Page 1
Rajiv's SRI LANKA DIPLC LA LKA
No. 1 May 1, 1986
in astNG is weu SwየኮQí " ፲ለጶዩ)ለሩí Gove2NMéN YoU ノ
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golyt.A AF12\CA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

MACY - Вhabani Sen Gupta ప్రాస్త్ర ('
ട്. *"% من عين. چي ***
శ్లోక్స్ خرج كي لأي
Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka QJ/72/N/86
MBO ROUND 2
| Bomber' Ron
VS Dog" Muammar
ton, Nikil Chakravarty, Daoud Kuttab
VONMENS WORLD
eating Sepali Kottegoda Herat's Poetic editations - The outsider :hy and Militarism
– D. Withanage and May Day соммUNALisм |
M yt h S-Radhika Coomaraswamy
thmore Reforms
- A. J. Wilson
Arjuna Parakrama on he English Dept. ཨོཾ་ Chanaka Amaratunga in Election and
Akmeemana, Bhandari
穹

Page 2
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Page 3
ABDUCTED MONKS
'Disappear:rice S' drey Harld kLCaLH S H S LG S L00EEEE S S S LLS S Lafir Alericar Pheraperiori (Id. a PecZaliar characteristic of What Costa Gavra, in his filer ha red for the Uruguay'ari experience called "The State of Seige"' dari Political sociologists termed the State of National Security,
The Stark rid startling fact of 'dissippectrafices" first brough ! ligi y Areo erao and ther EP the State Dep Cafe hörte so ste Tierge Sri Larikerry Jr.'s 777-771 ri in Flé Fejst li: arre Tsiri.
Five prioriks or a fast in support of the Nurses Union strike, I wa Faria Fial dailies reported, were luridled iris varis Fy a group of nien at nridnight and franspUrted to 77 k Pro WF) destiratiaris. T4o day's laser, Iiro of the Frioriks found then selvet in 1 Corrietery forty friles front Color:FF. Tsie difer y first see dropped off iri places clase to the city'.
Nothing has been said of this iricident since the aid the daily press, ir 7 clădirig The Fajar Sir Fala Fryers rich is rally frke if lie C1.5e of the Sirigía prohip y criad bolady, hers choser to rernasiri Fflert F. No editorials, ra corririzer Frar fes, ra irdigvar I iller ters Yo r F3 press. Ar yer this is da Ez dall'isor la riad firmly Froid of its Beschi Fr herfrage,
Fiat is the role of the Sangha ft (Jur Society; Halso irporrrr Treo The 777ōrikis? " Hai y sincere is fie '3 dadi ist public"5 proff: - IIIiał15 cy" respect and revergrice for the Sergia is litics 5.F Ferrte and the repressive apparatus all poipersus?
SUSPECTS RIGHTS
A lorg derr71 a 77 I Bar Associafor has lately displayed a refreshirigly" Calci i ve? concerri ir the legal rights of the citizen. "el corre charge Fron preoccapa Iri ö77] "H" il hı II b. s t r" 52 qızare's Hicri 5 Ο ιεgαι Γεforη ση τηε Γight:5 If I a affler7f clie/7 I WAT IS 'Iker place. The reed for 5 Ici coicer is all the Fiore Irgent L'héri Sri Lanka || 5 helle nuit la live 14'ith VI of Przerely pro longe'd זarזולדrיu! f he arrTrל "e/?!Er"?Erit:y"
Preverific II of Te, lak 14'hrich Mr. 1ι'7rrην ΤΡμroνα και
Tr 8 E (I'r 457.5 corri'r free str dyfri Irskelsers to Prroretire Code Ré filltir i'r llyfr Profres 5 friend, relative or a-la ter a friss C. It is .
I r has also iur, FP7Ë F f f } |TFFFF& T a juăge of the
777 gistria e cal, quire frit la finly ca ing the deferiffar
The Cr:##1ỉ"Tệe that Habers Cor do foi expedirios Is Lrsonalp grra fall rights of a tre Police exceed rifle af de terrig, Wfrhour charge.
MINIST RESPONS The Mf fritis fer i por sibility for the di saster safa
F5, Sir II". El a receit rail. case of the Woordi. SLibri i red his re, dira rey" gifter au roi Sri LF7ķis, frá sorrengo har difere flajor fra fri acc онг || || || || || угану дг) 5 li iri "Whef/igor Wig fr) Ffraid y ffa Viri a red fag.
LA MFA
GUAR
Wol. 3 No.
Pridge R
PLE is for
Lanka, Guardian Pu
No. 2-4 É, UT
COLOME
Editor, Merwyr Telšplit: m :

rrorisi der, a Borra l-would Hει αμμ Τιμί. 'cfalfjör's Fl;-- g #Trich-Tỉeeded rhg Criri irra Γ. Γεια Ηνητεγείει பuld infor a LIF)} {fforrey η Ρέα ή Για ή εμΙ
ged the gre". se ? , Fr) for 7
igi Cart or i'r speedily' i'r fi7 Flair Tir regard
(gf (2. Sotos Pect.
Halls Ilie Piety Pι η ειρμικητιανις k' ser': 're corisreeds Filarrier
Esper Her the 24-hour gy (I Fers of
ERABI, IBILITY
"7 E F f fiske rgyskiftelse frak ""F" geler and ranaike at Se cirez fie 7 IT r I ir isir der li jigu ig TIT firi irri r-regil crías. Ni for F, f 'e Fere *P. t. A Wrer a ideflt, orie of ced the Oppo''f's e Feared ir:
DAN
May 1, 1986
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tnightly by
blishing Co Ltd
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ObsCurantism ?
Mr. A Tarada 5a Fernando accuses me of many quite terri ble things, and among them of "being on the side of the forces of corruption ab IG e Of power and'' - nota bene – obscurantign'.
All I did was to correct a series of incorrect staterients inade by him (some trivial, others serious) and for a reason I clearly mentioned: appearing as they did in a reputable journal, unless corrected, they would acquire the statu 5 of ag tablished flict. Thi5 is obscurantism 2 Mark you, Mr. Fernando doas not challenge me on any of these corrections. Instead he calls them "nit-picking." It is also rele want to point out that the correct Wersion of the facts given by me in no way puts the U. N. P. government in a better light than Mr. Fernando's incorrect version, Surely he is not arguing that if one is against this government and all it stands
for i E dags mot Thatter what on:
says about it so long as it is
Contra?
(Continued on page 7)
CONTENTS
News Background The Sixth Amendment The Crisis of Sri Lanka II *oro or Les : About English | 고 NI TIGT | The Politists of Communalism Farelgn News לן Rigi Oral Perspective 고도 Cat's Eye Carrespondenca 8 Wife-beating 고구 Poetry Corner
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Page 5
THE RETURN
ROMESH
BHA
(WITH TAMILNADU
Mervyn de Silva
s
his time there must be a finality . . . the Indian gowarrient must take effective action iF tho Link5 arte inicorn: Ilusi W 2... - it can be diplomatic or it can be direct in wolwg ment" sa Ed Mr. A. Amirthalingam the TULF leader in an intérview with R. Luters 3 few days before the Indian delagation led by Mr. K. Chidambaram, 5 Jor Mister of State for Personnel, and Pensics arri yed in Ciclo Tiba.
While Mr. Amirthalingamos remarks made it clear that the exiled TULF was at the end of its tether, Equally clear was that for the Sri Lankan press, reflecting no doubt the na Lionāli T1Cd, it was a Cathet i Bända Ti Tiš5 girl'". All the from: - page stori 25 and the political columns gawe Prominen Ce to Mr. Bhandari, who at the fimm mit holds To official post. Of course, there was one strong reason for such newsբaper treatment,
Not long after Mr. Rajiw Gandhi became prime ministër, Mr. G. Parathasarthi the co-author of 'A- cxurt C" was eased out of the negotiator's role largely because of Sri Larkan criticism. Before and after Thimpu, it was Mr. Romesh Bhandari, the foreign secretary, who was con centre Stage. BeSides, Mr. E handar who is NCT LLLHHL S S LSLLLLLL S LLLL S SLLSLC SLLL South was Colombo's favourito. To makë the role itself. Tigre impor tant, the new Hindian prime minister himself had publicly enlarged his own involvement. Mrs. Indira Gandhi had only offered her
'good offices" whereas Mr. Rajiv
Gandhi had openly assumed the
FClg af Ins diator in the Sri Lankår conflict.
The collapse of Thimpu and the L LL LLLLL0L S LKLaLLLLLL S S SLLLLLLLL S LL S LLLL
cessation of h sides paying li accords and bla e Mr. Gandhi reconsider the involverTet. E Mr. Gandhi Pi the question w a 5 media Tor WĘ any longer. Sr up its mind, he
Tougher Stand
Meanwhile til statement,5, e5P by the Ministe and his deputy State, turned t i Ganocidal ite of genocide' w in the run-up frontation betw Lanka at the l on Human righ US State Dept. Ha yisit to si the strongly cxpressed by Geneva (many countries) and of concern by over scalating Sct the sterne Meanwhile Col: India's aggre35i to i t5 o'Wri, pr Bali Raj Bha 5peerh,
When Sri L: T i Co Ti. solution' and for Indian med Gli i tok CH | for EW offer of 1 1 Tea Colombo war Put Mr. Gard
C1 12W PTCP in writing and Summary.

ΟΕ
ANDAR
ESCORT)
ost||||tip5"" - both title heed to the ming each other — step by step, to
usefulness of his y the end of 1985, ers isted in PC33 ing LH - Hi5, 5 et yi C.S. are really required i Lanka must make kept saying publicly.
he tone of Indian ecially in Parliament rt of External Affairs r, the Minister of ough er and rough er, I L" afld "elements ere the key phrases to the near-conye em India a Tid Sri - Sub-Commission ts in Genewa. The report, che Judith blombo (and Delhi), worded ''Corcorn' mamy N.G.O'5 at of thern from dcc similar expressions hr. World Blink military spending in February–March. ombo had rcceiwed ve and brusque reply C. Lost note on Plr. gat's parliamentary
kā ressure Deli Tent to a "political its continued need iatory efforts, Mr. the opportunity to proposals, a better ningful devolution'. ed Mr. Elaidari. li insisted not crnly o5als but proposals in detail, rot in
A messenger was readily available. Foreign Minister Hameed was leaving for Delhi on April 16th for the NAM Minister|a| rm Ceting. The message took about three days to draft, the chief author being National Security Minister. Lalith Athulathmudali.
The main component of the new package on devolution is the subtance of the La lith-Na elam Tiruchelwa m discussions, particularly on the powers of the Pro Posed Prowincial councils on law and order, and on land settlement. The power wested in India's "union territories'' (Goa, Pondicherry etc) have algo been F. Source of inspiration besides some ideas from Annexure "C".
Mr. Bhandari thinks the proposals, at a first glance, are "attractive'. The TULF regard ther as loose" and vague'. The arried groups in Madras find no virtues in the latest offer.
THS returf Of Ramesh Bandari has lifted Sri Lankan hearts, at |cast among those segments of Sinhalese opinion which believe that enough's enough and things will get worse, not better, if the war" goes on. Bhandari is our ECod guy.
Few commentators have paid attention to the composition of tha Indian delegation. Mr. Bhandari is mot i t5 ledert; Mr. ChidiamEarl. It is.
He began his political career as an activist in the Congress Party's youth contee in Tamilmadu. He is a Congressman through and through. If Electricity Minister Ramachandran is Mr. Gandhi's linkman with M. G. R.'s ADMK, the Congress ally in office in the state,
(Continued on page 7)

Page 6
Akmeemana and after
An elephant st
was a tria | bout im rLn-up to the presidential contest betwem Prie Minister Prema data and SLFP leader, Mrs. Bandararaike argues Anura Bandaranaike, the opposition leader. That's one possible explanation for the extraordinary manner in which the Tighty UNP, writh its five-sixths majority in parliament, reacted to the victory of Richard Pathirana
(SLEP) at the Akmeemana by -election. A contest, mind you, for a seat that the sa rin si Mr.
Pathira na had comfortably won at
a by-election in 1983 with a slightly bigger majority. Why is the UNP elephant, stung by a
bee, running a nok, trying to crush all SLFP and Opposition arguments
that this particular defeat has
more thān a passing political
significance?
It is a mistaka to explain the
post-Akmeemana behaviour of UNP stalwarts only in terms of a prestigë battle or proxy war between premier Premacia sa and Mrs. Bandaranaiko, The UNP Party machine moved in to top gear Wecks befor C h c by-election, and the ministerial bandwaggon rolled into town. Why did the UNP High Command mobilise all its resources to wrest this scat from
the SLFP Why was a by-election
for a scat || o5ti|| || ?83 sic y La |
to the UNP in April 1986?
The explanation lies in the
psychology of the Sri Lankan elecLora I., from hu T ble w og T and bureaucracy to the financial backers of the parties.
By the 1978 Presidential constitutil als EHL B DE-E 11b Er referendum the UNP changed the rules of the old parliamentary game and altered the 5tl "icture of Sri Lankan politics. But it has failed to radically re-shape voter psychology which grew out of the introduction of adult suffrage and its free exercise for many decades, and
O Luri5 heid by two-party syste actual Operatio gular shifts of the two princi the UNPS
When the U Naxi || "" ; 1982 and held a tead of che gane Wis due in 83 Wotr Was forced un phlantablic but thil. E ti, et dit (5 Cr 6 yic been disrupted. himself to the ic chance to defeat if he so wished, in 1989. By-elect EU tot || Of LF 1Feat the UMP5 of parliament. B. not change gewer effectively alter power in parliam were reduced to fire - Ibil lott: eyarı Hint ıt chai comme in 1989,
Not so today. has had her politi and is, bäck in b Politic personāli riously challenge
ship nationally
the armi,
What is more
single 155u c or
general election.
Ni w the yete thik i ter T13 government, not earlier perhaps. Haus Eugen fortified
AGU I N O M PA
Even the ge neighborhood : pelled to hold however fake. ther was the chological irrıp TW - of the eve pines, once a

ung by a bee?
basically which in its resulted in repower between pal contenders,
SLFP.
NP p Lilled the ... in December referendull in 5hral election that , the Sri Lankar
to accept the Ima||tera ble fact system of perio. ar 5) change hård He had to resign a that his next the government Would come Only ons cartainly canTe 1 cm could possibly tā rītā y-elections could
SW tha blance of 2nt. By-elections what thay really 35 to that Carriot ngas which may
Mrs. Bandaraniniko cal rights restored J5ine55, The only ty who Can Sethe UMP || 23 d5 - has returned to
she has only a the agenda - a
r can begin to of a change of
itl | 989 but much And this feeling by events abroad.
ACT
nerals in our are being corngeneral elections,
Most of all, tremendoստ բ5yact - thanks to ints in the Philipshow case of US
style democracy just as Sri Lankā rā a modē of Britis parliamentary democracy.
The possibility of an election before 1989 is therefore real. The Sri Lankan yo ter is also a finely tuned opportunist. The slightest sign of shifting political opinion can begin a major subsurface shift of allegiances. The UNP and SLFP the wateran operators of the elegtoral system, know this Qızıly too well. In this contest, that is in today's changed climate of opinion, a by-election can signal more decisive changes in the offing. The most crucial clue is a by-election where it is widely perceived that the regime ha 5 lo st it5 grip, that the State controlled Tachine is not producing the desirable result,
The truth is that an adminigtration is defeated" even before it faces the polls to be out-voted. In a situation such as today's a percepfible shift in electoral opinion causes trerors in the business world (the financial backers of the two major contenders) and in the bureaucracy. The businessmen, modern capitalist or old-style mudaal, become worried and nervous and begin to buy re-insurance. If they gawe a million to the UNP, they will now slip a few lakhs to the SLFP. And money matters; it always matters in the competitive parliamentary game.
DE-STAE, LISATION
In the burg aucracy, the middle strata, probably already aggrieved for predictable reasons, with a new sense of confidence, can start to criticise the regime openly, and eyen work against it quietly. The efficiency" of the government is being undermined day by day. It 15 legitimate, if insidious, destabilisation,
In the higher rungs of the administration all but the mcn totally identified with the ruling party,
(Continued on page 7)

Page 7
Parliament
Sarath, Lalith Monks and Te
Kala wann MP Sarat lh Muttet Lil WI iegama: It is quite clear that the disa ster tit Kantillai Was dile 10 the negligence of the gover lil Tilemt, the BBC and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported that a crack in the hund was visible IIItonths dցt).
National Security Minister Lalith Athulathmudali: They are Well known to get their facts WTIlg.
Mr. Muttetuwegarha: Even ä. government owned newspaper 5:ıicli sab,
The 111115:5 strike Was ill i851– brought about by the government. They prolonged the issue by issuing va cation of post C) Tiders,
Percy Sanılaraw cera: The pTiest who brought about the strike Will go tx) lell!.
Mr. Muttet Li Wegama: Those who go to hell Will be the people Who tıbdult Ltd the Jive PTiest: 31 Tilu Imlillä. There wa 35 ewe T1 : 1 Inspector in civ Wics Tesent at that time.
G. W. Punchinila IIle: Who is he
Mr. Muttet Li Wegama: I cannot Il 15:11 till llis la 11: because he might get a promotion.
Sa rath Muttetuwegal 11: The goveTinment Ll, scd the Ellergency to ba n the Nili Tse:5 Union. This is the first title a government has used the Ellcrgency to ball a union,
It took 10 days for the gover IlIllel to coil de IIlli Lle US attack O El Libya. This Wat, s a Il at täck pre-plained by the United States to kill the Libyan President.
It is true that this government էs Ըn its belded klecs bcf Te thic United States Presidc.lt Rola 1 di
------
Why did the go "CITI1II el L. b3 L1 i
meeting by a Muslim organisation
here when they Wanted to condemn
the attack oil Libya?
I want tc) ask that Presidelt F mess:g: Presi saving that Illere ViolatioIls in ST wye çalıcılıld see scolil titol to the
The gover T1 Ille the EIlcIgelcy si: in Lo custody mill
Olle of Lilleim wardene. But Il Te. A Wi11 Imissing sin Cc le whereabouts still
A Calicra I. it travelling still
AL aboli L 10.3{ bers of the Tesiderimcc {a! Tı d it quently his wif to say he is $3 lis, where:abb Li Lisi
Sarıtlı Ciai Tiñini, Gulf Lanka. Tr Danapala a R Lld till:TC :IT:
THւ B_յ11:Է է ked Cars for t
Denzil Fie T11:41, 1 (
Mr. Muttet Llyn not fairy tillc3. I will L to isk what they al Te this,
How call go' cover Of the Sinhala yolu Llı 5'i
The Te is als want to raise. asked the g The Icenitics W.
I will illa, 11 L J);ivil Butler, I Russel a Lld T)
Why are th Isı't it Tulle til Rs... 300,000 a .

on Nurses irrorists
vyche" it i 5 LITLE: legan has sell. dent Jayewardene tre hui main rights i Lank: lild that k arl Im Trlediate ethnic problem,
11L is als o using 'gulations to take ly Sinhala people.
js I Ildika CGILL : la
the Te : Te I113, Fly :liserla has b. In ist January, His | Tc TT lil L11 kl. (I Will.
Im Kallwell was
STTl.
It light, Ill: InNIB cilme to his Hok him. Subseէ։ Tectived iլ 1:Լleլ: fe ainc i well, but li: S LI LI Ilklii ) W'Il
an cinployee frČITTl avels, Kalub eddal, ailway employce Ilally Ill...I. y: Te using Lu 11 Tilli Tli5.
lo: All fairytales.
regan mia: They arte This is the truth. the gewer T1 T2, ČIL going to do Alba) ut
reIIIlent under the Inergency, arrest
another issue, I We live ls C)
0 węIIIment :bout
Jrking here.
few. Mike Bolas, Dick Patson, Stilldy
| Mc With,
ey working here? hat some are paid Ilonth?
They are also able to do what they wish since they are Working for the Defence Ministry.
1 also want to know what this Keeni Meeni Corporation is doing le:
I also want to know about soille purchases by this gover Il
II.
Gower II ment prchlased two Bell helicopters for 1.1 million US Dillars.
These vere lcricd for Presidelt Marcos, who had paici ill. Il advance, but suddenly the Philippines forfeited the advance : Tld the helicop Lers were purchased by us. We also later purchased tell helicopters which are not bullet procf. Sonic (I Dur Air Force personnel have su stail cd injuries due to this.
The gewertunent hild also blught a helicopter for three Illilliol US ) is.
This has been done while the helicopter price is 1.495 million,
Four helicopters like this have been purchased and they are not serving ally useful funcion,
The Te is another Ima ttc T I likę to raise.
There is a dispatity in the salaries paid to Special Task Force personnel and normal Policelein who 1re Working in the NI L l Lld the East,
These Police men are fighting the sa Ine battle and undergoing the same risks, but the STF personnel are paid moTe.
But, then the STF has special privileges since the President's son, Ravi Jaye Wardene is il charge
If it.
Gamini Dissa Inayake: Rawi JayawardcIle is a Security Advisor
5

Page 8
to the president. He is not in charge of the STF.
Mr. Muttetuwegama: When I asked the last tiric how he was a II'leri] fer of the Security Co. Ilcil, the reply was that he was in charge of the STF.
What is happening to the ethnic problem?
The gover Il melt is hic L and cold as I Illia.
Relations with India are always changing. At Dhaka, President Jayawardene told lindia. Il Prir 11e Minister Rajiv Gandhi: - 'You 1:ll W. Will fly"
But when Mr. Bhagat made a statement what happened here
blowing regards tij
For the first tille the gJyernment decided to po L1 t da. W II i Il writing all sent the Foreig Il Miris tc to IIlli.
This is good. But shouldn't the government show the propsa is to the people who are concertill about these prosals before colling LL) lily ag TecIIlcilt!
I also warmt til k Tow whether the government is scrious really to solve the ethnic proble in
National Security Minister Lalith Athulath Iudali:
This debate has ch: Tull up to il W. IIl:IIլ:l 11:15 tյt:11 of it all.
After the Akmeemana byelection there live been äпаlyses in this country, which ha, Vc not being used in the World before.
The wite for the UNP Hlas improved since the by-elections hell in 1982, 1983 şimdi 1986,
I tell you that in 1989 wheil a generill electio II is held i L Will improvic evicIl Inore,
If the Leader of the Opplositi T ląst this by- clicctions, the people would have said that Anura is leading the SLFP oil the Wrong road.
I listened to Illally of the speeches Imlade at Akıncc II na Ila. The speeches gave the terrorists Some things to quote from.
httil i1i1 "{lc
But Akihei
the celtre piece
--
You may hav the het of the hope you will I
The Te is a Ilı il the Nort li til Army is Ticht the halwe becı Tito a.
The BBC his LIC Il politicia Ims, a Tc taking til to Sinhalese people.
| Walt Li clear who hawe beċ: Il : the Soul til vyill til 13, IL is 1-it to 400 have bec
The Illi İlber : :LIld at the mor held. These pe
it till LT T PLÖTT 3 tills Will the
I calliot give th: arrested S h;1 T per investig:
They belonges majority Commu C. IT Illitted Tubb. pistol in his I was earlier stoč the Nika:Lwcra Liya
There are Eti arrested. We : Attorney Gener: sed Libilem Cl |
There are EPR I F links bi to a political pledged to an : of the govern Ill EPRLF El talks on III a II
They have E W:ly uniya incl leidership is kl h:1, bec iTics
The total Illin first LTained ei explosiyes: ; Tid FPRLF camp
fJI" L. hI :: IL1JIit
Si Illic: were S: bers of the est
When they w
a II tills, they lea taill 3 real and W.

e rima de Lhic T1 i
IN1 COTT:ll blit II lot do that again,
cliministration in
FES, IF I
re, thèrt wւ5ւյ1:1
i miilist1' Lij II.
quoteci opposithat the Police CLIstu dy illr1} ce11t
this Lup, People 1 rTee Sted life s10111 tęITOTist CollecLT1 e Lha L 3 OC) In arris Led.
TI ested wis 49 1ent 4 I L Te being :{upple hızı ye links Lld till: EPRLF filic cllecIVP.
The Illes of In te it wւյլ 11
tils.
| Imainly Lo the
inity. They have :Ii: S. (C)iı: llall :1 1355 cssic yil whicli
by the PLOT at Balık Tobbery.
ll 11 (TL 11 HIc awaiting the til 5 decisio Il to
.rial.
I l'I:5i With II collected lar ty. They are 11 meid 3 Werthuroy en I. They let Pilt:h Fr. ıgil Teyolutio 11.
:: Il trili Ilęli il iIı IIlli:. THeiT 10 WII : Iind some
ld.
liber is 200, They ght in handling il combat in the 器 Kodim pakim
5.
inha lese and mellil te community.
'il Ited to bring in sel land in a cerFETE: Tres Lēd Llac Tc.
I don't want to disclose names, but you will be surprised at the SLI spects collections,
However no member of a political party has been a Tested.
Thus far we have succesfully broken these two organisations just whic El tillicy Wette getLing off the Eround.
Many Illcmbers of the ParliaTent have asked me about the landnlines. There is equipTil er1t against sophisticated land Illines, But thics and mines - they arc called culvert mines. The only way it could be detecte di is by Walking.
A group of young soldieTS Täided :: Il LTTE lid:collit il Trilc, Illa lcc Ili killed 50 TT1C:
te Trorists this morning.
made some dici Tlite proposals Tegarding the cth. Ilic problem. The TULF says it they are not cleaT enough. But sÇ III, c; people in India say it is certainly clough for discussions.
e l'
These proposals will 50 on be released to the public,
The go ycTirinciIt has g) Ille as far as it can. If this option is not taken, them wc will hal Wc to Lake the other path.
People say to us that is no Immilita Ty & Jil Litio ili.
there:
Of course there is a military solutio T1. The go Wern The Illt (t Sri Lanka does not believe that there is a military solution. It is the terrorists who believe that there should be a Tmilita 1y Sollltil.
We should convince the teTrorists that there is 113 ililit ilir? 5 (11 i ti{11,
Mr. 13 han dari is expected tu come text week.. lle hills Llo convince all terrorist groups, specially the LTTE and TELO, or his efforts and those of MI.
Gandhi are to prove successful
1 :llst, Want ti" thank M. Thildlilan for his clotts. He
is the only one who said it was title that some cle stood up ild spoke the truth.
- (SUN)

Page 9
Sri Lanka, India citizens
A. a meeting of citizens of Sri Lanka and India held in Bangalorc on Apri|| || 5 and || 6 it was ha|d that the citizens were il complete agreement that a military solution to Sri Lanka's ethnic problem was neither feasible nor desirable and that the problem should be solved politically.
The meeting was held to ascertain through an exchange of views as to how best they could assist in the cffort to restore peace in Sri Lanka and move forward to a just and cquitable solution of the ethnic probl erth.
The participants at this meeting
e
Mr. Godfrey Gunati lake, Director, Marga Institute, Mr. Charles AbeySekera. President, Moyennent for Inter-Racial Justice and Equality, Mr. Olcott Gunasekera, formerly Ceylon Civil Service, Mr. A.M.M. Shabdeen, Chairman Leaders' Group of Companies and formerly of the
An elephant . . .
(Continued from page 4)
start to smile with opposition Even those firmly pro-government search for "links' with opposition leaders, usually through our generously accommodating and tolerant extended family' Structures. Permanent Secretaries, corporation chrirmen, to cops, three star soldiers can always find a nephew Or iece who has narried some in-law of Mrs. naike second cousin.
Bandara
The crosion of confidence, slippage of effective control, the internal de-stablisation - that is the familiar pre-election process and it is the sure knowledge of how this process works to the disadvantage of each regime before
the
the day of battle dawns which has måde Some nervous UNP'er5 hit the panic button.
- D.
Ceylon Civil Ser da Silva, Editor,
DIAN, i Mr. I 1. A. | Mamber of Sri La P. Dawara | Dir Labour Foundatio Lanka and Dr. R. F man, Gandhi Peac: C. Subramania T1, Minister and Wic ratiya Widya Bh Kailasal, former Court of India, ham, for Tier Indi sioner to Sri Lan Gandhi, Resident EXPRESS, Madras nan, Executive Se Widya Bhavan, E S. R. W 2n kata cha la Bhawan, represen
A Prais rea5 Instituto 5 Lates:
The meeting agreemant that : is neither feasil but the problem politically.
The first step would E: the ce. by both sides a of mutual confide the resumption Perpetuation of should be a wo ide of innocent cit gen Crations.
"The meeting its view that si to be found wit of a Lunited Sri that the Gowers had already agric of Provincial C.
The devout the Provincial Co. In urn extent P satisfactory prog towards the PE this conflict.

s for political solution
wice, Mr. Merwyn
LANKA, GUAR. Hussain, for her nka Judiciary, Mr. ector, Congress In representing Sri R. Diwakar. Chair: Foundation, Mr.
former Union 2-President. Bhaawan, Mr. P. S.
Judge, Supreme Mr. Thomas Abraan High Commiska, Mr. Rajmohan
Editar, I NDIAN
*r. S. Riktig - cretary, Bharati ya Bomba y and Mr. m, Bharatha Widya ting Bangalore.
e by the Marga
is in complete i military solution le rior desirable should be solved
to such a solution 553 rior of violence il d the re: Coration 1 Co so a 5 to gerhable of negotiations.
mutual conflict d in the interests izens and future
חן u5סוחiחaחis u illutions will hawe in the framework
Likā. It nod Trent of Sri Lanka 2d to the creation Lucils.
on of power to Jr. cils to the Taxi355 ibile is wit | if 25s is to be Tade lciful solution of
“The meeting halds the wiew that it is essential for the democratic government of Sri Lanka to devise ways and means to enable a II sections of the community Lo participate effectively in the Political and national life of Sri Lanka at all levels,
"The Participants agroad to continue their consultations to help in the process of finding solutions to thes e problems."
The Fefurra . . .
(Continued frorn page 3)
1r. Chidrībārām 5 min tālsk ir en 5 ure that the interests of the Central government (Delhi) are not sacrificed vis-1-vi. Tā rādu. Within the state itself, Congress tries to protect the interests its coalition partner from the increasingly successful assaults f the D. M. K. of M. Karunanidhi, who has became the vocal champion of the Sri Lankan Tamils. But Mr. Gandhi, as premier and Congress leader, has anather vital intgreSL - thc Centre-State balance of power. The Tarmil issue must mo. Eja || Yaw :d to affect that too much,
Mr. Ranjan Mathai is attached to the Sri Lanka desk, ha wing served in Colombo for three years. Mr. Bällä krishinä" | 5 a Harward -- educated legal pundit.
The delegation will be back in
Delhi on May 2nd. On May 4, an all-party conference will be held in Madural to discuss the
Sri Lankam issuo.
Letter . . .
(Continued from pdge || ) | believe Dr. Costain da Wo 5 died several years ago. I suppose It must nean something that his
ghost still haunts your correspondem ce calu Tm5.
R. M. Pathirana Colombo 4

Page 10

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Page 11
The Sixth Amendment
The majority must hav but the minority must
R August 1983, while Colombo had not yet recovered from the
rioting, ars on and bloodshed in which so many of our people suffered terribly, the government.
enacted the Sixth Allendent to the Constitution. Thi5 a edTem which is now part of the Constitution of Sri Lanka, forbade any advocacy support or public belief in separatism or of the creation within Sri Lanka of a separate state. The amendment has made any expression of separatist opinion an offence for which the punishments are the deprivation of civic rights, the confiscation of property and of pas 5 port 5, the forfeiture of the right to practise a profession and other measures of a punitivo character. The Sixth Ameridient also makes it mandatory for all Members of Parliament to take an oath affirming a unitary Sri Lankan state and makes it impossible for any candidate for any election to Prosent himself or herself for
eaction
ungss A declaration om Similar
i: i firs 3,
The Council for Liberal Demo
cracy was the first political movement in Sri Lanka to un reservedly condemn the Sixth Amendment and to request the repeal of it in its entirety. The emphatic condemnation of the Sixth Amendment issued by the CLD in September 1983 is reiterated on this occassion, when, in response to the total and object failure of all attempts of the government to bring about a negotiated settlement of the Tamil Problem, the CLD is convinced of the overwhelming necessity for the repeal of the Sixth Amendment.
The Counci for Liberal Democracy a 55erts its un equivocal and absolute opposition to the principle of se paratism and to the division of Sri Lanka. The unity, independence and territorial integrity of Sri Lanka are principles to which the CLD is fully committed. Further
more a 5 a libera ment, the CLD tally in Individua taifa || FT: 'weier achie werent of
which will provit for a resolutior conflict which this country ine: the destruction of upon the se consi CLD bases its
Sixth Amendment
Ewen if the app to the feelings demonstrated by Sixth Amendmen locked (and the it cannot) the I: individual liberty brazenly demons cles of this A. strongest possib from a II sincerg * The CLD de Ple it liberal interpret resorted to by the Sixth Amendr them to think I expression of a 5 abհor may just un la fu. Il do failed to grasp ; firm principle w te a free sciei disapproval of a even by a majorit" and how 2 war Conc tio for LF ; point of view, declares the pe: arny Čonviction t
taken a signific the destruction A liberal demo
møt elevate Cai issues on which to the Statu 5 As long as we of other people our right of fre cnlightened and to the highly Eelam should th

e its way
have its say
- The Council for Liberal Democracy
| political moveelieves fundame| liberty and as a t it supports the
those conditions a the best chance of the racial |reatens to lead Khorably towards
a ci wil war . It is derations that the
attitude to the
ba|| Ing Insensitivity of the Taris the timing of the : :could be ower CLD EJE: liewe 5 that ick of respect for shamelessly and rated by the artԷndriant Imwlt to thiը condemnation friends of freedom. Հres the grossly ation of democracy the supporters of ent which cables hat the peaceful entiment that they tifiably be made ing so they have i wery Simple but hich is fundamental ty - that intense point of wiew, y, wherewer formed !ewed, is no justifiuppression of that A nation which Iceful expression of o be outlawed has cant step towards of a free society. Iratic state Tust tentious political indiwiduals de differ of sacred dog Ta. respect the rights W0 m ust al Flave e expression. An civilized approach charged issue of erefore be based
upon the maxim. The majority must Hha we its way but the minority must have its say."
We do not here refer to racial majorities and minorities though on this wexed issue political majiorities and minorici es un fortunately, coincide With race. What the CLD emphasises is the principle which must govern the general approach to rights in a liberal democratic state. Thus, while it is right that those of us who form the political majority in Sri Lanka that is emphatically opposed to the dismemberment of this country must stand firm in preserving it as a united while, YY e must Tot make the adwocacy, 25. opposed to the adoption of practical measures to Lha attainment of a separate state within a part of our national territory, illegal.
The proposition advanced by the advocatës of the Sixth Amendiment, that to allow the expression of an opinion is to actively advance it and that which will newer be accepted by a majority should not be permitted to be supported is muddle-headed and wrong as well as being a nightmare of intolerance. That to allow the expression of an opinion is not necessarily to advance It can clearly be established. We have only to take rote of the way in which various opinions which are probably distasteful to many of us, such as communism and racism, have been expressed in Sri Lanka without leading to the mass acceptance of these ideas. By the same token, we hawe premitted rewolutionarios Who Corda Tf the domocratic institutions in which a majority of us believes, to advocate the violent overthrow of our political institutions without being indirectly threatened by them. We have like a Il libera democratic states believed that an offence is committed only when practical step; to overthrow the state are taken as with the Insurgency of 1971,

Page 12
not when a public meeting is tolt that the "nasty capitalist state musd be violently overthrown'.
The Council for Liberal Democracy believe 5 that it is the sama principle of tolerance to all opinion that is peacefully expressed and does not actively attempt to interfere with the liberty of others - that must govern our attitude to separatism, The CLD therefore deplores the har 5 h curta ilment of individual liberty and the authoritarian imposition of a unitary ideology embodied in the Sixth Amendment,
The Council for Liberal Democracy asserts that not content with circumscribing the freedom of the individual, the Sixth Amendment devalues and restricts the sowgreignty of the people which is supposed to be protected by the Constitution. An essential feature of a representative democracy is that the people can elect as their Political reprosentatives any persons who in their view best represent their convictions and interests. The provisions of the
Sixth Arender of this country Alat a Mel Ee cf a local authori separatism. The that a free W haw A therefore arbitrarily and littod and precedent by restrictions on views of can election, could
The CLD furt repeal of the in view of the context. The de consequence of . ment was that moderation arton, Tamil United was for cod to Par||a Tent. Whi mot share many political convictic 522 1115. L. L.5 O' had that party centre of Tam|| tho prospects f: settlement Would greater. The bai
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be imposed. er advocales the XLh Amandment, current political plorable political |he Sixth Amedthe party of ; the Tamils, the liberation Front, withdraw from e the CLD does of the TULF's ns, the evidence erwhelming that remained at the political opinion }r a negotiated | hawe: been fra T lishment of the
TULF from the centre stage of Tamil politics and in particular the denial of a platform to its moderate and constitutional rmennbers has enhanced the significance and credibility of the men of violence. The unjustice and political ineptitude embodied in the Sixth Amendment has left sixteen parliamentary coristi Lucrci e 5 Wacan for a most three years and has all but foreclosed the options for constitutional Tamil politics. It is iudicrous to expect any sensible settlement of the Tamil problem without bringing the Tamil people back into the political process and that can only be done by the repeal of the Sixth Amendment to permit the democratic representatives of the Tamil people to return to Parliament by the free votes of their constituents,
The Council for Liberal Democracy is convinced that the best
argument and best insurance against political violence is political freedom. The Liberal
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Page 13
Part II
The Crisis of Sri Lar Election and Mrs. Ban
Chanaka Amaratunga
T's advocates of the postpongment of elections in 1982, who now dispute the moral imperative for a General Election attempt to confuse a referendum with a Gangrill Election. It is argued that consultation of the pecple and an affirrative Werdict are a sufficierit justification, that it is effrontery for anyong to object to the extended Parliament for to do so is to negate the will of the people' and to be antidemocrátic: for "democracy', we are told is majority rule". They argue this is grossly to simplify our political institutions and the meaning of political ideas. The first point thz . Teeds to be made is that th democracy which free Countries (including our own) are committed to its representative in character and limited in the scope of what it cas do to individuals, This Combination of representative InstiEutions in Which minorities are represented as we|| ās majorities and in which the opportunity for the former to regularly become the latter and wice wers a must exist as well as the protection of the fundamental liberties of the individual against the will even of a majority (which can often be tyrann ical and in tolerant) Thakes LLLHHLLL HLLLLLCLC LLLLS S S LLLLL LLLLLL the free countries of the World as liberal democracies rather than as derrocracies. Liberal democracy does not acknowledge the werdicts of referendi as being sufficient justificatian for the des trustion of personal libesty and othar fundamental libertias such as the right to Exercise the franchise. That majority verdicts are insufficient Justification for the curtament of individual rights will become clear If we consider a referendum in
Dr. Cha naka Antara tunga recently received C L LSS SSSS THH L LLLS L S L S SSLLaaLLL SECretry of the Council for Libera
Tracy.
which the propic grable the exec Who are West : wwii | Il be otwirt LI 3
majority of th: wates agreed th done, such app nothiring to alter
injustice and C deed. Likewise, accept that a
sought to carry a people could a majority Wotc. tĞI args.I c i r a C0211 tha Nazi holcā çoi III ng", er be to 5 ch am bomi HHvid LIs that t questions whic mately be put ir 1 a. I i ber"il c! A question th:: pone an electi the Eifion of &q | consists of repr people can riot violating the ful of the individ. exerci5.2 the fr out rendering 5EIltative Cha Tai When the supre representative d be representatis a majority ես է Ճ the claim of : Condition to be: is itself in que:
This xris ; Countrics imply limitation upon which arc the
film. Til Europe: make fir sort of subjects COT15|| alio Ti cof reas conable2 L Tid ju in th : lJnit:d K Contin Lad ri1t: ri Europcan Commu i || 3 || r i G H R El til af diyor

nka, a General |daranai ke
isition pLIt is to Lition of all persons ;ix fact t || ||
that even if a 350 casting their at this should be Iowa would do the outrageous ruelty of such a most people would Proposition that out genocide upon not be justified by And it is Isless ury that witnessed ust that a majority persiaded to agree ration. It is then here are types of -t: 1e:Eitiם חוh caTat a referendum emocratic state. Lt seeks to poston and to cxtend legislature which esentatives of the be put without ndamental rights Lal citizen to "anchise and Withhollow the reprecter of parliament sile instrument of emocracy ceases to 'e not merely of f the whole people, sitit|on of gLuch liberal democracy ; Eid),
if referenda in free demonstrates the the sort of Issues Proper stuff cf a rese referenda ir
e examples of the on which direct the people is it. The referendur ngdom on Britain's bership of the ity the referendum Jublic on | beralice laws and the
forthcoming referendum on Spain's continued membership of NATO, None of these issues directly impinge upon the franchise or upon the fundamental liberties of the individual. They are significant issues of policy on which public opinion is divided even across parties and on which therefore a majority vote by the electorate is a just basis for deciding upon thę i SSuc.
It will now EC clear that the Proposition approved by the ReferEr duin of December 1982, vas entirely inapt and that the conduct of a referendum for the postponeT1 et cof a Gefiera | E |gction, is an abuse of parliamentary democracy and of the liberal democratic process. The absurdity of basing a claim to continue with the present Parlamen. LInt| |98? 15 further compounded by the acts of intimidation, the adoption of double standards and of obstruction and violation of the law by which fair Play in the conduct of the Referendum was rendered impossible. As the various abuses in the conduct of the Referendum campaign halwe been well-documented elsewhere and as the space available to me is limited, | sha || mot at tempt to establish what is public knowledge. It should be acknowledged however that a considerable proportion of those who voted YES" to the Extension of the life of ParliaT ent for six years did so of their own will as a consequence of a variety of political factors. This does not to my mind, diminish the validity of the case against the legitimacy cf the present Parliament nor in favour of the essential unfairn css of the Reforendum tampaign.
There iş a further moral argumentl in favour of an immediate Genera Election which is only indi rcctly
(Continued on page 13)

Page 14
More or less a
Arjuna Para krama (Second Class, Lower Division)
much has perhaps been said on this subject already, but I wish to focus on some of the unexplained assumptions of the debate in such a way as to also indicate, generally, the pitfalls that may confront similar discussions.
At the outset let me identify what I find good and useful in Qadri Ismail's critique of the teaching of English literature at Per ademiya, He raises crucia | qu cistions regarding the Walidity of English studies in Sri Lanka today.
He criticises traditional theory and focuses on some important recent developments in the field. He propo5 es curriculum reform with a view to making the honours degree in English more relevant to the central concerns of our times. Much of his effort has been directed towards situating the study of literature in the larger social
context, and this is of funda menta || 5 #gnificance, However, it is the Tianner in which he dices this that I find symptomatic of his a fin bivalence regarding | iterature i t5elf.
It seems to me that the critique by focusing exclusively, as it has done so far, on the English Department at Peradeniya (and that too as distinct from the much larger Sub Dept) tends to say something about this department's importance at least in relation to the rest of the university. This implicit walarization runs counter to much of which is explicitly stated. Thus it would appear that this apparently radical critique of the English
Department on the grounds that It ha 5 become irrelevant, escapist or simply had derives from the
motion of the 'specialne55' of the study of English, and the notion that irrespective of what happens to the rest of the university the English Department is obliged to meet certain (i.e., higher) stand. ards. In terms of its implicit elitism this polarization (English vs Rest) is itself illum | nating.
2
Cr to put it aldri wishes ti ifT PCr ta rice assumi tio English literatu Department at P se em that by fc on the departm tended to do th An emphasis is |igh || tera. tu re De partinent, its ducts past and P to many other t |1 CILIr" Lurh, i"W' er“5i t overall impressio Department and a special place i thinE5,
it would be u T1 : LC | E | examples of wha
in his essay o told by Qadri ment has decline when 'tho nabi önce graced b. Ludowyk, Passe, cm, " It You di 5 cbjectionable per "last thirty (alm last two decadt Cr, e can shpy i i those coming a made hardly a c. LAnkari in Lc||ect appears to be ir things that the ates produced De Får timent each Linguish themse|y affairs - they ar. T3 : benefitting of the cream c. fact that they h; If indeed they h is not due to t If the hegemon due instead to t quality of teachir Departinent at P QadrI would hav
ΙΠ τΗ a e553 γς December 1, he his mind, and Ludowyk 3.5 thË

bout
another way: if O LIldermine the 1ed bysat Lributed re and the English era deniya it would cusing exclusively itself he his e exact opposite, placed upon Eng
and the English do T15 and its Frore5er L ir relattiċi
חס סhings which s is, Creating the that the English its Concerns Haye thin sche The of
seful perhaps for few pa55ages as L | Ten.
f July 1st we are that the Departd from the time e Portals (were) the greats - de Souza and so 2ěT that the mot lod has been the C5t) years", "the *5 or sto'' when little wonder that LC of it... hawe 3 tributical to Sri Lual affa i 5. "" |
the nature of handful of graduby the English year should dis"es in intellectual 2 after ail the from the study if disciplines! The lve nt de so, ave not done so, 12 slight decline y of English but he decline in the Ig in the English Cradleriya, or so 2 thrk,
of August and seems to change Instead presents wi||lain of the
English
piece. In fact. It is in his comparison of Leavis and Ludowyk that one can perhaps discern the reason for this ambivalence. Leavis 15 acknowledged as elitist but "one must nevertheless make the point
that it is elitism in the good liberal style, if you like, clitism good right. What is wrong with
it, is that the theory never quite matches the practice. Lewis fai || cd in his grand task." But for Qadri, "at least he had a grand wision. . Leavis was passionately concerned 瞿 that the proper study of i teratLre Wold Saye che British way of life, British Civilization... But Ludowyk had no such vision."
It is allowed for a Thornert that "Perhaps Ludowyk is being more realistic," but we are in
formed that this is still a watered down" version. Cra des not reed here the benefit of the walue Judgement, the negative cannotation embedded in the phrase "watered down" to realise that Qadri is sympathetic towards aggrandised fico tio 15 of the function of lite Tature and, thereby, Departments of Literaturc, a s life-Saving.
The mecessity, than, for Qndri is not to di Scard Leavis as elitist but to modernise" him, so much so that the "redefin (ition) of the significance of English; which is basically Lankanising Leavis... could have given che study of English some relevance.' The qui és til on of wheth ar Leay is is realistic or not, whether he is in fact right or wrong, has become irrelevant in the glow of his grand vision, There seems to be a gesture here in favour of holding theories, visions, etc., even if they are known to be wrong. The important thing seems to be to hawe the 5e wisions.
Leavis, then, has a grand "vision," and Ludowyk not even a "point of wiew," which incidentally is a very curious idea especially coming from someone who claims to be In touch with the "fascinating

Page 15
recent developments in and theory.
rist
The aggrandiserient involved in the conception that literature ScrTehta w Pro wides us with the key to the kingdom, the panacea for all social ills is strangely 5 IT i lär to the told for TL.lation of literature as something that, willy nilly, makes us sensitive. It seems to me that we must accept that literature will no more provide Lus with exclusi ye or special irsights into life than would religionthe dividing line between the Cultural Priesthood and the cultural priesthood may be imaginary.
This inflated notion of the function of (English) literature become: Tiare pronounced in our specific context where the tiny English Department is criticised for not fulfilling its social obliga
tion as producer of intellectual leadership, as purveyor of higher truth, ''The Whole business of kaduwa; very firmly believe
could be blamed upon the English Department apart from an iniquitious social system." The swegping generalisations, the cliches may at first glance show that Qadri grants a parity of status to the English Department and the social system, but a further function of such a 5tatement is to undermine the notion of an "'iniquitous social system" as somehow not very important. The juxtaposition thus Serves both to trivia se the Irequity and to elewa te the DepartTent. The disaffiling acknowledgement can be made : 'not that a radical English Department could have ever hoped to change the system," and then one car continue regardles, "but..."
Qadri goes on to say,
"but since departmental dons, OF Students, have invariably dominated commissions of inquiry into English teaching, a more realistic, Intell Eent and humanc (sic) Consciousness of what English does, and of what could be done with it within the department (my =T-55), would have nevi tably percolated upwards and downWard."
The goings on "within the department" between let us say, a faculty
of fiye and a 5 tu || 5 wenty 55 LITTEם fundamentally ma
COCC i53LE5.
It is III til 15
writes, 'Apart
di Teisit that
| Ti possible with in
ta | Structure, til other cre: Hi5 y our English depart constituted, woul
Again the Engli! Juxta posed with t again the patte
acknowledgementfo||owed and th {
Terit i 5 : ferrer Priority of statu:
(To be c
The Crisis. . .
(Continued fr
related to the The present Parli in July 1977, a
democratic Oppos Lin popular a nd it the simple plural
the-post elector result of that e a gross distortio
the electorale.
yQT.: F : UN P C of tha: Salt5, for ... SLFP La of the scats and the left obtained for a combined
of the Woo. Th representation of and ower repre: Government has able damage on men tary democra Elt has bec arragant and repre: of power, and Par to play a role
of the liberty of monolithic majori single party has to intimidate Parliamentary P. acquics cence of leaders and the conscience of the mant h:15 teased this Parliament freedom and diw almost completely

dent population of responsibility for crological socio
we in that Cadri rior the societa l mākes this tās k the present sciehere is also the would gոtail that ments, as currently d cease to exist." sh Department is he rest of society; in of disar Ting cum-dismissal is 2 English Departd with an alar Thing
ontinued)
"Cirm page / I) ssue of legitimacy ament was elected time when the ition was uniquely was elected On i ty or first-pasta system. The lection produced of the will of For 51% of the btained ower 85% 30% of the wote ed ess than 5%
the parties of | lo selt 5 lt || total of over 5% is drastic ur der the Opposition entation of the wrought considerSri Lankan Parliacy. The Gowerone increasingly 55i: il 3 E3E lia Tent has ceased as the protector the citizel. The ty achieved by a even been used the Government rty into slavish the diktats of its right to indiwidual member of Parliato exist. It is which individual ersity hawe been wiped out, which
has been given a new lease of unhealthy life by the anti-parliamentary exercise of the Referendum. A free Parliament is thus another important need which only a General Electior Can fL |f|.
Before | consider the pragmatic case for or against an election, it seems apposite that I deal with a point of confusion that colours the practical context in which the argument for an election is carried out. Although this has not been made explicit, the opponents of an immediate election use the apparent legitimacy conferred upon this Parliament by the Referendum a 3 a 5 uffici est conditior for its Continuarice Unti| |989. There is no reason why this should be so, The legal right of a Parliament (cwan one that QYW es is existence to a proper General Election as understood in the frce world does mot obviate the possible: necessi sy in particular situations of uncertainty or crisis for a new appeal to the electorate. There is a firmly estab|lished tradit la "with in multi-party democracies of early dissolutions of Parliament for a variety of reasons - the interests of the party in office, the need to resolve an issue of particular contention, a coristitutional or : Colom i crisis inte 5ome Cof theri). If One Wore to pick examples from the British experience the General Election of 1983 is an example of the first, the General Election of February 1974 an example of the second, the two General Elections of 90 an examplc of the third and the General Election of 1931 an example of the fourth. In all these instances the natural life-span of the British Parliam TL had not ru Tt its totu T5 e. It is therefore clear that even if the legitimacy of this Parliament were not in dispute, a case could be made by analysis of the current political situation, whether or not, consultation of the electora te in a genuinely representative for in would be the appropriate response to the exigensies of our til Te. The demaid of Mrs. Bari dara räike that finds a powerful echo in diverse political circles must now be examined in relation to its context - in terms of my category of "pragmatic considerations' not devoid of Thoral content,
B

Page 16
Nationalism : S Tamil Myths
Radhika Coomaraswamy
Introduction:
he im temsification of tha Sri Lankan ethnic conflict in the 1980's has led to the development of "morbid symptoms" not only in OLIt political process, as evidenced by the creation of a
national Security state, but also in our scholarship and political writings. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of these writings and to point to their relationship to nationalist
ideology, As Romila Thapar writes in 'Communalism and Ancient History'
"Historical intepretation is integrally related to a people's nction of its Cultura and nationality. This in itself makes historical writing one of the Tost 5 ensitiwe intellectual arcas with wide repurcussions on Popular nationalism and political beliefs."
This preliminary Inquiry will be divided into two parts. The first will take a look at two recent and important works on Tamil nationalism - a book by Satchi Porna Inbalam entitled the National Question and the Tamil Struggle", and an article by N. Satyendra called "Legitimate Expectations". The second part of the inquiry Will be directed at one aspect of the latter day reiteration of past. Ty this by Sinhalese ideologues. Writings in this category are numerous, ellanating from official sources such as The Ministry of State and also from warious; unofficial groups and indiwiduals. Some of the more blatant of these publications such as Kaluda Katiya (Who is the Tiger ?). Sinhalayage Adisi Hat Lira, etc... (The invicible Enemy of the Sinhalese) hava already been analysed and debunked by some Sinhala scholars who have also examined the mythic background common to these writings in separa Le as well as joint Wolume S.
| 4
Kumari la ya wart Class Conflicts ii Social Scientist. City Jnd 5ocsa C mittee for Rāti Sri Lanka's Ethni drid Realitics, as articles by schol De Silva, and C provided the bat til C1 E 1551 LI E. con relating to Sinha
do not thor dgal with i 1 a 5 nationalist myth there his cont of writing which and settlement of reiterating Sil the Sri Linkini this regard, pi one of these a article by G. H Appraisal of the Traditiä Tam| has been widely references to w
2'": || LT di |
Disturbing tren Nationalist Wri Unti | th c. 970 at the ration OTE: TLE25, 3 Fg2 CD Sures taken by g Wated by a Si ideology, Thoug and creati we wri IT -- lis3: a ir Sri Larika after t DMK. Tamil poli Sri Lanka in the W35 charactėti Ged grieʼwa.nCo: and po The rh Cit Cric and Politi CS was o “di 1.e... grievartes education, employ lrı ziddition, İ. , - i.e. aga in St. lå ta discriminate : language and for p which would allo ir pre-dominanti

inhala and
ena's Ethnic and Sri Lanka; The Associati çor's Ehr: - hange; The Comnal Development's Conflict, Myths well as individual ars sich as K. o. R. De Siwa, Hawa :kdrop for a crisome of the myths la nationalis IT,
efore propose to pects of Sinhalese making. However ly been a spate use archaeological listory as a means Thala myths abọut
Atticom -- 5 tilte. || "oposa to look at more 5 ch clarly I. Picris on FAI : Concept of a Homeland5' which dissertinated and hich hawe appeared y nԸwspapers.
d5 in Tamil
ting: 's Tamil politics eyel was rights
ion against meaovernments motimhala siationalist Tai cuture :ing witnessed a Tamil Nadu and he ris, 2 of the tical discourse in 50's and the 60's by a sense of litical oppression. language of Tamil
Evelopmental' - with regard to "ment am land.
"atltחcםךחde*י 5הי ws that appeared gainst the Talli olitical structures w for autonomy y Tamil areas.
From the forthcoming volume Facets of Ethnicity in Sri Lanka Ey the Soria | Scientists' Association.
Consciousness was centred around language and economic rights. This has been analysed by Professor Siwathamby as being the discourse of the Federal Party, which represented for the most part the interests of the Tari | middle classe5.3
In June 1985, ac Thimpu the Tamil groups put forward four principles as a framework for resolving the present crisis - a) recognition of the separate national identity of the Tamils,
b) respect for the integrity of the traditional Tami | hom gland,
(c) recognition of the right to self determination of the Tam is and
(d) Citizenship rights for al Tamils.
These principles are of course the expression of a people who have moved away from the conCap E. cf Tam il rights to an ideology of Tamil nationalism,
It can be said that nationalism in any for T has both progressive and regressive aspects as part of
its core... Ta III I I nationalism, like its Sinhala counterpart in the 1950's is no exception. Tamil nationalism has had a positive
impact com Sri Lankan Tami || Society, with its rise, for the first time; Tamil politics is actively speaking out against distinctions of class, caste and gender, Sri Lankan Tamil society which was conservative and hierarchial is finally being challenged from within, The discourse contains a mixture of democratic, populist and left|st ideologies. Tamil political awareness, as reflected in the writings of those committed to a Tam|| nationalism, has with im it seeds of social liberation. At the sama tirTie, like Simhala nationa lism of the 1950's, the discourse of Tami || nati crnalism, ESPECIALLY AS EXPRESSED IN CERTAIN TYPES OF EXPATRIATE LITERATURE, appears to contain the same communalism, which if unchallenged

Page 17
wi | | lead u 5 further irto the modern er à Of FISO-tribalism.
Sinhala 55 intellectuals. In tha 1950's who attempted to straddle both the progressive and negative a spects of nationalist ideology, ended up in the 1980's as said apologists for ethnic chauvinism. If they were analysing any other part of the world but their own, their approach Would hawe been different. But, bogged down by an ideology which had a built-in ethnic bias, their conscience failed. The imperatives of tribe and religion prevailed over abstract philosophies, so much so that many ended up justifying the 1983
riots or resisting any attempts to dispel the racial hysteria of the times. Some spent their efforts
constructing international Conspiracy theories or recreating past myths,
refu sing to come to terms with their own chauvinism and intolerance. The few Sinhalasa who
attempted to fight this regressive ntionalism were castigated in the Taedia as betrayers of the Buddha, half-castes and generally traitors to race and religion. Many others just remlined silent, hostage the "mass consciousness" which,
ironically, may have been of their
'W 1 IT: tio ,
It may be argued that Tam
intellectuals cannot afford to make tha same mistake. Political ideologics which further the cause of social justice which fight oppression and exploitation must be distinguished from those which find their sustenance only in tribe, race and ethin city. The right of ethnic groups to political expression, to political autonomy and even to a separa te state may be justified in o "politica|'' terms cf the right to self-determ imation cor the right to be frce from oppression or exploitation. Et poses di Titult problems if it is justified In ter T15 of the discourse of a Choen people,
Many progressive scholars will however, argue that the nationalism of the oppressor must be distinguished from the nationalism cf. the pressed. But, expericnce, elect in Sri Lanka, has shown U5 that even if this type of discourse is marginal during the period cf disent, it becomes more legi
timate when III political power. a deliberate atto this consciousnes: as the dorminant political thinking.
The discourse which E5 a fam || || part cf Sinhalese bitom i na W : menor i Tamil In Survey ing SCT and articles, whi 5İnce |983, theri an alarming and process of Thyth ri Likā Tāli tant that these now, before th: logical vigour.
Where does L. from ? Ti ri Tali Nadu and anti-Brahmin, po had an importan Lamkim Tami || cc
()" til the O'5 Culture and lång important part c. but the "WW" | over irto Tani | and political wri
Even as early Mr. C. Suther terms of a Drawi: Consciousness as Lankan Tami | id his writings wer Qf the moveman fr: That reflecte: III: SS of other Tamr especially S. J. who was a Chri affinity for this Conscio , I5m e5s. Ir the delind for Was nåde, ther E which pointed t in Tamil history Political discussi whether among or in the Pub militant gro LP5, Tami| grie warnice: and territorial rig of oppression. It that gawa birth a Tam || Linguist
The riots of had a major qua not only in term: radicalisation of

»vements acqul re Unless there is :Impt to Counter
force in
It lay emerge
T| |
of a cho 52r People, iar and important
Til tioria || 5 || h15 1 disturbing phenopolitical writing. in of thic books ch häly L. C_mE DUt e appears to be
rapidly growing creation about Is. It is impormyths be dispelled
=y receiwa ideo
his discourse CCT1e
of the LÖK i
its wersion of pulist nationalism effect on Sri msciousness in the Tamil pride in uage had been an of Tam | identity, Io automatic spillpolitical discourse tinE.
as the 1950's, Ingam spoke in ia, Saiwa Siddhanta part of the Sri entity. However, e on the fringe t and ware, the cd in the consciousfi political leaders, W. Chelwanayagam
5 tian WILF | itt | 3 type of political 1 Liga || GFC) yw han
separate ! was much writing a sense of pride ; but again, Tamil on and discourse, moderate Tamils. lications of Tamil centered around based om linguistig hts aid their sense was this discourse to the concept of id: regium,
1983, however, lititative impact 5 of the increasing * the Taпnіl popu
lation, but also in the type of language and discourse Lised to present the Tamil cause. Certain Tamil nationalist myths which had been politically latent began to be openly expressed; there was a deliberate and conscious attempt to Create a Dravida, Saiva Siddhanta political identity: The Illain thrust of this campaign appears to comic, Tot i SC FT Lich fs orm | Maidir ag os Jaffilia, where: t: wey day is suas of Survival point to a different type of political, but from the expatriate community, who have bogun to write extensively on Tamil history and ideology. Their writings arc circulated widely and hawe an
important efect on Tamil con 5
05:55.
(To be Continued) FOOTNOTES
I, R. Thapar, "Communalism and Ancient
History" in R. Thapar et a cd Cerialism and tha Writing of Indidiri History, Ney, Delhi || 977 F. | ()
KS 0LLu 0SLuHHHHLLuHHuLLLlLlS C LLL LLLLLLLLS ll Mlational Qugstian and the Ted "Fiil Struggs-, London, 1783; N. Satyrindra, "Legiti mate Expectations" in SIM ed. Ethnic Wicient, Hirman Rights and DevelopTent, Utrecht SB5.
3. Sce K. Siva that by, "Some Aspects of thic Social Composition of the Tamils of Sri Langa', in SSA e, Ethnic Conflict and Sacia | Charge,
| TE ||B+
The majority must . . .
{Curi:ir1:18:-d fruJTI pa Fe I ())
is the ultimate and the most successful opponent of political violence because by his respect of views so divergent from his oyIl le Te du Ce5 the 12ed for taking up the gun. Authoritarianism and iltoler: se a chigyios the CPPO5 i te. Who people find that they cannot freely express their views, they are led, with some justification, to feel that LLLLLL L S L LLLLHLLLS HHHHLLLLLLL KLLLLLLLS
The Council for Liberal Darcracy is convinced that Sixth Amendment, prolaimed as a powerful weapon in the fight against separatist violence' has provided instead its Strongest justification, ånd became a 53urce of Support for the wery thing it was designed to rail. The CLD therefore requests the gavernment, ewEr naw, to se 2 Sense and repeall this intoerant, authoritarian and ultimately un constructive Piece of legislation.
5

Page 18
The Politics of
A. Jeyaratnam Wilson
ana Russell in her Communal
Politics under the Donoughmore Constitution 193–1947 (Dahiwala, Tisara Prakasakaya Ltd., 1982) provides us with the seedbed of what was to happen in the years following independence. In this work of hers so rich in insights into the political culture of the petty squabbling between persons and people entirely unaccustomed to the workings of an altogether strange and eccentric constitutional mechanism, WW 2 ge E 5 come | deả that 1948 and after was nothing to be surprised
about. The writing was thora om .11 הש"י - גם th
What strikes the observer is
that there are three British cons. titutional documents, the Colebrook-Cameron Report of 1833, the Donough more Report of 1928 and the Soulbury Report of 1945 each of which created di 55 idence and dissatisfaction among the minority ethnic and religious groups, The British who were so adept at discovering formulae to still the pace cf discontent in Guyana amēng C'ther territories, did not desire to choose the cautious route in Sri Lanka. The analyses of the three reports referred to could forma study in themselves. Briefly Colobrooke-Cameron laid the foundations of the Unitary state, Donoughmore turned its face against multiethnicity and Soulbury hoped Westminster will take root when the commissioners would we|| hawe begin awarc that their hero, Don Stephen Senanayak 2, had only a few more years to live,
The depressing account which Russel relates in each of her chapters te|| their story of Sinhala intrigues and tha Jaffna. Tamils" search for the holy grail of communal ratios which might stem the tide of the new flood of electors caused by the introduction of Uniwers2 | Suffrage. We hawe the familiar plcture of the atomization of Tamil politics and G. G. Ponna mbalam's waliant ciffort to
| 6
(University of New Brun
close the loopho TO gain tha: || Wholehearted sup Titi 25 Yay| | | halese, farced beti what was in stor chafe at the re they went a long knowing full well of the road the Single unitary Sta prize for loyal an operation in the
Here we find destiny beginning tools to car we
niches in history. opted out. Don St
TCT-3' Crichtig dene newspapers tiger. S. W. R. ga We tha latter his money, J. R. J Blndarānaike wer Si ha la Buddhis minational schoc| language, the natic national flag. G. ultimately emerge rm71 E.i C LI ncrro'Wed Northern Tam 5. nayak am was bidin with uncanny fore TO A Titici P2, Ee all that would befa II • Unity in the Post indi I like Russell's qui trait of Chelyanaya
Chelwa nayakam y terried with the Sinhalest Buddhist on the fulf of Clı:1 yanı yıkartı v םalitiק ה 13, נחווח (the) integrity ... H lism 'Was not the fr mist but a deeply Ltdge Tent backed tio ne of Tami | culti Eed to blind loyalty. Ethi Tant to th tLIltl.I rc: c:3.rTıa rTLIc|- Tä Til titionalismi wie vos lrd Cra-Hilr fined him the heir to | םHייץ וחlaבhם החוו חA bittern es frarn th t Ud Lanka to the Tamilnad or Fan-T. ls:tilti ār. A. Chelwanayakam did

Communalism
swick, Canada)
es. But he failed conditoria I ad Jort of the mir, terceg. The Sinter. They knew e. They did not 3, 5 with the system that at the end a bonanza of a :e would be tha d Luns tinted coYy" ff.
the man of to Uso their their te spective D. B. Jayati i leke phen Senanayake of the Wijewaremerges a paper D. Bıldıramai ke
a good run for ayewardene with e dabեling in
Politics – danos, the officia | na | a in them, the G. Porin ambalan 5 as the chari 5king of the S, J. W. Chevag his time but ight was able the calamities the Ta Ti I confi2pendепce years, n të 55 ential pro. : וחka
"35 5 r:TICusly CarlJolitical effect of Cultural Tesurgenta the Ceylan Timi|5. as a thoughtful an he displayad is Tami|| communaoch fan opportu2. Frid considad by an appreciaC: NY Hii ih TairChelvına yıkamı's
2 Ceyları Tam|| | closer to a tre and his corny
attitude proclaithe Portimilar ild turned in his idea || If a Un.- ! Concept of a 11 il 1 stata in Fi5 lthrough 5. 1. W. nol présent à
differentiated policy to that of Ponnambalan in 1947, his political a Popr071 ch a Ligur2d 7 radical " changen ir the Le rīd derīna ur of Ceyfor Tarini politics in the post-independence period (FP. I32 - 22)
Jane Russell has correctly disCarned the characteT of the Tan who was to alter the political history of Sri Lanka. The Tost Prickly problem for the Tamils at this time was however the fally of the Jaffna Youth Congress and the antics of C. Surtheralingam. Together the two made a mess of a Ceylon Tamil movement which might hawe otherwise fared better. The National Congress held its ground as a low country Sinhalese organization. They knew they had got on to a good thing, uniwersal Suffrage, and they meant to stick Who Bris c , The Britis imperialists for their part realized that the future protection of their commercial and military interests 5 w C2|| as tha: Täimitarifice of the Commonwealth tie lay in working with one man, Don Stephen, not with any organisation,
The beginnings of the disputa on ethnic proportions in the public services are pinpointed by Russell but for quite different reasons advanced by the Sinhala ethnonationalists of contemporary hше. In 1937, the Selangor Unemployffi T1t Enquiry Committed enquired into the retrenchment in governLLLLLL L LL L0LLLHLL0L SSH SL SS LLLLLLaLLLLLLLaHLLLLa Malay States in 1937, noted:-
Sic falt at the Effra, Tam ii | T 2 CC 1term 2 d. ir day; that are nowy gona, LLa SLLLLS S SLLLLS HkHLS LLLLL S LSLLLLLLLLlHL of thic gowcrnment Clarical Scrwitc and the Railways, Jaffna was then the Only Country which had an Oversupply of Eglish-cducated ther,
So it seems obvious that the British did not prefer the Tamils LO the SInhale 5e or the TärTils to the Malays or Chinese. The simple fact was that the arid peninsula Coffered the Tamilis yery little cpPortunities of alternative employment and they therefore took to
(Continued on page (9)

Page 19
Argentina
Patricia Pittman
Trial of the ge
Pablo's testimony: "The night they came to forget - that each 31 December 1 should ( she was already dead. . ." Claudia is still 'di
claim she was newer detained.
Buenos Aires 8 October 1985. Admiral Emilia Eduardo Massera, former junta member and head of the Argentine Navy from 1976 to 1973, shook his fist threateringly at the panel of six judges. "Are my accusers those we defeated in the war?" he asked before a public that had come to hear the infamous military leader refuto charges of human rights violations. We are protagonists in an historical aberration, the war against terrorism was a just war. N2 ver
the lo S5, I am here now bCCL5 e wye Wyom that wir," ha slid in reference to the socalled "dirty
war' against left ist subversion that began in March 1976 with a military coup. By the time the repressive period ended in 1982, People had disappeared in mas Siwe number 5 wariously est limated at | 0,000 to 30,000. (See "Nunca Mas", Index or Censorship 3/1986.)
On 9 December, two years after the return to democracy, Massera was found guilty of having ordered the torture and murder of thousands of people who were kidnapped and taken to the Navy Mechanics School, one of 340 secret de tention contre5 used by the military government to hold the disappeard". He
re-S2 ved a life scentence a long With former Prosident General Jorge Rafael Widola for murder,
torture, abduction and extortion. Of the seven others indicted in the some case, three received
Patricia Pitti Tinan, du freelaj rice Writer, F s a consultant for Arfericas Watch in New York. She figs been Irving In Argentina since | 982.
terms of four in years, and four
Massera's indig ኳ''35 Iነùt III1ኳWilI ̈ [ ̈ absence of an hi for a tria || of th" whera in Latin democratically e government broug ta justice for hu. tions. The Ar; called it Thc T tury', and other: the Latin Amer
The closest Argentine Case 15 in 1974, where government tried tary dictator. H rights violations irl Greece Wę Tę Scale and le 55 wici the newes focus only targential human rights l: military regi T1 e h by their war in in Argentina, t helped to discr forces,
The Argentine a unique Place i and is already h ble impact on n trie 5 comoertncd future abuses by Not all the rest trials of other for human rights
But two things First, in a n: military and the

nerals
get me, Claudia said something I will never
rink a toast to is appeared, and
di a la lf to 7 were acquitted.
na mit self-defence anted, given the storical precedent is nature, No
America has a :lected successor ht its predecessors man rights violagentine press has Tial of the Cen; hawe: dubbed it | can Nuremberg"-
Parallel to tha probably Greece a new democratic the former mitwo wer, the human that had occurred on a much STaller Ous. The charges cd or Scdition, touching the Sue. The Greek ad been weakened Cyprus, Just as he Falklands war edit the arred
tria | wi || have 1 world history ving a considera2ighbouring courabout preventing the military elite. |lc5 år e in, since military officers abuses continue.
ire already clear. icon Where the right wing haye
every Ole, beca LISe the police
hler and the military and
traditionally enjoyed total impunity, the judiciary has been potentially strengthened by bringing tha mine generals and admirals to justice. Never before had the military or the right' wing been held accountable for political violence. Second, the tra il procecidings have aired the longhidden truth of what went on during those dark years. These is reason to expect that this awarene: SS wi|| hawc a las ting impact on the population, making future abuses much less likely.
Although the problem of young uraban guerrilla groups and harsh responses from the armed forces was also being seen in neighbouring Uruguary, Brazil and Chile at the time, the killing machine that was put into operation in Argentina with the March 1976 coup was unlike the repression seen in other parts of Latin America.
Patricial Derian, former Assistant Secretary for Human Rights and Humanianitarian Affairs, to stified before the Court on the view from the US during the Carter үеars.
"In legitimately reacting to the terrorist threat, the Argentine government went over-board and became even Tore dangerous terrorists for the population."
In 1976, the new military regime began implementing a plan for the total elimination of opposition. The programme extended far beyond the estimated 500 armed guerrillas that existed and was

Page 20
based on the systematic 'disappearance' of individuals. Throughout the military's Tule these operatons were conducted under extraordinary secrecy, and it was deri i ed that the thousands of missing people had been detained, or had been
ki||sed. Public Statements and eyen written internal orders avoided mention of the illegal reproision.
They simply referred to "elimination of delinquent subversives'. Large sectors of the security forces were compromised in the repression so that pact of silence could be maintained.
The judicial branch a betted this policy by rejecting thousands of writs of habeas corpus.
Other institutions, particularly the press and the Church, renained silent. Among the general Public, only people directly affected by the repression had any idea of the magnitude of the atrocities being committed. (See Robert Cox, Never Again?" Ілdex оп. Селsorship 3/1986)
Despite elaborate attempts by four consecutive juntas to cova their tracks, the persistent efforts of relativas of the victims, |- rised in human rights groups, resulted in the collection of testimony from thousands of surviWors and witnesses. After the collapse of the military regi Te, when the newly elected president,
Raul Alfonsin, assumed office in December 983, he formed the National Commission for
the Disappearance of the People (CONADEP). The commission, through the use of computers to cross-reference the mass of its documentation, was able to arrive at a list of 8,960 disappeared people, and detail the lethodology used in most of the cases. The results of this investigation were edited under the title Nunca Mas (Never Again") and 200,000 copies sold in Argentina,
But it was public trial
Ot Lurti I tha of the military
8
COTT der T 985 that the aw шпavoidably caп With the secret press coverage in Weekly magazine paper of the Tr Judicio"), nightly television, and day in all newsp;
The impact on of news of the L
pārlled by repor terrorism in 5 upp juli LiS. Sg yer"3|
were kidnapped a per cds of a few people were held of Whom Has sti
Death threats w, by hundreds of it Carls and abour as by Wi Line 55 es in the trial.
The government th 252 episodes Civii: and Tiit had operated in and now wished their continued aides to Alfons they still Hawe i to bring the inte under control, pointment of minded officers these bodies.
Surprise tria II
The Argentine ToverTI EIt is iro Strong est in Latin Was Pattly respon In the politica : the rew democr: knew the issue of Could not go lur the human fights no major impact Public uti | after få led in the F Ma 55 Cr a and oth attempted at thig Cate their triumph rillas, it was clear tiri 25 that the fought in Argentir

menced in April erage Argentine he face to face War. Missiya cluded a special called the Newsla (Diario del пеws героrts on usually a pag: a 1 pers.
public opinion rial was accomIs cf right-wing ort of tha former
YQLIng a ctivists In di tortired for hours, and six
for ransort, one not reappeared.
're also received Jr Inalists, politileiders, as we|| and prosecutors
has attributed to "unemployed' 3ry bands that the repression to demonstrate strength. Тор in admit that 1Ot. Heer äbe ligence services espite the apdemocraticallyat the Head of
human rights 2id one of the
America, and sible for creatii LILI3, tion in WiFich 1. LİC government the disappeared 15 wreid. Et Islitiatives had of the general the military had Ilklands. While 3 I CO fil Tard"- trial to windi
Over the guerto most Argenonly real war 12 was on the
Falkland Island in humiliating defeat, coupled with the deepening economic crisis, divided and weakened the armed forces to the point where the human rights issue could be aired.
8. Trat
This first occurred in the form of mass rallies demanding the Reappearance Alive' of the disapperared and "Punishment of the Guilty'. In desperation the last military junta declared an amnesty for those involved in the 'war against
subversion', only to receive a resounding rejection of the law by the judiciary, politicians and the press.
As the election of CÔcto I er I983 approached, Ra Lu | Alfonsin
of the centrist Radical Party emeTged as the cha ti5 maitic al tarmative to the traditional y popular Peronist movement. He campaigned as a defender of human rights, nonviolence, and democratic institu. tiOIT3,
From the start of his campaign he made clear that he would di 5 Criminate am Gng the repressors, by establish ing three categories of responsibility: 1) Those who gawe orders, 2) those who simply carried thern out in the line of duty, and 3) those who committed exce5535, i 5. tor Lurg Thur der robbery. The ITplication was that those in the second category would be exempted from punishTE'.
Upon assur T1 ing office con || 0 December 1983, in a spectacular public s Peech, Alfons in am nounced tha indictinent of the nine members of the first three out of four juntas to govern Argentina during the seven years of military rule. In order to show his condemnation of violence from both sides, he also ordered the prosecution of seven guerrilla leaders, two of whom are being tried and five of whom are still at large. The CONADEP was the created, which ver the cours of ning Tonths collected information that later would for in the bai 5 i 5, for the case Presented by the stato prosecutor during the tril of the commanders.

Page 21
There are an estil Tinated 1,700 cases currently bending in the military courts that may eventually
be appealed to civilian Courts under Alfonsin's refur TI. It is expected that the top leaders.
such as the former Chief of police in the Province of Buenos Aireo, General Ramon Camps, General Luciano Benjamin Menendez from Cordba, and the head of the Navy Mechanics School, Captain Chamorro, will be convicted. Other lesser officials on trial, such as Captain Alfredo Asti Z, may te let off given the difficulty in proving that he exceeded orders. Atiz was captured by the British on the South Georgia Island and the French, believing that he was responsible for the abduction drid murder of two French nuns, sought but did not obtain his extradition. He was also allegedly responsible for the shooting and subsequent disappearance of Dagmar Hagelin, a 17-year-old Swedish girl he had mistaken for another young woman who was allegedly involved with the guerrillas,
No one had anticipated the public dimensions the proceedings would assume. People que ucd all night to obtain one of the limited number of entry passes allotted each day, and the courtroom was packed with local and international press. When, on 22 April, the first witness was called to the stand, an atmosphere of credibility was generated by the sombre for
mality of inquiry passed by the
six judges,
Each night the television news
brought the trial into every
Argentine's home. Theo Van Boven, former human rights director at the United Nations, reported the thousands of denouncements of disappearances received by that body Admiral Salvo Menendez admitted L'hero had been detaineas in the Navy Mechanics School.
Eric Stower of the America. A 55ociation for the Advancernent of Science, testified that a team of North America for er sic ar thropologists had identified cadavers buried im unidentified gra wè 5 as persons listed as 'disappeared".
Unexpected justic
While human rig criticised aspects final ruling, particu tal f for defemer would deny its hi
cence. Mignoпе са ning. Wä TL3t through on the r
of human rights at
For its ord in: the to lifa sorte ап шпехpected act a är still fears — Por - Cif an arilm Ընty, also hope that th: Lice: will Strengt and help prevent |lt|'''Na' ti.
The public den use of illegal met opposition, brough court's arguments, all over Latin At military dictators one day they too
trial. Chile, gathering evidence who hawe per Petr lence outside th
This possibility in a. r 25 tra i ning in Security forces.
History may al. as a turning point ideology - so go America - which арpointed assumpti defence against t by setting itself and employing te disappearances to t perceives to be tainly the contin lewe | officers, w drag on for several the sa issues alive
Frosecutor Julir closing statement, tad of the losso He referred to disappeared ped panied him in this scd the hope th: only demand the of the crimes C. them; they will inevitable act of

hts leaders have if the court's larly the acquitlants, по опе Storical signifilled it a beginnow follow e main ing cases L5cs," he said.
1ry Argentines, nces constituted f Justice. There bably unfounded but there is ise acts of justhen democracy future military
unciation of the nods to suppress םLh חו 1:3חסוt hו is being heard merică. Current lips know that may face such are already busy against those ated official vioa legal system.
Itself may hawe fluence on the
so mark this trial in the military Titic im Låt i ri includes the selfon of the nation, he political Heft above the law thniques of secret erroris, thosa, it subversivo. Cered trial of lower hich is likely to years, will keep
3 Strassera, in his eloquently refcc5 of the trial, the over 9,000 le who accomtask, and exprest they will "mot unishmen of the mmitted against also want this justice to scrwe
as a condemnation of the use of violence as a political instrument no matter who uses it, so that the idea that there are good deaths and bad deaths can be done away with forever."
The Politics . . .
(Continued from page ló)
to government service. It is clear from Russell's analysis of the disputes between the Sinhalese and Tamils on the subject of reprosontation, that the Tamils feared for their future having, as Russel has Tāde bwius, Lher retrs to alternative sources of employm Erlt,
Yet another pressing question that reared its ugly head during this phase was the presence of Indian Tamil plantation workers in the Kandyan Sinhalasa areas, Cm this question, the Ceylon and Indian Tamil5 acted in unison while the Kandyan Sinhaleso increasingly realised that in unity with their low country Sinhaleso fellowmen lay their strength. The problem was left unresolved both by the Donoughmore and Soulbury Commissions giving rise in the end to irre conciable conflict between the Sinhalesc and Tani I corti munities.
Ceylon was unfortunate in the governors the island had during the twentics and thirties. Hugh Clifford was unpredictable, barely in poise.
Russe || chinks Caldecott was dim. Manning liked intriguing. Which Leaves us with Herbert Stany,
Reginald Stubbs and Monck-Mason Moore. Were they tried and tested men? Ward the Ileinbers of the Donough more and Soulbury Commission any better? Had the island been in surer hands, the ills we are pray to presently could hawe been avoidad.
Russell's book is invaluable for any student wishing to probe into the contemporary politics of Sri Lanka. As a scholar, she has successfully unders:ood the mentality of the numerous political figures she has investigated. She has studied the literature and produced a work of considerbie value.
9

Page 22
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Page 23
The Allies
The Questions
James Reston
WASHINGTON
fter the ATerican air raid on
Libya, it was "rally round the flag, boys' here. But there are many unans Wered questions
abc ut the wisdom of this adware.
This was supposed to be a surprise attack, y et the president and his aides were on the air for over a week felling Colonel Moamer Cadha fi - that the Americans, yw erc:: coming. Why warn him in advance and giye him the chance to move American citizens into target areas or even to take them hostage?
The administration's theory, or at cast its hope, was that this bombing raid would demonstrate President Ronald Reagan's determination to stan P out terrorism, But did the administration really behicva this? And if so, why are
That
all departments in Washington a 5 i 25 Ebr Cold in 'W and why are being advised of ling abroad.
The president raid a "Success." h a know at this many lives were called 'surgical igolate Colon el the Arab worl leader's sidi?
Assume, for Reagan terrorizec and the other wCld the RLIS5 nothing except t Qadhafi, as they to do ever Sir Libya, that the S
WSレし、12AC
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LEES STTT CLkLkLA ALALTLLL SSzLkekekT TeSS STCeLeTTkGS
 

Won't
and agencies here rid al Our er bason special alert, AT Tä Citi 7 e 15 the risks of trawe
ha 5 preclaim cd the "" But how Yy could early datc. How lost in this so
Like" "? Dit it Qadhafi or bring d to the Libyan
;xample, that Mr. 1 the Libyan leader
terrori ; 5. What lans do? Probably to convince Colonel
have been trying LE HS Look Ower owiet Unic in should
Hmmmmmmmmmmm
Go Away
hawe a Permanent nawa | base at Tripoli in the middle of the Mediterraneanean. Such a development would be state success,' not for Mr. Reagan or even for Colon el Qadhafi, but for Mikhail S. Gorbachew, the Soviet loader, and his naval Strategic Planners.
Moscow lost no time in making its position clear on the Libyan raid, and linking it to the larger questions of U. S. Soviet relations.
After calling the attack on Libya a criminal action," the Russians cancelled the meeting that was to take place May 14 to 16 between Secretary of Stato George P. Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard A. Shewardnadze to di 5 cu 55 the agenda for a Reagan-Gorbachev meeting latar in the year.
Had the President considered the effect of the bombing raid on allied, congressional and Soviet relations? This is what is now beginning to be debated in Washington.
Maybe the most important question being asked in this and in allied capitals is: What has come over Mr. Reagan recently to inspire this aggressive military response to his problems in the Mediterranean? For some time he has been criticized as a ceremonial president, dependent primarily on his staff.
But recently, as if in resentment against these charges, he has been more assertive, demanding his own way with Congress and the allies.
The main question is whether this is achieving the ends he secks or the opposite. Not only Colonel Qadhafi's Communist and Islamic supporters, but Spain, Italy, Greece, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Japan hawe ex Pressed reserwations about the attack.
Meanwhile there are some other puzzling quas tIons. With U. S. aircraft carriers off Sicily, within easy striking distance of Libya, why choose fighter-bombers out of
(Continued on page 22)

Page 24
• . . Or a Cynical Ap "Rambo’ Instinct?
Daoud Kuttab
FAST JER USALE
: West Bank - Ordinary people, as well as the experts in this part of the world, are trying to figure cut what single result can come out of the American bombing of the two largest cities in Libya.
Will it stop the vicious cycle of violence in the Mediterranean, Europe and the Middle East Wii it result in the collapse of the Libyan government? Will it bring an end to indiscriminate injury and killing of innocent people? Will it spread throughout the world a new set of principles of human Eights, human dignity and respect
for hLITan 1 ife?
The answer, to all the ab i'w e, |5 T13,
Rather, the raids will most cer. tainly accelerate the Present cycle of violence and counterviolence. More and not fewer innocent people Will be made victims as a consequence of president Reagan's trigger ha PP y, Tiili Laristic actions.
Unfortunately, the American people have been sold a nicely prepared package of half-truths. Colonel Moamer Qadhafi has been 1 portrayed as a monster, and American raids on Libya are offered as the cure for international terrorism. But if terrorism can be defined as inflicting injury or harm on innocent people, then the U. S. president has become the latest member in this unwanted group. By attacking civilian targe III3,
Mr. Reagan can na fanger be seen as any saner than Colonel Qādha fi.
Neither will the accelerated
cycle of violonce be confined to the Mediterranean. Countrics such as Britain, which have aided the United States, will be the Cargets
The writer, TTT maging editor rf the English-lungLage Palestinian weekly A. for in Er:ா, contributed i; the Los Angeles Tirfies,
2교
Of counterwicle Middle East, th ment Wi || take th 35 3 windicatiri of 5 tata teFor:
riars, both occupied territ the lack of a
Palatinian probl ba a source of dig
The U. S. Li result in the Qadhafi go wernim of Libya will ξαναrΓιΓτε Γt.
WWC Haye a 53 World that w, and I fight agair thric of us wi the common en Mr. Reagan | ke hai5. Ina de Carlosie! Arab hero.
The president'. a-li-fi; Hra Ilican to the World a her in the M Carl Schi a vice a Peaceful result m cirit of the Le by the battleshi still fresh in pe
In Arab nations World, anti-Air will increase. W
acts, like a Cowboy chew looks the
and scores point: Superpower with Mediterranean Se
Mr. Reagan's
existing underst people and natio Instead of dealing
interitica di dence of Libya terror, Mr. Rei Cabinet haye dec judge, jury and ex La Persua de W carry out a boyco President ha; tak the rollic: cf w, Tragically, the n set by Mr. Rea.

peal to
Ce. Herg in the 2 lisrael governAmerican action
f its own policies m against Palestiebanon ånd in the rics. Meanwhile, solution of the TI CCT TIL 25 C pair and tragedy.
In ält, co will | mot collapse of the ent. The People |mite behind their
ying in the Arab an if my brother is L., o LI r cou5 irħ, all unito in fighting emy." Whether 5 it or not, he Qadhafi a lational
clair that his t to bring peace S. an empty ring 1iddle East. How nt action produce The bombarde53 ITC Ltd 5 New Jersey is ople's memories. and the Third e Ti. | 52Titi TT t While Mr. Reagan ", Mikhail Gorba5ober Statesmam 3 by urging mutual drawal from the
芭。
actions destroy andings between is of the world. objectively before es with any ewin complicity in gan and his war ared themselves 2CL.uti -Tiger. l]rh:Et"g 2stern nias to It of Libya, the en upon him5eif 'orld policeman. aw world order gan is the old
America's
jungle law - might maka: the rich devour the poor.
The rical motives behind the raids word different frem yht Mr. Reagan advertised. They were not meant to stop terrorism. Sirply put, his actions were politically motivated to appeal in a demagogic way to the Rambo syndrome now so strong among Alerica 15,
As far a s Mr. Reagan Is concerned, it does not matter whether a country E5 democratic or to tallitarian, whether it is run by the will of the people or by a dictator. What matters is whether the country can be counted on to be
right,
under the wings of the United States. And if it is not, it is fair game. (I. H. T.)
The C2tлesѓfолs . . .
(Continued from page 2)
Britain, only to be refused air passage over France, and be forced to detour around Spain for fear of incurring that country's opposition as well
The answer wo get here is that Mr. Reagan was determined to demonstrate to the allies that he would strike Libya with or without their cooperation and to remind Colonel Qadhafi that even without aircraft carriers in the region, AIerica could hit him with landbased bombers.
The French confirm that their embassy in Tripoli was hit by our bombers, but more important, that they beliewe thay hawa done more to contain Colonel Qadhafi's an bitions in Chad by quiet military and diplomatic actions,
So there clearly are doubts here - serious doubts that are not being expressed in public. This is true not only in the alli ed embassies, where some officials are inclined to believe that the only ''winners' in this struggle so far are the Russians and Colonel Qadhafi.
All this is den i ed by the administration, but these unanswered question5 ara likely to e Tierge.
— The Ney York Trmic:5

Page 25
Rambo on the Ram
Niki Chakrawarty
he position that the President
of the United States cof America holds in the affairs of the world carries with it a molicum of dignity and il tթItilln degree of responsibility. It is amazing that the present occupant of that high office has recently demonstrated that he possesses leither. Leaders of hilliols STC times indulge in bitter polemics and hur harsh words ät eich ot ler, but Inone of the1ml hills called another head of All Stilte a madi dog. Nicot, at lēlist S1CG Adolf Hitler. But that's Whall President Reagan has called lPresident Gadidia li of Libya " - lil ostentatious display of Vulgarity which shocked the World.
But this indecency-diplollic indecency on the part of the vaunted leader of the 'Free World was surpassed by his deeds a few days liller, April 15 when the US bombed a number of places in Libya total defiance of all codes of civilised society, Tlot speak of international law, President Rengan did not c:ll. Te t0 pulit ? a fig-leaf in committing this aggression, for he could at Tot out no justification in defence of his mis deel. In the eyes Of the world, this barbaric action has earned for Preside ill Reagall
himself the epithet of a mad dog.
The U S Adili Stati. Il W13
making fewerish preparation for this blitz at Läck under co věT Čf a so-calledi ca Impaign alga inst international LeTrorism, iT1 Which it tried to single out President Gaddafi is the evil organiser of the recent acts of Lc TTCrisill. The boub blast in a West Berlim Ilight club in which one Americal lost his life along with others as ill:50 the bomb Lutrage in äT aircraft flying between Rome and Athens were held up by Reagan's special clinissary, Geil Walters as PToof of a Gaddafi Conspiril Cy. But Wilters could coil Wilce Iloile of the GCW cIII lets in West Europe about Libya. Il collplicity in these both incidents - not
cycIn the Gover territory these del Els had take This however Redg:11 from ord (T cl:liming as Littlck, aboli L li Which is "Fitec *"irreputable, '* Te complicity Unf.
gil 11, this so-c that barring Thatchle (Gwer
Ille of Lh: Wei|| stood by hin, NATC) ili: 5 - - did not perm Warplates, show precedeilt in the This bil til It the US Ailillii 1 il CD Ell:LT:lle til its L ha il iLs strength bc.. I so isolate Illi (Ils. The Nonaligned Mo not to speak o all its allies - lcIllicing Rea Libya, while h! We Tefused te No U.S. Presi ctill intry il suitl bereft of 5 Biritail : il Cai T Israel and Ilay By his Hitlerit 152 CC 82 581 Ty, Wae 'WW Reagan has in
1. El 2:1 Sill Tč çf T: the Libyan lea befo Te
It is dlo LibLl Reagan persona prehensi ital of of his Big Bul is tempted to former Budget Stockman häi 'Reagan's body primarily impres tš Ictes pts. Reagan h; tre-Inch — marrow President migh selile, "' This neigher for the United States I of the world.
INDIA'S res. primitive troglic

page
Il Tilcrl Li; il wwi) se two yiellt inciI place,
did I tot de Le T eTiIng Lhe: borılıbirıg hle Hill : ft T L 15:: is living evidence t", "precise' and gardlig Cilddafi's 1 TL1H1:1 tely for Rei|lei ffe'yi dece "" his lapdog, the In Tleilt i TI BT itali, Europeal ( WWEITs i Til to G (IT 115 France and Spain it overflight by US ing up : rif without Wester All ille. show of force by istratio El llas deWelktless more Ne'ye 1 15 USA el il the comity of Arab 111tions, the Weillent, China - f the Swiet Unio - ha ve cole o LI L igan's banditry in his NATO allies i Tally belli1 til hitl. del L. 113 le il 1i5 shivering cold Lippi. It excepting lic: all of course be South Africa, e il Trogance “ “If ill do it again.'"), is Ed Giddafi Will "spectability which der did not enjoy
lill il Prilit lly his al Ily c II1the consequences ly politics. () Iiic quotic What his Director, David to say about hill: of knowledge is isionistic. He regisTä Liller tilā 1 collic::- is a mild like a
Y but deep. The be getting il little ScIlility is go Col
well-being of the lot for the peace
10 Ilse to Reagan's I dyte approach to
USS
international politics has been along expected lies. At the time of the previous US attack orl Libya (March 24-25), New Delhi's initial reaction was Tither 111 filed, but it New York. as the Chiriilan of the Nonaligned Bureau, Indiiiii fel1 il 1 i Inge With Lhee 5 g Iltiments of the Noina ligned Ime I Inbr-states whell they die In Counceed US Eiction as all act of aggression. Tiıis Limle, t.h1e Wery fiTs L. s ti;i temellt by Ildia’s lixte Illal Affairs Minister in Parliament (April 15) “un equivocally condemned" US action as being "in total disregard LLLLLL LLLLLLLLLaLLLL LLLL S aLLLL aaaaLLLS tutes Ilothing less than a clear act of aggression and found it “reprehensible that a Permanent Member of the Security Council Ehawing a pri In: Ty responsibility for the Illili Il tchance of intériläLiorlal peace a Indi security hlas taken the law in to its O W11 hit 11ds and resorted to measures conti y to El 11 il Corins of it:TI 1:LLi Till l crollLIct :ılıd thı: prizliciples of Lihe UN Character.” Perhaps no other incidelt Since World WIT 1 a s eo Wōked & LiL ch 5, Liro Illig cio Ilde in mil, tion froIl the GoverIIIlent of IIllia.
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23

Page 26
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Page 27
Regional Perspective
Positive Results Diplomacy in Sr
Bhabani Sen Gupta
he past one year has clarified i: policy with regard toחד the ethnic civil war in Sri Lanka to a point where its impact on both sides to the conflict is begin. ning to tell. Up until 198+, policy makers in New Delhi had kept military intervention as an implied option, Th5ם ווח בווt important problem, however, was one Ըf credibility. The rhetoric of intervention did not frighten Colombo for all practioners of politics and diplomacy, knew that the rhetoric could not be translated into action. On the other hand, Colombo made abundant use of its simulated threat perception to mobilise domestic and international support for its ethnic deprivation policy, and to neutralise LI TIL insignificant number of Siis who had been argu ing for a policy of reconciliation with steadilythough slowly - increasing effect. In Tamil Nadu interwention is rhetoric got the Congress- and the AIADMK some political mileage. but the gain was ephemeral and even dangerous. It created expectations that could not be fulfilled.
About a year ago, prime minister Rajiv Gandhi crafted a new policy to deal with the Sri Lanka crisis, It was a down-to-earth policy within the range of India's resources and the limits of the proprieties of diplomacy. He sent a simple message to Jayewardene and Tamil Til tants: The ethnic conflict || 5 a problem between the two largest communities of Sri Lanka. It is not an Indian problem. India would be willing to help if the two sides to the conflict agreed to talk their way to a political settlement. For this both Sides Yựuld hawe to resila substantially from their polar positions. The Tamils would have to give up their claim to a separate
sovereign state ar autonomy; the Sri ment would ha Ye ti substantive, not good offices will Sri Larka Were the political trả other hand, Jay mined to seek a and braced his ir to-a-firish role himself, and face but he couldn't ex
Jayewardene m blunder by declar that he would be solution of the c the year. He Lanka army was E equipped, that th were lo sing, and amongst themsely went to the lëng the Sinhala 5 a PE December 1986. president, as if that he meant El to do a little Wi in Jafna. Ha Cr. Tamni | arca S. Hi : 'security zones' E civilians and to guerrilla attacks b ing irinocent pec|| their properties, wardene wanted clear edge on tP order to Wrest a a 5 ottomert problem. He se for trøm grt that French had sough the Ari ericans if Israelies im Lebar as tute political | of h5 Sinhala CC overlooked the "n gf the Tamil Cor
civil war.
But he realis quite soon. The

of India’s New i Lanka
ıd sertla for local Lanka governלוחסחסake autוח כ: Fictional. India's b2 available if ready to pursue ck. If, on the awarden determilitary solution "my for a fighthe could please the consequences, Ipect India's help. ade a stunning ing in February seeking a military i wil war within Joasted that the etter trained and e Tamil guerrillas getting divided es, and he even gth of promising :aceful island by The Sri Lanka to demonstrate usiness, proceded atnam or Lebanon dered bombing of army drew up opu lated by Tami || k repris als for killing or mainble and destroying Evidently, Jayeto establish a C: battlefrort in favourable politiof the Tamil emed to forget this is what the to do in Algeria, Wietnam and the co". Sri Larika’s :ader, like most T. Patriots totally tida list" conten | Timent to the
di hi5 blunder tried to wriggle
out of it. He said he would separate the military from the political aspect of the conflict,
settle the military aspect militarily and the political aspect through negotiations. This splitting tactics failed to take off. The Indian government called off the February visit to Colombo by the foreign secretary, Romesh Bhandari, demonstrating that its good offices were available only for a political settlement. For once, a denial policy practised by South Bloc Worked.
It worked because Sri Lanka just cannot carry on the burden of this wasting civil war much longer.
Rajiv Gandhi's new diplomacy turned world opinion against Colombo. At the recent meeting
of the Human Rights Commission |m Genewa, Sri Larka was accused of genocidal operations against Tamil civilians by a number of tountrieg hither to sympathetic to Colombo, Meanwhile, officials conceded that the ci wil war and dewa
opment could not go together. Finance Tinister Ronnie de Me bluntly told prime minister R.
Premadasa that the present level of defence expenditure and the slump in commodity prices would compel the government to "drop some of the projects included in the Public Investment Programme," and rule out the inclusion of new projects. It became quite clear to most Sri Lanka that the president had beefed up the army only risk Ing an i Tn Tinent economic cris S. What they didn't know, but the president did, was that the army wasn't doing all that well in Jaffna and that the guerrillas weren't exactly losing the war.
India's year-old diplomacy, then, has yielded positive results. First,
(Continued on page 30)
25

Page 28
CATS EYE
MAY DAY AND WOMEN WORKERS
The 100th anniversary of May Day in Sri Lanka is celebrated amidst many upheavals and changes, il co Lur society. These include the important new development of Thili La Ticy a Ilong Women worgers, especially sections s Lich as Till TS25. The Strike of Illirises draws attention to the fact that gll I colony is today heavily based on the cheap labour of females - in the plantations, agricult Irill, scrwice and industrial sectors. In key areas of the service sector too, such as health and education, women play a do III i Illa Tnt role — as doctČITS, teilchers, nu Tses and pl T34 = medical workers. Morcover the bulk of our foreign exchange earnings is also attributable to WIllin's l; hoir is Leil pluckers, gil Till Workers in the FTA and housemaids in the Middle East. In the Free Trade Zone women are nearly 80% of the Work force (90% in the ga Tillent factories in the Zone). Women form 77% of the unskilled workers in the Middle East, while IIligrant TeIllittance are low second to tea exports, forming 27% of foreign exchange earnings, with the largest percertage of remited Sawirgs being scIlt by the women who :4 Te ho li serT1aids.
It is pe This Illa L a co-incidccc that SoTTJc f L 1: Tilst Illilit: It strikes that have takci. place since the crushing of the 1980 general strike, hawe in wolwed women workers; the Inmost important of these being the Llwir successful strikes by the Woleil garment workers of the Poly Lex Gal ments factory at a-elil (ills outside the Free Trade Zone) in 1982 and 1984; the agiatico El in
6
the plantation sec Were at the sto in the January prayer chimpaign strikc: cf 11 uTses.
These Strikes the support of orga. Ilisati CIS, 4 il During the PC |The Liberts of W. tions joined in iss, Liel leil flets : li ) :) ::: LITTLE C II I l l Ċ. aT1d 11:L. teri:ı 1 :ä Tı Wils given to th: by other women
The urses st
led Ilearly a ll eW3 kiel al si:Il1 | la T Ly WCT 11:15, org: Irleniørandum to SLIPP )Tt Of thile : di ceci a poster
lands - the lif cription (Il the Nurses Tride U of thuggery aga the granting of for higher Wige: ped in lodging H evicted from thei till collections the public an cl organised in th temple, the ble; Llunion president Anıtıda, ılıt Perhaps the II gesture was b Til Co :: L flimla Llis li singer Nanda N i boccf. L CIC: Il LTSc; il 1ikC E are reportedly räglic à5 l re: 5. for the Strike.
It is import: w011 cil Work!!! It's

: top 'T Whilerc Wau 111 cil ppage of work (in the for Ill of ) a Tid the TcÇeilt
halve als Q drawn Other yw Cyllell's 1 feminist groups. Elytex struggles, Illen's organisathe picketing äTcl I'll [2-3 sters: TI, III15 ) helpo | lhe strikers rtוri11 Supptרtl Tht : Polytex struggle
Workel's,
rike, which lasIn thi, läs also response, Twel
|listis seil :
the Presigle Il il
In Lu Tses :ı ild – lırdıWill severil de
Ling of the prosPublic Services
liol, the ending inst Ilirsts and Illir dellands
3. They also hellmlıd feeding Thu Tses T tua T ters, må de of money from spoke at meetings e Abhaya rall malaya adquarters of the Rey MulTillittet Lly.
İıili La Tit ITı çık. most publicised y the country's ld popular Women
Malini, who gave rt ill ail of the lid; hic T sing! 5
HaL1115 d fra ITil the lt of her support
mit to lote till:Lt including Ill Ises
El Tc T1) longer docile, females - qualities for which they
Libmissic
were, no douht, recruitei. The nu Tses — al Imiddle-class section with upward social aspirations - Proved that they could overcome the 'Florence Nightingale' image imposed upon then, and could colle out in a militant struggle for their economic and tIl de L'Illic) Il rights.
FMITERMIATIOMIAAi WOWEM"S DAY IM
A FFMANA
- (Bye hya Na Ikurian)
Oil March 8th this year, the Il Til teiTTiational WoIIncin’s Day was Celebrited for the first tille in Jaffna, a reflection of the development of feminist conscious Illess that has CITnerged recently i Tı tlhe North. The celebrations organised by the Women's Study Circle combined cu | LLu Iole with1 coTh & ci ) LusoIless - raising. A talk was given explaining the significance of March 8th all cliphasising that feitlinis TT was Il L all anti-male ideology. A billet Wils also performed - Sukthi Pirakku thu (PoWer is born) which port Tayed the various forms of opp Tession a Incl exploitation of Women ending With tւ 8 մ ոք —
Women a Te Organising
thems clw.cs. Logether They all united To make their o Will dhari Lı:
(way of life) They are rising up With ferwou I
There was also a poetry recital on the theme - "Let us win the

Page 29
World. Significantly, several ille were active plrticipants in the programme, participating as advocatcs of W{TT et 15 et 11:llity : Ici supporters of the women's TrloweInnent. A mot het e We:TL III W. TIličn’s Day was a public de IT Istration and a meeting jointly organised by some of the Women's organizations in J:Afina. Malıy Womenı aldı young girls tok part in this de monstrati{21h, shouting sloga. Ils agailhst all foTIls of exploitalio Il alıd coppressio) in of womenı alını dl also against the indiscriminale killing of civilia. Ils by the arrincd forces.
In addition, GT1 MåTch 8th this year, there were posters all over Ja filma against P:ALTi:ITchy, against sexism in the Tills s Illicidia al li di agli5 vill:11ce gli 1st WCIl C1, (C) me poster siiid * * Let u s en forget the Four Wirtues, let Lis develop : fighting spirit’’, 11 the Tamil tr:ı illi Liq ol, 3ı gÇobil yW) 11:ı il is8 texpectcd tc hawe The FoLIT WiT LLcs of fear, shame, pretence and ignorance. (Naku nam). This year the worne 1 ha We Openly chällenged the "Ballins of the Til II it Establishinent, rejecting all the Se III— II ll de fem1 : le "," ir tilles!
POETRY BY WOMEN
Symbolising the new mood among wollen in the North is a collection of poets in Til Illi by women entited Sollitha Sethikalo (Messages Ulspoken) recently published by Wollen's Study Circle of Jaffna. These poems which have a feminist pe Tsiective, were written by te T1 w Connen — some of thill still delts in schools. This shows the creative potentially LhaL Worlle-Il laye; bLIL of LCIl thèse talents are unrecognised and unioticed if not actively discouraged. One poem from this collection says -
SEXLAL WLLE
WORKPLACE
A woman jou resigned from h
daily newspaper. E harassment and th rity by a male presented. Thoug judgement on this the se types of : Creas ingly been
riotice of CATS who have claim ըd suffred sexual ha
workplaces, Wo Increasingly in t Sri Lanka. They
to rely on ma patronage for pra opportunity. This idea situation f Sexual ha rass T1 en t. has the right to rment freg of L pressures, and t a corresponding prevent male depriving women In fact in some harassment is st of discriminal til may be instigat company for com as against the indi Wg f:g| 5.Lch lä. In Sri Lanka and La tra de union pr här 55mm , is o serious occupatio by working wom mines the integri place and assaults its wictims. Wi no other recours
5i Ce cho Then ; superiors who h to di Sirmis, 5 them,
to be CrLully equ
1 Wain 1 to spore:1 di Iuly 1 l10) Luis :L iild Wings
wait to fly across the sky
I Want to touch the sull
the Ill Il tii E2 5t:1, Ts,
I wiyaa Ii t 1)
be a sky-ship Which g(xes
լIբ and uբ {IIItl LIբ
I Wi:1, 1 L t)
li The potis ill Elid 11:41, 13 The thali and the fell ce.
push me into the lower depths,
be the birds that Ill.) We across the sk

NCE AT THE
rnalist ręcently er Position in a widence of sexual e abuso cof auth
superior was h we cannot pass i Particular case,
y ents hawe imbrought to the EYE by women
that they have .ra55rll ent in their men Participate ho yorkforce lin are often forced favours and rkבוייand W חסiשם וון has created an or the crime of Every employee a York environInwanted sexual he employer has
obligation amployees from of this right. societies, sexual :en as an aspect and Ecgal action ed against the pensation as well widual concerned. 5 should exist should be subject "otection. Sexual : cf : Tost a hazards faced 1. This Lurderty of the workthe dignity of
Ten Liften have 2 but to submit are usually their
ewe the capacity lf Women : Te all they must be
allowed their dignity in the workplace and this right should there
fore find protection in the law,
疊 $ዙ
Dear Cat's Eye,
was glad to see you refe
rence in the recent LG (I5.3.86) to the struggle in India on the Of maintenance and e L5 T1 sharia (religious law) - and was heartened by the stand taken by progressive Muslims.
In Pakistan recently an importārt griference vā hed gf -u- in Woller from North Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Bangaladesh, Philippines and Malaysia. They took up the issue of women's oppression and also opposed the bill in the Indian Parliament exempting MusliI 115 fra Ti the Thaintenance lav.
* "We Strongly oppose the proposed bill as it is against the spirit of Islam which is based on the principles of equality and justice for all hur Than beings before God. Islam especially exhorts the just treatment of Wyomi el and it is sed in were 24 ch. 2 of the Quran:
For divorced woman Maintenance should be provided om a Tc5.com ab || 2 (SCalg) This is the duty of the righteous
We therefore strongly urge the Indian Parliament to reject this b.
The conference also drew the attention of the GoverrISnts of Muslim countries of the world and che Courn trie5 Wi tH1 *1 u5li rT1 rTn ir, c3rities to the plight of divorced women separated from their children.
Under the patriarchal system in aL L L0LHLLLLLLL S LLLeLLLLLLLL0SS S La0 cof these wonter" are de prived of the rights of custody of their childre after a erti ir 후ge.
Wei demarid that the CCTCCer Cid Government5 introduce progres5ive and hurTanitarian legislation to end this discrimination."
Fawzia Alavi
27

Page 30
Correspondence
What constitutes
our society?
I have always found your magazine (which is the only journal of repute receive here apart from Woice of Women and Sparc Rib) to be enarmously educative. It has been e wer" |Tora so il recent times. For instance in the Cats Eye column in your issue of 5th. March I was educated out of a misconception I had hold for many years. Having read the excellent analyses on the 'ethnic issue' in your pages, especially those by Kumari Jayawardene, Newton Gunasingha and Radhika Coomaraswamy | had had the view that the war in tha North and the Tiilitarization of our society was mainly due to race and class'. I had thought that institu Lialised Siri hala racis T1 ar Sinhala-Buddhist chauvinism, coupled (if you will pardon the expression) with the tendency towards the centralization of power by the dependent bourgeoisies e especially against the backdrop of the crisis of capitalism (local and global), constituted tha main 5 prings of Tilitarization in our society. But just this week the columnist of Cats Eye informs us that it is patriarchy that is the funda Ten tål cause.
Les I be a CCUS Cd of Lifair paraphrasing, permit me to quote the relevent sentence. The emphases in dark print are mine. "However, the persuasive militarization of our society and the glorification of war. ... curs across classes and reveals a more fundamental truth about militarization that class analysis do e 5 mot account for: that militaris Trı is a male fantasy (in which sorte women may also participate) based on the patriarchal values of aggresSic and domination".
In this most profound of definitions then, racisin goes un mentioned, and class is dia Placed by a truth 'Tiare funda Tenta l'": T1ilitari ST is........a male fantasy. This is the most brilliantly insightful and terse deflnition | hawe encountered — one that evidently escaped both Luxem
B
the
berg and Lenin ii of militarization - defined lowe as say you're sorr though I have no any of the documg Stater Teits of thi : crganizations, defi being waged agai people, couched i Cats Eye chooses member coming
writings of the Wie a terrible wictim
ii || 1 ) , " C L this phenomenon characteristic fact and capitalism superseded by ot
But them per kriittyy 5 b etter a b c Cat5 Eye cha implicitly denot sion,' 'passessiot tion" as patriarcha have thought tha and denunciation would depend ( AEgression against sion of what and nation of which which others the Tarı, Sorry 4:55, When Cor Mariä Te||ez hur aid kl || |ed several men duting the Mational Assemb Maragua, and lati TThämded tặng Qf t final insurrection ci Pating in a m3 on the patriarch: 55 cil? And what din ista guerrillas Baltic dano, Letici: and Gladys Bacz Eye think of the Wa, tion 5, 3 nd Wall, Nicaraguan wom AMIN LAE Taisc L. “Patria Libre C) Mt land or Death! militia to suppr

2 militarization of
in their analyses - since Eric Segal "rh g:'wer h2"wirn g to ". Significantly
of 55. Ents, speeches or Tam i militat nition of the wär inst them or their the terms that . Nor can reacross, in the tnamese - surely f militari Staggreiry a definition of in which the Cors of imperialism were analytically hers.
"haps Cats Eye ut the se things! A E Tiggs and | '' :- 1" and :dւյmiriaWalues. I should t the rejection of these values in the context
who Posseswho by ? Domisocial classes by Circu T15 tances, 15 erson, said alter Ti Tandarat2" Dota led two grenades National Guardstake ower of the ly in 1978 іп 5r when she Cornhe zones in the was she partile fantasy based Ll value of aggresof leading San5; Luch as Moritä L (Wicky) Herrera What dat:g Cats ":ir 5 t3. to2d mctias W. C. en organized in he FSLN slogan Brir !" (Free Homeand join the ess the Contra 5.
thus ensuring the hegemony of the popular classes, perhaps they are captives of the ut terty reprehensible "partiarchal values' of possession' and 'domination'? Could it be perhaps, that these poor women trapped in male fantasies hawe not yet | iberated themselves (from class analysis!) and scaled the heights of feminist conciousness at the summit which sit the assembled Cate Eye Constituency.
What feminists do in depicting women as naturally pacifistic is to reinforce the male monopoly of organized violence upon which rests the power of the State (and the Counter state). At a 5 imple Heygel i a Isc * : inforces the ster 20types con the basis of which thc male child is gifted the toy gun and the fama a child, the Tursas kit. (The Florence Nightingale fanta sy ? Not today, surely ?) No wonder then that the AMNLAE |leaders are: con record as Categorij - cally calling for a WOS movement that is not fertinist' Incidentally do "marxist-feminists' ever wonder why Marx and Lenin spoke of the workers movement and
lewer the workeris. I'm w:mi: F."? Cats Eye pronounces her werdict or 3. || Socialist rewolutions
''Un forturately, Sc}cialist revolutions that pursued class less societies have
failed to address the oppression of Women in their societies "' If, instead of the Word "address'
Cats Eye had used "abolish', then
| would ha we had o cause to dertur, but now I have to ask Cats Eye whether the unbinding
of the feet of Chinc se women, was na great feat or leap forward. Finally I would also recommend as mandatory reading, the account of the Cuban Women's Congress, (in which Fidel too participated) penned by Germaine Greer (remember her?) in the New Internationalist last Spring.
D. Witanage Ya tirawana

Page 31
Wife-beating:
Sepali Kottegoda
He started beating me about one year after we married. His family didn't approve of our marriage and put a charm so that he would grow to hate the sight of Ine. I couldn't hawe children for four years, but even after our first child he continued to boat me. If I point out anything he has done wrong, he hits me. Once he beat me so much I left the house and went to my parents'
place. A few days later my son carine and asked mc to come home."
- Woman aged 32, three childrer
mother of
"My husband used to drink even before we married. The money he would give me was not enough for household expenses. I used to maka and sel stringhoppers, hoppers, and earn enough to keep us going. His salary would finish in two-three days. Then he would come to me and ask for money and beat me. Hic fe || || || becausa of his drinking. Then he used to lie on his mat and curse me all day and all night - such terrible things he would say. It was only after he fe|| || || and we went to collect his pension that we learnt he was actually getting twice the amount he had given me."
- Widow aged 72 years
"My father beats me especially when he drinks - which he does every evening. My mother left our house to work in another house my elder sisters are married and live separately. I live here with my husband, children and younger brother and sisters. Once my father hit me with a chair when I was two months pregnant and I lost the baby. He demands money for his drink, Ho wants fish and Ileat with every meal, but when he is angry he throws his plate of rice on the floor."
- Woman dged 27, mother of
two children
荃
These are but a few instances
of Wife/daughter beating which go
The Hi(
om with in the wa | The particular exa core from urban c holds, but there to doubt that cuts across differs and ethnic groups. WOT en is eWident
today. It takes includes varying d dation, harra 55 në
In ental abuse, or than extreme injur physical harrassme tion of Women but one feature . חסphenomen
In the course of research, the of wife daughter emerged directed a tento o Seek the prevalence of The question wh band father beat variety of respo economic problem body has but a Take him hat I he drinks too ri | talk back to F to do some hot him...It's only sir ather waman." Á cā Til be se en to c of excusing the itself by bringing factors for which responsibility lies
However, examp the world, from Argentina, Britai
many and too a the issue or to head 'Caused by seyes".
In contemporary position, both w the household, r to take decisive ions regarding h The preroga tiwe W0 ITN i The t) *t,&A i in the Sociāl ne th 2 man. In rf. of intimidation eta 5 t or ca. It which women W.

den Crime
5 of our holes. ples cited above W-income housei 5 little rea5on חטenוחסחטha ph It social strata Wiolence against in all societies many forms: it egrees of Inti millit, physical and extreme of le 55 "... (1) Long-term in , and intimidain thc: Ho Ta is of this larger
if a few months number of cases beating which this researcher's the causas for such practices. y did your husyou :' brought a 1ses. "It's the 5 wye face... Somechar Ti on him to
me...It's because Jch. It's because | im or || Tofu Ge sehold task for
Ice he met this II such responses םחם החe|E חa חiםL ח man for the act in a nuber of ultimately the with the waman. as fron all over India, Malaysia, , USA are too arming to dismiss file it under the " wQTT1em them
society women's ithin and outside rely permits her actions or decis:r Cowri welfare.
Lo control the h her her place : 'work' || es with it holes this act
takes place at
a SU uld talk about
unless the question is asked of them. But once they are asked, the ensuing discussion reveals that woman-beating is by far the most commonly used practice whereby male superiority is asserted. It recurs so frequently that there is resignation or acceptance of this for T of intimidation among most wormen. Self-defence in Such instances is rarely considered by the woman as a viable course of action to take, Woman is socialised in such a way as to inhibit her from actually reacting with violence against violence, Moreover, individual acts of winlence or self-defence are usually rejected by women - "If I ever try to hit him back, he would break my arms...We are not like mem, we cannot hit others like they do. By itself, hitting back does not offer the solace a Wollan need5 after an at täck.
specifically
What form of redress is a wallable to a worTan Subject to bcltings and physical abuse at home? In some countries like Britair, the USA, India, Malaysia, Hongkong, women's groups working on this issue have successfully brought the issue to public attention. They offer women centres of refuge where they can stay, hawa access to legal and some form of financial aid until they feal Confiden L about taking decisions regarding their future. However, In most countries, as in Sri Lanka, there is little support for battered women. The existing legal framework, casual and negligent attitudes of the police (who invariably take the view that It is a domE5 rie' matter), the cultural inhibitions on the part of the victims, overwhelm the woman and prevent her from seeking or finding refuge fram such attacks, While many women are forced to seek hospital treatment after being attacked, few would lodge complaints with the police for fear of further intiTil dation.
(Continued on page 32)
29

Page 32
Positive Results of . . . .
(Continued from page 25)
it has clarified India's stard and turned international opinion araund – from blaming India for obstructing a settlement of the civil strife, to blaming Colombo for its belligerence. Secondly, it has eliminated the demand for Tilitary interwerticii that used to Etc Luttered by some Indian hard-liners. Even they now realise that intervention or over the deard of it was producing results opposite to what was desired. Thirdly, the new diplomacy has deprived the Lankan government of the smokescreen of an India in threat perception. It must now chaose between a Tilltary and a political settlement. Andl finaly, the positive role of Indian diplomacy is now segn in total clarity. Na one cam bola, me
rdia for messi LErikan crisi5.
The last week Colcibo Callot f settle Ilient, but track of political 3. Ett 5e weral TË55; asking for help, fer- Ehardiri's wi mirister, of col rhetorica || ||US cili ran Counter to t} rew diplomacy. that Sri Lärka political settlemer didn't impress a lacked back-up
List resist the t to the rhetorics of the earlier fr
He did bett urging a number through quiet di
ALSO WALID
RESIDENT IN
SRI LANKA,
BO
Yes, for or y LSS 26 O you ca g f. Europe travelling First Clas European rational railways, TF | Påss på cd for Iri Sri Lanka qi we: unlimited mileage to travel the and breadth of Europe. Seeth solerindo Lur of arcent Rome, thi Niles, Florer CE, and Werlic. droid aCross Switz grand and Fri; miraculous Lourdes and beaut Or if you refer you can chang ad talk 2 ar Ex Cur Siri boat o THE RHITE : Cor the C) EILE
Eurai. A key to the heart of E COR EUROPE ANSA AH|| this wi|| be yours . . . . . . af
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AITKEN SPEN
Lloyd's Building, Sir Baron I
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ng up the Sri
is hawe show that astern on a rTnilitary Tust return to the solution. It has ages to New Delhi Tigre specifically sit. India's foreign urse, flexed some e ever though it he Prime minister's The “ultimatum" Iust work out a լ է : with in a month" ny one because it teeth. Mr Bhagat emptation to lapse of the diplomacy egi The.
er, however, by of governments, plomatic charriel5
to do whatever they could to restrain the belligerence of the grand old man in Colombo and to bring him to the path of political, recorciliation. Several governments have actually rendered such advice, spiced with implied warning that they may not be committing their contributions to the World Bank's annual aid to Sri Lanka if the civil war did not cnd soon in a political settle Tent.
If Sri Lanka seriously wants India to resume its diplomacy, New Delhi w III hawe to do So. Blur, it will be under a strong handicap, The man who has operated the new diplomacy with admirable purposefulne55 and has won a lot of credibility among all political circles in Sri Lark retired on March 31.
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Page 33
POETRY CORNER
Under the spr Herat tree !
The Outsider
One of the few unfailing sources of pleasu Te for the average reader of the popular press is surely the Tegular literary outpourings, prose and poetry, of GWEN HERAT. The felicity of style is surpassed only by the staggering range of Subjcct Imatter.
Recently, a book on the completic cricketer, a sple I did contribution to the bourgeoning Heratia. It Cuey Te a Ilid a change of pace, so to say, f ) T the writet, sa W hordes of promising you ing wielders LLLL SLaL S LCLLLLLLLLH LLL S HELLL LLLLL S LLLLL LaLLLLS LHHLLLLLLL students of the sport rampaging through Colombo's bookshops until the S.T.F. Tushed to the Spot to restore order. Needless to add two retired umpires, slightly short of sight and breath, were caught in the crossfire, the coroner deter Illining later that the poor guys Were plu Tmb) () ut ) T LhČir minds to striy ill Lo such an irisc curity zone.
''Wersatility' says a Well known newspaper LLEELLJLL S LS LLLLL S LLLLLLLLS tL LLaL GLHH LLLLLLSS GLLL LLLLLL Interested in a somewhat more educated elucidaltion, I turned for help of course to a Perade Iliya pundit who mumbled something about Ashis Nandy and 'the catharsis of the post-industrial state aindi its existe II, tial wortex’". Despite the maddeningly faulty phone connection, I pres5 cil LLLLLL 0LLLLLaLaaa LLaaLL LL CC LLLLLLLL aLLLLLLL0 and his response, at first a muffled cry of suddel pain, Was **the Christina Rossel tian ambie Tice, the experience, the memory, intelligence and action, cannot be the Inumber you dialled is Tot in use...' which is heluwa way of dodging El simple question, unless of course the English dept. has been infiltrated by Krishna Ilur Li's devoted pupil, Ananda Tissal de Alwis.
Anyway, left to my own devices, I read Gwen Herat's thoughts on "The Saffron Robc':

eading
! I look Ir αιμητή αντί τα ηιμrείεται
This harese, eropsy lise Urseer Triff reveals frt War sense, Fair Ebeycanlığd rnıy reach'ı.
But the golder, saffroi roles of thirte Beholds my failing hear'
"Beverarı da spreadirig free, ir l'illederre TF
As rhy feet, I revere Arted feed upor the l'ordra Las fr Lush TF) Privad gerfly disclose. Love and haired greed or list May Flot foich Trzy lolety life."
My own base and lonely life deeply touch cd by Gwen's sublime Illeditations, 1 prayed for more. In answer came another voice, perhaps from the saille nest of singing birds and birds, cqually concerned with the priestly pursuit, but this Lime with loctrine Lind cliccio Tu TTh a l d their strict collpliance in the Illa Liter of our rebellious nightingales. By a coincidence that has a Wilgulc air of the Illiraculous, the self-same hallowed cditorial page of the “Daily Noose” offcred Lus barely six days lilter sister Sumana Kiirurlaritne con “STRIKE BY NURSES”. A trully inspired reply, if I lay say so, to the Nayake Thera who suggested that the legalily or propriety of a monk leading a trade union should be settled by it courl of law.
Sile cliTchecs, the: Cilicial case, with this magis lerial pro moLL Ilocom en Li:
* A11 strikes lėåd to har SS T1 cnt in O Inc. for T1 or another . . . It is therefore clear that we need not go to a court of law to decide whether it is correct for a Bhikku to lead any trade union'.
3|

Page 34
Envious of this all too evident attempt by an incipient feminist cartel to monopolise liturgical discourse and debate, Kautilya plunged into battle, holding aloft the defiant banner of sexual equality. In those cloistered circles where the secret appreciation of the purest bad verse is almost approaching the status of an elitist cult, the Outsider of course is the undisputed master of the craft. Dashing off soline undefiled doggeral, I submitted the same for publication in thc identical journal. Not even the courtesy of a rejection slip. I am left with no alternative therefore but to applical to you Lo publish my verses with the customary apologics, I slippose, to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
Wife-beating. . .
(Continued from page 29)
The issue at stake here is twofold. Firstly, we must recognise that woman beating cannot be confined to a few instances of the actions of irate husbands' confronted by economic problems reacting in a deplorable manner towards their wives/daughters. All forms of violence against woman are a part of the structure of patriarhyc which per wades our society whereby male authority is a assertes over woman. Recognition o thid factor opens the way to discussion
32.
and formulation of action to courtter this situation,
Secondly, there is an urgent Ο need in the event of physical Intimidation to offer such women 卢妇 forms of redress of the lines of the women's refugee centres TF, operating in Malaysia, Hong kong FRe and other countries. There is a An need for closer co-operation between concerned women's groups, An the State and non-government Ор agencies, formulation of a responiwe legal framework, the support INof the police, hospitals and Ds wormen's groups to erable concrete assistance to be given to these women. Woman-beating has been with us for a long time: it is time to unita against it,

Berzeath the spreading mara rree The Carlie Bhikki Tirids A rabble-raising soak is he
With eyes red, aid shaking hands. Afrd the cifiti-goverriflens speech he fakes Defies all codes in Buddhist lands.
蚤
On the platfort of the Buddhist Hall The nationalist hikki speaks Wyt hear irri hii yol aird Fridt!' The J.S.S. and other freiks. A rid the riotik who's guilty of this breach The party goor squad quickly seeks,
A scuffle, and the saffron rohe is well beyoid
is reach.
West firfie, he’ll skričio sa tieke f7
Ilon-violerii speech,
፰፥
Neath the L.R.C. office dome
Hf Betz free Liéré erfes Near the tycoon's ritursing horrie
Where rathing is of local braids. Aric karma, dhukka, kaya is all he talks
To the Poor suffering things who change
his be: Torris,
He lediye F behird a fhiosa vid Fofe No Sri Laksa fyrirred orie. He's nor fier the nurse, vote FH is karu na is for the Vard Three fitur. How conie he pays this fabri lors fee ? Silly girl He is U-a-Pee
KE THE ROOTS OF THE BAMYAN
agony like the roots of the banyan priced opened the paster t now splinters and fall apart ealing the brickwork, fer der red
, these roots, Wilts time hawe probed
ferta Ced the mozac ning devious passages oricealed clefts for further intru sions i blir ag a structure "r un compromising fatal grip.
Tilak A. Gunawardhana

Page 35
Our busiu
oes beyonc
III || .4 || || LI , I Fili. Lidiidi . . . . 5 i L5 fik i "F Ir i i Uniors in C. II i III u rritat 1T- ü=TELa11 Iጎul 111ኗ! III IT T1Ter u III
Il TOL e seri III lil Tiġi ffii I i ii Hui-l, li r ii ii ii t t... I li
: : ॥1॥
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Page 36
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