Page 1
O THE TOTAL
ANKA
VO. 18 No. 5 July 15, 1995 Price RS.1
SR
A.
THE P. A
C
CYANIDE CAPSULE
JOYCE: THE EX
V. O. A. : THE P
HUMAN RIGHTS:
PONNAMPERUMA: T
 

ART — Kamalikca Pieris CD
EDAN
O Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka QD/33/NEWS/94
AEL
ND
A. CRISS
— Mervyn de Silva
E IN CANKAM WORLD
- Michael Roberts
LE AND L.ANGUAGE
— Regi Siriuvardena
. A.'s IRANA-GATE
— Dr. Mervyn de Silva
A WESTERN WEAPON
— Renato Constantino
RIBUTE TO ASCIENTIST
— Sachi Sri Kantha

Page 2
tSyOUF
 

t

Page 3
NEWS BACKGROUND
Charisma and Credib
Mervyn de Silva
t is not often that a governing
party in a poor, developing country is suddenly seized by a major internal crisis over a foreign policy issue. When the 66 rebels are joined by five Cabinet Ministers, the backbench revolt becomes a serious challenge to the government, and its leader, the Executive President. When the SLFP-led government is an 8 party"grand coalition" (the "Peoples Alliance" With no secure majority in Parliament, the government has a major crisis on its hands.
The Cabinet Ministers who oppose the restoration of DPL relations. With Israel include the Media and Tourist Minister, Mr. Dharmasiri Senanayake (a front rank SLFP'er) Mr. Mahinda Rajapakse, Labour minister and the SLFP's southern prownce stalWart, Mr. M. H.M. Ashraff, leader of the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) and the P.A.'s Eastern province stalwart, Mr. Bernard Soysa, the veteran leader of the oldest Leftist party in the country, and finally the SLFP's Youth Affairs and Sports Tinister, Mr. S.B. Dissanayake,
And this crisis made front page news just when public attention was focussed on a far more serious political-Constitutional issue - the dismantling of the J.R. Jayawardene-installed Bonapartist-Gau|list Executive Presidency of 1978. The Sri Lanka Freedom party's POLICY STATEMENT had a brief para which began: "COLr primary objective Isto abolish the executiwe Presidency and to establish an executiwe body which is subject to Parliament and in Such manner as would safeguard the sovereignty of the people.
() The Executive to be appointed by and answerable to the Parliament. It's tenure of office to depend on continuing support by Parliament.
(II) The post of President to be above party politics and separate from the position of the chief executive of the government.
PLO Stance
it was the reportin the Sunday Leader that prowoked discussion in political and DPL circles. Inafrontpage"lead"story, the paper reported:
"The Palestinian Liberation Organisa
tion (PLO) represe Athellah Khubia hac ernment that any a Israelis to Sri Lanka the country's relatic WՃritյ":
He had said he Affairs Minister La along with the envoy tries to voice strong to bring the Israeli resumed, the S.L.; ES TEd the P.A the Foreign Minister identified by the pro keer adwOCatĒS Of Israel Collection.
Students of Cont politics and foreign. to recognise the ch "the Israeli issue" in larly in the context Though Mr. Band Israel to establish a his successor as SL daranalike Suspendɛ COCEI the Was S maintaining friendly Mosler World. The overiding economic matered – excep came up in the U.N. General Assembly. nothing to do with Isr clearly defined. The of || STEE| Was the important shifts in it the region, With lls fäctor.
In Our region, it W open an embassy Іг neWithinking in non The most outspoke relations. With Israe Lakshman Kadirgan tedadWOCate EW Erns ethos than Prof. G.L mar is the only For med lecturer) hay speak in the finest achie Wellents of O WEIf a hlOLlur With OU Men)) !
Of course "foreig

ility - going, going ...
antatiwe i Sri Lanka also warmed the govtempt to bring in the NOuld seriously affect Inship with the Arab
Iould call on Foreign Kshman Kadirgamar 's of other Arab Counprotest if the efforts to Sri Lanka Were added. Naturally this High Command and and of courseal MP's Palestinian group as a strong Sri Lanka
Imporary Sri Lankan Jolicy are also certain langing character of local politics, particuof UNP-SLFP rivalry. laranaike permitted legation in Colombo, FPleader, Mrs Ban3d relations. The only ri Lanka's interest, in Eies. With the Arab and
tea Tarket Was the interest. Israel hardly When a resolution Security Council or The Nomaligned had ael. So ourpolicywas Egyptian recognition first event to signal ter-State relations in a el as the Comfor
as India's decision to Israel that provoked Moslem South Asia. in advocate Of DPL is Foreign Minister har, an Oxford-edu CaIore alien to the SLFP Pieris. Mr. Kadirgaign Minister (or leare heard Who Could English on the many awaharlal Nehru for
mentioning Krishna
in policy" is not the
iSSue, Whatthis reWoltre WB als is the TCLnting strains within an 8 party coalition that was only united in its anti-UNPism and driven by the desire for office, though it does have many more honest, dedicated politicians than the U.N.P. The inexperienice of the President has become a problem too, though her immense popularity keeps the P.A., going. The diversity of the alliance is a stronger force than the unity of the 8 parties. Personalities, ideological inclinations, regional interests and most of all constituency pressures have started to erode the unity of the P.A.
This explains why neither the President nor her top adviser, Constitutional Affairs Minister G.L. Pieris seems to regard the abolition of the Executive Presidency a high priority. Prof. Pierisis losinghis Credibility faster tha President Chandrika is losing her charisma.
GUARDAN
Wol. 18 No. 5 July 15, 1995
RS. TODO
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Place Colombo -2.
Pri
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447.584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajothi Saravana Tuttu Ma Watha, ColorT1b0 13,
Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
The Anti-Israel 66 2 The trana-gate Scandal and
hEP. A SOTBSault 3 LTESuici. E5 and UE
Cankan World of DCWOtior 5 A Southern View of Human Rights 7 Joyce (2) Islamic Fundamentalism 14 AirTerica Ws. Iran 15 Lattis 19 Boks 2D

Page 4
P.A. STATEMENT
The Anti-Israel 66
W. the undersigned members of parliament whose signatures appear belaw appraise the government of the unde
tid factOS.
Eleven years ago, on 6th June 1984, former President J.R. Jayawardene, allegedly because no other Country was Willing to help Sri Larka to Contair the "EēlāT" Wär Which was then essentially in its first phase, permitted the opening of the Israeli Interest Sections in Colorbo with the objective of helping Sri Lankato crush the L.T.T.E.
Even after six years of active Israeli involvement in Sri Lanka, the Israeli military help, adwise or in WolweTliet did mot SLICCE ed in containing the L.T.T.E., The Israelis could not succeed in taking the War anywhere towards a Sri Lankan government victory, whereas ever after six years of Israellinwovement the war slipped in favour of the L.T.T.E., and reached Ealam War II.
The Israeli help in Sri Lanka had not been a success is a fact admitted even by Sraelis therselves, as evidenced in the book "The Israel Connection - Who Israel Arts and Why" written by Benjamin Beit Halla
lmi, a Jewish lecturer in the University of Haifa, Israel.
After six years of Israeli failure, it was the U.N.P. aldrminimistration itself, whichter Thiräted diplomatic relations with Israel on 20th April 1990.
Mrs. Siri Tāwo Bārda raraike, in a Statement published in the Sri Lankan papers of Et OGCHEr 1991 af Wyle fELEVEL WordWide publicity particularly in the MiddleEastern CountrigSi stated interalia:-
(a) "When fe S.L.F.P., came to POWET in 1970, one of the first steps We took WäS to closé de WT1 ElsfäEl Erflbassy and send its staff out of the Country,
(b) "During a press interview in Hong Kong reported in the papers of 1st June 1984, President Jaya Wardene admitted that the Israeli Secret Service Organisation Called"Mossad'Was helping the government to put down GLLLLLaLLLLSS LL LLLLaLL LLL LLL LLLLSS rests Section' was only a false front forthe notoriOLISZiornislterror organiSticalled "Missid" Which as been responsible for the torture, Tulllati ald. Tä55aCr3 of LJTitold numbers of Palestinians living in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
(c) "The Island on 26th September (1991) carried an account of a recent interview with the ex-Mossad Officer Wictor Ostroysky in which he has Categorically stated that Israel prowided a variety of equipment to the Tigers giving a list of highly Sophist
Cated W2a001S. deadly use of killed and Conti Soldiers in larg is the handiwor
Israeli supply of a TT been confirmed by th Police in a report publis in the Telegraph Mirr reported the Australia cking a massive airline wing some businessm ding to this report,
Australian P
Hirigid of 5'TE Wii Nu5ralia FEdÈ Australian dollars by S.
ST FT FT ' LTTE,
For Tert (E5EWH rijci Ճfaleadingsհոբբingբ Mirror of Sydney repo ir ALG Ela from th"EL Garmarı barık aCCOLIrıl
A GLIE EETILL TITI
| titi: "LEITHREE Tasiil Husirigsstrien h LHEgy had defrauded si of dollars. They had als theզugs,
| look пигн. Inan fo electronic surveilic Imựülựing mũfG thān 5 | || CriITE AI of the Swiss polic.
Fedaral Poliçe foLimi of a TT5 to be Supple Travellers Chelques," Department, airlines E
Tilg |rl|rid:FH 5:1IT1 | 13 gxiri|irTES; . dt dгllяг5
Last Drammir, arT the centres of the riprefusing to allow inde
Interpol has been skipped the Country a
Marwhig, Tore T
The Foreign Minist Midasad by some LTTE memb it | it :LITEilei.
ThE leader of the gi arTB stad by the CBI. Ta Tilħaq Li Ħlas li foLund 190 forged pā5
A report from Otta Tamil immigrants to the country, Germar
According to the F Middle East, USA, CE

He points out that the
andmines which has iTLD5 t0 k| CLIf OWF e numbers everyday k of the ISTIS.
5 to the LTTE has Australian Federall hed in February 1992 or of Sydney, which Federal Police Craticketing fraud in Wol
taken place in Israel with arm dealers for the purchase of weapons which had been Sent to Tamil guerillas in Sri Lanka, according to the investigations. A former Observerjournalist Muditha Dias had filed a report front Sydney which was published in the Observer of16th February 1992, Linder the Litle"AUstraIlan Police confirm Israeli supply of arms to L.T.T.E., according to which some of the Sydney based businessmen had visited Israel thrice in 1991 to arrange shipments
as to the L.T.T.E.
an in Sydney. AccorSecret meetings had
olice confirm Israeli supply of arms to LTTE
ael supplying arms to the Liberation Tigers of TamilEelam (LTTE) was revealed LL LLL LLLL L L LmtLLuOLL LLMLLLLLL LLLLLLa LLLLLLL MLMa LLLHH LLLLLL uu hiri Lankan Tamilbusinessman in Sydney.
KLL LLL LLL LLLLLLa La LLL COC Hu LDGLGMMC LLLLLL LLL LLLLHa 0aH a
(Continued on page 1.9)
Lurialist Muditha Dias reports from Sydney that a brother-in-law of the owner LHHLLLLLLLLHaLaLLLCLLLLLLLLLLLL HLLCLL LCMMLSS LL SMCaMMmtHH tad that the four-step operation was: Shri Lankan Tamil business TBI arrive Inited Kingdom via Garmary, 2 Funds from the travel rauc SErllte Swiss and SLS0aLLtttLLLLLLL LLLLCLMtOtL LL LC LL LLLLLLa LLLLLaLLL La aLLLLLLL LL LLLLLLCCCLHHLL0L 0LL
LITIES i Siri Latik.B.
iggest-ewer travel fraud" as described by the newspaper Two Shiri Lankan adgstablished two travel agencies in Sydney. After obtaining IATA licence, x major airlines including the KLM of the Netherlands to the tune of Tillors o primtad 800,000 fake Natioral Australia Bankard American ExprE55 trä"WEllers
LL LLLLLLLHHL LL LLL LLLeuLLL HH LLLHLHHLLLLLLL LLa LHHLHHLHHLHua CHCLCLLLSS LaaLLLLLLL LLHtHLHHLH LLL LMLLLLa 0CCCCLCLLC CLLLLL CCCLLLL LLLLLLLaa aaa0S C 00CLaL LLLLLaLLLL LL LLLLL LHH LLLKLL aLLLLL LLLLCLLLS CH KLeLLMmM LLLLLL LLOLLCCDS LLLDLLLLLaLLS LLLHaC LLLL LLLLL LLLLLLL LCHCCS aCC CHtL LL00 LLLLLHa LLL 00LLLLLLLLMLLLLL
LHLLLLHaLLLLm LLLLLL LCLaOLLLHLOLuOCLLLLLCCL0LL CLCCaLL aLLLLLCLaL00L to Tamil Tigers in Shri Lanka, The four-month probe code-named "Operation
LLLLLLD LDLLLLLLLL aHLHS La LHMLLLLLL LLLaLLLLLCLLLSaLLLLLLL0SSS LL CLLLCLL KLMLLLLL Ild Darkg.
HLLLLL K LLLHCLLLC LL LLLLL LLLLL LLLLHLLL HLHCGCCC0L LLLL LLCCLL LL LLLLLL KKKK aaLLL LLLLLLLKLL LLCLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMLHLLLMHOL0L HLHLHHH LLLLLL LLLLLLL
HLC LH LCCLLHLH HLCLLLLLLS LLLLLLLHLHHL0 GLLLLLLL LCa CGCLL aLaCCLLL LuLLaCCL LL LLLLLL LLLLLS LLLL LL LLLLL LHHLLLLLLL LLLHHH LHHLLLLHMCLL aaamLLLH aL LL0LL LCaLLO HmLLLL
Endearl Hudiksirley Ulésirbdoks.
uLLL HHH HHLLLLL LLLLLLLLMLMOLC LLLLLLLHHtHLLCL GGLLkLk LkLHHLHHH HHHLLLLH K La KLLLu LHa aaLLL rid now believed to be in Germany,
LLLLLL LL LLL LLLL L LLLLL L LLLLaLLLLLCLLLLL CCLa LLLLLLaL LLLLtLta MaHaaHHHHLL HHHHLS
LLL LLLLHHLHtH LCCLLCLCC CCCLM LHHM LLL LLTLMLM LCLaaaC LLLL LLLLLLLL0LLaa Central Investigation Bureau (CBI) has uncathed a massive racket organised CCL HL LLLLLLLLS LLL LLLL MLLLLLL L0L LLLLHCC CCLLu Lua LLLLLL LLLLLL amaLCH DLHHL
HHLS LaLLLLLLL aLHCCLLLLLLLS aLLL L LLLLu LHHH aLCLCCLCmCmC CC0L0LaaLLLL LLLLCLLL
CH LCLLLL LLLL LL LLLLLL a0LtatC LLLLLL HH LLLL LLLLmCLL CCLMLHHL LLLLLGGLLLL L been arrested for aiding the LTTE gang in this operation. The investigators
Sports, visa sels Tary European and Middle East Countrs.
LCC LuuuLL LLLL LL LLCLLLLLLL HLLLLHLHLLLLLLL LLCLLCL LCCCLMaL C L000L OLH HH LMLLLLL LCC LLLLL LatC LL LCLLLL L LLOLL CCLLuuLu aLL LLL LLLLaLL LMMMMDLL MLH aulhöriligs, too havelaunchEdäsirTilar inWEFligation,
oreign Ministry, there are about 150,000 Shri Lankan Tamils in Europe, the rada and Australia apart from the estimated 200,000 Tamil refugees in India.
SHMLL LHHLHGLGLGG LLGLL MLua LLaLu LLLLLL LLL 0TCCHMGGHL L L kMM CLHHLO

Page 5
The Irana-gate Scandal a Aliance SOmerSault
Dr. Mervyn de Silva, Ex-MP (SLFP)
N ever in the short history of
post-independent Sri Lanka has a political party taken such a diametrically opposite standon an important and sensitive issue as the PA-government. While in the 1989-94 opposition and during the last election campaign, its leader and the members of parliament representing this predominantly catholic Coastal belt lent strong support to the struggles of the rara wila solidarity group. The pledges held out by the Alliance made them their ardent supporters and incensed them to become fearless in their agitation. Two patriotic persons sacrificed their lives and the people hawe not forgotten it as yet. Although, the PA hauled their votes on the promise of abrogating the WOA 1983 agreement, for all their rhetoric and political gimmicks. They have now gifted on a platter to the USA government the main element of the WCDA facility So that it cari embark on its geopolitical ventures. Thus, the PA within a short span since aSSuming office in August 1994 has gone back Dr its word leaving the people of Iranawila and other concerned people of this courttry in the lurch without the slightest sign of rei Torse. Its political actions in contrast to earlier sermoms and its apparent contempt for the Toral obligation to honour the main election promises are no second to the UNP government of J R Jayawardene that broke the election promises with irT) LI rllity.
The Irana-gate affair flared-up when the government of Sri Lanka and the USA signed a number of agreements permilting the setting up of a more technologically sophisticated and expanded WOA facility in Iranawila, Chilaw. A comparison of the main features of the facility under the original agreement of 1951 and the new agreement of 1983, given belloW, clearly points to the strong suspicion that the facility could be used for a hidden agenda beyond the innocent purported Service to the third World peoples. Any Studert of the CLurrert i SSLJES Of WOrld politics will find it hard to believe the claim of the USA govern Tent, judging from its past records. One correspondent made
the point succintly W. LEWEikEitoloto the laughing Stock COITIITLI mity as a pola Hawa their fur and of COWS' Tatt framing of governr to continue today: tance from the 17y strong infusion of tical geneS and OL the Alliance is a g the current state they are tackled.
PoliticianS, Scier lists, the general pl of Irala Willa hawe ( expansion facility fr sing on the fears c. its use as a Weapon destabilisation, and
Irana
Willagers, W Americal Ind to go ahead W
About 200 the U.S. emb:
Pillialent 5tation al Ira villagers' prol
"The Trina day as a day . authoritiest
While is loCill regEidal communicati
Foreign Mi project was a
In JanւIan: States addin SitL chlück5.
Tg U.S. |TitleTS else, Africa Find th

und the People’s
With the remark "WheSri Lalka hä5 bēCOT e
of the International Ce. Where aliers Carl natives play the role or role evident in the ment policies seems as a genetical inheriear UNP regime. The the UNPD UNIF politright UNP grafts in ood explanation for of affairs and OW
lists, environmentaublic and, the people ondemned the WOA Grs lisle to time foCLIif the local residents, of di Sinformationard | latadt, CLui Lira İrn W3
sion and infortation do Tiination etc. and, nothing needs to be added. Apart from its demerits and dangers what is meant to be dealt with here is also the continuing practice of political parties taking people for a ride by promising to do what they mewer intend to fulfil—the Irana Willa episode isan example par excellence. The PA spoke of transparency, decency, and of doing away with lies and deception. How is it to be judged today in the light of the stand it has taken on the Irana gate ScaIndal, one of its senior cabinet ministers who raised the issue in parliament as a птепnber of the opposition deпапсding its abrogation and now voting against its abrogation, and the pattern of voting by PA members or the private members motion of an LSSP member of parliament to abrogate the WOA agreement? - See hanzard extracts in next page:
wila villagers protest against VOA
raving placards and shouting anti-American slogaПs, патked Lependence Day with a rally against a Woice of America plan ith a Inew broadcasting station at Iranawila.
villagers, shouting "Clinton go home", demonstrated outside
SSW,
voted in May to continue with construction of the transmitting na wila, about 50 miles (80 km) morth of Colomb despite the Eest5
wila People's Solidarity Forum has decided to observe this if mourning because of the persistent attitude of the ATmerica Ti
go ahead with this project," a spokesman said.
truction of the shortwave relay station began in early 1994, ts said the station would be used as a cover for lilitary onis, emit radiation and disrupt willage life.
nister Lakshman Kadirga Ina Tsaid at the til me the crist Tuctiori minternational agreement that could Fiat be tOTI Lup.
, the government signed a new agreement with the United safeguards such as the Inonitoring of radiation and regular
Embassy says the new station, replacing 40-year-old transwhere on the island, Will improve WOA broadcasts to Asia, Middle East. - Reuter

Page 6
Comparison of 1951-1
Fere
1) Extent of land
2) Power of transmitters
3) Owership
4) Adr Tinistration operatic
ad mainteria TCE
5) Censoring of broadcasts
6) No of foreign personnel
7). Supply of electricity
B) Period of AgreerTent
Hanzard of 8th September, 1993
- Mr. Nina Sirpala. De Silva, MP.
(a) Will the government place before this House, for the information of the general public, all the agreements that have been el teredinto betweer the government of Sri Lanka and the government of USA.
(b) Will the government, without delay, inquire into the allegations made by Warious bodies regarding the continuation of the project and the harmful effects said to accrue from it? Further will the government take steps to close down/modify it and thus prewent the artiful effects referred to ab OWE.
(c) Will the government take steps to halt the unlawful deployment of security personnel to restrain citizens Who are only exercising their democratic rights to peacefully protest against this project.
Hazard of 6th October, 1993
— Was Ludewa Narayakkara, MP.
| challenge you to hold a referendum On the WOA inirana Wila. YOU Will dare rot.
In the meantitle, when protestriarches Were in progress the Rawaya supported the cause and the PA by achieving a major scoop and publishing a translation of the 1983 agreement. Today, the same journal hastaken the WoW of silence om the Iramagat? S:afdal.
VOA-957
10 acre
105 KWs
Sri Lanka governme
Sri Larıka governme
SL gO'Werr1 T1ent has
one (1)
from National grid
10 years
Are these exar Tip Conduct of a ruling moris on political ar are being shown tool sioned youth? And, possible to keep ther tic Frar Tework, which Nationalist Toda and in this hallel getting newer and in hypocrisy, Corruptic and, injustice Tha: across the country? illustrates this point
PRecently in parlia PA members voted ri her ThbberSITotiÖ1 EDrC se by an LSSP nat abrogate the 1983 division only four (4) tion and 125 voted a In other Words, in th ITIBrit Df. 225 T1GT1) the abrogation and agreement as . It is Wehemently oppos 9-months ago has til a private Tembers "approved" the WOA be COTE the favour children of the US Sam).
Ne Wertheless, (1) E LETE Wä5 SETIOLJST Agreement to be ab to Bad WC that ng Was Oinocent as CDTSE[]LIETICBS Of a [

1983 WOA agreements
t
וח
the right
les of the Collectivg party that gawe serd public morality that LIrrestle SS and disilludo you think it will be Withi til dTOCfitself is a joke (UNP Ianin FA Cabinet etc); , the body polity is more potent doses of n, and dishonesty, Irches triumphantly The next paragraph urther.
Tant the majority of
against the private Iught before the Houicra||list TelTer LO WOA agreement. At Woted for the abrogagainst the abrogation. 12 Sri Lanka Parlia= ers only 4 Were for T25 i ffWOLF" Ofte lands. The PA that ed the agreement rough the device of motion "Covertly" A TE ESTEt adhla WE ld and obedient god
government (uncle
1r EWE CHEWE lät eSS in Wanting the rogated? (2) Are We lower of the to LO E Lula WaTB of the efeat of the motion?
WOA-93
1000-acres
25OO.WS
USA government
USA gewernment
SL. government loses right
eight (8)
from National grid or from US installed power plant
20 years plus ore or Tore extension of 10 years
(3) Are We to believe that, if sole Would not have taken the trouble to ascertain the Voting pattern of the Alliance before pla: cing the motion for debate? (4) Are we to believe that the motion Was moved Without the consent of the PA hierachy and its leader? (5) Ara we to believe that he did not foresee the consequences of a defeat Which Would result in a Cowel nodus operandi to have the WOA agreement ratified by parliament? (6) Are We to believe that not With standing its slender majority in parliament, he would move a motion on Such a controversial subject Without the knowledge of the PAS minister of constitutional affairs and its |leadër?
If the new government used this method of achieving end of appeasing a foreign government then, it has lost its Credibility and SO-claimed transparency. If the UNP registle of 17 years attacked the foundation of democracy and democratic Institutions, then the PA Would seem bé Ön a mission to destroy their edifices as Well lock stock and barrel.
The time is ripe for the emergence of a riationalist, patriotic, dedicated, and Capable band of people who are honest and Sound from Centre to circumference, true to the hearts Core to lead the country as One single united nation. SorTi2One of a high calibre of Integrity and trust can fill the present vacuum for a strong leader, a Tian Who Will never be for sale and whose love and concern for the Country is deep and strong.

Page 7
LTTE suicides and the C
Michael Roberts
Arthropsigy, Lensversity of Adelaïde
ince the Tigers, the Liberation Tigers for Tamil
Eelam, have hit the headlines, their penetrating use of suicide bombers and the cult of cyanide suicides which has informed the practices of their military cadre have caught the World's attention. Whatever the forebodings elsewhere, to the in Tigdiate constituency which the Tiger leadership addresses lhe pictures ofагпеdwarгіогs with cyanide capsules оп chains around their necks have been stirring messages, good fodder for Totilisation.
It would seem that the mythologies from the Tamil past, especially from the Carikam (pronounced Sangam) and Chola (Cola) periods, have been utilised by the Tiger leadership over the years to develop a cult of martyred action and military discipline. Indeed I am reliably informed that the Tiger high comrand is assiduously Searching for material from the Cankam literature to sustain their ideological work.
This is an instrumentalist clarification om my part. While not incorrect it is nevertheless incomplete; it is not the whole story. The Very endeavour on the part of the Tiger leadership indicates that time and heritage are a measure of value. And the instrumentalist theory of ideological manipulation says naught about the reasons why specific themes from the Cankar literature (from amidst a range of possibilities) have been Selected in the first place. Nor does it clarify why these themes have such mileage, such resonances, among its audience of Tiger recruits - Who We should not be treated as robots.
The significance of the Cankam literature for the understanding of Tiger ideology came home to me in the course LL C LLLLLLLHHLLLLHH LLLLLLa LaLLLLL LLLLHHLLLL LLLLLLLLS LLL LLLLLL position as a secular North Indian, Ravinder Kumar had found the teпрегоf Сапkampoetry quite chilling, even Irighlening. Its ermphasis or filial devotion, he felt, took religiosity and its bondages. Some leagues deeper than the religiosities with LLaLLLLLLLa LLLLLaLLLL CLLLLC CCmLmmLCCLLLHLLmHtHaLLLLLLLaaaS LLLLaL LLLLLL to Comment on the comparison. But the translations and commentary in A.K. Ramanujan's Poems of Love and War (Delhi 1985, OUP) highlight the theme of martyred devotion to a cause/king which is one strand in the heterogeneous Corpus of Cankampoetry.
For the most part Cankampoetry can be distinguished along two dimensions: the akariri, meaning "interior, heart, household;" and the puram, meaning "exterior", Outer parts of the body, yard outside the house, public. While being different genres akar77, and pLrar77, poenTIS also hawe "many things in Common, inhabit the same World"Rama mujam 1985: 233, 234). Thus their relationship is not an opposition so much as a "consubstantial" difference — so that the syntactical artifice

tankam World of devotion
to mark the relationship should not be a colon, or a stroke, but a hyphenated continum: as "akampura", a form that should be extended to the "nature-culture" relation in the Indic World for which akam-Puran is a gloss.
Myinterest is in the puram poems. While "akam poems are love poems,"puram are all other kinds of poems, usually about War, Values, community, it is the public' poetry of the ancient Tamils, celebrating the ferocity and glory of kings, lamenting the death of heroes..." (Ramanujan 1985:235). Thus, says Ramanujan, the "entire society in the puram poems, is geared to the values of War, to fashioning awarrior"like a chariot wheel' Honour (puka), fame, a good name (peyar) in life or in death... are What a mari seeks: a sense of sharine (na) controls that seeking from within" (1985: 289).
Three illustrative poems, Selected from a range of similar possibilities, are Worth pondering over.
A.
Tiruma
Infire, you are the heat,
Inflowers you are the scent. Among Stones, you are the diamond.
In Words, you are the truth.
Among Virtues, you are lowe, In Warrior's Wrath, you are the strength.
In the Vedas, you are the Secret.
Of the elements, you are the first
In the Scorching sun, you are the light.
In the moonlight, you are the softness. Everything, you are everything, the sense, the substance of everything. (From Ferrasas 3: 63-68 in Ramanujan 1985: 218)
Not rice, Not Water
Only the king is the life-reat of a kingdom.
And it is the duty of a king With his army of spears to KOW le's Fif of the Wide, blossoming kingdom (From Piurarlarl Luru 186 in Rami Hr:Lujian 1955: 158)

Page 8
Mothers (3)
Tia old WorTma ril's Sib LuldBrS were dry, unfleshed, with outstanding Weins; her low belly was like a lotu Spload.
When people said
her son had taken fright had turred is back on battle and died
She ragad arid shouled
"If he really broke down ir titik, if title
"Islash the Sebreasts, that gawe him Suck."
arld WEmt there, SWOrdinand.
Turning ower body after fallem body, She rummaged through the blood-red field
til sila found her Sol,
quartered in pieces and she rejoiced
møre tham Cn the day
shē gawe him birth (From Purarları Luru 27B Ramamujam 1985:1 B2)
These were the sort of seritiments that Ravinder Kurlar found so ice-cold awesome, their intensity offilial devotion to a heroic centre so fiercely foreboding.
it remains for scholars of Eelamist and Tiger ideology (the two overlap without being synonymous) to decipher their texts in ways which test my suggestion that the revived Cankam traditions of the ninetheenth century-and-after may have inspired and girded the ongoing suicide Cult of martyrdom among the Tigers. This analytical work will have to be located within LLL aLLLLL LLLLL LHH LLLLL La LLLLLL LL L LLaL LLLLLLCLLL Province of Sri Lanka has always - that is, since statistical time - been among the highest incidences in Sri Lanka. In this testing work the focus should be on the Eelamist thinking, and especially the poetry of Kasi Ananthan et as in the 1970s and early 80s rather than the state ideology of the contemporary post 1986-87 LITTE regir Te.
Here, the thinking and practice of Ponnudarai Sivakumaran Will be critical. From Narayan Sanny's recent book on the Tigers it appears that he was among the earliest of the Eelamist
 

militants, and as a teen-ager unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate SoTaWeera Chandra siri and Alfred DL riappah ir the early 1970's. When cornered by the police after a botchedup attempt at a bank robbery on the 5th June 1974. Sivakumaran swallowed a cyanide pill. His act, then, was the exemplary cyanide Suicide.
Given the retrospective mythicizations it is unlikely that one can ever deconstruct the inspirations within Sivakumaran's thinking. But one can analyse the legends which developed - immediately, as with Jarl Palach's self-immolation in Prague in 1969 - around his act, Sivakumaran's funeral in Jaffna, it should be emphasised, was a landmark event. The shops were shut, eulogies Were distributed in partphlet form and a multitude gathered. Several youths slashed their fingers and inscribed bloody dots on their foreheads, while "Some youths attacked Toderate Tamil politicians With slippers. When they began Speaking about Siwakumararl "(Narayam Samy 1994:29). Here, then, Wesee not only the religio-political fervour of martyrdom, but the Crystallising peaks to which funerals 'elevate perSOms.
In probing the connections between the Purari poetry of the Cankam period and the suicide cult of Sri Lankan Tamil Eelamists, of course, one must be mindful of the differences in geo-political context, notably that between the dynastic kingdoms of ancient times and the nation states within a global order of rapid communication, Ramanujan Warns US that in the Cankann poetry.
Not even the rousing abstraction of a whole nation of a kingdom is the subject of Song-though a Tamil territory, a Tamiliakam, Is Tertiored. Only the indiwidual king or hero, his battles, his bounty, his justice, and his life, are poetic Subjects. Loyalty is loyalty to a master, not to an idea or a community (1985:288).
However, the opposition which Ramanujan rightly Tarks can be merged, consubstantiated. Just as it was possible in medieval times for the capital in Asia and South East Asia to stand for the Whole kingdom, in the Indic World past and present it has been possible for a single iconic figure to represent a nation or a cause (which is why statue building is of Such symbolic import in Sri Lanka). In my argument, then, as the Tigers have emerged as the principal 'guardians' of the Jaffna people in the face of ravages from the threatening Sri Lankan state Prabakara has become-for the true beliewers rather than all the Sri Lankan Tar Til people = the ErTibcodir Terit of Eelar II and the embodiment of the "Tamil people". (For this sort of reasoning the contours of the latter terrn do not need precise spelling out). In our deciphering of this reasoning what matters is the iconic consubstantiality between the three idealised images. To those personnel drawing strength from LaL LLLL aLaLLaLaHS LLL LLLLLLLLSLLLLLSL LLLLS LLLLLLLLLLS Prabhakara become one, an "arrosia" of fulfilment.

Page 9
A Southern VieW of hur
RelatO COTStartirlo
It is imperative, argues the well-known Filipino c. should be Worked out among Southern nations in
North for its own purposes.
he human rights issue has been
Co-opted by Northern states and is being used as an excuse for intervention and as an economic Weapon against SOUthern nations who defy Northern policies. Human rights violations affecting indivduals are the most common subjects of accusations by Northern states and generally the targets are Southern states which are summarily adjudged guilty by international public opinion mobilised by NO LIET TEdit.
But before going into how the human rights question has been utilised by Northern powers for their own purposes, let Ls make a brief historical reference to the EwoluliCarl of thB CONCEpol Of human right:S Which goes beyond the rights of indiviLLKLL LLa aaLa KLLaaLaaaLLS
A historical perspective
A historical and holistic approach Would reveal human rights as a dynamic Concept undergoing transformation and expanSi Crl Wilhevery epoch. What Wa Sarr0Willy conceived as individual civil and political rights in relation to state power in the transitio frQT al feudato a Capitalist social order became informed by new ideas originating from Socialist thought.
It was no longer enough to talk about freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of Worship, the right to vote, the right to due process, etc. There was need to include in the discourse the right to Work, to shelter, to education and medical саге. Thus, humaп righls became more holistic and COITprehensive, Co Wering mot only civil and political rights but also social and economic rights. The political freedos a Cwi|| ||Egertigs Of Which the US is proud constitute only one-third of the global human rights agenda which includes national SOWEEreignty and ECC) ni Cornic justic,
LKMOGGLGua LaeLLLOHMMTu LL LLL LLLLLMLuLL L L LGGCLCL rig of Ilhaם שthe Philippings an חום Books Last-klöwr Sociāls Gracis.
In the 1960s, Th ding together Within Nations articulated newly independent continually threate exploitation and de [[The Cùl Orthia || ||12, St. añd Cofiditionis. MG: WëIl-Hilt Dr. Politica HF and the Covenant and Cultural Rights ctive right of a peopl rmination, Which ist rsrine their political Sutheir ECOOT development'. In ot rdial human right O Sovereigrty.
During the last
Wales LS did human rights disc T1C wETElt dETHl. the rights of Colou cessfully disThantle the US although Esä Söd fäCiä di: Country. The labour sought the recogn pendium of Worker TIOVēmērīt procla rights are human ri Eridtjäl för TTS of S geänder violence ag Tiple, rape, İnce Sexual harassle pornography.
TF LIFE FLJIT therefore Tuch ric EWEr WäS HEsoré, so of WaričL5 if|LICTIC Such a diSCOLFSeft
-5 North Earl Egita ES Car T1gré Strongy.
Not only hawe 1 dominate Weaker strategic resource: Continued to impos powerty and disea

man rights
itic, that questions of democracy and human rights order to prevent the co-option of this issue by the
ird World States DartheaITIt Of the United
LE CONCES : Cof the peoples in a situation led by ever greater mination by their foETE LJILE ПЕМ/ BrTS st importantly, the CoRights and Civil Rights Con Económic, Social guarantee aS a Collee the right to self-detehe right to freely detestatus and freely puC, social and Cultural her Words, the primof a people is national
few decades, Social
Tūrē Woices to te Jurse. The civil rights led the recognition of red people and SUCd racial segregation in has not completely Criti | Tlat "TIOVElert WorldWide ition of a large Coms' rights. The feminist i.e. that WCre's ghts, and called for an exual exploitation and airst Wolen: for exast spouse-battering, nt, prostitution, and
lar rights discourse is her and fuller than it ue to the Confluence es. When engaged in On the perspective of Jinis, the culpability of 1 ble establishede Wen
they waged unjust to
peoples and control S; not only have they epolicies which cause se in the South; mor
have they terrorised those Without nuclear shields with the nuclear Weapons in their hands; they have also engaged in the de Struction Of the Envirollertarifle indigenous peoples who lived in harmony with it. They have also exploited the cheap abour of Workers in the South, whose rights have consequently been suppreSSE2 d. They hawe also COmmonidified and violated the bodies of Southern Worther and children, through transnationalised prostitution and pornography, Sextourism and trafficking.
The North's hypocrisy
When the North criticises human rights violations in the South, they would hawe US thirik Lihat their SCigtigs Camot E-5 faulted for similar sins. In fact, Vulnerable sections of the populations of the North — blacks, other Coloured peoples, Tigrants, ethnic and religious minorities, Women, children, gays etc. - have been frequent targets of human rights violations and abuse by those who are in power by Virtue of their race, class, gender, ethnicity, age, and/or Sexual orientation.
The Rodney King incidentin Los Ange= les, California is a graphic example. But Such incidents seldorm ble CCTë thë Sllubiject of a sustained orchestrated outcry Sir Tilar to that raised against hunnan rights Violations. Which occur in the South, More often than mot, the North conveniertly turns a blind eye on its own shortcomings, апd hypocгilicallysits iпјшdgпепtagainst Civilisations Whichit Corsiders backWard DLaLLL LaLLLLL LaaLLLLLLLaLLLL LLLL0L0 0LL0 LLHHLLJLLLLLLL0S peaminorigin,
The South Of COurse, Carnot clairT t0 be lily-white. There are wenal and abusive Southern regimes which deserve internaLLLLLL LLLLHLLLLLCS LLLLC CLLLLL LLLLLL LLLLLL justice-seeking Southern citizens who are being tortured, illegally delained, and/or summarily executed.
While the human rights question legally falls Within the ambit of the stat's jurisdiLLaLaaaaLLLLL LLLLLaLLLLLLLaLLLLH0LLLLS

Page 10
c development, the issue has become international in dimension. Thus, expressions of sympathy and Solidarity from human rights quarters may not only mitigate the condition of those affected but could also catalyse the recognition of rights not yet within the cognizance of the erring state. However, these expressions of Solidarity addressed to local Organisatil 15 i Certai State5 or t055 WHO hawe not had a history of Westerm-style political derTocracy should becarefully calibrated aLL LCa LaL a LLLLLL LL LLLLLLLL00KLL LLS LLLLLLLLS wentionist Northern powers who do not Walt to See a United South.
Wolations in the US
Private groups like Amnesty International have been acting in behalf of political prisoners in various countries of the South. However, they should not be blind to the human rights violations being cortTitled by Northern states against their own citizens and against other peoples. In fact, they should be more critical and Condemnatory of these practices which are happening under the very noses of the Self-appointed guardians of Humani rights Worldwide.
Because the so-called 'global protectors' of the North are supposed to know a lot better, they should raise a ruckus Where Werhlunnan rights violations are perpetrated by one of their own. But more often than not, they don't. And the realSOS, as explaired earlier, cannot be charged to ignorance and benign neglect.
A case in point is the "new abundance, Wel-d'OCLITlente devidence that the death penalty (in the US) in its application is arbitrary, unfair and racially discriminatory', being "imposed disproportionately On the poor, on minorities, on the mentally ill or retarded and - perhaps most crucially of all - on those without adequate Counselling'. This according to an open letter of the Amnesty International, which further Concludes that "US Citizers hawa been deprived of their lives at the hands of State governments following legal proCeedings that Were seriously deficientand in violation of the safeguards enshrined in internationalhuman rightsinstruents and the US Constitution."
Amnesty International, according to one critic, failed to say what should have been said - that lynching against blacks and other minorities are still happening in the US, and Worse, under the pale of the law; and that eugenics is being practised
against the mentally the dOES LE Ui censure others, give lings? Why shouldi Standards it does Tot seers lost on USO proVerbial pot, insist black.
But beyond the ho O Criticisë ard CÖTC. practices of Norther lings with Southern of Colonialis Tandric te With horror StOriëS genOCidal Campaign rape, bor Tıbbing of Ciwi of biochemical Weap
Countr חWס yוח ח| SOTS at the tur of thE people's right to ind lf-determination. Whe Colonisers at a time." LiolariĒS had alrea Spaniards in the first tion in Asia. Then, in Carl War Which el: military proceeded to forms of 'pacificati Iowa Tethods of t
"Water Cure, and in
turned the Whole is "howling Wilderness' ower 10 years old.
Bulcruelty was no poly. When the Ja Philippines during the Lley Slapped and ni almOStirldiSCrirTiirat: bohladd COLLIESE herded nota few Filip 'comfort Women' or their sexual slaves.
But the Nortlets these are things of th behaving in a mori adhering strictly to th tion of Human Righ rations after the War. clairls. Unilateral act bings of civilian site: Well into the last dec
The US-led attack Was a classic case Tost sophisticate dW the Iraqi arity, lead loss of lives. It targe other infrastructures Interna CE and de We

deficient, What right g StateSlayto itS OWT di SmalfaIt be til Eforic: of observe? This point fficials who, like the con calling the kettle
The turf, there is need dermin human rights states in their deapeoples. The history Coccoloniali SrT IS repleof massacres, virtual smass torture and lian populations, Lise Ճr18, ElE.
y, American aggres: century violated our lependence and sein they took over as When Filipino revoludy vanquished the anti-colonial rewolUthe Philippine-Amerisued, the American ] U58 the TOST CTUE| on'. They invented orture, such as the a fit of Wengeance, and of Sa Tlar into a by killing every male
tan American monoDarlle Se im Wälded the a Second World War, nanhandled civilians aly; they tortured and Filipinos; and they inds to serve as their irl plainer terms, a S
ates might argue that e past. They are now a civilised Way and B Uniwersal Declaraits affirmed by most The facts belie such ions, iniwasions, bom5 СОПtirЈЕ ШПНbated ade of this Century.
during the Gulf War in overkill, using the reaponyto decimate ding to unnecessary LEIdol|| refirie2S ad essential to the Tailopment of the Iraqi
economy. An economic blockade was even imposed, preventing the entry of essential imports like milk for Iraqi infants a Childre.
The invasion of Grenada, the police LLLLLL L LaLLLLLLLa LLLHa HHLLLLL YY LLLLLLaL be justified om human rights grounds. Neither can Such Weapons as trade embargoes on Cuba and Sandinista Nicaragua.
The right to life is perhaps the most fundamental right of all. If the Northern states agree with this principle, then weapons of mass destruction should be abhoLLaLLLLLLLS L LLLL LLLLLLLLLL LLLLLLLLS arms race was set primarily by the United States the former Soviet Union had to keep pace With its enemy.
With the collapse of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe, the Cold War should have been brought to a proper close by the dismantling of nuclear Weaports or both sides of the former dwide. But why is there no substantial progress in this direction? Why are the Northern nuclear powers holding on to their monopoly of nuclear Weaponry? Isn't this the Worst form of hur lan rights Wiolation, threatening the Very fabric of civilisation, and even of life on this planet?
Indeed, the lenses for examining hurrian rights as a global question need to be widened to include glaring inequities between North and South. Policies of multilateral institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, which are dominated by the North, result in environmental destruction, displacing, harming, and therefore violating the human rights of whole popula: tions. All economic impositions of the North that cause poverty and disease, specifically those packaged as structural adjustment programmes, should be examined in the light of a new understanding of human rights.
Because of the disappearance of the socialist bloc, the confrontation is now between North and South. Solidarity Work among the Countries of the South is therefore imperative, Questions of democracy and human rights should be worked out among Southern nations in order to prewent Northern co-optation of the issue for its own purposes. This is the urgent task of the moment.
Try World Werk

Page 11
PART TWMWO
Joyce: The Writer a
Regi Siriwardena
T the Writer Who is rooted in a particular language and in a particular c0mmunity, Separation fro In them often seems a kind of living death. I think of the two greatest Russian Women poets of this century. Anna Akhmatova, who after the Russian Revolution refused to emigrate, in spite of her lack of sympathy for the regime, because the land Was still the place where the 'great Russian word' belonged, and the opposite case of Marila TSW eta ewa, Writing in Paris her great poems that she was unable to publish and amErilingllal heraudience Was in Russia and beyond reach. Yet in this century Where displacement and exile have been a frequent Condition, there are writers who have confronted this predicament through bi- or multi-lingualism. There was, for instance, Arthur Koestler, migrating from Hungary to Germany to England, Writing his early novels in German (which wasn't his native tongue) and his later books in English. There Was Wladimir Nabokov, another displaced person, who wrote Creatively in three languages, and who translated his early novels front Russian into English and some of his later English noWGIS into Russian. There Was Sa Tlug Beckett, Irish-born, living for the most part in Paris Who Wrote several of his Works twice ower — once in English and onca in French. And there is Salmar Rushdie, now suffering the ultimate exile, Virtually from human Society itself, who has drawn the life-blood of his imagination from the Mahabharata and Bombay cinema as much as from Rabelais, Cervantes and Joyce. It isn't an accident that of the four Write TS WHOT1|| hawe mentiöred, the |last three Were drawn powerfully to the maget of Joyce's art. Beckett, of course, most directly of all: he was Joyce's Secretary at the age of 21, and parts of Finnegans Wake Were dictated to him. And his first published Work was an essay on Work In Progress, as Joyce's Linfinished book Waste Cald.
Where does Joyc spectrum of the e language? His resp of the imperial ruler as did the Sentitle revival, but to make rming it. The extraor Vativeness of Ulyss His problematic reli tongue and the Sams that Corles froT1 . EDOrr OW this term fr book Extra errora, didn't write a Whole to Wich Fle WB5r" | Beckett, his polyglo lity finally found ex lingual texture of FI. English is enriched, cended by the We; LOriguës into its poly Ce il the book askE d'anglas landage Or Djoytsch?" It's a qu mirror the perplexity ported from the so|||| ge' to Corea where hE Whether She is 'Spe English or French or that tongue which creation, "Doytsch'.
stillW take a major Works of Joyce they stand more tha İSEL OFt Ft T Jf 5 ATS Wlich With the passage Originality, which W. has begel died advances made by the fact that laterro its innovations. Butt limitatio in A ForTradi Fiллеgans Waќе са nic novelso Where COUnterpointed agai rtrait is Wholly mono it is centred in the c

S exile
e himself stand in this Xile's relationship to Onse to the language S Was not to reject it, Italists of the Gaelic it his own by transfodinary linguistic innoas has behind it both ationship to an alien se of Creative freedom s extra-territoriality, (l om George Steiner's է) And though Joyce - Work in a language born, like Nabokov or t European persoпаOTESSior in the TL||tiтпеgans Wake. Here subverted and transawing of many other Sermous fabric. A woi3; "Are. We speaching are you spraking sea estion that may Well of the reader, transity of a familiar "land! is at 'Sea', uncertain aching' or 'spraking' ar. GerTal Or Dutch, 1 is Joyce's individual
fresh look at the three in Orderto SBBWhêrg in half a century after ebooks, it's A Portra nā bā drīlished if time. Its technical as dazzling in 1916, Iot only by the further
Ulysses but also by Welists ha Weabsorbed here's a store intrinsic it. If both Llysses and in be called polypho
different voices are Ist Each Other, A Fophonic. Everything in OSCIOLISTESS Of Ste
phen Dedalus. And since the Stephen of the Portrait seems a priggish, humourless young man who takes himself all too Seriously, the novel carries, inspite of the COUrage and honesty of the hero's rebellion, a sense of claustrophobia. Most of its original readers took it that Stephen Was a faithful representation of the author, Though the narrative was fairly closely based on the events of Joyce's childhood and youth, We have it on the testimony of his younger brother Stanislaus that "it is not an autobiography; it is an artistic creation'." Even of the later Stephen of Ulysses Stanislaus Joyce said: "In temperament he that is, Joyce Was as unlike that figure, Tourning under the incubus of remorse, as he could Well be. He had a lively sense of humour and a ready laugh'. It's true equally of the Stephen of the Portrail that there's a distance betWeen the Character and the author, and that the self-portrait is deliberately selectiWe, in Zurich Joyce complained to his friend Frank Budgen that people who read the book forgot that its title Was A Portra of the Artist as a Young Man.' That title shares in the ambiguity that is so pervasiWein Joyce's Work. In one sense, it means a Self-portrait, but a portrait of the author in an earlier, immature phase of himself. In another sense, it means a portrait of a character Who Wants to be eartist, who has chosen this as his vocation, but who is unformed, undeveloped, who in fact is leSS artist Lhanaesthete, It's easy enough to see this noW, but it Would hawe been hard for the book's original readers to do SO because there was no other point of View Within the book from which Stephen Could be seen. Joyce had to write the book to exorcise his younger self; and We hawe to read it in order to measure the great act of Self-transcendence that Ulysses represents. But if we know only the Portraiz, We get a wery partial and misleading picture of Joyce's Work.
The first thing to be said about the two

Page 12
later Works - Ulysses and Fimregaris Wake - is that they confound all distinctions of genres. Is Ulysses a novel? The only possible answer to that question is, "Ye-a-ES, but..." It has characters Who are recognisable as individual people; it has a kind of plot, in that events take place in Sequence between 8 o'clock in the morning of the 16th June 1904 and 2 o'clock in the morning of the next day. But there are other features of the book's form that make it difficult to fit it into the category of novels, as they had been known up to 1922. One chapter of Ulysses- and that the longest as well as, I think, the most Creatively Original – is Cast in dramatic fort, where the real, the resertered and the imagined, people and things, hawe equal status as actors. Another chapter is castin the form of a series of impersonations of prose style in English, from AngloSaxon to the performance of a modern American hotgospeller. While you can Work out What is happening by Way of plot While these parodies are being unrolled, it's quite clear that the narrative has been Submerged by another interest - that language and its metamorphOSes have upstaged the characters and their doings. Yet another chapter is constituted of a series of questions and ans Wers, a kind of Catechis, and W10 ä5k5, and Who answers isn't evident. Soone can only say that the text is interrogating itself, and often getting hilariously inappropriate ET SWETS
Attempts have been made - and will kLLHHaaaLLLLL a LLLLLL LLLLL S a LLLLaLLLL LLLLLL disturbing originality of Joyce's last two books by interpreting them in less radical terris. In the case of Ulysses, critics who were so disposed clutched at the interior monologue as a stay against Confusion. Joyce, it was said, was trying to give a faithful picture of what went on in the mind; he Was attempting to complete the external realism that the novel had already achieved by extending it into an inner, psychological realism. If you read the essay titled "Modern Fiction" that Virginia Wgglf Wrote WSI 1 A Perfräf häd BäEr published and the early chapters of Ulysses were being serialised in the Little Review, you will find What a sensitive critic of the time thought was Joyce's intention:
Examine for a momentan ordinary mind
on an ordinary day a Tyriad impressi stic, evanescent, sharpness of steel Cosme, amir:CeSS ar rabit atorms, and they shape therns Monday or Tuesc differently from of the atoms as they irtle Orderin whic the pattern, howev incoherentin appĘ sight or incident CÖSCIOLJSTÖSS.
Virginia Woolf We: this ainm Was What E Portrait and im Lys: tils a CCOUTIt is tlati O Wat Mr S. Wolf Mrs. Dalla Wayand T it will hardly do for J adequate ever for tr Where Joyce uses thi but, ä:S | hawa alirëåC rior monologue is on and stylistic rinodes
ALI realist fiction r that the reader Will ofäTEE| WOrld - r'E3 real events - Which In fact, of Course, th events are illusions Structures of B 10W Töder IgwElist Of. of Writing itself as til that the reader exp "Writing' here I sub since the reader is text. While going on. between that activil World of the IDWel, ini is itself shifting and I think, for intance, t Chapter get along W the realist fashi Om a |n many of the othe On the other hand, Weep text and realit
Essliläté.
Let's take a spec Ext – What |S KT10|| episode - the Woye Ween Leopold Bloo WE || On the SeaSh

. The mind receives Orls - trivial, fantaor engraved with the From all sides they tShower of influemeas they fall, and as elves into the life of lay, the accent falls old. Let US record
| fall upon the mind h they fall, let us trace "g" di SCOTECted and iarasilice, Which Éach Scores upon the
nt Onto Suggest thal animated Joyce in A es. The trouble With t throws a lot of light Was trying to do in o fra LightToLise, but oyce. I don't think it's lose parts of Ulysses e interior monologue; y indicated, the inteyone of the narrative ni Joyce's armoury
estis on the premise grant the Supposition people, real places, the text is recording. e people, pola CBS and created by the Verbal elist. Joyce is the first reground the activity he substantial reality eriences; and under surThe also reading, "Writing her his own However, the relation y and the imagined the old realist sense, changing in Ulysses, hat you canin the first ith reading the textir nd not come to grief. r episodes, however, the relationship bet: y is much more inde
ific example from the Wml | aS, the "Na LUSİCaa" LuristiC COULET EDEL m and Gerty MacDoore, The episode is
rendered in a continuing parody of the style of Women's romantic novelettes. In keeping with the frequent tendency to assure that Joyce's Tiain concern is to LLaLLLLL La LLLHa LLLLLaLLLLLLL0L a LLLL characters, this episode has usually been read as a rendering of the consciousness of Gerty MacDowell, with the implication that Shē SēSolifē ir LETIT 15 of the Clich ES of the fiction she reads. Accordingly, at least one critic, S.L. Goldberg, has accuSed Joyce of "cruelty' in this chapter: "Joyce's ironic parody," he says, "is breaking abutterfly upon a Wheel'.” But there is no Warrant for this construction except the Critical tendency to see Joyce's main aim as that of psychological representation, As for his alleged "cruelty", the Joyce who chose as his life's companion Nora Barracle, who was entirely non-intellectual (she LCL K LLLLaLL LLLLLLL Y LaLLL LaLLL When Joyce mether, and she never read his books, but Joyce remained devoted to her for the rest of his life), Wouldn't have been guilty of that kind of snobbery, Nor Would he hawa Tad the Error, to which literary intellectuals are soprone, of assuming that the quality of a person's emotional life is to be judged by What she reads."Justas Joyce impersonates'Malory or Pepys or Gibbon or Dickers in the "Oxen of the Sun', here he impersonates the authTOTS . Of TOTästi: TOWE ELLES är tid how they Would represent Gerty MacDowell, and the laugh is on that representation, not on Gerty. It is possible that in a different Way Joyce is also parodying himself, since the girls een On the SeashoLL SLLSLLLLLa aaTaLLaLLLLL a LLLeLeeLSaLLS sion of Stephen's recognition of his artistic LLHHLLLLHH LLLLLL LL L HaaaLLLmLLL LLLLLaLLLLSS SLLLL Wildапgel had appeared to him, the angel of mortal youth and beauty, an envoy from the fair courts of life, to throw open before him in an instant of ecstasy the gates of all the Ways of error and glory'. If the prose of "Nausicaa' is steeped in the cliches of popular romanCE and Tagazine stories, SO is Stephen's revelation in the Portrait derivative from the language of Walter Pater and Lionel Johnson, But in the latter case, the language is a mirror of Stephen's ConsCiOLSmESS at that tirrhe, Sirice A POIfrastis realy a 'psychologicalmowel' of the kind that Ulysses has Wrongly been taken to be. Breaking With the monophonic narrative of A Portrail, Ulysses opens itself not only to the differently constituted inte

Page 13
rior monologues of Stephen, Bloom and Molly, but also to the varieties of discourse i Dubli — middle-cla SS COIwerSaltior, popular sang and humour, the idioms of journalism and advertising, political rhetoric-as well as to the languages of literary tradition which it alternately exploits, undermines, caricatures and transfor S. Ulysses is a rich example of that "heteroglossia' which Bakhtin regarded as representing the possibilities open to the novel more than to any other form.
Finnegans Wake has even less links with the traditional mowell tham L'ysses. Ulysses does move towards a kind of conclusion: it's evident that the eding of the "Penelope" episodel-Molly Bloom's soliloquy - represents an affirmation of life:
... and then I asked him with my eyes to ask againyes and then he asked me Would yes to say yes my mountain flower and first || put Ty armis around him yes and drew him down to me SO he could feel my breasts all perturneyes and his heart was going like Tiad and yes said yes | Will Yes."
Joyce told one of his French translators, The book must end with yes. It must end with the most positive word in the human language'.'*But Firariegaris Wakedoesn't really hawe a beginning, a middle and ar eld, since the last sentence without a fullstop flows directly into the first senterce without a capital letter. And the last LLLLLL LL L aaLL aLLLLLLLaL LLLLLaLLLLaa LLLL La undefined "the", which Joyce described as "the most slippery, the least accented, the weakest Word in English, a Word which is not even a Word, Which IS SCarcely Sounded between the teeth, a breath, a nothing." It's possible to start reading FIrinagaris Wake anywhere in the book because its structure isn't linear but cyclical. As for characters, if you mean people designated by proper narines, there's no lack of them, but you may find it difficult to assimilate them to the figures of the traditional novel when you discover that Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker is also Finnegan, is also HuTipty-Durrply, is also Adam, is also Parnell... and could go on.
With Finnegалs Wake, too, there are critics who have tried to psychologise it,
to explain the whole
fantasies of a single WOLuld tak t)0 Tuch that a great deal in interpreted in this Wa But Will Ido Wärt to : Wasn't trying to give a of a mind dreaming. drea-fort as a CO W3C kirol Wo tFñatirhifE into another WithOL change shapeSandic metal orphOSE and C hawe recognised tha similar phenomera : to accept if he situa ght-World than if he
daylight reality. But L regaris Wake does
the radical exploratio began in A Portrail Llysses. It's the terr on which the little b discovered that he W Tät 1E World rey through marries and , of the journey the id and Certain but Tulti blgmatic because th of language, and th that We know throug baby tuckoo,"Joyce page of A Portrait.
Writ3:5: "SOTHIS |5
of the state Tent, a stion; and "DyOublon combining Dublin, t belongs, and the Fre nation, which is eloq
| Want at this stag reference. first We the age of seventee it Tiany timĖS SimCe. Was hardly any guida rader WHO Wä5 Td ritarie With the DO: Wholë Lräditics of litĖ criticism and pre-Cor föIIT tät WEB En reverse of helpful, Wake, it cale Out St. Luniwersity, and || newE ittillпапуппапуyear taken for granted the nsible gibberish. l N young reader Who is in a much betterp

book ir ter Tills of the : dreaming mind. It time to dronstrate the book. C't og y Without distortion. Suggest is that Joyce literal, faithful picture He was Using the IlWemier Ce be-Cause arrisone place turns It warning, բEdբlE. dentities, ewen Words Oala5Ce... Joyce T1 LJ St treaders Would find at least a little easier ited them in the nihad planted them in ultimately, Whay. Finis to carry to its limit n of language that he and took further in minus of the journey oy started When he as "baby tuckoo' and EI SE LO Hi Jords. ELl at FIS Erld antities aren't simple ple, shifting and proat is the very nature arefore of the reality h language. "He Was Writt Otta first In Finnegans Wake, Dyoublong?" Instead In unans Wered queg" is a multiple entity, he doubt. Whether he nch-sounding termiut of Exil.
a to Take a personal stiled with Ulysses at , ard I hawe re-read When I began there anCE aWailable fOrthe iking his first acquaiK; and besides, the rary history, practical ceptions about novel Inforce Were the Very As for Finnegans On after Entered the is de dWE LO LO LICIT Slater because it Was at it Was incompreheWant to say that the starts on Joyce roW Ositior. Ir til EitëWE
ning years a whole library of commentary has groWri Lup) a ro Lurd Joyce, as around Shakespeare or the Bible, Not all of it is useful; some of it may even deeper confuSion, but at least the reader today can't complain of lack of guides. As far as Ulysses is concerned, I should like to recommend just one book - the recent aloitated Editio il the World's Ca55||CSS series. It provides all the help with literary, historical and mythological allusions that the common reader may need; it's relatiwely cheap, in an Oxford University Press paperback, and the introduction is one of the best critical essays know on Joyce.' But quite apart from commentaries and explications, the general Critical climate of today is much more favourable for the reception of Joyce. That language doesn't reflect a meaning that is given but creates it, that meaning is unstable and plural, that the reader is as much a participant in the production of meaning as the writerthese ideas that are so relevant to the reading of Joyce are by now part of the common resources of contemporary literary theory. In fact, it can be said that their evolution took place partly under the challenge that Joyce's texts represented.
But I am anxious not to leave the impression that reading Joyce is an esoteric activity that involves only difficulty, though I don't Want to claim that Lysses - still less, Finnegans Wake - is easy reading either. Of the latter book Joyce himself sounded a kind of Warning Within the text itself:
and look at this prepronominalfurfera, engraved and retouched and edgewiped and puddenpadded, very like a Whale's egg farced with per TinTicari, as Were it sentenced to be muzzled Ower a full trillion times for ever and a night till his noddle sink or swim by that ideal reader suffering from an ideal inSOrTIrlia...
"Sentenced": a characteristic Joycean pur, because the book is constructed out of sentences, but also because the reader LLLLLL a LLLLLLa LaLLLLL LLLLLL a LaLLLLL LLLLLL with it. But notice that even while saying this, Joyce describes the book as a funsēra — Lihat is, a furtheral artid fur-for-Hill at the SHITle tirTle-areal Irish Wake. And as Joyce said to Ezra Pound soon after
11

Page 14
LIWSSGS Was published, "If only someone Would say the book was so damn funny". Nobody WOLuld hawe gone through the effort of reading either of Joyce's last two books if they weren't richly entertaining, Captivating in their fertility of language, but above all, great comic Works. Want therefore to end by quoting a passage from Firinagans Wake that affirms the comic spirit. It's from that Section of the book Which offers Joyce's last portrait of the Stephen Dedalus aspect of himself, here personified as Shem. It's to him that the passage is addressed. In reading it you TILISt remember that Fir) reagans Wake Was Wriller HEWEEr the WO World Wär5. In Ulysses, begun on the eve of the first of these Wars, Stephen had said: "History is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake". In this passage from Firragans Wake the nightmare of history and of its Violence is behind the Omens and signs Which accumulate in the first part of the passage. Yet the paragraph - it's all one Continuous sentence - moves from that menacing vision of a gloomy prophet to the joyous celebration of the creative act in the "new Irish stew" that Joyce is cooking - the rich, diverse and Comic art of the book itself. I have chosen this passage also becauseit is relatively|LICid, in cornparison With most of Firinggans Wake.
Sniffer of carrion, premature gravedigger, seeker of the mest of e Willin the bosom of a good Word, you, Who sleep at Our Vigil and fast for Our feast, you With your dislocated reason, have cutely foretold, a jophet in your own abserice, by blind poring upon your many Scalds and burns and blisters, impetiginous Sore and pustules, by the auspiCeSofthat raVen cloudyOUrshade, and by the auguries of rooks in parliament, death. With every disaster, the dynamitisation of Colleagues, the reducing of records to ashes, the levelling of all customs by blazes, the return of a lot of sweettempered gunpowdered didst unto dudst but it never stphruck your mudhead's obtundity (O hell, here comes Our funeral Opest, I'll miss the post 1) that the more carrots you chop, the more turnips you slit, the more murphies you peel, the more Onions you Cry OWer, the Tore bulbeef you bLutch, the Tore mutton you crackerhack, the Tore potherbs you I POLInd, the fiercer
12
the fire a Llo the harder you gn to your elbow the new Irish Stew.
(Салх
es
靼斯
םiחםpglphוחTht! Igr Russian literary Lheri info SLIdio U FJEEl: Strigg ut first sight til | yte, Bllhough Hölhם!. Lihat of the Cirri'r algsq ΗΓΕ γΕΓν ΓΕΕνiΠΙ Ια μ. However, the explan; SCwiet political climat speeld Wrig of Joyce.
Starlislaus Joyce, M Faber and Faber, p. 3
SEirlislaus Joyce, p.
Frank Budgeri, Jarris 'Llysses' 1972: Oxfor
Wirginia Wol, Tig C 1933: Perguin, pp. 1 d.
|TITLUSE og EdE thB lalar Fisidis ul . WTC'le the Essay. Huy, | T. TEE-Citi Loth E CIL ITILIE LIlla Lirill III: LgIn Filiur. Im File C of Bloonsbury, she wa of sexuality. "And the
Wirginia Woolr, A. W. FFB55, p. 353). Lygis |Ef hér: "WHEn GriE Ear ha'E tiña faW?" (Ibid. SE:Tid O. IETL1:E "Ei TOE EFECİli'r Ur.
Wille
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ng Gr your Spoon and 9. S.L. Goldbar Tre Classical Terrpr:1951 Chlatti uel With more grease? and Winds), p. 觐 TList EE? Säjidhi 蠶 r1d in his ghar Er 5шцу, (1962: Crwser, and Bithyd. ! snerrier sumes your Goldbвгд, wПів 驚 Trka :: tion of the comic vitality of Joyce's art and its 'sana and joyful spirit", takes to little account of Joyce's break with the forms and purposes of the realist lшded) novel. It is revealing that he is dismissive g|Firing. jär: WikE.
10. Or by what she writes. The latters that Nora Joyce TOWET WIS Crouted by the LLGL LLHLLLLL LLaaLLLLMLLCCLLLGLLLLLLLLO st, Mikhail Bakhtin, and used of James Joyce are of such evident bariality that ais and Dostowsky, il skritis LMHC LCLLLLC LL LLtOLLC KLLLLL LLLLLLLLMLLLLLOL OLL Tlat Bakhti Ewr GCL:ssig Cyfne of the subtlast and Iricost original intellects tol he CLIFICgp4 Col Polyphory and the century could have seen in so commonplace ua Which Bakhtin duygloped El Tir Id. Such B questicin, hwyrwgr, would pocimitir SSL III Firregars Wake. the queslitirlier's sissifilified wiew of life suthus than lionsbanslobal that in thg to the limitations of Nora Joyce. 3. Et til TE-EEkiti WBI 11. In his letter to Frank Budgan alter writing the 'Pancope' episode, liczyca Saidul Molly BlCOTT in Ger Tiānti: y Bratifiërs Kepigr (1938; LkH LHHLHHL LLLLL LLOLOH Ls LLLLL LHuLLLLLL SSS LCLL LLtLt }. LLLLLL LL LLLLLLKSLCLMLL L L SMLLLLS LLLLLCL L LMTGOL C. p. 19. kye, Wol, 1, 1957: Faberand-Faber, p. 17°C). This f SEBEBİTı5 tip firm poly : a Contrast Wilhı alimi iri G.C.Catchi Ba's 5. Joyce arii fie Making af FéILSTwhEra Maphislöpheles says of himss','lam di University Press), p.61. the Epirit thit derig;'
LLGLGLL LCCL SLLL LLLLLLLLSS 00S LLLLLLLLYtLltmtlLaS LLTLLLLLLL S LLLCLCLLS0000S LLLLLLLLS B-15, Versity Press, P.538). lat Virginia Wood didn't have 13. Quoted from suette.A. Henke, arties Joyce and My:g:5E5 bEafore har" WheBrn she the Politics of Desire (1990: Routledge), p.264. BW BIT. HE "Diarias Shirtyy iha
LLLLLL LL LLL LLLLLLLLSLS S 0S S LLLL0LL kaCLCLKS LLLkLLLS LLLLLL LHHLLL LL LLLLLL Lr heffirst responsogs in "Mo- by Jari Johnson (1993: Oxford University Press). | the professed ETancipation Perhaps for copyright reasons, it is the 1922 text sput off by Joyca's treatment that is reprinted, but all indertifiable misprints are JageS TEEE| with indecency" corrected in the notes. Because of the circumstanriar's Diary 1953: Hogarth cgs in which it was writiuri and first published, there 35 WB5; Baltogethar lexio gariry: 5 in any case no singly definitive text of Ulysses have the cooked flash, why SCCCH HLLCL LLLLHL LLLL LL LL LLCLLCLLCaLK LLLLLL LLL . . . What Tus have 5-Caled 'corTECTEd text', ediled by. Hans Walter ned sensibility" of Prous was Gabler and published in 1984, has been the SLrter:
od much Scholarity Controwersy.
Waiting - 7
Old Digane Bridge
fue Luirid shook the LaterioLIt of your hair dal Ced riples il LyoLIr eye ld flot stay Luis Farucu groLU
U[[İl DeLIHL, to Life
Ele tivergirl Luho plated her Fair store beside the street
Torcair Ll. Lissor SErlt
Jards Coy and SLUeet?
U. Kaunatilake

Page 15
COME
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bO 11

Page 16
Tracking fundamentalists
A Sequel to Sadik Al-Azim, “Islamic Fundament
Bruce B. Lawrence
his two part article published in South Asia Bulain Sadik Al-AZITi has por CSC:n tid i Starkly rĒ2 wisifornistand thorOUghly brilliant Estimate of Islamic fundarnentalism." Should one hawe expected anything less from a figure who more tham any other in his generation has charted the Way for a tough-minded secularist response to traditional and neotraditional forms of religious thought in the Arab/Muslim World? Probably not, except that the present article moves far beyond what he has previously done, even in his pathbreaking Work Critique of Religious Thought, Written in Arabic and published in 1969 but, alas, never translated into English except in excerpts. The present article alSO exceeds What mOW Exists in the Stil thin field of comparative studies of Islamic fundam Ērtāli ST(S). SO TI Luchi has been attempted in this brief piece that I will first SLITTariz Wat Al-Azha5 a ChigWEd before calling attention to underdeveloped aspects of his analysis, Will conclude this article by indicating What stil needs to be done, that is, What is lacking in the Current state of Comparative studies of global fundamentalisms in general and Islamic fundamentalism(s) in particular.
Achieve Tents
Sadik Al-Azm is still less well known than some other intellectual figures in the Arab/Muslim World, principally because of his country of origin. Syria is only now beginning to be understood as an Arab nation with Cultural Values and intellectual interests that are not easily pigeonhold by political of policy considerations of the post-Cold War era, Sadik Al-Aznis already recognized within Syria, and also within Critical intellectual Circles of Arab emigres, as a major critic of Arab/Muslim interests that he exposes as traditionalist and attacks as in adequate to modern-day Chall Brigas. Yet Sadik Al-AzTil does not appear on the same stage of international Conferences that host the Egyptian solidSan Marxist HaSSan Harlafi, nor does he enjoy the пotoriety of the Moroccan AlthuSSerian dialecticial Abdallah Laroui, nor does he hold the Americar acadelic: position that allows the Iranian emigre philosopher, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, to project his wiews in Several media fora,
HCC CLaT LLC LCLMM LLL LLLLaLLLL LLLCCLCLCMLS ШЛІвtISIяІв5.
14
from major newspapi RFI O PLE: TIE le SS Well known tha Nasr,°I WouldstiIIarg of the categories of tr; W3 Stad the reStįS and perhaps in the TOrg influential.
The at terripted Presidert Mu
frrieri fie rrieri againı onu “ʻISL MENTALISM”
If I Correct in th in part because of the ty that marks the pres article in Several pa terminological debat own usage of term SCIflE} fllstDTICā! C[]] "fOrcéSil Es Arätunfoldin Sucha Way: and reactions that be bola TICE5 to thi TE generated in the ori Western settings" (P zirhg tearrT1S his appr( thick description of de analysis of multiple : Cross-Cultural spectri. CESE WETS CoffLIF där tEnd to look at OCalak Er id ration-Specific C as Lunique signposts, Walents, for the und ПЕПЕЕГП.
Terest of Part O. OLS citations froT Protētā turdāTēr Cross-read. With doc fr the Tšt radi fundamentalist grou of cognitive polypho tOh Gar WG|C8S froTht| talking to one anoth and, more surprising Selastic field. It resulting montage T cophony, but from A

and those who study them
aiST RECOTSidered..."
IS to National Public WISiOrl. If A|-AZFm i5 in Hanafi, Larou or ule that his rethinking aditional Todern, the is profound as theirs,
long rum Will prowe
$$$$ர்ார் ரி "l of Egypt 18 a spotlight once AMIC FUNDA
|atestinate, it W|| be skind of bold originalient article. It is a long rts. In it he revie WS es, then defends his is before venturing Tiparisons between SI-III Corey". Flot Isto "produceresults arstrong family reseSLIts and reactions ginal European and t. I, p. 101). In Geertach is Tarked by a Bep Currents, a Subtle Subtexts, on a broad Im. By contrast, most hertalist TOWements :tOFS, Surface €Wents, lata, privileging them Without parallel equierstanding of funda
në Consists of Tu TEROITlar Catholic and Italist texts, which are uments and Writings Cal of the Egyptian JS.T1B resultisäkind ny which allows one ree insular traditions ar Om identi:Call i SSLes still often in the same ess skilled hand, the light Sound like a caI-Azmi's deep read of
saliert isSLI es they appear as a new register for grasping the common purpose of groups thatare Utterly unrelated as historical Collectivities and yet dramatically a like in their historical function. It is, as if to illustrate Once again the dictum of Marx: "men make history but they do not know the history they make."
Four emphases illustrate the degree to which all three groups - Protestant, CaLaLLS S LLLLL LLLLL LHLLLLLLLLL S S concur. First, they detect errors, they declaim heresies, they debar innovations. Only one Truth - ageless and Unchanging = endures. Secord, popular Sowereignty is not just flawed, because too many groups have divergent levels of awareness and conflicting ambitions, it is Wrong. It is Wrong because the masses lewer know, and Carl newer know What iStrLe Cor right. In their Copposition to popular sovereignty, all three share a "deepseated enmity and open hostility" to democratic ideals (Pt. I, p. 109). Third, they mark Out, and then attack, again and again, the enemy within, that is to say, the TOCĒrists or latitudiarias, all those Who Supportreform, liberty, and rewolution aS WOrthyideals for the presentor modern era, Finally, they gird themselves with special zeal on the side of religion in its battle With science. Not only do they undervalue and disparage scientific knowledge but some go so far as to claim that all forms of non-religious knowledge are to be regarded as invalid.
Un precedented in this section is the range and rigor of the author's investigation of Inter-Creedal, Cross-cultural COparisons. Protestant and Catholic fundamentalists, who do not recognize each Other as believers, are here brought into Conversation Will Orleanother. Årld Jgtf inturn becomeconversationpartners With an unimaginable third set of fundamentalists, their look-alikes who happen to be Muslim. Perhapes the most compelling example of Al-Azm's razor-edged comparative insight is the following quotation:
The Koran is absolutely infallible, Without error in all matters pertaining to faith and practice, as Well as in a reas such as geography, science, history,

Page 17
etc. The disintegration of our Social order can be easily explained. Men and Women are disobeying the clearinstructions God gawe ir His Word.
"These (Al-Azmi goes on to note) could hawe beem the stereotypically fundamentalist Words of Ayatollah Khomeini, Shukri Mustafa, Saleh Sirriyah, the assassins of President Sadat, the leaders of the Islamist band that occupied the holy shrine in Mecca in 1979; but in fact they are the words of the famous and highly LLLLLL LLLLLLL LLLLLLLLLL LLLCS der Jerry Falwell, With the exception of a single Word that || altered, viz., Substituting "Koran for Bible" (PL I, p. 117).
LKLLS LH L aaK LLeLS LLOLL LMLLLLL article takes up a more tightly focused WO party comparison between Protestants LLL KLLLLLLLS LS LLLLLLLHHLLLLLLL LLLLL LaL American religious movement has become "the explicit and implicit paradigmatic reference point of the literature produced in the West about the fundarTentalist phenormanon - Islamic and otherwise" (Pt. II, p. 73). And instead of bemoaning the American influence, as domary Commentators, Al-Azm notes the feedback loop phenomenon, that is, the Way in which Muslim fundamentalists, in particular "underground Saudi Islamist Shaikhs," upphold the Americar example for their own polemical ends: they both emulate their Protestant counterparts and go beyond them, especially. When they condemn as utterly corrupt the entire official ranks of not only Muslim statesmen (those who claim to rule in the name of Allah) but also Muslinjuridical and ritual Specialists (those who control and direct others in the name of Allah and His Prophet).
What exceptionalizes this part of Al-Azil's article is the recurrent citation and relentless analysis of perhaps the mostradical Egyptian Islamist, Shukri MuStafa. In rrock-Lutheran fashion, Mustafa argues that scripture alone matters (in this Case, Koranlard Surrah, which he de erTS to be equally authoritative), that the model of Muhammad alone can guide Muslims, that no other historical period and no other historical point of reference matters, and LaL K aLaLLL LLLLLL LLLLaa Laa La LLLLLLL this WidW of MuhaTTlad and the MUSiT past are unbeliewers.
Mid-Way through the Exposition of ProtE5tat fulda Italist5 ad their Salist Counterparts, Al-AzT SWitches the lens апdlooksatthe domiпапtAmericanрагаdigm, detailing points of emphasis within
it that are Thatch Srmen: (1) It is thoro ning best in the Soci changing environme ties. (2) It is prone divisions, with each sect claiming to "s name of Uniwersalit controlling the Tear ction, resacralizing: der hierarchy, the rt to Children ald alSC between husband diving election a Sa.
that happened once red, with Egypt an raspectively the rol: Manifest Destiny of zation, Il Bach CaSe rian fundamea Intalist
the unfolding of the
the apocalyptic visio res nothing less t responding to the ris: a sign of "the endo
The final Section beyond the in-dept previous two Sectic
W Alleri: Pro group), the Dor Tiniol kingly demonstrate: rholion cofirlierrancy
Ft SL kri MLSt. at the SarTB tirTle th the classical Musli infallibility, which fu arching formal con: elastic, expanding E ponse to Islam's ch ditions and the Sif its politics" (PL. II, P. and inеггапcy, thou ed, hawe radically mes: "Whileinfalibi defied EMOT EXHla ty of the internal doc historically subsum ппеnt, iпегтапсy ir exhaustively deter identification. With a singular idea," an authoritative leader group. The Christi ä5 Al-AzT , Cal||5. it ir usual cross-Cultur terms, represents E Stian fuldāTEItali: tյլՒlքր grOU.S. Thք Constructionists, Wł golden rule, that is, haWe beer, i nOW af Separātē. Ir Stead, til

by Islamist spokeughly urban, functioally unsettled, rapidly nt of modern-day cito endless internal breakawal y grupo Or peak and act in the y", (3) It is intent on is of cultural reprodua certain kind Of gerilationship of parents te divisios Of Or nd Wife. (4) lt wieWS collective experience I and can be recaptuі Аппегica occupying is of Wanguard for the Sir Christic Withe role of the SectaCadre is to per Celiwa divine plaп, includlпg rt of Zion, which requilan recognizing and se of modern Israel as ftimes" (Pt. II, p.86).
Լյf PHrt TWtյ ITitյացs h comparison of the ons by introducinga BSFllt LaTéléllist iStS. Al-Azr T1 pair StaSOW the Dolinionist closely approximates afa artid his follOWrS, lat. Eith ET TE SETE)|ll25 Totion of Koranic Ctilor ed as "ar" Ower Sensus, always highly and contracting in resanging historical Conting circumstances of 89). And so infallibility Jgh CCTICEptually ||flkdiffert SCCiall Out COlity could newer be fully usted by the multiplicitrines and "ideologies' ed under it at anymosists on totally and mining itself by full single doctrine and a ounced by a single for an exclusive, elect an hakimiyyah group, a deft reversal of the El flow of technica
major strand in Christ that has affected y are hard-core Reto deny the American that Church and State 'e and always will be, ney proclaim that there
can be no separation of Church and State or, as one of their opponents put, "Dorinion Theology says that Christians should take over the government" (Pt. II, p. 91). In other Words, like their Catholic and Islamic counterparts, they assert God's dominion'sovereignty overeverything natural, hu Tial and Superatural With the result that "that man's proper state is one of total submission to God's Fakiriyyah and Obedience Lo His la W" (Pt. II, p. 91). Hence present-day Societies are Conde5ed for til Bird Wiatio froTi diwill E SOWrelgrty: Secularism, humanism, pluralist and antinomianism are merely modern names for What Was ance Caled paganism, idolatry, polytheism and Jahilis (the period of ignorance prior to the coming of Isla T).
It is due to this pervasive and Owerriding stress on Divine governance that in bringing closure to his extended Comparison, LLLLLL LL uLH aaL0L LLL LLaaLLL HLLHaLLaaLL aL aL Muslim, Frotestant and Catholic fLindaTentalists as "integralists," one is merely choosing for emphasis another major aspect of their program and beliefsystems. Hence one can not only defend fundamentalism, revivalism and Islamism as analytical categories one can also шпderscore "the accuracy, adequacy and usefullmess of the term integrisme." Integralism as Well applies to the repeated estphasis on programs for the re-ChristiaIlization and/or re-Islamization of human knowledge. In such programs, post-Enlightenment science but particularly evolutionism is castigated, along With the idolatry of the modern secular state. What remains absolute, individual and subject a LHHL LLL GLLL LLaaLLLL LLLL aaLLL LaLLLL DDLLL God's Law. The two are intertWired and inseparable.
Shortfalls
In the wake of Al-Azmi's general arguments, the Case material headduces and also the outcomes he suggests, it issurprising to read the following conclusion to Pat TWO of his article:
Let me conclude by Venturing the twofold speculative thought that the American fundamentalists will most probably prove to be no Tore than "prophets facing backwards."... seeking to save modern civilization from its evils by digging up answers from the rubbish heap of a pre-capitalist history. (In other Words, they Wil||faill.) On the other hand, it is quite conceivable that our Islamists may still show themselves to be the
15

Page 18
bearers of an "Islamic"movement bent
on more industrialism, technologism, developmentalism, capitalism, nationstate building empowerment and catching up with the developed World, all to be implemented under the guise of an ideology which makes the fulfillment of this eminently modern, secular, boUrgeois and originally European historical project look like a TowerTent toward Allah's goals and a Working Out of His will in history instead of the opposite, In the longer run the resulting sociohistorical secular reality Will inevitably burst through the mystical shell of Islam (Pt. II, p. 96).
In other Words, Islamists Will succeed, only to fail, because it is an underlying non-Islamic result that they Will have produced in the same of Allah.
What is most surprising about the above prediction is how little it seems borne out by the deft treatment of practical limits to fundamentalist discourse noted earlier in the article. For instance, in Part One, in establishing the utility of historical comparisons, he underscores how important it is to take the Islamic counter-reformation seriously as a reformation against some perceived wrong:
The emphasis should fall on the "reforTlation" aspect of the process and equation, and not just on its "counter" side, For in the Islamic Counter-reforniation, as in other counter-reformations.
the past is really in sake, but for rectif ten present (porod Wreaked by the
forces) and securir TE. HOW SLUCCESS reformation can COL"rSe, a qLIESfor (Pt, I, p. 100, emph
| SlrE55 B |äSt. S needs to be reformul; that it is: How SLC Counter-reformation is a Tlajor question | this nuanced, probing to be anSWereld. A appear in Part Two, how his principal ex radical, Shukri Must: Certain Unmediated ! bles twice. First, bec every Muslim to be God, and yet "he is n tely intolerant of any through the exercise at conclusions wery OW". Second, while a class of established (ularna), "he neverthe as the Sole super-air and Tanifest meanir (Pt. II, p. 79). In oth invites, and himself Sectarianist on two Isla Ticviews bLuthis stamps his own as the of Islam.
America Versus Iran: The
MuShadid HuSSairn
he United States announced of
a total ban on trade With Iran Tarks an escalation of tensions between Washington and Tehran. In a speech made appropriately enough before the World Jewish Congress in New York, President Clinton personally announced this ban saying "I am convinced that instituting a trade embargo with Iran is the most effectWe Way our nation can help to Curb Iran's drive to acquire devastating Weapons and its continued support for terrorist activities". This announcement follows the April 28 publication of the annual State Department report on terrorism which accused Iran of being "the most active state sponSor of International terrorism".
Torg Writear is a distingListad Pakis faris contris Welkrown in the region.
16
The ir TAr Tadiate il embargo Would be or can purchases of rar the vicinity of S4 E major European col. Germany and Britain embargo, urging inste a "political dialogue W pean Union and Iran Which currently stand
The latest America Comes as to surpri beginning of 1995, thi been following a three as part of its strategy three-pronged strate following forms:
An Orchestrated C. SträTATEgriCar

"oked tot for its own ing a perceived rotIced by the havoc eformation and its g a précariOUS futuII SLICh a CoL7fe9fa in practice is, of of a different Order asis added).
antence because it ited as the question essful can such a be in practice? That hat every reader of article Would expect brief ar SWEer d'Oē5 When Al-Azil notes ample of a Muslim fa, Stumbles on "a jaradox." He sturause he argues for pen to the Word of onetheless compleMuslim Who goes but sincerely arrives different from his he inveighs against religious specialists less sets himself up of the undistorted ng of Allah's Word" ıer Words, Mustafa promotes, rampant Outs: he allows no Wn, and he rubbersole authentic voice
This core paradox of Islamism has significant implications for its success that need to be spelled out. Whatever else this brand of sectarianism produces it will not produce Consensus. Most Muslims have not followed, nor Will they follow, the hieratic, exclusive, ironclad and eccentriciandates of either Mustafa or his Islamist clones, The final prediction therefore goes against the evidence of Al-Azm's own logic, that is, that this new breed of inerrantists do not represent, nor Will they ever represent, the majority of religiously engaged persons in the societies of the Arab Muslit or Euro-American/Catholic-Protestant world of today. Even if the Muslim World did become modernized, it would not be due to the leadership of the Shukri Mustafas of the future.
To be Continued)
Notics
S LLLLLS LLSLLLeHGGS LLLLS LLLLMMMLLLLMLL LLLSLLLLLLuuuLuLLS red: A Critical Outline of Problems, ideas and ApproaLLLLLLLLS 000MHHH KLK MLkLkTMLS LeHCCGGL aLLLLL LS SOLAT' Asia, Africa, and Pfist Middle East, Pt. I, Wol XIII. Nos, 1 and 2 (1993) pp, 93-121, PL. II, WcurTig XIW. No. 1 (1994), pp. 73-98.
2. SEE, e.g., John J. Donoh UE and John L. Esposit) (eds.), sfarT in Transifkan, Musisir TI PErspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 113-119,
3. For a Particularly BegrasgoLIS: Srub of Al-Azm's contriLLLLLLLLS LLLLL LHHLLLCLLLLLCLLLLLLLLHlLaaaCLLLlES TEd. 588 Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalsт (Chicago; Chicago University Press, 1988). Laroulis treated at length in a chapter on "The Herrier Lutic of Authentlicity" spp. 317-335), but Al-Azrin änd the Issue of euLLLLLLL LLJS LLLSL0LLtLLtLaLLaLuLLuuLLLLL which he raises in compelling terms, are alike ignored
2 new phase
pact of the trade the annual Amerinian oil Which arte in illion. Interestingly, Intries like France, have rejected a trade ad the necessity of it Iran." The EuroHawe bilatē fall trade sat S14 billion.
action against Iran Se since from the e United States has -pronged approach t0 iSolate fall. ThiS gy has taken the
апраignin the mai| media thathas pri
marily promoted Israeli interests, the main motivation of this Iran-bashing exercise;
. A COSe COOrdination betWeen the RBpublican Congress and the Democratic White House on Iran policy, with the Congress egged on by the Jsraeli lobby urging "stronger measures." For instance, the Republican Senator from New York, Alfonse D'Amato, who is also chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, has sponsored a bill that Would close U.S. markets to foreign corporations doing business With Iran.
The Republican leader in the Senate, Bob Dole, who is also the leading contender for the White House against Bill Clinton in the 1996 president elections, has even suggested that President Clin

Page 19
ton reconsider his upcoming trip to MOSCOW if Russia does not renege on its nuclear agreement with Iran;
Playing up the "terrorist" issue and concurrently projecting, a "OdEfate-WerSUS-Uldarietalist"d- Wide in the Muslim World, so that Iran is isolated in the Islamic community. It is, therefore, no accident that leaders of certain Muslim countries including Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, Algeria and Tunisia have also picked up this theme in their Stater TertS.
How has this nexus between Israel, the U.S. media and American policy worked in practice? A chronology of events since Jarl Luary 1995 shows how this nexus deVeloped and how it was translated into policy through last Week's announcement by President Clinton of the American trade embargo againstran:
January 5, 1995: The орепіпg salvoin this Iran-bashing exercises is fired through an article in the New York Times titled "Iran Maybe Able to Build an Atomic Bomb in 5 years, U.S. and Israeli Officials Fear." The timing of the story coincides With U.S. Defense Secretary William Perry's visit to the Middle East and South Asia:
January 8: Perry conveniently picks up this theme of an "Iran nuclear bomb" during his visit to Israel, although no evidenica is provided to back up this allegation;
January 10: CIA Director James WoolSey, İrı testimony before Congress, latches on the terrorist label to Iran saying that Iran provides Tore than S100 million annually to Hamas, the most prominent component of the Palestinian Islamic Movement. Later, it is leaked to the press, that the CIA has set asid S5 Ini||ion specifically for the destabilization of Iran;
January 15: An article in the New York Times titled "Israel Eyes Iran in the Fog of Nuclear PoliticS'admits that Srael HaS introduced the ran factor in the context of the nuclear issue primarily to deflect Arab criticism of its nuclear program and the article says Israel "has turned the Spotlight on Iran, whose nuclear potential is probably Scarier to most Westerners than Israel's". The article adds in a costment that is remarkable for its prescience given the action taken recently by Clinton that "the Israelis talk about further isolating Iran - through an international boycott, for example, to dry up the oil money";
January 19: An article in the Washington Post titled "Dispute over Nuclear Weapons Strains Egyptian-Israeli Ties" presents the Israeli rejoinder on Egyptian
Criticiss Of E SI: saying the Egyptiar which side they are ( run Wa Share the Sa fundatientalist an including Iran and S
Јапшагу 20. In a speech at Harvard Secretary of State
Says that "the Uniti highest priority on d Weapons capability'
January 21: Inter Mediterranean Cour discuss "joint effor funda Tertigt Wii extremism and terr ting of its kind atte Countries, Algeria ar Italy, Portugal and S tE WEST gildt: a treat for Within "funda Tentalis al pted publicly for th Muslim states;
January 24: Pres nces freezing of a States of organizati WolweTlent il terrori ad HAEC||1. Ti days after a suicid which kills 19 persor Soldiers, and Cause:
January 31: Thire to Pakistan, in a si Policy Association,
tary William Perry "strong interest" ir which are meaning tİOPS Wis-a-Wis ar E3 || star is a moderate SerWeS as a COLT tes Islamic states in the
February 3: The
House of Represer gence Committee,
Combest, says tha fäCBS a Wawe of Mit the coming yearstha and strong intellige eeded to detect a
February 8: The
the House of Repre: grich, speaking to a and intelligence off publicly states that
replacer Tert of Iran'ı only long term U.S. SeñS" i Wat is thi tion of this Arlericar
As regards the St. nuclear bombo, thease City at all. For instar

äeli nuclear program is "don't understand in because in the long me enemy-Islanic d its state backers, iШdan,
major foreign policy University, the U.S. Warren Christopher, ed States places the enying Iran a nuclear
lor ministers from Six tries Teet in Tunis to LSG to COITTEJät || SlamTİC Olence, fanaticism, isn't firstInded by two Muslim nd Tunis, plus France, Spain. In other Words, 2 American agenda of the Muslim World of di terrOfiST" IS ade first time by some
ident Clinton afsloLissets in the United ions suspected of inSm including Hamas 5 action comes three le bombing in Israel IS, TOst of the Ti Israeli sinjuries to 62 others;
a Weeks after his Wisit Jeech to the Foreign U.S. Deferise Sea CredefinES America'S Pakista Words ul Since the connotaLunambiguous: "PakiIsla TiC State Which -Weight to the radical
region".
new chairman of the tative S SelecttelCongressman Laптy "the United States idle East terrorism in it could kill thousands, *nce Capabilities are Id prevent it";
powerful speaker of SertatīWES, NEWt Girconference of military icers in Washington, "the eventual forced SIslamic regime is the
Strategy that Takes e first public enuncia1 goal.
orie:S about ar Irania
Clearly have no VeraCE, the Interational
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) stated in January 1995 that "it had no evidence lar Was building nuclear weapons or has flouted the NPT. And in its January 11, 1995 issue. The New York Titles Carried a letter to the editor from an Iran expert Working for the Washington based thinktank, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, under the title "Don't Exaggerate Iranian Nuclear Threat."
He quoted from the CIA director who had said in December 1992 that Iran was a decade away from a nuclear bomb, a Statement reaffirmed by the CIA director in September 1994. The Writter asked "have events turned drastically worse in four months?" adding "the real story here is the Israeli campaign to draw World attention to Iran, a security threatin Israeli Üyes."
As far as the American criticism of the proposed Sale of Russian nuclear reactors to Iran is concerned which, incidentally, Would be under the Supervision of the LAEA, the Russian foreign minister in a Speech in Washington on April 29 retorted that "the reactors Russian is hoping to sell Iran are of the light-Water variety, Which the United Statesis offering to North Korea precisely on the grounds that their fuel is harder to use for nuclear Weapons."
Clinton's invoking of the Iran"threat" at this point in time is easy to understand given the fact that he faces a tough reelection next year and appeasing powerful Jewish lobby Would certainly be a political Polus ir a difficulit and close Election. Additionally, Clinton's hardline on Iran helps him in the Congress as Well since this is one issue on which there is apparently a bipartisan Consensus since Clinton is following What Gingrich advocated last February and what the Israelis hoped the United States would eventually do as reported by the New York Times way back in January 1995.
As regards American policy towards the Muslim World, browbeating states through threats is not the answer but the real question that needs to be asked by American policyrtakers is that ATerican's double-standards based on Uncritical endorsement of all Israeli actions is leading to the isolation of the United States among Muslim peoples,
As the former American Congressman and critic of the Jewish lobby, Paul Findley, wrote in the Saudi Gazette on May 1, that "the United States is seen, accurately as a full partner in Israel's conquests, especially the take-ower of east Bait-ulMoqaddas which is bitterly resented by a billion Muslims and all arabs". He concluded that "this is the right time to rethink
America's role as Israel's war partner."
- Tallara I. TITEg
17

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Page 21
LETTERS
Cyril Ponnamperuma: Sci
Six months hawe passed since the dātiftiem StilustrijSSLaikā brī Scientist of our times, Prof. Cyril Ponnamperuma. As one belonging to Prof. Ponnamperuria's chosen profession, per Tit me to saya few Words about his contributil O. SCience,
| beliewe that arnong the Sri Lankan EGII. Scientists. He has been ole of the most prolific contributors to the science literature. He published over 300 research papers in the field of chemistry and chemiCal evolution, edited 16 books and auth10red a couple of books (wide, The Internaförā/ Who's WWF o 1994-95, Europa Publications) in his professional career which sparried almost 35 years, I believe that among the Sri Lankan scientists, only P.E.P. Dera niyagala, the former Director of the National Museurs of Ceylon, could match this prolific record. According to a count published in the Spofa Zeylanica (1960, vol. 29), Deramiyagala had published 323 papers between 1923 and 1960. But it should be noted that Deraniyagala edited Spola Zeylanica and majority of his publications appeared in this journal and probably withoutpeer review. POnnamբeruma did mot hawe this [Lux Lury.
It is true that Ponnamperuma was lucky to be at the right place at the right time and he was balesSecidin hawing twomentdir S (Prof. J.D. Bernal and Nobelist Prof. Melwin Galwin) Who Were interr1ationally acclaimed for their pioneering contributions to science. So Ponnamperuma was able to clir bo the la dodars of Scientific Success. With Confidence. But this "lucky break' should mot take a Way Credit froT) Ponnart peruma's diligence. Other Orietal Scier tists Who Taide their Carġers il the USA also had reputable mentors. For instance, Chern Ning Yang had Enrico Fermi and Susurlu Tonegawa had Rena
U DJElјUCCU.
To the question what did Ponnamperuma do to gain international recognition, could sum up by stating that he searched for the answers related to the Teaning of life, especially the origins of life. In one of His läst Contributions to the SCIENCE literature, published in the June 1994 issue of the Chemistry in Britain, PonnaTiperuma Wrote, "We have studied this problem (origins of life) through both analytical and Synthetic approaches. In the analytical method, We go back in time and examine the record of orgапіс пnallегіп ancient rocks and Sediments on the Eartil and extraterrestrial bodies such as the
Moor, Mars and TI synthetic enquiry WE examples: the format les by Warious forfT plausible primitive E interaction of Small III sic smatrices; and the a Tiroacids and muc basis for the Origin
Ponna imperuma W Worked for the NAS days (the 1960s dec exploration received It was a glory time projected the "fronti. Search to the Americ me dissillusi röd bo ciaris iri tile Wietma' oflurals in the TO became a burieucrat Imperuma made a W the academic World versity of Maryland
had only one C Ponnamperuma in 1983 at Detroit durimi of the Allerican ASS rcement Of Scier]CE del Weredan in Wited|| Was Well received. N wing that lecture, W Child-ilika Briti Lusia SI mysteries of scien energy to spread W painstaking researc SBrygd ästhé FrèSIC nce tO.J. R. JayÉ'War Egjithat || W: nal aspects of Wing: Thy doctoral dissert: of Illinois, he inquire in tlata Tä Edrid LÖldł sing its Terits to thE THIS E id til the CTlIli 5Gier:B | the bestinterwie WS. Was Collected into PonnamperuTiago collection among th contemporary Sciel Crick, Ernst Mayfi, Sperry, B. F. Skinn E Batha, Briar Josep and Freeman DySO
| Was disapp)Coirn tE the Second Wolume ne biography, auth Lihat flote Well OTICE mentioned in its 7 served Jayewarden

ientist extraordinary
eteorites. From the have closer three tion of Shall Toleculs of Energy under arth ConditionS lhe olea Culės Withir OrgaSSÖCätiÕbetwee eotides as a possible f the genetic code".
was lucky in that he SA during its golden ade) When the space
favorable coverage. 3 for Scientists Who år spirit in space rean public, who becay the antics of politiWar. After the landing I in 1969, the NASA icc jungle and Ponnaise move to Switch to by joining the Uni
1971.
Falce to Teet Prof. berson. It was in May g the annual sessions ociation for the Adva2. At that meeting he popular lecture Which We met hit followas able to sense his Til to LurderStand the 2e and his ebulient hat he had learnt by 1. At that title, he also dartia advisorin SCiBdele. When Tentici studying the nutritiod beal (da Tibala) for ation at the University dabout the progress lisinterestin populari: AmeriCarlaudier]Ce. terview he granted to Tagazine. Twenty of published by the Orsini a book in 1984, and t the first billing in that e illustrio Lus nā mēS Of CE SUCI S Fra||CSS Jonas Salk, Roger er, E.O. Wilson, Haris :Jhsoni, Ilya Prigogine
dWhen read recently of the J.R. Jayewardepred by K.M. de Silva, Ponnamperuma was 30 pages, though he e as aspecial preside
til adwİSOT I SCIENCE, HOW COLulid KLM, de Silva, am academi CkTC)Wrth for ThetiCLlous research into details, Tiss PonnaTiperuma? Or Wasit that JayeWardemedid mot take Ponna miperuma and Science seriously?
EHill EFI FEIl|Ila Japan.
Capital idea?
It is psychologically curious that some newspaper editors advocate Capital punishment for young university Students Who do Wrong, While also supporting clemency for first-degre murderers
Guillotine both With your paper-Cutter.
Patrick Jaya Suriya Colorbo.
The Anti-Israel 66
(CIrued frripg 2)
According to Mr. Mervyn de Silva, a repeted Sri Lankan journalist, considered an authority or Middle-Easterri affairs, it is dangerOLJsly foolish to assume that Israeli natioIlainterests coincided with Sri Lanka's natiorial interestandsome particularly with Sinhalainterest. According to Mr. Mervyn de Silva "there are over 600 so called "private" but actually state supported export-oriented companies in Israel. The sale of arms and expertise ls a попеy sріппіпg export industry in Israel. That industry thrives on conflict, the proliferation of conflict, not its resolution.
In our view, even after 6 year of active Israeli involvement in Sri Lanka's struggle against the L.T.T.E., the Israelis failed to Contain the L.T.T.E., beca LISË Israel riēwer Wanted LO, ISrael's Objective Wa:Sporliferati Om of conflict and the upkeep of its armament export industry, in which Israel Succeeded. It The St beobWjOLIS to ar y patriotic: Sri Länkar that the national priorities of a country expoting artis such as Israel, are obviously the cause of this country's curse and such priorities are obviously in conflict with the national priorities of Sri Lanka.
In today's context We understand that thĒrĒ are a large TI LIITıber of COL Intries Willing to help. Sri Lanka. Whilst Sri Lanka may ghtāri arrT15 frøm anỵ SOLITCE SLIpplying thErr. at the most CompetebiWéa price, We Wishi - lû convey our strong opposition to Sri Lanka recpening diplomatic relations with Israel, as LLLLLLL LLLLLL LL LLLLLLLeeLLLLLLLL LL LLLLL L LLLLLLLLS mainterest of Sri Lanka.
19

Page 22
BOOKS
This Total Art: Perceptio
Kamalika Pieris
small body of documentation is
now emerging in the field of the perforThing arts of Sri Lanka. The most recent addition to this group is Shelagh GooneWardene's This total art perceptions of Sri Lankan Theatre published last March.
This book contains a Collection of newspaper reviews, previews, radio broadcasts and sundry articles Written by Shelagh Goonewardene between 1980 and 1984. Written in a mellifluous style, these outlines are nevertheless packed with detail and with practical, topical comment. Her approach is both academic and homely. The reviews are not based on abso|ute Standards ELIt in tärTTS of the Beds LL LLL LLHCHHLLLLLLLS aaHLHHLLLaLLLL LLL LLLLLLLLkS mpted to recognise several of the performing arts and the result is a miscellany Which includes references to dan Ce ad puppetry as well as drama. She has had tWQobjectivesin Thind whencompiling this Colection,
One objective was to pay tribute to those who had given dedicated service to the performing arts. In this connection, her thumbnail sketches of Chitrasena, Wajira Ludowyke, Sarachchandra and Wendt may mot Ewoke much InterEst, SimCB thEs= persons have been studied in depth elseWhere, but hiera CCOLI 5 of Kara Breckemridge, Richard de Zoysa, Harold Pieris asid Arthur Wan Langernberg are to be apopla Luded, Thē pērSonial mote in these biographical pieces add authenticity and CharTT.
Her other objective is to contribute to theatre history, specially considering the epheneral nature of theatre. She has been Successful in this intention and this Work is a very effective contribution to the history of drama in Sri Lanka.
Up to now, all we had in respect of English theatre in Sri Lanka, Were sophisticated rewi EWS of perfor TarCES and equally elevated literary assessments of texts, Goonewardene's coverage of original Work in English is largely confined to assessments of the Work of Ernest MacIntyre. There is also some reference to "Rara and Sita'. Landmark productions of Serious theatre, such as "Death of a
2O
SalgStar" and "CaL are reviewed, and ot as the highly prais Themtion, Light theatr musicals are specific is a good review of on'Cats' and Tommy Cal|Ed“JBarls' iS incll mention of the Ver Nedra Vittachi. In ad Wardene prowides J: Work of two influe WhiC de SEWE a history - the Dram Sgt. Wilgte Uig buted greatly to the ( tre frTE 192O'5 Stage and Set which tre scene during the ntiëS. GOOne Warder this group and hera. gxtg:SīWE. It is Ludo account of this OW WE|| [dESE WES TO DE MayaSILJ.
Goolewardered equally converSant' but her perspective contemporary Sinh guarter of the iter T1s With Sinhalatheatre them haWe ford a concluded bibliogra tre. Hera CCOLTt of St ET ELLOTILE LİVE TEC betwee Sinhlala ar theatre With referenc CtitolS of 'Cau CaSia 'HunuWataye Katha theatre personalities king. The accounts la Edd GTiiW references Which these two persons, tסDhamma Jagחס published for the fir Goonewardene foct. achie werTents, DF Work in establishing the secondary Scho initiative in establis T"|BELTB Studio fort
Goonewardene's additi Tlaterial i

nS Of Sri Lankan Theatre'
casian Chalk Circle" ner productions such ed "Lark' are given e is not forgotten and cally included. There "Evita" and prowie WS "An original musical ded, but there is no y polished Work by dition to this, Goong5. With records of the tial theatre groups, che in Our teatre Soc and Stage and rsity DramSoc. contridevelopment of theato the 1950's, it was doTilated thaitheaSixties årld thĚ SEWEIe Was a Tier Titler of Count is detailed and ubtedly the definitive defunct group, and reprinted here, from
OES mot ClairT LObe With Sinhalatheatre, a definitely includes alla theatre. Over a ir the Col||B,CtjOr deal and practically all of place in my recently hy on Sinhala theaage and Set provides ord of the interaction hd English langauga e to the sixties produIl Chalk Circle" and Wä". FÖLJT Studie 5 0 5 are particularly striof Felix Prelawarjesuriya are the sole WAS able to find On There are two articles la, One Of Which is Siti tintime iri tis Ebook. Ises on two off-stage amma's pioneering drama as a port of Ol Curriculum and his hing the Art Centre Teatre training.
Collection includes Julic dBals Will to
Unseen or peripheral areas of the local theatre SCērē, She lays great stress om the importance of school and community theatre and emphasises the inirler satisaction that association with theatre gives its participants. Peripheral theatre is seen as the CatChIITĖärt är gafort E. TOTE WISI| LLLLaLLL LaLLL HLLLaLLaL0CLLLLL S LHtLKLLL catchment area, church plays, is represented by an account of a passion play in which the author participated.
Her emphasis on school drama is probably unique in Collections of this nature. There is an a CCOUnt of the introduction of drama into the Schödol CurriCLII|LIT. Tigre are several references to school productions, including the occasional attempt at original Work. There is a preview of "Godspell" by St Peters College, which depended largely on improvisation and collaboration by the school boys involved. She has also included an account of the wery successful festival of dramatised ballads organised among 10 schools by Wesley College and the Interact Club. There arë SëWëral references to School drama Contests, such as the schools Shakespeare Contest and the Schools. Sinhala drama contest, and the opportunities this provides for developing talent. 'Schools []] T10l fläWE H|| LflE CCTIslfälflls of a[]]| LLLLLL LLLLLLLaaLLLaLLHHaLLLL LLLLLLL stages of their own". (p. 122) Lastly, there are accounts of the many dramatisations and readings of classical texts organised by the English Association of Sri Lanka. GOOgwardene Wig WS these as excerciSeS in UnderStanding āmid interpretatitori.
YSFTiT GOOI Eratre i lEr fore World Se es this Collectionas a natura | developoment from the author's lifelong commitment to the art of the theatre. She prints Out that until now nothing substantial has yet been Written or published about English language theatre in Sri Lanka, 'a phenomenon of unusual interest since it often achieves professional results. With LLLLLL LLaLLLLL CLLL LLLLHHLLLL LLLLHHaa LLL perforce regard themselves as amateur'. (pxiv). As an acclaimed actress, director and trainer, Goolewardene Writes from first hard experience, and it is this which provides authenticity to this work.

Page 23
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Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows Fis a LLLLeOLL LLL LLLLCHC HLL LHLHL uuuLGLCL LtgtLLLLLaL LLLLLLLHHL L gold, to the value of Jir Rs. 250 million or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

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