto, hina as a counteWards that end, it had hunk of territory in along the border, to agreement in DeceW0 TOrths äftér thE India and at a title Id of India-Pakistan Western powers, had alpindi. When these cluded in New Delhi tany results, India's ary, Mr Y. D. Gundeith Mr Bhutto that by he partition package was vitiating the best Vailable to the two ataramicable settled legacy. Mr Bhutto
by such pleas.
:kground of the partikistan's lack of sincerevival of the propoold stance by Pakinot intriguing.
it of "six alternatives" irits diplomatic debaETS O DE AİT at
messages to the ational audiences. At iterate the traditional e Pakistani masses ha5 I10trum Out Of its "alterratiwes" hawe econdition of "India tiating table With a a the problem", the ntends to project the hat, ifatall, India Wi| StE 0 KE5Tr Of by Islamabed. The Wernments posturing he announcert of is already been co
mmented upon by the opposition leader MT NaWaz Sharif.
Pakistan is becomming acutely conscious of the fact that the sympathies of its traditional friends for its stand on Kashmir are fast getting eroded. With regard to the partition option in particular, Pakistan Seems Worried that its obstinacy may force the US to shift its position to the disadvantage of Pakistan. There are SOT e indirect indicati05 il that direction. An American expert, James Clad, had Written in newspapers and also argued in his Congressional testimony in May 1993 that solution of Kashmir problem may be sought along the cease-fire line. Again in April 1994, a powerful Democratic Party leader in the Congress, Representative Lee H. Hamilton, said in his address in Asia Society: "Over the course of fourplus decades, the line of control dividing KaShmir ha:Stake On Etle = attributes of ari international border. The only realistic Solution TTlay be to TeCCgrise the Line of Control as the international border between Pakistan and India-provided, of Course, that the political and human rights grievances of the Kashmiris are met".
Pakistan is fully aware of the fact that the partition option as spelled out by Foreign Minister Ali is a non-starter, it cannot befool the World as a cover for mot engaging in COlstructive discussions With India.
LETTER
No electricity yet in Jafna
In your news background of Lanka Guardian of September 15, 1994, your contention "lights have been switched on again in the streets and homes of Jaffna, is not correct. I was in Jaffna, for a week last Tonth, and found few streets it with kerosene oil laps and the houses too hawe this facility.
The POWEers that be hawe So far failed to take any meaningful steps to restore electricity supply to Jaffna.
S.Mavadiyan WaWLumiya,

Page 12
Censorship and Societ
G. L. PieriS
he role of Censorship in modern
Society is a matter which warrants earnest consideration in the trobuled times in which We now live. During periods of Crisis all communities recognise the need for some form of censorship. There TE OCCaSiOrS- Wher, in the literest of public haпппопуапсd peace, dіssemination of news and Cor Tm Tnents on some aspects ofcontemporary events need to be controled. In particular, where there is reason to think that racial or religious passions are likely to be inflamed, there is a paramount need for some degree of censorship. This is equally applicable to situations involving public security.
HOWeWer, the point which needs to be Stressed in the context of any society Which Walues the democratic way of life is that the occasions when censorship is regarded as legitimate and appropriate must be treated very much as the exce[]tion TathEr tham the rule. The best form of restraint is exercised through self censorship, Voluntariness and spontaneity hawe instrinsic value in this field. It is only Whe this kind of restraint turns out to be futile that compulsory censorship by haWing recourse to the law needs to be Contemplated.
This is especially true because of the character of the modern age. Ours is an era of Sophisticated technology, particularly in the area of mass communication. Given the conditions of such a society, it is exceedingly difficult and indeed impractical to Suppress news With regard to matters in Whuch the public has an interest. If this is sought to be done, the negative result all too often is that the media begin to lose credibility. What is Whispered and speculated upon becomes easily identified as the truth. Besides, it Will be found that the international media Will give extensive coverage to events which are sought to be relegated to the background locally.
In these circumstances the essence of censorship in modern society is the delicacy of the balance which needs to be struck between freedom and order, between the Values of self expression and security of
The formar Wicg Criarcalor of the ColorTiba University, Srı Ögey Mirlisler of Justice & Constitutiorial Affairg.
O
the community as a in which the formula ntation of constructi the perception and i are concerned with
The greatly incre: mass media and t moulding public op. time make it necess ciples of law to ber to ensure protectio the light of his grea DOWēr of the printe the image conveyeC dissertilation of i Timent by radio has ralleled proportions des of individuals te broad social questio standards in public high, and where the ption is rampant, the deal which investig accomplish to ident to pгопоte accepla information ofter fa tion of wice, in sphe as private morality, public scrutiny ofter for adherence to integrity. These are is the duty of journa ideals of their prol infortation which is and to give it suitabl put problems in the There are many inst ourable acts COll public power or the e tive discretion ha WE result of the fearles lists. With regard to justice and the Supp stigatiwe journalism| Taking known to t Lundetected CrimTes, which may culminat the offender may b attendant upon the U forms of sexual beha sised in the public ni of the investigations publication of their Tlation in respect patterns of unemplo violent crime, probl

y: Some Reflections
whole. This is an area tion and the implemeWe Teasures Calls for Wolve ent of all Who the Tedia.
ased sophistication of heir significant role in inion at the present sary for traditional priefined and developed for the indiwidual in iter Vulnerability, The di Word in the PreSS, by television and the formation and COtoday assutled unpain shaping the attituJ One another and to ns. In Societies where feare not consistently opportunity for corrureis naturally a great lative journalism can ify existing evils and ble Solutions. Lack of cilitates the perpetuaares of public as well
so that exposure to acts as an incentive re exacting norms of !Contexts in Wicit liStS CCorT1rTitted to the ession to ferret out
in the public interest epublicity in order to r proper perspective. al CES in Which dish2Cted With the use of Xèrcisa CofadTimistraI come to light as a Sinitiative of journathe administration of ession of crite, invehas a Waluable role in epublic the facts of
SO thlt ifTTti e in the discovery of e forthcoming. Risks ise of drugs or certain viourmay be emphamind in consequence of journalists and the findings. Fuller infoof such Tatters as yment, the causes of ETS CONTÉCted With
law enforcement and the Value of custodial sentences in controlling the spread of crime can frequently provide a basis for the formulation of sound policy. Where legislative action is contemplated insignficant sectors of the economy, or in relation to particular industries or organizations, it has generally been the practice to appoint Commissions of Inquiry with a view to informing the mind of government in regard to the character and magnitude of existing problems. The fact finding furictions which is a necessary prelude to the devising of approaches to a solution depends for its effectiveness on the free flow of information. Commissions which have been appointed in our country in recent years to probe matters like the problems of the film industry, the conduct of public examinations, the efficiency of the public transport System and the actiw|- ties of Airlanka are examples of this.
Thedra TlatiC trasformation of the StruCitural fra The Work of TaSS media, and the rapidity and accuracy with which information can be disseminated today because of unprecedented technological advances, are not merely a feature of life in any particular country but an international phenomenon. While these advances hawe placed in the hands of journalists the potential to do enormous good for society by encouraging the purity of social institutions, it is undeniable that there is also unlimited scope for the abuse of this potential. The power engendered by the coTiplexity and sophistication of Tlassmedia Can Certainly be used formalicious purpoSes, or With ulteriormotives, SO a Stoinflict grievous harm on individuals and social groups. This reality enhances, toam extern Unparalleled in the progress of civilization, the social responsibility of professional journalists. The law plays an important part in enforcing this responsibility in the interest of safeguarding the reputation and the Wellbeing of the individual against LWarrated attack.
Modern social circumstances have made necessary a revarTmping of the priinciples of the law of defamation to afford the individual the requisite degree of protection. The Roman-Dutch Law of defamation, as it has been developed in its traditional mould, has steadfastly emphasised the concept of fault. The underlying

Page 13
premise Was that the defendant was liable to compensate the plaintiff for injury to his reputation only if the defendant had reason to anticipate the likelihood that the plaintiff would be lowered in the esteem of Society in consequence of Words uttered or published by the defendant. Fault Was therefore identified With Toral blare, and the foundation of the law was that the defendant's duty to pay compensation depended on the imputation of culpability to him. This analysis Was found to serve Society adequately in regard to defamatory material contained in private communiCations. -
However, model courts. When confrointed with problems arising from dissemination Of defamatory statersens on afar larger Scale through the medium of neWSpapers or other Similar publications, have felt the need to modify their approach basically. It is today an established principola im the Todern Roman-Dutch Law as applied in Sri Lanka as well as in South Africa, that the proprietor of a newspaper is liable for defamatory state Tents embodied in his newspaper, whether he had knowledge of the existence of such defamatory material or not. It is no longer a defence, as it was in SOT e situations in the classical law, that the proprietor of a newspaper was entirely free from moral blame since the neither knew, nor had reason to suspect, that the newspaper Carried defamatory Thatter. Modern judges have gone sofar as to suggest that
eVerh the abSET1Ce part of newspaper Tlakes o différem nCE, a forth Of Strict li recognised by the Tiation in respect ( Control mass Ted The basis of them is an absolute duty prietorofa newspap his publication is f. Other offeriSiWe Tät upon him to adoptal to achigWg this resi he takes, in the foi nisms and delegati subordinate staff : prove insufficient,th nally liable to comp. med for the Wrong repulation,
The concept of Which the Roman-D suspicion and even phic foundations of law are inextricably of moral and ethical the development W ir the moder la W sents a departure fi tter aid is all the IT Se it is incompatible" tle traditids la FM, T rice of strict liability per proprietors, ed Comparable situati
PREMMA DASA POLICY
Tackling Rural Unempl
Tisaranee Gunasekera & Dayan Jayatilleka
major component of the powerty alle Willä tiÕėffČrt of the PrgadES administration Was addressing the problem of rural unemployment, which has assumed crisis proportions by the late 80's. The 200 Garment Factories Prografrime launched in 1992 Was an atternpt to combine the tasks of redressing rural powerly and unemployment with the export promotion drive. Though garments became one of Sri Lanka's major exports in the 80's, the industry Was, in the main limited to the Free Trade Zone areas. Under Premadasa's 200 Garment Factorigs Programme, a garment factory was to be set up in each of the country's ASSistant Government Agent (AGA) Divi
Sions. The factories and the governmen investment package Credit. There We imposed on the rding the numbe employed, the min Working condition to ensure that the growing industry are poor by harnessing t t0th EtESk. OfirLad: dent Prerradasa ex tion of the programr
"...to what extent generated by the

of negligence on the proprietors or editors :e. This is, in substaability which has been Jrewailing law of defaof those who own or a of Communication. der la Wis that thịETE deWolwing on the proer to Take Certain that 'ee of defarmatory or terial. It isS irnCL Tibert Iпecessarymeasures Jlt. If the precautions TT of Control mechaom of responsibility to Such as Sub-editors, e law holds him perso2nsale the party defaful impairment of his
strict liability is one utch Lawregards with hostility. The philosohe Roman-Dutch civil interlinked With ideas culpability, However, hich has taken place of defamation reprerom this coherent paore significant becauWith values sustaining he reluctant acceptain relation to newspaitors and others in a On represents ack
nowledgement by the modern law that the exceptional power they wield should carry with it a correspondingly onerous responsibility. Any principle which falls short of acceptance of this conclusion leaves the individual without the protection to which he is entitled. The decisiwe modificatio of legal values which this development entails can be explained only on the footing that a protective principle wis-a-vis the indiwidual has been considered disirable in terms of Social policy because of the Wirtually unlimited pOWer Whichthe Tedia are capable of exercising today in respect of the indiwidual.
The la W Of defa Tlati01 İ5 COn5'tIUCLEd on the basis of a compromise between competing social interests. On the one hand, the Cultural tradition of the Roman-Dutch Law recognizes that an indiwidual's interest in the integrity of his reputation is just as Worthy of protection as his interest in his bodily wellbeing and in the possession of his property and assets, The entrenchment of personality, sentiTent and feeling is an objective to which great importance has been attached by the principles of our law throughout their development. But there is another side to the coin. The law recognizes that the interest of Society is placed in jeopardy if the indiwidual's right to his reputation is protected to such an extent that freedom of expression and communication is significantly inhibited.
To be continued)
oyment
Were export Oriented offered an attractive including preferential re COnditionalities employers - regaof Workers to be imum Wage and the S. The objective was enefits of this rapidly shared with the rural he industry's potential Welopment. AS Presiplained at the inagura
has the employment surge in growth of the
(garment) sector benefitted the economically impowerished rural areas and the silent millions? Did the employment generated lead to quality of life gains on the part of the Workers? Or the Contrary, Was there any deterioration?
Because of this high Concentration in a few districts, the employment generated is being increasing met by migrant labour. One of the sacrifices of labour to employer interest is separation from families and alienation. Taking note of the odds, such as the mechanical character of T1 Luch of the Work, the Sub-standard nature of housing, the cost of relocation and commuting, lack of co

Page 14
Tipensation in Wages, it is a matter for Wonder that there is any labour at all such employment in these districts.
The Criteria and requirements of this Scheme are intended to cater to the needs of the neglected and the depriVed Sections of Our people, They are intended to bring about equity and social justice,
One of its criteria is that garment factories Wilbedispensedamong AGA Divisions throughout the country. No longer Will the investors/conveniece be the deter Tining consideration. Each factory So established must employ around 500 Workers. This is because they Should make a substartial Contributior) to employment and income generation in the peripheral areas.
The salary of the individual worker should be a Tlinimum of Rs. 2000/= per month. With it must go certain benefits Such as a free breakfast, tea and medical attentiom at the work place, Employee Welfare and employers interests are intricately inter-Woven. Exploitative ideas are self-defeating. Recruitment to the Workforce will not be left to emploWerS Convenience. It will not be becauSe employment generated Tust reSpond to powerty alievation strategies. Such strategies should incorporate distributive principales" (18),
The 200 garment factories programme constitutes a significant departure from the path of neo-liberalism. It combined government intervention infour important areas: poVerty alleviation, employment generation, export promotion and industrialization. Though the factories were 100% privately owned, the state still retained the authority to make some of the key decisions such as the location, the umber of employed, minimum wage and Workiпg сопditioпs. The poverly alleviation component was further enhanced by the government order that all those employed should be members of Janasawiya fa TilieS,
There has been a change in the original programme, in the aftermath of the assassination of Premadasa (only a total of 150 factories will be established and Thore than 100 are already in operation). Despite this and despoite the unsubstantiated reports that some of the factories are in difficulties, this ambitious programme has Tlade an indelible mark on Our rural areas. The minimum Wage requirement a significant step forward as Sri Lanka does not have a minimum wage regulations in ge
12
neral. It also goes a dog Ta of non-interfe the labour market. also provided emplc to not very well educ poor farmilies Whose
erTployment Would aides (chauffers, mai The SOCio-Cultural Ch rise to, is an area. Wr red thoroughly by si gramme has also re Structural dgVelopTE such as roads and
likely to make a sign decrease rural - L. bridge the gap betwe coLuntryside.
Since by 1988, the ProgramThe has bee ssfully, a 1.5Million was launched after thE FréSidErst in 198 to "simultaneously blems of SHELTER: it will provide basican to ALL THENEEDYi aldplaritations, Set neously take steps powerty. There will Titles for each of the of the population, Whe is imperative:
1. Neediest of the M affordability at all
2. The Needy: tho Small housing lo:
3. Plantation Work
rporated into mai Welopment in will in the peripheries
4. Middle Incore
TOEFE aford:
5- FOOT - t first til
employеes and haWE ECCESSO housing through funds as security
Another aspect of mne Was t0 ChGOSe area and laul Charl Lur programmes which CL tion CLIT1 fLn fair e Wegr
The aspects of this, ted Development P. Housing, Water Su Education and De' Times, Health Service cultural and Irrigation

gainst the neo-liberal arence by the state in The programme has yment opportunities ated rural youth from only other avenue of hawe been domestic ds) here and abroad. lange this haS given ich shouldbe exploociologists. The prosulted in some infraantin the rural areas electricity. All this is ifiCamt Contributior to Jrban migration and er the cities and the
One Million Housing in completed succeHousing Programme Premadasa became 9. The purpose Was attack the twin proand POWERTY, First dappropriateshelter in the villages, towns cond, it Will simultato get thern out of be specific prografollowing segments pse need for housing
Needy: those with no 1.
ise Who Carl afford
S.
irs: They will be inconStream housing deages on estate land
Groups: those With ability.
me, private sector public servants will Credit for land and the use of EPFETF " (19).
the Housing Prograan underdeveloped mber of development ultinate in an exhibi
WWEar.
Accelerated integrarogramme includes oply, Electrification, velopment Prograas Programme, AgriProgrammes (20).
Self Reliance of a New Type
Another corollary of the gigantic effort at alleviating powerty was the 15,000 Projects programme launched on April 14th, '93, less than a month before President Premadasa was assassinated by the fascist LTTE on May 1st, 1993. Under this programme, the goWerTirTment Wasto providefunds to build necessary publicfacilities Such as roads, bridges, wells etc., in 15,000 under developed villages. The people of the villages were to make all the decisions including what the necessary public facility should be. The objectives were employment generation and fighting poverty by enabling the people to solve the problems of their village, themselves.
it is important to understand the context in which all these efforts were made. Sri Lanka is a totally aid and trade dependent Country. Due to the ecoloric devastation Caused by the (then still ongoing) Polpotist uprising, the country was pushed in 1988 into seeking, and was granted, a Structural Adjustment Facility and subsequently an External Structural Adjustment Facility, by the IMF - with the usual conditionalities attached. This meant that the country Was extremely Wulnerable to external pressures regarding the kind of economic strategy it should adopt. The continuing War against the fascist LTTE is contributing to increasing this dependence on the donor countries and international financial institutions. It's in this context and within these considerable constraints that the Premadasa administration had to work.
President Premadasa's most important Contribution Washis effort to create an amalgam of export oriented open market economic policies and direct State intervention to alleviate poverty and raise the living standards of the labouring masses. This new amalgam can best be described by his own Statement: "'Ti a fir beliewer in entrepreneurial activity. However you must not interpret this to meam that I'm a champion of old style capitalism, if anything I'm for economic democracy" (21).
It's possible for us to now identify the main components of the new Developoment Paradigm that Premada sa strowe to create.
1. The pivotal role accorded to poverty alleviation. Alleviation of poverty Was the single common denominator of all Premadasa's development efforts. Helping the poor to help themselves was a key objective of all the major development programmes of

Page 15
the Premadasa administration: "Be- а кey programт
cause of Janasawiya a large number ftiment of the rura of people Could get interested in dewe- provision of house lopment Work. We can involve the opportunities and people in various rural development and modernising
prograrilrties at Willage level... We have our Housing Programme. We 3. A new role forth
can bring in the Janasawiya recipients years of the Pren into that programme. Today there is tion the entrepre a programme to alienate laid to those State declined ma Who do not hawe land. These people nced by the massi too could be brought into that progra- grammes. But S mme" (22). role of the Statei s process expande Other programmes such as the prowi- partly due to his SiOrlOffree Sch00|UnifOrrT15 and a frég development whic mid day Teal to all School children wiation of powerty Were also directed at achieving this for genuine econ aim. What this entails is a holistic "C05idrita Crir approach to the problem of powerty rty in any Society, and the task of powerty alleviation. pment Wemaybri Also emphasised is the need for di- Ö the Häfläfits Qft rect action by the State to achiewe meant a Wanguar these aims. This constitutes a radical in this broadly de departure at both the level of concepts process - to and praxis, front the neo-liberal against powerty, dogma of "trickle down' and allowing aldeSSESS al the free play of market forces to re- Since all econon dreSS powerty at some future date. was largely in the Instead of an una Voidable ewil, powe- Sector) was supp. rty is regarded as a 'crime" and a towards achieving 'social disease' which Tust be addre- nced state interve ssed immediately. opment process t to ensurë thë attai "Development, in any sense Ctiwe. should help people live. Our party is aware that there is no meaning State as the arbite in any development that keeps the Sure of social and people in hunger and in malnutri- not in the farawa tion, leading to death, if hunger present. We hawe
cannot be eliminated through scie- Action by the State
Ce, and if it Carlot eliminate Sickness and physical weakness, we have no need for that science. If
4. ET phasis on F Development
technology cannot eliminate po- The development Werty, unemployment, Want, we nched by Premada have no need for that technology. Community particip If the scientists and the technolo- Wolution of decision gists cannot provide relief to the the periphery and til poor, What we need have humanity emphasis was on ir for Such a Scjelitist Cor technol0- in the developme gist." (Providing Assets to the instruments butas Assetless - 13.2.89). and direct benefic objective of Statei 2. Prioritising Rural Development. In BrTpOWer the peo Sri Lanka 79% (23) of the total popula- under the Housing tion lives in rural areas. Yet rural Government prowi development was not genuinely pport, training of accorded priority by any of the pre- fts. Therland facilitat Wious administrations, however "pro- main thrust conce gressive'. A rural biasis clearly disce- TUIT) in WOIWesler rnible in all Premadasa's develo- familes and enco prent efforts as a deliberate and mmunity particip: Conscious atterTipt to redressa histo- lar apporoach is disc
ric injustice. The directional thrust of JSP and 15,000 pric

les was the uplipoor (through the sand employment hrough developing Lural areas).
2 State. During the Ia dasa administraeurial role of the rkedly - as evidereprivatisation promultaneously, the the development i rapidly. This was new approach to h regarded the alleaS a Sine qua non mic development. he to tolerate poveWhatBWer dévelong about should be he poor" (24). This di role for the State fined development ead the Struggle Inderdevelopment, d unemployment. lic activity (which hands of the private Sed to be directed these goals, enhaEntion in the devepecame пecessагу niment of this obje
to es Sure areaeconomic justice, y future but in the termed this "Direct
'.
People Centered
programmes lausa entailedgreater lation and the demaking powers to he grassroots. The Wolving the people nt proceSS not as active participants laries. The stated nterwention WaS to ple. For example, |Programme, "the ded financial Su
artisar1S and Cra
ing services. "The entrated on maxiit of the builder uragement of coation" (25). A simill:ernible in both the jects programme.
For instance, under the 15,000 projects programme, the people of the selected village identify the project. The necessary funds are provided by the government and the responsibility of undertaking and completing the project completely rests with The best evidence is the 200 garment factories program Te. This entails a different, new, Ilore socially beneficial role for the people. (Though it's too early to say how well this approach has Worked in practice - particularly in the after Tath of President PretladaSa's assassination - there's eWidence to think that at least in some instances it has been successful),
Next: A 3rd path?
MES
1.
15.
1G.
7.
B.
1.
1.
23.
A Charter for Democracy,
Land CDTITISSiDr. - 1585,
Dept. of Census & Statistics and the Agrarian Research & Training Institute,
The and Taskforce identifiad 709,846 areas of the state land to be distributed arTong landless people, Upto 31-12-92 327388 Breas hawe been distribuled among353435 landless families. Tha majority of the alloters were Jana Saviya rexcipients - Jämasa wiya Eritret Certificate Holders,
The Address on the Establishment of Garrent Industries at AGA Division Lowel - 18th February, 1992.
"A NOW WE:ssion, A NEW DET - the UNFP's PresideTial Electio Marieslo -- 1988B.
Thalast 51chprogramma was inths Anuradhapura District. According to statistics given by Sirise a Cooray, the current Minister of Housing and Construction under the ACelerated Integrated Development Programme, the following developmentacliWities wera corTipleted or will be completed in the district within the coursa of the year, 15,755 houses newly built.renovated; 637 km of trunk roads and B19kIT of rural roads renovated; 7 major Water supply schemes constructed; 334 rew Tube Wells sunk and 721 existing tube Wells renovated, 52 Reawakened Willages, Model Willages and Urban HousingSchemes provided with electricity; 13 Rural Electrification Schames commissioned; 33.5 schools provided with naw buildings and other facili ties through the Educational Development PrograTirTe; 281 agricultural wells constructed under the Agricultural & Irrigation Dawelopment Programme, Cantre for the Promotion of Agro Based Exports Produts stup. Source: Daily News, June 24, '93,
A Chartar for Darnocracy. R. Premadasa - 4th Sept. 1989
1991 figures - HD Report, '93
R. Prertadasa-Providing Assats to the Asselless - 132B.
R.Premixdasa - Address at the Internatioral Sheter ScrTiinar Organized by the Massachusetts Institute of TechnoloqW, USA - 28.7.76,
13

Page 16
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Page 17
Report on the establishment
a meeting chaired by Hon. Rani
Wickremasinghe M.P., Prime Minister on August 16 1993 and attended by the Hon, Tyrone Fernando, Minister for Information and Broadcasting, the State Minister for Infomation and Broadcasting the Hom. A. J. Ranasinghe, as well as officials, journalists and others, it was decided to set up a committee to consider and report on the feasibility of establishing an institute for the training of journalists and others engaged in the media, The Cortlittee comprising the following seven members was appointed by the Prime Minister,
Dr. Gāmīāni Corea (Chain Tllān) Mr. Mamik de Silwa Mr. Mervyn da Silva Mr. B.H.S. Jayawardene Mr. Edmund Ranasinghe Mr. A. SiWaresa Selwar . Dr. Sunananda MaddumabaПоlara, Director of Government formation (Convermor)
In the past six months the Committee has had eleven sittings. It has benefited from the wiews of the major publishing firms, the leading journalists associations and unions, the Vice-Chancellors and staff Tembers of the Universities engaged in the teaching of mass counications, and a representative of the Department of External Resources of the Ministry of Finance. The Committee also received a number of Written submissions including the Report of a Seminar organised by the Departimerit of Imformation on 17 & 18 August 1993. A list of those who appeared before the Committee as well as of Written submissions is provided in the Annex to this Report,
Apart from the oral and writter submissions, the Committee also found useful the experience of media training institutions in other parts of the World, particularly South Asia. India, Pakistan Bangladesh and Nepal hawe already established training institulēs to serve the rapidly expanding needs of the national media. Such examples, as well as the high degree of autonomy they enjoy, Should Sewe as am e CourageTitant to the effort to create comparable facilities in Sri Lälkā.
The Need for a Training institute
Journalism and other Crucial aspects of media work require professional skills that are increasing in both range and intensity. The requirements of those engaged in this field extend beyond an aptitude for expression, a knowledge of legal Constraints and an understanding of the technological aspects of the media. I ernbraces also an awareness of the wider processes at Work in the world around them, both lational and international, and an understanding of the goals and aspirations of the Society in which
they live and work. Si national Cadres of j0 Workers serve also to the impact of the exter from powerful World Cel So Tuch a feature of
fEUCLI tids" (Jf. CIL tiTE
The need for profess field has another, infa dimension. In a reces by the Prime Ministerc Freedom" a spirited expression underlined social responsibility ai ssionalism, trairing fac and so on. As With Oth argued, a self impose hold a professional an Or is or ler Corduct Wer" of the press ma the expense of the indis nity. The purpose o merely to improve sk also to help establish, rWe a Sense of Timoralar
among the Cadres et
field.
The need for a ney of training of media SLuc CaTiSidestiCS absence today of a with a special focus journalist commLI rnity ir large and has grown r The Committee Was ncial correspondents mbers Serving the TE already amOLJnt 10 ab. journalists are said t sTaller publishing hol not include the growir occupied with the a broadcasting and tele arguments for specia broadened horizons : They do not either in as information officer ncies of government.
Yet, despite their r and specially those CC media, do not have a sed training facility th specifically for their rIE reeds Were largely on-the-job, training W rnalists were able to and clergy to guiding recruits. There Was a talat Which W. El in their own learning TLS of Lattire Weri Success that Sri Länk modest resources, Ca rded as a regional laat in the Tedia field,

of a media training institute
trong and Competent Luli:StSaird Tedi
COLInter OTTOderate rnal media emarmating tres that haSb ECOTE the "Communications
ionalism in the media ctimore fundamental, Il SerThiar addTESSOd Ittee of "Press deballe OrlfreedOIT Of the issue of Timoraland nd its link with profecilities, codes of ethics er prefessions, it was dethical Code must swerable to the public | Otherwise, the "pobe easily abused at Widual and the COTITLf training is thus not ills and aptitudes but strengtherland preseld social responsibility gaged in the media
Winitiative in the field ersonnel stems from as Well as from the Well structured facility om this objective. The Sri Lankais relatiwely 'apidly over the years. informed that, if proWiWere included, the nujor publishing hOuSeS Lit 1800, A. futler 600 o be engaged in the uses. These figures do ng number of persons Udio-wiSLJä Tėdia - WiS — for WhOrte lised training and for are equally applicable. clude those employed 's in the several age
lumber, these Cadres, oncerned with the print t prosent any specialiat has been designed Beds. In the past, these met by in-service, or hen experienced jOLde wote Sufficient time junior cadres and new reservoir of in-house rants Could freely tapo process. The requiree im fact, met With Such a despite its size and The to be widely regadar, awan a trandsatter, The situation today is
different. The relatively few skilled and experienced journalists are fartoo over-burdened with daily, high pressure, tasks to devote themselves to training functions. At the same time, the newspapers themselves are barely able mid-career journalists for training abroad at internationally reputed centres of excellence - ever for relatively short Courses that take up a few months.
The need to remedy this state of affairs has been recognised for some years. The Sri Lanka Press Council, established in 1973, had among its objectives the need (1) to ensure that newspapers and journalists maintain the highest standards of journalistic ethics and (11) to improve the standards of recruitTrent, educatior, WÉlfarë ard trairing in the profession if journalism. The Universities in Sri Lanka themselves responded to the need for training in mass communication. In 1973 the University of Kelaniya established a Department of Mass Communications that conducts graduate and post-graduate Courses. The Uniwersity of Sri Jaya Warderlapura also provides courses related to journalism. The Open University has itself initiated "Tlass edia" courses while the University of Colombo conducts both diploma and degree courses relating to the broad field of journalism'. In addition, training facilities are provided by the Sri Lanka Television Training Institute and the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation Training Institute for persomnal employed in the audio-visual media.
The Committeg gawe consideration to the relevance and adequacy of these facilities in the light of the need for the specialised training of media personnel. It had the benefit of highly valuable discussions with the ViceChancellors and other representatives of the Universities. The Committee felt that the existing facilities are of much walue but that they do not supplant the need for a facility that is specially tailored to the training needs of working journalists and others actually employed by the Tedia. In fact, once such a special facility or institute is established there could be a cooperative and mutually beneficial relationship between it and the Luniver Sities.
The Luniversity Courses hawe, gerlerially speaking, an academic orientation embracing a range of subjects of relevance to maSS Communications. Many of these courses have their origins in the efforts of the universities to extend and rationalise their programmes to take account of issues that acquire a new relevance in a changing World. Their purpose is not exclusively the training of professionals. In fact, the students that puSue such courses are not essentially Working journalists and the products of the campuses have yet to acquire positions of prominance in the operational media. The particular training reeds of working jourra
15

Page 18
lists call for a facility that is designed and essentially administered by the media itself. As mentioned such a facility - that should take the fort of a specialised institute - should hawe a closa Working relationship with the universities and their programmes. The COrr Tittee, Was el COLuraged by the Willingress of the university authorities to extend and develop such a relationship through Such means as the sharing of staff and equipment and the launching of joint prograITITES.
The Functions of a Training Institute
In the light of tha discussion above the LLaLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLL OLLL LLLL LL LLLLL LLLLLL urgent to proceed With the establishment of a new institution specially devoted to the training of media personnel. The media training institute would be broadly committed to the “freedor T of expression, including publication" guaranted by the Constitution of Sri Larika, is aims and objectives should include the following:
(1) The provision of training facilities for media parsonnel in Order fo improve profeSSional skills,
(2) The promotion of professionalism and the idea of a professional community to which ėåch TETEJÉT is är 15 Wafabla.
(3) The creation of an awareness of the need for a self imposed code of ethics founded on the most fur damental ethical principle of media Communicationo.
The Institute should bear in mind that its Work will be judged interms of its contribution to professionalism and hence to Sri Lanka's standards of journalism.
The training needs of media personnel Cover the needs of those working in all branches of the media. The audio-visual Tedia - broadcasting and Tore recently television-are coming to exert an increasingly strong impact Worldwide on the public in Consequência of the "corTTIunications raWolution" arising out of far reaching developments in technology. Apart from the techniCal KI10W-how associated with a particular medium, professionals Working in each of
LLLH atLLLLLLL C LLLLLLLHHLHHH LCLL L HLLLLLLL the processes at Work in society and their dimensions, both national and international. They could all benefit, therefore, from the facilities of a media training institute.
The Committee feels, however, that it would be practicable if in the initial phase LL LLL LLLLLLaL LLLLLL a LLLLLL LL LLLLaLLLL to the training of personnel from the press Brld the Writter ITedia Who Constitute the va5 bulk of media employees and for who facilities are at present lacking. In a subsequent phase the media training institute should seek to extend its coverage to include perSonnel from the audio-visual media as Well. However, it should be possible, at ever an early stage to admit such personnel to selected courses that are pertinent to their
ES
needs. This should a
til Work. Si related occupations i departments and ag arid ewerħ the priwat3
As Tientioned, the cted and the work pric in general Will needt tation with those en publishers, editorSar
lel. The Chärctar be determined by the of the press. They s all three languages : main areas of instru focus of the activiti naturally deal with re. feature-writing. The cialists in this field objects of the Institut the accumulated exp before it is lost irrets head of the Institute W
ad CriStart Corta management of them shments.
Special attention to the needs of provi dels Will JSE TDEis nce with the spreac process beyond ther mI LI st be ta LIght not Lunderstand al 50th de Welopmerts ardwi Their function should on isolated public eve the impact of chang possible Consequenc rements, however, Courses; they carinot the Tore Conwantiona:
The 1stitute shoul der goals. Journalists already, need to be Social, GCOIT CITic, Cul
di TESCS Of Lee Work. There are Wari tion-"development and usiness Tatter: logy, Culture, Sports a ShÓLuld Serwė to ėmhäl wledge of such area engaged in promoting con profession-relate revolutionary change nications systern and nces in the developin way of life. The Insti lively meeting place media profession, pr exchanga5 ofviews E Visitors for public | should also establis Siria 15titutES in Corrior wealth, the pean Unioni. lrii theSE not only contribute to O fiSSUS but: also

Llso apply to the persofortation officers and the several Tinistries, encies of government ŞECLIT.
COLr:SS to Eo Cold - gramme of the Institute ) be prepared in consugaged in the mediand senior média persoof the Corses should clearly identified needs JLuld De CordLucited ir as far as possible, The clion and the principle as of the Institute Will orting sub-editing and instructors will be speand 2012 0f the Thai e Would be to harness ërier. Ce that TIOW Exists iewably, The executive ould need to be indirect t With the editors and 1 ain neW Spapero establi
Would need to be paid ncial or local correspokly logaininimportaof the development metropolitan area. Thay only their craft but to linkages between local der nationalstrategies. be not merely to report ints but also to highlight Je and to Warm about es, Thelrtrainingrequlwould require Special be meter tirely through training programmes,
dalso Serve Some broaof today, as mentioned aware of the political, tLIral and technological Virømment in which thay LuS areas of Specialisajournalism", economic s, science and technoLld SD Cor. The StitLuit nce the journalists knos. It should be actively debate and discussicom di matters Such as the s in the global commultheir impact on audiog countries and on their tute ShōLuld berTe da for all Thebers of the Owide opportunities for nd invite distinguished actures. The Institute his close contacts. With the Asian region, the USA. ård the ELITO3 and other Ways it will a better understanding promote an "esprit de
Corps' so essential to the self esteem of the profession and to public recognition and Гespect.
The character of the Institute SlaІшіогу Provision
It was understood from the outset that the Institute would not be a governmental body but an organisation that will essentially be Supported and managed by the media itself, The initiative of the Prime Ministerinestablishing this Committee was an indication of the Willingress of the government to assist in the launching of the Institute and in meeting some of its needs, particularly in the earlier phases of its existence, This broad Concept is closely relevant to a number of TlatterS Such as the status of the Institute, its funding, and its direction and management. It is not possible for the Committee at the present stage to make detailed and definitive recommendations or all such issues, particularly those that relate to the longer term. Some questions can only be determined in the light of actual developments relating to the way in which the Institute evolves. Accordingly, the Views of the Committee as expressed here have a special focus on the initial phase and on the steps needed to establish and administër the institution during this period.
A Media Institute can be established as a wholly private venture that is incorporated, for example, under the Companies Act. As already indicated it is the Committee's understanding that it is the view of both the government and the media interests that the Institute should indeed be an autonomous body rather than a governmental agency. The Cortin littee agrees with this view. It feels, however, that given the national role that the Institute is expected to play and the recognition by the government of its importance it Would be desirable to establish it by an Act LL LLaLLLLLLLLS SLLLa LLLLLL LLLLaaa LaLLLLLL SLLS autOTIOTOLIS Chara CitĒr ard St CL ut its Tad objectives and functions. This will give recognition lend stature to the Institute and also open the way to obtaining support from donor agencies for sortle of the needs of the Institute, both Current and Capital. The launching of the Institute need not, however, await the passage of such an Act. It can be established on a pilot basis with the concurrence of both the government and the media.
Funding
It is difficult at the present stage to be definitive about the eventual scale of funding required by the Institute and the sources from which such funding would be derived. In principle it is expected that the Institute Will be a sea levying body and that such fees will Contribute towards a significant proportion of its current operating costs. It is also expected that since most of the trainees of the Institute Will be Working journalists and media personnel Such fees Will bernet by the publishing houses or other agencies that employ them.

Page 19
It is the Wigw of the Corrittee that, in addtion, the publishing houses should be invited to contribute to the capital of the Institute. At its discussions with representatives of the publishing houses the Committee was pleased to note a Willingness in principle on their part to making such a contribution although the extent of the contribution and its distribution among the publishing houses could only be determined in the context of specific estimates of capital requirements.
The precise scale and màture of the contribution from government towards the funding of the Institute cannot also be determined with any finality at the present stage. In principle, some contribution from the goweIlment WOLuld be desirablein Wiew of the r0le and character of the Institute and the part played by the government in its establiSHIITerit. But the contribution should not be at variance, except perhaps at the initial stage, with the concept of the Institute as an autonomous body in whose administration and management the media would intimately beiswolwed. The Contribution ofgOwerrirrent can take a number of forms. Particularly at the imitial stage the goverTnTnent Can helpo meet recurrent costs by making office space available or by meeting rental and salarly expenses. In the longer run it can assist through the provision of land and help in the construction of premises.
Exterial aid is also a possible source of filla C3 for the Institute. The Committee Wa:S informed that it would be necessary if official donors were to be approached for the govemment to give due priority to the needs of the Institute. External aid can contribute toWards the costs of buildings and equipment and towards the Conduct of training programmes by funding, for example, the participation of outside lecturers and the costs of specialised training abroad. The Committee feels that if the Institute were to establish a reputation for excellence it could succeedin attracting foreign Support,
Manager ent and Direction
The mature of the management and direction of the Institute cannot be unrelated to its autonomous character and the Way in which it is funded. It is envisaged that the Institute will be administered by an overal Governing Council which would be COTipoSed []f a ChāirTTlãm dr][]. Th[]t lES5 ffläf1 3 []lflET members drawn essentially from among representatives of the media but including the Director of Informationasan ex-officio goveTiment member. The media representatives would be made up of professionals such as editors and selectees from journalist associations and Unions. There could also be members of the academic community associated with media studies. Since the publishing houses themselves are expected to contribute towards the funding of the Institute provision would need to be made for their representation on the Governing Council.
The Institute would need a permanent staff
headed by a Director professional staff will of the efficiency and it TE SCalle OfitS TEITLIT of uitmost importance. become, ard be - SEBI excellence that Corp. country has to offer.
The phasing of their
Once the governmen decision in principle r sent of the Instituti be taken without too st essentially be on a por such step would be Director of experience With the task of pursui reeded to bring the li Director could be aSS Advisory Board, the f ntual Governing COU need to concern him: processes on which W as early as possible. A the following: (1) Thei Of the Institute Oil a te determination of an a drafting of a bill for thi Institute as a statutory of a limited temporary during the initial phas reed to be the main : slage buta good beg if the publishing hous bule frČrm the out:Set temporary premisessi Cuitlert E STa least one or two prof (6) Tha designing of be conducted by the with media represents demies. (7). The esta With other Tediä iñSti elsewhere and the as ties for external aid. be absorbed and exp: by the new statutory
An outline budget andinitial phase of thi We time schedule for xEd.
Conclusion
In a country blesses high literacy, the nati cope with the formidal building. An irrespons stic approach riots irTiportance of that tas damage, In the lasta the radia and certai as a function of the presentand COITIITner ly it is these practitic standard. Ideally, the help the Sri Lankanj recognition as a ful with all the rights and With the title,

. The quality of the be a key determinant Tiage of the Institute. ration is thus a factor
The Institute should to be a centre of Ares With the best the
Stit Lute
t is ready to take a 'egarding th9, 9stabliseveral steps could luch delay. These will Ovisional basis. Once the appointment of a
and stature entrusted ng the Seweral actions stitute into being. The isted by a temporary orerunner of the dweCil. Te Director Wi|| Self. With a number of orkshould commerce mong these would be mmediate registration Tporary basis and the ppropriate name. The e establishTent of the body. (3) The securing budget to cover costs 3. The government Will source of funds at this inning would be made 2s also agree to Contri. (4) The securing of or the Institute, (5) The Licleus Staff. Wit at SSional CollaboratorS. preliminary courses to
15tituti COSLultati
weSad TeleWEta CaEtolis Terit Cf. COntact:S tutes in the region and sessment of possibili\ll these processes will anded uporas rele Wart Jody once established.
for the establislet 3 lnstitute anda tentatiits launching are anne
di With an extraordinarily onal press shouldhelp ble challenges of mation ibla pressora joLumaliufficiently alive to the k could doir calculable Inalysis the behavior of nly its image are seen Tel and WoTen Who terws. UltimateGers that St. Set the 4 Media ||15|titute should Qurnalist to gair public |-fledged professional, responsibilities that go
The Committee wishes to conclude this
report with an expression of deep gratitude to the Director of information Dr Sunanda Maddumabandara and to the Deputy Director Mrs. DMS Jayaratne for their invaluable and sustained contribution to all aspects of the Comittee's Work. It was their success in briefing the Committee and Taking arrangements for its meeting that made this report possible.
Signed
Gaminl Corea (CharT77an)
Malik de SIWE
Mervyn de Silva
B.H.S. Jayawardene Edmund Ramasinghe
N. SiWarnesa Selvam Sunamanda Maddu mabandara, Director of Gowernment Information (Cor 7 wernor)
MOLE
1. Organised jointly by the Lanka Guardian and Marga
Institute, Colonnbo, 27 Juni 1993,
2. When he raised this issue of accountability, Joseph Pulitzer, whose name is associated with one of the world's most coveted prizes, was in fact arguing the case for a school of journalism,
In 1904 ha, w role: "Nothing Ilgisis han the high.E5!
ideals, the most seripukus anxiety to do right, the Tost Bacturale krijwledge of thB probler Ti il has to rrjeut, and a since re serise of moral responsibility Will sawa journalisri from a subserience to busingss interests, seeking sellish ends, antaguristic to public W ElfTE"
3. Thig yrkdwide poshLJmicus tribilgst a Sri Lärkärl editar TBCEanıtly was a tirTitely feminder of the prud pas of our mational press. Tarzig Warlindra Wittachi was the first editor of the "Asian"just as his equally eminent colleague Dizd Pieris was editor of the Londor based "South", a Third World just al. Such LLLL LLLLCLLL LL LMLLLMMLLLLLL LL0LGLHLLC LCL 0LL ditj thā!" Thäää TTlEdia lBbCfalorid8.
4. According to infortation provided to the Committee, the University of Kelariya, through its Departmentol Mass CTiTurnications. Conducts a general der FF tourse Itar a balth t! 150 gil Idents; a special tIlir8ot LL Ok0 LLLkLLHHLS LLLLLL LLLLLL LLLk C LLk T LL students. A postgraduate course in Sinhala of English is also available. The Department employs 3 lecturers with doctorates and 5 lecturers with a Masters degree in Mass Communications.
The Jayawardenapura University conducts 2COLrises related to jlcurTlassrin; (a) a post-gradJate diploTia ir journalism and ( b) a dipkonT18 COUF 548 in jxurriäisrT1.
The Faculty of Educational Studies of the Open University hasa"Mass Madiä"Coursuir13 languagos. It has a fully equipped AALidic-wis. El Labafiltry för Mä53 Media 5:Lidie5.
Ths University o! Colombo offars à diploma in journalist Tainly for practicing journalists and free lance Tedia personnel, The course began about years ago. In May 1992 a General Arts Degree in journalisTT1WBS introduced.
5. "It is necessary to say that the most funda T.Ental
Ethical principle al media CurtirTILIrlicati.III should rid be just that of holding the scales evenly between government and opposition but that of being open Band responsive to the whole farge and diversity Col LLLLLSMMLLLLLCLLLS LeeeLCLL CLLL LLLLMMMLMLMH LMM H LLM society". R. Siriwarden, AMIC sérfirar paper.
6. It has been suggested that the Institute be rated
LL LLL LLLLYLT LLTLaL LLLLLaLLS S MCL LHeLLL LLLLCLLL G appropriate title bul for the possibility, ever dasirability, of expārming tha servicas of the Institute to include tha audio-visual media. A Ele such as lhe Sri Lanka Media Training Institute is a possibility Tong others.
17

Page 20
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Page 21
BOOKS
Bonded Labour: Next E
Caste and Cultural Identity Among Tam
By Oddvar Hollup
Publishers: Charles Subasinghe & Sons
Reviewed by P. Pillai, Hatton
There is a crisis looming in the plantations. The estates no longer register for employment the Tamil youth from the resident population entering the labour market. Unemployed youth from the plantations are also no longer content to spend their lives as domestic servants in middle class homes or being subjected to exploitation by small time shop keepers in urban areas.
The relatively few from this community, who are educated, soon discover that without the right connections it is not possible to secure employment in the state services, The Indian Tamil Community comprises 5.5% of the total population of Sri Lanka. However, their share of employment in the state Sērvices is only 0.1%, in the provincial services 0.2% and in the semi-government services 0.5%. This inequality, sad as it is, masks an even more glaring discrimination -a disproportionately large number of those employed are in the minor grades such as sweepers and cleaners far removed from decision making responsibility.
The gross under-representation of this community in government service may be one season why the bureaucracy as a whole is indifferent or even hostile to the implementation of projects designed for the welfare of this community.
AI| these hawe contributed to the frustration and disillusionment of the plantation youth With their own political and trade union leadership whom they are beginning to accuse of collaborating, for their own personal gain, with one or other of the major political parties, The response from the Sinhala leadership hithertoto the problems facing the plantation youth is the same refrain that they are an 'alier enclawe” Who hawe contributed to the pauperisation of the Kandyan peasantry. If we ignore the lessons of history and allow the present situation in the plantations to Continue, We TTlay Søørl find DurSelVB5 heading towards a Bosnia-like Situation in Sri Länka.
Scanty Information While there is a considerable Wolur Tie of literature Con the CONOmic aspects of the plantations, not much infort nation is available on the life and living conditions of this community - their culture
and ideology, their especially of the yol Jayaraman's "Caste published in 1975, is throws some lighton tions of the plantatios Hetra Ce5 10W t10S India to the Coffee an Lanka brought along and traditional custor on a detail socio-ecc tea estates, Jayaram nuity and change int Culture among this C at the conclusion th: afiliations and cultura and governs the life (
Much of the data ir the socio-economic C tiom Workers · realates 19 FO), Sir Cetter changes in the owner of the plantations an environment, Oddvar bour", appearing 20 y the sama subject, tak of these changes a understanding of the
Oddvar Hollup is a Department of Anthr Bergen, Norway. Duri out field work among rkers in the upcour period he also visited India from where la Lanka took place. His informs of social stral in plantation societie; nuity of caste and Cull communities in gene.
Rasiding in am est: tea Country, acquiring of Tamiladequate for nicating with the Wor rters with a junior cler moving freely with Oddvar Hollup was at study of the life and Tarihil Workers in the
The introductory pa a chapter on the Cour

xplosion?
iI Plantation Workers in Sri Lanka
opes and aspirations, th. In this context, R Žontinuities in Ceylon", a serminal Work, Which he life and living condiWorkers in Sri Lanka. migrants from South dtea plantations in Sri with them their religion sand practices, Based nomic survey of three an exa Tiles the contie Social structure and ommunity and arrives it the traditional Caste practices still persists if this community.
| Jayaraman's book on Conditions of the plantato the period prior to e has been some major ship and management d the external political Hollup's "Bonded Laears later, dealing with tes into a CCOLInt SOThe rid fills a gap in our life of this community.
research fellow at the opology, University of ng 1982-84, he carried | Tamil plantation wotry area. During this some willages in South bour-migration to Sri particularintereslsare ification and inequality i, to-gether With contiure in Indian Overseas al,
te in the Centre Of the a Working knowledge he purpose of commuters, sharing the quaK within the estate and le estatë population, le to carry out in depth wing conditions of the 2a plantations.
it of the book includes try and its population,
the place of the plantation sector in the economy of the country, the social background and origins of the migrants from the days of the coffee plantations and the way in which they were recruited and confined within the estates as captive labour.
The authoritarian and patemalistic relations between the British planters and the Tamil workers, and the Head Kangany system through which the planters exercised control over the Workers is described and supported by excerpts from conversations the author had with some of the older generation of Workers. His observation on this management system is interesting:
"the Head Kangany system and the patemalistic structure of management maintalned a peaceful docile and stable labour force. (and) remained an effective mechanisrTn of labour controland discouraged the estate labourers from uniting and organising. The pattern of recruitment and migration under the Head Kangany system tended to strengthen and maintain caste and kinship ties in the estate setting"
The chapter on "Local Setting' describes in detail the estate environment and settlement pattern, statistics in raspect of the estate population, their living conditions and the Work cycle in the estate where the field Work was carried out with a Comparison between two other estates in different areas.
A chapter devoted to 'Household and Family Structure' examines the composition and character of the households and more importantly the impact of the plantation organisation upon the family structure and role behaviour. His sweeping generalisational the end of this chapter that "Life among these estate labourers is generally hard, their behaviour, speech and habits are inarticulate, unsophisticated, crude, rough, and narrowminded all features characteristic of lower class people living in misery and poverty" although exaggerated contains some ele
Therts of truth.
A chapter devoted to wages and cost of living is titled appropriately "How to Make Ends Meet - The Shared Experience of Poverty". Cornmenting on the relatively low wages in the estate sector and the non-ma
19

Page 22
rketcharacter of the estate labour power, the author argues how this has led to a captive labour situation:
"The fact that the estates offered subsisteIce Wages is that...labour. was essertially immobile and the estates usually relied on their own relatively rich supply of cheap abour. The payment of a subsistence Wage is possible due to the lack of or restricted mobility of the Tamil labour force. With limited chances of escape and restricted possibilities of alternatiwe employment and mobility, the concept of "borded läbÖLJr" bgCorTeS Cleår."
After a detail review of wages, supplementary income from other sources, pattern of consumption and expenditure and savings and indebtedness, the author arrives at the CO"clusior;
"The general picture of the estate worker's living conditions is one of poverty and marginalisation. The poor income derived from estate employment, combined with the high cost of living, makes most households economically nonviable units. For the majority of the Tamil plantation Workers, completeenancipation from the tea estates is not attainable. The lack of mobility results in a captive labour force".
As real Wages hawe mot increased substatially the situation described above still re
ir 5 Vāli.
Those interested in understanding the underlying reasons for the deterioration of labour management relations in the plantations will get some meaningful insights in the chapter on 'Occupational Hierarchy and Status Groups', "The Sinhalese managers", from the observations of the author, "show an indifferent attitude towards the labourer's living conditions and they do mot visit the labour lines as the British planters did...The disregard of the Tamil labour force is partly due to the growth of Sinhalese nationalism, accompanied by an attitude Which considers the Estate Tamils as aliens. The relationships between Sinhalese management and the Tamil labour force have become increaingly marked by ethnic boundaries and ra
is."
The Tamil Workers and the staff, regard the estate managers as of poor quality and less competent compared to the British pla: rters of the earlier days. "Sinhalese estate managers are accused of taking less care of the Workforce, agricultural conditions and production of tea. They stick to their own private business matters and are frequently absent from the estate, unable to control What is going on. Poor management or even mismanagement which occurred afternationalisation, is claimed to be one of the major factors contributing to the great losses in the tea industry today". These observations of the author based on lengthy interviews with
2O
a wide section of the supervisors are regre'
The changing patte the Head Kanganies union leaders of the pr city of trade unions ar them, their affiliations sole Õf the Urior IE brokers, because of i the Workers their dep unior leaders are all pter on trade Unions.
"The trade union concludes, "has notye ntly to the education of wing their political awa nsciou Smees, althoug some improvements r such as Wages, housi
There is to-day muc of the plantation work With the rest of the po The author's discussio much light on the obs in the Way of achievin
"...due to hisotric socio-political conditio did not get fully integr Society, partly due to the plantation system their separate linguisti ral identity. The Tamilt only geographically ar. the plantations, but as of citizenship for sorte of the Were exclude pation because they Voting rights. Their low tus, the captive nature Tarkat, and low educa made them occuption: stricted their opportunit ty within the society at tion workers Who belon are Linable lo compa groups (Sinhalese and the allocation of scar Society at large and dra patronage the Way Sil doing Lack of mobili Society only reinforces character and their po bour' or coolies. The in Come COmbin9d Wit Verty, is largely respon situation from which tr roads of escape.
"Since many Estate nship and Were perc chau Winists as "alie: "Indians' etc., they exp social, economic and pe fact that many were de maant that they were di agricultural developme

Workers and first line ably still walid.
T of leadership from f the past to the trade sent day, the multiplid the rivalries among opolitical parties, the ders as patrons and Te pictor education of indence on the trade ighlighted in the cha
overtent" the author Contributed significathe workers by improreness and social Coh tha Lunions hawe -garding daily matters lgetc"
1 talk of the integration ers as equal citizens pulation of Sri Lanka. of the subject throws tacles that Still Stad
this integration:
| CircumstancēS ārld is the Estate Tails ated With Sri Lamikaṁ Lhe "closed lature of itself, but also due to c, religious and cultustate Workers are not Id Socially isolated on a result of their lack decades, the Tajority from political particienjoyed only limited Socio-economic Staof the estate labour tional standards also ally immobile andreies for upward mobili| large. Tamil plantag to an ethnic minority te With other athmic Sri Lanka Tamils) for Ce reSOUrCes in the W the benefits of state halese willagers are y within the greater
their non-integrative sition as "bonded lar un stable and nOW h their absolute posible for the "captive' 1ere seem to be few
Tār Til Slacked Citizeeived by Sinhalese S', 'rlon-nationals, erienced a feeling of litical insecurity. The prived of citizenship ented the facilities of rit programmeS, CD
mmunity and rural development projects. They were not given equal attention by the authorities regarding land alienation, housing schemes etc. The Estate Tamils life careers and employment opportunities outside the plantation sector have been determined and limited by national Sinhalese priorities and communal politics to a great extent."
Although the majority of the Tamil plantation WorkerS hawe 10W obtained their Citizenship rights, yet in practice the disabilities to which they are subjected to still persistand they are at the bottom of the growing anger and frustration amongst plantation youth.
The author devotes a whole chapter to caste and arrives at the conclusion that although several areas of Social life have become relatively 'caste free", caste still determines many aspects of social interaction, This is especially true in the case of opportunities for employment with Tamil merchants, the possibility of starting ones own small shop and access to credit. Since a majority of the Estate Tamil trading community in the bazars and towns belong to the high castes, there tends to be a clear Correlation between caste membership and upward mobility.
Religion plays a dual role in the life of the Estate Tamil community. At one level, the religious festivals and rituals in which there is generally the participation of all castes, Contribute to the Th05t effective bonds Of community cohesion and constitutes an important part of the Estate Tamil identity. At another level these religious beliefs and practices also reinforce the ideology of a ranked caste hierarchy and legitimise the unequal ritual status allocated to and accepted by the different castes. This was particularly evident during the past several years when under state patronage religion was exploited by particular high caste groups to mobilise political support in the plantation
8.
It is now ten years since the author carried out his field work. There hawa been major developments in the plantations during this period affecting the life of this community, The granting of citizenship rights is perhaps the most important event. This has enabled several members from this community to be elected to the provincial councils and parliaTent and a few even appointed to ministerial positions. However, they are yet to make a Contribution at the Tätional lewel While thig disabilities to which the Workers have bean subjected, someticulously documented by the author, still remain.
At a time when the tea plantation is faced with a major Csisis in production andmarketing on the one hand and growing unrest among Estate Tamil youth on the other, policy makers need to address their minds to the major issues raised by the author in this timely publication.

Page 23
Why there's so in this rustict
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