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LANKA
Vol. 8 No. 23 April 1, 1986 Price Rs. 4.00
Doctors, Dentists. THE MIDDL LEAD TH
LAKSHMAN JA
PRIVATE A
NEW INTELLIG
Mrs. B: The Case
The Stigma of St.
Also: Kelegama on
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Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka QJ|72/N/86
Dons, Nurses E GROUPS E VWAY 2
- Mervyn de Silva
YAKODY ON RMIES AND ENCE OUTFITS
for Elections
- Chanaka Amaratu nga
atelessness — Paul Caspersz
Economic Policy, | on Human Rights and me, Arms Control

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DEFENCE AND AID
AF LIFE 7, Fir TIPICE Mfir 7 sfer" Rorrie de Me spoke to his Selec Tradieritë thë TriStadors of the donor countries, reasonably ார் Helgery r the addressed his Fitch larger El die rice, The F7 Fe575, c'e yerly. Na gr 7. d refere Clar Ori reállce Tid To Sri LIII.k.a. jver, Mr. de Mel fo/drie "fare rur Lake H28 நரETF, Srity speaking, he was of course, absolutely right. No aid-giving Corry Has Flade Trzy Frears but Mr. de Mel is fully aware of the figurating dissatisfaction iri Ilie dörior Corrarily Over two issues (a) The delay in negoriating a political settlement of the et Fric isse aard (b) the island's increasingly doubtful hurrar rights record.
Mr. de Mel, ylasë terri 75. finance minister is (7 Tribute fo his skill for survival, knows rhar Flo corrifroy acf rally Crufy of aid without warning unless the FEதer is gly in the donor's eye of serie ferrible, LIFardonade crire. What worries arı intelligent finance miri ister re he first sign f விரோப்", displeasure arid criticism, And that's the stage Sri Lanka has
είπει.
50, Mr. de Mel Lied filo argur? er f'5 fa strengther Pris case which he is already Preparing for the Aid Group meeting ir Frs in Jure - flig corrodity prices, (red criticially, ard sleepy rig hiary sретdїпg.
To impress bath the donors. ராக் ie THE (rd ) press Fre the Ministers and the MP's) he pointed out that since The recer a llocal fiori f 2,5 Һіїіол rupeey for defence is iл Inssari Id Ie (5,2 hsfor
There will be 0 issue Of the Laka GŁWardsān) om April 15. The next issue will be on May day our eighth anniver
Sa Ty.
7/VOCfféé Fr The
gy's ye "f''|''Eo "HữffE}".
parгісиІагӀу Іл И”o) did nor girl ஆf a be தேச firet Harge
To shock the
Po" e FEFEF| safe fre rேge the firds Corticis Ard MP5. ற ra Miry propose 1ways g/ gேer by 25%
Sirice fle Mini ாேrg Trini CEFE PE ME which may Fiat a fo - PESE 5 Effef spending has fra I.5% ay GDP (o
ANTI-LCOR)
Yes, iri - Hya:137 . the worser frig ei fiori & f f s'eFFF r cos regirre, Said' ac S'. Etter fade
Fires Church if
J'er. HiBHP FTE4' stench of corruri I figle BBC. A. Yere a legal triliary served in a frir. Sir gf guiry" :
ганцленг илс Philippines Parall He is far
(Continued a
äÜVAR
Wol. 8 No. 23
Price R
Published for
Lanka Guardian Pu
No. 246, Un
COLOMB
Editar: Merw yn Telephone:

budger, 181 G e fu Liriad To
Ht trge, F Burity, is that
er of ரா
f
Mfiriffers a Frd ed to virtually de-Certraffs er
for District and proceeded FFCFEFEFEF" :) reducing their
fer is alsă fie
Idirliff Irt fhe. told the press
says he alive
25 TWIT £7FFFF
Ha riser foror?
3.5%.
RUPTION
repressiori and i'r priority CyrdiIl'Ély Joe Misdrr f Cardia 5 irii The Philip
Er ' ' , f Ir forger the r" le pase rviewed by the ir: PHLuftsdorp, to Id Ice Frt FIT (FFIFFHF,5- Zade a passirg terried Ig :І. “Г suppoує
TRENDS
LETTERS
STATELESS
Your News Backgrounds are probably among the most qualified columns in the Sri Lankan press
today. (To some people this might say more about the Sri Lankan press than about you...).
However I must raise my voice in a humble protest when reading your lauding lines for Mrs Bandranaike and the 1964 Indo-Ceylon Agrement,
Possibly it meant the ultimate elimination' of state lessness, a problem created a decade and a half earlier by her elder colleagues In parliament, Truly, the problem was moved out of sight from Colombo. But for those concerned It was perpetuated.
You brand thern Indian though living for generations in Sri Lanka and though a British Commissioner found eight out of ten "permaent residents' in 1946. And how can a person be "repatriated"
to a country he or she has
1e Wer 5e en?
None of the victims was
consulted before the 1964 Agree
ro." ment. When asked, 70% of these T page 8) (Continued on page 24)
CONTENTS DAN News Background
Human Rights B PFüş5 ||Feo LF1_{Gäläll April 1, 1985 T Cri 5 Lākā
U. S. State Dept. om Human OO Rights in Sri Lanka - III 3.
The Beginning and the Desirable
End of Stilessness |도 Enightly by Review of Economic Policies blishing Co Ltd and Progress 1977 - ISB | 5
on Place,
O- .
I de SIWE
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Printed by Ananda Press, 825, Wolfendhar Street, Colorbo 3.
Telephone 3,5975

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Page 5
MIDDLE CILA THE FORE
Mervyn de Silva
discussion or debatea based wholly on personalised parallelisms crudely constructed from the Philipines situation and other Third World countries (Cory-Sirima or Cory-Benazir or any other) can be confusing and misleading. But the impact of IMF-World Bank policies on repressive Third World regimes caught in the grip of global rece5sion produ ces general conditions in those societies and their politics, on which interesting and perhaps eduCative analogies may be founded.
In the Philippines a secessionist revolt (the Moro Muslim in Mindanao) was owershadowed in the late 70's by the fast-growin
· guerrilla movement, NPA, base largely in the countryside. Allowing for salient differences in magntitudes (an archipelago as distinct from a tight little island of 25,000sq. milles) and in Culture (the Catholic Church with adherents constituting 85% of the population) the fact of armed revolt and its critical consequences for the economy, the political system and society, do attract comparisons.
These past weeks have seen strong signs of the Sri Lankan State sector sa laried, an influential segment of the urban middeclass, engaged in trade union agitation resulting in confrontations with the fiercely anti-trade union regime that crushed the general strike of 1980.
The first years of martial law” writes Prof. Walden Bello of the State Univ. of New York,' were the heroic age of the reborn Philippine Left. Its mass organisations in the cities were smashed at the Outset of martial law'. There may have been no such heroic age" in Sri Lanka but the next stage in the Philipines came eight years after Martial law
When the ext recession,) and וincem קוח5lu) tion, un employ really hurt The TesLIt. W TO Y EL Dj and finally reb middle groups
TE
“The colla 1979, of the
The Bha
AEFE, 岛、
—Талії!
Ti ."עץThe Hor the festivitie, gr deer
алд оливу.
April is a PITI Tice Mr. rig for th rhag - PWorld Like Aid FTF: FTF -
Sig prUT "Wegoria: ior: Settlement'.
kie ar here goes th
gr. Ar Fire UI
I Sf
1993 FG7 III иғат илігі Pr 7f7557ae're, Ffi e Il re, 7 Paris por Τήέ είο ΠάΡς Erd after a 7. lii fie T.
So - Sri La reart af pa sթի հgiri ir
The legal the lang-in)

SS TO
Irnal factors (world
the local situation modity prices, inflament etc) began to the riddle class. as a middle class | 5Contented, Testive | ellious, the urban Gweled that moye
pse, beginning in ! export-oriented,
BACKGROUND
foreign capital dependent economic strategy from a combination of external recession, mismanagement and corruption, and growing resistance from the victims of development triggered the alienation of the middle strata, whose ranks were hit hard by rising unemployment and who5e pocketbooks were worn thin by inflationary pressures resulting from World
(Continued on page 4)
ndari balloon and seasonal songs
EFF fra The Siria
Mae Y FEftir i'r GF fте то prepaге for F. Brotherly Moye a Pia ,זr heir/!טJilזוidt.
 ைthe time for the ister fo Prepare his
FV FW Bak I Park-For Fored Sri Córii forfirrři, Tirrie s Fair dur l'Oice, 'ourite seasonal songs հ" գրք է:Politiըg1 Time alго to fiy կիրթ եզIInթյլք, նայ f Brīdri ir the kire, his fire for Territorey".
He had the APC.
,ק! g qhurry זbi the Artura dhapura Il Fira rice Minister's ied up to take gர் riothing to persuade uldסיון חtTיון irTr the tegori:7fed FefterFierf Trivil representatives.
fik FI Ferif irs opri "tīrīt Jers to Tarified Fear,
hatt les ir TFfraipu, ded La-Ries
Oxford-Caribridge debate. But no solution. Only the Delhi. Accords, ала 58 page d'ocител Phich ga ve a categorical + ''No''" to the TULF proposals,
Meriwhile the Lair-Neelan secret diplomacy" goes ori. Aid finally we alight ort that threadbare docurrent, the Iridiad Yn constitution, Arid now we study the three 'lists' - powers to the
ers In Fhe Lyriipriיווטק לטוr(Tה, ferritores, Poyer o e Cerre.
But Will Bari dari corrig ?
Arid if he does, will it be the кате оld тегry-gо-гоила (See Dilip Bobb ori Indo-Sri Lankar relariors).
There's only one significant difference in this time's kie ifying and trial-balloon exercise. Mr. Bhandari is expected to carrie here riot only after
The Ney Year but affer the Akrineenzaria by-electioi. No "offer' to the Tariffs should
be seized by the SLFP opposition To be rrade in to election propagarda agairst a “rreicherou soo LWMVP Pic is for so se out' the Sinhalese to the Tamils, Tarr iad IP TA' Tradisa
FHere M*e go roIrrTad Yr Alberry bush.
re

Page 6
bank-IMF imposed devaluations of the peso" Says Prof. Bello.
Among trade unions, the GMOA has an elitist image. Traditionally
that is. It is not given called a LuTilton". It is a T offi CCTS association, upper-middle class in selfImage.
But the government doctor's pocketbook has been worn thin,
unika that of the private practitioner. The very thrust of the UNP's policies in the field of higher education (the Private
medical school, the new institutes' the di 5 memberment of the cold In WCrsities and the deliberate running down of these institutions, the patronage to private hospitals run by muda lalis and the i new schools run by medical muda lalis for the children of the mu dalalis, have gradually alienated the salaried middle strata. Hence the agitation
by doctors, dentists, University professors, ending up with the nur 555. Bath the hard Economic
actuality — (Pressure on the middle class purse) and the government's
attitude of indiffe and neglect have ginalise these mi resentment and a by the UNP's tractive attitude nage , tio , the "Pri the State cmploy stitution. Mater logically, the p the Wii of . policy of privati The rural vote or, if di 55:atisfied express himself he knows by against the gover option was close rendum Of 1982 it was closed by of 1977. In the wretchedness bec ground of the gu
Here, the W. 'smashed' by t some 80,000 W Battered into sul tical leadership, exhausted and went "undergro
Phone : 5. 7 A5 - 5
Ceylon Supply and
"Senanayak
7, Stati
Colom
For all your r
CostrCO

rence, contempt. tended to marddle groups whose inger is shar Pened equally demonsof War" Tn Pa Lirowate", as against 'ee and the State ially and psychoIbie 58r Want is e philosophy and 5ation.
" AG COITEET
is Waiting to п the only Way tasting his vote Ten L. B Lt that Ed by the Refeas effectively as the Martia|| |W Philippines, rural ame the breeding err||||3 mowcement.
Drking class was הם || 1555 וחIE|ם םה orkers in 1980. bmission, its poli
tho, old Left, helpless, unionism Jumd"". NoW the
middle class has made a breakthrough. Since the terrain was strategic' (the medical Institutions, and with a "war" on) the allpowerful UNP found itself cornered, and finally forced to swallow its pride,
The middle class however has made an opening for the labour unions. Despite the rowdy incidents provoked by disruptors in ultraleft garb but with covert links that lead to sections of the citybased UNP Mafia', the National Convention last month signalled the stirrings of a long dormant labour mowement. The 2 li trade unions which brought several thousand delegates to the Sugathadasa stadium will now have to plan out strategy as the economic picture gets darker, with no hope at all of an early end to the WELT".
The speeches and the slogans must hawe caused some anxiety in UNP ranks. The ethnic issue was played down; economics and anti-government slogans dominated.
Development Co.
:e Building"
on Road, mbo 3.
equirements of
т Едушїpлтелѓ
Telex : 7. || 5 7 3 STEELСС СЕ
Ltd.

Page 7
Private militia Secret services
he Court has reserved order
On the Cage of ANANDA SUNL the SLFP activist whose wife filed a Petition alleging that he had been killed by the police. That case has received much prominence In the press and provoked discusson in Opposition circles as well as in Human Rights organisations, local and international, Mr. Lakshman Jayakody MP, former Deputy Minister of Defence, brought up in parliament last month sgwera I conected mattars which Illust Interest a II Serious students of the ominous political-social changes which accornpany what political scientists now style "The National Security State" or The State of Seige", a Third World refinement" of the old
Police State".
In that connection, the attention of the readers should also be drawn to the paragraphs in the US State Dept.'s recent report (Feb. 3) to the US Congress. (See Box).
Lakshman Jayakody said:
Now, Sir, I Would like to get on to another matter. You might recollect, Sir, that last time mentioned that there is divided security in this country and that It is not good to hawa divided security. Today we are having divided security, Now we hawe divided intelligence also. We know that there is an Intelligence Unit at Cambridge Place coming under the police. That is quite correct. There must be an Intelligence Unit there, and we support that. There is another Intelligence Unit at Longden place. We do not know whose Intelligence Unit that is. This is duplication. I do not know What this is aII about. This organization carries on under a separate command, I do not know whether this has been set up with the concurrence of the GP. I did not ask him. But definitely I know that there are two units because I saw a person who has come from Browns' Group heading that Intelligence Service in Longden place,
Ola NM. See met ASP, true, Browns. He ha Intelligence Serv going to have d Serwice.
The Whit: Ha telligence Servi the night in un That is there political oppone of their jobs. іп поп-governпп
Disappearance
Although ing at available reported during 1985. The of reports of the alEוח שilוחE Taחuםץ är Testad i Ti di tik : by the Security f on Ee Iinited mas Per insula, polica operating in the Bastern Coastal p: also begin making and detentions as the surgency area. Amnesty
Tate In Octob de:Eilees had "" di Cert months.'' Soni
are la Ler di CO | 5 to be in di stars or | heig Hf | Several instancos, zations Seeking the Ti Essing say t individual had
E EL DIE HDF ICTTOITEst tra Eauntry, er had trying to escape. 蠶 靶 É[. Eers of the abducted by Tarn Fores Lied to ha 'W': ם (Imentוחסst Brם וח ir il B5 TWIva | TI CHII trl Casta ann: 5—6, ап агпу ра guerrillag opened of his church s. Aחם פחםם Eight eyewitnesses, amo Fr. E5 til His E. and a government portedly failed to security forces ha уваг”5 гепd, seveп travelling to C.
 

and
le. He is a for
but he was at 55 53Tited a gwyr ce. Now you are vided intelligence
ppens? That InEe goes about in marked vehicles.
to HLInt doW. its. This one They go about ent Cars or some
very
times having the Government cmblem but is definitely not police. They must be Corporation cars. They all go and prowl about in the night. Then sometimes you find that people are being removed from workplaces. They are removed from homes. We do not know their whereabouts. This type of thing has taken place. I have a letter here, Sir, where it says that a person has been taken away and no one knows where he Is. No one can approach the
EL Tate ttistic53 T. | disappearan Eles rose - WWTE li li * disappeягапce af is W. H. E. in in for questioning rees. In a practice Ely to the affna and military patrols Tio Tithi-tertri trid rts of the country | largell –5 cale a "rr" estis young Tamil males spread to those International estET - that IEO such appeared" in "reof thicage dirigid ered by their famill
Stentier at palite my detention camps. E botën found. In
relative5 or organiEr for Inition about hey were told the er been arrested, ased and departed irīg sdi :
been shot while THE GIFTE civilians and Ingmurity forces Were Tilitants ante Eger killed. The ase of disappearance Father Mary Bastian, Priest in the WesLr. El Tea. Con la ruary trol search ing for fire in the vicinity reportedly killing ccording to some пg, thase l'Illed үаз dחuםf חטewח y wasםנ | IT WEestiga El CTI talfrd er dårlie that killed hi. At Sinha les pilgrims tholic shting in
north Weste Tin Sri Lanka w Are reporttedly abducted by militants; their whereabout remain unknown.
Torture and Cruel, human or Degrading Treatment or PLIGHiment:
The Constitution guarantees that "no person shall be subjected to Etter Eure or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punish ment," and in 1982 the government submitted LLLL L LLS S LLLL S SLLLL S SKKLLL LLLLLL opposing the use of torture,
There have been persistent reports of torture or ill treatment by mill try and police of persons detained
LLLLLL aa LLLHHLLHLaLaLaL L LL SS LLLLLLL Act. Amnesty International published a special report in October on tor Eure in Sri Lanka, The report cites affidavits submitted by alleged victims, as well as statements by LLLLLL LLLLH L LLLL LLLLL LHtCLL S S L LLLLLL the victims and said that they were able to corroborate their allegations of III treatment. The Artırı esty Inter- | national report noted that torture LLLLLL L L LL HCHLLLLL LL LLLL LaL0LK KaLLLLLK for political offenses, either radical LLLLLL 0 LLLKLLLK LLLLLL S LLtLLLLSS SLLLLLLL of collaborating with the separitists. The Government states that because LLLLL LLaaLLLL LLLLH LLC LLLLL S KLLLLSSS fied in the report, it is unable to respond to specific allegations of torture or to pursue inquiries into indiwidual Casas.
Amnesty International also alleged that il treatment af detaine es usually occurs in military camps or police station5 but rarcy reported in Frsons, where regular criminals are KaS LC LLLLC LLLLLLLHHLLLLLLL S S HHtC S S LLLLLL that no police effiers hawe been convicted of causing physical harm to persons in police custody.
- U.S. State Dept.

Page 8
places where they are kept. Ultimately that man is lost. I would like the Hon, Minister of National Security to check on what is going on. Ultimately you will be on the Wrong track. Sir, We must know from where the threat cores, and then deal with it. The threat is from one place, but we are dealing with people from the South.
Please do not think that every Sinhala Person is a JWPer. By alI means taka action if there are
threats of that nature, but do not think that the SLFPers are that, Weare not of that Creed. We do not belong to them.
Sir, yesterday I saw two R who were working in a housing scheme close to where liwe. These two persons from the Intelligence Service hawe been put there to see where I am going and who comes to my house, spotted these two persons, I wanted to trap them, but I did not want to do it because I knew they were there doing a job of work or probably they were looking after me. They were following me. I do not mind them following me. But what were they doing? They were Working as workers where two houses were being put up Just next to my house. This is the type of thing that is going .Sir , יחס
Then there is security for the President. He has a separate Intelgence Service. There is security for the Prime Minister. Ha has another Intelligence Service. Then there is security for the Minister of Fisheries. My goodness, you should see his security. The others are just nothing compared to that. He has a separate Intelligence Service. Then there is security for the Minister for Rural Industrial Development. The Deputy Minister's boss has also one which he does not know about, - (Interruption). Ahl you know. That is good. This is the thing, Sir. These are not security services. I can understand if these are security services, These cara Intelligence Services carrying messages here and there and sending various people to spy on others. Sir, I do not mind having all this provided there is one security pool. Let them all be in one pool under the IGP and no Ola, else.
ThEn, Sir, w bureaucracies. Ir system we find which has taken the Prima Minis is the National i Ha I .""חaוח man, this Ge"5 ппап." Can you like this? Ther under the Goye you very frank has hapened to division is withi itself. You are a division betwe the UNP - Inter Imagining that, What is happenin
שםracy. If yם minutes, I Win which I do no
The fact is, you ther out from
\ - (חסInterrupti) - da Te not moựe offita r5 who arti groups out. But say is, they also aires overnight.
bureaucrats in t have come with In 1977 tarring
becoming huge b
night. I am w Member for Kol you will see tE Pa Per factory
And Please stop
keep the paper chenai and try t factory at Emblf Pa Per factory at a s Linn of R5, 5 But I know th also would not
апоther pагtу ү buy it. You p It is in your are trying to factory. A big mission is expe
The Government of it only, and th what will happen be another close in that area, factor, they be overnight, and t this. Most of th green cards to
The other dayago - We proved Ewen the CHalimi

ve hawe parallel this bureaucratic
empire building place. "He is er's man." He
Security Minister's the President's Thān and that one's Fun a Government e should be men timet. To te|| ly, this is what our country. The the Government di wilded. It is mot ten the SLFP and ruption). You are You do mot know g in the bureaugive The L Wo ame certain people ti want to do.
darte mot mowe that organization. Dne person! You : certain police e in those two t anyway what I beto Thea milion| hawe 5 een blg his country who but a single cent their roads and Usine 55 Tem Over"arning the hon. Inne. Very soon he sale of your at Embilipitiya. that. They will factory at WalachC close the paper titlya and sell the Embllipitiya for
) Ii|Iion o go. at those people
buy. Thera is who is going to lease watch out. 2 lectorate. They rob your Paper
3 m o Lu n t of CoTcted out of it.
is getting a part refore ultimate
is there will down of a factory because of that COITIe millioraires he best thing is ose people have
Em ter Aleja.
- I think sometillë to this House that an of Air Lanka
was not in this country when we had the Presidential Elections. He was in Bangkok, and he had phoned up. Colombo to find out who was winning, and when he found that Mr. J. R. Jayewardene was winning he came into this country and went and saw His Excellency. If His Excellency had lost, he would never have come. By that time he had taken the green card. This is the type of bureaucracy that We hawe. Thereforce, look at these People who are trying to bolt off, in case there is a change of Government. This is the type of thing that is happening.
Then you find a parallal army.
I Want to talk about the parallel , w the armyסחarmy. Now we k nawy, a ir force - they are conventional armed ser wice S. But now look at your Government. There is a separate army being created with the UNP. Where the home guards are concerned, there is going to be a separate unit altogether. They would not be non-political. You will have a non-political army and a political army if they come under one person. So, this will be amother threat. One home guard army will be a threat to the conventional army or the known army. This is to happen, Sir. And then, Sir, what do they do? They pass information among each other. These are fears that one has to see one army talks. This is a home guard. They talk out of their turn. They do not know whether they are coming or going on security. They are not trained properly. They are half trained. They do not know how to shoot Properly. They close the wrong eye when they have to shoot. Instead of closing the left eye they close the right eye, and they shoot cockeyed everywhere! Therefore, I would be very grateful to you if you do not have these divided armies. Do not have these separate armies. - (Interruption) - I know those armies are being used to pass information from one WIP to the other. It is real gas3, 333 sort of business that goes on among two WIPs and the act gend that normally goes on in the Government is that. These People come and give you wrong

Page 9
information. They spy on other people, They come and tel g2552 to the other Crowd. This is what is going on to tell you frankly. That is why you cannot govern properly. But, anyway, I am telling
you, this is happening and they
pass Information to each other and,
therefore, it is a haven for some politicians in power. It has become a haven ultimately for some businessmen in power, and then with these corrupt racketeers that you are talking of this is what is happening.
There is another matter which I want to know. The Government always threatens to say that there are training camps in India. We know that. But what action hawe you been taking? What have you done? You juss talk to Indiāns? No. If we cannot attack, we hawe to see that our borders are sealed. What definite concrete action have you taken? Have those borders been secured successfully Has our naval Cordon been very successful in order to see that no people go across from here to India or come from India to this country? That is one question. Hawe you got a report to find out what the failure is about and why there is a failure? That is a job of the Secretary, Defense.
have my highest respect for the Secretary of the Ministry of Defence but he has an obligation to this country. He must let us know why there is a failure to prevent the smuggling and people moving from India to Sri Lanka and from Sri Lanka to India. Therefore Sir, he should devote hundred per cent of his time to
defence. I will tell you what he should do. Today he is in Air Lanka and he is in the Airports
Authority and he is doing a development project there. His is a hundred percent job. A Secretary, Defence under these trying conditions having other work is unheared of. Therefore I would like to say that he has an obligation to this country. The Government must be having an
obligation to him. That is a different
matter. But he has an obligation to this country. He should be held responsible if anything fails.
Christi
5 National
Freedom ar Justice are basic true and lastir and the Comn and Peace of the Council of Sri L in promoting all and strengthen th of this concern the Government citizenship to 9. tation Workers. tion of such legt a major injustice National Christi many other grot. corned since P. Were disfranchist
Such a decision be greatly stre accompanied by remove the ca. still prevalent w and danger in st land.
We deplore a in the North wherewer it occ. it is always c for the building responsible socie apprehension and suspected of vi the Emergency R provisions of the too often appear Incarceration Wit the persons effect for such artrest, to overcoming
InI55|on of furth these circumstanc harsh and inhu ma of torture and keep mounting a then done to ag Complicated situa the image of o Today, as the wanton killings legacy of grieff feelings of despa grip large numbe
It is therefore tOSave the situati a procedure sht quickly and scrupu to em 5 Lure that ewe under the Emerg

in Council
Unity, Personal Socio-economic conditions for a Peace in our ission for Justice National Christlan inka seeks to help forts to preserve In. It is because that We Welcome decision to grant OOO State less PlanThe implementalation will remove with which the in Council with ps has been Connation Workers d in 1948.
however, would gthened if it is
morte effort 5 to ses of Violence ith tragic intensity y era | areas of out
violence not only ind the East but irs as we believe ounter-productive of a humane and ty. But when the detention of those lence are under egulations and the P.T.A. the sequel s to be protracted no inti Tiation to ed of the teasons and this leads not ut to the comer injustices. In es, allegations of nitreatr ment, gwen other atrocities, ld Tuch harm is gravate an already ion and to spoil Lir land abroad. death to from creases, with its
r the bereaved, have begun to 's of our citizens.
imperative that in from worsening uld be devised usly implemented y person arrested incy Regulations
appeals
or the Prevention of Terrorism Act is produced before a Magistrate within forty eight hours of such arrest with a report setting out
(a) the person's identity, (b) his or her permanent resi
dential address, (c) the date, time and place of
arrest (d) the address at which the person is held in detention, (e) the reasons for arrest and the offence or offences alleged to hawe been Committed for which he or she is to be charged, (f) the names and addresses of up to three persons whom he or she wishes should be informed of the arrest and of the particulars at (c), (d) and (e) above which he or she wishes to be communiCated. It is also assential that the number of Magistrates and other Investigating Officers should be increased sufficiently to enable expeditious handling of these cases.
We urge that these recommendations and those made by the Sri Lanka Bar Association in this regard, be implemented without delay as we need
(a) to ensure humane treatment and justice to all persons so arrested, (b) to relieve relations and friends of persons arrested of the quite unjustified tension and anxiety from lack of information about where a person is held, in what condition of health, and even whether the person concerned is alive or dead, and
(c) to reduce as far as possible, occasions for the filing of habeas Corpus applications with their in ordinate costs, delays and frustrations of waiting indefinitely for their disposal. We are convinced that vigorous and conscientious action on the lines we recommend could begin to restore the right spirit among us. Owing to the grave urgency to do all that is possible to help
(Continued on page 8)

Page 10
HUMAN RIGHTS
Statements in
Canada
We must, however, also take note of situations where developTents hawe been le 55 enco Luraging. In Sri Lanka, we are saddened by recent reports of bombings by the Air Force in densely populated Jaffna Peninsula. We deeply regret the loss of life by innocent civilians on both sides in the current conflict and urge the Sri Lankan government to make its best efforts to find a peaceful political settlement, We Welcome the efforts of the Government of India to faciliate negotiations between the Government of Sri Lanka and Warious Tamil groups and urge that these efforts be continued.
Australia
The Australian Government shares the widespared international di5appointment at the recent deterioration in the communal conflict In Sri Lanka. We Com til Luo to watch developments closely. In the spirit of our long standing friendship with that country, we have severaltimes expressed our Concern to the Sri Lankan government that tha human rights of all i Sri Lankans should be respected. We have urged the Government of Sri Lanka to sustain a policy of moderation and reconciliation in its handling of the communal probems and hava Tade Clear OLIr support for India's medit lary role in this complex and delicate matter. We stress our hope that all in Sri Lanka will eschew wolence and renew their efforts towards a peaceful political solution. We also hope that the government of Sri Lanka will facilitate all appropriate efforts of the International comunity, including such bodies as the ICRC, to ameliorate the situation of affected parties.
reland
SL HLLLLLLLLa SLLLLS S LLLLLLLHHLLL of talks between delegations representing the Government of Sri Lanka and the main Tamil parties, together with an agreement on a ceasefire, gave rise to hopes that
B
Geneva
a solution would to the tragiC situ: We regret that
not successful an increasing number gents, the situati give grave concer
Recent months increasing spiral C rorist attack5 ha deaths of TI LI TIETO members of the It is reported th died as a result retallatory action the security force.
| unreservedy Cor
killings, no miatt patrators may b the responsibility ties to ensurë rights and funda of a Sri Lanka safeguarded. It ponsibility to en rying out their law and order, security forces c. tic law and WW nationally accept principles from gation may be m FM. CHäTT ar ni trates that terri never be used summary executi ments or arbiri members of the the police sucl reported.
Christian . . .
(Continued
forward a Politi Presen E Ot atmosphere of credibility in acc teachings of th professed in ou to all concerned action to foste discourse and a involving direct contact betweer the Government leaders in the than the indire:

it can help mutual understanding goodwill and compassion, between the contending groups. We trust therefore that all who are in Positions of leadership in all political shortly be found groups will act according to the is spirit and principles of the religious ta 315 Wiera rofessions made and that all citizens that With the of Sri Lanka will lend their sup" ... port to such act with the urgency that the present situation
continues to demands from Luis a II, If there is to be reconciliation and peace in have been an our land.
if violence, Ter
We brought the TRENDS
us civilians and
security forces. at hundreds hawe of indiscriminate by members of 5. My delegation demns all such er who the Pere. It is of course of thը authorithat the human imental freedom5 || citizens are fully is also their resLe that in Caruty of maintaining members of the -mply with domesב |լի էligse intered human right:5 which no deroade. In Particular, ny delegation relprist CLI trage5 TTY as an excusa for -shוחass Buוח ,sחסi atory arrests by armed forces or 1 as hawe been
from page 7)
cal Solution to GUr
to Teate a truth, trust and ordance with basic e great religions - land we appeal to take immediate r a language of strategy of action human and personal the leaders of and the Tamil conflict far mo Te
DIT LE
so that -
Continued from page )
Buf the respone to the ries of Jurice Perry Col-Time appointmerir werit is beyond the Bre of Hurisdor. The best lar for the job, was the reactio eyer arriorg The P770,5 t anti UNP of public ser Farfs ard நrgessor,
The UNP Pas Eileeri ir office for almost nine years. So the appointment of the Carrmission Can hardly be seen as premafire. The triparalleled flow of did has replied opport inities beyond the wildest dreams of e so-Caled re Frida las of the SLFP.
ARMS BAZAAR
A current joke in the city catches the rood of the fines as the defence Edgef expands the சரere of the develர. retir or social Welfare firls fries. ) : y la press தமிited he fic g a Eாக 25 bile Fரசer location, Calசார்ப்' - ressirleri yere Trying ro ferret of how rary few 'dry' corparlies were being formed. Tiese fiatulad Ee the "froyi Is"" behird wich the Trffs Lf Sri Larikans la Pro are the besies f in the local arris hazaar would operate. Vives, dagliers, sors= In and cousiris would be core the “directors" of schi ad hoc firms which would probably Close do i'r affer every clearl is Hvor Lor løst.
The last ririt te inclusion of newspaper proprie fors, editors ா iேorial stரி (Id the affice-hearers of trade unions Fied eyeror and pr008 5drďJHiť ČU FF FFile:Fiľ5.

Page 11
PRESSURES ON GANDH
The ticking til
Dilip Bobb (Associate Editor, India Today)
he sudden and strident exchange
of charges and countercharges telegraphed between the two countries last fortnight clearly marked an ignominious and abrupt end to the Cosy honeymoon New Delhi had naively embarked upon with Colombo. It also signalled the Indian Government's beated determination to adopt a markedly tougher posture in its role as peace-broker between the two warring sides.
In what was easily the strongest statement to emanate from South Block since Rajiv Gandhi came to power, the Indian Government accused Sri Lanka of trying to find an alb for the failure to engage in constructive negotiations' and of "casting personal aspersions" on External Affairs Minister Bali Ram Bhagat, who in the midst of a stormy Lok Sabha debate over the Indian Government's handling of the Sri Lankan crisis, had issued the provocative remark that the action of Sri Lankan security forces had "the elements of genocide'. Bhagat also suggested that it was time the Sri Lanka Government came up with a time frame in which to find a political solution to the problems. Bhagat's remarks predictably produced an equally provocative tirade from Colombo, Which fel II, brack on it 5 time-Worn tactic of once again accusing India of assisting and encouraging training camps for Tamil militant groups in Tamil Nadu. Colombo's statement also said thät: The wallue of the proferred good offices of the Indian Government stand impaired and its credibility diluted."
The Indian Government then put the seal on its abrupt aboutturn by taking the rather extreme step of stopping the Indian cricket team's impending visit to Sri Lanka for the Asia Cup, scheduled for end-March. The sudden and mutua esca lation in the Werba war has fragmented the fragile
hopes for peace cion process init Government in
tively raised. B it was somewha
The clincher ca. sent signals that to consider tt issues. Contained amended propo. between Foreign Bhandar and th United Liberatio the land settle law and order for a Tam|| poli proposal Eo mer and eastern pro strongman Lalith indicated that it to give in subfirst two and willing to nego the third. The dar I once agalin sticker on hist Madras enroute The day he left, arrived fron ( 58-page documen Sri Lankan Teact proposals. "They to the discussic engaged in up till a foreign minis embarrassed Bha back from Mad Wiser.
The bottom that the Indian ( to be finally con dent Jayewarden hawa decided th one solution to the military op indisciplined secİL stered by the of a wide vario from rather dubi eScalated thair offensiw, ei alarmin two months throl апd-search operat March 15). Th

me-bomb
that the negotiaated by the Indian 983 had tentaIt in many Ways,
inevitable.
me when Colombo they were willing
a three crucial in the latest als Worked Out
Secretary Romesh a moderate Tamil Front (TULF)- mբրt I55սe, thը
proposal asking ce force and the ge the northern vince. Sri Lankan | Ath Luath mudali, hey were willing
stantially to the would even BE tiate further om
peripatetic Bhanput a Colombo ags and flew to to Sri Lanka. a special courier olombo with a t containing the iom tio Lhee TULF bote no relation r15 We had been that time", said try source. An ndari had to fly ras, Saddler" but
le, however, is overnment Seems in Ced that Presi1 and his advisers at there is only the problemIon. Sri Lanka":5 rity forces, bolecent acquisition y of Weaponry ou 5 sources, hawe TLICa | anti-Tamil gly in the past gh their cordonon (INDIA TODAY, fact that the
Thain wictims of the crackdownconcentrated in the eastern province hawe boen innocent Tamil civilians put additional pressure on South Block to undertake a major review of their policy,
Finally, political realities, hither to ignored, put the torch to the funeral pyre of India's peace intiative. Apart from the uproars in Parliament last fortnight, with members, not just from Tamil Nadu, baying for the Foreign Ministry's blood, the AIADMK Government in Tamil Nadu has made it clear to the Congress (I) that the sole reason for its shock defeat in last month's municipal elections was the electorate's disgust with its attitude towards the Sri Lankan situation. In the latest round of high-level meetings chaired by the prime minister to review the Sri Lankan policy, the participants included G. Parthasarathi, who had been sidelined on Sri Lankan affairs at the request of the Jayewardene Government, and Tamil Nadu's Electricity Minister, S. Ramachandran.
Neither could the Indian Government ignore the fact that the refugee population from Sri Lanka has started to reach alarming Ieya|5. In term5 of the financial burden involved in their upkeep. Since December 1983, a total of |24,828 Sri Lankan Tam is hawe fled across the Pak Straits in fear of death or destruction of their homes by the Sri Lankan security forces. In fact, the Indian Government has now asked Sri Lanka to share refugee expenses.
薯
THAT Colombo had decided to concentrate on its desperate search for a military solution was patently obvious. But the increasing involvement of Pakistan in that hither to fut le 5e arch Was added reason for India to harden its stand.
9

Page 12
According to defence and intelligence sources, the major source of Sri Lanka's arms acquisitions in recent months has been Pakistan,
followed by South Africa, Israel, UK, China and Singapore. From Pakistan, the Sri Lankans hawe
acquired a large amount of heavy and medium artillery in the form of 25 pounder field guns, 30 mm medium guns and rocket-propelled grenades, apart from an estimated fo,000 small arms in the form of rifles, light machine guns and mortars, Latest reports say that the Pakistan Government has also promised Colombo six helicopter gunships.
Pakistan's involvement extends well beyond weapons supply. In the last one year, an estimated 8,000 officers, junior commissioned officers and other ranks have returned from Pakistan having completed courses in counter-insurgency, artillery junior commanders training and basic training. Pakistan is also reportedly training Sri Lankan air force and naval pilots. In Sri Lanka itself, their security
sorges are beln comically-named wices, an outfit Special Air Servi who have serye and usually do foreign countries approval of the B
In additiքո, Տ quired 50 arm personnel carri Africa and Israel ters from Sing being converte six SA Marche Italy for strafi number of Cess weilance || E. ha: patrol boats : mines in the past acquisitions hawe try's defence but It is 98. IIIIor in 1935-8 FULT Cofi TTTa" course the Go upon taking is
To di 5 peace initiative
ALSO WALD
RESIDENT IN
SRI LANKA,
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more restraint on its se curity forces and adopt a more reasonable attitude towards finding a
peaceful and mutually acceptable solution to the ethnic Cris iš At the samme time, India strongly Condened Sri Lankan atrocities before the Human Rights Commission in Geneva last week, indicating that New Delhi is determined to pull out all the stops. But that could also mean that New Delhi might just be in the mood to allow the Tai militants to resure their arms training on Tamil Nadu soil, which would put the clock back to a eve Where it Would once again resemble the ticking of a time-bomb.
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Page 13
The Crisis of
Sri La
Election and Mrs. Bal
Chanaka Amaratunga
hat Sri Lanka is at present
enshrounded in a grave crisis Is a matter of unan limity. Any attempt to identify the nature of this crisis, any analysis of its causes and its possible resolution, however, brings us into the realm of contention, It is 觀 EWE Impossible to particularise the Sri Lankan crisis to the degree of recognizing What seems to me obvious, that it is a political crisis without inviting sharp dissent; for there are some who see our present travails as no more than the nihilistic work of terrorism which is not admitted as being political. The rhetoric of a significant proortion of popular discourse that 醬 that there is no more to our crisis than the war against terrorism" or alternately of "terrorism's war against us" and refuses to acknowledge that the travails of this country at the present time are the symptoms of a far more complex, and in the final analysis more dangerous crisis of which terrorism forms a deplorable part, continues to muddy the waters of rational analysis and render more difficult the achievement of a lasting settlement of the crisis.
There has been much discussion over the past two and a half years of a possible 'settlement'. It seems to me however, that a significant reason for the failure of a settlement" has been the loose and simplistic Way in which we have identified the nature of
our crisis. Before we can arrive at a basis for a settlement we must have a clear and accurate
understanding of what it is we are attempting to settle. The specific proposals embodied in a settlement as well as the modalities by which such a settlement can be achieved are inextricably bound
Mr. Armdratur nga recently received a Ph.D. from LSE and is the GeneralSecretary of the Council for Liberal Democracy.
up with our Crisis. We propo
n a crisis su
threatens the 5 as a peaceful, шп cracy to say not suwiwal of man We cannot affor of the Wood fo it 525 TO TE WE ECIILI ILIE L. Sri Lankan Cris Tā relation attention of a One can pretenc Problem Ha5, mot OveГ Папу уeаг. mate disputa a But it is the tribution to the of nationalism, Sinhala, that the) their energies of the recent the advancemen Tatial ethnico int חן ים וח וםL - 5וח5EE real grievances : ower the last thir hawe contributed the bitterness anc it is tragically not to recogni: Important, I wo extra-racia || fått exacerbated the from 1983 and impossible of ach continuing tragedy Tliet al La are responsible. a deliberate po |lead Sri Lanka a Luthoritariani ST, a myopia brough the blinkered po has refused to r Crisis of Sri Lank tions is but orie wery powerful or of liberal democ
This realisation is mora I and 5

Lnka, a General ndaranalike
tha
Derception of 5e to resolve.
ch as ours which u Twllwal of Sri Lanka I ted libera dellohing of the physical y of its citizens, d to loose sight r the trees. This, !, is precisely what
do. To yiew the
is as a risis of is to focus ou
few trees. No
that the Tai|| festered and grown 5 leading to legiti5 tO |L5 50 UTCE. oint adverse concrisis of spokesmen both Tam| and r hawe concentrated upon an analysis past in terms of t er de-line of Certe 5t5. While ili Controvertible that suffered by Tamils ty years and more not a little to violence of today, one-dimensional se that there are uld even say wital, OT5, which Hawe Tam || Problem made a solution ey gement. For this both the Govern. Tamil separatists For the one in licy designed to Upon a road to the other through it on perhaps by litics of ethnicity, ecognize that the ām - Communal relafacet (albiet a te) of the crisis racy in Sri Lanka.
that ou CF55 titutional has not
been widely understood principally because we hawe become increasIngly dependent for our perception of events on information and analyses emanating from the State. There seems a widespread acceptance as objective of a presentation of facts that is subjective in the most obvious and gross way. This is not to say that there is som a objective reality which the popular Instruments of analysis have concealed. Political analysis, more than most other persuits, is subjective. What I do believe is that most of us are denied a healthy plurality of analysis which would allowe us greater scope for making informed, subjective judgements. What I am attempting to assent
is that there has been far too little work on establishing the close correlation between the
decline of pluralism, in its widest sense, in Sri Lankan society and the steady increase of politically motivated violence and its attendant social and economic dislocation.
To my mind it is no accident that the decline of respect for liberal values - for individual
liberty, for the best traditions of an independent and healthy parliamentary democracy, for 3. in all its many creative forms, for tolerance at both the political and the social level, since 1970 has paralelled the increase of political violence among supporters of the principal parties outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces as well as racially motivated violence and a violent reaction from Tamil seperatists. The sharpest increase in political violence in this country has occured and continues to occur in the 1980's, the period in which Sri Lankan liberal democracy reached to its lowest ebb thus far. The deprivation of the civic rights of Mrs. Sirima wo Bandaranalike and others in October 1980 and the postponement of a General Election via the un precedented step of the

Page 14
Referendum in December 1982 (conducted under a state of emergency in a manner that caused grave concern among all liberals and most democrats) were the high points of a Consistent mowament towards the devaluation of an open and tolerant political process. It must also be emphasised that the many steps taken to circumscribe the independence of Members of Parliament and to devalue the position of Parliament as a genuinely representative institutlon contr|- buted towards the increasingly authori tarian atmosphere in this country today. That this authoritarian atmosphere is punctuated by some genuine manifestations of political Ä and many ritualistic expressions of devotion to the democratic process should not obscUra frt LIS ET HELLITFL- aբPTEciation of its essential nature and more importantly, of its ultimate Purpose.
The record of the Tam|| United Liberation. Front during its presence in Parliament suggests that the parliamentary/moderate wing of Tamil nationalism had a partial appreciation of the close relation. ship between the travails of the Tamils and an extra-ethnic movement away from a liberal democratic Sri Lanka. The subsequent emphasis of Tamil nationalism and indeed of significant strands of non-Tamil opposition to the contemporary United National Party, on an exclusively ethnic approach (e.g. an approach to the question of proVincial autonomy on the basis of greater self-government for Tamils rather than on the wider case for decentralisation and the reduction of the power of the Government) (and the converse of that, an identification with protection of the interests of the Sinhalese) has obscured the ideological and institutional roots of our crisis and prevented the identification of a CT PLITP05e aΠΊΟΠg those COT = cerned with the rights of all Sri Lankans irrespective of race, class, religion or any other sectarian distinction.
My argument is therefore that any analysis of our that seeks a long-term and just solution must recognize the in ex
2.
LITTE 55
tricable ||rık betWE for indiwidual rig respect for mino lence against mino гjsп, а пd viole. person intoleranc aspirations of th Eastern provinces of political dissen Island, lack of r the Northern and With the general representative Inst racist and TT not then, the or solution' of the tion of what is :
valuas requires the liberal value the human persic
liberty of genuin democracy, of eco Pluralism. It is standing of this, that the deprivati Tanake's Civic rig dum to postpone i for six years, ch of 1983, terrorism of the Sri Lank: āT II face t5, of liberal democracy approach two iss ?gsignificחulחIסחסם tion of Mr. Bal rights and her der Election.
My view has that the deprival d'aranaike's C|yIC the begining of a phase in the trag Lankan parliamer (II), Accordingly,
ETT TOL 5 restoration of M civic rights mark of a step on authoritariānism. Hawa Beer th telf lil ras darama ike'5 Wi speculation is a indulge in on th seem that the Banda Tamilike it areria da, 5 a free thened the Opp. democratic proces of the Opposition by her resistan blandishments : Parliament by nic

: en lack of respect hts and lack of rity grou PS, Willorites, and terronce against the e of the political e Northern and and intClefar. Ce t throughout the epresentation of Eastern provinces lack of genuinely tutions. Sinhala seperatism are ly obstacles to a Er|5|5. A resolua crisis of liberal a restorato of s of respect for II of Indydual ely representative nomic and cultura from an underfrom a recognition of of Mrs. Bandahts the ReferemGeneral Election e anti TaTi Ticot5
ādi ātri In armed forces the same crisis of that We must Les of recent and ince, the restorada ramaikes Civic and for a General
onsistently been io of Mrs. Baarkedוחיי rights new and powerful lic decline of Sri tary democracy" tםח e it isקסh | day that the 5. Bandaranalike's ed the retracing the road to Whatever might e Government's toring Mrs. Banic rights, and that we can subject, it does EL CF M5. Io the political agent has strengGition and 50 ha 5. The enhancement has been secured ce to the twin if returning to miration ard of
standing in a by-election. The single-minded concentration by Mrs. Bandaranake on the demand for a General Election has created an issue which has the potential to unite a wide coalition of convictions and interests.
The 55 L e of a General Election raises moral as well as "pragmatic considerations though even the latter are not dayoid of moral content. The moral considerations that are thrown up by the Infamous Referendum and the extension of the present Parliament for a sul term beyond its natural life involve representative democracy and the legitimacy of our political institutions. The pragmatic" Considerations in wolwe the political context in which elections are demanded and the possible consequences of elections. Mrs. Bandaranalike's Campaign for a General Election, in which she has the support of a constituency Wider than her own party, and the arguments of the Government for not hawling one un til 1989 must be analysed from both the moral and pragmatic stand points.
Fundamental to the moral considerations for or against "an immediate General Election" is the legitimacy of the present Parliament. (2) On this there is no dissent for the con testants on issue on the basis of their differing opinion on legitimacy. The President, the Prime Minister and Members of the Cabinet assert the legitimacy of Parlament on the Basis that the verdict of a majority of those who voted at the Referendum to extend the life of Parliament, is
sufficient justification for this Parlament cantinulng In office until 1989. To the Government's
moral argument two position are axiomatic - a) that the postponement of a General Election and the extension of a Parliament beyond its natural life are within the scope of what may be done by a referendum and b) that the results of the Referendum of December 1982 was free and fair. Neither of these positions is capable of standing up to rigorous examination.
(To be continued)

Page 15
Part:
U. S. State De Rights in Sri La
Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government
Sri Lanka is an open, working, multiparty democracy, Citizens enjoy universal adult suffrage, and voter turnout is generally over 80 percent. Traditionally, the UNP and the other major political party, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), both of which draw their following mainly from the Sinhalese majority community, hawe alternated in forming governments. The current UNP government came to power in the general elections of 1977, gaining 5 percent of the popular vote and 83 percent of the seats in Parliament. The UNP government formulated a now Constitution, adopted by Parliament in 1978, which established the office of a directly elected executive president and Provided for a proportional representation system in future parliamentary general election5.
Jayewardene became the first President under the 1978 Constitution and was returned to office In the presidential election of October 1982, gaining 53 percent of the popular vote. General elections to Parliament due in 1983 were not held. Instead, citizens went to the polls in a referendum held in December 1982 to wote on a constitutional amendment to extend the term of the 1977 Parliament from 6 to 12 years. Restrictions were imposed on the activities of opposition parties during the referendum campaign, and some voting Irregularities were reported. The amendment was approved with 54.5 percent of the votes and Parliament's term now runs until August 1986. UNP candidates hawe won most of the by-elections held since 1977, including the two held In 1985, President Jayewardene's United National Party now holds 40 out of 53 occupied seats in Sri Lanka's unicameral legislature,
Sri Lanka's poli sent a variety Most opposition freely, several пеwspapers, and their leaders are זaם eחedia. Oוח extreme saft ist Paramuna (VP), F since July 1983 Wetent in colt the last Week o addition, the ci loader of the SL Bandaranalike, w 1980 for a peric on the grounds her authority d as Prime Ministe Until her pard. 1985, the suspel rights prevented in Parliament an behalf of her in elections.
Tamils, who mately 18 percei opulation, are pr .partie5 סtWץ Liberation Front speak for the Cey in the North a Ceylon Workers which is also a sents the Indian sident of the ( minister in the pr
Indian Tamils, one-third of the population, are Tamils brought - 19th century to y tations. They d Indian citizenship and were denied Sri Lankan law Under a 1964 ag the governments India to address one million Tamils, many we India or granted zenship. When expired in 1981,

it. On inka
tical parties repref political views. parties function perate their own the activities of covered by the ty, however, the Janatha Wimukti as been proscribed for alleged involunal riots during חh. Iםחסוח that ' ric: rights of the FP, Mrs. Sirinnawo ra suspended in d of seven years that she exceeded uring her tenure from 1970-77. ,n January lם חג 15ion of het CIW|- her from serving campaigning on party's candidates
-{prise approxוחס: it of the country's marily represented
The Tami United (TULF) claims to on Tais reside ld East, and the Congress (CWC), rade union, repreTamils. The PreCWC serves as a esent Government.
who make up about
country's Tamil descended from to India in the
"ork on the plannot qualify for under Indian law citizenship under it independence. reement between of Sri Lanka and the problem of a teless' Indian te repatriated to Sri Lankan citithe agreement there were an
Human
estimated 94,000 Indian Tamils
plus their offspring born since 1964, who remained state less." The Government estimates that
the tota|| number of Stateles 5 Indian Tamils is currently around 150,000 persons. The Sri Lankan Government has stated its intention to grant citizenship to those remaining state less but no action has been taken to date and these Tamils teamain disen franchised.
Section 4 Governmental Atti tude Regarding international and Nongovernmental investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
The Go Wernment is sensitiwe to adverse reports on its human rights situation but generally does not interfere with investigations. Senior government officials frequently make themselves awal labe to visitors looking into human rights issues. There were several special reports on human rights in Sri Lanka in 1985.
A representative of the Human Rights Standing Committee of the Law Association for Asia and the Western Pacific (LAWASIA) visited Sri Lanka on a factfinding mission In February. The mission's report concluded that the situation had deteriorated since LAW ASA's last report in 1983 due to the escalating violence and the erosion of democracy and the rule of law. Also in February, two members of the British parlamentary human rights group wisited Sri Lanka and concluded that "in the present situation human rights are being violated or infringed to a substantial extent."
The chairman of the Australian parliamentary amnesty group visited Sri Lanka in June and presented his findings, an update of his initial report of June 1984, to the Ernergency Committee on Sri Lanka, an informal international group of human rights activists. He found
3

Page 16
the ethnic conflict to be destroying the economy, violating human rights and undermining the progress of development Programmes supported by many governments over many years." In October an Amnesty Internationalnewsletter included
a special report on torture in Sri Lanka, based on affidavits and doctors' reports on the victims.
The Government follows a practice of not responding to Amnesty International reports, which it says do not identify, victims of alleged abuses and are based Thore on hearsay than hard information.
The International Comittee of the Red Cross Hilag a brach i Colombo which has been active in rehabilitation projects. Several local non governmental organizations monitor human rights in Sri Lanka. They collect information from familIlles of Wictim15 or members of citizens' committees near the site of alleged incidents. Their periodic reports and appeals for change, however, are generally not addressed by the Government. Some attorneys repres cent defendantis pro bono in those human rights cases which reach the courts.
At the end of 1985, the Gowerment was considering a Pro Posial to establish a Civil-Human Rights Commission modeled on U.S. Institutions which would be em Powered to mediate grlevances.
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SITUATION
Sri Lanka's population of 6,334,000 is growing at an annual rate of 1.8 percent. The high rates of growth (over 6 percent) in the gross national product (GNP). Sri Lanka enjoyed from 1978-8 || hawe decelerated somewhat in recent years (5.2 Per cent in 1984). The balance of payments situation deterorated in 1985 due to a fa II in tourism, lower world prices for tea, and the econòmic and Social distruptions caused by the island's continu ing ethnic strife. Lower government revenues and greatly increased defense spending have produced a record budget deficit which is expected to fue inflation and contribute to depreciation of the currency. Development expenditures may also be curtailed to Teduce the deficit.
|4
Under the curr market-oriented the expansion of has been encoura Westment has be: most has gone in textile industries. dly growing text constitute its thi of foreign exchang chronically severe at 7 in 98, independence higէ in the mid-1970'
Agriculture, c. a quarter of GN allost half of workers, is the important of the ПЛЕ ЕВЕfor E. LOM by smallholders r coconuts, and w the central Hii || || tea, largely in E estates, and rub Lanka was very it a
agricultural ever, lower to: duction difficultie ent-owned e. agricultural secto
The ambitious a series of m. irrigation system: widing hydroelec watering large ti lized arid land, bone of contenti ethnic troubles.
ject to govern policies that ar. tional local et
пеwly-гrgated
Tamils hawe al settle T5 in som Mahaw eli Scheme
Citizens hawe quire, hold and d եսt each individ | House and ni acres. The Go non citizen reside less" Indian Tam Per ty.
Sri Lanka's q higher than that e qual in come L birth is 69.9 y пnortality гate
we births. The a percentage of 98.4 percent (19

cIt Government's 2conomic policies, the private sector ged. Foreign inwelcomed but to the touristad
Sri Lanka's rapiEle exports now rd leading earner e. Unemployment, , was estimated
down from a post 1 of 24 percent S.
intributing nearly IP and employing a Sri Lankan largest and most country's econolands are farmed aising rice, fruits, egetables, while country produces overnment-owned bers 19:48, 5 " | nearly self-suffi. di cyfeira || Was a exporter. Howprices and prois in the govern
tates hurt the
1985.
Mahe Wellschele, dern dams and i ai med at Protric power and
racts of Underiutlhas become a om In the Current Some Tam || 5 || obment Settlement altering tradihnic balances in TE35 M|||[tt tacked Sinha le 5e a sections of the
the right to acispose of property, lyחס חWם ayוח ual - TTGre thăm 50 Wernment permi 5 its, except "Stateils, to Own Pro
uality of life is of Curies of Ife expectancy at cars. The infant is 28.4 per I,000
calorie supply as
requirements is 77) and in 1980
one of three Sri Lankans had access to safe water (65 percent urban, 1.8 percent rural). Although a majority of Sri Lankans are poor by developed country standards, there is virtually none of the starvation-level powerty experienced in some other developing countries. Sri Lanka's free public health care system is generally good by Third World standards, though it is frequently plagued by shortages of medicines and modern medical equipment. In 1983 there were 280 hospital beds and 3 doctors per 100,000 բopulation.
Sri Lanka provides free education from primary School through unversity level. The primary school
enrollment ratio is 102 (male 104, female 99). The overall adult literacy rate is 87 percent and is constituted as follows:
males 9 percent, females 8 percent. Nearly 18,000 students (44. percent female) are enrolled in Sri Lanka's B universities.
Under Sri Lankan labor a WS employment of children under age I2 is prohibited. Those between age 2 and 4 are called child workers and may not be employed in industry or dangerous occupations; employment of young persons between 15 and 18 is subject to certain restrictions. Employees under age 8 cannot be required to work outside of specified hours. In addition, employers are required to provide annual leave, rest periods, and meal breaks. In practice, however, there is a child work force, probably numbering at least several thousand, who work illegally in Sri Lanka, mostly at jobs in rice cultivations, as domestics, or as street peddlers. Efforts to address this problem have been hampered by the fact that, in some cases, child workers are a major source of family income.
There is no minimum wage, but wage boards for 34 different trades set minimum wages and Working conditions. Actual wages and working conditions generally exceed these minimums. Most permanent full-time workers are covered by laws which provide that they shall
(Continued on page 24)

Page 17
The beginning
of statelessness
Paul Caspersz
he category of the stateless
was created by the Citizenship Act No. 18 of 1948. By the provisions of this Act the estate Worker and other 9th century immigrants from South India were in effect denied cit. zenship. They were not the only section of the people then living in the island who were potentially subject to these provisions, but they were the only section of the people who were compelled to actually abide by them. The basic flaw of the Act thus lies in its motivation leading to the restricted range of its effective applicability.
S. U. Kodikara admits that the provisions of the Act were undoubtedly rigid and restrictive, buit... this Act was not intended to provide for citizenship for the vast majority of Indians in Ceylon" (Indo-Ceylon Relations, p. 109). But to know what was not in tended by the Act is surely less important than to know what was, And the intention was precisely to exclude from citizenship and consequently to render stateless the same category of persons.
D. S. Senanayake, Prime Minister In 1948, himself is said to hawe admitted that he would have found it difficult to produce the birth certificate of his father if he was asked to prove that he was a citizen of Ceylon. Peter Keuneman in Parliament on 5 November 1960 said that he was assured that D. S. Senanayake did not have ayen his own birth certificate and hence his son, Dudley, then Leader of the Opposition, and later Prime Minister, would not be able to prove his citizenship. And if anyone could not produce the birth certificate of the father tha consolation the Act gawe was to ask the person to produce the birth certificate of grand-father and great-grandfather. This neither D. S. Senanayake nor his son Dudley would of course ever have been able to do. However it was
and th
presumed that th of thousands like Tamils of the Muslims and even citizens. Only suspected to be Or other 19th CE grants were aske they were citiz able to produce declared to be in le 55,
The Indian and (Citizenship) Act sought to assuag by offering the state less by the possibility of obta tain Conditions o zenship by regist lon lndian Congri the workers no citizenship under also on the grou so would indirect tance of the some months, h. gress relented. 2-year period all 1949 Act for ap zenship by regi than 237,000 aբք by the stateless half of 3 tota || . It was obvious most of the imn In 1949 that Sri only possible ho| had nowhere els
investigation o was dilatory and with any sympa of the real diffi estate people i furnishing eviden required by the 1964, by whi applications had ted, only 34, IE | 6.2. Per cent { citizenship were zenship be eith India continued of the state less tary Elections. A 48 of 1949 col

e desirable end
ly, and hundreds hem — Sinhallese, North and East, Burghers - were those known or
state workers in tury Tamil immid to prove that ns. Not beling roof, they were n-citizens, state
aksta Residents No. 3 of 949 e this indignity thousands made 1948 Act the ining, under cerdomicile, citiration. The Ceys5 at first advised it to apply for the 1949 Act lds that to do lly Connote accep48 Act. After Weyer the ConThus, within the owed under the lication for citiStration, no less ications were filed -be, חס 5חסer5ם f825,000 persons. y this alone that igrants considered Lanka was their he and that they
다이 go.
the applications Was new er made etic appreclation Ilties faced by the the mattor of ! of domicile, a5 law. Hence by h date a II the been investiga
R or only the total seeking admitted to citiSri Lanka or in the category The Parliamenendment Act No bounded the in
justice by decreeing that only citizens had the right to vote.
Between 1943 and 264 there were several joint attempts by the Governments of Sri Lanka and India to confront the problem of the stateless. These were the parleys between Oliver Gooneti leke Dudley Senanayake and C. C. Desai in 1953, followed by the Dudley Senanayake and lawaharlal Neru discussions in London in June 1953 the Neru-Kotelawala talks in New Delhi in January 1954 and again
in October 1954, the S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike-Neru informai discussions in Delhi in 1957. A
these talks were in conclusive.
As long as Nehru lived, he held steadfastly to the position that the problem of the state less persons was not created by India and that, while India would receive a who were of recent Indian origin and wished to return to independent India (from Sri Lanka and other countries) of their own accord, he would never be party to an agreement that would in way force those who did not wish to return in fact to retur. But Neru died in May 1964.
Under Lal Bahadur Shastri India suddenly changed its line. In September 1964 Shastri sent an official Indian delegation to Colombo to discuss the problem. Finally in October 1964 there emerged the Agreement in Delhi between Shastri and Siri mayo Bandaranalike, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. Estimating that there were approximately 975,000 persons of ln
dian origin who have not been recognized either as citizens of Ceylon or as citizens of India" (this number not including "illicit Immigrants and Indian passport holders'), Sri Lanka and India each agreed to grant their citi
zenship to 300,000 and 525,000 persons respectively. This is the famous 4 to 7 ratio. The 1964 Agreement stated that "the status
(Continued on page 7)
5

Page 18
EXCLUSIWE
Review of Economic Policies
J. B. Kelega ma
I New Economic Policies and their Background
his paper is a tentative at
tempt to review the economic policies pursued and economic progress achieved in the six years 1978-83 while comparing them In sole areas. With the economic policies and progress in the six years 1971-76 in order to explore what lessons can be drawn for future economic development of the country. The attempt is In the natura of an explorative exercise to focus attention on a subject of crucial importance and .untryםם Wance to theםmediata reliוחI It will have achieved its purpose, If it results in a serious and intensive discussion by students of economi C5,
2. Economic policies in the period 1971-76 were designed broadly to achieve welfare and greater equality in the distribution of wealth and incore Within a framework of a self-reliant economy;
these policies were implemented through state ownership, control and interwention over production,
distribution, trade and finance combined with encouragement of national as opposed to foreign enterprise. The new economic policies launched in 1977, on the other hand werd Oriented towards rapid economic growth in the context of a free or open market economy by the adoption of measures to encourage and support private enterprise both national and foreign, by minimising of state ownership, control and Interwention in economic activities and by allowing the free play of
market forces and the price mechanism.
3. The Government, in 1977,
reversed the major economic policies pursued since 1970, which it believed, were responsible for the poor economic performance in the period 1971-76, and introduced a package of new economic policies whose main features are as follows -
(The author was Secretary to the Ministry of Trade drid is row girl international .(tחםB|שפחםם
6
(a) Reducing t state in econo couragement of t and ending of ment of the Pu curtailing monop 5t" 5 ITS LITET municationis; il tr tion between t public sectors as restoring tax inc Ing trade and to Private enter ging Self-employn
(b) Open doo foreign investment tive in centive 5 ; to foreign capit to foreign banks, been disa llowed,
(...) Privatisatio fitable public enti sector ownership such as the Nat anied byקaccom liberalization
(d) Transfer c Welfare or consu ment by limiting to the most mee:
(e) Unification FEECs as of luation of ther Rs. 7. 2B $ adoption of the p Rupee thereafte gradual depreciat year after year at present; the ni were designed t export incentives price distortions overvalued Curre domestic agricult
(f) Relaxation imports and exch Termittar. Ces allo) without controls ite T5 on the and lower tariff |||ET|ization. W 15 domestic industr of machinery,
Tlaterials as Wel new areas of activity;
(g) Abolition
5S tion15 On Eo Lusines allow free marka

and Progress 1977 - 1984
he rola of the activities - he private sector referential traatlic sector through lies in the public ce and telecomoducing competihe private and in bus transport; sentives and relaxother restrictions prise and en COLIra
ir policy regarding :- Offer of attraand tax holidays all and invitator Which had ther to to open branches;
1: transfer of unproBrprise5 to pri Watea Or management onal Milk Board de-regulation or
if resources from Imption to investonsumer subsidies idy groups;
Ճf the basic and bxchange and dewaupee by 55% from to Ris. É = S || ; olicy of a Floating resulting in a tion of the Rupee to Rs. 27 = S.O.) ew exchange rates o provide better and to eliminate arising from an ncy and stimulate ural production;
of controls on ange payments and wing free imports except in a few basis of a Tawisad structure; trade designed to rew Iwe y by free flows spares and raw as to stimulate private business
of price controls and other regulais activity so as to L forces to operate:
(h) Mobilization of external assistance on a large-scale to finance an ambitious development programThe Centred round the Maha We|| Development Project as well as to meet balance of payments strains resulting from open or free economy and liberalised imports;
(i) Shift of emphasis from import substitution industries to export oriented industries particularly in a Free Trade Zone or Export Promotion Zone and the establishment of the Export Development Board - and Export Credit Insurance Corporation towards this end.
4. The new economic policies W e Te la Lunched on the basis that private enterprise oriented economies in Asia had achieved higher and more rapid economic progress than the others, and Sri Lanka's future lay in emulating these countries. Thus, South Korea and South East Asian countries, particularly Singapore, were adopted as models of economic development in formulating the new economia policies of the government. The attraction of South Kota and ASEAN C0Lushtries is understandable for it is beyond dispute that the free market ietā countric5 had āhieved higher rates of economic growth and higher per capita income than
the controlled economies of Asia in recent years.
5. The average annual growth
rate of real GDP in ASEAN courLrles In 1970-75 was 7.8 per cent, that of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore exceeding 8 per cent. Republic of Korea showed a growth rate of 9.8 per cent. In the South A5ia COLULITIES While Te there i5 greater state control over econdmic activities, on the other hand, growth rate was much lower:- Bangladesh 3.6 percent, Burma 2.5 percent, India 2.5 percent, Pakistan 4.5 percent and Sri Lanka 4.2 percent. Similarly per capita GDP in the free market or ented economies far exceeded that of the controlled economies. In 1978 per capita GDP exceeded USS 1,000 in Singapore, Malaysia, Republic of Korea and Hongkong but fel below USS 200 in all South Asian Countries except Pakistan as shown in Table l.

Page 19
TABLE
Economic performance of selected
Countries 1970-75
Average annual gro With rate of
real GDP
7-75
rt Country (ED
LJ55
ASEAN 480 Indonesia 350 Malaysia 26 Philippines 508 Singapore 3, 고93 ThäIland 53 East Asia. Hong:0ng 3, 28 Rupublic of Korca 298 South Asia Afghanistan 75 Bangladesh 5 BLurma 28 India IB0 Nepal 2O Pakistan 252. Sri Lanka 94 Source : UN Handbook of International Trade and
Statistics 98.
Food production in ASEAN and
South Korea in 1970-75 exceeded
4 per cent annum While It was 2,9 per cent in Sri Lanka and was even tower in other South
Asian countries except Afghanistan as shown in the tablo.
6. Growth was so impressive in the four free market oriented economies of the Republic of Korea Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan that they hawe been called the "Four Little Tigers". The Republic of Korea with a growth rate of B Per cent is now a world class economic power having raised its per capita in come from S100 in 1961 to around S2000 today. Nearly two-thirds of the Koreans consider themselves to be middle -class and the country has 95% literacy. Singapore's per capita income of S 6,500 has doubled since 1978; it had a growth rate of 9 percent and there are over 100 foreign banks operating in its territory. Hong-kong is the leading financial centre after New York and London and it is the largest exporter of garments in the World. Taiwan is the world's 13th largest exporter and has an impressive growth rate of II per cent. Thailand and Malaysia are two of the best examples of
developing cour diversified their short period a growth rates.
its dependance timber by deve ing exports of
tablo oil and In Thailand added
vegetables, pre Luftra LO exports of rica,
(To be
The beginni
(Continued and futu Te C: | 50,000 of thes subject matter agreement betw. ments".
This separate In 1974 and was Bandaramaike i By this Agreem India accepted citizenship to This is the Agrelements ad the phrase, " increase in th futura Statisti C5, (375,000 for Sri and 600,000 fa

Asian
A'Craga anrı'u al
growth rate of
Food Production
97.5
2.9 Development
Eries Whilch have exports within a nd achieved high Malaysia reduced on rubber, tin and toping and expandpetroleum, wegemanufactures while cassava, sugar, fish, cious stones and I her traditional rubber and til n.
continued)
SS
Пg. . . from page 5) if the remain ing e persons will be of a separate aen the two govern
Agreement came signed by Sirimavo ld Indiri Gandhi. lan Sri Lanka - and
the granting of 5,000 persons each. to || Tatjo, Both Hed to the numbers with the natura at number". In the original number Lanka citizenship r Indian citizenship)
wete stated to be " + the account
abic number" while those born after 1964 were the natural increase". This natural increase
is approximately 30 per Cent for about one-third of the accountable ;(umberח
The first Agreement stated that the granting of Ceylonese citizenship and the process of repatriation "shall both be phased over the period of 15 years" while the second Agreement "will be phased over a period of 2 years". As the first Agreement was dated 30 October 1964 by both Prime Ministers, the Indian Government held that the period for application for repatriation to India cinded on 30 October 1981.
There was a sense of a long journey's end in the following statement of the second Agreement; il am sure that it is a Tāte of Satisfaction to ir Governments that with the full implementation of the 1964 Agreement : and the present Agreement the problem of all persons of Indian origin in Sri Lanka who hawe not been recognized as citiTen5 of Sri Länka Dr. as CItlLB15 of India, will hawe been finally settled".
It was not settled. By January 1986, only 421,207 out of 600,000 accountable persons had been granted Indian citizenship and only 97,535 out of 375,000 accountable persons had been granted Sri Lanka citizenship. The shortfall from the original accountable number - that is 356,25B plus the natural increase since 1964represented the number still stateless at the ti T3 of the January 1986 Agreement.
The most recent Agreement heralds the desirable and of 5 tatelessness. India will grant citizenship to 84,793 persons S; applied before 30 October 1981 but hawe not yet been granted Indian citizenship) bringing its total to 506,000 while Sri Lanka will absorb the shortfall of 94,000 from tha Indian accountable i u Tibert of 600,000. Then, as the recent Sri Lanka government communique states, “tha long-standing problem of state lessness which has been with us since 1952 will be finally resolved".
7

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Page 21
Arms control and world peace -
Reagan’s “Tech
M. de S.
A Curious irony marks the Current nuclear arms negotiations. It is the United States that is pursuing "revolution" while the Sowjet Union stands for detente the prevailing nuclear balance, the strategic status quo, it is parity or what the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, calls "approximate parity" (the slight advantage lies with the US) which has sustained de tente and World peace in the past decades. It is Mr. Reagan and his security advisers who are seeking to regain American superiority and thus upset the balauce.
The main means of achieving this is S. D., or the Star Wars' program. Noting a basic confu. sion about SDI itself an Davidson, foreign editor of the Financial Times, observed:
El At the heart of this con fusion lies the question Wether SD is intended for reform or revolution of the central ingredients in the geo-strategic balance between the superpowers. The administration has not resolved this question, because it cannot: tha research has not been done. In fact, scores of US scientists are joining the debate on side of those who challenge its technical feasibility.
The trouble is that Moscow is convinced the hakish advisers of a President whose single banner
has been America NO. I" have "revolution" in mind, pinning their faith in the technological
superiority of the U.S.
But it is said, yet absolutely characteristic of the nuclear arms race that it should be assumed that the way out of the dilemma noted the analyst' is through a technological fix, whereas the real problems are political'.
It is a fixation on technology which accounts for this naively optimistic belief in a "technolog
cal fix. But the issue, especially the 70's, is a c that notion of si rity founded on
Wantage is a shc
tor.
When it built
ble of reach ing
Moscow approache Ia te 50'5, in the Moscow Taintaine status when the US multiple independt clear weapons was sed by a matching
History's Lesson.
if Americans sh1. Lessons from H title of an article by John Moakley, representative fror the deputy whip . subject ha duscussi York Times edit the Reagan adminis to te A EWW ILa step he said th in a "dangerous arrm 5 Ta Cie in istime, remarked Moakley, the US Tellied on 5iatelit functions such as gation, early W Verification and rect the US was break ground rules and an unfair advantag do so? History, he Reaganlites, had ta L.
1ւIt would be 5: grievous error AIT more than a deta wing nuclear werp targetable re-entr the time, propos : before their deplo jected because US gists assured Am Russions added M warheads only a the US did. Today thTeaten Luis al I".

nological Fix'
history of this he late 60's and ar demostration
rategic Superioechnological adLive di 5atisfac
the ICMB's capaU. S. targets d parity in the Same fashion, its parity of advance through ntly targeted nuU Wery 50 On eraSoviet response.
Iuld learn Arms story" was the recently written a Democratic In Massachusetts, of his party. The ed in the New orial page was trations decision satellite weapon at could result and irreversible ace". All this Congressman and USSR had es for peaceful W Cather, mawiarning, treaty imma sanite, Now ng the unwritten seeking to gain But could it remainded the ght us otherwise.
d to repeat the erica committed e ago. In endons with multiple r Wehicle5. At is to ban MRN's "Tent Weste re
defence 5 trate
rica that the RW's to their w years after
these systems
Hence Mr. Gorbachev's assured comment on the matter. Celestine Bohlen, correspondent of the Washington Post reported: The Sowjet leader said that Moscow’s opposition to a US space based defence system was not founded on concerns about being left behind in a techological race. We have no fear he said that We shall lag behind in the space race if it is imposed on us. There is no need to test our military and technological potentialities one more time'.
Top US decision makers nonethe less appear to be thrilled by the mere idea of making US missi les *'obsolete and totally important". The phrase belongs to Defence Secretary Caspar Weinberger And his view is more complex than that of his colleagues and White House ai da 5 Who are tantalsed by technology and its miraculous capacity to determine history. In a recent article on Soviet defence spending, Patrick Cockburn, the Moscow correspondent of the Financial Times, remarked on how often Communist party officials referred to a 1980 statement of Mr. Weinberger where the Defence Secretary had dwelt fondly on the confident calculation that the Soviet leadership, forced to join the race in space would in fact undertake their own program and thus break the back of the Soviet economy.
Soviet Economy
As noted in the last article this was the second consideration uppermost in the minds of the "SD" champions to exploit US technology to the maximum in order to inflict punishment on the Soviet Union economically.
A CIA report to Congress, Cockburn noted, had concluded that there were two distinct periods in Soviet defence spending since 1965; before 1976, growth in defence spending average 4 to
19

Page 22
5% per year; after 1976, the rate of increase in spending dropped appreciably to about 2% per year'.
Commenting on this Cockburn wrote: Despite the increase in US defence spending since the last years of President Carter, there has been no parallel jump in Soviet defence a locations, although there have been muffled cries of anguish from senior Soviet military officers'.
How advocates of US militaris II draw argumentative support from exaggerated reports on Soviet military spending is one of the points made in the annual survey World Military and Social Expenditure for 1985''' by Ruth Leger Siward, former chief of the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. While calling on Moscow to be les 5 secretive about this information so that the world need not rely on inflated figures circulated by US agencies, Dr. Siward says that instead of being roughly equal, the Warsaw Pact's spending could be as much as IOO billion dollars less thar Natic's.
Third World
The postwar dreams of freedom from fear and hunger, sustained by international cooperation and collective security have not been
fulfilled, concludes this report published by the World Council of Churches and the Rockefeller Four
dation. On the contrary "ritmilitaris III is rampant, affecting political and social development'. The authors indictment is severest when she remarks on the adverse impact of militarlsrI and the Arms trade om
the Third World. 15 there no other
approach to international problems? Militarism has not brought peace but la le 55 35. Luitable, les 5 seCure world and growing violence in which the world's people to a large degree appear to have lost control of the decision-making process".
ift takes Mr. Reagan. How very true. The superpowers must agree. On their negotiations and decisions depend the resolution of fundamental proElems of war and peace. At least it must be said for Mr. Gorbachev that he has taken the initiative,
O
two to tango" said
In fact. Christopher Director of Brit Stude5 15titute diplomatic editor FLICH W 25 argues that Gorbac the initiative" in the Los Angeles T
Wiley T est G.H. F. Til de painfully : his lost the dip Eh! Sy || E.
By insis ting til Dëfti: i Initiativë the U. S. ad Tii: itself into a corr probe whether M which is likelyto thig - gallery |E Ealinat fiind au Gorbathew is Wi|| stability in the purs Lucis the TTT Tizing a back al Ein Els Administ Wanted to, des dealing with the decadea heid. U. Ehe OUT
Compare this Ironics. M
| Outrage oy
lef Palme, prime minist |gade of the Workers Party's a mysterious gull of Stockholm in of E. B. P. was WGunded in t took place as walking home from Characteristically out bodyguards, expressed desire other ordinary m day, the site of turned into a spon as thousands of drop red roses o
Lin. For the Ameri Olof Palma was of the socia – di Iteration. I in Steckholm std: Neft Weete 37 Moscow in protest War On Wietnam. U. S. f. resist fleeing from that war, arid infuriat. by comparing the With Nazi atrociti day's liberal 'd since joined the sensus." lately. Pal

" Bertram, forme T a in"s Strategic who is now the of Die Zeit, the German Weekly, he has cornered Contri BLUEicon to ines. He wrote: may lig behind the control plan, it has |elt the America IIt IEE". Es
hat the Strategle is not nic gotiablc, tration his painted her. Now it cannot 05:03, 'W' is-garious - - or merely playing of public opinion. what price Mikhail ling to pay fărăcime ng Tace Whig hig III ask of T dt = "d economy. Nor Tatim eyen If it ign a strategy for Soviet rival In the S. diplomacy is in
E LH freigh Wild T. GTE HIE. W to
was in danger at some stage of getting hooked on fighting "star wars" and losing all diplomatic flexibility as a
Te sullt.
The Washington hawks were delighted about thls at the time. They LuLLH SL S SYLt S S LLLLLL S LLLLLLLH L TH president's refusal, at the fireside
ELImmit, tO
Eesting new-SDI technologies. LLLLa Lt SL CLLLCCLL LLLLS LLLLL the hawks argued, indicated that the Scy icts did not Tiind the U.S. Progran quite as much as their Public attacks had led Washington doves and
European peace niks te believe.
suggestri tions
T
f
you conly apply enough PTC-53J Tē, što went their advice, Moscow gives in.
Well, they have been prowed Wrong. One thing that Mr. Gorbachev's latest proposal makes amply clear is that LLLLLL LLLLL LHH LL LLL LLLLHG LLLL KLtS unless the SD || Program is. EL Ttailed in onc way or another. Yet, while
L biLE his yiyor the Soviet LtL HLHHL LaLLLLL L LLLLLLCLLLCLLK LLLLLLLCC aa centerpiece of his diplomacy. allows him to appear more flexible more immaginiative and more cooperaLive than his Saviet Frede Lessors and his American Counterpart.
(Concluded)
leaving Tio doub on the Inter,
er Olof Palme Assassination
the 59-year-old er of Sygden and Swedish Socialist was shot dead by Than in the streets the late evening me's Wife Lisbeth he assault, which the couple was a movie theater. Palme Was Withbgcaules of his to "live like any an." The next th2 a55a55 ina Elo taneo Lu 5 Tenoria people filed by to in the bloodsoaked
can ruling class, the enfant terrible emocratic Second | 9ÉB Hic marched -by-side with the G ambä55äder to against the U.S.'
Palms welcomed ers and soldier 5
dirty imperialist ed Richard Nixon bombing of Hanoi es. While yesteroves" have long anti-Soviet conne reneved multi
elder
This
million-dollar Swedish financing for a paper mil at Bal Bang in Wietnam, And in 1984, the Socialist prime minister wisited beleaguered Sandi
condemning
nista Nicaragua,
gression by the "contras."
Bg
In the
face of U.S. economic boycotts of both desperately Impowerished Coun
tries, Palme's
Sweden
POTO
substantial aid to them.
Speaking internationally for ca Pil
talist Swede,
which
TE
Wilded
alled
neutral in two imperialist world vars and sold arms to both sides, at home Palme was revilled by the bourgeoisie as a class traitor, "I was born in the upper class," he said, but I belong to the labor movement." This aristocrat turned Socialist," as the New York Times
Called hii TT,
was wedded to the
twelfare state" and the illusion of a "middle Way' between capitalism and socialism. He was returned to office last September in a cularly bitter election marked by assusations of being "soft" on the
Sowiet UiO.
this point who was assassination. But Olof Palme will be remembered by Working People
around the World
for
behind
his
condemnation of American rilalism's greatest Crl Thess.
-(U.S. WORKERS WANGUARD)
Parti=
It is ritat clear at
ם הם
frank im Pe

Page 23
Part II
Gorbachev's fin Acceleration is
Bhabani Sen Gupta
R foreign Poley, too, Gorbachow has maintained a high degree of dynamism in the first year of his leadership. Soon after his elections, he took charge of Soviet foreign policy by elevating Gromyko to the presidentship. Then he sprang a great surprise on the World by making his old friend from Georgia, Eduard Shewardnadze, foreign minister. She wardnadze's economic reforms in the Georgian republic had led to dramatic increases in wheat, fruit and vegetable production and raised industrial Production by 33 per cent. Without any diplomatic experience, Shevardnadze made his debut at the Helsinki conference in July, and surprised the diplomats and media people from the West with an entirely new style. His rosy round face frequently broke into hearty laughter. His wisps of white hair danced as he indulged in banter and humour. He was easily approachable. He and other members of his teann Went ou of their way to be friendly.
Shevardnadze revealed the cellLa Totivation of Gobagoy's foreign policy. The foreign policy of any state is inseparably linked
to its internal affairs," he told the Helsink conference, Our party and our state hawe been
directing their main efforts toward accelerating social and economic advancements. To implement. Its wast plans, the Soviet Union needs a durable peace."
Gorbachow's peace offensive is aimed at the apocalyptic American In indset - total War, global risk, no time. It ha 5 put Reaganist Tilitarism on the defensive. However, his initiatives to normalise relations with several key nations of Europe, Asia and Africa are also an integral part of his new foreign policy. In the first 12
months of the the 5oyiet Uni relations with 5. as China, Japa Eba Ewe, Chefmerk to Moscow Chin political star, Peng, adopted St LI Peng . was edi in the 50s and rary of Mikhail two had a long In July 1985, an of China, Yao Moscow to sig term trade agr Sino-Sowlet brei 60s. The five-y aimed at rais in to S 3.5 billion. lewell of S II.65 billi S 1.2 billion 19 hawe returned it way to build a industrial plants powerful thermal: -pit coal mine ca. 5וחםם חסI|ווח 70
Shewa Tidnadze's in December, th foreign minister : the way fог пер clude a Sovietand for larger E tion between th two high-ranking a deputy foreign deputy prime m month to Teher up the frosted S tionship. The S also built a rap Mugabe, of Zir going to be ch of the Nona liging
impact of Go nuclear disa mari been the great Europe.
More than an bachow's initiati

st year -
the catchword
Gorbachow era, Ճn Էյuilt frլյltful Ich diverse nations T, Iran and Zimio's funeral brought a's up-and-coming wice premier Li on of Zhou Enlai. Icated in soloscow Ya S a COn terTPOGorbachow. The Privata session. other Vice premier Yin, arrived in the first long'eCment 5 inco the ak in the early aar trade pact is bilateral trade It reached the וחסup fr ,1985 חו חב B4. The Soviets o China in a big number of larga including three stations and an open pable of producing of Coal per year.
visit to Tokyo e first by a Soviet ince 1973, opened Otations to Conapan Peace treaty Conomic - Coopera2 two. Visits by
Sowjet officials, minister and a İm İ5ter, With'in 3
am hawa Warmed o wlet-Iraniam relaDwiet Union has ort With Robert bab Wee, who is next chairman | Movement. The bachow's daring ent Proposals has est on Westen
thing else, Gore for complete
nuclear disarmament in 15 years has cast him in the global limelight. He has made the planet's safety from nuclear annihilation the central point of human affairs in the last lap of the 20th century. And, in doing so, ha has won the sympathy and support of a global constituency of people who share his concern that the United States, with its Star War programme, is pushing the world dangerously to the brink of nu Clear War".
One day in January, Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrin in walked into the office of secretary of state George Shultz on the seventh floor of the light-gray State Department building at Foggy Bottom in Washington and delivered a set of proposals aimed at ridding the world of nuclear Weapons in 15 years. Before the Americans could formulate a res. ponse, the Gorbachow plan was dramatically unfolded on Soviet television. An announcer declarad that Gorbachov was opening for mankind the third millenium without nuclear weapons." President Reagan fell between the stools of his Star War nuclear weapons and his declared objective to eliminate al II nuclear arms in the foreseeable future. "We are grateful for the (Soviet) offer," he was constrained to say, while his men Immediately set out to pick loopholes in them. They didn't hawe much success.
The Gorbachow plan, which was hailed by the Palme Commission and by Rajiv Gandhi, suggests three overlapping stages for real and total nuclear disarmament. In 5 to 8 years, the Soviet Union and the United States are to cut their nuclear arsenals by 50 per cent to no more than 6,000
(Continued on page 23)
2.

Page 24
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Page 25
Women's
CATS EYE
WOMEN
AGANST
MILITARISM AND AGAINST
MALE WOLENCE
The United Nations proclaimed 1986 International Year of Peace,
Yחaוח dחa
activities hawe
Էյբum
planned by UN agencies and nongovernmental organisations to Com
memorate the women all
linked the issue of
issue of violence against
үсгаг. year the World hawe
Нрүү eveг,
peace with the
WOFT 2 T1
Peace is no Violence Against Women", is a slogan of Women's groups.
Women of course hawe
always
been particularly interested in Peace, since war and violence harm them
in many ways. As
early as 1919
- after the First World War, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPE) was
formed to campaign this organisation is Australia LOO. women's groups in th against conscription, visits of Warships.
there
against WAT Still active, lm WOTE Tmary el 97.05 fictive litarism and
South Pacific women also has a long history of struggle against nuclear testing - the first protest
being in 1967 of Fiji against
One of the most
the French
ha YMCA i
testing dחt aחignaסק
spectacular actions of women was
Note
Ireland Where two
mothers - a Protestant and Catho
lic (Betty Williams Corrigan) mobilised
and Mairead women for
peace, in 1976 in protest against
the killings of 3 children.
launched a massive
They movement and
the two of than won the Nobel Prize For Peace subsequently.
In the growth in Women's peace - one of the
Decada
1980's there has been a
activities for themes of the being Peace':
there were the famous Peace Marches by Scandinavian women from Copenhegan to Paris in 1980, and 198; and in the U.K., from 1981 onwards, Women have set up Peace
Camps at Green Berkshire Where t has a nuclear Eas women blockaded supporters linked between the Bu weapons factory a base, In 1984 the יEחוסן חeוחסW חסוח to detostrate is and in 1985, ther national Farurn weapons in Tokyo' Appeal" called u over the world til nuclear weapons.
But for Women than aпa absence { means an absence o voTen. In the ho place and in socie Bunch as stated:
To cek to end also ending the dy embedded in Til would be futile. rewers: We will "Wilan, Cg algi Irrhi 5 t Legg e a 50 organized violenc and appropriate
(BгӀпglпg t!
AGA INST MILI" IN SRI LANKA
In Sri Lanka peace Towement for Peace) un iting ethnic groups in mote a Peacefшl militarist solution crisis. lts journal message for WoT Let Us Demand
The ethnic con has escalated int. Today, Sinhalese -- Wheth ET A5 TÈT forces, Titants k||||ng each Cithe the cast. Mor the hil Country easily such wol

IL COTT TOT I the US Air Force a. 1m, 1983, 고000 Greenham and hands || 2. Tilas righfield nuclear ind the Greenham Greenham ConDU WOTE the Netherlands a was an interagainst nuclear where the Tokyo men allסw חסם o un lite agal 15:
peace is more of War. It also f violence against me, at the work ty. As Charlotte
miltaristi without mart of domina El Dr e violen ÇE BAIE HOTIC
And so too, the never fully gnid male
di Tie top celebrating the e of war is Tarily Jah DLIT.
e Global Home)
TARISM
Women's exists (Women women of all an effort to Prorather than a tG the ethmic Sama kali, in a en's Day, states, a Just Peace':
E' in Sri Lanka oldestructive War.
TaTi ll irid Lilli: nbers of the Scturity
or civili TS - INTE
in the north and recently, riots in distrated how ence could spread
FF0FT1
We cannot afford this War. an i gConomic prin E of Y la W, W Wat LLLCL LLL CLLL L LLLL LL LLLCLCLL LLLC L
''Defence". Politically, the Tamils L LK LLLLLLL LL KHL LL HH LHC CL represented in national politics while under the prevalling Emergenry regulations basic political freedoms have been restricted in all parts of our country. Socially, the war contin Lues to drive the communities apart and LLL0LC COHCH HCLC CLLL L C LaaHHHHLLL end up as enemies and/or refugees in different camps. Psychologically, LLLLLL S LLLLL LL LL S LL S S LLLLLLK S LLLL LLLHHH LL LLLLLC LLLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLLLLL K a LLLLLL LL LLL LLL LLLLLLLHL LLLL a LLL t IBחrtaםםחחו 5Eםח But 515םhםsyם LLLL S S LLLLLLLHH S LLLLS S LL LLL S SSSS CCC LLS LLLLLL L LL LLL LLLLLS LLLHHLC CCHHHH hawe been rap g d and E. FLutallised and
HCC LHHLLLLLLL S HLLLCLSLLHH0LLL L fu LLUITEs hawa Ebeen shatterad.
GorbacheW'S . . .
(Continued from page 2)
charges for each. They also dismante their Intermediate Tange nuclear force (INF) in Europe. The nuclear forces of Britain and France are to be frozen during this phase at their present strength. The United States and the Soviet Union renounce space weapons and stop all testing. In 1990, Britain, France and China begin to dismant le their nuclear arsenals and join the ban on space weapons and testing. Also to be stopped is the development of "non-nuclear weapons based on physical principles, evidently including la ser and particle beams." No later than 1995, elimination of all remaining nuclear weapons' begins. In a bold initiative to disarm cynics in the US, Gorbachow announced that the Soviet Union Would accept "on-site verifications" and “any other additional verification measures found necessary."
Gorbachow Is Lutterly Un compromising on Reagan's SDI. Instead of wasting the next 10 to 15 years by developing new weapons in

Page 26
space, allegedly designed to make nuclear weapons useless, would it not be more 5en,5ibeto eliminate those arms and bring them down
to zero?" asked Gorbachow. He said if the US insisted on its Star War weapons, the USSR
would hawe no option but to do likewise. That would plunge the world into an entirely new nuclear arms race. In that event, the measure of acceptable risk would go beyond the permissible limit. If a complicated computer technique got out of human control there could be nuclear Warl Gorbachow also pointed out the grave risk any nona ligned country would run if it took part in the American SD, which is a nuclear arms project. If SDI got the use of the territory of a nonaligned country, that country would be helping the US develop a new generation of nuclear weapons aimed at the USSR. In a Critica situation, the Soviet Union would be justified in inflicting "a nuclear-missile strike upon the countries who dispose their territories for deployment of the space anti-missile defence components.“
The Gorbachov proposals have encouraged the opponents of nuclear war as much as they have frightened the protagonists of endless spirals of nuclear arms race. It wasn't a media coup, warned Pierre Lelouche, associate director Institute Francais des Relations Internationals, of Paris. It is a sophisticated political war machine aimed at the very foundation of the Western alliance's security system." Cried out News Week, on behalf of Washinton's confused community of nuclear strategists, "Soviet leader Gorbachov is turning out to be an even more dynamic adversary when the Reagan administration originally expected."
Gorbachov represents a new trend, a new wave in world pol|- tics. A peace wave, a Cooperation Wave, that Would leave the cold war and the hot peace behind. He came to power in the USSR after 28 months of leadership paralysis. The Soviet Union had four leaders in the first 65 years of its history. It has had its third leader in the remaining 28 mõm th5! At: 55, Gorbachow Căn
2
expect to remai ten to fifteen y tainly continue t of Word atterti
years. The best description of th Andre Gromyko
him for the off ral Secretary ju Addressing the CPSU entra |
myko said, "Co nicese, BI Indian 5 w I || haw
Watch him for t comes to Delhi. few weeks from
Letters. . .
(Continued
plantation Tamils Citizenship. Nur jected on unknow able grounds, fa apart, etc. In compulsion. A lined by commut the plantation T. Seventies and On
Furthermo Te forseeable irony patriated to Indi new problem of They hawe beca their new cour There they are foreigners or re like "cagebirds vultures". The on the Indian tragedy.
Yes, 1964 wa unique diplomat| last a strong Sr pressed a weak (Shastri) to tak of these people in the commur centric tradition In Colomboat
As is the Pres to Mr. President another 94,000 Tam||5.
Sweden

1 Lin - power for ars. He will cerJ Eble at the Centre in for many more ad Iost accurate man care from
who proposed e of CPSU (Gerea Year" ago. members of the :Iommittee, Gromrades, he has a he has Iron teeth." Ea a chance to emselves when he - probably in a
TOW
from page )
ā 5 Lankā Terous Werte TËand unchallengemilies were split 5իքrt: it meant ompulsion underalist riots against ams In the ate Wards.
it is an easily that those exIa hawe become a integration there, The outcasts in try of domicile. as חסked upססI fugees. They are let loose to the expatriates fate side is a great
is the year for a c enterprise. At | Lankam Premiert Indian Premier over the bulk It was a lowe
alist and ethnogaining ground that time.
ent day opposition accept סWe tסוח 5" state less estate
Thomas Biblin
U. S. State Dept. . .
(Continued from page 14)
חטים ursסh , 45 חre thaסוח סח rkםW week, no more than 9 hours Per day or more than 5 days Per week, and that they will receive a 14-day paid holiday annually. Workers in the unorganized agri: cultural sector are not covered by these or any labor laws, although the Government may Investigate individwal Complaints.
Women hawe - equal rights under the law, 1dcluding equal property and inheritance rights. The various ethnic and religious groups have their own strictures, however, which place some limitations on women. Some Tamil families believe their women members should not be seen working in public. Some Muslim women are discouraged by members of their community from seeking higher education or empley
ment. Some women fill important posts in the civili seFW1: Լիբ professions, and business, but the
majority are found in manual and semiskilled jobs and in the home. Women vote in large numbers but otherwise play a more limited role than men in the political process. There are currently six Women members of Parliament, including one woman minister of cabinet rank Sri Ladka had the World's first woman Prime Minister.
The caste system is repartedly breaking down among Buddhists, but it remains important when marriages are arranged, and it nines to be widely observed among Hindu Tamils. Members of virtuity all of Sri Lanka's ethnic minorities occupy prominent posiin a walks of public and private life, but since independence the Sinhalese majority has steadily strengthened its relative position fluence in most sectors of society. The miniscule Weddah population in 1985 became even more thoroughly assimilated into larger Sri Lankan society: A. number of hunting and gathering Weddah communities Were prow ided with and on which to begin settled agriculture, and a few for hers were offered obs in national parks and reser Wei.

Page 27
6,
INTER-RACIAL EQUI
AND NATIONAL UNI
IN SRI LANKA
(The document was produce Bਤੇ Part of a Program Committee for National Har
violence in 1983. . .
Since the document was
mation and data on some
available — for example tha 1980/81 . . . .
Nevertheless the docum
original form, both because it at the time it was prepared, including the factual analysis h or valid by what has taken P demand for the original docu
A few clarifications hawe been
A NARGA INS
(Sri Lanka Centre for
Isipathana Mawatha,
Colombo 6. SRI LANKA.
P. O. Box 60
Te.
585 86 & 58 || 5 || 4

TY
TY
d by the Marga Institute in October
ne of work initiated by the Citizens'
mony, immediately after the communal
first released, more up-to-date inforaspects of the problem have become
data from the socio-economic survey
ant is being reproduced essentially in its
reflects the state of the discussions and also as the substance of the report as not been rendered any less relevant lace. There has also been a continuing ment locally as well as from abroad.
included in the present version)
Price Rs. 27.50
TITUTE Publication
Development Studies)

Page 28
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