Page 1
Bangalore Dialogue: Han
SRI LANK
The Need for a National Rupavahini Staff - Redunda
COLOMBO: Learning to Live w PUNJAB: A Pakistani Connec ASIA: Does "Development' n
LALITH ON WAR
= 3
O INDIAN OCEAN i O RAJIV'S MESSAGE
CATHOLIC CHURCH
 

js Across the Palk Straits Pran Chopra
OO Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka QJ/72/N/86
licy - Victor Gau na Wardena it or a Nuisance
— Jeат
e AP
f
ith the Bomb - Merwyn de Silva tion - Tayleen Singh leed Repression
AND PEACE TALKS
te
ARGU FY-MANSHIP AND CARLO ) Si RIMA, C. P. ON THE CRISIS
TAMIL PROTEST

Page 2
THE PREM
IN SOU"
A massive Port Expansio
Colombo into a moder C
Transhipment Centre qualif with the following additios and Coercial Port User:
O Bulk Handling facilities
O Rebagging and Reproct.
O A Streamlied Bonding
Ariy Special FC qui rCrmer]ts C (JL /
SRI LANKA PO
19, Chr: || Stre
CC3||Ombo,
Telephone: 25 559

IIER PORT
TH ASIA
Project has transformed ontainer Handing Port aid ying for "Base Port" status a facilities to the Industrial
for Grail, Fertilizer and Cerest.
assing facilities,
Serwicę.
ad he arriär 7 ged for or req7 vesť,
iries :
്ള
RTS AUTHORITY
it, P. O. Box 595,
Sri Likā,
Te|ox: 21805 PORTS (CE

Page 3
CHURCH UNDER
''Strath Murt et l'Egrarira" (7 veterari as the Left roverrient réoriéIrkéé *ï5 l'hé fl y or la
sse sie 11. Er Fir st for Firg the questian "are it's really station?" If I FTrolig rational C{jIl ycini 5 rio 55, 7 s’Orlo folio Floo frari scersfing race arel relig for, is the sina qua noil of a MihăleFerre? f7 '' 'fr'file Fifa Ticar 777 71, fieri Saraf W. & F7F difereel fiore for Ilie frire l'her The present seers so hopeless.
Long before Corn Tunist Parties erried the PLF) er r, / Fiji' sorjevila serijo, doščrprive Terri i “rior (i liria", The cili i ri'i hazır St. Peter faylı ailed hazır ? H'arı יH II : i * EWEri Ihe . שFWi(Tr f NI LTLGaS SSLLLLLLaLY HGGHLLS CHLLLLLLLS Sorrefine agy Ilie N Irritz: 1kere LLLKS S LH SLGG S TtLLL SGTGG GH Bis ap Cynfere rice de E77 erf 'arfois Sretrefpierry Jurri Effect rij The E0ர ஆf Jafi : the Riார of MarYITr.
Ariad Yig yw i'r 1670au. I'd (appear i'r ar The Park Streff* "TF1 alsv Sept?- LLLLLL SLaL S SLLGGGGGGmGGL SS LCTLGGGGGLL Church fro"? The Sri La Fikari. The CBCSI, II, recerii isiei sa Fra Trefieriť f: fe'i (7 Traff: MM ESSENGER signed lly" ir s Presirlayıf Rey'd, Frtırık Mfark'ı, s, the Bishop of Chil: 14, İrı resporse fa 7 les fer yeri T foi Prir7Te Minister Gandhi by the Tar:1ilητή Οπτήριο Βινή αμ5 ζαμίΙτί. The l'effer, inter alia, Irgel The India leader til prg Festil That fr la Criječi s; "I" EI FE'FFF' ) ciliare ir Srī Irk Ti corrrrrrr ir-'''.
Tre CFR CSL FTF f curse Fer extrerely careful if its reply. Without directly acci sing the Tanjili radu Church, it has charged the Tahiradu Press gf trisleading' the Church. But the stre se ind the străiris
on the Church which has a slack of about half a million in This vnitř-eth Příc, Zrf-religio II. Suciety, căiilor fie essily caricealed by diff drafts Fial ship.
TAMIL SUSPECTS
The CP ha5 (75 ked The gover F|- rileri () fake cerfs ir preli 77 ir Kry
Sierr s tij rret të i
he rire ser errerar hefore confere fire is reNEALAVS). Iris fi זלד, א,3) לit?"T FriiזT, ľ70Ji || ľjič / , či diler fra sor a Fe Trrier;F, JSץ"erיוFö: Her ik'e'ı 7 “TTıfı ir 's Sari a li fu dividi g
T"g CP lựT} gö1'errrrrı erit to Wii εί η Γ ηiίπατο Γν αν sia?rrʼʼ of" "Y"ayy7i7s departner is air Trey 11'ere face or "P's or
The rial turre (oj 2:eccFrr7É" e','&ʼr 7 F7i (7 ra:
ffer fie Ferer Fly" fè Focilice fri Stirls. The Di IIς ταντιμειξε ľh f : Serfer ce: “Č.
ale o give explicari 7 ffawr if t, Coris siere
C!! S frody......
SUCCESS
The FIZ
regar para de LVN P' gleeg, s 2/ orizirgy, certi, să fie (CEC Export icone } foki, fr. R.
Rs. 32 ft. η ομιλεί ανε ήέει
GÜAR
Wc | Գ է Իվան,
Prie
Published fo
Lanka Guardian P
No. 248,
COLOM
EdFrar: Merw, Telephone:

Fiore far l'ouertr I połfficer|
the All-party '''Eleg. SEE 'rss' recť F77 r. Erair fere? Si frig gyossig er Chrif III; "c"ri "fi]'—&"ei 71,5 &"fJIM,5
Tig Ference il F,F'er'" YI Yra il' Fiecarii rig #5נir"
Testsee re Fiz offs regri irid illegal exa'l lu
frr:3 ir SF'era * τα μαντια ΙΙ',
Fire F e Je irl) l'éc'e,
* fie tigrila girley clear "תEE"וול Eין1.75$i??"
Colorio Tri ily News opened Eart story "it I'єг 370 Тауніїїs,
I fisi". ולht?ir PreseHré i FiFeet fisiker fra
STORY
3r" (7 (CEC) is 75 (Fle of the för F.F. Yr Verri ir lly'. Wrı 7 years η ατεντ ιμ Μέιν, ፵& W'Iዕ ̈r£'ü ናéd 2,j
2 f Pεrή αμιν, ή det er i/o Ilie
figures were give in US dollars si rice fle yase if the dellar ro The ripeg li ras riser il sharply'. Wefrese FF folg Frasis. 1 firess. Resides, the Chinese Ti the Cubaris ; ere iri pressed
er gli fa seid st' fels
ಆro
'The rakings of a miiracle
ir r" eirr lī. nterriily predicre, point frig fa LL LLLLLLLLYLLLLLLSS LHHLLGLLYS SLLtLGLLLGLLG LLS fres — la cos arbeiter, friedigeIVils ret 14 faseriell, Lind Exceller facilities.
Billi t the Crus torris Chief, Mr. F. B. Di5, 57 YI 'ke, Was arropper a bir a co-g a fig por of Frı ilk. After the derection of G7 Flackage ČČ.P. fair7iY7g 2, (MM) J'ai rais af skice cửa sigfield to da FITZ Jactory' 'Harrytesuring brushes
The PCC see is are the
i'r lle hi'Òrried 75 zur WiFi Frigy sit;- lities of large-scrile răcket, i. view of tille fact r har (GC EC officials, is the Custonis, exa771 ir e F77 rokge y crit the f7cTory', FTZ goods are cry free, Are The FTZ industries berding the du free“ (ITCessio Thé“5 fie que sitio hich rutable y the PCC.
(Letters on p. 2 & 18)
DAN
June |5, 1986
R: 4.00
rtnightly by
'ublish ing Co Ltd
in Place,
BO - 2.
om de SlIwl
5 7 또 B
CONTENTS
NcYnys Background s La li h'5 litri
God Titiati', C Č Lärka
Staterrants by:
Sri T: C.P. Council of Hindu Organisations KLLL SKS SLLL LLC SLLLSS LLLCLCLaL S K Foreign News
|| || Ilirizatiam in Asia Letter B Rupa wa hini | Medil Policy
Printed by Ananda Press, B215, Wolfendhal Strect, Jomba 3.
Telefil, prie 3 5 7 7 5

Page 4
A unified contributic diversid
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INGINEERING, TRANSPORT, DRTS, TRADE.

Page 5
BOMBS AGA
and Back to
Mervyn de Silva
he reassuring sound of silanca.
After a whole oth of bombs — fram the AIR LANKA TriStar on the tarrTac to the CTO, from Elephant House to the Weyangoda railway station - Colombo had learnt to live with the BOME And the bomb scare, School children, office workers and afternoon shoppers streaming out of buildings into the street in momentary panic at the first word of "'" a bomb"'' cor e y en whiff of a rumour (often a prank) was a common sight in an increasingly 52Curity-conscious capital.
At least for the duration, the 'bombers' produced no big bangs. And this had become a city get
ting used to 'a war of bombs"
just as much as the War in the
north had remained the "land
mire' war.
Suddenly a siren screams to
disturb the silence of a drowsy afternoon. But nobody panics. The 'Daily News' had thoughtfully Warned its readers that Lake House was holding a 'security drill' last Tuesday. And so it is with other large enterprises, government and private sector, with army officers giving on-the --Spot lactures to tho newly recruited personnel of the Ministry of Industrial and Commercial Security, ITSelf a recent Invention and a sign of these violent, strifeto ti S.
The bombs in Coolbo of Course had a simple TE55ឧge. Colombo was not London, and
Jaffna was mot Belfast.
Sri Lanka is an island too but the retropolis would not be allowed to enjoy the comparative luxury of a London cut away Safely from a distant Ulster. The "war" had comic home.
Likewise, the real casualty of the bomb blasts in the two buses
leaving Trico or not the Poor, in rii Sinhalese, Tamil another comforta conviction that
5. 5.
Trig is mot
matural har batur The strategic ind is so highly P
strategists from N It is the meeting North and East.
about which owe EELAM and pro traditional || homel a very special a wance at every f international. Pi Census figures fr independence 194 his familiar case change' through policy, and the
the Tam i 1 percent; district's populat cold-booded mas derous attacks b
MEDIA Enough
f Sri Lanka d
prompt and p con four matters raised by the In wis-a-Wis the scher discu55 ed il Co Chida Ibaran Ti5 Gandhi Wi BW rol c as Tmediato day. Sri Lanka. W it 5 CW'r 1, and g: UMP government ahead irid look 3 problems, while Punjab, Tamil nad ll
This, Gandhi's
| r1 355 *:Il : thinking

N. . . . Trinco
| Jurie |2 vas 2cent passerger5, * rn MLIS; 1irt1, bLut ble te | iaf — the Strategic Trinco
fin est world.
|ust the in the Ian Ocean port rized by naval la poleonic ti Te5. point between It is the district ry advocate of ponent of "the a d5" thes i 5 h às gument to adout, local or ulting out the al even before 7, he builds up of "demographic and settlement steady dro F) in age of the Trinco i on Herce t|05ě sacres änd mury the 'Tigers" con
the Simhalese farm er-Setterment:5 of the Trico area. It short, the strategic 'buffer' that has been created between north and east, with willages lika Mora, YW CYwa as the vital communications link.
Surprisingly, the Chidambaram mission reported to Delhi - and policymakers there cautiously agreed - that progress had been registered on the vexed issue of land policy. Mr. Gamin | Dissanayake's Paper on the population figures, future settlements and ethnic ratios etc, had been found acceptable to India, after a dispute ower statistics had been rcolygd. B. o. hic issues remain Cd - Principally law-and-order Pow: ers of the proposed provincial
councils. (SEE MEDATOR RAJIV)
And then, just as a second weck of Silence and relative Cam and quiet was about to close, BANG ! Merci fully few deaths from the bomb that went off near a mowie house in Kota hena,
ToR RAJIv —
's enough
coas not make a o 5 i ti we response which Haye been dian govern Terit Tie of die w lutior lombo by the
sion, Mr. Rajiv ut of his present rr, and call it 3
'ill the be on od luck to the which Carl go fter Sri Larika’s he takes care of
etc. etc.
e, is Mr. Rajiv on the India
sponsored negotiations. And this thinking has been clearly conveyed to the Sri Lankan cadership last week. Both the Sri Lankan High Commissioner in Delhi and the
Indian High Commissioner who was on a week's visit to Delhi for consultations were in Colombo as the Mr. Gandhi's latest message was communicated at the Wory highest levels.
What accounts for Mr. Gandhi's tough stance 2 Last month, the Indian premier appointed two top -level committees to study and
(Continued or page 8)

Page 6
MIDAM (OCEAM
Towards the Colomb
fifth of the world's population
wes in thC 38 Indian ocean states. The Law of the Sea Conference chaired by the distinguished Sri Lankan diplomat, Mr. Shirley Amerasĩ nghe, succeeded in signing what came to be || 982 UN Comwention on the Law of the Sea. The convention recognis es the exclusive rights of the coastal states to the resources of the sea adjacent to their coasts.
But what of the resources of the Indian ocean? The history of the Indian occan states is the history of the systematic economic exploitation of these resources by external powers, especially the old imperialist countries, and now, by transnational companies based
U.
The Ministers reaffirmed the κλείεrηiίται αν εν Ιλιε Νανιαίίς πει States to currillie their "illerVours to artain the obiectives erbodie in the Declaration
the Indian ocean as a zone 3/ Peace, cor sidereď (7'r ffe Mfeer ing of the Lifficiral daril
Hirur erlavid Star e,5 g/" the Yiri dirari Oceani in Wuly 1979), as miet l as at fire subireyleri "' free ing a cyfo the ad l1ục Cr:##hỉffe = {}"I The Indian Ocean. They reiterated their carri wirfio'r rhif the presence in the Indian Oceari area of 7 Pry' i'r ar nifestation of greu'r Fawer nilifer y presence, foreign h75és, nilitary installations and logistical stipply facilities, nuclear Weapons cistid Heaporis of FIFs des fruction coriceived if the Coltext of great Power rivalries cor.5 titute a slag'ayi ' Violation of the Declaratio of the ridiari C) crear (y a zare / Peace,
The Msfrissers wie F 1 ff disciffer Life Corcer i fle ContiPriors escalation of the great
Powers' lilitary presence in the Il Fedir. Oceani care 7, including the
N.
in the advanc nations. In any of the Indian
been fully explor deposits remain part of the cor property of the
Thos estates ho the capital nor know-how to e 0 LITICIC.S.
A plan of act ration, exploitat and rational us Ocean and its objective of ( phase of this marked by a m in Colombo at
ON P
εαματι,5ίαΗ ηλικι eristing bases, el barse a esrablish rmieri I of cahard Strier Powers saga fris' f of the Fiori Sιαίες οι Ιήε other njora li gried activities eida Feyrda vice, Y}''er integrity and
let of the Sial
The Minister full supporf so, of the Indian of Peace, ada. Nortiori s. (verter rescificari 283. I}εκεμηθεr II. I early in Flee f) FOI " " ! the efforts of cuiritries, the Curference of:
Caro fely delayed ιriή εί η τι αιτίί. sori Sfare 7. Ιηiιεί Ματίλντ.

D Conference
E d irdL stri 3 i 5. Cl3C, Ch C resources
cr:Carn hawe micit " di Wa5E mirier" |
LI m touch 2d. I is mmon heri Lage and India occal S. TAICE.
Weyer häys (121ther the technological Xploit these res
ion for the explo.ion, Conservatian e of the Indian T2S u des is the A.C. The Final Project wi || bg inisterial meeting
the end of July.
But will OMAC become a substitutic for or diversion from the maim Indiam Ciccam Pelice Žorne: Comforamica for which Sri Lärkä, its author in 1971 has been battling for so long, with the support of other Indian ocean states, Principally ||NDIA?
Sri Lanka is the Chairman of the U.N. Ad Hot Cornflittee on the Indian Ocean Peace one. The Conference was to be held several years ago but thanks largely to the resistance of the lJS and som c of its allies, the Conference has been postponed year after year to resolve semantic, legal and procedural problems. In the
(Continued or page 5)
EACE ZONE
την ΕΡΤ.ίίνι: αν the search for i'i llir fel y muriaid The the revif ra illi tary lires of the great Kie eo. Fore.55 Koishey της ι : η Γε. Για νική radarr Čice Tři či rici '(?: Fries. Të së gereal e indeFfgr7ť y, er fira rīcal Peace'll develop*' in fie tirea.
Fre seri Ieir - fie eclirii iuri ??? ". Ya Fe for f' '' TE LU rriťE Il Assew? I b'1' irr
(XXIV ( ) gf 785 Tild firged its firrir. They
"7":'ii'ith y tarding the rich alignes! Conrening of the he Indian Oceri leef ivfordi - Jecaise of the ise indiffel hy The Irged the ud hoc Čer|-
rtir fee y corrijoleto 5 prepararior for the Conference strictly fr) faccord l'iro Hill. Il y fois l'Irl: l'e.
The Affrist er 5 reciale fa cori ir le fheir efforts fa er sure That the Conference of The sricII ÖCEarl Holl be hes ar (Tolorrhů a the earliest possible dife, F f f i for för 353. II this context, they crged full and (cfve participaria ir e Curfererice hy all the perrma Yi II rit | reihers of the Security Colicil 77 af Y We w 7 ja " FF77 ris“ ir y 7e er 5 \,F s'es' 75 co-operaf for by Wiose Sr:7r e.5 T-y"irhi T fie ?ir r arar! Iryd | Fir Ierland States, which was esse il for the success of the Ceiryfel Fe'i 'e'.
The losrillers rotef the corn77I er7"eF72Er7 r (af" 14'ork Miy rhe Openeided Working Group of free Ad Hoc CorrI77 irreg it accordance with the Corinir tee's decisio'r gf ' I Willy 7935. Ir Vie y" (y ff.5 froi porté For FIrryTrdre tlie" L "ged fall ricornelig read varernhεr διετίες το ακτίνειν μειriιαίμαι ε in the deliberations of the 'orking (Froир.

Page 7
No meaningful
There seems to be quite a fierce debate still raging about the May 'operation' irn the North. . . . What is yo Lur a. 55e 55 tinent ?
An assessment must be based dari What cur objectives were . . . not what other People claim Were CUR objectives.
A turnaround of troops ?
Yes. . .' ad w c. achi c'w cd it. We secured Palaly airport and Karai Tagat. As a matter of fact, we did a similar operation just before that at Th ondamarimar. . .
So, militarily, you are satisfied with the results. . .
Yes, of course. . . yesterday, by the way, we smashed four bunkers around the camp at W.W.T. . . the troops came out and Smashed the T1. As for the operation in May, the Security of Our bases was achieved, and the facility with which we did it shows clearly
that what a . |est come of the separatist groups hopes for or has high ambitions
about is quite futile.
Are you referring to the the Tigers, and their plans for a military victory 2
Yes.
Turning to the other aspect of the Problem, the political, how do you now rate the chances of a negotiated 5ette et
It is not easy to rate the chances of that. . .the chances will largely depend on whether the terrorist groups are told by those who harbour them that they cannot hope for a military solution . . . . then perhaps, some of the more intrasigent may be more inclined to think in terms of negotiating a political settle
mo:Tlt thịg trçU of thg grror seriously inte
L.
How about t 5aם pטpr חWם asked for cla A: All right, any for clarificatio fact is that no meaningful the other sid we who hawe our hand b. rushed out ...
G: The A II- part
likely to be. A: Shouldn't you Party. . .
Gł: What 15 it:5
way?
Towards the.
(Continued fra
Ilean time, the been stead Ily mili
According to the dc cision the confe held nat late" L UN On Peace Z
Meanwhile tens hinder the peace that the Indian ol for their economi and the welfare Sri Lanka's Foreig Shaul Hameed exp tance of the İmı: the UN resolution sed the NAM for conference in mid
Mr. Chairman, ir diate environment Ccearı, terision ham Pering the pe silent of Lhe stic In concert with t who constitute th of littora | rnd Hii Sri Lanka has exc to implement the the Indian Ocean

response yet
ביחסון איי סח 15 bleו ist groups seem rested in such
he gover ment's ls India has rifications, . . 'body can ask 15 but the sirk here hais beeri response from e. It is always stretched out. It nobody has clasp it... . .
y conference is
cil it multi
purpose any
m ជg #)
dian Ocaan has Laris, ad.
last ministorial tre H3 LG Eo
han || 988. (See апе)
ions grow to ! and stability
Ce:n sta Los need [ c d e welopment of the people. Minister, Mr. ained the imporlementaticrl of wher" He addre: 5
eign ministers' April. He said:
-B וחווחו וחיילס חuס רו
of the India has increased, aceful develop
2s of the region. he Non - Aligned e vast Tiajority terland states, rted all efforts
Declaration of
as a Ytre cf
- Laith
A: To explain to the other parties and through them to their supporters and to the people in general the government's thinking on the Current proble||11. . .
Q: The C. P. appears supportive in its latest statement. . . don't you think
A: Yes, it will help the peace
effort. . . the process.
Q: But it has recontended some preliminary steps to improve the climate. . . the withdrawal of the compulsory (paid) leave order on Tails. . .
A: Nobody has been sent on Teawo in my ministry ... therie år 2 n2arly a thousand TaT is...
- M. de S.
Peace. To this end, in 1979, littoral and hinterland states accepted a series of principles of agreement for the implementation of the Declaration. The process of negotiation for the establishment of the Zone of Peace requires su || Under Standing and acceptance by the Great Powers of the Security demands of the regional states. Equally, there must be agreement within the region itself that inter-static relations would be conducted in accordance with the principes of the non-use of force, non-interference in the internal affairs of states and th: Peaceful settlement of disputes,
Sri Lanka looks forward to hosting
the UNI Confarance in Colombo on the Indian Ocean as soon as possible once the РгеPaгatory
work is completed this year. The Conference will constitute a major step towards establishing conditions of peace and tranquility in the region and facilitate arrangements for international agreements that would ultimately be reached for the maintenance of the Indian CCean as a Zone cf Peace.

Page 8
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Page 9
Good initiative
Pran Chopra (Indian Express)
M. of the Indian press has ignored the avert, but some
prominen L. Indians and Sri Lankans hawe given a w Cry worthwhile lead to public opinion in both countries towards a San view of the ethnic crisis in Sri Lanka and its reperrussioms on the Island's relatio 15 with India. They have jointly (Litlind an accord which can rescue Sri Lankan Sirhalas and Tali 5 ärld the broad in tCrists of the two countrics from the disaster which
Cotherwise || 5 bco Lund to ower take
| || fou T.
The Indian signatorie:5 Lo this
un cofficially Proposed accord include Mr. C. Subramma, ni iam, formero mini 5ter, who one suspects is also the spirit behind this exercise in statesmanship. Other Indian Tami signatories include a former judge of the Supreme Court, and two prominent social Workers. Among the non-Tamils is Mr. R. R. Diwakart. chairma 1 of the Gardhi Peaco Foundation and a former High Cor Tl Tmis Siciler to Sri Lanka
The Sri Lankan signatories include four Sinha las and three Tamils. Of the latter, two arc Muslims whose association with the proposed accord contradicts the general assumption that the Tamil Muslims of Sri Lanka do not share the anxiety of the Hindu Tamils about their futura safety in the country. Among the Sinha las is Godfrey Gunati lake, Director of Marga Institute, among the bost known social work institutions in SC Luth Asia; Char|cs Abèy sekera, president of thic Movement for Inter-racial Justic and Equality; Olcott Guna sekara, formerly of the Ceylon Civil Service; and the well known journalist, Mervyn de Siwa,
Warning
The group very correctly rates "Sri Lanka's political stability and Well being' as a matter of "great Importance to lindin’” and an ""cassential condition for the peace and
Professor Pran Chopra, former editar of the "STATES MAN", is now I raisedrich professor at the Centre for Policy Research In DHF.
Stability of the re
A T Corne lewe | obviously addres Lanka Gowerm The
statement by Pr dcna which (torr | must emphasise i di To The ment is making attempt. || I War FNs parties' against military solution" equally applies t thol Sri Lanka T: and so tahawe, til E yiti thogic hatha a d's i think tha L | India militarily.
The group ri. and so does the India too, that must be "within c.f '''"Sri Lanka": nation'', and it "n eith er wil ble r23, listicʼ",... BIJ t. y, work of unity a Which applies tc a whole and to alike, powers m IÖ the fu || 5 t i to lower units So that "the pe are em powered develop their ur elected represen
The group note autonomy has now but it emphasis Pri Tiary importan of devolution" | is "unambiguous that, such agreem shapes and nome 'gan be evolved" ci le "the 5 cour of the provinces' Security requirem try as a whole.
Merger dem:
The group di 5 fa by the Tamils province that the in which thic T carne-third of the II be merged with t

on Lanka
gion as a whole'. the warning is ised to the Sri :IT t bagai se of a esident Jayewar1 out of context, 2) has been taken that his governI just such an "'a || the inwo! werd attempting "a '. But the warning o those among Tills who belie wg, that they can get the gun, and to withi | dia who TILSL i Titi"W": 2
ghtly emphasises, Government of the Settler ment the framework'' integrity as a rejects Eelam as nor politically with in the framend in a system the country as a communities Lust be '"devolved
externt Possible" of administration ople in the unit
to administicir ard it through their
ätivis.
s that "provincial been proposed' e5 'what is of Ce 5 the substance because if there
agreement' on ents on the sizes, inclatures of units as would recon. ity requirements
and 'the lowed ents of the coul
and
WOLIrsh e de Tand of the northern castern province, amils form only opulation, should cm. The dead,
i L says, "is fraught with many dilemmas' and the group implies, is in conflict with the de Tocratic principle and "the desire and preferences of the People conCerned." It recommands instead "inter-provincial coordination" through "inter-state councils . . . or joint. Committees' which could be formed in such a way that the Sinhalas are assured 'that devolution wil || not eventually lead to separation'. But similarly, the Tai Tills Trust be a55 ured that an agreement reached now "will not be abrogated, as has happened in the past'. Nor should devolution lead to "segregation of the minorities.'" The grou P, PC rhaps encouraged by recent press reports that President Jayewardene is willing to form an all-party governmenit, the refore recommcmds ""an institutional framework which prowides for an equitable sharing of power at the Centre in a parliamentary democracy which is fully reflective of all interests'.
The obduracy of the hard core Buddhist Sinhalas is as responsible for block ing a 5 ett lcmcnt, a5, thc obduracy of the Tamil militants whose militancy has forced a si lanca Lupon the mod cratc Tam is. In this respect the group has hard Workahead of it yet for mobili sing the bläcking of tha moderata Sinhalas. Nevertheless the appeal is not only a pathway to sanity. It is also a yards tick which can be applied for measuring who
must share how much of the blame if efforts for a settlement do finally fail.
No consensus can hope to satisfy everyone. There will always be those on the fringes who will try to topple what the great majority in the middle may find to be 5 ensible. A P Portion ing blama to them, and dealing with them accordingly, are responsibilities Which neither Imdia mor Sri Lanka ca avoid indefinitely. These responsibilitics may be just round the corner, it seems, because India's mediatory efforts are at a Very critical stage.

Page 10
Following the talks its Foreign Minister, Mr. Shahul Hameed, had in Delhi in mid-April, the Sri Lanka Government appears to have ower Comic: its eāT|ier reluctance to com sidor a 5 ett | elet based upon documents on which it had orce turned its back. These include a paper prepared some time ago by the Tamil United Liberation Front and a s ti || earlier document prepared by the Sri Lanka government | t$g|f but later withdrawn by it, known as Annexure C. It is also prepared to consider any other proposals. Its condition however is that the settlement must not ca II for Such am endsilents to the constitution as would attract the constitutional requirement of ratification by a referendum, This does restrict the scope for a settlement. But given the present embattled mood of the cwerwhelming majority of the Sinhalas, who form 70 per cent of the population, a referendum would be even more restrict iwi.
New approaches
If the Sri Lanka government does indeed have the relatively more open mind indicated by Mr. Hameed towards the existing documents and possible new ones, it should be possible to discover new approaches to the unresolved points left over from the previous rounds of negotiations. These are neither numerous nor in soluble within the condition that amendmem it of thic Constitution Would not be practicable.
The first of these is the extent of devolution. Since the constitution cannot accommodate formal federalism, Sri Lanka's provinces cannot be given the same formal status as the statics hawe in India. But can they be given the same powers by informal and yet durable means; or if not the same powers, then at least more powers than what India's Union Territories enjoy? in this context, it is interesting that the Indian team in the latest phase of negotiation includes Mr. Balakrishnan, a Tamil and a constitutional expert in India's Home Ministry.
The second major issue is tcrritorial. If the northern and eastern Pro Winccs Cannot be merged, what
B
functional linkag between them
urged by the
group quoted at democratic Prir desire and pre people concerned can Tamil major eastern province tiguous to the be merged with how would such one part of th the li y es cof th, a third cof thc : זה חi סwhi , חסLI | iwe in the Prede majority a reas ir
land 52 In other , the aspirations Tarils be roco
needs of the up
Although solut delicate questic only patient neg i Tomicidite sättsf
conditions to w has wery rightly priority. The f
cessation of Who! only means a . efective monitor ment through would inspire t Sri Lankan go w C, militants aljke, fire effectively i ti com 5 would bic: Cc of collapsing in gruesome battle
The second pi rTi 3: TS T U5t 2X5 the terms of th the satisfaction Less may be Thor ted by the Tam tected against b to past betrayal drawn justified a other hand, negot bogged down in is no such guaran
Delicate que
Both these : questions becau rights of Sri L. India has no ri; wi|| in Ether Tarmi || rm | |i tarts c W|| un e55 di with force. Bu important for ea ber its compulsic

5 år. Be Tated which would, as Indo-Sri Lankan 2wo, respect the tiple and 'the erances of the '' Alternatively, ty arcas of the which arte Ciriorthern province
the latter, and segregation in country affect se Tails, over
btal Tami | Populacase have to minantly Sinhalas the central upords, how would of the northern ciled with the lang Tari 5!
Ie, the 5e are all is requiring not otiations ELIt the ction of two prehich the group given the high est rst is 'affactive ence'". That not easefir, but its ing and ernforcemachinery which he trust of the :rnrient and the Without a ceasein place, negotiainstantly in danger the ew ent of 5C fi C:
in the field.
"econdition is that of 'guaranteeing to final accord to of both parties'. 'e willingly accepis if it is PTOetrayal in future; s the group ha,5 ttention. Qn thẹ :iti orħ; will re T3, li
mistrust if there teeing mechanis I,
stions
ı rg wery deli Ca. te so the sovereign Inka ar E in WolwCd. ght to impose its matter, and the
annot impose their a backs them up t it might be morc :h party to rememins than its rights.
Sri Lanka Carlot allo the ruirous blood-letting it is passing through Withu ār efective easefiri ārī a guaranteed settlement. India Cirot afford to be domineering, because if in its desperation Sri Lanka turned to other countries whether for mediation or for the enforcement of : ce:Safire, Irlds would be placed in the position of a dog with a bone stuck in
(Continued or page 9)
MEDIATOR. . .
(Continued from page 3)
report on Indian options on the Sri Lankan issue. He chose to take charge of the 'political' committee, with Externa | Affairs Minister Shiv Shankar as his top aide. Mr. G. Parathasarthy, who has becn quite till recently, Will be ke Pt informed of the work of the two committees and as chairman of the Policy Advisory Unit will
study their efforts in the wider context of Indian foreign policy object|Wè S.
Having giyerı his full atten Cion cos Committee chairmam to a compre pensive review of the Sri Lankan issue, at least from the time Delhi offered its "good offices" (August 1983) Mr. Gandhi has arrived at the unhappy and te luctant conclusion that Colombo's peace efforts and negotiations hawe really been a 'cosmetic excrcise', with a military solution as its optimal goal. Of course Sri Lanka does mot accept this reading of the situation and points to the fact that the "Tamil side" has never made ''a meaningful response". (SEE LALITH INTERVIEW) And so, there is now total deadlock. Can the P. P. C., (the political parties conference) which is expected to be convened before President JR's wisit. Lo the USSR on (June 29) help break this deadlock
Mr. Gandhi wat 5 fou matters cleared up as soon as possible if he is to change his mind on the Indian mediation effort: the overal structure of devolution, law and order, language and the possibilities of inter-provincial linkage (not merger).
The picture is as hopeless as ever ......as the bombs keep exploding.

Page 11
Wanted a truly repre
İncé the 18th of last month, But when a I have been away from the own country, | Island on a visit to the People's much wyor 5 e 5 itu 3 Republic of China following an at the time I le
invitation extended to me by maintenance of a the Government of that country. at the lowest PC I was happy to undertake the in the face of inc
trip as I wished not only to attacks, the Pre: revive old friend hips, but also the People them to see the recent changes that after their own
have tak en Flacc in that country. Perty, which is F.
The journey, was a refreshing The machinery experience for me; and I am itself seems 5:" thankful to the Government and and the Work in E the people of China for the ment and the pr Warm hospitality and kindness come to a virtua with which was received people concerned ainongst thcm. their own safety
Yes, for om i y JS $ 260 you car of. Europe, frave: || Ing First Clas: European national railways. Th Pass pa3id för in Sri Lanka qi wes un limited mileaqe to travel the and breadth of Europe. See the sendour of ancient R corte, [ht Naples, Florence, and Werl ice. C and across Switzerland and Fra miraculous LOur des and beauti N or if you prefer you can change and take an excursion boat or
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Also WALD Eurai. A key to the heart of E
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Lloyd's Building, Sir Baron Ji
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

sentative Parliament
- Sirima
me back to my Asking the people to look rive to see after themselves is an abdication tion today then of the most vital responsibility ft. Today, the of Government. There is se w and order is much blood and teas ar1|d $දා ssible ebb and much fear; and what dange lurks :reasing terrorist in what place next, it is difficult ident is asking 9 fore see. How long more can selves to lock the People bear this
| iwcs and Fro- But what actually are the opis responsibility. Lions open to the Government nowy, in the situatio to which it has slided down so swiftly It is a hardly a Parliamentary democracy and this is also a mofilment of colossa || fai Eure of GowerinTient policy. The "Government
of Gower rent "=rely unhinged, |oth the Goweriwaite sector has
X: Yw e Hawa is a Presidentia | Dictator, first. (Continued on page 2)
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Page 12
C.P. - The Path to a
The following statemerit was adopted by the Central Corrrittee of the Communist Party of Sri Lanka at it s micet ing On 7 and 8 June, 1985,
| 55 a con CCTC Cid effort is.
made now to геach a negotiated settlement of the problem of inter-nationality relations, which has assumed crisis proportions, there is no way for the peoples of Sri Lanka to stop the 5 lide towards andless slaughter, esca lating tension and insecurity, financial and c conomic ruin, administrative chaos. the destruction of democracy, a de facto division of the country, and Subordination to imperia | isin's political and military plans in this region.
The present U.N. P. government and its policies are mainly responsible for this dangerous situation. The government has shown not merely its inability to solve this wital problem of its own, but also to fulfil the elementary duty to ensuring to the people in all parts of this *: the
safety and security to which they are entitled. It has besmirched Sri Lanka's reputation abroad,
brought it to a position of almost total international isolacion, and greatly prejudiced our relations with our immediate neighbour.
Nevertheless, at this critical juncture, the situation cannot be retrieved by merely identifying responsibility for it or assigning blamic. Nor will any progress be made in this direction by Tere rectition of utilte 5 olutions by this or that political Party or organisation... What is necessary is to bring about à ces sation af år med hasti littes and terror by both the government and the Tamil armed organisations, and a fresh attempt to reach a rea sonable and democratic political agreement through negotiotions, using India's good offices a5. YY'Ell.
O
The Corti Tu La rika Fhs; a | W; jus I and perm this problem ca in a socialist 5, addition to aboli and discriminati ing equality an. all citizers and also permit the balanced develo nomy, without will lack a firr We hawe Pro continuo ito adw based on the r right of the LC 5C i f-dormir autonomy for LI Tiited Sri Lamk rial integrity and respected E. through which ciples should b wary and are : 5ion and agreem
HOW 2 ver, Our atedly made it withstanding out 50l LI tion to this ready, in the int immedia te PeacĘ i Cri5 between this Country, contribute to Yoyal any democratic a through negotiat we may not ag This remains ou
Accordingly, Coficered to di: sible to create peaceful and fr. War II is till processes of dis tilti, i, āt this problem by must be rejecte
We rew ou the governm cnt Tarmi l organisati to military and I Whether stato c. stable tease firoc
We call or to let the pe exactly arc its which ata. Siti | recy, for a Politi

political settlement
5 FFL of Sri ay 5 hel that a an ent solution to in only be reached 2ciety which in shing exploitation on and guaranteebrotherhood of āti liti, Will a lost rapid and priment of the ecowhich any solution Ti imateria | base. posed, and wiwi|| ociate a solution ecognition of the Sri Lanka Tami |5 ation, and regional them within a a, whose territoWill be involte ly all. The forms the se basic prime expressed can subject to discus"1 r1.
Party has repeclear that, notWiews on a final problem, we are erests of achiewing : lind better rel3
Inti orna li ties irħ always ready to rds, and abide by, ETC TC2 n t reåchel ions, even though ree with it fully, I r position.
Y C: appe ål to a || everything posCori di tioris for å itful settlement, or 2, through the cussion and negoLęFPIS to Solve mitary Πη ΕΠΕ
r appeal to both
and the armed oris for an erid Corroristic actions, iro pri Wate, and a
the government ople know what Present Pro Psals, shrouded in sec
al settlement,
We also ask
the government to take the following steps so tOt0 La S S S LLLHaaHG K CC HHLLLLL L ttLLL LLLLL LL
atmosphere for a political settleTլ է:Tlէ : -
(). Withdraw its recent discri. Illinatory and illegal exclusion of Tamils from several govern
ment de partments and State Corporations: (2) Stop Iri discriminate arrest5 and detention or suspicion of Tamil youth in Colombo and elsewhere: (3) Guarantec that all persons
taken into custody under the Prevention of Terrors im Act similar Laws will be either charged before the courts in three months or released;
(4) Repeat the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, which does nothing to protect the unity or territorial integrity of Sri Lanka but only pena|ises persons for their wiews and arbitrarily prevents demoCratic and Picaceful discussion of issues;
(5) Declare its acceptance of
Sri Lankan Tamils as a distinct nationality with an inalienable right to protect and foster their own langualigė, culturc and mational identity, and its readiness to de wolwe Central powers and function 5 in accordance
with this; and
(6) Guarantee that State-sponsored schemes of land settlement will not be implemented in such a way as to alter adversely the ethnic composition of any region of the country,
At the Round Table Conference and after, our party stated that We Were prepared to support interirin settlement based on the
maximum devolution of central powers and functions to Provincial Councils of similar bodies.
We are glad that many who opposed such a settlement then are now ready to accept a settle
Tent on these lines.
(Continued on page 24)

Page 13
Hindus of Tamils
government
The Council of Hindu Organisations is gravely concerned at the decision of the Government to send on Special (Compulsory) leave Tamils working in certain goWernment institutions. According to the newspapers the government Institutions, which hawe sent the Tamil employees, are the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, thin Rupawahini, Air Lanka and the Department of TelecommuniO DI C13
No forma | anno u cerT1 et Wyas made by the government on such an important matter. The people of this country have the right to know the reasons for this unfortunate decision, far reaching in its implications and damaging to the long-term interest of Sri Lanka. It is regrettable that this decision rtā un t. t . declārā tin of no-confidence in the Tamils working in the Warious government institu.5חסLi
It is also reported that this decision was made for security reasons and is a sequel to the
bomb explosions in the Air Lanka Tristar aircraft and in the Central Telegraph Office. No lega| judgement has been made as to who was responsible for these deplorable acts, and according to our Constitution "Every person shall be presumed innocent until he is Prowed guilty". Conced ing for purpose of argument that a Tamil indiwidual or a group was responsible, why should the innocent Tamil cmployees working in other government institutions be penaiz (d. More so, when senior government feaders on many occasions have repeated that their fight is against 'Tami | Marxist terrorists' and not against the majority of the Tamils and that the problem is not an ethnic one.
protest at e.
from
institution
Where will this explosion and of institutions ma Pri "yote irg iLLI [ido Hint āmid ac result would be Tamils from gowi gower mmen Tall ir widening of tha polarization of . Tıfıl | | 3. rö5 idarı. oth or arcas in . ba contra incd tir ". "dilio da facto Separa place, much aga י"י בן חi Wם 5םf thם dם בורו בוTH . הkחLa Lh:n TCt origg!
Terroris T is Lanka. It is pr parts of the wo taken by other
such situatio is a dering. Though have killed man
hawe high jacked planes, yet Sikhs offices at allew and State gover The confidarica by the Indian go great that a Si directly in charg BILJ. Stär o
Temple of Sikh
larly, despite Irisl (I.R.A.) attacks
lations, Irish C: sent on Comput Offices in Londor
Tho decision e wiolates its ow According to Chr: | || it is statud, no person shal degrading traatm 12(1) all person equal before th em titled to equi the Law a rid ir it is stated that

xclusion
S
| clad to Another har government, follow suit. ns may take the accordingly. The the removal of ernment and non5 tition5, tic cleavage and the hic Communiti 5. in Colombo and hic South would to trek Back to dחב: ""tisחlaם רח סH | tio Would take2 inst the wish 5 an [ 3:1 Lunited Sri for security will
tot Limique to Sr| evalent in many rid. The actions governments in Te Worth y copi 15 i - Sikh terrorists innocents and │rdia. Il Airlines coil true to hold 5 ir tie Centr Tets of India. estowed on thern
' l Till T5 - kh Gẹ mẹ ral w35 ge of Operation rid the Goden ETT IT is 5. Si TiRepublican Army on British instalatholics ar mot sory leave from i.
if the government in Constitution. apter 3 paragraph inter alia, that be subjected to *nt. In paragraph s aro consider gd law and arg : Protection of Paragraph (2) no citizen shall
be discriminated against, inter alia, on thic grounds of race. It is also clearly stated in the Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties that "'th state shall strengthen national unity by promoting co-operation and mutual Confidence among a||Sections of the people of Sri Lanka, including racial, religious, linguistic and other groups. . ." The decision to send Tamil employees on Special (Compulsory) leava because they were Tamils does not strengthen national unity nor does it promote mutual confidence among all Sections of the people,
: 15o Wiclates the United Nations instruments or Human Rights. Article 23 of the LLLLLLL LLLLLLaL S LLLL S SLLHHLHH Rights States, inter alia, that ewery one has the right "to just and fa Wolra: :conditions of work". The International Labour Organisation Convention concerning Di5crimination in respect of Employ. ment and Occupation dcfines discrimination as including any distinction, exclusion or preference made of the basis, inte alia, of racė, which has the effect of nullifying Çr impai ring equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation.
Thg decision
In our opinion the decision of the government to send Tamils on Special (Compulsory) leave hurts the feelings of the Tanils, widens misunderstanding between the two Tajor com III unities, wiolates our Constitution and the United Nations provisions on Human Rights and jeopardizes the efforts to resolve politically the ethnic problem. We therefore, appeal to the government to restid this Lunfair decisior.
Yogendra Duraiswamy
Presiderit Council of Hindu
Còrganisations

Page 14
Letters
SARATH I
WE are deeply grieved by the tragic death of Mr. Sarath Muttetu Wegalia, the Member of Parlia
lent for Kalavana.
Mr. Muttetuwegama has always being helpful in the activities of the Mowerment for Inter Racial Justice and Equality (MIRJE). Hic was in fact the only Member of Parlia Tient who, under this government, has consistently and fearlessly spoken and worked, both in Parliament and outside, for the re-establishment of good relations between the Sinhala and Tamil ethnic groups on a basis of justice and equality through a process of political negotiation,
*1|RJE also rigga ||s that Mr. MLI tt et uWegama was à dedicated fighter for fundamental human and democratic rights as evidenced by his opposition during the period of the last government to the Crimina | Justice Commissions Act and to the Prevention
Wanted . . .
(Continued from page 9)
ship, whatever the masks; and
whern Dictators fail, they hawe only one peaceful course open to them: and that is to resign
and go before the people and mot ällow the People to be draged into a state of anarchy.
The sad part of it all is that when the hand of friendship and co-operation was proffered to this Government last year by the Maha Sangha, and recognized pg. litical parties, including the SLFP, with other National Organizations liko the All-Ceylon Buddhist Congress, the Government rejected it ut of haint. That was after the Anuradhāpụra massacre, Cn
that occasion, the Maha Nayaka Thero of Asgiriya, Wenerable Palipa ne Chandanandı, requested
many political, social and religious organizations in the Island to meet with hiri and the Maha Sangha to deliberate on the ways
of Terrorism. A ΓΤΙ ΕΠΙ .
MIRJE
jins democratic orga ning the death
Muttetuviešamā. Wild Fiat carrio
SARA
|T i5 WitH the Council for L learns of the de ľolLIttatu wega Ta, må. The det H & gå rT3 ir Such tra, when he could befan at the P5: ard when he w
vitally necessar, courageous, eloq tually hornest
Opposition in P im mals LIF5b|2 |-
Sarath M! Luc. rity of convictio fih ii tHl I tr LI his de: WC in ta than solf-aggrand intell ctual abili
Til migā, 17; cf c
Cerrorist prob | attended the As giri ya Temple
lJMIP. The JN] F Cind .harice Lo With the saic
th: Rama lama F tiya Piriwen3; i i cof a|| those wợH first meeting tha Partici på, te im
This time the letter expressin Κς ο Ρ away.
WH1 en latt cir, Yayas formincid, wit of presenting a to terrorism did everything trutt i. and rii:
Now it is to froi in haying ou the Gow criment self to bC. Antir Li na ble to Lumite the Country in harmony, to e

ct of this govern- portantly his lowe of Parliament
and its traditions must earn for
with all other him the unqualified admiration nisations in mour- of So many.
of Mr. 5; it Liberalism and Communism are He has left a much removed from each other. t easily be filled, yet the essential tolerance and
Redley Silva Qiperrı — riıinı dedim:5s of Mr, MutSecretary (MIRJE) tetuwegama, combined with the
ualities we hawa alread ΚΤΗ 2 E. are those which We, STi eep regret that Liberals ဖူဂျီး admired. libera | Democracy is be 5 | In tn2 filos. El tradial of Mr. Sara, tions of parlamentary democracy P. f. Kw and as committed adherents of our ideology as the late Member of Parliament for Kalawana was of his, we deeply regret this irreparable loss of a civilized, able ånd honourable man and a great pärlia Thern tarian.
Mr. Muttetuwegic circumstances, be 5 aid to hawe ak of his powers 15 performing sco a role as a
uent and im telle c- The Council for Liberal DomoMember of the cracy extends its heartfelt conarliament, is an dolences to Mrs. Muttetuwegama, 5. t. hi5 - tWab chi|drt 21 Erd to th
Communist Party, which Sarath Muttetuwegama served so wo for So long.
Li Wegårma's si ricer his iridoritable th as ha saw it,
ideology rather Chaпаka Amaratunga irziement, his great Joint Secretary Ly and most im- С .
ea ling with the effort to PL || it out of the unem; all invitees precedented state of chaos it
meeting at the has got into. :; but not the o W 745 gi wen i 5a- The only real option available meet together for the Government is to resign organizations åt and allow the People to efecta 'aranad nam mache- Government that has the wi|| was the wish and the capacity to restore law C attended the and order and peace in Sri Lanka; it the UNP should and here We have to bear in the di 5cussion 5. mind that at the So-Called ReUNP wrote a ferendum in 1982, the people of g its wish to the North and the East in partcular voted overwhelmingly for a General Election which they have a National Front been deprived of, h the objective sing e solid face I think the kindest act Mr. the Guyerrı Tlent J. R. Jaye war de na cam do for Jossible to obs- the People of this country at i represent it. this grał w est momant in its history - the country which he has 2 late; and apart ruled for nine long years is to tlived its time, allow the people to elect a has shown it - Parliament which is truly repreely isolated and sentive.
the people of confidence and Siri Thaw o R. D. Bandaranalike
Wooke their bost President, Sri Lanka Freedom Party

Page 15
PUNJAB -
A Pakistani
hat Tamil se paratist rebels camps in Tamilnadu where לגוחך they train their fighters in guerri || warfare i5 1o great Secr. TIME has just published a picture of one camp on its cover. But most of the information has in fact come from investigativo reporters of the Indian press and of course from confessions made by captured Eelamist fighters,
ha
secret" operation end up in Fais. with the Sikh 't Sind de5 ert prisor of water a day, | 6 month or de shall hă'ự C, LC w Bhutto and a to hawe .hic. Truth the JNDIA, TCD), Tayleen Singh.
"One basic reality established by all terrogations is that Crossing the indi into Pakistan poses no major probler of the terrorists who were captured they were taken to Faislabad jail W were subjected to intense in doctri
'Sarabjit and Devinder confessed t returned from Pakistan with about terrorists With in StructiOS tO StOt elections from taking place. In they were told that their target Gurcharan Singh Thora, the Akali
Last week the Pakistan Embassy in Colombo thought it necessary to deny allegations of Pakistani training of anti-government Sikh fighters in the strife-Lorn Punjab,
The statement published in the ISLAND said that President Zia himself has asked India to Subsantiate Such allegations. IMDIA TODAY which has carried accounts of Tam|| Training cartıp 5 has recently published a long report con ''The Pakista ha 1'' It is, we should remember, an Indian sout ca and the refore rict the most unbiased, Pakistan has the advantaga: There. Under the Ti ilitary regime of General Zia, elected Prime minister Bhutto's hangman, any Pakistani reporter who dares to disclose any details of "top
"Pakistā to LS
TSE WoLld They a havос, Only W
" "Sarabjii the LSE and gre tructed to blo V. and ma

and 2
s will probably Two weeks ago, Minister for albad jail along Internal Security Arun Nehru inrainees' or in a formed the Lok Sabha that the 1 with one bucket Government had 'clear evidence' Benazir Bhutto's of Pakistarı il İrn yolyerment in the al. Perhaps we training of Sikh terrorists. "We ait for Benazir hawe details of names, location S, independent Press training schedules and the type
Excerpts from of assistance Pakistan has given AY reported by to these terrorists," he informed
the house.
Nehru went on to add that in the past six months, between
the in- 25 and 30 corrorists had bc.cn
captured. During in terrogation, ಅಣ್ಣೇ! they had admitted to having been ns. trained im Pakistan, and gawe: said that specific names of people they here they had met, the dates on Which Tation.'' they had met them, and the
places they had been taken to.
Though there is always a certain
hat they cement of doubt attached to 20 other confession 5 extracted in the prihe Punjab vacy of an interrogation ::
the late St Statements obtaine ქჩუქi"მე, by INDIA TODAY have more cre
di bility than most. leader.
ni army officers would come and talk every day. They instructed us to that we killed Hindus only as this lead to communal riots in Punjab. so said that there must be total a bloodbath, because that was the ay to get Khalistan.'
– Gurwinder Singh extract from his Corfessian
admitted that they were trained in of .38 and .455 revolvers, Sten-guns nades. He said that they were ins
in the use of chemical weapons, how up brigades, how to open handcuffs nufacture home-made bombs.'"

Page 16
to link up
with technolog
Few other countries can cla that capital invested over 15 centuries ago in extensiv irrigation programmes is sti I I contri bu ting to their I i i
. . . a 1 d. Sri Lari ka is iki to these age old assets t Diversion Complex whic into a better life,
CIC channels a wide rang
Lanka's agriculture and Field to Factory Floor Cottage. Wea war.
Modern expertise improved
TIL É.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ng modern technology .hr Utugh thë Maha wali h will assuredly lift us
e of taxpertise into Sri industry. From Paddy from Plantation to
9 M7ECIr75

Page 17
Militarization i Repressive Dev
Asia's Military Jigsaw
WE perspectives on world arlaments have concentrated in recent years almost exclusively om nuclear weapons and con the Superpowers. Meanwhile, conventianal arms races have erTierged in Third World regions and flourished almost un noticed by the Western mass media and general public. Western concern about weapons in Asia tends to be limited and mainly focused on the strategic basing policies of the United States and the Soviet Union, The reality, however is that Asia in the grip of an arms race terrifying in its magnitude, its destabilizing implications, its effects uporn intranational di wis ions and it. 5 capacity for mass destruction.
Second only to the Middle East, Asia is a region comprehensively on the path to militarization. Since the Second World War, mo other part of the globe has suffered more terri bly from war. Asians accounted for 7 per cent of the 14.4 million people throughout the the World who died from War
related causes between 1945 and | 983 (Siward 1983). More and more now military clitics are
dominating Asian societies. Arms purchases and production consume an cxpanding part of public expenditures. The region that has become nearly synonymous with the horrors of napalm and holicopter gunship is now seeing the deployment of even more destructive Weapor systems. Militarism is moreover increasingly affecting every aspect of A5 iam culturc:.
This article seeks to show how militari 7 å tiori ir A5 ja Hi5 im Crisific:
since 95, and to exit in the implications and effects of this. In particular it touches on the
costs of arms expenditure, the threat or the lives of millions of civilians if the increasingly Sophis
ticated and pow är med forces o
St war, and the way: force is present repress the eth nomic and Pסec large sections of v by military-tech the mame of ' "rational security
It is hoped raised will Cor growing debate the military in implications of : tary-technocrat
ETT SLEG.
Military Exp
ASIAN KIC) UN decade hawe dram their military S. 1974 and 1983 South and East A raised their shir Ti|itary s Pendir 20 percent. T Period when tol military spending terms by 52 pe major countries McTLH Koreå år rate of increased was higher for t thān fCT the 8 NWertheless, has cor, tirn til percentage of g| duct, with the Very poorest Co bly Indonesia.
Military Spe Poverty
Throughout As increases have overa || budget ex growth has bec of civiliar frog comsu mies the Sarmi ces as in indt ywhere averigė is sопе teri tiri

n Asia and elopmentalism?
erful|| cor writional f variaus Asiri gage in in CerState in which military y being used to locutural, socioolitical rights of arious populations rocrat elit : 5 ir development' or
that the issues |trib IIc to the as to the role of Asia and the support for miliregimes by Wes
enditure
TRIES in the past atically increased rending. Between
the nations of sia (except China) og of Third Wor| ng from 15 to his was during a a Third World g increased in real r. ccm. In the m the arca, except ld Pakistan, the military spending he period 1974-80 ubsequent years, military spending to groW 3.5 a ross domestic proexception of the un tries a find possi
nding &
ia, dofanco budget cCIn higher than Kpansions. Military n at the expense ram. Such growth a share of resourstrial Countries, per capita incorTe mas that in Asia.
| This Is a slightly edited wers son of an article in a double issue Was I No 2 & 3) of ASIA-PACIFIC CONTEXT, a series of topical pamphlets published by the ASEAN BUREAU, Australia, a non-profit Christ far research group, to inform drid promote debute on public and development affairs. In the region.
While military expenditure inone of the
creases, Asia rafmains
centres of World power ty. With the exception of Brunei, Japan and Singapore, Asian countries,
even the acclaimed Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) among the remain low in the socioeconomic rankings of nations.
The average of gross national product per capita for developed countries is USS 8,477; for South Asia it is USS 226 and for all of East Asia, S II , CÉ3. The numbert af school-age children per tea che in the developed countries is 25; for South Asia it is 85 and for East Asia. 43. The infant mortality rate per |, OOO live births is 126 for South Asia and 59 for East Asia, compared with 20 in developed countries. The calorie supply par capita for developed countries is 3,436; it is 2,05 for South Asia ard 7472 for East si.
Diplomatic Tensions
The figures on military experditure of individual countries in Asia (see table I) are good indices of the state of diplomatic tensions on that continent.
Relations in South A33 are strained. The traditional emnity betwee India arid Pakistan dominates the political scene ther 2. The invasion by the USSR, an ally of India, of Afghanistan has brought tension a long that small country's border with Pakista. Pakistan
5

Page 18
|5; Ec r"dcer"5; 3
Iran. Fakistan had increased financial Support from A TE STICE; ad 3. || 8 || Chr: US Fromised it US S 3,700 million in military assistance over the next six years while Arab countries promised it US S | 000 million. Pakistan's increased spending has created a similar response in India, The large increases in military expendlture in both countries are part of an action-reaction pattern of diplomatic and arms competition.
military active reca i wcid much
The Sm3 || or South Asian courtrias haya experienced massive percentago increa SCS i their military expenditures. Their budgets remain, however, comparatively small. More importantly, LLL S LLLLLLG00LL S HLK S HLL S LLLLLLCLLLLa expansion in terms of force sizes or new weapon systems. It is probable that, as with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, they are due to
increased in Wolvement of the military in domestic political situation5.
The figures for Southeast Asia reveal another major area of international political lension, Just as the former Pol Pot regime's |?WW-87 at täcks or Wietriari coccasioned a military treaty between Hino ard “Q5-ow in | 978, the subsequent Wietnamese occupation of Kampuchea provided legitinacy for large increases in the military expenditure of the surrounding štatės, particularly Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. The costs of the occupation and of the continu ing resis Lance fighting ha 5 also Theat a big increase in the military spending of Vietnamesed-Tirated Indochina it5 elf.
While Indonesia and the Philippines often encapsulate Western perceptions of militarized Asian states, the growth in their military expenditures during the past decado has been surprisingly modest, The power elites in both stats ha Y : b: c: mcr : Çam crnc: With tha: || 5: cof 5ttt : fr:C: T3 resolve political unrest than with perceptions of specific cxternal threats. Domestic military repressi on seems a lè55 expensiya exercise than an armament program geared to co Lutet 5e exter" | menace because the domestic use
E.
of military force accurately in st hard to quantif costs of internal torms of their
iwis.
National Sec
WWHI | le interisti sions are impor
for increased it ments, an equal is the de termi elites. In Asian state force to tirUed hold of implement ump political, Ciconom gra T15. In such s security" becom creatio of Co for implement programs. Calle this concept of the military ac designed for th domestic resist, Paramilitary and also structured to ca ordinate w for this purpose enforcer, the Ili degree of politic arms races spar threat perceptior the influence of such societies, pressently with Thailand.
It is generally that struggling Thi Cannot afford th
frted resources priorities to militar é Wer, the c5t 5 čxperi diture om de Courrist be roi EdgU Ted of schools, hospitd Ff] sčrvices tha Eskablished flod kh dsvertéd. Tiere f economic opportunji CumLlative effect "Better socia] | ser wici economic per farrrdi increase in social pr further developme pLioblic health, cu ! (Szentes 1984).
As such i marca: ding in the la economic growth CCT is Withol

İ5 sef döTı reflected a tistics and it is y the long-term wars, especially in affects on people's
:urity ato regional tem" T " Ti Witi 5 i litary e stablishy importan I factor nation of ruling (C) LITO TI 25: I. Li & * 155 Lurce thecir conpower and to op Lular domastic nic and Social proocieties national les defined as the ditions necessary Eation of such !d upon to uphold national security quires equipment i.e. suppression of ance and unrest. police forces are and armed so as ith thic military In the role of litary gains a large a power. Often ked by external 15 carn also bol stor the military in as is the cas : | Pakis tär and
accepted principe World ecollies e real sociation of from development y expansion. Howof high military veloping ecolors just by the number 5 Irld Other SUI could have beer e morey not been is also the loss of tles created by the if social spending: es imprig we workers' ice; the resulting oductivity facilitates it in education, ture grid service'
sed military spenng term stunts particularly in ut XC5255 indust
rial capacity. It creates tension as the military and civilian sectors compete for finite resources. For Third World countries, especially hos Without dome5tic TT15 ildustries, military spending reinforces dependence on industrialized arms producers and hence, reinforces their own marginalized status in the world economy.
Political & Cultura Militarization
To see the increase in military power in Asia over the past decade only in terms of increased military expenditures and larger and more powerful conventional armed forces is to see but part of the picture, Another crucial part emerges from the view of Tilitarization as it had per Theated the interastate politics and cultures in Asia,
Internal Ways
One of the major uses of increased military power had been the Waging of internal wars. These wars hawe: been waged in the na The of national unity and security by central power elites against ethnic or political dissen ters. Ofte, however, they are better characterised as wars fought to assure the dominance of a particular
ethnic or social group within
the polity.
For example, the Indonesian
Armed Forces campaign against
the Free Papua Movement (OPM) in West Irian does not so much represent a federation fighting a Secessionist province but rather the violent " Jawa nization" of the entire indonesian archipelago. In Burma, the Burmese Army has been waging a 37-year campaign aga inst the Karen National Liberation Army which is secking a separate Karen state. The Karens, a minority group, arc traditional enemies of the Burmans. The war being fought by the Armed Forces of the Philippines against the cornunist New Peoples Army (NPA) in the name of national security is really being fought for the security of the Marcos regime and more so of the established order.
Military Fiefdoms
Internal wars arc often used by the Ti ilitary as a springboard for

Page 19
building up power bases. Regions affected by such wars are ofter closed off to the public by the military. For instance, to enter the province of East Timor a wisitor need5 a special pas 5 from the commander of the Indonesian Armed Forces. Access to the Thai border with Kampuchea is also restricted and the Western press has often complained that it has not been granted access to be able to confirm Thailand's a legations of Wietnamese incursions into its territory.
These restrictions in effect make such zones military fiefdoms. The areas are used then as training grounds through which troops are rotated or given battle experience, and new weapons are tasted. Major civilian activi ties in the area are adapted to military PL TPI OSAS and political repression is instituted at the Willage level. Local political and law enforcement structures are reshaped to become active weapons against the spread of dissidents. Roads, bridges and electricity are provided with an eye to aiding military Programs. Infrastructure projects achieved with foreign aid hawe not been exerpt froT this scheme. An example is Australia's single largest overseas aid project - the construction of a highway sy 5 te IT in the Philippine province of Zamboanga del Sur. This highway, while of debatable economic benefit to local villagers, certainly gives the Philippine Armed Forces greater access to a region where consolidated opposition forces to
the Marcos regime exist and operate.
Militarized zones are also the
sites for 'strategic hamlets', areas firmly under military control to which whole villages are sometimø5 transplanted. Strategic hămletting is applied in cases where the military feel that guerilla forces move freely among the Willagers. Its basic aim is to isolate the guerillas from their mass support; the abandoned village tecom (25 å "frea fire zone" and anyone found there is considered an insurgent, and can be killed without question. The tactic was first used by the Americans in the Philippines in 1899, and later
by the British du Emergency and ; In Wietmärt.
Strategic hamle Pe 45 en L חחחבום" ent links to willag Chem of their tra and rarely Pro sufficient replacer ticularly hard on who are primari food production. a 50 have 5 o The cussions. In East ple, most of traditionally live because the low infosted with m: tempt to isolat support the Indi "resettled' larger in the low laridsbeen a huge i incidence of Tal; [h: socio eCondo T dis location of a tarnslate their tr; methods of sla culture to the
Mi|itarized te tant to the mi || opportunities t terms of econo II gains,
Apart from mol extortion and . wid Lual 5 a rid LI rlit: i 7 Ciro || . wed in the local and Establish th+ whose entreprer are backed up " force a 5 o em å bli either side of a iWCW d with market. For exa tгоор5 і пmpose a On Black–Tarket Thai-Buries b trade through t of Ma e Sot ai Million (US $ 1. day (Tasker 198:
Within the polity provide a spring participation or in nation's political di tary commanders wars al 5 just s Luch commander of ther Iп East Тіптог, Gеле subsequently assum
powerful post of

-ing the Malaysian Igain by the US
tting wreaks haw ac uniti e5 with a Incie | āmid 5. ||t robos ditional farssånds wides them with ment:5. It is. Fårthe wi||lage woman ly responsible for Ha, Tletting Can un forseen reperTimor, for exalthe population d in the highlands coastal plains are 3 lari 7, Irı :1. In atFreti in from its onesian army has numbers of people The rout has increase in the aria - apart from lic and Cul ELIT3 | peoplc unable to aditional highlands sh-and-burn agriCoward ervirams.
-rסקוחו s artiוTסgi itary also for the ney Provide in nic and Political
ney taken through :Iorruption, indis of the military ofs becom c. involarid om mier :: :ermselwes as a Class eurial ambitions with force. Such es personnel Con war to becom the local black mple, the Karen fi we per cent. Ic:Y y trade across the
r". In 1983 he border town orie w iš Bår 5C)
81 million) per i).
militarized zonės baЛrd for military terventlon fin the "fairs. Severa millhave used riterrid
springboards, The 1 domessan compi lgr) Era | Benny Murdan, led the politically commander of the
Indonesign Armed Forces. The This army commander-in-chief, General ArtIt. Kamalang-ek, is presently manoeuvering to succeed Prime Ministej Prern Tinsula nand upon Prem's anticipated retirement in 1987. Arth it has kept close contact with affairs along the Thal-Kampuchear border and, importantly was responsible for providing security for the royal family during the abortive Young Turks coup in I 78/ gnd dցdin In 1985,
Repressive Developmentalism:
The most per wasiwe influence of the military in many Asian capitalis Societie5 has beer the linking of its repressive power with the economic development aims of a Weste tri-educated techniccratic elite. These elites promote a model of development, support by most Western governments and Sch i 15Eitutions as the Interrational Monc tary Fund, that emphasises economic growth through exportorientato d Thanufacture and corilmodity production. This model requires the maintenance of low labour costs, political and social stability and conditions favourable to foreign investment so that the economy can reach a 'take-off" stage of growth.
The task of assuring that social change does not destabilize these conditions for growth is giyen to the military. This demands for trade unionic volution, better wages and conditions, popular participation in economic and political decision-making, recognition of minority and more indigenous control over the activities of transmational corporations are sawa gely suppressed in the name of development. There is thus established an alliance a Tong foreign i'ye 5 tors, tach Cratic State fra T12ger 5, military Commander 5, and certain nouveau riche local Capitalists with links to the others.
THi5 a | iam Cc: often works Coh 2sively to suppress any opposition to their policies. At the same time it touts a now state ideology which incorporates its development aims and promotes the roles of thic technocrats and the military as key national symbols. Such regimes, described by Herbert Fcith (1981) as 'repressive developmentalist, operai te in
W

Page 20
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thaiwan and South Korea. Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia e and Singa Porę cxhibit scrile characteristies of repressive developmentalism; their regimes are in a state of flux and particularly Sri Lanka and Singapore may eventually make the fu transitio Militarization accompanied and legitimised by the adoption of a national-security state ideology often has far-reaching effects on a nation's political, economic, social and religious institutions. An illustration Carin be found in lndon (25ia , Tanter (1984) explains:
In Indonesia, the key elements of the social penetration of the military are two-fold: the doctrine of dwifungsi (dual function) which legitimates the role of military forces in the government and the economy; and the state ideology of Panca sila, which ligitimates the actions of the regime and Culls out unacceptable actions and attitudes. Dwi fungsi was military doctrinlığı? for sometime after 1965, before it was finally le Ealized a 5 Law No. 20, the Basic La W on Defense and Security. The operation of the Pancasi la ideology is clicar in the militariLL LLLL LL SLLLaL SLLLLLLaLLLLSSSL 1982, the head of the ministry of defense and security took charge of all labour disputes,
and in doing the regime's n labour relation Through to sectors of the Army is to en to tik tig: i : problems we to iter Wele : resolving any opinion. It is at the local lew brief the pres means', especi: educational ap Pacasia idol th: 5- of til “human" poten in the inter: si flanco" Caf (gfgF1.
A5 el 50 Where sophy turn 5 o' attempted bar the disinis sa , beating of uni where recessar and the use o diers to brc:: enforce wage
Violence; a Acceptability
ole of the las Ti|italizatic is eventually come concept that pr be solved by th People who are with the power threatened use, c.
Letter
ARGUEFY--MAN SHİF
(Dedicated to that accomplished gamesman Dr. C.
If you get in an argument and hate to be a quitt Why don't you try - no harm in trying - a word It is no sin to try to win, so you must somehow Employing a brook-no-nonsense voice, lay down yo You" || find it sometimes pays to be irrelevant or
Or you might try the specious lie - that's suggest You may also choose another ruse (of which you n And that's concealing half the facts, called suppressi |f all goes ill, there's always Still, the chance for wel With "ass" and ''dag' and "swine" and 'hog' ar
But the very best I can suggest (to end this help You've got him licked if you but pick a loaded Smit
B

so spelled out ew philosophy of
. Itact with all population the courage everyone and about the Face" or at east a find a way of differences of to investigate el, make reports 5, ind us c a|||| ally a persuasive proach based on logy to influence "atural" and .ial of the regions of the 'mainte:e and scCurity', !, this new Philo| E0 TIE: th0 'ling af strik S5; | Inti ini dation, and tom leader5 arid, y, their murder; f s Pies and Sollik strikes and cltg | '''
Growing
ting influences of that society may to accept the oblems may be 2 LJ32 cof force, confrontod daily of the use, or f institutionalized
7rlo Fonseka)
ΕΓ ly non-sequitur
fix it LI r Ipose dixit 5 ch maltzy O fa ssi 2cdn't be leery) II ''Er'j *bal brawling ld other such
na mc2-calling fu lesson)
h, ard WC55cm.
WPW
Yiolence, coupled with growing feelings of frustration, anger and indiwidual Power lessness in the face of extreme socioeconomic inequalities are particularly vulnerable to this thinking. A rearmament Program also invitably increases the availability of weapons in a society, for instance, an M16 rifle costs as irra as Baht 5,000 (US$ 180) on tha Thai black market. Often this places the means of deadly force into scenes of domos tic or crimina wiolente. this general upsurge in violence has been particularly detrimental to Women, Rape and male-initia tad dom 25 tic wicence is on the
ris in Southeast Asia.
'Machismo' is also a string
element in the national-security
Star idcology. Sexual abuse is
a favouri te Tethod for terrorizing fc male Political prisoners. Go wernments concerned with earning foreign excharge - much of which is used in the purchase of sophisticated foreign arms, openly encourage sex tourism. This is particularly true in the Philippines ad Thailand. The estawish ment of permanent Inilitarized regions ind bises has created a constant demand for prostitution within the local economies. Some bases, like Clark and Subic in the Philippinas, hawe spawned whole cities given over to the entertainment af 5 er yi-ETTEn Or the Scavenging of base refuse.
For someone used to the old Western ideas of the separation of powers, the interlacing of the political and the military realms in most Asian CaLintries can be disturbing.
Thus, in their dealings with Western patron states, various Asian leaders keep this fact we|| In mind. For instance, or occasions when President Marcos of the Philippines fears that his regime is becoming politically alienated in the United States he often appeals to the US Congress to help ward off the threat of a dan gerous communist insurgency waguely Hinked to China, " Yart when dealing with fellow Asean leaders ha plays down the threat.
However, it would be rather naive to belicve that many legislators in the West, for instance at the US Capital, who allocate foreign aid - for military or development purposes do not still

Page 21
understand that much of this aid could be used for domestic political repression rather than for the containment of global communism". The domor : Lates grant or withhold aid always in line with policies pursued for their own strategic interest8.
More often than not, the higher officials in Such states for IT, transnational coalitions with various members of the ruling elites in Asia. Consequently, when these officials lobby their home legislatures for foreign military aid programs they often do so with the intention of promoting the interest 5 of their Asian a II i es while couching the requests in language suited to the 'democratic werus communist' strategic mindse of their own legislators and citizens. For example, in appealing to Congress to prowide USS |0.5 milion in military ad Thailand for fiscal year 1986, US Assistant. Sectetary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Paul D. Wolfowitz Stated:
Thailand is a close frcind and treaty ally of the United States. The impatant relationship we have developed over the years 15 based On a shared commitment to the walues of freedom and independence. In the spirit of mutual respect and shared obligations which exists between our countries, we propose to continue our assistance to Thailand's programs for economic development and arm cd forces modernization. To maintain our interests in the region we should help to sustain our friends.'
The question poses itself as to whether all Thais would recognize the commitment of Prem's regime to the value of freedoil and independence as readily as Wolfowitz, or indo ed if Wolfowitz is considering all Thais when he speaks of 'our friends'.
Asian military elites often find such alliances with Western officials extremely helpful in StabiIzing diplomatic di 5 trubam cgs Caused ty overtly savage use of force the dormestic frch II. For i TNSce, the Indonesian govern Illert rticularly its military leadership ned much help from the so-called donesian lobby" in the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs in Es efforts to sa lwage a det: riora ting
relationship with wing the Indonesi East Timor.
Restrospect &
This article has attention to thc dangers of the to ticna| arms buildAsia, and to the cultural and Polit of the heighter cc force within , Ha corro, cu 5 i military expendit past decade is W it represents hug. tunity costs and aggravated instea the tida of 2 CC1C discountent and the Bridt CCITT 980, The buildlarge parts of th itself causes grč and under nines More arms do ni safe, only Poore May 5t ir rms 3 f': Asia. This is a countries with exchange earnings debts. Especially Sri Lanka, Bang Wictnam | |nd cnes i pines, finances all. expansion i re Pries urco 5 with eld froi lopment prioriti analysis, it is a economic develo any external milit poses the greats security of T1 Ost /
TH - Tot || || give effects of forces in Asia l zation of thë pi Ethnic and CLIt'll ra Asian societies. forces are being and more to fig against ethnic o ters. Mostly the the extent of . of a particular e contri i gCI dominance wit They also serve bases from wh can project thc national politica The linking power of the r develçFoment ai
 
 

Australia folloan invasion of
Outlook
sought to draw expense and ngoing conven-up throughout gcatio ofic, ical implications use of armed 5 il Socie LiCS. creas e in Asia ure during the asteful because |d5ses i TI FI POTbecause it has ld of stemmed mic and political uncertainty, AS mission noted in -up of arms in le. Third World wing instability devel CP Ti pont. . . . ot make mankind
imported into burden for those limited foreign and large foreign in Pakistan, India ladesh. Thailand, a, and the Philipcated to military e StarCE SCam urgent deve25. In the final lack of cquitable ment, and not ary menace, Which st threat to the Asia t. 3 La tE5.
mediate and PerYa-- increased armed it in the militariolitical economic, | relations within Increased military deployed more ht internal wars r political dissensc wars represent determination Ethnic cr 5ČČ|0- to assure its in the society. to croate POWY er ich the military
imsel wes into the
alrena. if the reprės Siwe
military with the ms of a techno
cratic elite has seen the rise of repressive developmentalism as the outstanding non communis. Asian political ideology. The widespread use of violent repression with in Asian repressive-developmentalist societics had resulted in a greater Incidence and perhaps, acceptance of violence in overyday life. This has bc.cn of particular
ri e t ": T1 Adoption of the principle that problems also at the international level can and may be salved by the use of force had promoted and reinforced similar viola wident. responscs to issues throughout every level of Asian life.
To achiowa peace within Asian
societies, in the region and in the world, it is is sential that the increasing וחilita 17יןiti15. חס
ha 5 occurred i A5, ia and hic re:5 t of the World - during the past decade ba haltad. To this cmd, it is imperative that Western states, review their policies of military aid to Asia, and to repressive regimes in Particulat International pressure on Asian governments to settle their differences peacefully, coupled with international assistance to help structure economical|ly just Societies, will do far more for the cause of regional and world peace than all the military aid given in the name of defence or development.
Good. . .
(Continued from Þage 8) its throat. Interwention by force by India, always undesirable and impracticable, would then become even more so. Abstention would become increasing! y una ceptable with the coming in of third coun
tries. The position of the militants would be even worse. They would
become less and less able cither to negotiate or to fight their way out of the situation.
it would be much better for all parties to profit from the patch shown by the Indo-Sri Lanka group and Lo use joint Pressures for preventing wilful deviation from it by anyone who may try to be recalcitrant. For meä su rifig che deviation, the group's proposals provide a useful yards tick.
கொழும்பு உரதிசு கிழ்ஜs
9

Page 22
With the three charices of , Lottery holds out your brighte: Which can be over a miligri TLD
Development Lottery proc President's Fund to promoto'th of your country,
Mahapola Scholarships. Pre graduate studies abroad, tube w granting of relief to victims of r activities financed by the Devel President's Fund.
So When y Lu next spend FR lottery ticket, remember that the pro 5 pect of your own fortu progress.
 
 

蠶
鹰
L.
Development Lottery - the
lottery with the Midas touch,
the pot of gold at the end of the
in bow to tars of thousands Of Crdinary pople – 15ie. colle a household word in Sri Lanka.
"ining that it offers, Development it chance of a personal fortune
Վ::
eeds are channelled through the develop tent and prospherity
sident's Scholarships for post. ells tu provide drinking water and Natural di 5ästers are 5 or T1 e of the opment Lottory through the
5.0 to buy a Development "ou holdin your hand not just
he but the key to your country's
3-way chance to a fortuneuntry's promise of progress,

Page 23
A close
Jeanne Pinto
The
journalism of sight
and
look
and sound
truly new form of journalism to come alc
mass medium,
a universal
medium...... it
built-in imitations 25 Wel| 15 adwartages.
— ER
ዕCB$ mሮW5
The consumers of television, when all done, are still involved with the world th
screens. The more they watch criticallyand converse and think - the more they a in life and politics and Society.
NEWS ... NEWS ... NEWS
ccording to Rupa wahi ni Stati 5: AE 55 to 60 per cent of
their total output is produced localy: 492 per cent of this local production comes out of
the newsroom - that is to say:
approximately 25 i Per cent o
total four and a half hours of telecast time, each day, is
news in Sinhala, Tamil or English.
Why this should be sic is understandable in a multi-lingual Society, with vast discrepancies in education, resources and time
available to those who seek information; telecast news in the major source of public informa
tion to a large segment of this country's population.
What is significant here is not the artount of Lima giver Gvar to news bulletins, but the need to ensure that those who depend on electronic news should get the Tost comprehensiwe package possible, within the limitations of tho TW medium. Whalt, Lhen, are the prioritics that should prevail in a TV newsroom in this country? Electronic news
133 begin defined à5 -
"A timely report of events, facts and opinions that interast, a significant number of people, written to conform to the time limitations of the medium and the ability of the audience to absorb spoken information'.
- EDWIN fredsen
. . . NEWS . . .
It is only th: |imitations af been added to Inition of news the first prio for other cri; of all available cally, concis el more neatly pa
It follows th TW news, prep portant 25 w dc mands ; me to detail, a responsibility a cipli 11e — in shi lisrtm.
In the prolif ment:5 in loca Newsroom that greatest efficier for profession general continu of a govern mer formatic medii nounced in the Tỉ ews area thãm
Every official, th : Ti diuti, h the fact that F for the Tigs bright and ki "'blessing of dy rigth: that it intelligent, coff (at least) young with talernt, driw
That werbal actual practice Löwert änd -J Y2

at Rupavahini
is the only ng. It is a has serious
SEWAREID
E)
i 5 Så lid and rough their - and road, re engaged
DAMOND
.
NEWS. . .
2 time factor and wie wers that Hawa the Norrmä | dfifor all redia: rity refra iris as l, the reporting information, logiy, clearly - but ckaged.
herefore that, in ilt it is a iriting; and this ticulous atentiom $trong 5 Qn$c of nd unwarying disOrt, professiona
eration of depart| TW, it is the de Tonstri te 5 the icy and potential alism: but the ing di 5 advantages 1t controll Ed inTi are nore proir effects in the anywhere else,
tam Fc2cted with as commerted or Rupa wa hins Staff is, part, 'young, en', with the 'Italism and streis composed of 1pe Lent, bi-lingual men and women, "g and dedication.
tribute paid, the seems to be an rt underm ining of
the cfforts of these professionals in the mediurT.
In the organisation, structure and logistics of this unit, all che ruances and details of oth Cr, allied disciplines are put into a functional context - or should be.
TW is the lost of the media, but
sophisticated with all that
is available to local TW, in the way of opportunitics, personnel and equipment, much of what
comes out of the mo w5 room is still amateurish.
TW is an expensive medium: and, though TW here can still complain of inadequacies, what is available is adequate and mostly
of the best - but judging from results, it would seem that resource 5 ara Poor, or, more to the point, poorly used.
Thc resources are far from slim? It is the organisation that
lacks cohesion, the structure that is lop-sided, the logistics that ara not built å round priorities.*
On the news supply sidethere are enough events and requests for coverage to for TI
basic hard news locally: there is enough talent and enthusiasm in the newsroom to provide necessary "magazine' items and 'human interest' stories - the drag here is the lack of time for those
" Apart from the basic necessitics like telephonics and typewriters (English. Sinhala, Tamily the newsroom contains a Reuter ticle typ 2 Tachinc; za PC) werful LLKLK S0 HH ELL CCLLLLLSS LLLL LLLu CLC lLL can be constantly monitor:d; WTR Wider Tape Regarder) creering facili ties where rush es tan be se en and Pre-cdit cd, ta sa "Y" e "Y Cart and Lear in tle MCR (Main Control Room); sufficient &assetted 53und recorders – for Çow crage artid e: ditin E; a large bullg tin bord - for Lup-to-date ro 3 Eter" irl 3: il, fidi a:l EniոE.
ENG gear and vehicles corne under a LE: chical department - but they are available, only som 2 tirnes Ywhen they
3. Te nog derd. Camera, sound and Hight trcy's si t in arrather raci",
Com o tu dia o avays available, com: news tirne: ånd dubbing/mixing at d editing facilikigis tarn be L 5 : d : L Set .5חשים וT
21

Page 24
who could cower such stories, and the lack of priorities which could release equipment, however, | ii Tiited.
Tht: no:w Asia, Wision Ster Wicc was introduced on January 15, 1983: expensics are borne by the member countries - Bangladesh (BTW), Brunai (RTB), Iran (IRIW), Pakistan (PTW), Malaysia (RTM), China (RTPRC), Sri Lanka (SLRC): the total cost to Sri Lanka (capital and rocurrent expenditure) bcing Rs. 3.9 million.
There is a conference box hooked direct to the Kuala Lum Pur centre: transmissions are yia, the Padukka erth statio and it is manned by staff trained at the Asia-Pacific institute of Broadcasting Development, Kuala LLImpur.
UPDATE
All foreign news now comes through the Asia wision News Exchange. This consisting of two packages of items, one of which Cor The 5 in the afterloo ärid one in the evening.
The first feed has two sections; regional stories from the subscriber CalIntrie5 and item5 from
te EWIN (O THe te 5 i at which is offered and "" - th { aferro C the dope . read tu - an
The second rary; SLRC in the Pro The items international and have thi of being the
The WWN se veral disa first place t arc not alW: Very often by inadequa poor scripts them om a business. Se the EWN 55 for"T1 cof ru5] they have ti ther“ c i Sm "t.
this in the Yw o 5 is til doesn't a llwy; information. is a major
Philose : E 7 4 5 I 1 - 5
For all your
Ceylon Supply and
"Senanaya 7, Stat Colo
Constructio

satellite package, TTırrı Ilg COT: To Co: |is of It Em5 i5 the Warious stations am followed by an Inference at which in the stories is
recorded.
feed is more arbitdoesn't take part cess of selection. tend to be more and les 5 regional 2 great Advantage
day's stories.
items suffer from dwa ntages. In the he regional storics ays even in quality. they are supported te Irisor Ilı tip or
which makes using bulle til an årticul 5 !condly, many of ries Critie in the 1.e5, which Ticari 5 be re-edited and
always time for
5.30 food; what's it hic Tc La RTM iyտ 5 uբբly enough
Where the story One and Can Be
augmented with Reuter reports this doesn't really matter. But sometimes it's a general story or a featurette and one doesn't know how to stretch three
lines of information out ower a sminute and a half.
The old ASPAC package isn't subscribed to any more. It
did cost a lot, but the cornbination of that and Asia vision Provided a really good foreign news Component. T. W. may be expansive, but that expense can be more than
justified by expanded, wari cd, intere Sting new5 bulatin: the material is available, the staff Willing and a blo - where in lies
the weakness? The Constraints
The current roster and the way the department works in reality Pro w c5 Lha L a basic number of people do most of the work - the rest are not merely redundant, they arc a definite nu i sance,
There is absolutely no justification for over staffing in this departinent: it should and could be sTall and tight-knit, with some arè35 of Specialisation – but a greater mobility between areas of
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Page 25
Need for a m
Wictor Gunewardena Editor, Marga Institute
no of the basic problems in OE, development of television in Sri Lanka is absorce of a clearly articulated national policy not only on television but also con the media in general. Consequently, television tends to devetop on its own, having as its guide the general objectives set out in the Sri Lanka Rupawahini Coporation Act. The Act also serves as a regulatory framework for Rupawahini besides the general laws that are applicable to publication and the media of comThunication. In the absence of an overal media policy and of an policy on information Rupawahini would appear to be evolving its own policy, regardless of the need to relate to the oth or media of social communication such as the radio, press and cinema. The need for a coordinated policy on the media is all the more greater beau5e radio ard Lee Wi5i On in particular are state owned and managed and should be utilised by the State to meet its social responsibility for the provision of public information, social and asthetic ducation and entertainTT : T1 I.
Televisior and radio press and cinema are all complementary in the process of social communi
cation. Individuals and communities need information for their personal and social growth and
to participate better in the development of the larger social Community,
The different media individually and collectively have the potential for enriching the quality of human life by helping to stimulate thc individual's faculties of sight, sound thought, imagination and emotion thereby deepening social awareness, enhancing sensibility, fostering creatively and contributing to the flowering of one's personality, Hence the development of any one medium cannot be at the expense of any other. While
Cach mediu II neer optimally it mus
thor other medi complement then to be so compe
as to be a subs th cm. For insta signing of its ch mes to levision in requirements see the absance of a
in Sri Lanka || . visual creativity the child's iTag
faculties of perce .1חס 5:1
The particularit should enac II special aspect of it wisual cor au or the intellectu satisfaction to b the reading of communicated th modium. But it and the totality experiences that and diversity of nated and carefu tional media po|| am e 55 entia | r2 national strategy human developme vital roles to p cation, value trar dynamics and in and recreation, the wariou5 medi competing for th
at the same pri |listen ing times.
messages comml diffe te media cc quently, confus listeners. There
af irn tar-rimedium ween the profes. gramme organ Eser radio and televis cof inter-relatedrn dcent is exclusi y el prime viewing t tends to coinci listen ing time
coordinated The ensure for the

edia
s to be developed
|- also relate to a and sock to I, and not seek
titli we with them .itute for any of ice, in th C deildren's program|ust among other k to make good children's cinema
can do so by
that 5 timula te 5 nation and other ption and expres
y of each medium to meet the human need, be ditory enјсупnent a│ or cmotional e derived from the experiences rough the print
is the variety
of thic different
reflect the depth
| if. A coordily designed nacy is therefore
qui rement of a aimed at integral m. Media hawe ay in social edusmission, group en rich ing leis Lure But in Sri Lanka a seem to be 5āmie audienes me wie wing or
A II. time 5 the nicated by the ıflict, and conse2 wic wers and is little evidence consultation betionals and proof, for instance on. In a sphere 55 what is ewies 5. As a result The on te li yisicorn c with prime
on radio. A
a policy could isten er ånd the
policy
view er enjoyment of special television and radio programmics without having to forgo one for the other.
Television owes it rapid growth
| Sri Lanka, from 40,000 licensed sets in 1980 to 205,000 ir 1983 (Rupawahini's estimate is
250,000) partly to novelty of the medium, and party to the fact that transmission which under
ITN was confired to a 30-mile radius in and around Colombo, was able within four years to
become almost nationwide. At present 84 per cent of the country is covered and when the transposer stations at Suriyakanda and Namunukala become operational in 1986 the whole island will be covered by the network.
Rupawahini estimates there are
250,000 TW sets in use and on the assumption that there are fivo vie Wer5 to a Set, it con
cludes that about 1,250,000 people
watch television daily, the programmes averaging five hours a day.
But Rupa wa hini cannot afford to ignore the fact that there werc || || 81,000 licensed radio rçCgiwers in 1983, Qn the basis of five listeners per receiver
radio broadcasting has an audience of 5,905,000 persons of a popu
|ation of 5 million. In 1980 When thère were 40.000 licensed TW 5-25 There w gro || 36 || .000 licensed radio receiwers. In 1981
TW scts increased to 53,000 and radio Scts to 1,525,000, but the
number of radios dropped to |,434,000 in 1982, in which year TW Scts increased to 3,000,
In 1983 there was a further drop
to 1,181,000 as against a steep
Increase in the number of TW
sets, totalling 205,000.
While in the space of four
years the number of licensed TW sets increased five-fold, the number of licensed radios dropped
23

Page 26
by 81,000. It is possible that broadcasting's lo SS has been television's gain. It is also likely tat somma awringers of ra dios who also own TV sets prefer TW to radio while reta ining their receiWù:!‛5 ,
However, broadcasting which In Sri Lanka is almost 60 years old continues to expand. At the time the Broadcasting Corporation came in to being (January 1967) there were roughly 200,000 radios. In five years the numbre increased to 475,638. Five years later (1977) it had risen to 550, 000. Within three years the reafter the number almost trebled.
Although the number of licensed sets has now dropped, evidently because of the novelty of TW, the broadcasting services haye expanded, the transmissions increas ing from about 200 hours a week on the home and overseas services each during the period under review. In addition, the educational broadcasts for school children and teachers cover nearly 25 hours a week. Se yen neyow transmitting stations and two regional Stations haye also been ÇFengd.
A II this is ar indication that radio has not lost its popularity. Its reach is islandwide and owerseas as Wel.
and rura | inhabitants too and reception is not constrained by the absence of electricity. It broadcasts daily in the three languages and for much longer ther TW. The local component
of the content of broadcasting far exceeds that of Rupawahini. Newortheless it has the imitations of its medium, just as television is circumscribed by what the particular medium can do. It is the complementary roles of both media that a national policy especially must seek to foster, Like television, broadcasting, too, requires a philosophy for its deWelopment so that communicators and audience can relate to each other within a rational and acceptable frarnework.
Unlike TW, it is accessible to low-income groups
C.P. - The
(Continue We therefo
government to ne55 to prowi di cial or similar will enjoy ext their ar els of such subjects
education, 已T settlement, law
As to the w: tha compulsory eastern with the in a Single Uni to any politica Party urges the and others, wi Pirc-condition r W o Lu|d ricot b compel tha rac lation cof the c accept cCוחPL the north with agre Em cm, t. l L is at the presen Substace of Lil powers and f. important than Lurlit Of devolut
Our Party w that sole of t timi, kif TaTi | | cated a willing Political settler em the reby c which began at Thimpu talk5. Condemn the a Some other grc from armed st government's se recklass terrorii: civilians, as wi bomb explosion Execution of Li| isolated Sinhale eastern Pro Wince 11 i di 3 atti Cris ar 2 tot: ger" uirne liberatic the armed orga are waging. " TåTil mini|itats, have condemnec Wrong and coul take steps to stopped.
Our Party ea cf rhçe S.L.F.P., have pursued essentially racist to this wita is:

3 Path . . .
d from 10)
Te call of the declare its read
2 for Such Prowin
Councilg Which 2InS iwe powers irn jurisdiction over and functions as mployment, land Tid corder, etc.
exed question of Tierger of the ! northern province t as pre-condition settleTent, our : T.J. L. F. leaders J ir,5ist On this tot to do so. It C della cratic Lo ially mixed popu| astern prowince to lsory merger with a LI LI their specific also court Wiew that, t juncture, the he da w Lution of | Eičis || 5 ||
for of the , חום 1 elcones the fact he armed organisayouth hawe indiness to 5: ek a ment of this probon tinuing a process the time of the But we strongly a parent decision of 2. p5 to 23 SS QWer 'uggle against the scurity forces to St violence against tressed in recent 3 ad 1 the bruta h inhabitants of sc hamlets in the including women iuch Contcmptible
ally alien to any on 5 [.ruggle, which nisations say they WW 2 C || om the
many of whorl | such actions as ter-productive to see that they are
Ils on the leaders
who up to now ar gyasive and t policy in relation |(: Li ČEL5 t)
do so. We ask them, instead. to make known their party's proposed solution to this problem and to contributic Positiv cly towards its settlem: it through
negotiatic15. If the S.L.F.P. |eaders, who demand 3 general election for a new government,
are really interested in achieving this, they should surely do everything they can to see that the rationalities problem is settled at least to the extent of allowing the holding of really free and fair
elections throughout the whole CCLIII try.
Our Party also calls on the
government and the S.L.F.P. leaders to Stop provocative ittacks or India ärid its ea clers. Such attacks can only prejudice any positive sole that India's gowernment can play as a mediator and make a negotiated political settle
mer more difficult to a chi eye.
The Communist Party will continue to do all it car to help the creation of the necessary political climate ang conditions for a Political settlement of the nationalities problem. It urges all other parties to do the same, A special responsibility in this matter rests with parties that represent Left and radical forces in this country. Their united initiative can help greatly to break the present statemate. Of behalf of the Central Cornmitt gs. K. P. de Silva, General Secretary
A Close . . .
(Caritimred from page 2/ reporting add producing: with resultant encouragement of wider experience and skill, "to prevent boredom and defensive mentality'' – but with clear-Lut dut. Es 15signed to any one individuals, at any given time, on any given day.
The newsroom should be separate and independent:
'''Curret. Affairs", with its meagre staff and negligible output, should be transferred elsewhere. The room is desperately small - and the news staff proper should be giyen more room |n order to function efficiently and creati wely.
There would, ther be room, too, essential support staff and equipment On the spor, available at all times.
(To be continued)

Page 27
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