Page 1
Gunning for Gaddafi, R
Vol. 8 No. 9 February 1, 1986 Price Rs. 4.
LIVING BEYON
CORRUPT THE OPEN
The being
Kipling : a male chauvil Apartheid and US poli Also O LeRoi Jones “D
O Prostitution and O LSSP, Bar Asso
 
 
 

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- Robert Hunter
)0 Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka QJ|75|N|83
D OUR MEANS
ION AND
ΕOONOMY
Jayanta Kellegama
Importance of Thondaman
- % ervyn de Silva
hist empire-builder 2
- Reggie Siriwardena Y – Raymond Lotta
utchman”
Women's Rights and ciation on Arrests

Page 2
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Page 3
THE DEBT TRAP
The day the World Bank's Vice President David Hopper arrived for the first round of cons Luftat fons before the Ald Group meeting in late June, the ISLAND quoted Finance Minister De Mel on his Current Worry - Sri Lanka's rising debt service ratio. In 1985 it was 20% of externa income but thī5 year Mr. de MeI thinks Ft Car go up to 25%.
Mr. Hopper himself believes that 20% is a "fairly favourable posttion' but for Mr. de Me it is "the buttgn line",
What makes both Ten E. drixious though is Sri Lanka's credit -rat Ing. From the Socialist Dr. N. M. Perera, Finance Minister of Mrs. Bandarana ke's United Front to the fiberal Mr. Ronnie de Me In the capitalist UNP government, there has been a continuity of policy on the question of Our credit-worthiness. Sri Lanka did not renege on its debts. It paid thern always on time. A reputation Worth protecting as the long, melancholy tale of Third World debtors proves beyond debate and doubt.
NO SPLURIGE
Sri Lanka had another point in its favour as Mr. David Hopper remarked in an informal conversation he had with the editor of the Lanka Guardian in his Washington office a few days after the World Bank's Seoul meeting. After the 1984 boom in teg prīces, a spsurge was not Sri Lanka's choice, The government won the respect of the banks, the International agencies and donors by settling as many debts as possible With the help of this unexpected Windfull,
But percentage can be deceptive. If Sri Lanka's foreign income was on the up-and-up, the debt service ratio, though always an Indicator of 'sound financial management', need not be so grievous a cause for concern as It is right now. I The prospects for 1986 are quite begk.
Colombo's newest hotel, the RAMADA is fighting to reach a
higher occupancy drid the tourists despite some slig Very, is depressing trLrict for Bogor fr Comes to I Close, of பெr migrant w off. While tea pric rubber and cocon, bad beating.
That is why M. nervoLIS a Eld Lt the TI on defence. Mr. Was diplomatic e refuge in the poli
5 LI FÈT Present climate in Connot Fe aut; Controlled up to a
Hence the World offensive by the F or another frontgris, by ministres ar No. 1 target: A
MONITO COMM
Athough the s gro Lund mocked FC С. М. С. Н. (Сопп Monitoring of the Hostilities) the CY many lega constrain handicaps has do EFC7FI FT FTI. Its r Būtiscūcia Fredert 5 Fides in the STF Cross-fire" ni WiFiji
Continued on
GÜAR
WöI. 8 No. I Fe
Prie R.
Published fort Lanka Guardian Pul
No. 24É, Uni
CCLCMB
Editor: Marw yn Telephoпс: 5

rate than 30%, ene in general, it signs of reco. As the Corsthe Middle eg5.
the reittorices orkers WII taper E5 հgye dropped, rt have taken a
". de Me Is sa паway spending Hopper himself
F70 Lugh to find tely eүasiүe it Eter". In the
tary spending 't can only be
point.
Bark-supported In Cel Mister I CJITITETETT IIIld corporations. F LANKA.
RING TTEE
ÉLJJ son of the C. H. In the littee for the Cessation of MCH, despite ES and physical "na i more I good the חם rtםEb fப்பாசி சாge "ersson of "I'd
El Hine Tarn
page 24)
TRENDS
LETTERS
Parliamentary Path
Mr. Shanmugatha sian accuses thc left leadership of betraying the Sri Lankan Revolution whe they embraced the bourgieos system of parliamentary democracy. No body disagrees with him on this issue. But he does not tell the readers what he was up to during these years of betrayal. At least Mr. Keuneman has the intellectual honesty of accepting two most severe mistakes committed by the left leadership in the past, namely their failure to strike a balance between parliamentary politics and extra 獸 activities and thor failure to build up a second and third line of leadership. It is common knowledge that Mr. Shanmu. gathasan himself, was in the hierachy of the C. P. for at least 25 years of this period and there is no record of him disagreeing with his
collegues on their decision to follow
the path of parliamentary opportunism. So far as we all can remember Mr. Shanmugathasan chose the so called revolutionary path around 1964 and his first revolutionary exercise Was to contest Keuleman in Colombo Central in the 1965 General Election and lose his poor deposit!
(Continued on page 24)
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Corruption and tha New Econo T1 i 5.
Foreign News
The Political Economy of Apartheid
and the Strategic Stakes of
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Page 5
Thondaman - the storm or
in a tea
Mervyn de Silva
On January Ist, Mrs. Bandaranaike, her civic rights restored after five long years, became once more a political person in the fullest sense. Mr. Thondaman, the CWC chief and Rural Industries Minister who had opposed the 1980 decision claimed that he had been recently pressing the govern
ment to restore the former
premier's political rights,
On January 14, Thai Pongal,
the CWC launched its neo-Gan
dhian 'Prayer-cum-protest' campaign. Already however, a UNP administration fully aware of the economic consequences of such a move in the strategic plantation sector, especially at a time when tea prices were tumbling, had begun talks with both Mr. Thondaman and Mr. Dixit, the Indian High Commissioner. By the 8th, the campaign on the estates was called of, and agreement Was reached by which Sri Lanka would give citizenship to 94,000 stateless", the shortfall from the Indian figure of 600,000 stipulated in the 1964 and 1974 Indo-Ceylon agree
ments. India undertook in turn to grant citizenship to 84,000 applicants and accept them as
Te Patriates.
On January 30 and 31st, the last days of this highly eventful month, parliament debated a Bill incorporating these accords, and with this enactment, the most harrowing of human problens in Post-independence Sri Lanka, and perhaps the most complex and daunting of challenges confronted by every Sri Lankan administration was "settled". The complexity of the issue is rooted in history, the colonial legacy of indentured labour. The social-political problem is also a consequence of history
Cup
- the uprooting peasantry from ands and from old vocation as introduction of nity' which soon or ghetto.
The human ded in the gr #5tateless Thess" burden on the thousands who the title of El the earth", air the fair name pendent natio century. The sion was the Tea Wag and H principal pillar economy. It a more than a t terra in Core, an external iss zens? India's India could say pai did advапс in the 1940's- British respon: obligation of it
What could Dump them in then would wo Certainly not the
It is to M credit (and his that it was her Tnent as primer the credit of Shastri that an signed which, te pointed the way elimination of State lass" inwo|W persons, a tru and a unique dip India would acce triates; Ceylon

eye of Storm
2
of the Kandyan their traditional their centuriesfarmers and the är "" ile ÇorumLu
became an enclave
problem is four'otesque fact of
al ni in tolera Eble 5e hundrad5 of readily earned 1e WTeECHO Of ugly blot on of a newly indein the 20th 2COnormici dienTim O5t ob WiO LI5. as remained the of a plantation counts today for hird of our exLastly, it was Lie, Wh05e citGr Sri Lanka's. - and Mr. Bajthat argument that it was a ibility, not an dependent India.
ttle Ceylon do 2 the sea? Who rk the estate5 ? Қапфуап реasant.
ris. Bandartamaike"5 pry may decide greatest achieve
and indeed to Mr", Lal Bahadur
ag Tegem et Was :hnically at least,
to the ultimate his problem of g пеaгly a milliоп
historic event |matic enterprise. It 525,000 repa
"o Luld confer tit
BACKGROUN
zenship on 300,000. (By a second agreement, a balance 150,000 was split down the middle by the two Countries). The implementation of the indo-Ceylon accords would be phased over 5 years (later extended by two years to Oct. 1981) on a 7 to 4
ratio of repatriation to Sri Lankan citizenship.
The UNP government of Mr.
Dudley Senanayake and again the 1977. Jayewardene government made basic changes in the law which Mrs. Bandaranalike now describes as "violations" of the pacts. The most significant of these amendments, she says, was the de-linking of repatriation and citizenship, and a new linkage of citizenship-to-citizenship. She also argues that the ratio was not strictly followed.
Willain of the piece
Mrs. Bandaranaike has a straightforward explanation. Mr. Thondaman is the villain of the piece, and the violations" are the direct result of his machinations, first as a constituent member of the 7-party coalition of 1965, and now as a Minister of the governT1 ETII.
The SLFP sees something distinctly sinister in the CWC statement that the prayer campaign was only "the first phase' of a larger strategy and the CWC's explicit reference to the ಇಂಗ್ಲUna quastion or ethnic prob
ETE
Slipping into un intentional irony, the architect of the two pacts says that the Sinhalese (like the Israelis) would be driven into the sea.

Page 6
And so, Mr. Thondaman (the lewe rest of trade Unionists' according to National Security Minister Laith Athulathrmudal) is the eye of the storm. President JR, cool as ever, thinks it is a storm in a tea cup, and the SLFP protest campaign, supported or not supported by sect tions of the Maha Sangha, will collapse - in the same dismal manner as the National Front of last year. But this time Mrs. Bandaranalike has flanking support from the MEP leader, Dinesh Gunawardene and the
ex-UNP Minister and ex-SS boss Mr. Cyril Mathew, the MP for Kelaniya.
While these are the domestic dimensions of the complicated and gigantic problem, there is an external aspect which is even more important.
Ethnic Factor
Mr. Thondaman is not just a
trade unlan leader, however skil. ful or successful. He is the leader of a community, the Indian Tamil plantation labour. It is Indian, but It is also Ta Tnil and It is this ethnic factor which makes the community a vital part of the larger equation of Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict. It is Indian Tamil and this aspect of the issue gives India, the media Lor in the Island's
conflict, a special interest, and therefore a direct right to be inwowed.
Hence the true significance of the tripartite talks in mid-January. It is not always that a Cabinet Minister, albeit in his role as a
trade union leader, participates in
negotiations with a fellow Cabinet Minister (the Minister of National Security, by the Way, and not the Minister of Labour or the Minister of Plantations) with tha
representative of another govern
ment forming the third side of
the triangle.
MT. THondarian is more than
uliol bo55. He is the Lichalenged leader of a Community – a position from which the D.W.C., the Left parties, his TULF partner, the FP, and recently the governing UNP hawo each tried to cust
hill with no st Lankan Tallis : in the north,
DWEISTE EHE" an armed strug Tamil 5 are con central hills, it of the economi tations.
Deadly Pincer
This physical different nature to the regimeand economic Pr: the two forces In any Way, cat deadly pincer. T sident JR, the gow strategist, decid potential front turbulent and h:
This is also W the SLFP, more si pressures than an wyo|| 5 the Madi haya expressed i OLJE CETT. country interest always in elect SLFP sees the
Human says
The Lākā Sārī has urged the sig mediately releas under Emergenc various parts of
In a press r said since those been produced Within 24 hours they were bein lock-up5, Cort Tal law.
Those who arrested earlier met wete Tele; of detention with them being char the normal law
This is withol of people being any valid eviden

JCCg55. The Sri are concentrated
and separatist a has produced gle. The Indian centrated in the he about force cally vital pian
fact and the of the challenge - armed struggle assure - Would, if were coordinated El Colombió ir a that is why, Preernment's suprema ed to close one , already a bit Stile.
rhy paradoxically, insitive to Kandyan ly other party, as as-based Eelamists lisappointment and
Responsive to Lup= s, and thinking, :oral terms, thea ew agreement as
a negative development. So do the Madras-based separatists who have called it a victory for the government. They hawe losti a 5 trategic
ally.
R, as to 15 OW "de-linking' at a timo when the rumblings in the thottam were becoming a bit ominous. Between JR and Thondaman there is a shared wasted interest - NOT to allow the plantations to be: come a new theatre of political violence caused by deep-felt frustration and anger.
In 5hört,
As long as there are Indian citizens in significant numbers or prospective Indian citizens or persons of Indian origin who are stateless', Delhi has a right to intervene, diplomatically or otherwise, according to the prevailing conditions, Thu5, the Maha Sangha, at the APC, was exceptionally far-sighted. The Mahanayakes, for instance, agreed to grant citizenship to the whole lot. The only justification for Indian inter
(Continued on page 18)
Rights violated
SSP.
samaja Party (LSSP) overnment to imthose detained Regulations, in the country.
elease, the LSSP detaimees had mot before magistrates it was clear that g held in Police the normal סy L"
had been similarly LInder this gayernased after months out a single among ged either under or any other law
Lit doubt th0 rogult arrested without ce again5t them.
The present arrests do not appear to be any different from the earlier exercise.
These arrests and detentions were in flagrant violation of the ci wil rights of the people. Fro T what the party knows of the treatment, which these People were subjected to there is no doubt that there is a violation of human rights as well.
The party Cannot help but Conclude that the government in its anxiety to keep alive its propaganda stories of a Marxist-terrorist plot to subvert Sri Lanka has left the Police, completely free to interfere with the rights of the people."
The party has accused the goverument of gross injustice and abuse and its continuance was potent with the grawest dangers to politiCal life.

Page 7
O Bar Association submits interim report
Amend CPC to pro
h Sub Committee appointed by the Bar Association of Sri Lanka in its interim report to recommand. In easures to ensure safety of persons in Police custody pointed out there have been instances where nothing has been known for considerable length of time about persons after a Police arrast, for investigation purposes. Even lawyers are not permitted access to such persons.
The Sub Connittico in its interim report has recommended mendents to the Crimina Procedure Code and Police Ordinance for the purpose,
It has recommended that amendments to the existing laws should be made to require Police to report immediately to the nearest Magistrate after an arrest of a person is made. Attorneys-atLaw should also be permitted to
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-General and the IGP and hawe discussions about the recortendations before finalisation of the Sub Committee report.
Mr. K. Balapata bendi, President of the Colombo Law Society and tor Wenor of a geries of Sub Corllmittee Meeting at which these proposals were discussed and decided, said that all what could be done under the present law about persons whose whereabouts, are not known after arrest, was to file a Habeas Corpus application. "Since It is a tedious legal process which entails i ordinata delays, a Habeas Corpus application does not serve the intended purpose. Quite a large nember of applications in respect of persons about whom nothing is known after arrest, is still pending in the Appeal Court". Mr. K. BalapatableIndi saldi.

Page 8
CORRUPTION NEW ECONO
Jayanta Kelegama
pen market policies while ORRIwA free flow of imports and encouraging private enterprise, appear to have at the same time permitted excessive imports of some products and unchecked growth of certain business activities with perhaps harmful effects on the economy. One good example is private bus transport. The number of registered private buses and coaches rose from 225. In 1976 to 7,999 in 1984 and the private bus fleet now exceeds the SLTB fleet strength of 16,425. There does not appear to have been much control over private bus transport with the result that a priwa te service encouraged to supplement a public service is now threatening to oust its rival. Indiscriminate issue of stage carriage permits has eaten into the revenues of the SLTB; for instanae, news paper's reported that on route 103 (Fort-Narahenpita) the private sector operates 84 buses as against
the SLTE 3. It has been further reported that about 50 private buses were operating without
permits in Ratnapura, Badulla and Amparal districts alona as late as February 1984.
The expansion of private bus transport has been to some extent, at the expense of Public transport, Thus the total number of passenger kilometers of the SLTE declined
from 22,224 million to 3,786 million between 1980 and 1984 or by 38 per cent while SLTB's
losses increased by 32 per cent to Rs. 376 million in the period. Passenger kilometers of the government railway fell also by 38 per cent in this period while its operatiling los 5 rose by 230 Per cent to Rs. 582 million.
THg substantia in TeaGa - morte than doubling - of the number of notor vehicles om the Toad has caused a marked rise in the number
of road accidents Ebalwell 1979 alarmingly increas Ehecase accidents private coaches; coaches constitut cent of the total vehicles in the formed 9.4 per number of wehi road accidents in the private buses vehicles imported condemned CTB a fixed period of to police - reporo Cent of them are and are a hazari These buses in : over loaded and inexperienced and Who Wolate a road.
It has been h пеwspapers that Per cent of Priw owned by Senior and the main rea driving speeding with impurity I: the drivers haw enforcement Offic editorial of Aug
Official figures b Lusigis lutInLib That by itself is deplorable, or outrageous st they appear to private sectar. 5 sant regard foi conflict y, Thםiחuוחחחםם | fo se yra I was da and mangle the
Evgгү LITT destruction of Somme of the These drifers n ng identity rin mockery of th area of daily
TOzadlı Ted TL 'ni of tecklessnes: ם דם חםyחES HםD 5 Somg Ludal

AND THE
MICS
by 37 per Cent and 1983. An ing proportion of are caused by TWateחק while ed only 5.6 per nuber of Totor country, they cent of the total cle5 involved in 1983. Most of are second-hand from Japan and buses sold after ser wicce; according ts about 50 per not road worthy to road users. ditio are often are driven by | rockle55 drivers the rules of the
ghlighted in some as much as 30 ate coaches are Police Officers son for negligent and overloading the protection from the law als. The Daily News st 7, 1985 stated:
show that priya te the SLCTB flect, no worry. What is more than that, i.e. reign of terror hawe imposed. C0Lur ET Yleis a TE TIL WILH "public safety, public the needs of the ey are driven in a profits. They claim ily, mai Tn the young old. They overspeed They add to tha public property. | arg. Il cit irls LIrod. di OLET; il ark. They make a Hi, Ian W. O. Weir a Wridog I feel - Meall yw hi i le Couri ng red under a Teign i by Privata bi Luses, TE? OF || 5 || tr Le |alis say— that they
President JR told a meeting. In | Gasse recently that corruption hidd | become a major problem and promised to publish in all three languages Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's hard-hitting speech at the Congress centenary sessions in Bombay where Mr. Gandhi lashed out at Congress politicians, blg business, the Bபreாபார சாசி the police. While di Presidentical Commissiоп оп high-level соггшption may be on the cards, we begin serialising today a paper þrepared by Dr. Jaya nta Kesegarna for Association of Economists fr) which he places corruption and busness malpractices, Lun regulated SLLaLLLLLL SYLLLKL LLLL LLL LLLS generation in the wider perspective of the new economic policles.
The pd per itself is a Critical review of Sri Lanka's econors policies from 1970 to 1984.
Dr. Kelegarma Who Was Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Commerce after serving in the Central Bank Is now a consultant LLSS LLLLLLLH S LLaS LLLLLLLLS S S Laa capacity he has been Economic Adviser to the Government of Gambia, and more recently d consultant in Ethiopid.
pay the right men to concentrate on Esset things?"
How the private coach owners actually bribe the SLTB bus crews to sabotage the public transport system was revealed by the Sunday Observer of June 3 1984. It referred to a case of Rs. 400 being paid Per day to some SLTB crews to see that their buses did not run on schedule.
Private hotel industry is another example. Absence of regulation of hotel charges resulted in the fleecing of tourists which in turn discouraged tourism. The Minister

Page 9
of Finance in his address to the Tourist Hotels Association in July 1985 referred to this, in addito to the 1983 July communal disturbances and the world recession, as a factor responsible for the illum Pan se tourism. Daily News of July 27, 1985 reported:
"Another was what I would describe as the short-sighted greed of the ho Ecliers of SriLanka During the bom period from 977 to 98, when tourist bookings were at their height, many hoteliers In Sri Lanka ack ed up hotel rutes to un conscionble lewels and this would eventually have led to a sharp drop in tourist arrivals in any case," he said.
Tourist Board figures hawe indicated a fourfold increase in rates dLIring this period since 1977 a rise well over that justified by inflation: Moreover the Minister aid.
"Many hoteliers said to Invest sufficient funds to effect improvements to their hotels and failed to build up a prudent level of financial reseryes. Instead they paid out unduly high dividends to ther share hglders in order to take advantage of the tax holiday they enjoyed."
How sharp businessmen including foreigners have taken full advantage of the open economy and played Out Iman y inve5tor5 ha 5 been revealed by Minoli de Soyza in the Island of 22 July 1984:
"'Over I00 Investors with Tore than 10 million rupees worth of investment A Te going to be a fit in the | LI TEH as yet another Hongkong based Commodity trading company bites thic du St. This is the fagurih such 1n פחםr=ETטקם d upחIיי םL לחpaוחםם Sri Lanka during the past three years. The first three companies deat in commoditics such as red beans, cocoa, pulses and rubber. The minimum investment required was Rs. 50,000 as well as additional E ITimission of R5. Bl on each un tra ded which was taken by the company. The first company to be established - Coribals started in early 1981. After collecting a conservative estimate (based on the inity in Tount of Rs. 50,000) of Rs.2.5 millian rupees the Company glded up, The second company was Commodit les Consultant and Service Company which had about 100 In Westors and raised at least 5 million rupees. The third Oriental Consultan Investment Trading Company collected another Rs. 7.5 IT 1 I lion. A II I these Compa nies had closed down by early 1983, after collecting a very minimum total of |0 milion rupes from Inwestors. The last Hongkong backed Company, told a potential Investor Who חH3ח up to inquire this Week that they Would be winding up operations sor
good. This co and asked for of Rs. OOOOO. clients. When suddenly, ther recovering any Are Wiriding u hiying mada expense of 5 Furt of the has been due atti:LI de 5 hçıvrı heroog... - EW en-3 one will claim Trade Ministry Ministry's respo Ministry says does the Euck
TH o absence lations and lax whatever regul exist hawa Te25Lu
as timber which country's forest which thրըatբո5 wild life, indi 5Cr rivy et Sand, 52:a which is causin, unsupervised salt pesticides and drugs and un law child labour.
Corruption and Malpractices
Twelve, open
relaxation of col large amounts of economy and ex ELIT ties to k; private sector b. operations or
Services to gowe resulted in an ir malpractices, brlb
It is often sta and regulations and corruption b In recent years that dishonesty a חe Iחסerhap5 mם e COinomy,
It was Row. Peter, Rector of Who stated at ceremony in July l has a 55umad su QUr Society that be far wrong, I t that it is our The Daily News endorsing this editorial further EWTO a 5 seemed to sugges

pany traded in gold TIL TWITT, t. It had lower DO companies fold up is little chance of loney, The compan les one by one after fast buck at the Ti Larık, 1 in "y ČSEOTS. roblem un daubtedly
tha Cice by the authorities this late stage no responsibility. The says it is the Finance isibility. The Finance It's mot Luis"" WHETIC stop?"
of adequate reguenforcement of attons that may ted in a marked : exploitation of ast reducing the Cover, poaching several species of iminate mining of sand and coral g coastal erosion, of insecticidas, other dangerous ful employment of
Business
market policies, ing ofקוחtTols.puו money into the pansion of oppormoney to the y way of business by performing riment hawe also crease in business ery and Corruption.
ted that controls breed dishonesty ut the experience scerns to indicate nd corruption are
an open market
Dr. W. L., A. Don Aquinas College the graduation 98l: 'Dishonesty proportions in one would not link in concluding greatest wice." of July 22, 1981 remark in its added" the whole Fr, Don Peter it betrays signs
of moral decay. But then morality itself, like religion - successful men of our times will urge - is outdated. For money, today is the measure of success; riches, the measure by which a man's worth is tested." The Daily News as well as other newspapers have not hesitated to draw public attention to bribery and corruption from time to time. Tha Weekend of January 27, 1985 for instance reported after an investigation that "Bribing has taken root at all levels in society like a slow cancer, until even the most healthy
people are in danger of falling prey to its tentacles. Ironically the condition ing has become so
complete that few people can still distinguish between a bribe and a service charge or tip, a Weekend investigation found,"
If open market policies hawe enabled traders to make money as never before, it has also witnessed widespread tax evasion and defrauding of government. The Daily News of June 6, 1984 reported a speech of the Minister of Finance as follows :-
| Finance Ministei Ronna de Mel yesterday stressed the need to treamline tax collection and stamp out tax evasion and default which LL LLLLLLLK LLtLtL LLLLL S SLLL LLLLLLLLS S the country. Large scale tax cwas lon was common in textile, jewellery and garment industries among medical practitioners lawyers, cycle and motorspares dealers and rice millers. Many of them had declared only one eigth of their income. A furniture dealer had de clated h15 turnoyer as Rs. 225 000 W han In fact it had been Rs. 5 million."
Malpractices in business and other dishonest dealings as smuggling are frequently reported in the daily newspapers, The Chairman of the Textile Manufacturers Association Mr. A. Y. S. Gnanam, for instance, has recently openly accused some of the garment manufacturers of smuggling substantial quantities of Imported textiles thereby defraud
ing government of tax revenue and at the same time crippling the local textile manufacturing industry. He has alleged that
these garment manufacturers sell In the local market fabrics imported duty free ostensibly for manufacturing export garments and export instead garments made of
7

Page 10
cheaper locally produced material. Mr. Gnanam charged in February, 1985 that these defrauders were getting away scot free" as they were helped by influential people. He said, according to the Weekend of February 24, 1985, that the government was not taking any
counter action in spite of their repeated representations, TH Weekend of June 23, 1985 re
ported that in the last two years at | east one container of Contraband has found its way to the local market every month despite customs surveiliance and that seweral prominent businessmen are involved in this racket in smuggling goods s Luch as sa rees.
It is almost paradoxical that there exists a black market in foreign currency despite an open economy, liberalised exchange Control and floating exchange rate. It is known that foreign currency is purchased particularly from those returning from West Asia at a premium and thereafter smuggled to foreign countries. The attempt to smuggle foreign currency to the value of Rs. 28. Tillion at the airport in August 1985 is an example of this organised smuggled to India in this way are sold to Indians who travel to Sri Lanka to shop in the duty free complex. Foreign currency smuggled to some other foreign Courtries a rg used to finance imports carrying highest tariffs. It is reported that letters of credit are opened for about half the actual value of these imports (the other half being paid by smuggled foreign currency) and the import duty payable being on the c. i.f., value, is actually much less than what is paid under normal import. Fraudulent practices thrive even at the Duty Free Complex which the Government set up with the good intention of earning foreign exchange. It is reported that instead of being as intended, a shop where foreigners and locals alike could buy only what they wanted for personal use, the complex at the time it Was closed at the former site had become a thriving outlet for a wide range of domestic requisites that were being sold openly outside the complex for a small per
B
centage higher th Value.
Malpractices ex trade too such declaration to t high quality teas owned estates i Cheaper low qua as shipment of 5 in the guise of The Chairman c Tea Traders. As Wijeratne himse Annual General
98 as follows:-
L 135 I - I LI LI unscrupurus pe lawfully procure cutting and sh
G Thatch standards, MEI F TE W found in BILI 'yicr' which action is
Smuggling of Ha 5 Ebecome a The Chairman o Corporation ha: value of preciou out of Sri Lank: a year while S. Sunday Observe of 16 Septembel the unofficial Rs. 3 Billion ann. of Finance Ronni
address to the Traders Associ
1985, called up:
to help him ге the Wast amount was going on.
Among the in private trade sale of substand electrical appli: short of power tional capacitie them and elec last only a few of adulterated f CT defectivy 3 3 TE of July 4, 1984 tance, Trade a M. S. Amarasiri COTT 55 i Oe" | to bring to bo who resort to
5. THE oli over 100 compl Cissioner articles they private traders

an the duty free
ist. In the export is export without cauthorities of
Stolen from State in the guise of lity teas as well ub-standard teas high quality teas. if the Colombo sociation Mr. H. If stated at thea
Meeting in June
all today for some rson to deal in und tea, price underTents of tea which with agreed upon ber may be aware E 5 CEm te as E "FILTE THOLIGE FOT
yet awaited'.
Sri Lanka's gems thriving business. f the State Gel estimated the s stonos smuggled at R5, T2). B||tor A. A55 in the Market Review 1984, estimated gen exports at ally. The Minister a de Mel, in his Sri Lanka Gem |tion in August on the gem trade strict and cLIrtai
of smuggling that
ther malpractices are import and ard goods such as incas, which fall ratings and func5 attributed to rical bulbs which hours and sale bods and damaged cles. Daily News reported, for Insd Shipping Minister has directed the f internal Trade ok erant traders Infair trade practer's order follows Lints reach ing the at lost of the ave bought from rere found damaged
or defective upon delivery. Among
the articles are television sets and rice cookers".
The moral degradation as a
result of encouraging tourism under free market policies was highlighted by the Weekend of July 14, 1985:
"Colombo is fast gaining international notoriety as a city teeming with free sex, cheap drugs, high society gambling and loads of pornographya Paradiso for underworld's brothecrawlers, Junkies and gays. AdverEl sements are applica ring al T1 Ost daily in the Western Europa's sleazy trawal magazines offering "pickage' sex tours to Lanka, Investigating the depths of this degradation, the
Weekend it Ganti found more thari 500 female prostitutes, 500 male homosexual prostitutes, hordes of
transvestites (male dressed as females) and at least six high-class 'casinos' operating each night in Fort, Pettah and Bambalapitiya...... A senior police official Who wished to remain nonymous, told Weekend that there was increasing evidence linking high incidence of drug abuse, rising petty crime and malic prostitution. "We believe that there are syndicates which are operating at high levels, using homo-sexual prostitutes as drug peddlars and female prostitutes to support Petty crime" he said". The Weekend also reported that "each month over 2000 patien Es call at the Yenereal disease clinic of the Colombo General Hospital for treatment of sexually transmitted disease. Experts estmate that another 4,000 people seek treatment from other general practitioners in the Colombo District". In addition to prostitution there are countless parlours showing pornographic or blue films and about 100 bookshops selling Pornographic 'men only" literature.
The close link between the expanding tourist industry and increasing prostitution in the counttry has been highlighted by a study on Tourism in Sri Lanka: the Social Impact" by Dr. NandaSena Ratnapala Director, Sarvodaya Research Institute recently. It reweals how prostitution has eaten deep into the social fabric of society in the tourist areas and how it has gained a new respectability and acceptance which induce husbands to encourage their Wives and parents to compel their daughters to take to prostitution. Daily News of August 22 1985 commenting on this study, added:
(Continued on page 24)

Page 11
TERRORISM A APARTHEID
R蠶 reactions to Mr. Reagan's characteristically gung-ho response to the latest terrorist blood-letting in Rome and Vienna, NEWSWEEK quoted a Third World diplomat at the UN as Saying This is RAMBOMANTA". And so. at least for the duration, Mr. Reagan forgot 'Star Wars" and began a new war-game that may have been titled in a Hollywood manner proper to both Mr. Reagan and his celluloid hero, Rambo, Gunning for Gaddafi'.
Not for Mr. Reagan the saner counsel of his close European allies nor their cautionary warnings about the costs of "punitive' adventures besides the basic questions of law .raltyם וח and
Mr. George Sc hand was ready |aw, his own ver ing that his go last year arraigne national Court O. the harbours of not even Mr. St. claimed was pr an attack om th
Neither tes nor like-minde to ask "Why ti wiolence?'. Ef Wi fanaticism' W. tinians kill and risk of being Rome, Wienna, etc. etc .. . ..?"
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AND THE STATE
hultz on the other
to lay down the sion, blandly ignor'ernment was only d before the Interf Justice for mining
Nicaragua, which hultz at the tima eParing to mount a US
e tWO US leaders d people bother is indiscriminate at has bred such hy do these PalesI freely run the illed in London,
Athens, Brussels
Are these el Eborn Thaniacs? Are they simply depraved? Why these suicide missions? And by young, often well educated persons
is there some deeper cause, some other explanation? In any case, is RAMBONIA and sabre-rattling the right response even in terms of self-interest?
Fortunately, there are many voices of reason, in the US debate on terrorism'. We publish excerpts from an article entitled" Antiterrorism Has to be Pro-Peace" by Robert E. Hunter, director of European Studies at the Georgetown
(Continued on page IO)
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TM PESSNG APA22): N SOUTH AF2 MCA

Page 12
Anti-Terrorism
Robert E. Hunter
mericans are confronted with
the origins of U.S.-Libyan relations every time they hear the words to the shores of Tripol' in the Marine Corps hymn. Yet it is a great distance from Thomas Jefferson's disciplining of the Barbary pirates to the exchange of epithets between Ronald Reagan and Moamer oadhafi, The contrast symbolizes changes both in the world and in the nature of demands on U.S. power.
The morning after the president's announcement, the acting U.S. representative to NATO set forth to
lay it on" the allies. So "tepid" would be too strong a Word to describe their response.
For example, expressing "relative surprise" at not being consulted, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl said on Thursday that he would not support the sanctions,
Yet there is risk in inferring that the Europeans care less about terrorism than does the United States. This can hardly be true for societies that have endured the Red Brigades, Baader-Meinhof and the Provisional IRA. Nor, despite their economic ties with Libya, are all Europeans mesmerized by the chance to make a buck from consorting with Qadhafi.
U.S. difficulties in gaining allied support for dealing with Libya stem largely from the Europeans' more political approach to power and problems, Put simply there is a widespread belief on the Continent that terrorists gain strength from conflicts that lack political resolution - most important, the Arab-Israeli Comflict,
In 1980 the European Community declared support for self-determination in Gaza and the West Bank, and endorsed a direct role In di Polomacy for the Palestine Liberation Organization. Both positions were a rebuff to American peacemaking efforts and were a na the Tha to Israel but both remain Community policy.
This departure from U.S. views derives only in part from the Europe
O
Has to
ans" lack of respons diplomacy work.
common European Wi of domestic politic United States free its interests in th
The United St itself, along with remarkably isolate question. Not on opeап5 retlcent, Which ha 5 i TS OWT Libya, has joined in condemning in military mowe agali hafi.
Diplomatic isola mot mattet at home the appearance of against terrorism is requirement. But options in the Mid
TERRORISM.
(Continued fr
University's Centre Studios, Washing the L. A. Times.
The world-wide s" of of singly but neverth wIth discussion oft of Political violen gla, the brava has s Pent most ( in a South Africa Winne 15 new t secution and Cons says: "We are no for violence. A nce. It is Viole 0 UR, nation; a and soul, and notion of luna
Yeat those Wes SEITOS SO CASL. of Wiolence and Fased ther wol Babalous racist. BA-k5 tock, Lo W long silence? Wh: and nervous agita the permission o RACE AND I CLAS

Be Pro-Peace
bility for making There is also a ew that because a pressures, the |uently mistakes e Middle East.
ates now finds Israel, to be on the Libyan ly are the Eurut even Egypt, troubles With the Arab League advance any U.S. inst Colonel Qad
ion abroad may where creating
decisive action the key political it does limit U.S. dle East, Weaker
The writer is director of European studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies at Georgetown University. He contributed this comment to the Los Angeles Tries.
the basis for U.S. leadership in peace-making and further erode American credibility, especially with moderate Arab states.
The goal of most terrorism it political change. The major results of the latest brutalities has been to demonstrate the degree to which the United States has been unable to promote changes that will serve the goal of peace in the Middle East,
pn page 9)
for International om. It is from
debate onterlaps, not surprieless, confusingly he wider problem :e. Nelson ManANC leader who if his adult life nail, (his wife 1 e victim of pertant harassiment) W being blamed artheid is WoleCe against this, :ainst our body against every | dignity".
tern leaders who ly on the subject terrorism hardly les against this state ut I the olence! Why the the amentations tion today? With the editors of S we begin publi
Catlon of an article by Raymon Lotta, an American politica scientist who is the author of AMERICA |N DECLINE."
The cartoon also from the Los Angeles Times, adds a special irony to the situation. The Angolan government turned to Cuba for military assistance only after a South African armoured column had penetrated deep into Angolan territory to assist rebel loader Jonas SaWimbl In ousting che newly installed Republic. The US supports Sayimbi with money and arms, and so does South Africa which has withdrawn its troops.
South Africa's policy is aimed at either making its neighbours "protectorates' or weaken ing them through Constant military hara 55 ment, sabotage and economic pressure, Last month it imposed such a severe blockade on little Lesotho that food, fuel and medicine had to be airlifted. Finally, para-military forces, supporting opposition groups which had direct contacts with Pretoria, ou sted the Prime Ministert.

Page 13
The political
apartheid
and
stakes of imp
Raymond Lotta
he extraordinary uprisings in T蠶 Africa have focus ed at
tention not only on the brutality of the apartheid system but also on the economic role of the US in that country. By any yardstick, US financial involvement is staggering: S2.5 billion worth of direct investment, S3.9 billion worth of bank loans, S7.6 billion worth of shares in South African companies, and US exports to South Africa in 1983 totalling S2 billion. Total foreign investment by the West in South Africa now stands at about S25 billion.
Can anyone seriously believe that investors are unmindful of the pass system and torture chambers in South Africa? More incredible, can anyone seriously believe that the US and western imperialists have pumped billions of dollars of capital in to that country, hawe shared nuclear technology with it, and licensed the production of weapons systems by the South African defence industry in order to creata the economic foundations for a just social order? But wait, just as one is about to vomit up the last morse of Credulity, along Come "critics' to indict the US for "legitimising" and "lending its prestige" to apartheid. Prestige? Un intentionally, they've got a point: the "prestige' of the million and more murdered by US imperialism in Indochina; the prestige" of the torture squads it trains in Latin America; the "prestige" of Union Carbide in India. Legitimise Lest we forget, as recently as 1967, racial inter marriage was a crime
Raymond Lotta Is a political
economist who resides in the US. Arnong his latest works is America in Decline (Chicago,
Banner Press, 1984).
in Wirginia, Ant mortality rate f of Chicago and TOT I COTTO World countries rest of the U. Imperialism and each other indo each other.
Apartheid and accumulation
South Africa in
The apartheid origins in a P. setEller colonia || 15 in the capitalist nin Capitalism in S developed in a Wei it has utilised at rura | African e developed under umերըila Ef, and 1 with, Imperialist European settler States, the whit Africa sought to digenous people. White5 in North minated the bit Native American whites in Sout wipe out the Afri Europeans were a small ruling it discovery of diar nimeteenth Centul the demand for mulated the large employment of E The profits gener: industry laid the quent capitalist the emergence capitalist class.
Like Israel, strategic battler settler-type gen Imperialism. But

economy of
the strategic erialism
i today the Infant
or Blacks in parts
the Bronx has with thirty Third than with the
ited States. US apartheid deserve 2d, they require
capital
er þettswe
system has its articular form of m land has its logic ode of production. outh Africa has ty specific context: ld transformed the Conomy and has the protective close conjunction capital. Like the 5 in the United * 5tters in South Subjuga te the inBut while the America extertter part of the population, the Africa did not an Peoples. These und hawa remaing inority. With the Ionds in the midy, and later gold, heap labour stscale and despotic acks in the mines. ced by the mining basis for subse. levelopment and a South African
Luth Africa 5 a int - a regional trime for Western hereas the Israeli
economy lacks practically any Independent economic viability it is largely a military machine dependent on external assistance - South Africa has developed a modern capitalist sector. Yet while the industrial base of the South African economy is similar in many respacts to that of developed capitalist Countries, and While the White workers enjoy living standards that are comparable with those of EuroPean and North American Workers, the specific dynamics of capitalist
development and the structural division of the working class in South Africa condemn the vast
majority of the population on the grinding impowerish ment that characterises the Third World. At the heart of these particularities is apartheid - the systematic superexploitation, oppression and enslavement of the majority of the Indigenous population.
A system of racial segregation has long evolved in South Africa, codified in a body of law dating back to 93, which has two objectives to preserve the white Tonopoly on political power and to provide a reservoir of cheap and coercible labour for industry and agriculture. To these twin ends, the country has been divided territorially. The Land Acts have allotted about 3 per cent of the country as "reserwes" or homelands' for the African majority. But these densely populated and impoverished homelands were never intended to 5U5taln the majority of the population. Only by working outside these areas under a migrant labour system administered by labour bureaux which assign workers to specific Industries or employers can the Africans earn enough to provide for themselves and their families.

Page 14
Subsequent legislation has regulated the flow of black abour into the mines and industrial regions: when their contracts are fulfilled, the miners can be sent back to the reseryes; mae workers are discouraged from bringing their families with them (many are housed in carefully segregated and police-controlled areas): and, of course, there is the pass system. Such influx restrictions have not prevented the growth of an urban African underclass. But the terrtorial principle of segregation has been utilised effectively to deprive blacks of the most minimal civil and political rights. In fact, any African residing in a city, for whatever length of time and even if born there, remains officially an alien.
It is often suggested that South Africa is a society in which ideology has run amok. In other words, the racial restrictions and prohibitions are out of step with the requirements of modern industrial growth. Or it is sometimes argued that the very imperat Ives of capitalist Industrialisation will gobble up apartheid. Such arguments overlook one overarching fact; the extraordinary growth of the South African economy in the post-war period not only rested on apartheid but reinforced it. The lives of black people are incomparably worse, the terror they face never more pervasive. Have the practices of US corporations mitigated any of this? As we shall see, they are accomplices, the more criminal for their honeyed and pious words; and, at this stage of crisis, they play an all-important role in preventing the regime from collapsing. The authoritarian conscription of and discrimination against black labour have yielded average rates of return that rank among the highest in the world available to western capital since the end of the Second World War. The modalities of superexploitation are the real issue lurking beneath the rhetoric and lies.
The benchmark according to which wages are paid is the labourer's necessary consumption fund, that ls, the cost of sustaining and reproducing his or her labour power and rearing a new generation of proletarians. Yet, Lunder specific historical circumstances, it becomes
|고
possible to pay la its value, not o exceptionally bu A5 a l rLu |ce. Such is a predicate o in the colonies
To se a this,
look at the su pt that can be foung plants set up on the Mexican
Mexican border, processing zones agricultural Planta Tica and in Sou" are some of the
teristics of the Lunde conditions tion First, low
tially longer Wor significantly highe per hour (People ргеvall for com in the advanced c. part of the costs reproducing this
abour is often
non-capitalist fel tion, such as the my of the cities and, especially, t where the hous women plays a piv thea Work force
TO EXTET EXILT cion - be it the latifundistas, tigh ם undsספוחסur Cס ation – which er prilation of sur pl be emphasised it residual features process but eleme condition the pro in the World to
Table |: Numb Africa
MIпIпg African White Coloured Indian
Manufacturi. African White Coloured Indian
SOLUTI: Republic

our power below ly for a time and ordinarily and superexploitation imperialist rule ld neo-colon 5.
ine only has to rexploited labour in the assembly y US companies side of the USin the exportof Asia, on the :ions in Latin Animeh Africa. What defining characlabour process of superexploitar wages, substanking hours and a intensity of work work harder) than parable activities puntries. Second, of sustaining and capitalist wage borne by pre-or ations of producinfora l' econo(ог shапtytowns) he rural sectors, ehold" labout of total role, Third, is often subject "a-ECCTICTT1lC CCørhired thugs of tly controlled labr repressive legishances the approus walue. It must hat the 5e are not of the abour hts that profoundly fitability of capital lay,
Apartheid as a form of superexploitation
Table I, based on officia || South African government statistics, shows the extreme disparity between the wages of blacks and whites in South Africa. What then is the economic and social basis of cheap migrant labour in the South African economy? In part, it is the administrative control of Wage levels, which results in a totally different and lower wage structure for blacks. In part, it is the pressure on the migrant Worker: he or she has limited time to find a job and if fired may never secure gainful employment in the cities again. In part, it is legislation that up until recently forbade unionisation among blacks. But all of this Interacts with, and is direct linked to, the specific framewor of the production and reproduction of abour power. The migrant abourer in South Africa has access to means of subsistence outside the capitalist sector. More specifically, the indigenous system of peasant production has been transformed into a cheap reservoir of labour reproduction.
Tho extended family in the rešerves- by caring for the very young and very old, the sick, and the labourer during times of rest, by providing education (for which Africans must pay) for the youngrelieves the capitalist sector and the state of some of the expense of carrying out and paying for these functions, Thus, the relationship between wages and the cost of production and reproduction of abour power changes: the Worker can be
irs employed and average monthly wages ($) in South
3rd quarter 1984
636,722 34
85,238 1772 9,090 549 73 888
749,000 고명 32,600 1677 245,300 485 88,600 604
of South Africa, Contra Statistical Service

Page 15
paid below the value of labour power. At the same time, the reserves furnish capital with an optimal selection of workers to replenish a brutally driven and rapidly exhausted labour force (labour turnover has been quite high in South African industry, and the life expectancy for black men is 55 years). The household and subsistence labour of women on the reserves is an important pillar of this subsidy to capital.
In 1981, 1.3 million blacks from the bantustans were working in white areas as migrant labourers under contract. An additional 745,000 were commuting from the bantustans on a daily basis. This arrangement presumes a certain level of production in the reserwes. Enough must be produced as a necessary supplement to wages so that the subsistence requirement of the migrants and their familles can be met, but rico so much as to essen migratory pressure to seek out work. The system known as influx control sees to the expulsion of rural blacks who try to find urban employment without coming through the officially designated channels.
Two fundamental features of the cheap labour system now come into focus: the tight control exercised ower the moyement and Tasidence of the black labour force, and the preservation of forms of subsistence economy in the reserves, which enable capital to assess black living standards at a lower level than white. In point of fact, the family holdings in the reserwes are grossly inadequate. The growing squalor has produced a tidal flow out of the reserves. The economic planners have responded in part by dispersing industrial development to new 'growth points' away from the existing industrial centres and closer to rural blacks whose job hunger has steadily worsened. Blacks from the reserves who do find urban employment can be authorised to live in the township like Soweto, which is outside of Johannesburg. In these overcrowded townships, single men may live in state-owned barracks - the continuing construction of these so-called hostels is an indication of the regime's commitment to the migrancy system. The state subsidises substandard
housing, while taining the wor back om to tho
Since 1960, government has Africans, Colou from white to At least one mill hawe been forcibi the bantu Stan5, people are under All Africans ow: are required to and carry a p timg5. A 5 Erics public gathering organisations an indefinite detenti and random polic Africa has the h prison populatio and of the 30 1980, only one
The racial rest official violence cconomic foundat dictions within tha increasingly in resistance to apa a system that m impregnable. The tive capacity of contributed to on wages and urbanisation proce erupted against ment and urbal the youth, pari townships, have role in defying a level and in e" society. But whi so high only bec the apartheid s larger global per:
Apartheid and expansion since
By the 1970 provided about a capital invested manufacturing se foreign direct it sented almost the domestic cap additiona || 20 pe capital stock was capital in the foi investment, Ong growth in the d over the past been attributed t In 1983, the val

ther costs of susforce are thrown
"E256.2 W 25.
he South African *emoved 3,500,000 ed and Indian5 designated areas. on more Africans y relocated within further 1,700,000 threat of removal. r the age of 16 be fingerprinted ass book at all of laws outlaws and resistance d provides for Ճn without trial e searches. South ghest per capita 1 in tha World, people hanged in Was White.2
rictions and the 'est on a definite ion. Tha contrahis foundation and ass and organised rtheid have Jolted any thought was declining producthe reserves has црward pressure accelerated the 55. Struggfas have "Ural impowerishcontrol. And icularly in the layed a Vanguard uthority at every rery sphera of the stakes are om es clear when 5ter is seen in Pective.
mperialist
1945
multinationāls 40 per cent of in South Africa's itor. In 1982, Westment reprei per cent of a stock and an cent of the held by foreign m of portfolio -third of the mestic product wo decades his foreign capital. of US direct
investment was put at $2.2 nie, America accounts for about 20 Per cent of total foreign direct investment, trailing behind both Britain and West Germany (see Chart B). But it is strong in the growth and technologically advanced sectors: It controls about 40 Per cent of the oil market, 33 per cent of the car market and 70 per cent of the computer market.3 The big surge in multinational manufacturing investments came in the 1960s and 9705. Two British banks, Barclays and Standard, are the largest foreign banks operating in South Africa - their domestic affiliates controlled about half of the assets twenty largest South African banks. But by the 1970s, the US Citibank had emerged as the fourth largest foreign bank in South Africa.
The foreign banks have played a critical role in channelling international and domestic capital into South Africa's "growth machine", and hawe mobilisad international credits for the apartheid regime during its most perious moments. Furthermore, given South Africa's position as the world's preeminent gold producer, the banks have also been major actors in
South Africa's international gold dealings4.
A few observations can imme
diately be made about the scope and character of foreign investment in South Africa. To begin with, South Africa has been a major outlet for investible capital in the post-war period. Fully one-third of US direct investment in Africa is concentrated in South Africa, Second, these investments have been highly profitable (See Tables 4 and 5). Third, these investments are marked by a high degree of collaboration with South African capital, both local banks and firms like Anglo-American (which is itself a transnational corporation) and by considerable interpenetration between units of
foreign capital. Fourth, these inWestments have had from the outset an important strategic
dimension, linked to the expansion and defence of the Western allance. And, finally, the US, though not the dominant in Westor has
B

Page 16
emerged as the Imperialist chieftain in South Africa.
Լոying the foundations
In viewing developments in the South African economy since the end of the Second World War, It is possible to discern threc distinct periods. The first, dating from the accession to government of the Nationalist Party in 1948 to the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 is marked by the systematic claboration and enforcement of a system of racial segregation suited to the requirements of modern capitalist growth, and the provision of the necessary infrastructure and heavy industrial investment to spur capitalist expansion. The second period, dating from the after math of Sharpeville up to Soweto in 1975-6, is the period of the South African 'miracle". Organised resistance to apartheid was temporarily drowned in blood and the in SETUments of repression perfected further, foreign capital flowed massively into the country and capital intensive industrial development saw the increasing interpenetration of different capitalist sectors, South Africas rate of growth in the 1960s was exceeded only by that of Japan. The third period, dating from the mid-to late-1970s up till the present, is marked by the economic contradictions and social conflict generated by the structural condtions of cheap wage labour - all interpenetrated by the World economic crisis and the mounting tension between the US and Soviet-led blocs, riwalry which has found sharp expression in southern Africa.
The US and the West in general needed South Africa both as a strategic outpost and regional gendarme. And the country's settler population and previous history provided the framework for this. In the beginning, the British managed to continue holding the baton in South Africa. But, in doing so, they paid much of the political cost of Western domination and took most of the flak of anti-apartheid struggle and sentiment within and outside of South Africa. Meanwhile, the US manoeuvred to take advantage of the fact that
4.
South Africa y rampart for the ' lucratiwa the US Was i slo political control Europeans in Af with great disp: sources of raw early 1960s, th longer able to
of shield neces and, particularly tion into South this time, the u55 COOT for tify the impe South Africa bLu US leadership,
The Immediat in South Africa largely on dev gold and uraniul British were thi Erics, MoTe2 || set the basic Africa's economic migrant labour African labour, ctural overlay, And on this E Initiatives Was tä and facilitate in facturing... - Centr Wa5 the role o'! Targets for anni set and a highly of state corpo modern industr with large-scale iron and steel, oils and petroche and har Bourt d the beginning, STTLICEU TE WAS by foreign capit capital and prin lending Institut consortium of a SIO million c and S30 million trical utility. loaned South million in the endeavours. Th loans and public to induce in west loW-cost indust tural input's. " apartheid would labour.
The South A the 1960s and

a5. - Tote tha a West: it was a one. In general, W O WIS OWE"
from the West lica. But it moved toh to monopolise materials. By the : British Were no rovide the kind rary for western for US penetraAfrica. Yet, by US Was able to reset W to 2Tillst hold ower : now under clear
: Post-War Years saw a boom based elopments within In and in which the * principal benefiportant, the 1950s atterns for South development. The system of cheap and its superstruwere put in place. as is a series of iken to encourage y e5 Tet i TTLall to the process F state investment. a production were integrated network ration 5 Croated a ia | Infras Tucture, | || Westmets i
power generation, micals, and railway ent. Fromוחקסevel this 'parasta tal' leavily penetrated l, particularly loan cipally from official oms. In 1951, a IS bank5 extendgd 'edit to the railway to the state elec
The World Bank frica sore S200 | 950 g foro similar
purpose of these capital outlays was ment by providing ial and infrastruc
he imposition of provide lowcost
"iCan Iracle" Gif
early 1970s was
appropriately inaugurated by Sharpeville. Fittingly, a year before Sharpeville, Chase and Citibank led a consortium which extended S40 million of revolving credits to the regime; while in the immediate wake of the bloodbath, Chase made a much-publicised loan of S 10 million, and soon joined a consortium to lend the regime S 50 million. American bankers saw the chance to get on the "inside' track and push the British into a subordinate position. What followed was an incredible inflow of foreign capital. Substantial American and Canadian investment went into the mining and processing of South Africa's nongold minerals. At the same time, American and European capital entered the high-growth, capitalintensive and technologically advanced Sectors, including chemicals, electrical machinery, cars and computers. In general, US investments in South Africa have been more concentrated in manufacturing than those of Britaim, and hawe more often taken the form of direct ownership and overt control, although for political and economic reasons this has changed recently.
Foreign capital has thus played the critical role in the development and configuration of the South African economy. It has not only pushed forward the strategic and technologically sophisticated sectors but also provided the linkages between manufacturing, mining and agriculture. Moreover, the repressive capabilities of the regime are very much a function of foreign capital. As a UN-commissioned study pointed out in 1979:
A crucial element in the South African minority regime's military planning is the expanded capacity to transport military equipment and personnel rapidly at low cost over widespread geographical areas. Large bodies of the limited numbers of white troops need to be able to shift rapidly from one potential trouble spot to another. Transnational corporate investment has helped build up the most modern transport industry on the continent.
In addition, the sheer magnitude of foreign investment, including

Page 17
Table 2: South Africa's reserves of selected minerals
H
Міпега! comптоdІty % of world reserves
Manganese ore B Platinum group metals 72. Gold 4명 Chrole org 58 Wanadium 29 Andaluste, si mante 38 Fluors par 34 Werriculite B Diamond Utaliu 1Šቕ፡ חחשוחס7IFE Co: O Phosphate 9 nyסAntim
Source: Republic of South Afried Yearbook, 1984
ex-LI ding COMECON coLin Eries
Tablo 3: US Import dependency, selected critical metals
Net import ressance Sir (imports as % of) South Af tota | US cons LIFT7ption) וmbםrt5 )
Апtiппопу 54 (1983) ories and C. Oxid - 4 ChTour B. 55 (I) Manganese 99. are – 3 |
:gחaוחסferr PIEL 9. 49 (1) Wanadium | 44 (I)
Source: Estimates from US Bureau of Minics, Mineral Corrirodit
Table 4: Raw materials and the post-war boom:
rate of return on total book value, US firms foreign Investment In mIning and Smelting,
Latin Amer
Canada Trid tie , CdJrbie
1953-57 B. O.4 5.9 4.5 1963-67 9.9 9.9 1968-7 5.3 2.8
Source: US Department of Commerce, Survey Current Business,

Rմրի
(1984)
Pfimports from rica, 28 մք total rank as supplier)
incentrate - 8 (4)
0 (II)
() Πese - 39 (1)
1785 ;iasחם וחחחש5 י
" direct 953-72 (%)
South Africa
25.7 O.B. . 3.
Warious issues,
timely loans, has cushioned the regime, freeing resources for an ауyešопne military machiпе (ARMSCOR, the public-sector arms manufacturer, is now the third largest corportatino in South Africa). To sum up, foreign capital, sometimes in Competition, som et innes in consortia, Collaborated with the Paras. tatals and mining finance houses to mold South Africa into an increasingly dominant regional sub
etė.
By now the reader should hawe some sense of the Western bloc's enormous economic rale in South Africa. But the implications for imperialist accumulation deserve fu||er examination. International capital has, on the one hand, been able to tap South Africa's mineral resources profitably, and, on the other, been able to sustain high rates of return in capital-intense sectors and operations in that country, South Africa has figured Prominently in the post-war expansion of Western capital.
The rers connection
Table 2 highlights South Africa's share of the total World resert Wes of selected minerals. Southern Africa is a weritable storehouse of strategic metals. Consider the case of chromium (sometimes called chrome). It is used to harden steel, and mixtures of chromium arc used in armour Plate for ships, tanks, safes and the cutting edges of highspeed machine tools. The average jet engine contains 5,000 pounds of the metal. Europe and Japan hawa no do mestic Sources of chromium, and US import reliance amounts to over 80 per cent of domestic consumption. Table 3 shows what percentage of total
US consumption of chromium and
four other strategic metals is met by imports from South Africa. The numbers speak for themselves.
But import dependency is not the only issue here. Fabulous profits have been reaped in the mining, smelting and refning of these T35C Lu TC5, From the IG) É05 to thig mid-1970s, US investments in mining and smelting grew rapidly. In the 1968-73 period, this investment grew at an annual rate of 5 per
(Continued on page 23)
5

Page 18
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Page 19
CATS EYE
THE WELL-KNOWN SRI LAN KAN HISTORIAN, L. H. HORACE PERERA WRITES FROM GENEWA
Dear Cat's Eye
| hawe read with considerable. Ilterest, your feature, particularly the section on "Prostitution' "Legal Aid for Wolen" and Believe it
it."
I. It appears that what you Call "our priceless colonial lega | code" is, as far a women's rights arte CCF Cerned in conflict with some of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of a Forms of Discrimination against Women —la Convention which our Goverinment has ratified and 5 the Telforte under an obligation to implement, as it is a 'State Party'.
2. As for 'prostitution", Article 6 of the Convention States categorically that "'State Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women." While some people, myself included, may consider prostitution, by the women and men involved, an aberration. this particular article of the Conwention, and the Convention taken as a whole, implies that Women have a right to decide on the use of their bodies. What the Convention condemns is not prostitution as such but all forms of traffic in Women," and the "exploitation of prostitution of women'. In fact State Parties in the Convention are expected to take a II measures, including egislation to Suppress such traffic and such exploitation.
The immunity which our country's law extends to the male prostitution is the violation of the intent of the entire Convention in that it is discriminatory on the basis of sex.
Prostitution is
commercial transa hava, not only İr in many other Cour fם חסחmeסחheק
Commodity, in thi action, being pena ап imпmunity є purchaser. In Was in public by pr as by prospective
3. That if пmay поt buy pr even her proper 550 || OT CONG band j5 à WIGlat of Article 5 wh Parti 35 Eo extern t rights to conclud to adminis tert Pro (h) of Article || 6 un equiwa cally "Th both spouses in r ship, acquisition, ministration, enjo) tion of property, charge or for a ritol."
With regard MU5||irl Womēr to i only to draw attel of Sel , ca||s or State Pia חם - ווס לחם וחסo Wם Wit H mer i The responsibilities du at its dissolution ing is mine):
4. You hawe di of discrimination a Women Workers. collect their Wi ппaterпlty beпеfits and with the spouses, they are UIT ble of aTitle
Arte di Arti
6) of the Conver would raise H
י חסlantatiק חeוחסW of these rights in
5. As for circl. be pointed out tha

in a הוחםEiם. 1 Տr|
SETGE Hence we Lanka but tries, the strange
the solor of a s particular translised by law, but extended to the hington, Soliciting ostitutes a 5 W II : clients is illegal.
fra Tarnil Woman operty, or sell "ty without perait: Of her Hu5|dom of Section 2 | ch C5a || 5 of State to women "equal e Contracts and perty...". Clause declares quite e same rights of espect of ownerплапаgement, ad"ment and dispostwhether free of valuable conside
to the right of divorce, one has, ntion to clause (c) Article l'É which ties to ensurg e basis of equality same rights and "ing marriage and " (The underlin
ted two instances gainst plantation Unless husbands Wes' salaries or at the request
15 fe in violation of a 5 (eg. Article || | ), e 5 and Artica htion. A question Bere is whether vorkers Area ware this connection.
Incisio It Iust t Tale circumci
ision and female circumcision are performed for entirely different reasons. To that extent, female circumcision is discriminatory and therefore contrary to the whole intent of the Convention, even though the Convention contains no specific reference to it.
have during the last ten years Conducted a series of Seminars for Women teachers in Asia and the South Pacific on "The Rights of Women in Education' and on the Role of Women in Teachers, Organisations". To ensure that they ara familier with the Convention referred to earlier | hawa Teduced the entire Convention to a Quastionnaire calling for 'Yes' or 'No' Answer.5. This Questionaire ha 5 already been translated into six languages.
Incidentally. I do not think that it is necessary to Worry about the Wictorian distinction between a Lady' and a Woman'. As far as the Convention mentioned, as well as a few ILO Conventions a Te Concerned, there are no ladies" today there are only Women, and I am sure that our local law courts Will take this into consideration, in spite of the letter of the law in 'our priceless colonial legal Code"
WOMEN FOR PEACE
The Women for Peace' organsation is in the news again with the production of its first news buletin Samakali". The organisation (at: 25, Kiru la Road, Colombo 5) was launched in October 1984 when OO women from all walks of life and all ethnic communities took two large advertisements in the Island' and Diwalna" calling for a political rather than a military solution to the ethnic problem. Subsequently a petition to the Presi dent on these lines with 10,000 signatures of women was sent on March Bh ||985.
17

Page 20
In addition the educational com. mittee of the Women for Peace" has published 3 բamphlets in Sinhala, Tamil and English, 10,000 copies of which Weste distributed at Ta55 meetings on International Worlen's Day, May Day and other meetings.
The pamphlets the plight of women of both the North and the South whose children are wictims of the War. These aimed at creating an awareness among Women of their crucial role in creating contructive political climate in peace. The women for peace group also runs an educational programme in which teams of Women conduct seminars in schools on the need for ethnic harmony and peace. Recently the organisation has clarified its aims as follows:
To unita i women of a|| Commuinities in Sri Lanka to oppose a fo15 of Societa violelce. This sha include ethnic and religious violence, external aggression and nuclear threat. The particular aim of the organisation shall be to foster understanding and unity among women in Sri
Lanka in work һагппопур оn th Communal justic through the fo
rt forסSupp settlement fict without
A campaign t הם public ethnic viole
Cition of
Ofic: ; the Warious
Combating prejudice/dis
spheres.
Safeguarding WoTher, WF to specific fic and witյlբու: danger of w during ethn
Support for TöI. Titli al and CW men and w
Lrites
WOW Awaabe
ETHNIC & CLA
N
SR
Some Aspects of Sinhal
over the pa
b
KUMAR JA"
Availableg af Mea

ing towards. ethnic basis of interсе апа еquality,
lowing:
a just negotiated of the ethnic co"2. L3, L 155
to educate thic he social cost of TOE
a Climate of rimm LII ELIIa | 1nd trust among
colities.
in5tante 5 of Talia| Cillato in a
the interests of O Te y Lumable rims of har assert le, e. g. rape, the ich is heightened
conflict.
the equality, dold human rights Berties of Both Grinen af al Corn
Thondaman. . .
(Continued from page 4)
wention on humanitarian or other grounds, would be removed.
Re-linking
For his part, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi has re-linked the two in an unusually astu te pre-emptive countermove. In his December 23 statement he linked Tepatriates to Indla with Sri Lankan Tami || refugees returning to Sri Lanka in "honour and safety". The Indian High Commissioner, Mr. Dixit ha 5 flatly Tejected Mrs. Bandaranaike's allegation of violations“. Much more important is the new equation that has emerged from last month's hectic events. Mrs. Bandaranaike’s objection is that citizenship has been linked to citizenship and not as the pacts envisaged citizenship to citizenshipCLI m-re patriation. Mr. Gandhi has linkad the actual act of repatriation to the return of the refugees i. e. Indian Tamil repatriates to Sri Lankan Tamil refugees.
ASS CONFLCTS
LANKA
a Buddhist Consciousness st 100 years
у
YAWWAR DEMA
ding Hookshops
RS. 3000

Page 21
féDUTCHMANo – 7
Life and caree The road not
o what extreme Jones" dissoT醬 from the Western literary tradition carried him will be apparent to those familiar with his later career. After leaving Greenwich Willage, he sought consciously to abandon his White audience at the same time that he began to establish a continuing dialogue with Black people. The aim was to inculcate a sense of racial pride in and among Blacks. Jones has expressed this aim very clearly in his preface to Black Magic Poetry:
The Whole race (is) connected in its LLLLLLLLS LLLL KLL aKLLKLLLLSS LLLL T LLLLLL study each other. And for tho aliens We say I ain't studying you,
In The Slave, produced only eight months after Dutchman, we encounter in the Black protagonist Walker Wessels, the poet-revolutionary. Clay, who sought refuge behind his mask of respectability, Walker is violently aggressive. The background of The Slawe is a revolutionary race war and its action rewolves around Walker, the leader of the Blacks in this war. The interplay between Walker his former wife Grace, and her huisband Bradford Easley (both White) In the home of the Easleys cons.
titutes the drama. A university professor, Bradford Easley is a former teacher of Walker's. Tha
Easleys, who hawe known Walket as an Intellectual and poet, are aghast at the change in him and seem unable to comprehend this drastic transformation in his personality.
LeRoi Jones, Black Magic Poetry, (New York: Bobbs-Merri II Company, I955), p. (ii), James's punctuatian and syntax on occasion deliberately da Wiatic from the lors of Stand:AF English. Throughout this study ha Ye reproduced his texts without SELE IT a Eir.
2. Jones. Dutchman and The
Pp. 43-83.
S|түс,
The ostensible et i5 daughters, by his before his conq.
Control of tha Easley's live. T howewer, seem5
desire - perhaps Inale in extrem of the racial (Bla The Easleys tak the resulting w wident as the raging outside. |: no y : Fli (p. 54), and to filth. Pure fith' not to be outdon to name-calling.
a)., whore of th p. 62) and No-Dick' (p. 57). Jones gives us the racial proble and Whits arte now the turn tākie ower Anter| any manner they does It Tatter" If there's more the fuck Carc:: Western of ay th TLu IIng., that his rL. TO TE ||Cy End E. Oh, he might hi. conicantly, while and scratch ing hi not ever the po Crusades. The (Whitics) had yi. now these other theirs.
(Quletly) Now they have
Jones continues tem neg in Revolutionary Plays, "Great Goodness heart" and Ex Unit' which are White society at
3 Le Roi Jones, Foi Plays (New York: рапу, 1969).

ᏕeᎵ ;
taken
urpose of Walker's his two ץe BWa· marriage to Grace Iering troops take city where the he real purpose, to be Walker's one's as well- to ely wordy analysis ck White) conflict. Walker on, and Berba || battle is as evolutionary battle To Grace, Walker gger murderer" Easley he is"... just (p. 56). Walker, e, hirtni self re25orts Hic ca 15 Grace "" e midde la 55" Easley "Professor Through Walker his resolution to in that the Blacks faced with. It is of the Blacks to ca and rule it in see fit. What says Walker. ove or beauty. Who is that what the caught while hic was Ilg somehowy brought eauty into the World! live thought that con: 5iբբin a Ein ricket is is... but that was int. Not agen in tha point is that you
Lir chance, darling, folks (Blacks) have
theirs (p. 73).
along these exthe Four Black 3 i FA EI YM55" of Life" Midperimental Death simply attacks on ld on those Blacks
ur Black Revolutionary Bobb-Merri C.
whom Jones sees as reflecting White attitudes. The extremity of Jones's position becomes clear to anyone reading his introductory comments to these four plays:
Unless you killing white people, killing the shit they've built, dont LCHLLLL LLL LLLLaS HLLHLL LLLLHHH LLLLCL LS aLa It is LITE WÖn Elike ya LI.4
A II of the above Is consisterit With the stance of Nationalist Separatism' that Jones came to
embrace, a stance that unfortunately has served only to deflect him from a resolution of the true dilemma of the Afro-American, namely, the duality of his/her nature, There is in Afro-Americans an inherent conflict between their Africans heritage and their American Present, a Cornflict explicated by W. E. B. DuBois. In 1903:
, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a well, and gifted second-sight in this American worldWorld which yields him no true Self-consciousness, but only Iets him see himself through the revelation of the other World. It is a peculiar sensation, this double consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of C LLLL S S LLLLLL S LLLL S LLLL S S LLLL S LLLLLLL Contempt and pity, Cne ever feels his twoness - an American, a Negro his two thoughts, two Un re Conced strivings; two Warring ideals in on dark body, whose dogged strength along keeps it from being torn as unders
Because of this duality, the Negro finds himself in a difficult predicament, a predicament which has been spelt out by DuBois:
ThČ, history of the American Negra is the history of this strife, - this longing to attain self-conscious manhotad, to Tierges his double self into
anಳ್ಗೆ Four Black Revolutionary Plays, P. "II:
W.E.B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk,
Tree Negro Classics (New York: Sigret, IP3), p. 2-2도.
I9

Page 22
a better and true Eels. He would mot Africanize AmpTiCE for T ATTICA has too much to teach the World LLLK LLL S K LaLK 0LL aLLLLL LL Negro soul in a flood of Whitc American Isrn, for he knows Negro blood has a message for the World. He simply wishes to make it possible for il nan to be bath i NegTo: a Tid Am crican, without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows without having the doors of opportunity closed roughly in hi5 - face. Ĝi
As is evident, what DuBois has aired at is the achievement of a Cultural Nationalism' which would harmonize the "two warring ideals' that constitute this duality within the Afro-American. Most moderate scholars and observers - John Hope Franklin, Martin Luther King, Jr., to name two notables among them - have agreed with DuBois and advocated a true integration of the races - process by which Afro-Americans become a vital part of mainstream American society without los ing their distinctive racial or cultural identity.
America seeks to view the World through the European tradition, that is, through the eyes of Western Christian civilization. It thereby places heavy emphasis on the rational, on the individual, on the physical. This state of affairs, it is argued, implies an experience of life that is radically different from that which comprises the African experience which emphaSzes the intuitive, the Communa and the spiritual. This radical difference creates for the AfroAmerican, who is part African and part American, a dilemma: he is irreconcilably torn between the two strands of his heritage. The solution to the di lemma, as suggested by DuBois (cited above) is a reconciliation of these two strands a seeking after, to use an apt cliche, unity in diversity. The moderate approach to a satisfactory resolution of the racial problem of the Blacks (that is, the achievement of a cultural nationalism) does not, as Jones's approach does, advocate a parting of the ways from White society:
We American5 have a Chance to become som eday a nation in which LL LLL LLLLL S LLLL KLLLG LH ELLLLL in their own selfhoods, but meet on
DuBois, The
SDL/s of Black Falsk p. 25.
20
a basis of respec liv og together, so and politically. W dynamic equilibri many different
Hg We Will bl its parts and grea the World 15 5. still haբբen:8
In the moderate fore, the door is a humanistic resol in Black and Whi flaw in the lona
nationalist separa leaves out the PC ciliatlon. It fost
according to the a mood of Tec than a mood of r:
Ten and WoT) en anger rather than in hope and nationalist-separat taken by Jones, surely prove to a humane resolut conflict. As ewe in The Slawe, a nat approach will c f Lyraס חסlexiקוחסc
Conclusion
Mahatma Gard F any philosophy b of an eye for ar. make the whole
One Ean Cart Jones's anger, frus outrage. The in formerly charact American attitud admittedly repugni It exists today nant, and Jones's it is perfectly ju: can Lunderstand however, is the retaliation that ul sed panacea fог dered by racism Black Americans set a splendid ri America and the by rising above extreme White || not able to do
Jones's deviatic discussed above a esthetic. 5en5 Ebi tagitprop" artis
B Shirley Chishon the Christin Sri гшагу, 1984, Р.

and equality and ially, cc.nomically
a can be colle Im, n harmony of lements, in which greater than all or than any Society en before, t Can
approach, there
wide open for tion of the crisis relations. The ;ian Concept of sm is that it ssibility of recorer 5, regrettably, moderate WieW, imination rather rewal. It causes to look back in
to look forward confidence. The ist path, the road as been and Will Ea a b Tri GT t on of the racial
Walker admits onalist-separatist inly change, the
ппу." (Р. 66).
observed that ased on the logic
eye will only world blind.
ainly understand
tration, and moral justice that has erized the White a to Blacks is int. To the extetin t is equally гершgdenunciation of tfed. What one t IustifyסBut n note of Wengeful deries his propothe evils engen1. Unlike Jones, hawe or the Whole oral example for rest of the world the depravity of racism. Jones was
this.
in from the norms has weakened his
lity. Like most է5, he has difil
1973, quoted in
ence Manitar, i |3. Feb.
.
culty in weaving the many strands
of his art - protest, frustration, anger and the like - into an organic whole. As he "progresses' in his career, one notices a deterioration in the quality of his art, What one hears. In the later stages is more the shrillness of Baraka than the powerfully articulated criticism of Jones. Sadly, the sureness of artistic touch one senses in Dutchmid ni gradually deserts Jones in his later drama. Dutchman marks a watershed in the career of Jones the draה dחwaחם entוחסthis m וחסmatist. Fr ho abarı dons one half of hiss dual nature - the Americamine 5s of the Afro-American - and relentlesly moves towards the cultural culde-sac he ended up in the late |9é0"s. lmamu ATnirI Barak3 the Black Nationalist gets the better of LeRoi Jones the artist. As Harold Cruse so aptly points out, the crisis in culture is not solved When the Creati We artist tLIITTI 3 || || politician; it only intensifies."
ELIOGRAPHY
Work Cited
Benston, Kimberly W. Baraka: The Reflegade and the Mask. New Haven, Conn:
sale University Press, 1976.
Bigsby, C.W.E., ed, The Black Arerlean Writer, Wol. 2: Poetry drid Drund. Florida: Everett Edwards, Inc., 1959.
Brown, Lloyd W. ATír Barak, Boston:
Twayne Publishers, 1980.
Butler, John alla E. Black Studfas: Pedagog, Y
drid Revolution. Washington, D. C. University Press of America, Inc., 1981
CFLuse, Harold. "The Creative and Performing Arts and the Struggle for identity and Credibility." In Neggtrating the Mainstred III: A Survey of the Afro-American Experience, pp. 47-02. Edited by Harry A. Johnson. Chicago: American Library Association, 1978.
The Crisis of the Negra Intelectual. New York: William Morrow & Co.,
97.
Gayle, Addison, Jr. The Black Situation. 浣 York: Del Publishing Co., Inc., |구고.
(Contlлшеd on page 23)
S LLLLK S LLLL S S LLLL S S LLLCCL LLLLLLLHa S S LLLLa
Performing Arts and the Struggle for Identity and Credibility," in Negotiating the Mainstream: A Survey che Afro-America Experierce, ed. Harry A. Johnson (Chicago: American Library Association, 1978), p. 72,

Page 23
KPLING – broj
Critique Reggle Siriwardena
was with Curiosity that picked up at the Soviet Book Exhibition in December a volume of Kipling, published by Raduga Publishers, Moscow. Most left-wing intellectuals, whether in Britain or in our part of tha world, have found it hard to do justics to Kipling: they have been so conscious of his reputation as the bard of empire' - and of that part of his work which deser Wes that reputation - that they have been deaf to the poet of Danny Deever" and McAndrew's Hymn', blind to the fiction-writer of Kim' and "The Miracle of Purun Bhagat".
The Raduga publication was clearly intended for Soviet readers and students of English literature: it had a selection of Kipling's poems and short stories in their original English, a small group of his poems
In Russian translation, and notes and a critical introduction in Russian. Kipling, already in his
lifetime, was popular with Russian readers, probably saw him in the Perspective of their own literature of the frontier. Not many Britishers with literary gifts went out to serve in the outposts of empire, and Kipling was the only writer of genius that Anglo-India produced. Iп піпеteепth—сепtшry Russia, on the other hand, the gentry from whom most of the Writers came had a Pro Pensity to take to military service as a vocation, and this combined with the phenomenon of political exile, produced a body of Caucasian tales by three major writers of the century – Pushkin, Lermontow and Tolstoy. The familiarity of the Kipling genre of colonial fiction to Russian readers help to explain why several generations of them have read him with gerat interest. But how does a Soviet scholar evaluate him today in the postimperial and post-revolutionary
epoch! I turne to the introduct Reduga wolume.
However, A.
guthor of thing ir ordinary scholar; subte and ga free of the riigi socialist realism" suggestively title Rudyard Kipling", most Eri III ant sit Have come a be placed alongsid The Kipling that But together w of narrow and tical approaches
gt Do advantages over Intelligentsia, d. Sowjet context II tes, in approachi
In tracing the
ling's literary re חw, IםW5 hםsh Ween the Wa rejected by thi British literary only because of Pro-imperialist because Hi5 y el popular poet usi seemed to place artists' pale. Ai Dolinin, | || 5934 celebrity" was Westminister. A Which few attain major English wr participate in the the cultured Kip taken place severa
It night be ri when in 94 T. a ConservatWe W Kipling's politics, meant to be a r on hit, he thou to equivocato y

illiant Soviet
di for al 15 war cry essay in the
A. Dolin in the troduction, is no he is clearly a phisticated critic, its of official and his essay, di The Enigma of |5 Gre of the Iudies of Kipling Iross, worthy to Ed Wo's I Nobody Read'. ith his rejection mechanistic polito literary judgalso has certain the British literary :riving from the Which he Wrng Kipling.
course of Kipputation, Dolin in the period betT5, Kipling was 2 awan t-garde of
intellectuals, mot his libera and Wiews but also
"y 5tatus a 5 a ng popular forms hin OLISide the ld when", writes 5 "the forgotten laid to rest in bbey (an honour ), not a single iter Corsetted to 2. Ceremony - for ling's funeral had
decades earlier."
called also that
S. Eliot, who as asn't hostile to
wrote what was ehabilitatory essay ght it necessary with the terms
In the 50th anniversary of his
death Rudyard Kipling was the
subject once again of heated debate among the critics. Here Sri Lanka's foremost literary Critic, himself a translater of | Russfar verse, djs:Lusses da Sowje
study.
poetry" and 'verse" and praise
Kipling as "a great verse-writer", and even then everybody from the "Scrutiny' critics to Professor LLIdo Wyk ProteStCd
Dolinin, on the other hand, regards it as one of Kipling's claims to distinction that he broadened the range of literary
expression in his time by drawing sustenance from the speech of class and regional dialects and from popular non-literary' forms. | CT5||ti:
"In poetry, as in Prose, Kipling bases himself on peripheral genres found in the "backyards of literature". He renews the life of the verse forms and syntax of popular ballad which after the Romantics were considered totally exhausted and were used mainly for verse feuilletons in newspapers and comic
paper; he turns to the rhymes and intonations of the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan;
he constructs poems as a subtext to the melodies of widely current Songs, Tarches and tama nice5. Even when the outline of a genre canonised as "high' poetry serves him as soL rico, ha transform5, it to the point where it is un recognisable: thus, for example, borrowing from Browning the idea of the "dramatic monologue" for his poems "Mary Gloster' and "Mc
고||

Page 24
Andrew's Hymn", Kipling applies to them a Tctrical for and a rhyme-scheme un thinkable for the Browning tradition".
It can be said that Dolin in values these qualities of Kipling's work for the same reasons that Bertolt Brecht and Ander in Hills
left-wing period were influenced by him. But where Dolinin is most original, and most unus Ual
in his views for a Soviet critic, is in his discussion of the relation between Kipling's politics and his creative Writing.
Dolinin gives the same importance that Edmund Wilson did in his famous essay on Kipling's tormented childhood as the source of his later psychological insecurity, which left him with the need to identify himself with some larger entity- and he ultimately found this in the mission of empire. Yet, as he shows, Kipling was
conscious of the gulf between his
ideal of empire and the reality, and this contradiction he could newer resolve. But the ambivalences that Dolinin finds in Kipling's Writing lead him to a much more complex judgment than any that an orthodox socialist realist" critic would make. Thus, on Kipling's Indian fiction, he writes:
Contrary to a widely disseminated view, Kipling never den fed the wirtues of Asian culture. Moreover, he patiently tried to understand the Law of the East, to decipher its code, and even to look at the world from its point of view. The problem of choice, which the principal hero of his best novel Kim' (1901) confronts, Wavering between castern and western systerms of values, is partly his own problem. In his short story, "The Miracle of Furun Bhagat', for Instance, he sympathetically portrays the spiritual quest of an Indian sage, forsaking a brilliant career to grasp the secret of existence in mystical introspection and Con templation. And yet the spirit of
the East, in which Kipling saw above all the passive principle, could not satisfy his insatiable need for action. Like Kim too,
he always in chooses the W. ardour of "the ad ewe hIS PI gets that by the a sапyasi should
divine providence to save the in doomed willage".
But the passage interesting of all is that in Whi Kipling as a rm o us are turned ethics. With its British public-sch |ime55 and the Siti We would find it quote "If serious Ing to that Dolii critic, finds it p. Kipling's ethics in it a positive
"Indisputably, K ist, but howewer may sound, he is out a defined mor appealing to the demanding from Wanice ... of the To: ciples of Conduci nowhere defines exactly from his WTEU e ad wha attributes an abs only to such hur manliness, energy fastness, which valued in any When, for instan If you can keep all about you/A and blaming it c trust yourself wh you, But make a doubting too", e. the Willainous to can accept the con yourself as a His ethical code, amount:5 to the necessity for SL a structure in wi

he last resort st, chooses the Great Garie"; urun Bhaget forlaw of the East mot medde with and goes out habitants of the
I that I find mՃ5t in Dolinin's essay 1 e di ECL 555 list. Most of off by Kipling's flavour of the pol code of manff upper lip, and embarrassing to ly. It is intriguin, ag a Soviet ossible to defend and even to see value:
ipling Is a mora
paradoxical this a Toralist withality, Ceaselessly moral Law, and men the obserst rigorous prin:, he, however, directly what point of view is is slf. He ut ethia II value man qualities as devotion, stead:an be positively system of duty. ce, he proclaims: your head when re los ing theirs bin you/If you can լEn all men dՃubt loyance for their וחסvery man - fr the righteousTandent Trust guide to action. החבוחחaחח 5וhם חI acceptance of the ch a code: it is lich the elements
are undefined; it is, so to speak, the grammar of morality, and not its lexicon".
For all the Brilliance with which It 15 stated this argument is to me unacceptable, for the code that Dolinin thinks of as socially neutral in fact that of a maledominated World of action. But more revealing that a writer in a post-revolutionary Society can find a value in the ethical principles that Kipling set up as ideal.
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Page 25
Life and . . .
(Continued from page 20)
Hudson. Theodora R, Fran LeRo! Јапе: H LLY S S CLMMYS LLLLaLLLLSS LaLLLLL LLTLLLLSSS lina: Duke Uniwersity Press, 1975.
Jones, LeRoi. Black Magic 蠶 7-7. New York and Indianapolis: BobbsMerri II Co., 1959.
LLLMLLLLL M LLa O MLKS LaLYLS S LLLLLLLLS William torrow & Co. F66.
Fur Black Revolutionary Plays. Bobbs
grri || Co., 1989.
Home: Social Essays. New York: William Morrow & Co., G.
Jones, LeRoi and Larry Neal, eds, Black Fire: An Arithology of Afro-Arrerican Writing. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1958.
Kauffman, Stanley. "LeRoi Jones and the Tradition of the Fake." Dissent, 2.
(Spring 1965).
Works Consulted
Adams, George R. "My Christ in Dutchman," CLÄ Journal, 15 (September 1971).
Barksdale, Richard, ed. ImamILI ATT fri Barak
LER an: A Caleg_of Crica Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1979.
Barksdale, Richard and Kenneth Kinnamon Black Writers of America: A Cambrehensive Authology, New York: MacmiIIan 1972,
Billingsley, Ronald G. "The Burden of the Hero in Modern Afro-American Fiction." Black World, 15 Decembar (1975).
Coleman, Michael. " "What Is Black Theater? An Interwia w with Amiri Baraka."" Black World, 20 (April 1971).
Ferguson, John. "Dutchman and The Slave."
Madern Drdmid, l3" (I97"I).
Gaffney, Floyd. "Black Theater: The Moral Function of Imamu Amir Baraka" Players Magazine, 50 (Summer 1975),
Gayle, Addison, Jr. The Black Aesthetic,
New York: Anchor, 1572.
Hagopian, John W. "Another Ride on
Jones's Subway." CILA Journī/. Wol. 21.
Hay Samuel A'African-American Drama, 950-1970." Negro History Bulletin, 36 (January 1973).
LLLLLLHS LLLLLLLLS aS SK aLLLLLL LHHL0 SHHHHLH
Amiri Baraka) : Form and Progression of Consciousness." (September 1973).
Jeffers, Lance. "Bullins, Baraka and Elder: LLLLLL S LLLLL LLLLL S LL S LL LLL LLS LCLLL Drama," CLA. Jari rral, I 5 (September 1972).
Jones, LeRoi. The Dead Lecturer. New
York: Growe Press, 1964.
Kent, George. Blackness and the Adverture of Western Culture. Chicago: Third World Press, 52.
CLA Journal, I7 |
Klimko Wit E. Jerome. Amiri Baraka): "D Negro American (Winter 1973).
Lindberg, John,
Slavu"; Campani Black Agderry R. mer 1971).
Millar, I elian-Marie
Le Roi Jonc5," C 1971).
Munro, C. Lynn." | Titi,"'" | ber 1973).
Rico, Julian C. LE A Reading." C. turg, 2 (1971).
Riley, Clayton. A
Ship" Art is NEW fürk Trild; Sca. 2, p. 2.
WEAT Chance
Erik Filiziar World Press, 1.
Note:
WFife || GJone ideas expressed has benefitted im, CLP55 fons I Hij We Ht H. Potter of the Wake Forest. Unly | Frin, L. 5. A. Tr Butler, Head, Dep Studiը5, Smith Cg| Massachusetts, U pleasure to ackn to ther.
The political
(Continued fr
cent, compared the Test of Afrik des some explanat tness of this groy sionary phase of th Rates of return 20 and 43 per ce year period. In |Jnion Carbide t refinery in South a II but about Unio Carbi de' 33rred|e255; I thar and decent living typical South A 1976, mineworke earning on average the average wage employed by U SOLILH Aff|Ca.7
Capital is alw: ploit cost advant

"Les Richi Jones (lima mu Litch Tan" as Drina." Lérature Forurt F
Litchman" ind "The ons in Rey Lutin." view, 2. (Spring/Sum
A. The plays of LA Journn), 4 (March
LeRoi Dics: A Man LAJMILJrnal (Septer11
: Roi Jiang;" Dutch TTan antemporary Litera
Enck Way of Slayg whi. Mrs 'ou'." (November 23, 1959),
r. The Destructor of 74 Chicago. Third 17.
sIble brחm respoנ herein, this essay mensely from d'Isld with Prof. Lee
Dept of English, ersity, North Cara1d Prof. Johnnessa E. of Afro-American lege, Northdmpton, . S. A. It is owledge my debt
Tissa Jayatilaka
On page L5)
:o 5 Per cent for a, Table 4 prowlion for the robU5with in the expanhe post-war spiral. ranged between n t 0 Wer" a tWernity — the mid-19705, pened a chrome Africa, III || 976 10 par cent of African workers a minimum health
frican family. In its in the US were 3 almost six times of black workers milio Carbide i
YS eager to exages. And in the
standard for a
post-war period, the increased demand for raw materials, given the exhaustion of domestic supplies and new industrial requirements, heightened the search for mineral resources. While advances in international transport rendered HLLLaLLLLLLL000 S HHaKLLHLLLLHHLH S KaH S HHHHLCL profitable. On the foundation of superexploitation, it was possible for a time to obtain high profits from such raw materials in westments and to pass on benefits in the form of lower input costs to other capitals using these materials. Furthermore, one of the specific features of the post-war alliance erected on thin ashes of the Second World War Is its highly integrated economic charact ter. Thus, West Germany and Japan, both heavily dependent on Imported raw materials, oriented economic development to a new spatial configuration of capital that included, importantly, wlder Access to Third World raW materials (Japan obtains well over 50 per cert of its chrome from South Africa). Cheap raw materials were an essential ingredient of the post-war boom. The story is etched, in part, deep in the Weins of the South African mines, if not in the Weins of the black mino labou ters.
References
| For analysis of the historical dewalopment and function ing of cheap wage-abitaður in South Afr.ICa, seg Harold Wolpe, "Capitalist and cheap labour power in South Africa; frarn segregation to aparthed' in Economy grad Society (Wol. I no. 4, November 1972); and Martin Legassick, "South Africa Capital negurt Latin und Wience", in Ecaricorny and Society ('Wol. 3, no, 3, August 1974).
K LHHL LLLLHH SLLLLLLLL LLLLLLTHLLLLLLL LLK SLLL
Africa, South Afried Fact. Sheet (January 1984).
0 LL S LLLeHHLLGaL S LL S LLLLLLaLLLHLHHL Corporations, Transind tional corpora tion. In South Africa and Narbia (30 January 1985), p. 9; "America and South Africa". The Economist (30 March |385), բք. 23, 30.
4 Sete Uni E:d Nla tion15 Can tre . Again 5 t Apartheid, Translational Carborations drid the South African Military-Industrial Complex (September 1979), pp. 45-8. E lbid. բ. IB. é Ann Seldman and Neva Mak.getla, QuII-post5 of Manopoly Ca7bftalisrrı (London, 1980), p. 177. This work has bben a valuable source In the preparation of this article. T lեid, բ, | | | :
23

Page 26
TRENDS. . .
(Continued from page I)
civilians were killed. That report În particular enhanced the Committee's credibility and public confidence in its independence.
Working in conditions better SLu Fted to 7 thOrÕLugh-going friquiry, the CMCH has produced a report on Wellika da Which only a go wernment ImpervioLI5 to all criticism will ignore.
The talk in political circles now is of another Committee with a slightly different objective. A Nationa Reconcilicat for Committee Comiprising respected leaders of all the mdin communities in the Island is Certain 1y a la LI da Eble project. Bu. can it function effectively in the climate of "war"? Many an enlightened opinion leader, whatever his party affiliations, agrees that sooner or later a reconciliation and recovery' operation will have to he Undertakerı but a Recon Cİİİİtları Committee at this point of time wis Take sittle impression on those in the administration who are he
bent on "War" and hawe already got a Vested Interest in Its Contd.
SIXTH AMENDMENT
is the Sixth Amendment Mr. Thondgman's second target ? Accarding to the Bandarana ke thesis (mere et fils) the CWC Chief is the second most powerful man in the country, and the most powerful man in Parlament, The thesis holds that the 'stateless' issue has been soyed to Mr. Thardaman's entre satisfaction.
And now Mr. Thonddrid I has asked for the Withdrawal of the Sixth Amendment which forced a MP's to take an oath renouncing separatism, and thus led to the TULF quitting parliament in late
983,
Letters. . .
(Continued from page I)
Since then he has been faithfully repeating the quotations from the Tow in famGu5 Red Book of hi5 GUILI - Mao Tse Tung, but the Protetarian Revolution is as far a Way
교
as it was before tha5ain launched hi Marxist Leninist pa true that people Mao Tse Tung's the cal power is bor barrel of the gun חWithi חEwen Be E of a genuine revol would like to kn many miles Mr. Sha Bagn of a revoluti otherwise.
MOTātu W
A Wanishing
Dr. Carlo Fonsel cha Tactersed as a W. P. Wittach (Lank Dec. '85). A m. sama Dr. For Sekali Przewalsk's Horse, animal, for his W. obviously is Scie (Lanka Guardian :
But this make! whether Mr. Witta with current Polit cording to the ' in 1978, 36% of ritory and 42% population lived systems of governn Karl Marx, Ney er history has one affected the yes so short a time. E the government til openly supports sh xists are trying five star democrat Wittachi says that nearly extinct spec help but wonder does Mr. Wittach
Marilyn Ri
Apropos the cor Ween Dr. Carlo F W. P. Wittachi, may to say that Mari was described by a model and not may be because 5 willege of hawling : Cabinet Minista".
I do not think that any reader journal can influer

Mr. Shanmuga5 revolutionary irty. It may be
who laugh at ory that "Politiin out of the "', haye newer a hundred miles ution, but one how חוw WIthל nmugathasan has Tם טחוuחge יחס
Mira Dias
Species 2
ka was recently Marxist by Mr. a Guardian, I st. orth later the has been called a nearly extinct öfld wiew Whigh Intific Socialism. it. Jan. '86.)
5 Olle worder chi i5 in touch ical reality. AcTime' magazine, the carth's terof the world's und er socialist ent inspired by I before in human man's Influence of so many in wen in Sri Lanka, hat Nr. Wittach |rieks that Marto subvert this ty. And yet Mr. Marxists are a les. One Cann Ot "What exactly meani",
Marxist
ce-Davies
respondence betconseka ad M. be permitted lyn Rice-Dawies Lord Denning as by another name, he had the priin affair with a
for a moment If your esteemed Ce mInds Which
have been made up. To join this chorus would be merely to lose the voice of moderation in the fashionable babel of accusation and COUПtЕГ ВCCLJEation.
Editors have codes of etiquette germune to their profession. It is time you Interwenedwith your gawel. Damayanthi Seneratine
6 סbוחסCol
Corruption . . .
(Continued from page 8)
The truth is that whatever the future of tourism, our people wi II. Ele left drained of a standards, of all values and all loyalties. Will that not spell our ruin? Ewan if we lwe in a country Whore men seek to conceal their Wrongs and Women to windicate them?"
Living beyond means
Finally, everything points to the fact that the country is living beyond its means. Foreign earnings from exports of goods and services and transfers of migrant workers financed 63 per cent of the country's foreign payments in 1974-76 but only 55 per cent in 1981-83. One of the most significant developments in recent years has been the marked increase in inward remittances from the large number of Sri Lankan emigrant workers In the West Asian oil exporting countries. Their gross remittances have rigen from RS. 109 million In 1976 to Rs. 6,857 million in 983. Such transfers financed 9 per cent of total external payments in 1981-83 as compared to one per cent in 1974-76. Exports of goods and services excluding private transfers met only 46 per cent of total foreign payments in |98||-83 in contrast to 62 per cent in the period 1974-76. The country was increasingly spending far more than her earnings.
The external resources gap. Widered between these two periods from 37 Per cent out of total foreign payments to A6 per cent and it was filled increasingly by short term credits,

Page 27
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