Page 1
LANKA
GUAR
VO. 18 No. 4 July 1, 1995 Price RS.10.
WINNING
STRATEGIC
THE IPKF E.
PROVINCIAI
FEDER
JAMES
EXTRA
INDIAN OCIE!
SMALL ARMS Al CRICKE" TF
 

DAN
Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/33/NEWS/94
THE WAR
- Mervyn de Silva
CFACTORS
— Humayun. Kabir
XPERIENCE
- K. M. de Silva
L COCINCILS
- Neelan TiruchelUam
RALISM
— V. Thiruriavukkarasu
JOY CE
— Regi Siriwardena
DITION
- Pearl Thevanayagam
AN SECURITY
- Gareth Euans
ND SOUTH ASA
— K. Subrahmanyam
E. M.C.C. WAY
- Teresa Mclean

Page 2
WITH THE BEST
ELEPHANT HOUS
OUALITY AT AFFC
NO 1 JUSTICE
CCLC)

COMPLIENTS
E SUPERMARKET
ORDABLE PRCES
A. Il-KEBAR MWAWWA THA
NMEBO 2.

Page 3
BRIEFLY. . .
Visit Lanka
The New York Times has urged Americans to visit Lanka. In a опе-and-half page spread in its Sunday Travel Supplement the prestigious 1.5 million circulation newspaper says that visitors (who don't read the local papers) could corne and go and know almost nothing of the War. The illustrated article says that the variety in the island is "stunning".
Gallows again? No decision
No firm decision has bean Tiade to resLine the hanging of death row prisoners, Justice Minister Professor G.L. Peiris has told Amnesty International, following a successful private member's motion in FariaTent to reactivate the gallows which has not been used for many years.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Air Mail
Cal Tal da WU.S.A.
USS 65/ for 1 year USS 45W for 6-IIIonths
U.K., Germany, New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands, France, Japan, Holland, Phillippi Illes, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Chı irladı, Irela Ilıd, Svitzer:Trlı IId, Nigeria, Belgium, Der II la Tk, PaTiS, LOTT1l01.
USS55W for 1 year USS 35W for 6 months
毒 車
Hong Kong, Saludi Arabia, Dubai, Bahari Ill, Arabia. Il GLils. Syria, Singapore.
USS 45 W for 1 year USS 25W TOT 6 II lo this
重
India, Pakistan.
USS 40W for 1 year USS 22/ föI G IIIOTitlis
重 重
LUtil
Rs. 250/- for 1 year Rs. 150/- for 6 on this
DUNFWfTt
The DeTOCrd Front (Lalith Fac partner of the ru nce, Wants the g ship to discuss for abolishing t dential system. pledged to SCrap: 15, but indicatio deadline Wi||ITOt
PatatiOr
Hill country E being prepared Scheduled for Ju tation Trade Uni mal Saldlättfll by "other agitatic Wage increase
Tärlds,
The JPTUC 19 LiriJS ] LI tt union, PA Mini CWC is mot po Campaign.
Monks
Two young E yellow robes joir ting Centre quel Cted. They sig SeCorld Gert Luri Gode FC i Fl shed their robes, ry training. "We tect Buddhism; the country and säid,
Tigers rai
THE LITTE is fwar irħi tiġi Nri political parties gover Tent to S
The pro LTTE yar) said in are parties in parlia draw their Sup Irini Tent, WFile | organ Eelanadi. e tİOFS LFT-it rrTerit of "help TāTāti fr Est"

s Presidency 0 Lt
tic United National tion), a constitutent ling People's Alliaovernment leaderWith it a tine framle Ne executive presiThe PA had earlier I the system by July S TOW ar til at this be kept.
is stir again
state Workers are
for a toke Strika ily 11. A Joint Planom Centre spokesS. Would be followed ח||"littig|ון ES ad other de
laims to represent e largest plantation StEr TOda Ta'S articipating in the
join army
Buddhist monks in led an army recruiLuĒ ard WETE SEIlned up With the u Regiment at the eir original names, Band Wentilt011||tElare doing it to prothere is a threat to to the religion," they
Se War fever
Whipping up War while urging Tamil
Who support the top doing so.
EJaffna. daily Udajitorial that alITaTli
Test SOL. Witport to the gove
LTTE'S Offici fär 77 aCCLUSE WESt
support the goveing to wipe Out the til North EdLE
SLMC wants territorial army
Sri Lanka Muslim Congress leader M.H.M. Ashraff Who is also Minister of Shipping, Ports, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation in the PA government Wants a territorial arrily L LLLLL LaLLL LLa LSLLS LL aa aaL state Controlled Sunday Observer that he would recorried histotle government as a means of releasing the regular army from guard duties in these areas for full time action duty on the battle front.
The territorial army could be deployed to protect civilians in the North and East, he said.
Tigers warn of July attack
The LTTE has alerted the people of Jaffna to prepare for a major attack by government forces in mid-July. THE LITTE has reCruited 5OOC) addLiOrlal Cadres to Teet this attack. according to reports from Jaffna, quoted in the Sunday Island.
GÜARDIAN
Wol. 18 No. 4 July 1, 1995
Pri:El RS... TIO.OO
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co.Ltd. No. 246, Union Place CITEO-2.
Editor. Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Saravana Tuttu Mawatha, Colombo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
News Background Extradition and Eela War 3 Fil-fallier 5. DEvolution of POWarfirid
Pro Williä CILJ:i:S Sri Lankari Crisis (4) The METaCd Of SITali AľTT18 3. Indian Oceani (3) 5 Sri Lankam Conflict (6) 7ך Joyce B
Cricket 20

Page 4
THE CHANDRIKA PHENOMENON
THIS TIME WE
Mervyn de Silva
he burden has proved far too
heavy, the strain toosevere. And the cabinet too inexperienced, its good intentions simply not good enough. Besides, the diversity of opinion, often an asset, could prove a liability. When a 8-party Coalition has been forced to Wage a War againsta formidable enemy—the Liberation Tamil Tigers' led by a remarkably gifted commander, Velupillai Prabhaka
And SOPresident Chandrika Kumaratunga, Well past six months in office has to accept a term-end report that is far from encouraging. A pity.
Take the issue of PRESS FREEDOM. In opposition, the P.A., and its NGO partners, the creatures many of them of what is styled The Washington Con SenSus" hawe how to liwa With a rather rude reminder from the President of the International Federation of Newspaper Publishers (FEU), of the P.A.'s "election pledges".
"On behalf of the Federation Tust protest against the proposed censorship, and respectfully urge you to take every step necessary to ensure that no form of censorship is imposed on the Sri Lankan press" says FIEJ President PreScot LOW. "In a separate case must also strongly protest against action taken by your governmentagainst Upali Newspapers Ltd., Colombo. Complete andunre: stricted press freedom as promised in your election pledge is a pillar and preCondition of democracy". The FIEJ statement says that the government's "ban of the Continuation of the construction of a building Which was to house a new
rotary press for the g as an act of "reveng
Taking note of th preme Court by the the FEJ President tions" of the funda damage your countr community". Theth sorship" On materia Oriented "CafTe frc Dharma Siri Salama'
In the meantime Col Centrates the Til as Well as the mind king elite. Can We the last chance? C. the LTTE, the P.A." lian and military as y rial armi DPL dwiSC Satisfaction. This iso sible because of the rties from respecta TULF to former mili PLOTE etc. The T: the South, probably munity than its ( North-and-East, ha: openly. (The Rajan as against the Dr. tion).
The Army has be Order - Wipe out Deputy Defence N RatWatte, the Presi in charge. The Mini. Central Bank aj = | had to accept a né stment'. Forget the Ce di wildend, and adj ties. We have a War

CAN WIN...
roup" could be seen
յE",
e appeal to the SL- Upali newspapers WarrSthat" 'itamental right Will only yin the international reat On "PreSS CEIall that is "ethnically jT Media Minister yake.
a single question ind-the-mass mind
of the opinion-maWil the War? is this lombo has isolated Stop advisers, civiWell as its internatioSlave noted with lation has been pos2 Tamil political pably parliamentarist ant EPDP, EPRLF, Til middle Class ir a much larger comcounterpart in the S become pro-P.A. Hoole phenomenon, Sathamanthan posi
een given a simple the "Tigers' - and Minister Anurudda, delt's LJICE is 70W stry of Finance, the he Treasury, hawe 2W 'structural adjuреace, and the peаUSttOtiere Wreal
O.
And so, Professor G. L. Pieris, the deputy minister of finance and PA's, all-Weather pundit, was ordered to conWey the sad tidings to the "peace constituency" and the masses. Back to the battlefield, friends, Sinhalas, countrymen ... and five new measures, I am afraid, to raise 4.5 billion (about 90 million US dollars) to buy arms, recruit more men, and fight the good fight to defend the unity and territorial integrity of Sri Lanka. (4,000 out of an estimated 25,000 deserters hawe returned).
The isolation of the LTTE in the larger Tamil constituency, here and overseas, the almost unqualified support of the U.S., the E.U., Japan and other donors, and the active involvement of a Rao regime, pressed by Sonia Gandhi, Chidambaran and Co., the Indian nawy's stricter surveillance in the Palk straits, Israeli expertise etcare the morestriking features of the new strategy of the P.A. So CanWe defeat the secessionist Tamil Tigers? Or will they fight on? And one bright morning announce the new State Of Tha ni Ealam?
Even a casual reading of the four main English-language newspapers published Sunday confirms that this question is now the ruling elite's principal preoccupation. The top crust businessmen and professionals hawe sent their chilldren and grandchildren abroad - to Britain or the US, Canada or Australia, Where many are already Well settled.
If many a tea or coconut plantationOWner, banker, Surgeon or lawyer opts to stay at home, it is an entirely new mind-set that explains their critical cho

Page 5
ce: the perception that "this time we can Will the War'.
Chandrika Kumaratunga and her runWay (63 per cent) wictory in the Nowember presidential polls has shaped this dominant psychology, at least among the business and professional elite. The 63 per cent can only be explained in terms of minority Voter behaviour. The Tamils living in the south, the Christians and Muslims in Buddhist (70 per cent) Sri Lanka recognised in Chandrika a candidate totally free from Sinhalachauwinist pride and prejudice.
Interns of tactics and strategy in this low-intensity conflict based on ethnic identity, the victorious candidate could take the moral high ground (she was no "racist") and isolate the violent extremists (The Tamil Tigers) since she had the parliamentary-democratic majority of the same Tami|| corn munity om her side. To strengthen her position further, President Kumaratunga had two other influential Communities of har Side — the local business community which prayed for political stability, and the international community, including the US, the EU, major donors like Japan, powerful neighbours like India, and agencies like the IMF and the World bank.
And yet today, barely seven months after her splendid victory, the Kumaratunga presidency is under siege. The "peace candidate" has to go to War. Far from disbursing a large "peace dividend", she has to place new burdens On the Consumer. Professor G.L. Pieris has announcedifive neW mea Sures to raise Rs 4.5 billion to support the "War effort" till the end of the year. These includea one percentrise in the defence leVy.
The vast majority of Sinhalese voters may recognise the urgent need for enhanced defence spending and accept the burden, but on one condition: the goveTiment Tust Win the War. These new
sacrifices can the the shared psych the government's
Tents.
Can the gover TWO Emirleft" | 10; IPKF general and Scholar Who has si kan affairs, think i Lankans do not ag
After the Jayaw: "peace accord" of Ashok Mehta, who the Indian army, W: Peace-Keeping F Eastern province. Peninsula and the comprise the Tami LTTE's main opE Eastern "teatre" strategic because (, mix, And this is aft: War but an ethic stitute 42 per Cent that province, th speaking) a third, lese the rest, Besi cellentagricultural is the main Vocatio
"[Welupillai) Pral supremo heis Tlad Meta Said i ii iir riday Leader. "The organisation Who C and under such Cir rilla force there are POLJSheS, and at Son Very near future, t pay for it."
Asked Whether up, General Meht Was afighter pare hawe the "qualities Was guided and tu Anton Balasinghan tical Wing. "He W leader as long as the general added.
 

be justified. This is logical response to recent announce
Tlent Wir this War? in analysts, one an the other an Indian ecialised in Sri Lancan. But many Sri
">[::
irdene-Rajiv Gandhi Јшly 1987, General recently retired from sin charge of Indian orce in the island's Though the Jaffna : Northern province | heartland (and the rational base), the is, in a Way, more of its explosive ethnic arall, not just another War. Te Tammi|S COof the population in e Muslims (Tamiland Buddhist Sinhades, the east is exand, whereas fishing in the arid north.
Dhakara is not the e Out to be," General terwig W. With the SLtre are people in the o not agree With him Bumstancesinaguepound to be pulls and le point Oftime inthe ley can quite easily
the LTTE Will break a said Prabhakaran Cellence, but did not i of a politician". He ored by theoretician and the LTTE's poli| remain a guerilla le is in the picture," The most significant
contribution made by General Mehtais on the critical issue of jaw-jaw vs WarWar. He believes that a Sri Lankan government led by a personality like Chandrika Kumaratunga should not be provoked; the task before it is to prove to the Tamils of both North and East that its young new president "is carrying the military with her" in the endeavour to establish peace at any cost.
The former lead of the Sri Lanka air force, Air Vice-Marshal Harry Goonetilleke, hasa Somewhat different wiew. His son, an SLAF officer, was one of the 92 servicenten Who died Wher the LTTE used surface-to-air missiles for the first time to destroy two British-built Avros. In a letter released to the Press, the OITerSLAFCOTTlander feminded DEputy Defence Minister Anuruddha RatWatte (the president herself holds the defence portfolio) that he had another son in the air force. Demanding a rigorous reappraisal of military strategy and strict "accountability" for battlefield reverses, he proposed a think-tank or planning committee that could mobilise all professional experience.
In an extraordinary exercise in soulsearching, Neville Jaya Weera, retired civil Servantandambassador, has relied on his experiences as a government agent in the North and East - now strife-torn once more as the Tigers have slipped back into the East While talking peace to President Kumaratunga and her Well-intentioned, if gullible, peace negotiators. Jaya Weera identifies two basic mistakes. First, the assumption that the LTTE is the only voice of the Tamil people. The second, and more serious, error identified by him is the belief that the ethnic issue is reducible to the question of Winning the fight with the LTTE. "Ewr if We ar nihilate the LTTE, the issue will remain," he argues.
(Grfined' ) pg'B)

Page 6
Extradition and Eela
Pearl Thewanayagam
he barber Solicited the hands of
the princess in marriage and explained his position in the following statement. "It has been 50 percent successful. Want to marry her but the king Would have none of it." Sri Lanka's consideration of the LTTE supremio Prabhakaran's extradition to India is somewhat the Sarne. As a well-known attorney at law in the justice department put it, before the question of extradition, there are procedures to follow. Once the attorney general files the application in Court om the authority of the defence Tinister, the respondent has to be produced in court and the preliminary hearing accepted. Then a Warrant willbe issued for the respondent's arrest. But as it stands today, the evasive Prabhakaran cannot be produced is simple derivative. Hence, if the Corpus is not produced, arrest and extradition become Terely legal jargons and could be said to hawe reached a stale Tate.
"The Whole exercise is an eyewash Which di KOWS, Sri Laka kOWS and even the Tan on the Street-corer KOWs without being educated on the laws of the land," said the attorney.
The newly appointed attorney general Sibhly Aziz said the last extradition case in Sri Lanka was just 12 years ago When a Sri Lanka OT Aerican citizen charged with child molestation in the US circum Werted US state departirrent's attempt to apprehend him and sought refugee on Lankan soil, The Sri Lanka high court successfully extradited him to the US to stand trial although no extradition treaty existed between the two cou
tries.
Again 12 Tonths ago an ALJStralian citizen Benwell who was charged with the KLLLaL0uuuuuLLLLLLL a LLLLLLL L LLLLLL LLLLLL extradited by the high court in Colombo under provision for the extradition of fugitiwe persons to and from Commonwealth Countries.
A Sunday Leaderstaff writer, Pearl The Warayagam contributed. This article to the T.O.I.
The uniqueness extradition lies in the of Prabhakaral aliwa to impossible. Sri Lar kely to be in a positi orki || the LTTE supre mistances, the ruling government which mowes to bring a ple: the ravaging ethnic cc tables to accede to Prakara's extra SUCCBed Of ThQt, it. Ce least a psychologial E dencetoachieve ale
to existingas de fac! it may, until the recer following the truce b through a suicidal se naval gunboats in the ted. Tid ar OLUFICĒd are stil oper. Is the a closing of that doo major political parties titյր?
Wasudewa Nanaya Marxist politician amic Lanka Sama Samaja blank, "the progress Sittet to the et bring any factors ol achieve this goal. Or that Prabhakaran iS ntly he's opted OL ut o: tlesale in the Wis Those who request ti tion, are racist fOr CBS. of Prabhakara's ex realms of reality."
The opposition U politburo member Ty that basically it is a
Ilment and that it W Il dia Filad Tiādē St. legality of the extrad HES SEWE SLUTTITOI Pottu Al Tara Women's political Win red to co-operate Wii this matter. But Mr FE

am War 3
of Prabhakaran's
fact that thig a TrES
is Corsidered ext kan for CBS Brg Un||- on to either capture 10. GiWE the Cir CL| People's Alliance
exhausted all its aceful SettleTent to Inflict as turned the
India's request for jiti. WetgTit Wi|| rtainly has aimed at slow to LTTE's confiitimate Eelamhitheto Eelam. Be that as VBסוחtחeוחWErnטt gו reak-up on April 20 The attack on two 3 east, it has reiterathe doors for peace
latest development rand, if so, how do wièWhis nBW Situa
kkara, the pro-Tamil key member of the
Party hassaid point We for CBS WHO Washt hinic question Should forces together to he simply cannot say til Cluded. IPTESEFt Tiggd te set of Circumstances. he arrest and extradi
Hence the question tradition is 10t in the
nited National Party vroe F3rrhardO Said matter for the golweES the first time that Ich a request. The Ilir is in frВГ ГНЕ 15 con Prabhakara, kila, the chief of the g. The UNPisprepath the government in Tando Criticised the
government for lowering its guard when dealing with the LTTE. "You don't talk peace by placing Complete trustand relaxing all military measures. The government at this desperate stage should re-examine its past actions. The LTTE openly defied all efforts at negotiations by both the UNP government and the present Orle, What Tiore le SSOS are needed?he queried.
It is interesting to note that members of the Special Investigating Team, probing the GardiaSSaSSiratiori CaSE ladwisited Sri Lak: || 1991 tej CI: WICETCE. Almost immediately after the Rajiv Gandhi assassination, the Sri Lanka high Court had secretly despatched a witness from Batticaloa, the easter stronghold of the LTTE, and home district of Pottu Amman, the chief of its intelligence wing. The Tarriage registrar of Pottu Amman who had succoured his wife during this period was sent to India at Indian government's experise to give evidence in the murder trial. LLaa HLLL aaaHaL LLLLLaa LLLLLaLLLL HLHaa KLL aware of Pottu Amman's moves.
"How can the government say it has not abandoned the peace moves? But the steps the PA government is taking are indeed Welcome," Mr Douglas Dewanada of the EelarTn People's DETIÖCratic Front leader said.
With both Indian and other foreign interwentions militarily, it is not impossible to apprehend Prabhakaran. Even if he is killed in the process, the mancan motstand trial but like the death of the Janatha WITI Lukthi Peram uma chief (JWP) Rohana Wijeweera, which brought the JWP uprising to an almost complete halt, the LTTE Could also be Tobilised or in the east Weakened. This has been the case during any revolutions. It happened to the third reich, Pol Pot, and many otherinternecine War situations the World over. There may LLLLLL LLLLLL LLHHLLLLLLLS LL LLL LLLL0LLLLL a a considerable period when such Towaments gather up strength to retaliate, the government "would hawe am Edge ower ther," he pointed out.

Page 7
Clearly, as far as the ground situation goes, the LTTE has been able to destabilise the military. There is no question about this. But military aid from foreign countries is pouring in and by August this year the Tilitary Would be in a position to Counter the LT TE head Ol.
The LTTE however, is not lying low. Reports reaching from Jaffna say that aerial practice sessions are in full Swing in Killinochchi in the north and sightings of the LTTE's aircrafts such as gliders hawe been reported.
Several Countries are Willing to lend technical assistance to the military. A team that visited some European countries to seek military aid has returned with positive results, according to defence sources.
Once a full-scale operation is commen
ced the morale oft again be boosted. actively launching
military attention to random grenades, in Colombo and its pressure on the gov capital from LTTE a defence to deploy COLInteriSSituati Wake the orth E.
The LTTE, des StETES | tt || ||
ITTerTiberSlaWB E BE |lled, wehernently ci Both Sides Brg aC tent drive. The a rters and arround drt WBS While the LT Clidfell.
FEDERALISM
Chandirika: Arrogar
W. Thirunavukkarasu
Let Federalist, too, be not too late
Now, When the Federal Party began its Campaign for federalism in the 1950s, it Was misrepresented to the Sinhala contituency as a deadly separatist poison. The late F.P. Leader, S.J.W. Chelwanayakam, had expressly declared in one of his early statements that while a federal system Would satisfy the aspirations of the Tamil speaking people of the North & East, it Would also help preserve the unity and territorial integrity of Sri Lanka (then Ceyon). Even so, the anti-federalism risiinformation campaign has gone on unitefruptedly to this day - that federalism Would be a stepping Stone for a separate State.
rsפIחוibBrt IIIgS5F IhaזlBrחם/litLIם HaH LHMCCLSL L eLeHLHCLMMMOLHHHLHH HHH HHCL LCLHLMMSLLCLLMS
Federalism, no an
|This article title federal alternative in 1991, President's argues that federal to the TarTil Natior it would really be Concede federalis of that article in thi in January this year tured UN ATEās: stion. Whether intrar rtist group is suffic Whole question (i.e. stion of federalism) a Tendent and t system (PCS) has Tī līd-Srī Lākā 1987 by Rajiv Gand na and not by any

esoldiers would once But the LTTE too is its tactics of diverting the south by placing bombs and landmines suburbs. The public 'ernment to protect the ttacks Would force the SOrtle of its forces to Vicl ir L Vu last operation.
pite defence attache arge number of LTTE 3ri fILISh Ed Out ad kieny massive losses. celerating the recruiTy is reCalling deseing fresh mobilisation TE is inducting school
The deputy financerninister G.L. Paris last Week announced the raising of the defence levy by one percent from 3.5 per cent and has imposed between 30 to 40 per cent duty con|Luxury goodsthus burdening the rich by sparing the "poor".
This move is expected to bring in Rs 2 billion almost 40 percent of the War budget. Further steps Would bring in another two and a half billion rupees which, Would give a cool half a million reserve which the minister said is a necessity to keep the War machinery rolling.
"These taxes are carefully adopted so that there would be minimal inflation. There will be no printing of money or borrowing from the central bank but to generally keep the country's economy on an even keel," he said at the cabinet press briefing recently.
ht and authoritarian
SWer bLit a disaster
- HL de Silva
"An appraisal of the for Sri Lanka" Writter
i COLInsel H.L. de Silva IST is rot the arlswar a guestion, and that a national diSaSterto 1. There was a reprint e English print media ". The eminent lawyersador poses the quesigence of One extreent for re-opening the 1. to disCLISS the queEWE before the 13th
TE PTOWICII COLITICI been given a fair trial. Accord was signed in hiand J R JayawardeOff til TETTIIVIMILES|
Parties, even though it was brokered by the Indian authorities supposedly on behalf of the Tamil speaking people of the North & East in particular.
The PCS proved to be a White elephant Without even the stated minimum powers being devolved by the Jayawardena and the Subsequent Premadasa regimes. This in turi later led the North-East Prowicial Chief Minister, on the eve of his departure to India along with the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to enact, a Declaration of intent to establish a separate State with a Cole-year deadline or SCJ, fOT SOITIE 19 conditions to be satisfied by the Colombo. This is What is misrepresented even by a man of the stature of Mr. H. L. da Silva as a Unilateral Declaration of indeрепcience.

Page 8
Mr dE Silwa Tlaintains that "flEre häd been an absence of broad-based or higher nationalism which at the best of times was a flickering flame, and which in the upsurge of ethno-nationalism in the postIndependence period has been all but destroyed, there is little hope for federalism; Federalism cannot be implanted in a söill Which is lot Coduciwe Or hOS tilē tO the growth of this kind of higher national lism-altenderplant that is ever in danger of being choked by the noxious Weed of gthno-nationalisT... Tio establish a federal constitution in Such a political and social environmentis only to seek a chimera and hasten the disintegration of the State."
How mutually irre concilable viewpoints set in
Posing the question why the Sinhala and Tallil COITIITLInitias Which hawe "liw"Ed close association. With each other, Worked together in common enterprises, Shared Cultural traditions, hawe newertheless failed to create that sense of solidarity as one nation leading ultimately to two mutually irreconcilable viewpoints", Mr LLLLSaLLLLLLLLK LLLHHaLLLLLLLSS LL LLLLLaLLLL hand, it Tlay be said that the majority among the Sinhala people, while professing national unity have not pursued it With 5 ufficient Serico Lusmass, mot ShoW much Willingness to concede the existence of a genuine diversity among the ethnic groups as well as minority religious groups that goes beyond tolerance or a formal recognition of multiculturalism. Indeed, the post-Independence record of intercommunal relations have steadily worsened. The political leadership of the major Sinhala parties has been mainly concerned with the regeneration of the majority community and its rights through programmes of affirmative action, which has given rise to minority perceptions of LLLLLLLLaLH SLL LLLL L LLLLLLLLa L a Unaddressed grievances, On the Other hand, the attitude of the majority that is in command and control over ultimate decisions, if it is to engender confidence in a minority, has to express itself in more
tangible terms and which ought to creat a reciprocal sense C nation. It is imposs feelings and spirit of artificial Efforts of Cal they must spring as : arise spontaneous heart."
Why ethno-nationa
It is very clear the nationalism is a pr Independence perio of Sinhala hegemon scrimination against contrary to Mr de Si the conceding of au powers to the Nort regenerate harmony iOslalIST. Wher the
COTT'ad ad COrt
SiOS“ Whlich are dBr the minorities only tr of disintegration of th S0|| bēCOITIES S0 fert the tragic and tellir Lanka, and th0SE Wł the grave-diggers o and territorial integri
As wery rightly st the Timorities aram
the "COCESSions' O. out by the majority and "legitimate enti indent on the prerog Or as a Thatter of bC)
the as a constitue
P.A. GOW ETT Telt's
LiS WEI- kľTO WIT til kapledged profusel ntary and President year that maximum rded to resolve the
Sition. In fact ShEE "TEH i.e. just after the res E SOLIlflérr PrOWir (March 1994), antici

meaningful Ways a by way of reponse if being part of one ble to ewoke SLCh, generosity through culated propaganda, a natural growth and y from within the
|ЕПЕ.
in that Tamil ethnooduct of the postWIC SW LE, rise y and contin Lous dithe Tamils. But quite wa's awerments, it is
tonomoLJS Orfederal East that will help and broadba Sedia"ethnic majority is in rol of ultiTlate decinonstrably inimical to ten does the process The State Seti ES the
Ile for it as indeed is ig experience of Sri 10 BfuSE to 5E it a TE f the country's unity
Бу.
ated by Mr. de Silva, it prepared to live on r"privileges” harded but enjoy their "right" itdements" not depeJative of the Tajority unty as it is hurtful to nt part of the nation".
approach
at PresidentChandri
during the Parliameial gled CtiOnS | Field last priority Would be affoTari|| National Cueintained in May 1994, OUInding PA Victory in Cla COUCI EBCtion pating a PA victory at
the then impending General elections, that the PA had a political package almost ready to resolwe the Tarnil national que= stion but that it would be revealed at the appropriate time. In the general electioп manifesto itself, there were no concrete proposals except the broad statement that LaKaLLLLLLLLLL LaLLLLL LLHaLLLLLLLLLLL for devolution of powers - without any reference to the content of such powers. Having been returned to power in the August 1994 partial Tentary election, and after the landslide victory in the Presidentia eleCtion in November 1994, President Chandrika declared in her policy statement on January 6, 1995, that there would be put in place"maximum" or "exterisive" devolution of power in order to resolve the national question. The Tamil speaking people hawe the imalienable a right to Self-determination, to Set Lipan autonomous regime in the North & East which, like the Whole island, Constitutes a plural Society. "Tamil Nadu" is the name of the Souther most State of India. It is called the Government of Tamil Nadu, it is surely no separate state, although the term "Tamil Nadu" literally means Tamil State.
Dr. Uyangoda Claims that it Was On His recent visit to Jaffna that he saw Whate calls a quasi-State in existence, and goes om to say, "I think no President, Prime Minister, Minister or Army General told us about this." It is quite Strange indeed that a person of the stature of Dr Uyangoda Hadrot krown for hirisalf, that there hlas existed for sometime now a separatë de-facto State in Jaffna, that is to say, With Tost of the trappings that go With a State, LLLLLL LLLLLL00LLLLL LLLLLLL LLLLLL GLLLLLLLS пce, time апd agaiп, dшгing the election campaign to such a defactoscenario, And LLaLLL LaaLLLLLLLaLaaLLLLLLLaaL LLLLLLLLS wely with the LTTE as the major player. Of late, however, there was a change in her attitude, in that she declared peremptorily that no group or organisation could issue ultimaturils to an elected GWernment; her recent TWinterview makes it all too clear that she is becoming increasingly arrogant and authoritarian,

Page 9
DeVolution of POWer an
Neelan Tiruchel Warm
S LLLLL L S LLLLaaa S S LaLa S LLLLLL
been One of the most intractable internal conflicts in South Asia as a consequeince of which the country has been besegeld for decades by ethimic fratricide and political violence. Many commentators hawe noted that the failure to lay down the Constitutional foundations of a multi-ethnic society based on equality, ethnic pluralism and the sharing of power has exacerbated the Conflict. Several measures Were introduced recently to redress the perceptions of injustice and discriminatory treatment felt by the Tamil and Muslim minorities. The first of such attempt was to address the residual issues relating to statelessness by the Grant of Citizenship to Stateless Persons Act No. 5 of 1986, and the Grant of Citizenship (Special Provisions) Act No. 39 of 1988. In the realm of language, Tamil was progressively made a national language in the second Republican Constitution in 1978, and subsequently made an official language in 1987. As a Consequence of these changes, Sinhala and Tamilare the languages of legislation, administration and of the courts, although many problems retain with regard to effective implementation of the policy of billingualism.
HOWEVEer the Tost Significarit Teas Lure O rédré SS hE imbalancé in the relationship between the different ethnic groups in the country was the devolution of power to Provincial Councils by the Thirteenth A TieldTent to the COStitution, TS 5 cheme enwisage: the devolution of legislative and executive authority to eight provincial Councils which Were constituted within the country. The structure of the devolutionary System envisages the ellection on the proportionate representation
CCMM MTMCCHHMMu LuLLCMCCLL LLMHGGCS
OLLYYLTLLHHLLu uLSL 0TKLOLOLLL0TeHHHLLaLLLL0LL LL0LLaLOLSS tutional Reform. He is the Senior Partner of TirukMCMM LL0LeLeLCKS TauHHCCLCKSKMLLC GGMMMLLTS kHT LLL YM LLCCtLYaMLLTLLL ll YLHH e LLLMTHCK and El Director of the Law and Society Trust.
system of a legislati Pro WiiCill CuCII, E hawe a Gowermor ap dEt, TE GOWETOOTH pleasure of the Pri impeached by the C ally violates the Con: TiSCOmdLJCt Cor COTTL shall also appoint a
his opinion is best a support of the major that Culici|. Th3r3
Edard of Minister5
Mis Ste power in respect oft ShaII bE3 WeaSted irn th{ however in the exel act in accordance W Board of Ministers
expressly required act Of FliS OW lisCT
The subjects and Ved on the Provinci il t9l SCLII Which is called the P The subjects inclu order, provincial plɛ ment, provincial he ction, agriculture ar rural development, medicine, Cooperati respect of Subjectss education and land, tion is further define 3. There is also : subjects where the enjoy concurrent at List defines asphere of the Center and in
defence ratic affairs, post and broadcasting, telew trade and conterc aviation, national tr lines and election:
of the reserve list uncertainty is a pr policy on all subject belong to the Centel

Id Provincial Councils
We body known as a Each province would poirnted by the Presiholds office during the asident but may be ouncil if he intentionstitution or is guilty of Iption, The Governor Chief Mister W0 able to Command the ity of the members of SII in additio be a
of Which the Chief
häd. Th3 EXÉCL uti WE he devolved subjects Governor, who shall rcise of the functions With the advice of the unless he has been oy the constitution to Etio.
functionStoba de Wolal Councils is set out 3 totE COStitution FOWincial COUncil List. le police and public inning, local governusing and Construhd agrarian Services, health, indigenous Wes, and irrigation. In uch as law and order, the scope of devoluin Appendix 1, 2and Concurrent List of center and provinces Ithority. The Reserve !of exclusive authority cludes areas such as nal Security, foreign telecommunications, ision, justice, foreign ports and harbourS, ansport, mineral and S. An unusual feature Which HS Cau Sed OWision that national is and functions shall
On the financing of devolution, it was envisaged that provincial councils would be financed through direct grants by the Center, limited form of taxation, and revenue sharing arrangements. There is also a Finance Commission consisting of 5 members empowered to make recommendations with regard to allocations from annual budget funds adequate to meeting the needs of the province. The Corrission has also he power to make recommendations. With regard to making apportiOmment Of Lunds between Warious provinces having regard to the objectives of balanced regional development in the Country.
In addition, the devolutionary ScherT1B envisages the establishment of high Courts in each province to exercise original criminal jurisdiction and appellate and revisionary Jurisdiction in respect of crimimal matters. In addition, the Provincial High Court had been conferred the jurisdiction to issue prerogative Writs such as habeas Corpus, certiorari, and prohibition in respect of any matter set out in the Provincia Council List.
The political and constitutional contexts Within which Provincial Council Scheme was evolved has continued to constrain the effective Working of Provincial Council. The Scheme was an integra part of the Indo-Sri Lanka ACCOrd Erlier Éd into o 29th July 1987 and signed by President J.R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India. The Accord Endeavoured to provide a Conceptual framework for the resolution of the ethnic conflict and to outline institutional arrangement for the sharing of power between the Simhala and Tamil Communities. The Accord declared that Sri Lanka Was "a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual plural society" consisting of primarily of four main ethnic groups - the Sinhalese, Tamils, Muslims and Burghers. It further recognised that the northern province and the eastern province "had been areas of his

Page 10
Barical habitation of the Tamill-speaking population". Both these Statements hawe been importantideological significance in framing the policies of bi-lingualism; the provincialсошпcilscheme; апdtheteпроrary merger of the northern and eastern province as the unit of devolution.
frā of līd-3rī Lākā Accord had hoped that they would present the political groups in the north-east and the South of Sri Lanka Witha"fait accompli and that they would progressively build a consensus-around the main concepts and LLLLLL LLLLttLLLLLLL LL LLL LLLLLLLLS LLL a0000 expectations however prowed to be unrea|istic, Both the LTTE, the dominant politico-military formation in the north-east and the JWP repudiated the Accord and questioned its legitimacy. A controversy surrounding the Accord ultimately led to an LLLLLL LLLLLLLLLLLH LLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLL L and the Indian Peace Keeping Force and to an insurgency in the south of Sri Lanka. These developments casta dark shadow over the Working of the Provincial Counci| system, Elections to the Provincial Councils were held in April and June 1988 but the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, the main Opposition party did not participate in this exercise. Similarly the elections to the north-East prowincial Councilheldim Nowember 1988 Were deprived of their legitimacy due to the opposition of the LTTE and the difficulties in conducting free and fair elections. The devolutionary experiment LLLLaaLLLLSSSL0LLLL LLLLLLaLLOLLLLLaLCLLL from November 1988 and Tiid March 1990. It remains a cruel irony that the north-east provincial Council remains disSolved and all legislative and executive power is wested in the Governor of that province.
The Cor5titution fra TEWork alSC proved to be problematic. Section 2 of the Šī Lākā jitutilītī5ā Litāry state and this conception of the unitary LLLLLLL LLLL LLLLLL LLLLLL aLaLLLLS a LLLL bureaucracy and the judiciary in the resoution of Center-provincial disputes. The executive presidency inevitably led to a concentration of power and authority in the Center, and Constrained the meaningful devolution of power to the provinces.
The divisional Secret: in further extension Center at the Sub-dist
Warious disingerLJI employed to reWest ir relating transportatior CES, The CErller älS() { sive degree of Contro devolution of powers ald a W and Order These developments that the TE WES - a Tell of the center to part there Was Consequer in implementingthes
With the 5t|lati ment in August 199 to to Of Paria Tert Hä5 engage in a compreh Constitution including and replacement o
This time We
(Corfirl Lugd fror77 Page
Iman excerptpubli Times Dayan Jayati|| mêW Work. On Sri La a Democracy Unfini: cled Crisis, has pos stions in offering his LTTE's extraordinary Idira Gandhi's Indi: and give them the be pment rather than SL equally...? Why did M (MGR) support the
We goes W. MGRS riya il Madr LTTE? Why Was th fullCtiloi:Tami|| Na (India's CIA) Continu With the LTTE in M. soldiers were being in Jaffna? Why did di SCL:ssions With the death, despite the IP
Liliation of the IPF
In each case, Says successfully projecte [[SElf Which Cũ[1Wrice
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

riat systern resulted f the authority of the rictleyel.
Lus methods Were the center powers and agrarian ServiEXECISE da 1 EXCES| Ower finances, and
ir lhe få rää Of land i Ware incomplete, haWB-leidt.0 CONCBIT Ictance on the part with power and that Llya lack of Sin Cerety :FBITE (figWClulifl.
in of a new govern: a Select Commit; bëer COIlstitutësi LC) ensive refort of the
the possible repeal the existing Con
stitution. At the center of this exercise would be a new package of proposals on a comprehensive devolution of powers. The Select Committee Will reassess the
existing constitutional framework relating to devolution, the possible transfer of all if not most of the subjects in the Con Current List to the Provincial List and the framing of imaginative arrangement for the resolution of the center-provicial dispute. This exercise Will also need to provide for assured means of financing devolution.
The devolution of powers is at a center
of the ConterTıp orary political and Constitutional discourse in Sri Lanka. It is critical to resolution of the most vexed problem facing Sri Lanka - the national question. Any approach to this problem must be predicated on the inextricable link betWeenpeace, ethnic reconciliation and development in Sri Lanka.
can Win...
)
shed by the Sunday |eka, the author of a ika, The TraWalls of ēd MārāfPrā ed a Serie:S of queexplanation of the success: "Why did a support the LTTE !st training and equiIpport all the groups M.G. Ramlachandrarı LTTE (And EROS) hy did Karunanidhi, as, also support the e LTTE allowed to Juand Why did RAW e to hawe dialogues Maidir ag When Isild|ain mauled by the Tigers Rajiv Gandhi hawe LTTE just before his KF-LTTE War and the KF Withdrawal?"
the Writer, the LTTE ad a certain profile of dits targetaudience.
"The audience was confused, misled, deceived, deluded. The LTTE was clear, conscious determined and single-minded."
India's best-known specialist im Sri Larikan affairs, Professor S.D. MLu ni cijf THE Nehru University in Delhi, argues that aaLYS SLLLLLLHHL LaaLLLL LSL K LLLLLL LLLLHHLLLaS nga fail in its own vital interests". That aLL0LLaOLOLLaa SLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLS LLLHHLL a LLLLLLL LLLLaLLLLtaLaaaaSuHLLLLHHLLLLLLLSLLLLLLHLLLLLLLS tion with President Kumaraturiga: "If you resolwe the TaTi il problern, it is one pro
|ET || ESS for me."
But Profesor MLT || Cautis the Sri Lankan president against playing the Sinhalese deity of War. Prabhakaran was upset by the rising popularity of President Kumaratunga among the peace-hungry people of Jaffna, says the JNU scholar. Militarily, the Sri Lankan forces Tusthit the LTTE Bases Hard and fast, 50 as to neutralise the advantage of the LTTE's newly-acquired missiles.

Page 11
SRI LANKAN CRISIS (4)
incia nnOVeS in
K. M. de Silva
O the government announced its decisions to hold elections to the newly established Provincial Councils, the SLFP joined the JWP in organizing a boycott of these. The JWP's hitherto Sporadic wiolence againstpersons and property increased in a concerted bid at intimidating all parties supporting the accord and candidates of parties seeking election to the Provincial Councils. In February 1988 a new opposition force had emerged, an alliance, named the United Socialist Alliance (USA), consisting of the Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya (SLMP) an f-Shot f the SLFP, Lākā Sālā Samaja Party (LSSP), the Communist Party of SriLanka, the NavaSarna Samaja Party, and (TiClost rotably) the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation. Front (EPRLF) from the north and east of the island. The USA group expressed full support for the peace accord, and participated in elections to the Provincial CouTCIS. At the elections to Sewell Of the Provincial Councils (elections in the Noth-Eastern Province Were postponed) held in April and June 198B, in defiance of the JVP's sustained campaign of threats and Violence, the UNP Won a majority and effective control in all of them, While the USA emerged as the main opposition group. A "surprise" peace agreement in May 1988, between the golwernment and alleged representatives of the JWP turned out to be a hoax. The govertment, however, decided to proceed With its decision to lift the proscription on the JWP imposed in 1983.
Apart from incorporating the new system of provincial councils, the 13th LLLLaLLLLLLLa aa aa aaHaLaLaHH SLSLLLLLL Tamil to the level of an official language (along with Sinhalese), with English given the position of a link language. Although there is some ambiguity about the position of English, its legal status appears to be on par With Simhalese and Tamil, The provisions of the 13th amendment dealing With language, Were clarified and consoli
dated by the 16th COStitutio Wici DECETlE |3BB - the last piece of IE Jayewardere's adr
In September 19 rdene officially aut LFE TOrtherhard EE a single North Eas NOVEITEJE 1988. É seats in this provinc Of TT||NEdLulad the timing of thes The Indian High C. pressed Very hard succeeded in his opposition of the forces who argue grounds that Such be free and fair SO present in those reg rriment was a mixi OL held before thë e Nadu state legisla Way, but the COrg tiġi TaTi Maid LI Ġli:
The pro-accord, groups, the EPRLF la De Tocratic Lib together with the ngress (SLMC), e the Sea ElĒCiti 1S ir til IPKF played a pric rsial rolē.ooo The pol LTTE LETUL rily?"
TE EPRLF WIC the extent of Supp the IPKF they were nominated a regic Tiber 1988, to adr rice. The IPKFFla Wortex of Tamil plc East of the island EPRLF WES See and India, and new shing themselves:

allendent to the WIS CEtified O 17 –it Was ITIOfe Or les S gislation of President TiriStrati.
88 President Jaya Wahorized the merger of stern provinces Within terr province. In midCtilorTS WETE. El for ial council. The politics a great deal to do with e provincial elections. JTImiSSiller J. N.: Dixit to get them held and ressure, in the face of Sri Lankan defenCE Id against it On the
Ili eleCtiOITI CO Luld ITIO long as the IPKF Was ions. The Indian goveIs that this election be
CtiOSt the TETI ature. They had their re-SS and its || ES ICOS:t iction anyway.
and pro-Indian, Tamil F ET Natioeration. Front (ENDLF) Sri Lanka Muslim Comerged strongly from he holding of Which the |minent and Controve| Was boycotted by the F, the latter in Volunta
the elections-given Cort they received from a bound to win*-and Imal ministry, in Noweminister the new provi d beer dra Wri into the
litics in the lot a
From the outset the IS Creaturas of the IPKF BrŠLJCCEEdad IT gstablias an independentpoli
tical entity. The Indian government and THE IPKF TOW found the TSEWES Saddled with a puppet regional government which they needed to sustain and protect against the LTTE. These problems beca The even more difficult when President JayewardeIle decided that le Would not Contest the Presidential elections scheduled for late 1988,
The IPKF in Sri Lanka-the Last Phase
The last few months of President JayeWarder's ter IT Of OfficCB SW TO3t ass much violence and turmoil as July 1983. The source of the trouble Was the sare, Sinhalese intransigents, this time led and manipulated by the JVP. Political violence organized by the JWP reached unprecedented heights. In the first two weeks of November a series of politically inspired strikes and disturbances sought to bring the government down. The JWP had made another of its changes of policy: after agitating for over a year for presidential and parlamentary elections, i flow derranded that the elections be postponed ti|| tlEPKF|left the Slad. Their WICIETICE WIS directed at all political parties (including its erstwhile ally, the SLFP) contesting the elections. It required President Jayewal rdene's enormous reserves of political skill and shrewdness to hold the government and administration together in the face of this turmoil and violence, and to LLLLLL a LLL LLLLLLaGLS LLLKLLLK aaLaS S LC presidential election of December 1988 was among the most violent ever held in a democracy. President Premadasa's riafrOW Wictory ower Mrs. Bardara räike did not lead to anything more thana temporary relaxation of the JWP's violence; it was resumed before the end of January 1989, and continued beyond the parliamentary elections of February 1989. Moreover, the TEgWall of the UNP'S adate dic mot guarantee a return topolitical stability.The new UNP president faced two formidable challenges. The first of these was from the JWP WHIC COItinued itS. Creer of Wille

Page 12
ce, ruthlessly and relentlessly, and ShoWedno signs of a change of attitude to the government, despite the fact that he adopted a policy of conciliation to the JWP in the face of this Violence Which had leftover 2,000 of his supporters dead. The JWP spurned his conciliatory moves.
The Second related to the Indian presence in the island, and the Tamil problem in general. As Prime Minister, the new LL0LLL aLLLLL L0LLaLL aLLLLL LLaLLLLLLL about the Indo-Sri Lanka accord. As the UNP's Presidential candidate he had pledged to have it replaced by a friendship treaty more acceptable to Sri Lanka. He was also committed to ensuring a speedy departure of the IPKF. President Premadasa saw the early departure of the IPKF as essential to the restoration of political stability in the country. He scored an early but ambiguous success when the LTTE in a surprising vote face accepted his invitation to talks. These began in April 1989. Opposition to the IPKF's presence in the island had brought two old adversal ries-the UNP government and the LTTE - to the bargaining table. The ambiguity lies in the fact that the LTTE Was driven to the bargaining table because of a perceived weakening of its military strength, sapped in the course of along and debilitating struggle against the IPKF.
This sudden change in the political situation was bound to have its impact on the affairs of the IPKF. With the departure of President Jayewardene from office, the COTitlert to the Indo-Sri Lanka accord at the highest levels of the Sri Lanka government was bound to ebb, especially because his successor had newer ShOW much enthusiasm for it. The Indian High Commissioner J.N. Dixit himself left for his next assign Tent, to Islamabad, in April 1989 and with his departure the Indians themselves appeared to lose interest in their struggle against the LTTE; certainly the pace with which the IPKF pursued the LTTE began to slacken.” Moreover with President Premadasa's election to Offico in December 1988, the IPKF's continued presence in the island had become a point of Contention betWeen the Sri Lanka and Indian governments. The ensuing negotiations on the removal of the IPKF from the island Were both long drawn out and acrimonious. Eventually the IPKF was
withdrawn on a time-table determined by
the Indian governmer completed in March 1
The El result of al anxieties in India an the Fate Of EFlg EPRL EPRLFCadrgs Orca anxieties dro We the and the IPKF to take: dECISIO LO CITEEate : Tamil National Army EPRLF, and to supply cated weapons, alli TNA could stand up the inevitable COf Mistake followed mist this disastrous polici Tibed to the LTTE a shot, and leaving thi The Sri Larkan a Uthi tary, were aghast a prTent, but their proti Shing the TNA and heeded.
The irony of it ap Indian government. force brought in to dis groups, not only faile still, actually ended boy arrTning a rag-tag puppet regime. The Wa:Stig LTTE,
AS We hawe Segr time a surprising r Ween the governme. the LTTE, drawn tog opposition to the IP that the animosities decade Couldhe Ove tiations. These we the beginning and peace (after May 19. to de Vole iks aller challenge posed by |rofic BLIt nBWErtl Blnued presence of th and the peace talk: fillentad the LTTE security forces, and to meet and OVer CC by the JWP.
Thus the IPKF's and east of the isla advantages to the S Sri Lanka's defence noticeably after mid
 
 
 

t. The process was 990.
his Was to increase in the IPKF bout F government, and e IPKF est. TheSe ridian government, most short-sighted in IPKF-sponsored (TNA) linked to the 'them with sophistithe hope that the against the LTTE in Ct between ther. ake in the pursuit of J. The TNA SLCCLterally without firing air arms to the LTTE. rities, civil and Tilit this new develoestS against establiarming it were not
peared lost on the
А peасе-Keeping arm Tamil separatist dito do so but Worse ts stay in the island force linked to its principal beneficiary
there was, by this approchement beIt of Sri Lanka and Jether by a common KF, and in the hope
and hostilities of a rcome through negore Cordial enough at this brief period of 20) enabled the army ion to meeting the the JVP. It is grimly SS true that the Coltie | PKF iri the Island, between the govehelped the Sri Lanka in particular the army, me the threat posed
resence in the north di Wās mot Without its iLanka government. expenditure dropped 1987. The Indian go
Wernment bore the heavy expenditure involved in the pacification - such as it Was - Of the north and east. This decline in defence spending on the part of Sri Lanka might have been more substantial if the threat posed by the JWP had not proved to be so serious.
In retrospect the IPKF's presence in the island and in such large numbers, has proved to be a self-defeating exercise. Its size was variously estimated at between 75,000 and 100,000 at its peak, larger than the whole British army in the days of the raj" more than half the size of the Soviet army in Afghanistan. Indeed the Well-known Indian defence expert, Ravi Rikhye estimates the IPKF, at its peak, to have been as large as 150,000 if para-military forces were included, And besides, it was al||located Within är area of about 10,000 sq. kilometers. The Indian policy seemed to be one of saturating an area by throwing in enormous numbers of troops into action, and seeking to submerge the LTTE that Way, But this was only partially successful, The IPKF was notable to disarm the Tamil separatist groups, and especially the LTTE, one of the principal objectives of the Indo-Sri Lanka accord, even if one disregards the time-frame set out in it as hopelessly optiT1istic and therefore un realistic. Nor did the IPKF succeed in eliminating the LTTE as a fighting force once it was decided to turn its guns on them, thus opening itself to the charge that it was incapable of doing that or that it was never intended to do so. The LTTE survived in the jungles of the north and east of the island, and even in Jaffna and peninsula - areas "pacified" by the IPKF and were under its CO tro-itaintained a slidWy existence and compelled an adherence to its dictates through its cadres. Above all the LTTE maintained a presence in Tamil Nadu throughout the Whole period of the IPKF's stay in the island and continued to Luseits Safe hou SËS there.
The IPKF exercise cost India something like Rs 50 billion (in Sri Lanka rupees) or S 1.25 billion. While it may be argued that a great deal of this money Would have been spent on this force even if it had had remained in India, the additional Costs involved in moving troops to and from Sri Lanka and in maintaining them there Would have been wery Considerable. Besi

Page 13
| des Over 1,000 Indian soldiers were killed, and over double that number were injured, many of them crippled by landmines and other improvised explosive devices in the laying and making of which the LTTE were experts.
There is also that greatintangible-the loss of prestige, and the sense of failure, in short a propaganda disaster. At the time the IPKF arrived in the island, only the Sinhalese were hostile and opposed to its presence. Within a short time of the IPKF's presence in the north and east, even the Tamils who originally Welcomed them as liberators were alienated from it, all save the political groups associated with the marginalized EPRLF. The gains were few, if any.
When Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by the LTTE in May 1991 in Tamil Nadu the tragic failure of the Indian intervention in Sri Lanka Which his TOther had initiated and which he himself had raised Several notches higher was underlined for all the World to see. At last India itself woke up to a realization of the full extent of the price she had been called upon to pay for the support extended to Tamil separatism in Sri Lanka. The LTTE had established a government within a government in parts of the Tamil Nadu coast; its smuggling enterpries included narcotics; it had infiltrated the Tamil Nadu administration; and it had introduced the Culture of Violence into parts of India which had not known it before.
On June 13, 1990, a LTTE execution Squad operating in Tamil Nadu had raided a block of apartments in which the leadership of the EPRLF lived as refugees in Madras, and killed 13 of them including the Secretary General of the party and one of its MP's in the Sri Lanka parliament. The LTTE raiders had carried AK 47 assault rifles. While the immediate realction in Tamil Nadu was one of shocked dismay, little was done to curb the LTTE's activities, until the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi compelled a re-appraisal of attitudes and policies.
Through all these experiences one bitter lesson emerges: it is often easier to end an international Conflict that a civil conflict especially when the latteris essentially an ethnic one. It is difficult to fashion
am Out COTB) that is
Victory or defeat for And yet conflict r Outcome that hass Parties to the Confli to give Lup their cla sOrne COmpensatio Willingness to com least of the underlyir DeCaUSC CIVII Wiole organized than inte resolution requires
something for ewe|| Conflict Carlot be eyi claims. Without recei tion, and this imp Compromise on som rtying issues. The L never shown any re se. Then again, bet often less Well orga nal War, conflict res difficult, Sirice ever un satisfield participa SSible to end the qu lessons that emerg Conflict, and the Ind
Outside interwent can take many fo! intervenor Could beg or other of the partic aid. This assistance the continuation of th or persuade one o pants to alter its : encourage a settlert nvenor may try to re; by acting as a m nctions to one, so underwriting a settle wer or may become Which Lirites the Wa it.“ The Indian in Lankan Conflict FES of taking all these sc
(Cori
NOES
1. On Sri Lanka's eth| and growing litera Will be LJGHTLI to ti Managing Ethnic SCsaggi: Sri Lāri Md., 1986); S.J. T. är 77 INNE DIGITārli go, 1988); S. Rai TeftO/577: Tag Sr berria, 1988).

intermediate between one of the combatants. esoluticorn Taquires ar mething foreveryone. ct cannot be expected ims without receiving in, and this implies a promise of some at ng issues. Then again, ce is often less Well rnational War, Conflict 31 0utcOITE tilat has yone. Parties to the pected to giWe Liptheir wing so the compensalies a Willingness to he at least of the undeT TE, likë the JWP, has adiness to compromiCHILSE CIWilWiQg|C2 5 mized than internatiosolution is much more alsTall number of Ints can make it impoarrelling. All these are 3dffÓTT the Sri Lärka iar involverileri,
Ion in a civil conflict TS. First of all, the in by glvingaid to One pants, or cut of such may be to encourage he struggle, to Compel other of the particiStfalegy, or ewe to ent, Second, the intesolve the conflict itself diator applying saThe Of all parties, or ment. Third, the inte
the Common enemy rring factions against Érwertior in tlig Sri the unique distinction T5.
luded
iCConflicts therg isa large Life, Tha following works É reader, K.M. da Silva, Tersions in Multi-Erin ai, 7 BBC2-7935, (Lanham, 1 Thbiah, Ehrlic. Fräffade g of Democracy (Chicalatunga, The Posts of Lärkia Experiannica (Carn
11.
12.
3.
For discussion of this theme SEE K.M. di= Silwa, "DeCeritralizatiomand Regionalis Tiini the Mariagerment of Sri Lanka's Ethmic Conflict," International Journal of Group Tarlskrs, 14(4), 19B9, pp. 317-38
See, K.M. de Silva, "Traditional Hornglands of the Tarrills of Sri Larska: A HistoriApprassa. (Kandy, 1987).
H. A., Indorf, Sfra fegyes for SFTTās SfafESLUTVVas (Kuala Lumpur, 1985).
For Senanayake's views or this see, Colorial Office Records London, CAB 1291 BCF (47) 144 Cabinet-Ceylon Constitution. 2 May 1947.
For a discussion of this concept in relation to India's borders see Steven A. Hoffman. India and ng China Crisis (Barkalay, iggo).
On the politics of linguistic nationalism in India, see Marguerite R. Barrett. The Politics of Cultural Nationalsrrı İrı South Fidia (Princeton, NJ, 1976). Robert Hardgrave, Jr, The Dravidar Movement (Bombay, 1965), Eugene F. lrschlick, Polists and Social Conflict fra StLuMrīdra: TPE. Nor7-Bra Firman Maverant and Tarry Separatists, 1976-1929 (University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1959); and Tartir Revivalism. In the 1930s (Madras, 1986).
The journal India Today published an adulatory essay Om Prabhakaran in ils isSLJE. Of 3C) Jung 1986. In an interview he gawe to this jumal he claimed that he"Shotrikiled the former mayor of Jaffna, Alfred Duralapopah (sic)". Durayappa Was a Tember of the SLFP, the core of the then governing coaltion, and the hostility to him flowed from that.
SEE K.M. de Silwa "DecEritralizatiari artid Regionalism in the Management of Sri Lanka's Ethric: Conflict," "risertTafficina/JoLt Tal of Group Tensions, op, cyf.
N, Tir Lltir gwarth has rewis#Weld (G, Padriatha55a = raffy's fose as a FITEdia for ir Phù Sri Larikan LHHL sLGLLL G HCCH LLaLLLLL YYLLLLL LL L LHuO Asian Wall Street Journal 6 August 1987 and the Hindu, 5 August 1987,
For a brief review of the problems relating to the voting rights of immigrant Indians in Sri Lanka Sae K.M. da Silva, Managing EFırık: Terisians in MJ/rl-Effinic Societas. pp. 105-10.
See India Today, 31 March 1984 բբ, E4-99: see particularly the essay in investigative reporting entitled "Sri Lanka Rebels: An Ominous Presence in Tamil Nadu," also Tha Sunday Times (London), 1 April 1984. and Rauter reports on these bases published in Sri Lanka in the Sun of 23 May 1984, and the Island of 25 May 1984. See also the London-based journal South. The Third World Magazine, March 1985, pp. 14-5. See Tiring International, 3 April 1989, pp. 10-11, for a later account.
There is a large Tamil populatinin Bambay and its suburbs, and this has been the source

Page 14
1.
15.
16.
17.
廿吕。
9.
of support to the Tamil cause. One of the key figures in this was an underWorld bČSS, ML daliyar, a Tamil. Sri Lankar Tamil5 aire moW Werty prorThiriherrit in Bombay's Lrrerworld, and aspecially its drug trade. Së8 the Indian journal Sunday, 31 July-6 August, 1988, Which CarriGdan article entitled "Sri Lankan TasTils in Barthbay's L.JrideTyrld".
Cirile of the ridian delegats to the UN GCnCral Assembly was S. Ramachandran, a Minister of the Tamil Nadu Statea gawarmmall. Cm 21 October 1983 he addressed the special Political Committa artid raised this questior of Sri Lankan refugees in Tamil Nadu. See |hig afficial publication issugd by the Indiari LLaLLH Ha LaL LLLLLa0LLLLLLL0SSMLMLM LLLKLL0S 2| OtT 1983.
RHITECH andran's speech was om Agarida |Efri 74: International Co-opGration la ÁvEft New Flows of Refugees.
Cn, 27 September 1984, Mr. Mirikitia, Hiri Irudian delegate filma de much the sarte points in a statement on behalf of his country at a general debate at the 39th Session of the UN General A55 ETibly,
LLLLLLLLSK LLCCLLLLL LL a L LLLLL LLLLLGaLK LLL show that in 1983, 1984 and 1985. Is litriliari delegates raised the issue of Liman rights HMCLLC CL LCMC C LL LLaaLaaC L L aa Corrission on Human Rights, and the LLLLLaaLLLLLLLaLLLL HHHHH LLLLLLLHH LLL LLLLLL LS mation and Protectior of Mirikrities. Of Particular interest in his regärt is the spEEcho M.C. Bandhare, aller Tibetrof LHBSLECGTIII|- LOLOLL LL LL LLLLLLLHH LLLL LLLLLLLlLLLLLLLLTL L LLLLa Protection of Minorities in Gerhea, 21 August 1934.
K.M. de Silva, "Decentralization and Reggrialism in the Management of Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict", opJ.C..
For an assessment of the military situation in Sri Lanka at this time, saa Calon El Edgar O'BallarCia, "Sri Lankaj arid its Tamil ProБЕп," in Аглеa. Porces, vol. 5 (12), DeceTiber 1985, pp. 543-43. Amad Forcas is published by an Allan Ltd. in conjunction with the Hoyal United Services, Institute for DefeTCE! Sludies.
See the statement made by Dr. G.S. Dhillon, leader of the Indian delegation to the 42nd SIGSsir of LE COTTI Tission or HuTilar1 Rights, under Agenda item 12, on 5 March 1986. This brief statestant was in response to a very comprehensive one made by Dr. H.W. Jayewardeng leading the Sri Lanka delegation on 4 March 1985, Setting Out in dgtail Thomagutiations Conducted betWeën fם jElailsם סd Hilsחts aחmaוחwBטg סhg twן attacks by Tamil separatist group5 on civil|i:315 and Clash, B5, Hught Washin the Sri Lankan sacurity forces and Tamil separatist groups,
LLLLLL LL LLLLaLLa LS LLLL LLLLCLL LLLLCaL LK LTTE and the TELOgroup, Sg The Hindu, 13 May 1986.
보1.
23.
모,
25.
25,
구.
B,
A. P. WikEEE "WETET author, 24 April 1990.
On the problems Of th, its liks With T CD
Telands of the TaT Apprai5al of the CCT Head" of the "EIhnic Studios Fer
1-39.
This d'OCLITgf1, a le Jaye Warderle M55.
Sgg M.S.S. Pandidn'; til W5 lit" i TF || Weekly, 3 December out that the election W
Thank5 tintFE LITTE possible in the district T. TT IPKF 5:: election of the EPR |EIB.
In the eastern proviric H. Ertl iir Witch Lili E55, a 5 election ager
SEE, C.A. ChÉir drap rods of Torfor, i 1987-1989. (Colomb:
Dixit played a kĖy rČ) ld-Sri Larka co-ordinator of politic: operations in Sri Lan
ltwas aften allegBdb dent Premada.5a'5 p. Lihat tha SriLankago 5LTTE were to be used agai mber 1991, PET i. acknowledge that ar.
til LTTE, O 1 HirdL5FEHF1 TřTTEls Car
t Sri Länka ārTTy Whit:
A (Orle
Hயது:
WlgT
ALEF,

interview with the
transport these arms to the LTTE had testified that he was aware that they were to be used against thË IPKF.
eisterprwire ärid cept of the traditional 29. Less than a Torth after the accord was | 155ge G. H. Peiris, "An signed the criticisms began. The most critical cepat of a "Traditional and surprising - considerating the source Tamils in Sri Larika, - was an article in the Guardian (London) ori, IX (1) 1991, pp. Third World Review entitled "India the Big Bully" it proceeded to describe the accord DLDLLLS LLL S L LL SLDDDLHLLL Lu LLLLu LLDS LLL aa legram, is in the J.R. Lanka's Muñilch." Thig, GLEIl radar, 21 April 0LYS GGa L YMLM YLLLHLHH KeHLHLHHHHH S S KKLLKGS 5 articë, "Tha Eläiction in ils issue of 13 April 1987, described the Ejiji Fido Pliiĝado accord "Rajiv's Gunboat Peace." 1988, where he points 3C), This point was first minalde by Professior as rigged by the IPKF. LLLLLaL LLLLLLLL00L LLL LLL LLLLLLLL LLLLLL GLLLLLLLS oycott, no election was te, Columbia University, New York. solfenorthern Provi- 31. Ravi Rikhye, The Militarisiarion ar Morfer Beded in securing the Iridia (New Delhi, 1990), pp. 77-90. His sti LF slalE Lincirilasted Tate of thesize of the IFKFis the largas
ethere was a lection 32. Thgrg is a growing literature on the IPKF's IPKF served, more or operations in Sri Lanka: these include, S. Es of the EPRILF. LLLtLaa LLLL LLL LLLLLS LL aYYLMSHD rigsa, Sri Lārka. TľE Crisis Lancer Paper (Delhi, 1990); R. KaTE JWF SLUTTEcti, diam, India's Sri Lanka Fiasca Delhi, 1990), է 1BB1), KLL LLKK KL0 LMLKaLT K MaaLCa0L Laa LaaL a
Ravi Rikhya, Tha Militarisasion af Moshar lea in the drafting of the Irറ്റ്, .. Jr. En el 0.1 g5 alaspects of thig IPKF's Two general officers who served with the kl. IPKF in Sri Larika hawe recently published accounts of their stay in the island's north y Indian critics of Presi- ard Basil: LL. GEr.S.C. SardeshipH rde, ASSInicy of гадргослепалІ grrrier Jasra (Delhi, 1991) and L. Gen. Wessert had supplied Depiirider Singh /PKF ir Sri Larka (Delhi, is stage, and that these 1991). mist the IPKF, liri SepteLLLLLLLLS LL LLLLLLSS S S 00S SS LLC LLLLLLL LLaL HLHHLCL CCLC a GLLLLLL This had been Supplied Licklider of the Department of Political Scie7 Deciber 1991 the ce, Rutgers University and his unpublished Tiad EWG irit) the paper, "Civil Wiolence and Conflict Resolua young officers of the tion: A Framework for Analysis" from which
had been Ordered to they are derived.
Waiting - 6
Kumbukkana
firefly Lil a kLLITELL, brings
2r for a rememberedeLening
paper la ruterTLs lif your loLUelirless
LyoL reyes, fler Les beca [Liller pired Wings
LJ. KAILIlatilake

Page 15
The mena Cee Of Snr
K. Subrahmanyam
eliwering the Roski|| Memorial
lecture at Cambridge early this year Mr Mark Tully, celebrated former correspondent of the BBC in India, had Warned that if the West did not stop the spread of portable Weapons, "We could face threats to the unity of the two most powerful nations of what was once British India, with consequences which Would have to be faced by the politicians of the West. What is more, that would be a tragic ending to the enterprise of bringing stability to south Asia which Tany of our forefathers saw as their role in life. When they forged that linkin India's Unbroken chain."
Mr Tully drew attention to the Human Rights Watch's call to the American and Pakistani governments to investigate the allegation that the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan had siphoned off arms intended for Afghanistam, It had also asked for the findings to be published and legal action taken against the guilty. The organisation, Mr Tully said, Wanted the U.S. to find out Which arms retained in the ISI's lands and to take effective measures to recover or destroy them. The Americans have even failed to recover the Stinger missiles supplied to the Afghan Mujahideen, Which could pose a threat to domestic CWI| awatil.
NO Cotto|
According to Mr Robert Oakley, the American Ambassadorto Pakistan d'u- ring the Afghan War, "After Zia, there Was no effective Control on the Pakistan side. The ISI in particular was answerable neitherto the leadership of the Army, nor to the president nor to the prime minister. The result is that there has been no supervision of the St. Corruption, narcotics, and big money have all Come in, Complicating the Scenario."
Therefore the spre ports in South Asia stability of this reg ssed from all possit forth-Coming polic between the India and the U.S. officia of Americans, Pa Would constitute building measure
these man portable 1rEat to the Stab India. After all Air therm Ona m1 aSSi We Pakistan Was the depot and dissemi been at the receivil
India has alrea dra Wing the attenti munity to the thre: tional terrorism be victims of that pher Jriifold Sir the exter kow rifles and hig used as demolitior forms as Well as lar te for Defef"|Cg St. (IDSA) has carried om the impact of th of man portable We to prosecute them against the Soviet mistan and its effë. lent. The Institute on the spread of IT and is impact oni along with the Pugy this year. The Ar Ршrgwashites arep in this issue.
Mr Tully quotes Commodore Jasji |DSA, to highlight til of What Constitutes international secur Singh said, "The

na armS
lad of portable WeaWhich threates the ion Should beaSSeble ding1SiOS ir the y lewel discussions n defence Secretary ils. Ajoint task force kistani and Indians a major confidence since the spread of 2 artispose an equal lity of Pakistan and TērīCaTiS introdLCed Scale into the region; a recipient, storage rator; and India has ոg Erld.
ly taken the lead in On of the World Comat posed by interna: ing one of the major Oenon. This threat SiWe LuSE of Kalashlih explosives, being charges in Warious di ES. THlë IstitLudies and Analyses Out a detailed study e AmericalinfUSiOrl apons into Pakistan, ujahideen campaign DCCLupation of Afghaits on the Sub ContiStoholda Workshop an portable Weapons International security Wash Towerment later Terica ard Britis articularly interested
the statement of Air it Singh, Director, he Indian perception the gravest threat to ity, Air Commodore 2 roliferation of STa||
arms and minor Weapons has not only become the most serious threat to national and international security but It cannot be addressed adequately without a global approach and international COOperation. This is a more acute problem than nuclear proliferation."
American supply
According to Mr Chris Smith of King's College, London, the American supply to Afghanistan rose to 65,000 tons per year in 1987. Air Commodore Dikshit of IDSA estimates that the total supply of portable arms to the Mujahideen amouThted to 3 6 bi||ion S. The |S||S estimated to have retained up to 40 percent of the Kalashnikows which were purchased from China and poured into Pakistan. The supplies included Chinese heavy and light machine guns, 122 mm laurchers and ground to ground rockets. The Americans bought thern from China, since they Were original Soviet design Weapons and it could be claimed that they were captured from the Kabul forces, SAM-7s were purchased from Egypt, 122mm mortars from Spain, Oerlikon-Buhrie anti-aircraft guns from Switzerland, Blow-pipe surface-to-airmissiles from Britain and rocket carrying cluster bombs, chemical grenades and stinger missiles from the U.S.
The Pakistani prime minister, Ms. Benazir Bhutto, recently highlighted that terrorism in Pakistan and the extensive use of Weapons were offshoots of the Afghan war, hence the West TI LISt bear part of the responsibility. She is right. She should cooperate in having a joint U.S.-Pakistan-India study on the warious dimensions of the problem and in evolving a Comprehensive strategy to reduced and eliminate the threat of these sophisticated portable arms to the entire region, India should also initiate such a joint study.
3.

Page 16
Ace Radio Cab
• Computerised meters. * Can be suппппопесd to yot "No call up charge within city limits Vehicle acc P Raceipts issued on request " Compan w Credit awal
Call 50 1502 50 1503 or
ệAset
Another Aitken SpenCE
 

Page 17
INDIAN ocEAN (3)
I FIOR and security
Gareth Evans
PE security issues which seem appropriate for discussion at IF||OR include maritime resource protection; the safety of sea lanes and seaborne Commerce; anti-piracy measures; the UN Agenda for Peace issues as they relate to the Indian Ocean context; and the experience elsewherein developing patterns of Security dialogue at the regional lovel, including the ASEAN Regional Forum and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Building on the experience of other regions, it may be that the Forum Will Want to encourage the development of consultatiwe and research linkages among think-tanks,
Livriti līd institutēs filtērāti
affairs and strategic studies in the region. Our experience in the Asia-Pacific region is that "second track" dialogue, emboracing academics and officials in their personal capacities, has contributed to a greater sense of mutual understanding and, ultimately, a greater Willigress to discuss and get progreSS on Some of the more difficult security issues of the region, Progress may be very slow - and fully expect it to be in the Indian Ocean region - but there is benefit to be gained from this approach and no reason why Our positive experience in the AsiaPacific cannot be repeated in this part of the World.
Let The also say a little more about the whole question of "second track" dialogue structures, an approach not quite as familiar in this region as elsewhere. The essential natura of "second track" activity is simply that all participants in it attend in their personal - that is, non-official capacities. This allows for Open and frank discussion, without the requirement that participants reflectational positions, and without participants being coTrTitled to outcomes. Generally, the "outcoLLLLSS HLLL a LLLHHL LL LL L aHHH L C LaLLLLLLL from the Chair to which no participant is committed: that is certainly the plan for our Forum. This approach allows for ideas to be fully explored; it allows officials to be exposed to a wide range of business and academic (and other officials' personal) ideas without feeling compelled to stake out firm positions, or resist some looming, binding outcome Which is not agreeabla. Such activities proviLLLLLL LLLL LLL LLLL LLLL LLLLLLLTLL LLL LLLLLL accepted or rejected by governments when they find their way - as they often dointo "first track" processes. "Second track" dialogue is now a widely accepted feature of dialogue in the Asia Pacific region. For instance, meetings hosted by the tripartite Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee (PECC), or strategic studies think-tanks, hawe been able to explore What are someti
mes thought to be a economic and secur this has been import to the establish ITE (APEC and ARF), E ideas for those StLIC
In approaching th these iSSUS, WÉ HAW Of Lig et BS Consistent with the M partnership, For our understood tie if India, and hawe tria. SiO5 -- So far tot '' If our Eilateral relatic where it belongs,
But there are no relationship is at las highlights hawe inclu raya man's wery SLICC last year, during Whi Today 1994 prom Australia-findia COLur own Department of : Ilic refo II in India, Midnight Hour, aim Iñigor Of Australian bL Se económic poten Trade Ministar, Sen: February of the larg A LIstralin bLISIrie:SS
5'i idi. Irlid 15:5 OIIE of the socLIS T National TradCard Ir ferenca, now tha TIC IWESTEIt CDsgrer of the most importan next:year India Will E Tulti-Tillion dollar co-operative Ventur and State goverring ctor: the priority. We underliried by the fa only the fifth of its praviousonesbeing two largest tradingp maar neighbour, Wit ECOnomic and secur (Our largest trade a apart from the UK, I
A || LFS 35t are placing orı, buil economic relationsh is being helped by Till: Tötör TT1. Ejth COLI HOWEWEar, tha | EWEel Irwe StrTier1tis Still rig With India Currently lia's 17th largest m amēng Qur trading |

isSue
dventurous options for ty policy development; ant both in the lead-up it of W structures und in generaling new Lires to consider.
2 Parth FOUNT1 i Eidal| e been Very Conscious ure that IF||OR is fully lä Luriti Lug-initiated Iridiär
part, We hawe alWays mense significance of On a nuTibro OCCavery successfully - to inship into the front rank
W good signs that olur | D || la ITVE. FECETl de WICC Presidert Naessful Wisit to Australia ch he Opered the India otion staged by the cil; the la Lurich by my a major study of econdIndia's Econostly at the 2d at drawing the atteSir SS. O dia’’SITTEtial; and the leading by itor Bob McMullan, last ast contingent of Senior representatives ever to gained prominence as markets at our annual TWëstrTlant[Jutlook (COrl= st significant trade and Ice irl A LIstralia, Bard Orie it in the region. And late e the target for a major Australian promotion, a a Helweiss GLIT Federal ints and the private se| are giving to India is ct that this promotion is kind We hawe held, the in Korea and Japan (OLIr artners), Indonesia (Our h Whom WWE haWa Wital ity links), and Germany nd investment partner, пEurope).
ites the importance. We ding a comprehensiwa lip. With India. That task Te proceSSES OF ECOmonitries hawe put ir place.
of two-way trade and Where near its potential, ranking only as Austra larket and 20th overall arters. It link W. Will
See a rapid rise in the rankings by the end of this decade, once we start taking serious notice of each othar and the enormous pote= LLLLLL LL LLL LLL LLL LLL LLLLLLL between US That potential II85 not Only in the traditional areas of commodity exports from Australia, and textile, clothing and footWear imports from India, but in sectors like LLLHHLHL LLLLLuLLLLLLLLLLLLLLaLHLLLLHHL0LS logy, multimedia and Software generally, fimancial services, mining, infrastructure deveopment, aerospace and aviation, food and beverages and health services. It perhaps sleeds to be ermphasised that, for all the huge difference in our populations, Australia's economy-measured in familiar GDP terms - is in fact a little bigger than India's (SUS284 billonas compared with SUS252 billion in 1993) and - if we add our CER partner New Zealand - bigger than all six ASEAN countries combined. We may not hawe many consumers, but We have a lot of purchasing power
The scope for building linkages extends Well beyond trade and investment. The new perspectives brought by the end of the Cold Warhave produced an environment in which a Tore balanı Ced, multi-Standed and TatLife relationship is emerging. There is more frequen dialogue between L5 con international IsSLJE25, a broder Lunderstanding of Bach other's viewpoints and a rapid increase in people-to-people contact, including through tourism, education and academic and Culturall exchange.
Australia and Iridia hawe already Come far, in a very few years, in building a new, diverse and vibrant bilateral relationship. That is Certainly cause for great Satisfaction. And We both hawe been given now är Exciting new opportunity to play a significant role in the creation of new cooperative arrangements LLLL LLLLLLLL LLLLCLLu HLKLuLuaLL aaH LLL shores - arrangements which offer signifiCant advantages, and no disadvantages, for US bQh.
The emergence of Indian Ocean regional Cooperation has only been made really possible, and only really makes sense, as a LCCLL aL LLLL LL LLLLLLLHHLHHLHHLHHH LLLLLLL LLL LL interest in seeing the region as a whole develop. Those new arrangements will not CCT1 e into being Cowarmight, Cor Without Tuch patient, hard Work. But bellyEAL Stralia and India are well placed, working in close collaboration, to provide the leadership, imagination and creativity which will certainly be required to start the Indian Ocean region along the path to that goal,
Concluded)
15

Page 18
Wit. Best C.
Jτο
C
Industrial & Insurance Brol
INSURANCE & REINS
Our Specialist Services include
Complete & Indepedent Insurance Pl Efficient Claims Recoveries Risk Management Consultance InSUrance Consultancies Financial Advice on Life Assurance Insurance Portfolio Management
Industrial & Commercial Insurance Brokers (Pte Limi
90, Union Place (First Floor)
ColOTEO 2.
Tel: 328640, 438222,438226
TElex: 22785 INSINT CE
Fax: 438134
An Associate Company of
FORBES & WA

»mpliments
B
Commercial kers (Pte) Ltd.
URANCE BROKERS
acement With all Insurers
ted
LKER LIMITED

Page 19
SRI LANKAN CONFLICT (6)
The internati Ona Clima
Hurmayun Kabir
is clear from the foregoing that
the position of those Scholars who tend to argue that India posed no threat to Sri Laka and that S.W. R. D. Baldara laike, as opposed to his predecessors, envisageld nothreat to his country from the north, is difficLult 10 Sustain, TO Eë SLIr ë, lack Of hostility and at times even surface appeafance offriendship between the two CQunitries do no se en lo explain a Way the threat perceptions that the governments il Colombo hawe held wis-a-vis India. Indeed, Sri Lanka's apprehension and fear of India, caused by their asymmetry in size and power, and by the island's strategic location as Well as New Delhi's political ambitions in the region of South Asia and the Indian Ocean, has been the Tost fur dartental preoccupation if the formulation and prosecution of Colombo government's foreign and security policy. TE SLUCCESSiWe Colorbo adfliflistrations had differed from each other only in the manner of expressing their threat perceptions and in devising strategies and iristru Tments that were employed to meutralise such threats. The UNP governments Were explicit about India as a Source of potential threat and depended on the British military presence for Sri Lanka's security. Their successor governments professedfriendship With IndiaWhile maiintaining as insurance links with Britain through the Commonwealth, and seeking regional Counterbalance against India through regional grouping, and the cultiwation of good relations with India's adversaries such as Chirola ard Pakistar).
Jayewardene Government's NonConformist India Policy, 1977-83
J.R., Jayewardene of the UNP became PriTMinisterfSrī Lanka afērā lādslde Victory in the general elections of July 1977. He changed the country's Constitution and beaCarmea first ExegcutiW3 Prg Side Int in 1978. There was a pronounced proAmerican tilt in Sri Lanka's foreign policy following the UNP election victory in 1977, a harping back to the policy of the UNP regimes of the late 1940s and 1950s; this time, of course, the policy being Tore pro-US and obviously anti-Indian. Jaye
Wardere goverri TE gality took pola CO2 ir different from those independence UNP mil ethnic problerTn
äCL ut Sit Fail Etaf Sri Lanka, althougl producer Subject in rics of interational 1956 a favourable. El träd, The islärld's
COLIS ESSLITE EL
tur i Le 19FOS. | dent Jaye Warder IE affairs of a country a much Weaker pos COITIIity CofnatioriS.
Crill the Other ha years of independe itself a nation-stat diverse state-nation Érship of Ja Waharia and militarily, India We that Would be potentialities. By the India had become consequence in th Ocean region and
Dшring the earlyy and containment po system, Sri Lanka ; tegic significance to ir ter alia, in Great E fer]Ce links With its Colombo's Wirule India, during the tir of the West for its policy. The global: Sed in the 1970s general Lincertainty Sri Lanka and acci to regional great pC
In the late 1970 deterioration in the strategic climate, T malisation, that it Nixon's Historic ra Beijing in 1972, W. Etter Falf of the id Asia, pro-Schwiet Wie med in Kampuchea

te deteri Orates
nt's strategic Centrifucircumstances wastly rewailing during post"LIET Sial-Tathe Washot at all as Silotte 19705. h a primary products |ts trade to the Waga| Tarket, had up Until Jalance of budget and performance on both Staggeringly negative sl Othlér Words, Prési- presided over the that had slid down to ition as an actor in the
ld, India in the initial nce Was busy' making a Out of a huge and ulder the abola Bari| Nehru, Economically he was far below the collensurate With its Tid-1970S, HOWEWEår, a formidable power of
3 South Asian/India 2ven beyond.
ears of tight bipolarity licy in the international assumed greater strathe West as reflected. Britain's Continuad deformer colory and in it anti-Courism. The, Barned the Wrath "immoral" nomaligned system became diffuand 1980s, spelling for small powers like Ording more leverage Wesked
S, there was a rapid general global politicole Sino-Americar loregan with President pprochement visit to is consolidated in the ecade. In South-east tram militarilyinterveil 198. CEE
invaded Vietnam and engaged in a short but bloody War. All this Witnessed the intensification of the two superpowers' involvement in the region. In the Middle East, the events were more dramatic and significarit. Al anti-American, radical Islamicrevolution swept Iran in 1978 representing a threat to the conservative Arab countries and marking an end to the monarchy of Reza Shah Pahlawi Who Tade His COLIrlry a bulwark of U.S. in Brest In the region. Then, hot on the heels of this change, came the episode of the American hostage crisis. Then followed the Iraq aggression of Iran in September 1980. In 1978, there was a Marxist coup d'etatin South Yemen, Constituting a serious threat to the conservative Arab regimes around and Consolidating the Soviet postlion in à Strategically significant place in the north-Western quadrant of the Indian Ocean. Earlier in 1977-78, Moscow had gained another strategic foothold by switching sides from Somalia in favour of Marxist Ethiopia where the Soviet Unior and Cuba deployed forces following their successes in Angola and Mozambique. As a resLult, the Na Wal Arms Lissilation Talks (NALT), that began in Moscow in June 1977 concerning the Indian Ocean, Were broken off by the United States in February 1978, Earlier, the Soviets sought naval facilities at Gan Island of the Maldives and Was politely rebuffed by President Ibrahim Nasir.
But the Soviet military interwention in Afghanistan in December 1979 broke the camel's back. The superpower detente, epitomised by the signing of SALT-I and the Helsinki Final Act in 1972 and 1975 respectively, came to ajuddering halt, An "arc of Crisis", in the Words of Zbigniew Brzezinski, developed by the end of the decade of 1970s "stretching along the shores of the Indian Ocean" With a renaWed intensification of the rivalry between the "Great Irresponsibles", who "find themselves locked into a kind of perpetual clair Til to a historical task historically justified in terms of the present and the future...".
To be Confirred
17

Page 20
Joyce: The Writer as ex
Regi Siriwardena
f you look at the last page of
each of the three major Works of James Joyce, you'|find asetof places and dates, telling you where and When it was written. LLLLS LL LLLLLL a K SLCLLYa a LTH SSLLLLL S KK a YoLrg Mar:"Dublin1904, Trieste 1914: at the end of Llysses: Trieste-Zurich-Paris, 1914-1921’; at the end of Fir 7 regāris Wake: "Paris, 1922-1939". These Iris Criptions tell their own story. Joyce left his latiwa Ireland in 1904 and lewer Welt back, except for short visits on business. At that time exile of the kind Joyce chose Wasan un Lusual condition a Tiong Englishspeaking Writers. Of course, there had been literary exiles Writing in the English language among Joyce's immediate predecessors and contemporaries — Henry James, Conrad, Eliot, Pound. But James, Conrad and Eliot all assimilated the T1Selves to the English milieu in which they had transplanted themselves, and Pound Italianised himself. So Lich as to embrace Italiari FaSCIST ad broadcast för MLUSSOlini during the Second World War. Even Lawrence, WID Was an Exile frofr England, could write from Kandy, Ceylon. "You Won't find me going back on my Englishness." Joyce's situation, however, was exceptional. The Anglo-Irish Writers — Wildē, ShāW, ārld Yeats for a tir Tie — had moved from Ireland to England. JoyC8, émigrating to the Continent of Europe, TETTai 5d for the rigst of his life a WWE'dere LLLLLL aLLL LLaLL LLL LaLLL Laa0 aaLLLLLLL HLHHaLLL he moved. As he is seen by Irish eyes unsympathetically as Shem the Penman in Finnegaris Wake: "He even ran away With hunself and becar në a farsonerite, saying he would far sooner muddle through the hash of entils in Europe than
Heddle with irrland's split little pea,
That is why Joyce's condition as exile GL0LLLaLLLL0L LL L0L LLLLLLL La a LLLLLLLHHLLaLLL Eliot as that of the Writers Who have bécorne more nur nérous as the Century Würe tյrl Those who have foւյriti lilHITISt|- WE5 WEF1CLJta F10TTElard || 15 thig fact Flat makes it impossible for us to fit Joyce into any comfortable national niche, What is he?--an Irish Writer by virtue of his birth, an English Writer because of the language he Wrote in (for the most parl, We have to adid), orain Europearl Writer interTils aa La LLL LaHLHHLHLaLa L LLLLL LLLLLLLK LaLL aL the greaterpart of his life? None of these Categories Will do.
From the nineteenth century onwards, language has been Central to the Constru
HMLL L CaCCCHLC L L LCL0CLH HLH C CCCCCCGGH HDHHmLLLLLLL LL ig Engsh Associal of Sri Lanka.
1B
ction of political and . and literature has bË process. The institutic literature as a LumiWe SCh.00| ExamiatİOS Creation of a British: arı adjunct of the iTıp IS Gä Luri WSW Tatři: institutiorialisätiOn toi as part of the imperi To this day academic are for the most par by national frontiers. past has been recon it is ofte ISSUTITEd IS COITE WHO İS TOS!
Willational traditior ral hybridity isn't mer пепоп. But Joyce с the literary traditions cted by any cultural surprising that he WritĒTS WHOSE) är rhiw observed by the Bri IsILIChill of the best g WOrk On Flir las bEE ut i Algical Luli more hospitable to
nism. In the 1970s, author of the great
appointed to a proft said that he regard mission to bring Joy. interesting on the { Ireland that Joyce re years regarded him Wärmlextended to i
F5|SLO El i places that JOyCe
OKS Car attract it: BLL e 5 e Sgri:OLIS inter E}Stt00.[
CSL til WTC) || Cf | readings, and the r1 of Ulysses and Firrit introduced by Irish C Interested in the relat With Irish history and
TS ESO TEVelil Outstanding Writers i ge Who have been s Joyce have been A Oil-Britishers - fro PESSICS ir tillä "WEI Wladimir Nabok Čow, Thomas Pynchorn a more recently. But extended far beyone ge and its fiction. Gal Jorge Luis Borges. must all be counted Ewen contemporary

ille
:Lultural nationalis ITIS, een am ex Éd to thät nalisation of English 'sity discipline and a ubject was part of the ational heritage, itself erial destiny. In fact, in has shown, that ok place first in India all ciwilisi'r grmission 1. CurriCL ula of literature | CorTipartirileri talised And even the literary structed in this light: that the great Writer firmly situated in his I, though is fact Cultuely a modern phenoan't be domiciled in and CaOS COMIStru
lati OrialiST.E Si'i S T Ot Orie of those essaries are piously tish Council, or that cholarly and critical In det i British versities, which are literary CosmopolitaRichard Ellmann, the biography, Ort being assorship at Oxford, edit as part of his ce to the English. It's Litero Ed Lal Lhe -jected has in recent With something of the por Cordigal SCOITI. Il part overy that the Dublin represented in his rāyminded tārists. Wiece of Tre ) Lubli rädilä5rjäWysses in a series of eW Penguin editions agans Wake are both ritics who are deeply ionships of the books
politics.
g that most of the n the English languatrongly influenced by ATTErica 15 di Cher Il Faulkler ad DOS if5 al "Filis; C.
Samuel Beckelt, SITT RL5||g loyce's influence has i the English languabriel Garcia Marquez, and Umberto ECO as being in his debt. * Simalia fiction Fias
incorporated the Joycean interior monologue in the Writing of Ajit Tilakasena and Lakshmi Borouwela. The ention of these two Writers helps me to make a general point. I am sure that Mr. Tilakasena has read Joyce, I think it likely that Ms. LLLLaaLLKKLL LLLLLLLLS LLLL KLL S LaLL LLSLLLLLL0L LLLLL that of several other Writers elsewhere Confim, the Joycean preserce is so perWasive in Contemporary fiction that it's possible to absorbit Without actually reading him.
Joyce as a literary exile wasn't in the samle position as those German Writers Who Sought refuge from Hitler, or the Russian Writers Who fled for Or Were pushed out by Lenin, Stalinor Brezhnev, or the host of others in many different parts of the globe who have been forced into exile Since the Second World War. Joyce wasn't compelled, in the literal sense, to leave his homeland by any persecuting or repressive political regime; and it was only in the very last years of his life that the Nazi occupation of France made him go back to neutral Zurich, But exile was none the less a necessary condition for is artistic Survival. A Port of the ATISThis other Self, Stephen Dedalus, affirmed its imperatives:
| Will not serve that in which no longer believe Whether it call itself my home, my fatherland or my church: and I will Ty to expresS myself in SOmE Incicle of life of art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can, using for Ty defence the only āTITS I Falc) W Tyself to use — Silence, exile and cunning.
That is the fictional statement. Its validity is borne Out by Joyce's actual publishing history. His Collection of short stories. LOL blir 7ers, was delayed forfiwe years, first, because the publisher wanted to expurgateit, and ther because the printer burnt the sheets and destroyed the type. When the early episodes of Ulysses were serialsedinan American journal, the publishers Were prosecuted and their fingerprints LLLLLS S LLLLLLLL L aa LLLLLLS LLLL LaLaaLaLLLL publisher Would touch it. It had to be brought out in Paris, but all copies sent to Britai ir the United States Werg Calfiscated and destroyed by the Customs HLHDrilies in Esg WCI CULIstrigs, i Was GHL LLHHLLLL LLLLL S LLLLL LaLLLL LLLLLL readers in the English-speaking World had free access to the book that marily critics had declared to be the great Tasterpiece of modern prose fiction, Joyce's integrity and inflexibility indefence of his work were just as heroic in their own way as the

Page 21
political Commitment of some other Writers. He steadfastly refused, in the face of appeals, to permit an expurgated edtion of Ulysses, and he persisted with Firregars Wake to the end inspite of the SCEpticism and discouragement of some of the admirers of his former Work.
Few Irish nationalists, ewen, could hawe been as irreverent of Ireland's imperial masters as Joyce Was: an unidentified voice in Ulysses lists the "British Beatitudes as “beer, beef, busine SS, bibles, bul|- dogs, battleships, buggery and bishops." Yet Joyce Was no nationalist. In A Forfrast of the Artist, the violent argument that breaks out over the Christmas dinner between Stephen's father and the old lady Known as Dante is a Tanifestation of the Conflict between rationalist and the Church for dormira Ce OWer Irelard's Soul. Yet Stephen grows up to reject both, as Joyce did. In the latter part of the same novel Stephen tells his fellow-student, the
lationalist Dawiri:
No Honourable and sincere man...has given up to you his life and his youth and his affections from the days of Tone to those of Parnell but you sold hiri to the enemy or failed him in need or rewiled him and left him for another, And you invite me to be one of you. I'd see yoLI damned first.
And he goes on to say:
When the Soul of a man is born in this Country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of slationality, language, religion, shall try to fly by those nets.
For Irish nationalism, as for many other nationalisms then and later, language Was Crucial because some of the Irish people felt that their identity had been undermined by the imposition on them of an alien language. For Joyce too language Was central to the creation of personal identity. the very first Words of A Portraff of the Arts present the Totent When the child Stephen recognises who he is and his relation to his family and his immediate World through the story his father tells him:
Once upon a time and a very good time it Was there Was a moocoW coming down along the road and this mooCOW that was coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby LUCKOO..
But the growth of Stephen involves the problematisation of this identity as he discovers, again through Words, the Contradictions of his World. During the discussion with the dean of studies Stephen thiriks:
The language in which Wearespeaking is his before it is nine. How different arethe Words borne, Christ, ale, master, on his lips and on mine! I cannot speak
or Write these W. spirit. His langua foreign, will alway red Speech. || ha' pted its words, M bay, My soulfret. language,
One Way Out for th the English langu engage in the redis guistic revivalismw Tert i Irish S i lists, and the Ga ment, (founded, iro English-speaking in is Protestant elit oldпational tongше the same superior two years on One islands and produc adapting peasantsr English language — (Gäfelii: I re'yi"WgalIS W, Cause for its be peasant regions Wh be Bri CLITEnt had De lated by the failin: lions Of the 19th Ce Sing the foreignimes guage, newerthele
OStagic revivalism ge mOvement, Wer chapter of Ulysses thought about that. nes, who is staying V Mulligan in the Mart the old peasant WC fllk, Irl Wate take
-isit French you WOTa. Si lo her again al li dently. -Irish, Buck. Mulig icón you? - thought it was Sound of it. Are y -I am an English red. -He's English, Bu he thinks We OL |realad. -SureWe ought to ārlid I'm asha me language myself, language by ther -Grārid is no na Mulligan. Wonder
Lysses was publis the establishment in which the national try to foster the teach - With little SUCCBS wiew of Irish national aSiiri tie ForTra TI the pub is even more tic than Mr. Deasy, t Joyce's lack of sym militancy — either
liberators - is evid

rds Without un rest of le, so familiar and So s be for mean acquie not made or accevoice holds them at in the shadow of his
e Irish Writer Who SaW ge as aliеп was to covery of Gaelic. LinSG as fer Welt a TOWEmany other nationaHelic language movenically enough by an |ember of the Anglo) strove to revive the Another member of :aste spent less than f the remote Western ed a syntheticidion eech for theatre in the that Was J.M. Synge. was, however, a lost ginning because the ere the language had en massively depopuis and mass emigrantury. Joyce, recogniis of the English lanis didn't opt for the of the Gaelic languaeed only read the first to know what Joyce The Englishman Haiwith Stephen and Buck ello to Wer, addres Ses man who brings the is to be her language:
are talking, sir? the old taines. Haines spoke onger speech, confi
|Ian Said. listhere Gae
rish, she said, by the ou from West, Sir? man, Haines anSwe
ck Mulligan said, and ght to speak Irish in
, the old Woman said, d I don't speak the I'm told it's a grand that knoWs. The for it, said Buck ful entirely.
hed in the year after f the Irish Free State, ist government Would ling and use of Gaelic S. in Ulysses Joyce's Smre Tainsas Critical he patriotic Citizen in | famatically anti-Semihe anglophile loyalist. pathy with any form of of oppressors or of 2nt from many pages
of his books. Like his Stephen, Joyce Would have said, "I fear those big Words which make us so unhappy." When he wrote Ulysses as a modern Counterpart of the Odyssey, he was really Writing an anti-epic. Where Ulysses had returned to Ithaca to triumphasa hero by slaughtering the suitors, Bloom's conquest over Blazes Boylan, who has that very day slept. With Molly in his own marital bed, is in the "equanimity" with which he takes it. The only violence in this anti-epic is when the racist Citizen thrOWS abiscuittinatBIOOT), and When one of the drunken British soldiers knocks Stephen down outside the brothel because his patriotism has been outraged, Joyce in fact not only made his hero a pacific character but also divested him of the accepted many virtues. The gossips in the pub speculate about his sexual inadequacies, and indeed Bloom hasn't had normal intercourse with Molly for ten years.
It's mot With the dominant political and religious Currents of Irish national existence that Joyce's Tain interests in his art are aligned, but with those Who are marginalised or excluded. The principal charaCters of Joyce's fictions are, like hir Tself, exiles in one sense or another. Stephen Dedalus, even before he leaves Ireland, is an internal exile, rebelling successively against family, fatherland and church, Leopold Bloom is the son of a Hungarian Jew, and himself a Protestant convert, and therefore doubly alien in Catholic Dublin. He is the natural target of nationalist and anti-semitist ha tred, as by the Citizen in the pub, or the fantasised accusers in the Circe episode. Molly Bloom is half-Spanish and, in her imagination, an exile from "Gibraltar as a girl where was a Flower of the mountain'. Joyce's only play titled Exiles, has as its central character Richard Rowan, Who, out of the desire to be a free man, had left Ireland with his Wife Bertha, as Joyce himself did with Nora Barnacle. In Finnegans Wake the name of thedream-figure, Earwicker, suggests that he is of Scandinavian stock. And his wife, Anna Livia, is also the mythcal persona of the River Liffey which flows through Dublin, carrying its filth and debris With it, but looking towards its merging with the Sea. The final sentence of her Tonologue and of the book is the voice of a homesickness for another, larger and desired identity. But the sentence remains unfinished because that homeland of desire can never reach definition or compleחסון
A Way alonea lasta loved a long the To be Continued
Nicot
S S S LLLLL LLOLLLLMS LCLLs as LeeHuuLLSLLLLLa SLLLLLLS
Tibia University Press).
2. Tha critics are Declari Kibard Ulysses and Seamus
Daarne ( Firinagarns Weike).
19

Page 22
CRICKET
سمي |اسا
Learning to play by th
Teresa Mclear
was amazed to find my 10-year-old son preparing for his Thatch as captain of the local club's junior team by reading MCC Mastercass: The New MCC Coalching Book. At first his motive had been to learn how to captain successfully, by reading the book's piece on the subject, Written by Mike Brearley. So enjoyable did this piece prove, he moved on to other pieces on other subjects.
The book was pronounced "brilliant, with excellent pictures". The results on the field of play Were modest, and, Out of Curiosity, I started reading the book.
The secret of its readability lies in its variety of both cricket topics and authors. For instance, if you do not like Dennis Lillee's short, sharp style of teaching, as in "Do not run further than is necessary", you can turn to Illingworth's more elaborate adwice."Imagine you are a cartwheel. Your front arm is high and the head looks Outside it at the bats Tal. If the Wheel turns forward, and you are sideways to the batsman, it is impossible not to bowl a straight ball". Until I read that passage, I thought was an off-spinner.
I am lending the book to the man Coaching Tyson's Cricket club, Who Was reassured that he would find most useful the practical advice offered by Hubert Doggart, a Cambridge University, Sussex and England Test cricketer famed for his batting, bowling and close fielding in the 1950s.
it will be interesting to see if it helps the club, which has some talented young players unable to produce good results.
So how much use is coaching? Some years ago, England left the field defeated
20
at Headingley, deterr technique and do bet
By contrast, Colin C fast EDOWler Of the 3 1980s, was not bein latter of fact - Whi needed coaching. I bowling and tried to kes, Coaching Woul
TE",
THEt|St Editio
E al || Flag rol SEr
Watching Englan and leave in the first Wondering whether thana ritual, its pupils abilities clumsy and taneous cricket lear nice of play, as Ciri experts on the subje
SolWas Surprise C successful experts, N Цеп a shortpieceiпt Called "The Natura|| || In it, he says he dt coaching book"bec mice betWEET SLuggB. dox and WElltried, ar rience of the Master
För in the balar fawo Lur of Expo-Brier C. With relish how much in Concentration a his duels. With Lille: high-spirited and, E techniCal Tatter".
He thikS TE O learnt something f thods Was in a briel

e book
mined to rectify their ter Mext tirTig.
Croft, the West Indian te 1970s and early boastful - merely mi ha said: "| rewer had a natural Way of earn from my mistad not hawe helped
a Westidian attituwed thern badly.
d's batsmen swipe Test, could not help oaching is anymore left With their natural undeveloped. Sportis most front experieoft and many other ct have pointed out.
| lat ole of the ITOSt WiW Richards, hāSWrihe MCC MasterClass Approach to Batting". acided to Write for a aLISE there is a balasted mellods, DrhOidthe priceless expes".
ce was obviously in :e and he de SCrib ES | he leannt, particula fiy ld stroke-play, from 2. His article is short, is he puts it, "not a
ly time he may hawe "Ortodox" TE= Wisit to the Alf Gower
Cricket School Wher he first CaTB to England. Even then, he believes the school's teaching on the correct positioning of his left elbow and shoulder Was more confusing than helpful. "In fact all learned - all required to lear - Was that I needed to play a little straighter".
For lost batsmen, that is a valuable principle of play and most bats. Then need more help than Richards in gelling it fight. He makes a sound point when saying that coaching is often too detailed and too intolerant of personal styles, yet he still joined Geoffrey Boycott and David Gower in Writing a piece on "The Strokes".
He is much less technical than Boycott in his teaching, but he does have lessors to give. "Go right back or right forward. Use as much of the crease as possible. Let the ball Cortle to yOLI.”
| like that sort of simple teaching, but doubt if there car ever be a single ideal balance between the simple and the detaled, the natural and the technical,
English bowlers today, however, What: eyer Their wiews On coaching shouldrewWe at least one enjoyable verse from the great Hambledon Cricket Club's "old Cricketing song," written in 1776, and follow its guiding principle.
"Ye bowlers, take heed to Typrecepts attend,
On you the Whole fate of the game must depend.
Spur your vigour at first, now exert all your strength,
But measure each step, and be SLife pitch a length."

Page 23
s
Why there's sc in this rustici
There is laughter and light baiter Titlist the:
rural di TT1:sils ĻĻho arg2 : List; Sorting put kåCCI) leaf in a bir TI, IT IS, CITIE: If the hundreds of such
barns spread tytut in thị: Tid artici Lipmuntry LLLLLLLLH KLLK HuuLLLLLL LlL aBLaLlL uLLLLL LLLLHa LS dallimi, di Iring the Coff 5:2:15 Cor.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows Fis a LLLLeOLL LLL LLLLCHC HLL LHLHL uuuLGLCL LtgtLLLLLaL LLLLLLLHHL L gold, to the value of Jir Rs. 250 million or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

ENRCHING FRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter tobacco barn.
Tobaccan is the industry that brings er TıployTIEmil tra
hic scienci highest numbe T uf people. Artici ThE:52 people are the colbarra barr, IowTiers, thia' trab.: CCC growers and those who work for the IT, on the land ariri irl, the barms.
For thern, the tobacco leaf means rearingful work,
a carnfortable hife àTird a ocure futura. s. FC
rough reason for laught ET,
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people,

Page 24
PEOPLE
Celebrating T
C
Dynamic
In 1961 People's Bank ventured out in the of only 46... and a few hundred Customers
Today, just 30 years later
People Resource exceeds 1 Customer Listings at a sta Branch NetWork in exCeSS
in Sri Lanka
In just three decades People's Bank has g in the Sri Lankan Banking scene. Their spec resources at their Command dedicated
dedication that has earned them the title
PEOPLE'S BANK
Banker to the Millions

'S BANK
Three DeCades
f
: Growth
challenging World of Banking With a staff
0,000 ggering 5.5Million of 328, THE LARGEST
rown to become a highly respected leader ;tacular growth is a reflection of the massive to the Service of the Common man - a
"Banker to the Millions'