Page 1
ls there a Sinhala-Tamil "enoug
Vo || 9 No. 7 August 1, 1986 Price Rs. 4.(
RONALD REAGAN a lot of
NTR9DUCES AQe 3G, t Mini anctions' Oree NDP
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Why Reagan is Anagarika, the Left
Women's Lib
Foreign Research: Cry
Wanted a peace mov Battle for Trinco Ri Also: Vijaya .
Amnesty Anniversary a H
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

h's enough' consensus2 - M. des.
) O Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka QJ/72/Ni 86
9ANCTON2 BUT NOT Mini-sanctions,
EAVY AND Tg NeW FACE-9AVNG
DEVMCG (2ONM \NYAVT2
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PAQTry ' || \NAy OF YOU2 PDLITICS, த் (28 ACill ré2012 - 窥 恋秀 酪 蟹 _၊ ဦး
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Botha’s P. R. man
leaders and now
— Kumari Jaya wardena the beloved country 2
S. M. de S. Seneviratne
fement — rissa Balasu riya
chard M. Wejntraub
and the Tigers,
nd India & her neighbours

Page 2
Our busin goes beyond
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Page 3
THE ECONOMIC AND THE ETHNIC
O'ershadowing all other problems, the ethnic conflict and the acco 7"#7F7a Flying violerice ha 'e feriset ra divers IserlIijr Trory all of hier 75 SIEF. As a re Frar, Hall Ilie egölönit (Irid THE Flornal" Political have Feerfiel marginally importans. Ti could be a dangerously misleading in pression. More so for the gover FIrrier r f har for the observer of the Sri Lankar scene. The frith riay well be that the economic-political and the ethnic
are crity tre-rg gேgrg rd போரting եքքի:
The Error of the -moTerrierif, Parridu חfrade IInfo
larly gffer fire goverriffert's retress re-dair fre WP&C) (Gerer Strike, 7 rad fire
iTferrierine confiers in the trade Filiar PrifyTerrieri f lative Toget fier cari fribuirfead to a l'orig period gf comparative calm on the labour front. If at all. there have been sporadic strikës, disprurës, Stopநாge ere, sigalig Biring IIIIrest, but preșeriring Tia serialis (нгеат то гне goyer пиетт.
The Frost drafrafic of These las the Spirited harle agains He gaTerrirrierit Hy The Public: Service, United Narses Lior, YaaLYS HHHL HLLGGGL aSYYa SLHCHLLK pierresiyle by the fact har i
ra, ed a Buddhis Fork. A tenuous compromise l'as firrally reached. But the sigs are the FSUNU FIT Fef EFT 17 afg ruggle agai, this rh. The is stre appears a strial die - the PSUNU is corrupillafrif - rhat the Ministry Has Frdt kept frs word.
1 : : : நாy fr Tye) of the strikers. A pork-to-tile ரேசராஜ ரே 3r gai $2.
WAGES, JOBS
Br the Fal-ாரி சி. лагі/астіоп is fаг тоге иїdespread, and the established T.U. LETiர, சிided at gire іластїуe, is шлd'ег gгоиїлg presstre for Folder der Idris Irā fīrs of Protest chiefly over wages.
So, flere fire fi the bigger tri foris a) Priske 5 corre ge f)ker" og Felsea feelings of ar fr tive Tarik-ard-fle
soll T. C. se ring itself thes: Pri I y be thropyril : fjöll líffli Ísleg í
ரக்பி, fr fo six Percer fr |qg grands crease for Fre
T W WP COOPE' 57.4 . Maria Coiricīder7 YATIN
rī ārā For differers rea rїгод її оїI ргїсе Elerial of carist the smaller Girlf La Tkari riigrari I ταμ Γέιτ Γηirg το ylli i le the Oti s'ar
rī.
SERWICE I
Trg sorg-Ticard arci/ary Loftsfrtier for Her ing grar sec gest casually a violence was of |fr|''N'''Es'r FFEITr ffurf he fely re. ரே; the fr are Trig f 503. Cu !' ira roloro Sardy METI'ë beert
(Continued
MRA
(GUAR
Wol. 9 No. 7 A
Price
FLIEishe foi
Lanka Guardial Pi
No. 24É, Ս
COLOM
EdItar: Mervy
Telephone:

 ைsig tr
may be forced strires, storerer the தEr-த creasingly reis
... Treg Triership, besrir2- F775 "EERS,
iлго сол”галга
rī5 fräffar.
(ஆர்சlly Fing rdזם (טprH =er" r stry iEri Erging Pass posr-77. орел job-Eidori, here , abroad for E Middle-Est. תmy (The $htTrמצ. 5. It re
grk in siffrey) fore Sri grkers are rre ir Tho Isards, а торетент i,
NDUSTRY
-torrist industry Series, rid * fie lire riors. The Bigг. е дост-83 course it he hig. industry. Naw losed or half aid five-star fer л7ідre thдл
REND LETTERS
CASTE AND BUDDHSM
Re: News it in Lankd Guardar Buddhist Monks on a Hunger strike to support striking Nurses.
Buddhist monks are supposed to be striving hard to get rid of their desires. Surely, some seem to hawe got rid of one,
to desire to teach the real Buddhist teachings to the People, Perhaps they have retained al II el 5e. Of course, not every monk falls in to this category.
One shouldn't become or
reali m a monk if one wa mt5
to be a politician, lawyer, busine 55 mar tradleurlonist, or any other non professional worker or if one wants to lead a luxury life. Do they accept this premise 2. The
system of nikayas is blatantly and totally based on the caste system which Lord Buddha clearly deplored 2
ras. T
ad ஆர். L. Samara Sekara
University of Alberta
0n page 8) Cilida
DAN CONTENTS
News Background ugust 1, 1986 Ethnic Strife Takes a To
O Faradise" 5 400 Oקiniחם
tnightly by
Lublishing Co Ltd
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Telephane 3 5 F | 5

Page 4
■ LETTE R S
CHANDRA JAYAWARDENA
HONO URED
At the suggestion of Professor Gehan Wijewardena of Canberra I am sending you a brief report LLLLLL S SSSS zLLLLLL LLTLaLLaaaLLLLL LS LLLL late Professor Chandra Jayawardefia.
Professor Chandra Jayawardena was the founding Professor of Authropology at Macquarie University, North Ryde, N. S. W., Australia. He died unexpectedly in October 1981, at the age of 52, leaving behind him a unique heritage in the development of anthropological and sociological studi e 5, a heritage being carried on by his colleaguas and students based at Macquarie University, a 5 wyg || ās Lhasa C&C whicra in Australia and C'Wars 225.
His distinctiye col tribution was recently commemorated at a three day conference held in Sydney 1986. Organised around the theme of "Equality and Inequality', which was the topic of the last lecture giyen by Professor Jaya war dena, the conference bro Ight together speakers who presented research findings of both empirical and theoretical importance. The topic a reas ranged widely including class struggle on the Australian coalfields, Women in Contemporary Indonesia, rank and gender in Wanuatu and language in Sri Lanka. This broad scope reflected the great breadth of Chandra Jayawardema's own interests. His research cxtended from Guyana to Fiji and Indonesia, and at the title of his death he was Plan ming an exteri Siwe comparati ye study of lindi är labur rTigration, embracing not only the a reas he had already written about, but including South Africa, Mauritius, Järna i ca, Trinidad, foi artinique, Guadeloupe and Surina.
The Conference was an occasion for intellectual and social interchange and a ti The of rė membrance and gratitude. The Deputy Wice Cha incellor of Macquarie Uniwersity, Professor Gareth Roberts, gave a speech and launched the
2
Chandra Jayaw Fund, the purp: provide financial -grad. Ia te studan ånd compara Live
quarie, so that dema's m T3, m.
may be kept. generations of : Anrie
Profess
Cornp: | la Cς N.
CAN WEAFF
OF A Cl
As I fil titfi
at til TGS, TIL Wors crisis 5. political indepe This is a decisi history when t ship in our
whether Sirhala lenged by the take stock of th of Wince them people through and the tragic Pl of refugees in foreign countric Can we lifford social cost of : situation any ic from the disrupti through escalati diture and the being ther cby P irid the work ir Ideed mm. cur political ani ship since the i today to resolvi dei Ll futu will take-toward radia H Confliqt w at de-stabilisati. viable political
a genuin = dewo Within in Ulite: suffering people of security anywh are asking our | nt fundarm grital liwe without fea
In these circur come the initiati TIL i 1 EL TOT

ardam a morial 5 of which is to assistance to post its in a L thropology sociology at Mac
Chandra Jaya War : mory and heritage
aiwi for future SCL den C5.
tte HartlittOn
of Anthropology and rative Sociology uari : University
- ''"W. A. LI TIL
ORD THE COST WIL WAR ?
Sri Lanka is now d5 and facing its ce the grant of dele is 98. WG: To T1 E1 til o LI" 1c political leaderbeloved country ar Tami | is cha - logic of events to i 2 escala ting spiral assacre of inno-Ent out the country light of thousands India and other 5 and in Sri Lanka. the human and 1 || 3:lf Civil War inger quite El Pairt on of our economy тg military expenincreasing burdens laced on the poor ng people? It is It of truth for d religious leaderdecisions we Take e this crisis will e path our nation s continuing interith foreign efforts or or towards a soluti tarı based on lution of power Sri Lärka. The with rho gua rantee Iere in the country gaders - ha" e We human right to
T15 tilricas W.C. Wali we of the (Go'y Cirining a m cc ting of
all recognised political parties on the 25th of June. We do hope that the les sons Fearnt at the All Party Conference and the Thimpu Peace Talk: will be takım
note of. In view of the credibility gap which exists in regard to Government sponsored talks and
ir ordet e to bridge this gap and Cnsure a fruitful dialogue we recom
mand the following actions by th a Giovarn filment.
I. The re-employment of all
Tamil employees who have been sent on compulsory leave in the Rupayah ini Corporation, the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, Air Lanka and elsewhere.
2. The release of all political prisoners against who Ti no charges hawe been brought.
3. The withdrawal of the armod
forces to their camps for the period of the duration of the the talks,
4. The cessation of aeria Egribing in the North.
5. Seek the active assistance of the Indian Government in achicwing a ceasefire during the period of the talks and in reaching agreement with the Tami militant grc uբs.
We also a PP cal to the Tamil leadership and the armed youth
I. Not insist on a merger of the Norther rid Easter Pro wic25 Pre-condition to the talks.
2. Build unity among all the groups in order to take a common position at the talks.
3. Ce5 e 1. || Ted action15 foT the period of the duration of the ta Ik5.
Let s |1 Ա է betray our
P2P le and their de e pest as pirations for peace with justice at this crucial tire.
Jeffrey Abayasekera Secretary Christian Workers Fellowship

Page 5
Prospects
of P
bring new 'civi
o the delight of analysts
with a taste for dialectics, the "peace process" has introduced "war" and "conflict" into almost every influential body of organised opinion whether it be political party, church, or guerrilla group.
How 'united' is the United National party? With each passing week, its léa der President JR. shows signs of greater and greater confidence, resolution and oldness. At a meeting in Ratnapura he said:
Today, as head of state, it was his duty to obtain the advice of the Cabinet, the people, the MPs, the Maha Sangha in taking decisions - but the final decision was the responsibility of the President and Cabinet. Such decisions could not be delegated to anyone else.
If a leader took a wrong decision they could oust him at the next election, but till then he alone was responsible for taking decisions. Nobody could force him to do this or that by threatening to strike or to stage satyagrahas. He could be forced only by the votes of the people.
If any form of force was used and the leader was weak, vacillated or broke down, democracy too would be destroyed, The power of the vote would be lost to the people. Therefore, this government would never bow to such force, threats or hartals, but only to the votes of the people who had elected it to Protect their right to Wote,
The President said the government Was facing the most difficult question of the day without fear, as it felt that the people Were 되upporting T다.
Tha Lundated [et: tion given hin Presidential polls (surely one of th diпагy events Iп history of any dem W. Bee L1 ers, from Prime wards. Obvious know5 hs. Ten Y on their enlighter Ճutweighing any : or emotion. ' in the parliament told the press W of know ing s Tni le:
But what do t benchers actual the younger MP's to another 15-20
Political пеуw aligпп hush-hush.
The talk new section
Some of figured city Council5 pri of the JWP
Political G WAT 2 C virtually be that the S the politic
e".
Some SL Haye isolat proposals the is a Conference,
Though rejected th campaign a

622 COSe
ters of resigna-.
before the in Oct. 1982 lost extraorthe political cratic country?) 2d to a II UN P" Minister downy the Leader and relies ed 5elf-inter 23 bersonal opinion are are no fools ary group" the ith the gentlest
ACKGROUND
Wars
politics? That would depend on the mood in the electorate, and the MP, a geiger-counter ultra -sensitive to each passing shift of sentinent, would know best. And what of the UNEP Li Ppert Lechelons. The silence of some is truly deafening.
President JR however has made
up his mind in the confident belief that he can carry both Cabinet and backbencher, and
he's going through with Whatever legislation he has already drafted.
(The draft will probably be in
Delhi and with the TULF in he UNP back. Madras before this issue of the feel, especially L. G. is out). His confidence looking forward comes from T SOLITICE = years of active from Mr. Rajiv Gandhi. The
SLFP-VP contacts
circles are buzzing with the news of a strange of forces being worked out in the
is of contacts between some SLFPers апd
is of the WP.
the obviously racist slogans that have diswalls in recent days against the provincial posals is said to be, the Work of this section
assisted by their SLFP backers.
:ircles are wondering whether Mrs. Bandaranalike if the contacts that have been going on shind her back. But some in the know say LFP leader might well have an inkling of moves with the group that tried to oust
FPers are also worried that the party might ed itself by rejecting the government's peace while most of the recognised parties backed
basis for negotiation at the Political Parties
the SLFP central Committee unanimously ese proposas political insiders say that the gainst them was led by Anura Bandaramaike.
- (Sunday Observer)

Page 6
Indian leader is going to back him to the hit as long as Colombo makes an offer that
Mr. Gandhi regards as reasonable enough for the TULF (and probably some of the guerrilla groups)
CClePt.
DELHIS DISENGAGEMENT
In mid-Juric relations, Delhi and Colombo reached its lowest point. So much so that there was the real danger of an immediate 'disengagement' by the mediator. But a week of intensive diplomatic activity between June
bet Weer
19 and 25, as the danger pass afd the 'clarifications'' and "improvements' Cחס winte Mח Gandhi that a sound and stable
basis for a negotiated settlement had been created. Right now only a re-definition of the unit
of devolution' is needed for a full accord. To keep 'the boys' off its back, the TULF wants
"the homelands' idea incorporated ir Söme forrn, However Jose. Thus the demand for a 'linguistic unit rather than "institutional arrangements' for inter-provincial coordination. If 'merger' is dropped and these institutional arrangerents' are fleshed out, the TULF may buy the package while Delhi persuades the militants to accept it too.
The sticking point of course is the Eastern province, and its Sirnhala-Tamil Moslem "mix". Perhaps a new Boundaries Commission, which will be set -up later, and a referendum in the Tamil districts of the East on coordination' could be the
Way ou t.
Certain of his party's total support, President JR is shrewd enough to know that he must also draw op on support from oth cr (Sinhalese) parties and groups. That would der Tom Strat.C. a wider Sinahla 'consensus'',
while helping him also to isolate his main ΕΠΕΠηγ, fors. Bardaranaiko and the SLFP. (The SLFP's own objective has been to organisc a more genuine' Sinhala conscnsus and isolate the UNP as "traitor').
OOD BEDFELL
This tactical produced stran: the UNP's C:n:mies, the L CP leaders w jail three year Thorn-WP 'MJ E yw (minus langariat the authentic on the ethnic * S.S.P. Tus, t "Pelic: rowe' is Wijaya (the Na: (the Trotskyist) hawe been gues |alls!
Cleverly expl Whors. L'ho eth traditic ון 3:hם differen CCS darT JR has carved himself as the "I enjoying "Left mino Lavred the position best te Right".
BLI FI SLF supported by influeritia II sectic Sangha and the ge:Intsia, a nel sur
by the J.W.F., press is to be t to this report
contacts) the Were deri Ilite: Eo w Criment in : informal contact to denorca th Il "treach:" ou 5 ! Indian capitalism a lists.
GREAT DISCR
Meanwhile, th has caused hava -if the Madraí organisations. T spokesman, Dr. been suspended Stām 5 m been ousted by of PLOTE, ari. spokes man Keth attacking the Fleis LoP 111 the indistriliili Tami civilians, the “barbaric ac

OWS
exercise his ge bed-fellow 5 — ldest ideological SSP and CP (the
are showed into is ago!) and the Left', the SLMP
ne and Kulara trine, SLFP'ers at least issue) and the he UNP sponsored being backed by
xa lite) and Wasu וחסוf whם thסB 5 of the UNP's
o iting a Git Lation
it i SSU 2 Talther a| ideologicalחי ti mate, President
a position for moderate Centre',
' support, and
SLFF || La Fl II g''' led the "racist
F firds it: ||g to M.E.P. and I5 of the Mald
Sinhala intelli. Prisc of Surprises, if cha Lake House rusted. According
(See SLFP JVP WP whose cargs i by the SLFP 7| is establishing s with tha SLFP) е реace move as
IP 5: Il-LI L'' i and US imperi
OER
e "Peace process' c in the ranks 5. based militart he wet cran LTTE Balasingham has for anti-Gandhi . Mahes waran has a riwal faction d th C. EPR LIF's ees Wran Wyhe "I co-facist" and protesting against a te killings of has der duced t5' of the bus
bombers and conveyed sympathies
to the farTi | Ies " of Sinhalesa på 55 enger 5,
The Mahanayake of Asgiriya
who ha 5 expre55ed his opposition to the propos als ha 5 had a well -attended moating of monks in
which W. Madihe Panna seeha and Wen. Hedi galle Pannatissa were participants, while the Mahama yake of Mal watte who organised a meeting of the Malwatte Sangha Sabha has called for polls. It was last Immorth We2 5m W Archbishop Nicholas Marcu5 Formando lock
horns with Bishop Deugopillai of Jässä.
Graat disorder under the hcawens, at least in the Establishment what do the people think? | 5 th cra a "peace constituency", the constituency we referred to in paying tribute to Sarath?
PEACE CONSTITUENCY
A visitor to Jaffna tells us täit there i5, 5 Luch a constituency built on war-weariness and the
human crawing for order and 1Drrial life. It wo Lud be IILIch stronger he says if only the
government was smart enough to reino ye nagging irritation5 like "permits' and traffic "passes', and saw there was less kappan' collecting. More to the point, the government must also era se the impression that there is some kind of economic blockade'
of Jaffna. Even essentials and urgently needed supplies, are wanting or slow in coming. As a result the Tigers' are
supplying these items, including drugs to the hospital
Whilt of the Sinhales is there a Towe towards consensus and If so what sort of consensus A tough line or for a negotiated settlement? Is there a slowly growing peace constituency?
in the sad absence of reliable opinion - sampling, we can only CIn Qur C'.','T sources of inforritation, such as they are, and professional
instinct. We suspect that there is a Sinhala-Tamil 'Enough's Enough' consensus,
M. de S.

Page 7
WORLD APRESS
Ethnic Strife Takes a
Richard M. Weintraub
TRINACCOMALEE, Sri Lanka --
a Sri Lankan Army helicopter the land below has all thը Paradise.
appearance of an island
Lush green rice paddies, surrounded by neat dikes, set out a checkerboard pattern around willages in jungle foliage. To the east sandy beaches along the Bay of Bengal give way to the deep, sheltered harbor at Trincomalee.
As the helicopter di P5 lower, however, a different image emer. ges. Bridges a long the Coastal road are cratered, damaged by Tamil guerrilla explosives.
Wide sections of housing, once owned by Tamils, are in ruins, looted and destroyed by Sinhalese mobs. Tourist resorts, which once held promise of economic uplift, are shells after guerrilla attacks.
Tricomalog has become a new battleground in the ethnic conflict In this island nation that ha 5 Seen an estimated 1,500 persons killed and wounded this year alone.
It is är ethnic conflict in which Sri Lanka's 16 million people are divided into hostile and mutually suspicious camps, each seeing itself as a minority.
As in the strife in Northern reand or the Middle East motives become so suspect that peace initiatives, such as one begun by the Sri Lankan government last month, are met with caution by Tamils and Simhale.5e a ||ke.
Sri Lanka's violence is rooted deeply in the belief of the Tamils, who make up 8 percent of the population, that they have suffered in jobs, education, land distribution and justice at the hands of the 74 percent Sinhalese majority. The tema ning 8 Percent of Sri Lanka's Pulation is mostly Eurasians and
T.
While there are divisions among the Tamils, on the surface theirs is a classic case of a minority that believes it has been done wrong.
The Sinha lese, t. look of a minority the argument is but 12 million pe World. No one el: guage, shares our is the guardian And hete We are staring north at 5(
To the Sinhale the Tamils of Sri threat But a 50 t in India, across kilometer) Palk :
A small Tamili ly by you this whс cians were n o lon to protect their shake Sinhalese co
Tid-19705.
It grew in inter 1980s, finally r
where the insurge control of the T northern Jaffn have the security thing of a stand province.
It has Ecce a f Cording to diplom SUT gent 5 Fe5OTL L tactics of bombs assassinatiоп5. A ill-equipped an military гesропds
lite attacks catch a few of the more by stander
'|| tha |::: EHF ber of guerrilla c from GOO to bet 7,000," said a dip ery atrocity aga Create 1e W. TGCTU | what happened years."
Most of the g long to the Lib Tamil Eelam, afte fight that wiped guerrilla units. A oric is revolution observers say the by Perceived fac and so fait, has or economic or Polit

Toll on 'Paradise”
oo, hawe the out= Time and again ead: "We are bple alone in the i.e. speaks our lanCulture. Who else of our Buddhism?
on a small island ) milion Tami 5. ""
se, It is not just Lanka, who arte a ho5e to the orth the 18-mile (30Stilt.
nSurgency, mostbelieved politiger doing enough {#: egan to mplacency in the
sity in the early םחlסק Eachling a | LS aire || WIftUE| amil heartland in
Peninsula, and forces in someif here in Eastern
amiliar E. Cats. Youthful inõhe terrõ55" amb Ushes and poorly trained, di Lindomana di with often indisand arrests that ir foes but many S.
e years, the numadres has grown weer 5,000 and loat. "With eyinst Tamils, you ts and that is just these past three
uerrillas now beeration Tigers of a bitter internal out other large though their rhetary, independent risis a for worfired tional grievances ily vaguely leftist ical overtones.
While India officially denies inWolvement, it is known that sanctuary and support in India's state of Tamil Nadu have played a major role in the guerrillas“ success.
The Liberation Tigers openly collect "taxes' in Jaffna to support efforts and run a rudimentary system of local justice for ordinary law-and-order offenses, according to reports from the area. Those suspected of betraying the Tamil cause are sometimes found hanging .stsסקקוחla וחסfr
The army presence in the Jaffna area is limited to heavily barricaded bases and occasional armed patrols, a defensive posture reinforced by the apparent failure of a recent offensive to dislodge the Tai Liit5.
While its limited offensive in the Jaffna area met with only marginal success, the Sri Lankan Army is generally credited with growing Professionalism as it struggles to absorb new recruits and adopt to more modern equipment. Some of the training is done by veterans of British Special Forces, according to diplomatic sources.
It is here in the Eastern province that the battle has taken its sharpest turn. Jaffna and the Northern E:": are overwhelmingly Tamil ut the Eastern Province is alT10st equally di wilded a mong Tamils, Sinha lese and Moslems.
Willages and neighborhoods of each community are intermingled, leading to an often explosive mix in recent months as tensions erupted іп open confгопtation.
"It used to be just the Tamils who were attacked or kidnapped, but now it is both sides," said a resident of Trincoralee. "A few Tamils will disappear and then a few days later, some Sinha lese. It goes on like that, tit for tat."
- International Herald Tribui
(July 8)
5

Page 8
Ed O PIN i O N T_E=T_EEEEEF=-|
Civil War in Paradise
ri Lanka, until the fighting
began, seemed marvelously well equipped to lift it.5elf into rapid ärnd susta i ried dowclopment, It is an interesting country that, although Wery poor in conventional terms of incorne, has a remarkable high standard of living by the Thore important Teasures. On GNP Per capita of about S330 a year, which is lower than Pakistan's i II wees like the ciclumtries that the World Bank calls the uppermiddle-income group. In those respects that make most difference it has reached the sale standards as, say, Malaysia, which has a money income five or six times as high,
Sri Lanka's average life expectancy, which is a pretty good indicator of public health in general is longer than Malaysia's and, in fact, the longest in Asia except for Japan's. Its infant mortality rate i5 Cne third Fakistan"5, ts
food production has been rising at a phenomenal rate. Its population growth is moderate, The
level of educati high. A young: going to secondar thaisl | si sliogt of t CabLI r i tr | 25. Sri L. every calculatior most hopeful of the fighting beg The guerrilla w mare thin a decă
TO TE ET LÉT3E. soared in the The deep ethnic a parall fel with i To is rid's Tar longstanding gri. crimina tion, bu majority s:25 i5
Heferrer 83f a t: wastly outnumbe nearby in south a few Tami yo to resort to tl Larıkarı army, I responded with ir m:lle, ing ti Wii outrage then d into the guerrilla part of the Sto as it is melanch
FOF YMWELL OWEF A
ARISTONS
GLOBAL REPUTATION IN THE FIELD
ARISTON'S HAWE OPENED OUT N
EXPORTS
IN AN ENDEAWO UR TO COf
HEL)
ARISTON
AR STONS TOURS No. 5, Gower Street, COLOMBO 5.
Fr.
Cd bles: TURNTIDE
5, Gowe Color
588 43 6, 58

on is strikingly 5 ter's charige of y school is better :Fi e riddle — irn com . -a Inka see Thed by I to be among the curi tries, turi ti | in to spread. rarfarę that started die ago is becoming Casa tig5 have a St. f3W Timoth th15. lostilities suggest Norther read: Tıi I riıinori ty ha,5 2 war LLS - Wer“ disthe Sinhalase lf as the embattled hreatened culture red by the Tamils In India. When uths first began 2 gun, the Sri mostly Sinha lese, d15-riminate Wehe|lar casualties and rew IIIore Talli |5
Illowe Tent. That ry is as familiar 1 cly.
The government, alarmed by the rising scale of warfare, h:15 nowy offered a proposal for a political sctElement providing more denocracy in the Provinces where Tost Tamils live. But entities have reached a point that makes easy solutions improbable. As an aid donor, the United States has a little leverage. As Sri Lanka's closest neighbor, India has a good deal more - particularly since the guerrillas are being supplied by Tamils on the Indian mainland.
Both India and the United States seem to ba mowing to do what they can, although it is never easy for outsiders to repair a country's internal political failures,
Mearl While, the CW || War Continues, with vast damage to å country that recently was one of the most promising laboratories in which the World Was learning how to raise the quality of life for its poorest people.
Editorial - The Washington Post, (July 7)
AFWAALF A CEAWTLVFY
HAWE BUILT UUP
OF EXPORTS AS WELL AS IMPORTS
EW WISTAS IN
NTRIBUTING FOR NATIONAL GROWTH
OFFICE
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Page 9
VIJAYA - the
Mervyn de Silva
ha Secord 5e 55 i on of the Politi
cal Parties Conference (PPC) convened by President Junius Jaye. wardene last month closes today with almost all political parties, participants and non-participants, making a contribution, large or 5 mall, to the prewa i ling staite of total confusion.
""What the FFC Fläs gstrated is the grievously divisive im Pact of the ethnic confli:L on the island's once well established party system," says a leader of the Socialist LSSP.
Far from creating broad national Corsen 5 LIS, O T 2 W 2n a majority Sinha les e consensus, the com ference has introduced new conflicts, altered a |c| aliances and b | Lurred the traditional ideological distinctions of Right, Left and Centre.
The 79-year-old President, a great games man, has finessed his only formidable opponent, Mrs Siriminawa Bandaranalike, the formër Premier, by writing to her a letter widely publicised yesterday. He wrote that he would present to the conference the counterPropos als of her Freedom Party
(SLFP), which is boycotting the conference in support of the Party's demand for a general
election Scom.
Though Mrs Bandaranalike reiterates her party's commitment to a "political solution,' her real Strategy is to mobilise Sinha lese opinion on this Issue, solate and weaken the rightwing UNP Gowernment and force it to hold elections before 1986. The highly Oni troo W T5i | |982, referendun extended tho torm of the Old Parliament in which the UNP ha 5 a five-six this Tajority, by another six years.
While Her criticism of a "tota | Illy
- " F - F-FD5 entati Wo Parolia Ternt" is , whether her party, whose Leegi base is the rural III iddle:
Produce a "parliament cf : H I ELITrees."" or oyen nobilise a rank-and-file figure such as Pakistan's Benarir Bhutto Is doubtful. Mrs Bandaranaike's line of
wild ca
attack on the G wincial autofoil obvious her targ denounces the or titi ÇLI S attempt to 5;L.TLI Q.t.Irge'" arıd 'ʻfi is 2 quated witi the Sinha ese mi Word in their pol
This stific dr; the People's Un which Hals come fi 68. The MEP . a list' party and dictably, has auty
This is appare
with the te proscribad Ped Front (JWP), wh the move as pa "Indian capitalist Winism'' aid the ligence Agency, 5 F| Lārikā- TF19: J' matic young load Weera collected million wotos a dential Polls, lec Sirhales e youth
97.
A ""New Left" which has links left-wing Mi|itan cipating in the net in the comr also true of the once a liwa of party (Tulf) bu sequence today.
TLI|f |caderg Ww}
exile i Tam ilmat Indian state wi population, decid with the Goya
participating in
But it is keepin on Sinhalese po an Cwa closer E Sri Lank5'5 Tami the army and Tam are fighting for
The Wild cari the Pecple's Par by Mrs Bandar af Son-in-law, Wijay: and her younger drika. With å drama, Eboth Faw,

rod
cwernm cn It's proy offer makes rt audian C. She Ffor AS A S II i'r CFr. " "far" | 2d oralism,' which רן i ""חסii visiם "" כך nd thic di ric:SE itical vocabulary.
aws support from ited Front (MEP) 'P | r ii House of 5 : "Left Nationnationalism, preweighed socialism.
ntly not the case supporter, the Ple's Liberation ich has Branded rt of a plot by 3,' 'Tani Chau5 Centrā li. (CIA) to divide WP, whose charisOr, Rohana Wije| a quarter of a Lhe l982 presid the exclusively i T. LITTEtici i
party, the NSSP, with Britai "5 C group, is Particonference but littees. This is Tamil Congress, the main Tamil t of little co
to returned froll du the Southern til 3, 5) Ti | ld on direct talks In mont without the conference. g a close watch i tfal trric; trid :ye or events in | North, where ilguerrilla groups
Contro
in the pack is ty (SLMP), led aike's film-star | Kumaranatunge, daughter, Chanfile 5 enge of e made two trips
to Madras and New Delhi, where they met the Tamilnadu Chief Minister, Mr M. G. Ra mä chari dra T1, a former movie-star himself, the loaders of all the sa paratist rebel groups, and top Indian officials.
On Wednesday, Wijaya (whose name is the sang as the first Sinha lese migrant from India 2,500 years ago) had a successful rally in Colombo, where he said "I am the Only Sinhalese politician who had the guts to face the terrorist leaders and te || them we ar 2 agair 15 t, di wisi on but 5 tard for peace and justice.'
Mr Welupillai Prabhakaran, leader of the most powerful guerrilla group, the Tigers, described the Couple as "enlighton cd Sinhalese' and hoped there were more like them in the new generation of Sri Lankar 5,
– The Finstein TifTag
London (July 18)
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Rs. 75- for 6 months

Page 10
M D . A
Policy with neighbour
he Government of India is
Currently engaged in a detailed review of its neighbourhood diplomacy to assess whether the present policy of bending backwards to placat a intransigent neighbours is yielding the desired results,
A comprehensive paper on the subject has been prepared by the Ministry of External Affairs for consideration at the high cist level, to determine whether this policy needs to be revised in any respect to Take it more cffective both in its articulation and imple
1 tti O.
Objective un changed: The basic objective remains unchanged, to the extent that India Will Continue to stri we for better and mutually beneficial relations with all its neighbours consistent with the country's national interests. The review under way relates EY to the procedures to be followed for exercising the option open to India more effectively,
The dialogue with China, for example, is running into difficulties for reasons that are not directly connected in any way with developments in and around the subcontinent. A clearer picture of the new Chinese tactics and their motivations in adopting tougher postures will emerge only after the latest official level talks in Beijing.
Emboldened to press claims: But the fact that China has chosen, for whate w cer reason, to rea 55 er st idently its territorial claims acro5.5 the McMahon ||ine with a tok en incursion in a strategically vital segment of the Tawang region cannot be viewed in isolation. The continLugd interna | turrilloi || 5 in India hawe emboldcined sortne neighbouring countries to take liberties and attempt to step up pressures tO 2X.rä-t COrl Le55 Of 5.
The un easy relationship with Pakistan has been strained further, not only by its persistent support to the extremists in Punjab but also by Islamabad's increasing assistance to Sri Lanka in its Cam
B
Paign against
alism. The talk treaty or no-w: out: lo be a Ino all the rhetoric C for normalisatio
If the Punjab Pakistin a chani India's Internal af agitation for a Sikkim - Darjeeling the har dirhers i an anti-Indian 5 is leading in turr of Chinese influ tain kingdom, engaged in com with Beijing for 5 problem.
Deep-rooted recent wisit of Lt. has, no doubt, an atmosphere : tions with Bangla the surface thor: animosities givin twist to the pr over issues Tiko: and Ilaritime b: tion.
The Tanmi | pri India's relations
TRENDS. (Continued
A reasonal jo is less an
Fly's II, have applied птетлdos" 1иїіє: ruler Ily ותשו{{שrTE WוI?)". μία σει η τι Fictis acci), 1,000.
I.
Tigla bagi I M F'y si Tri fstrgsg 1lio Fre sep (org fh:7 f Friedri 5 r your l'idget as 13% of have to redu year if the kir7ally 7 I Sr

's under review
Tami sub-nation
of a friendship ir pact has turned n-starter despite if a shared desire
crisis has given Ce to Teddle il fairs, the incipient Gorkhalard in the g area is eriabling In Nepal to give lan to it. This
Xt 2nca in the mounwhile Buta is lox negotiations e [[ling it g border
animosities: The Ger. H. M. Ershal helped to create af i Tıprowing reladesh. But Ebgcath - are deep-rooted g an un fortunate: evalling discords Lhe Ganga waters Juridary de marca
blem has soured hip with Sri Lanka
from page I) ' 14"ell-FT iad, steady d les 5 e:75y to Jirid.
'fr' ya'o Fig ri 7 er Τα αίΗ τήε τονηI the Pacificies 500 and 7,000 Wř71'e rapplied War
of Reserve Ινγιοι ήττε Τνιαίτεr"
M. F.
fary сотго) — the rd e 5 ge a c 77x' of its door
te relief. As rad 11 age increase if sie sicit fs as high
F. L.), P. W NI ed to 8%, next MF i Ig Igok
Lirik 7's regres
to such an extent that this highly strategic Island is becoming incroasingly vulnerable to all kinds of foreign influences. Though the two SUP er Powers hawe so for ke Pot OLL, the less er ones are gotting more and more involved, either as arms suppliers or supporters of Sinhala chauvinism.
All these disturbing developTents in India's neighbourhood are being studied carefully for formulating the policy options open to the GowerTent. The intention is not to adopt stronger attitudes, but project Indian policies in such a manner that the country's wellTinean ing gestures for better telations are not mistaken for appe
SSITET.
The next few months are going to provide many challenges in the conduct of India's neighbourhood diplomacy, confronting the country conca again with the exas Para ting di 1ria With a calci tra i t neighbour can be won over from a position of strength with some meaningful concessions, or a display of oxcas. We solicitude for its susceptibilitics that are qui LC different from legitimate grievances.
- Hindu (21st Lily)
for caprices. Y for III / is is firrige arra turi rirng to Rs, ri5,5 M) ri illiori.
EXHAUSTION FACTOR
The Irie Friar 're its 5 year terri E 2 years Through a do Lifff consfifirialu | device, This did ať s ra fie SLFP fror forcing its fra jor μπrrier, τής M 55 P, ενιαι απg sig fra reg 1977. Bir fy" fler, Tre S. FP was already of the skids. Sta Virgi ini office Inti Il Willy W 977 ofily froide narrer's Horse. The "exfa, L.s rii). Wrac' (jro ir T er elecfora? re: «acci s fyrir 7ed faj fire-l'Ear regies is already liteririirg the regirie. List Week, le UNP ellere fra 1977 Leo fra for irs of year ir JJ YW'er. Tarik. Foi f'We Dec. 782 referer7 cruri, Parli 177377 's fer ? e rids cyrily ir i W JSC) — 2 og years, The “l'es' (re gerfing restsess.

Page 11
N. A. M. Summit (2)
Why Reagan-M the apartheid
Couple
Pಳ್ಲ; Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia has always been regarded as a moderate African leader and a respected Commonwealth personality. He is hardly ever given to Tude behawiour or Intemperate language. Yet he was guilty of both last week. When Sir Geof. frey Home, the British Foreign Secretary was in Lusaka on his way back from his EEC mission to South Africa, President Ka Lunda kept Sir Geoffrey cooling his heels in an ante-room while he went on Zambian TW to talk about the Home mission and President Reagan's speech to Congress.
In doing so, he added a stinging phrase to the growing body of invective that has accompanied the emotion-charged international doEbate on South Africa. Ha a LI5ed President Reagan and Prime Minister Thatcher of "kissing apartheid' and Sir Geoffrey's own Conduct om hI5 South Africal Wilsētas "deplorable". Feelings, especial y, African feelings are running high.
Despite pressure from the US Senate and Congress, Mr. Reagan ruled out economic sanctions and offered a standard "Reagan ite excuse for US policy on the racist regime. Addressing South Africa's Whites, he reassured the that "resuming progress towards ending apartheld "did not" mean negotiti 35 With th05 e Who Wish to replace White tyranny over Blacks with Communist tyranny over al II'''. The most spirited reply to Mr. Reagan came not from President Kaunda or any other African leading figures of the Christian Church in South Africa. Bishop Tutu, the Nowe Prize Winner M. Ragan "to go to hell' and descriped his speech as 'nauseating'. Mr. Botha, said the Bishop "must be
feeling very thri got such a won. tions officer in the
"Nauseat Ing" N that Dr. Agn Nauseating nonser summing up of M ress. No less Reaganite Positio were US leaders. Kennedy Sald t "the | ast best frit while Rev. Jesse Mr. Reagan was best. 'America conspirator (wit tinuing aparthel t:5ef. r. Dei dow Foreign S. doubts as to US-UK anti-san. will "prolong" he agony", which is Opposite view t Reagan-Thatcher reluctance is grounds that it
Meanwhike Mr the for Ier Austr; headed the Cor erit Person5 Gro by a decision ta Colonwealth reported to th Heads of State, quite differently and Mr. Reagan. Congress may b bloody civil war
What accounts of these two e they are basical toria because of White sentiment prejudice 2 Or interest ? Certail || tite doubt ab and UK capital country of grea Both Hawe ilyes .dsחuסק חסbilli economic argum

aggie are
FOREIGN NEWS
kissing
|d that Hee Hi5 erful public relaWhite Hous."
was also the Word Boesak chose. lse' was his crisp Ir... Reagan's addcritical of the on South Africa Senator Edward hält America Wä5 and of apartheid" : Jackson thought only came second 5 W Co1 Britain) in Con
''. Brita 5 Hea ley the shaecretary had no the effect of the Ilti (ITE Policy.
said "the black a precisely the to that held by the combine. Their ustified on the "hurt the blacks"".
Malcolm Fraser, alian premier who monwealth Erinup (EPG) which, ker at the Nassau Summit last year, wealthחסוחוחסe C
saw the future rom Mr. Thatcher
Only the US e ble to ay et a
be said.
; for the obduracy aders 15 it that ly Pro-racist Pretheir own Proand ima te racia I
is it cooli nly, there can be out the Wast US Westle in a t matura li wealth. teld we || ower" | 0
To fortify the 2nt is the policy,
by the way, of the other major state opposed to sanctions, West Germany. It is the third largest investor but way behind the two leaders.
Strategic Interests
There is yet another consideration which besides the liberation of Azania and the independence of Namibia will be regarded as w Itali by the Non-aligned movement, particularly the African and the Indian Ocean states. It is South Africa's role as a strategic partner of the US and NATO,
That is why the South African issue, probably with varying emphases, will figure prominently first at the mini-Commonwealth summit in mid-August in London, and NAM's 8th summit in Harare, Zimbab W.
As a strategic asset, South Africa's importance is three-fold: a) Its strategic raw materials.
In an article published by the Third World Quarterly, i Azim Hussain. Wrote:
"The US and Western Europe, but pre-eminently the US, became the metropolitan power in relation
to the raw material producing South Africa. South Africa is estimated to hawe 48% of the
world's manganee resources 49% of gold, 52% of cobalt, 6.5% of wanadium, 83% of chrome, and 85% of the world's platinum reserwes . . . These strategic materials and others such as coal, uranium and copper, are regardedas vital to western defence and high technology industries. By 1980 the value of mineral exports became almost as equal to that of gold of which South Africa is the leadIng Producer supplying 80% of the capitalist world's gold production"
(2) Its usefulness as Western policemen and de-stabiliser of newly independent neighbouring
9.

Page 12
states, and preventing Namibia (South West Africa) fron attaining independence under the radical Tignalist SWAPO.
| the advance to "uhuru" (o clitical freedom placed on the African agenda most vigorously by Kwame Nkrumah, a mationa list With sociaist ideas, if was Qnly Kenya which gawe Imperial Britain serious Fouble. In Lh3 | 950's and | Fé's the path to independence was reasonably orderly. The best example was Zambia where Mr. aunda has been un disputed leader for almost two decades. So with that outstanding African leader, Jullims Nyerere. Not so the 1970's When a Weak, far le55 Sagacious metropolitan power, held on to its colonial possessions with such tenacity and stupidity that the option of orderly peaceful transtion was ruled out. Inevitably thic answer of nationalist resistence movement Was 'armed struggle", in Angola and Mozambique,
This was also true in the last British colony Rhodesia, which was white minority ruled, and therefore a special case. Again, the reply was 'armed struggle", with riva "libera Lion fran L5' in the cont 25 t for PQ-Wer.
There was a distinctive feature about these liberation struggles: a predominantly Marxist leadership which obtained a 55 5tarice, includIng arms, from the Sowiet Union and its allies, and fram sympathetic sources such as Cuba. It was this charactorigitlic which a larism (ced the WCSL. Would the New Africa mot only be independent but led by parties and personalities with an anti-capitalist and anti-West outlook? And would such a development not merely change the political landscape of southern Africa but threaten White-ruled resource rich South Africa. Na Tibia, the |last of the colonias, a waited de —colonisation; South Africa (Azania) awal te liberation.
It was with the exit of the di : crcdited Presiderit Carter that US policy found a clearer definition. Mr. Reagan's top adviser called it "constructive engageme."" with South Africa. Ji der this policy, South Africa was inst3||cd 3 s the chief instru TT1ent of de-stabilising Angola, Mozam
O
bigue and Zimb: US ang its NA U.N. to deny colony of South dence.
In Angola, an was op en milit: South African a had advancCd rap | Angola to help til of Jonas Savimbi ; But tha. Ango immedia Ecly aft: in witrd Cubasi f beat back the US. Africa-UNITA. It t|t:r1.
Only recently like the leaders "nrā", "ās about in Washing ing to collect h from Mr. Reagar taneously er gag Campaign againt 'subversion'. In the South Afri Army gives militi tras' (antigo Wei fight the the so Prosidant Samor:
Patril's tic the 5a Ilie – actio ding military, to m. M. R. M. H hawa not only g parts of Mozambic O. E. L. L. main port, Beira. hawe 5 er ved a du; pling blow to economy, and a try : Ti alternati'' Zimbabwean expc. Zimbab We de pe transport by rai căn ports.
ECC i Eccl. ment, and 53 bot: is mans of Co on Zimbabwe.
In May, South raid5 on Zimbab Botswana against "'ANC 'Leo's CCLIIIt T} {15. CThe destroyed in Lusa a UN Refugee C
To the Ti | itä is added the pc | Aeri" "" Tigrit'' With th The objective is L

abwe, while the TO allies used the Namibia, a virtual
Africa, indepen
Mozambique, it iry intervention. “moured calo Tins dly into southern 1 e pro-US Unita against the MPLA, |an gQvernment, : Independence, orces to help it -supported South ilitary interven
Mr. Savimbi, just of the Nicaraguan Publicly hanging ton eagerly wait
is "funds' (aid) n, who is sim LI |-- cd in a global
"Lorrorism' and Mozambique too, can regime and ry help to 'Conrm mont forcas) to cialist regime of
Yachil.
tical choice was e Support, inclu5 the anti-gawernere the "contra 5" aid Coro of an territory but at ned Mozambique's
Its capture would il prpose: Crip
the Mozambican
dari | of access e exit point for arts. Land-locked
inded heavily on I to South Afri
:ade, and harassage are Pretoria's ntinuous pressure
Africa | Lurch :d we, Zambia and 'what it cal|| cd bases" in those of the buildings ka, Zambia, was el tre!
ry and econo Tic litical-diplomatic Structive engagee räcist regi T1E, the "contai ir liet"
of liberation in Southern Africa. Namibia is the best illustration of the way the US and its Western
allies work closely with South Africa in pursuit of a common strategy.
By tha. Time Mr. Reagan tock offre Namibia W15 o 1 On thic road to independance and UN sponsored clections. It was clear to everybody that South West Africa Po oplos Organisation (SWAPO) would beco Time: the Grow gerri Tieri, L. But by 1980, when Namibia's right to independence and SWAPO’s rol c as "'s ole representative" of the Nimibian people had been accepted by the international community, the Reagan administration Undermined the entire settlement process.
Namibia is important for another reason. Sixty percent of South Africa's Atlàntic coast is Namibia, foi territory. And this is the third vital consideration im US policy.
Its crucial place in US/NATO Indian Ocean Strategy, Again this received much higher priority with the ad went of the Reagan administration the elevation of Carters Rapid Deployment. Force into a fu || fledged 'Central Command''
with an "arca of a Luthority" of |W (GIF || ||India o Cėl Ti štites and in the Con Loxt of the fu
development of Diego Garcia, and the rapid expansion of US na wa|| presence in the Indian ocean.
With the massive boycott of the Commonwealth games signalling the most important crisis to confront the Color wealth South Africa will loor large at the Licendon mini-su Tullit this ritorith. It is however in the cort Cxt of the India ocean and its militari. sation that South Africa wi || ba a major issue at the September NAM summit. For as Prof. Oye Ogurnbaidejo, of the Uni W. qf Ife. Nigeria wrote in his essay on "Diego Garcia and Africa's Security', the leaders in Pretoria realise why Mr. Reagan does not mind "kissing apartheld". Pretoria is fully aware, he noted, that the Reagan administration values South Africa's place in the U.S. Indian
Ocean strategy,
- AY.
(Continued in the next issue)

Page 13
AHWILWIMMA MW RAVIGATS
Amnesty International A David Battling Gol
Jonathan Power
LONDON
mnesty International was start
ed in 95 a 5 a On e Year campaign. Its half-million members are now celebrating its 25th birthday, and more and more people around the World know that if their neighbors or sons or daughters are taken away in the night, the outside World cares and is prepared to act.
Five years ago, in Amnesty headquarters in London, I was converted from a doubting obserwer to the conviction that an organization with a full time staff of only 150 could move mountains În far away Places.
At 11 o'clock on the morning of Saturday, Feb. 28, 1981, the telephone rang at Amnesty International. The press officer, Richard Roech, was in his office catching up on work and took the call since Amnesty, still begu i lingly a mateurish, had no weekend duty officer, or even an answering machine. The Call Was From Buenos Aires. The caller identified himself. Mr. Rocchi recognized the name because thce man's brother was ona of the adopted prisoners whose case had been featured by Amnesty in its Abolition of Torture campaign.
As Mr. Roech took notes, the caller reported that police had arrested Dr. Jose Westerkamp, who on behalf of his imprisoned son Gustavo had toured Europe to raise support for the campaign. Boris Pasik, Carmen Lapace and Gabriela Iribarne also had been arrested. The latter had lived in. Canada for 5 years and was in Argentina on holiday.
By noon the the Amnesty researcher on Argentina had been briefed and was calling Argentina for more details. She Was told of new development: the arrest of Emilio Mignone, a leading lawyer who often conducted the defense of political prisoners in Argentina, and of Augusto Conte MacDonell, the co-president of the Argentine
When til year, TARZIE W rů te in his stand out - and courage O
A.I. Whi a scathing שextrg Jיי חס | es fromוחסם the NYK: Tr
Permanent Ass Rights. Two ot ing for El Ce Legalesy. Sociale
Amnesty issu to the wire se two prisoners of them Gust Was to Bbc 5ho' son the next ev a ter"Wie W W kamp. Mr. Roe ducers and a TT: of the arrests the end of the
Meanwhile, ai the artres Es had chairman of the R18 חHuma חם the Amnesty pre: reported that and networks in the events. TH sentative there phone to the C. in Buenos Aire the Canadian go' that a represer access to Gabr
At 2 o'clock ing, the res amother ca|| fr SHe was told th press had repo that those arr held in commun charged under penal code for diagrams and establishments חסrisקYears" im
The research the only milita

iaths
e United Nations celebrated its 40th anniversary last WTTACH, the Best known of Sri Lankan Journalists,
NEWSWEEK columin that two findividual di Chile Werments the idea which inspired UNICEF and the enterprise f the man who founded AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL.
:h celebrated its 25th anniversary last month, produced report on Sri Lanka last year and a special report
dicial killings". In March.
This driniversary tribute
the eminent American Journalist, Jonathan Power of
5.
:mbly for Human rights activists were likely to
her lawyers workintro de Estudios ; had been arrested.
da ne W5 release vicesi. A filon of conscience, one awo Westerkam P, wn on BBC teleWien ing and included “ith Jose We Starch phoned the proanged for an item to be included at
Program. telegram deploying been sent to the UN COTT i 550
hts. On Sunday 55 officer in Toronto major newspapers
Canada had cowar Cid Le Amnesty reprohad spoken by anadian ambassador s and, as a result, Wernment had asked 1ätyg ble || OWCd ielā ribāre.
on Monday mornearcher received Il Buenos Aires. at the Argentinian rted the case, and 25ted were being cado, would be article 224 of the
the possession of
plans of military and faced eight mt:.mt
e" surm sed that ry plans the human
phone
hawe would be diagrams of torture centers and detention camps drawn by former prisoners.
By the middle of the week the press coverage of the events was extensive. The Latin American correspondent of The Guardian Wrote a major plece based on information provided by Ammes ty. A critical editorial appeared in The Washington Post and was reprinted in the International Herald Tribune. The New York Times carried a lengthy news report.
A week after the arrests the rang again in London. The judge dealing with the case
had called everyone into court for an announcement. Late that night, a call from the U. S.
section of Amnesty brought the news that although the judge had said police investigations would be continued, he had ordered the prisoners released, citing
insufficient evidence.
Now, 25 years on, Amnesty International is still young and poor while the state machinery for imprisoning and torturing and killing has a long tradition and wast resources. The challenge now is to build the human rights movement to a size that will make governments finally understand that no amount of hypocrisy or prevarication will suffice. One d; governments must be told, they will no longer get away with it.

Page 14
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Page 15
The need of
powerful
реас
Fr. Tissa Balasuriya 0. M. Lo
SE Lanka today is going through its most agonizing crisis of this century. A virtual civil war has engulfed our country in large Scale destruction of property and of human lives. The economy is slowly grinding to a halt. Our debts are mounting. Suspicion, fear, ha tred is increasing. Our sons are killing each other by several hundred each .hםחסוח
It is in this tragic situation that we are meeting here in Madras. I all conscious that am speaking in the city from where orie side to thea conflict directs its military operations. an aware that we are dealing with a very sensitive issue in which milsunderstanding and misinterpretation is possible or even Probable due to the intensity of the emotional undergirding of the issues. All the same I wish to sPeak to you as frankly as Possible, with malice to none, remembering that life is short and we pass this way but once.
10-2 years of escalating violence:
Our country has now seen 0-12 years of escalating violence. Starting from mob violence and indiwidual acts of wi olence it has noW grown to a large scale war on a wide front with sophisticated equipment and international involvement. Several years of conflict does not indicate that come 5 i de or the other can hawe final victory by War. If hate continues, which ever side wins, the next generation of youth is likely to recommence the struggle. Both sides seem to accept that this is a NO WIN situation.
* The text of a speech made by the Director, Centre for Society & Religion, at a Seminar in Madras Organised by the Indo-Lanka Maithri Sராgamரya on Sth uly 1986.
Yet both sides
from a Foo5 itit There is no c other, hence no sation of host de-escalation of
It is my ex gone round to the country, decade on Pea the vast majori: of a communi Peace. They to stop. Bu t i t express themsel speak to each c great dwides of and the War fr ation let me On SOme aspects sility of the I dili agents in this h
On the SFi
The Governm 38 yar's 51 all had a domiր political leaders. | EICe W:15 first Sia la Tob5 Tali | leaders violently on the in Colombo. Th ärd order er other way. Th ment of the da than merely tole more Widesprea Unleashed in 50,000 Tamils fie to the North E
After nearly which the Pro resolved, large lence against th in 1977, follower in 1979, 98 a astrous and syst the Timi|5 in widence which
1970's was a re. tịch to the Simhä
ignored, if not

the hour is a
e nnOVernment
want to negotiate 2n of strength. onfidence in each basis for a ces| Itifas CF ewe
Wiolence.
perience, having most parts of during the past Ce missions that ty of our people ties Want a just want the killing hey are unable to Wes. They cannot ther across the ethnic prejudice bnt. In this situreflect with you | of the responfrient actors or uman tragedy.
Lanka side:
'n ES of the past Independence hawe ance of Sirhala
The ethnic wo.
un leashed by the |ԳEE *րի ըր էիa protested non
Galle Faco Green fe officers of law rely looked the e SLFP Go Wiy seemed to more rate. Similar and ld Wiolence was 958 when about 2d from the South y land and sea,
20 years during Elems were not Scale (ethnic) vioen Tamils erupted by further bouts nd the most di 5ematic attack on July 1983. Tamil began in the early Isponse and reacla wollece, ofte tolerated or even
approved by the rulers of the day. The Government of Today which has ruled the country since 1977 has to accept a very large share of responsibility for the escalation of violence during its regime. Unfulfilled Promises, broken pledges, and failure to recognize the depth of the frustration among the Tamils, specially the youth, led to a Worsen ing of the situation. The Government has attempted to contain discontent by repression. Every stage of repressive action had led to a greater resistance among the Tamil people, This in turn has led to greater repression by the Government. The spiral of violence has thus been escalating.
The GoverПГпепt has made the problem more difficult of solution by its policies towards the other political parties of the South, specially the SLFP. Given the tragic situation of today the Government must take every Step necessary to reach a consensus among the political parties of the South in order to propose a w la ble and acceptable political solution to the Tamil people. The resolution of the N/S conflict is directly releated to a solution of the South-South proplem - specially of the U. N. P. and the S.L.F.P.
The Goyermet fai || 5 to do so, it will be unfortunately presiding over the disintegration of Sri Lanka as a political unit, and also of our peoples civilized way of life.
The SLFP : The other major political party has shared power with the UNP during the past 30 years. It has also to share the blame for our present calamity. Both the safeguarding of human lives, and perhaps even political wisdom, should bring it to cooperate actively with the
3

Page 16
(GC’Y 2 TT1Tt | issu 2. ||If it
W
resolving this sai |5 to trarlsgend interests of party politics, the country may witness once again the power conflicts of political parties jeopardizing a peaceful and just settlement of this conflict. Should the S.L.F.P. exp SCL to return to power, it has to consider that is in power it will inherit a situation worse than even now, and without much outside help to prop up a Severely damaged economy.
SMP: WW2 wygl: The Hg i mitiative taken by the S.L.M.P. to request an all Parties Conference and visit Tamilnadu prior to it.
The Left Parties in S. L. ha’we also coff and cl contributed to the worsening of ethnic relations. But today most of thern are on the side of a just and peaceful Solution,
The TULF which has often been the victim of broken pledges and has stood for a peaceful
solution of the ethnic problem, has also a large measure of responsibility for the present difficu|ti e 5 in that it was the
T.U.L.F. that propagated the demand for Eelam as a separate So wereign state. This extreme demand, though the fruit of frustration has been a cause of the unresolved conflict of the past decade. We urge the T.U.L.F. rake 53 15 LITLI İLİ'ya though critical, a response as possible to the proposals for reconciliation and power sharing offered
by the Sri Lankan government, despite Sad Temories of past infidelities. Failure at this stage
too can add i Ti mensely to the suffering of our people. We in Witc. Lhem to Come to Sri Lanka to meet the ordinary Sinhala
elc and Speak with thm.
The Tamil Militants Groups is the response of generous and dedicated Tamil youth to the Sri Lankan denial of Tamil rights and the T.U.L.F. propagation of Eelam as a goal of the Tamil People. They have gone through and are enduring much personal hardships and suffering. Hundreds of them hawa gi wen their li wes for thic cause of Eelam. They hava opted for a military resPons a to , the violence of the
A
majority and 1 3 ECitud Of the
10-2 years built up the group 5 over CCF North and Eas In the mical tim rity forcos hay Hir" | 1 || T. I i 3 d5 ir c:b2 Lh groups realist: Samt CC fit t haya Luchi chi victory. For w is a response majority CorTi mi, leading to an L. lization of the Conflict Com til Luri: there will be doric to the in the areas of
The whole thus caught in spiral of violen astrous effects ships between suspicion, distru Thore and Thore
The majority a || || Turi itics i jų 5 t pga:, bl. to articula ... th rations, or org for it. The g tion, specially hale ar cl Tami || [ by the inability E meg: , each c: with Cäch Qth mcdia. The Con do mot permit, cither side to good will of th of the peoplc Thg mgdia of . gra wat C: thc: si aggerations of sit Ultiom li t the Sinhale and "" || 3: Th 2 MLJE free to really r Prejudice is bad of misunderstarit PLI nish Therint of : frhar Iirit; th thc ordinary pe: to me et då ch :
Tai ladu
The Gower Tani|nadu too responsibility foi tragedy of these

he authoritarian
State.
: if I fir llyn. power of those tain arcas of th: L of Sri Lanka. the State secualso increas cd ld cquipment. It
at these militant that in the prehey too do not
ince of a lasting File their wolence
to that of the Inity, it is nic W fortunate mobistate also. If the
5 another 10 years TTT Easurable har Ti
country, specially
conflict. af Sri Lika i 5
tha id cof the re. This has disof the relationthe communities, st and hated are
här dengd.
of the people of
ardently desire It they are unable eir better inspiInize themse | w 25 ap of Corri'r murnicaetween the SiriJeople is deepend of ordinary people ther cor dialogue er through the di Tiflis; of wica||ence
the people on know th: immensa Ie wast majority f1 Lh2. Other sida. ommunication ag
LLation With exOLur already bad he process both
Tamil people as lims arc all hardly m:C:t c:a:ih 3,3 r. enough, but fear ling and ever of in c type or other e possibilities for A.C. Iowing peoples thcr.
ent and people of hawe a share of " the Sri Larıkarıs years. Ta Tilmadu
has been a haven for refugees who have fled Sri Lanka and Stato violence; and a Sanctuary
for the TULF as wye || 5 for the
Tamil militants engaged in an arm cd struggle against the Sri Lakan Sta.C. A 5 with im Sri Lanka, the Tamilnadu political
leaders may tend to decide their political stances on the Sri Lankan problem more with a view to clectoral gain, than to being helpfu towards a peace fu reso
ution of the conflict.
This is further complicated by the trend a Tong the people of TarTilmadu La view th= Sri Lankan state as Ywanting to exter Tinate the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Sinhala people as the enemies of the S. L. Tamils. The edia here are probably unaware of the desire for peace among the wast majority of the Sinhala people or has no means of knowing it. Likewise the Sinhala people tend tO judge Tamilnin du reactions to S.L. in the background of their historica | fers and ccllective 11 3 Tori 35 of past invasions froT South India.
Due to these sad realities it is very important that the people ard leaders of TaITirladu also meet the people and leaders of the Sinhala people in order to foster good relations among them. A ab. S3 Cof 5 Luch a communication may contribute towards hardening of attitudes and fears or both sides. Tamilnadu sensitivities may in turn make it Tigre difficult for the Gower. ment of India o serve as a friendly mediator,
It is i TTP crta rit that the people arld leaders of TäIII illa du consider that e TI ÇIÇ u raging the res cort to the gun from within its territories can have, in the long term, Liridęs ir ble effects of its 'wr Polity.
The Gower rheit of dia has been a helpful illediator in the present conflict, since July 1983. It has in 153 to bear in Third that permission, explicit or illplicit, to use its territory for attacks on Sri Lanka, may if allowed to continue long further complicated India's own problems of national security. For forces beyond the control of all these agents may want to further inter

Page 17
nationalize the issues. We believe the Government of India Wants to settle the issue specidily with fair play and justice to all, and we would encourage all concerned to cooperate with it in this
Te Ward.
If the conflict draws on it is the peddlars of arms that Will benefit from it. Unfortunately there are too many companies and other agencies interested in fostering armed conflicts in poor countries, for the sake of their arms sales, and for destablizing these conutries. We Tust all be careful that we do not become Wictims of these.
Need of a Peace Movement: Sri Lanka is thus suffering today due to the sad failure of a whole generation of leaders to cvolve peaceful and constitutional means of conflict resolution. They have not been able to inspire the younger eneration by their sense of honesty, fair play and dedication to the common good of all. The violence of the young Is a Tesult of this failure of the older leaders. This is true of the 1971 Sinhale youth inaur rection and of this Tamil insurgency or liberation struggle.
The Tamil youth militants hawe also to realize that their option for arms is not an unambiguous virtue. For the conflicts among these was, and their authoritarian approaches towards the opulation of their own areas 醬 the Tamil people also with concerns for their future. The repression by the state and the attacks by the state's security forces, hoWeyer ensure them the support of the Tamil people in considerable measure.
The Tamil and Sinhala youth are today being motivated by antagonistic feelings to resort to arms for the defense of their race, homeland, country etc.
Recently I was on a short peace march at MUNNESWARAM near Puttalam. A sturdy you ug Sinhale boy of 15. Was waling by my side. I asked him what he would do as a man. He said his father was a policeman. He would like to join the army or the police force. When I askiad
him why. He r Country was in else could go to if not youth like him, do you kno the conflict. He not know", bu to Wolunteer.
Similarly 1 ha youth of 4 and of Schaal and Jol Brothers ard Sist gles to struggle ration. Our yo thus thrust int pulated by the ni and social force Sri Lanka, for their race, homel: It is siad to gee of our youth is in hat Fgd änd W. give their lives includes killing also true despite peace among th the people.
The escalation no ched abs proportions. The resorting to aler sections of peopl of the North. inevitably to the cent Ci Wi|lian 5. Li eyer If It be on the Witoler og of the is the militant act of ident civil : im iWii Urbo al la " (2:15, aliro"; We deeply deplo flict is thus esca be kept in mind ment that contini ing could Head t bringing in count not each escalatio to a response The killing of ci can a 150 lead to the frenzy of IT either side, to ex totally destroy in left of our count
In this a most fying situation. groups who are solution Illust g that a peace m Lanka may becom suffering people - groups against th

eplied that the langer and who the battle front - HET). I asked W the cause of said "g, I do fee a We
Wë met Tarn || 5 dropping out ning their elder
ers in the junfor their libeLuth are beling
combat manyths, Brejudicesו s prevailing in the defence of and country etc. how the flower thus growing up ith a dc5 ir Eo or a cause which OCH 5 TF|5, 5 IEF 5 FG foro e majority of
of Wiolence has blutely horrible State has been jal bombing of e in the cities This is leading
killing of innohelindus
kewise, ly a response to
security forces, ion of the killing ians by bombs an transport and Aft factories, etc. e that the Conlating. It has to
by the Governued aerial bombo the militants ir weapons. Has Il of Wognce ad te leated to it? vilians by bombs
חr-Eas E Iםחו חנ: ab Vicence an tents which will uch of what is
Iry.
said and terrThe persoпs and for a peaceful et together so ovement in STI he the cry of a - of all ethnic e encircling bru
tality and devastating inhumanity of ITäI L5 man.
Let me state that personally already in 1956, in the Social Justice Review of May - Aug 1956, I wrote an article on "The Frustrated Community' where I said that if the racist policies of the Government of the day continued, we cannot expect the Tamils to want to belong to one united Ceylonese nation.
Today after thirty years, may take this occasion to tell you and through this seminar to all the Tamil people of Sri Lanka, that I am extremely sad at the way the Sinhale governments and mobs have treated you during the past three decades. I bow my head in shame for this record of Cruelty and lack of Lunders tanding of your legitimate aspirations for human dignity, identity as a people and self management of your own destiny. I ask your pardon for the faults of our rulers and of some Sinhale people.
would like you to accept my witness, after having travelled to most parts of Sri Lanka that the overwhelming majority of the Sinhale poeple are peace loving and want to live in peace with ai || others. These are the Eggst inspirations of their personality, religions and culture even though suspicion fear and hatred sometimes over takes these among some
of them. I believe likewise of the Tamil and Muslim people among whom | hawe lived and
travelled during these decades.
Unfortunately all these people of good Will are unorganized, in articulate and not a social force. They do not exercise state power, or control the mass media. They are often manipulated to serve the interest of power holders and power seekers on both sides.
The Suwiwa || of Sri Lanka T5 - Sinhale, Tamil, Muslim and Burgher as civilized human beings depends on our ability to come together as human beings respecting each other's rights as persons and peoples, and compelling our leaders to work out the political constitutional and economic structures for a just and free society. Our
(Continued on page 24)
5

Page 18
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Page 19
Why Support Agricultural R.
S.N. de S. Seneviratne
he scientist preaching the
research gospel may also be permitted his text, And mine is From Alan Patton's immortal noWel "Cry, the beloved country':
"Stand unshod upon it, for the ground is holy, being even as it came from the Creator. Keep it, guard it, care for it, for it keeps men, guards men, cares for men. Destroy it and man is destroyed."
This land of ours, Sri Lanka, is holy, sacred, and has sustained man in this country from time immemorial through that wholesome occupation it lends itself to, agriculture. When agriculture flourished, there was Peace and Plenty, Stability and Prosperity, and those buoyant periods in our country's history bequeathed to posterity the master Works of our Creative genius and the rich ingredients of our cultural heritage.
Sri Lanka is, in our age too, essentially an agricultural country and agriculture will remain, in the foreseeable future, the base on which rational life will be structureld. More than 50% of het people, including a majority of the poorest, weakest and most vulnerable sections of the community are engaged in pursuits related to agriculture. It is the principal determinant of the state of the national economy accounting for about 60% of her export earnings. These are compelling reasons why agriculture should be cared for and its viability ensured.
The vigour of the agricultural enterprise is determined very largely by the quality of the research that sustains it. Research is the spring from which all else flows. It is not an optional extra; it is an endeavour which deserves
Iէ իրց իբ thit te ri tij low. Indeed,
research of 67 research sundi FLNC 5 Sirf ||
Th로 Were to prese Erմսի COmքD5e budget ing.
Dr. Niss Director (Rese Reser i 15EE
the highest Prie: He location C national budget. Research are persuade you at research to Cor fully, of the research has top development, ar you for an incre commitment of national budget susta rasearh,
In the brief available to пле, to place before dorations which on you the Par TeGea Tch.
The pressures employment and introduced a Co for meaningful pressing problem for their solutio We util 1562 our for the upliftime of life of our E marily are land, shing. Climate factor and the , is pregnant with is indispensible CO TTL COLITSE

esearch
en the constant ament of the scientific community na com mītment to research in Sri Lanka. Is disrrially in a study of the 1980 expenditure on agricultural developing countries, Sri Lanka ranked 55th in ng per scientist. (India spends more then twice as մրku, )
paper prepared for a meeting dit which Scientists it the case for increased research funding to a d of members of ministries concerned with national
nka Seneviratne is a plant pathologist who as Deputy пrch). Gаппогшwa, headed the Central Agricultural
Ite at Perader7 FyJ.
brity, not least in f funds from the
So we from here today Eo out the claims of Vince yolu, hopecrucial role that ay in our Countr to Plead Wit ased and adequate finds from the to support and
period of time I will attempt you sопе Cisre55קוחmight T amount claims of
of today - food, incomes — ha Ye пnpelling шrgency E115. W. B. T.5 CC3. COLT 5. Our best hope | jos in how we || natura | T-50urg25 nt of the quality laople, These PriWater and sunis an ower riding WDFd en WTOn The F1 E meaning. Research in chartering the for the judicious
utili5ation of our e ridowment:5
In responding to the challenges of our time, changes have to be made - forests cleared, rivers dammed and crops or livestock raised where nature once held sway. Nature sustains; nature is not readily malleable we hawe, as it were to negotiate with nature and effect the se changes with in the parameters of manipulation if LLLL LLLL L L L LO LOLSS S LLLLLL S LLLCLLLS sequences. Examples are plentiful all over the World of man's ignorance and arrogance in overstepping permissible limits. For instance, in the United Statos, the fragile sols of the plains of the a Tid South West 5 hold mot have been put under the plough; ra nching offered the bas I hope for the plains. In the late 1880's concerned people sounded this warning. However, the US Congress willed other Wise, influenced 靴 powerful pressure groups. The plans were cultivated. The great dustboys of the 18905 and 1930's were the inevitable consequence. The Great Plains Committee which reported on the tragedy in 1936 declared that the di 55te Was wholly man-made, the result of his attempting 'to Impose upon a region a system of agriculture
|7

Page 20
to which the plains are not adapted." - a warning to us too in Sri Lanka as We Weigh ou T options, respond to pressures, and make decisions affecting not only the present generation, but generations yet to Come Sound information generated by research must surely be the light to lead us on a sensible course and away from the pits of disaster into which we are in danger of falling.
While science and technology hold the keys to the proper utilisation of ou rasources, the evolution of Strategicos, a Tid methicdologies relevant to o Lur situation in Sri Lanka is of the utmost importance. True, science is uniworsal and transcends boundaries of time and place. The expericonces from the cradles of civilization, whether Egypt or China, may have something to offer us
as do the hydraulic engineering feats of mediacewa | Sri Lanka. Modern science has thrown up
in numerable possibilities. Yet, we in Sri Lanka, Cannot rely wholly on results obtained elsewhere. Thus, systems developed elsewhere for irrigated farming in flat lands may not be suitable for Sri Lanka; the water management and land utilisation practices adopted in them may be irrelevant for the undulating expanses of Sri Lanka's dry zone where the massive irrigated 5 chemics hawe been launched. We need to assess the appropriateness of methodologies developed elsewhere in different situations, critically examine their relevance for our situation, and adapt, modify, adopt or reject as dictated by informed judgement. In de cd, we hawe to fashion courses appropriate to our own distinctive needs, blending our inheritance from the traditional past with the recent advances in science and technology through the sustained effort of local research. Wisdom has to be acquired with patience and humbleness.
The means adopted to secure our salvation must, in the short term, be able to optimise the productivity and profitability of resources and effort in fashioning a viable agriculture. Equally, in the long term, we must preserve
B
the resources life in this cou erations yet to later gen cration greatest price their for fathers to baar til: because of the cretions of the rations, just as chief hairs to that accrue thr of their fore be: the compelling in research. W. destiny into ou cannot abdicate
2 u I tal-Liwi tieg i I1 titioners and a shor Eas; we ha challenge ours Tarines Cannot tants in the
In travelling development, di quently stand at way to go. At fork cam bic: m: adequate inform absence, the W taken, the inf being readily fi projections, fal formation and rendency to be temptations oi highly advertis an e Wer preSE nucllcar option5 tranquilisers of Crie of our ov Abeysiri, has E "Take the case Everybody want and currently etc., f someb. the best use of would be re-c a scientific ba charcoa and f not be tak em requires Tinimi. some effort or fashionable thi բut up a pro; nuclear power take billions & 20 years to pollution . . ." opportunities : ment. Many : ropes' given pills prescribe

lat Cal 5.5 tail try for the gencolle. It is the that pay the for the sins of nd arc compelled reatest burdens Follies a Tid in disргесс сding geпеthey will be the whatay er benefits ugh the wisdom rs. There lies ed for Tiga ning fill aw to take our own händs. WWC our thinking and research to pracencies beyond our fe to meet the lves, American fight the mili.r-thכ
the Old caed cision maker5 frothe fork - which di choices at the ide only on an ation base. In its rong turn may be 3 TT13|| CT1 WF ČLJI LITT led by imaginary sa caim5, misinbad advice. The attracted by the glamorous and ed modernities i5 nt reality - the and the sweet high technology. 'n engineers, D.T. ut the point well: of solar energy, 5 to use advanced costly solar cells, dy suggested that 5 olar energy today rcling of treas ori is to give wood "ewood, he would eriously since it m expenditure and ly. This is not the g today; we must osal to instal 1 a plant, which may f Tupées and tako build and create Many are our lost nd errors of judgeso are the "dead y "loyalists', the by foreign 'ex
perts', and the costly blunders committed by 'infallible' guides. Their consequencas are di sastricus and it is well to cite some examples as a potent warning of the dangers inherent in decisions rade without adequate information and reliable research data.
About 25 years ago, the Soven Virgins Project at Maskeliya which could have provided nitrogenous fertilizer as well as electricity to meet the increasing demands of long term expansion was aborted. Later, the urea factory was built at Sapugaskanda, dependant on imported feedstocks. It was soon to become a white elephant while the quest for electrical power led to the high dam, Wictoria, with the submergence of Patha Du Tı bara, one of the most fertile stable and productive agricultural regions of the island. Meanwhile, we are now importing fertilizer which could have been produced locally.
The for ast Cower of the montane region was of wi tal importance and not only for the well-being of Sri Lanka's agriculture. Yet, schemes dictated by blind arrogance in the name of potato production and ruthless jungle clearing for agricultural expansion spared meither the for est coy et mor Sri Lanka's unique botanical and ecological sanctuary, the Horton Plains. Clairns that the bacterial Wilt disease which affects potato will not occur at altitudes over 5000 feet, a reason adduced to clear wirgin forests and mutilate the Horton Plains for potato production, have since been proved to be untenable. The damage to the water sheds which sustain the rivers and the attendant effects such as erosion, silting of reservoirs, floods, earth slips, etc, consequent on the clearing of the natural vegetation, supposedly to advance agricultural production, is in estimable. Time will complete the story of our follies with the
events that arc likely to unfold downstream and in the lands opened up under the massive
irrigation schemes.
The vital importance of research to gencrate knowledge on land

Page 21
utilisation patterns and Water management practices for the success of agricultural ventures under irrigation is illustrated by the wreck which is the development programe, one which also emphasises the importance of healthy planting stock for successful crop production. Both at Kantalai and Hingurana, faulty irrigation practices have laid waste much land in these plantations while the utter disregared for measures to contain disease Problems has wrought havoc in the in the plantations where virus diseases and smut are ram Fant. So after more than 25 years of sugarcane development, only 20,000 tons of sugar are produced annually Had the nascent sugar industry been supported by an adequate research capability in vital areas, Hald research Information been generated to ensure the success of the project, and measures dictated by that information been implemented, the sugar story would have been wastly different. The new drug called biotechnology will not cure the sugarcane ills. Now, in the aftermath of the tragedies at Kantalai and Hingurama, Multimationals hawe arrived on the sugar scene and gained a hold in Well assa ("hundred thousand fields"), the ancient district now known as Mone ragala. Even Haddawa Mookalana, the jungle that has been preserved for centuries and is regarded as an impor
tant factor governing the water
regime in the area, is being sacrificed on the altar on sugar. While one tragedy follows another caused by the absence of sufficient research information to execute projects successfully, What remains of Sri Lanka's natural endowments is being systematically destroyed.
Agriculture in this country is now caught up in the repercussions of decisions already made, of scheTies that have already been launched. Their consequences are both good and bad hopeful and frighLening. We marchied with the Green Revolution. We built a High Dam across the Maha weli. The intensive agriculture associated With the Green Revolution technology was based on the application of high dosages of chemical ferti
Sigarcane
izer, the Cult yielding Yarieties, use of pesticides. obtained, true. Y need to be reg them the depleti rients from the soi side effects of pli soll involving mit the da Image - Çaus TEICOTIEJI I of its properties. Däml äcross Ehe ԵIւյր եւ || 1 | 37|- of its collissio ecological-morphic Car The apparent at care to be as whether the d: beger bLIII Ita Ea [| Step-by-step disir a preferable att cost of measure combat its II of Wito TI DIT TO We hawa no tim researching the hawe come in Llo gated areas influer perils, besides th the Hamban Eo La already surfaced. to be research not glossed ower
Finally, resear Because national agriculture. It i: of overcoin despair and the of halting the involuntary sale babies, maids, slay mals in markets bating the evils ferated in the abs occupations for II tio 15 — La "I" o "15 TIT banditry, male a tution; of preven of the Walues th; community lifepa55ion, respect ft. for others of assault on our
In early 1971, group of articula deep south. The their frustrations tion of hopelessne li Wes, They poure in their hearts. in the country : fertile land, wat

vation of high ind the increased High yields were et the i II effects ognised, a Tong on of micronut, the deterious sticides in the robial processes, d to the soil by
the alteration The Aswan High N||é Was CommisWithin a decade Ing, Its negative logical effects beId the question ked seriously - mm Should hawe and whether It5 nantling now is ernative to the s necessary to
foots. With the W commissioned, to lose before
cW factors that play in the irriiced by it. Other e yellow one in District, hawe They too need din depth and with gimmicks.
ch is important 5aVation ||es in our best hope the violence of politics of hate: voluntary and of Sri Lanka res and professioabroad; of cornthat have prolience of satisfying he rising genera1, drug peddling. 1d female prostiting the abortion at once governed tolerance, comor order, concern countern ing the ultural heritage.
encountered a
te youth in the y told me about , and the condiiss gripping their d out the anguish They said: "We, ire blessed with er and Sunshine.
We have people. If our resources are developed and utilised, need we be subject to this anguish? We cannot accept our condition; we will struggle to change it or die in the Process.” They signalled tha Wicilence that Was soom Co grip the country in the Insurgency. Many of our country's finest youth perished in that uprising.
Humbled by the lessons of the youth uprising in 1971, pleaded in my address to the Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975 thus to achieve those objectives so clearly recognised by restless youth: "We can spare our nation the agony of our restless rising generations being slaughtered as they challenge the authority of the state in their struggle for a fairer social order. It has happened once and it can happen again unless We can persuade them that it is a preferable alternative to converts Words into plough shares. Their conversion cannot be achieved by chanelling Our Theag Te Te5QurC2S EO POTOCU re sophisticated armaments. But there is more thān an outside. Chance that giant strides in agricultural development and in the exploitation of our natural resources could achieve this objective - as has been demonstrated by China'. But, as so often happens with the pleas of scientists at their posts in this country, whether for research funds or for an improvement in the quality of life, the plea too fell on deaf ears. And so we hawe violence again - this time in the north - in the challenge of the restless rising generation for a fairer social order. Among those who have turned to Wiolence, there are un doubtedly unscrupulous opportunists and despicable scoundrels, ruthless terrorists, agents of Imperialism, beneficiaries of the armaments industry and the drugs trade Who maka their mi ions b cycling aggrieved youth throug crises. Yet, to fail to recognise that among them there are also many, perhaps a majority, in whom the spark of idealism to struggle for a faircr social order has not been extinguished, is surely a mistake.
If our country is to be healed of its mortal sickness, the moral
(Continued on page 24)
9

Page 22
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Page 23
Villains and witches in
Kumari Jayawardena
he smear campaign on the
Sri Lankan Women's row mont |ëd crie Worshiro to ext:lair” "I'm surprised the witch hunt took so long in coming."
Since 1975, the new women's groups hawe challenged the vicw that worTen in Sri Lanka ar| ib'crated. They hawe rccently bg.cn at the forefront of the peace mo wement in Sri Lanka al Tid hawe also highlighted women's economic exploitation, the degradation of worfer. In the media, legal discrimiration, the oppression of women in the family, violence against Women, the rape of Tamil worner and a host of other question15 involving women's rights and wo. men's liberation. They hawe also joined and helped the struggles of Working Women including the strikes of the Polytex garment Workers and the Urses.
BLI T. according to the current diatribe Sri Lankan feminists (by definition 'bad wormen") are living off foreign funds, are pro
moting foreign ideologies, are anti-Sinhala Buddhist, are SLI pPor ters of Tår Til terrorists and
are per verting rural Women with liquor and sex. A real witches brew The first reaction is to laugh - but then We should pausa and ask ours clyes, "What kind of society do we live in where legitimatic agitation by women for basic democratic rights is so distorted 2 Who is behind these Sinears and what purposes are served by their publication ?
How cver this is not an īssu limited to worn on. All those concerned with preserving democratic values must reflect on the on-going witch-hunt - namaly the den Linciation and wi li fiction of groups and individuals (both men and women) who challenge the prevailing ideologies of thoso in PC" = T. COf courso this is mot new. From colonial times to the present day, movements perceived to be "threatening" to structures based on foreign rule, class domi
maticam, Q.315 t' OPP miration 2 First and the subordin: hawa been subject 1 and warbal widlen
In considering orne se 25 se Weral on the 'wi ||alis a each c. Poch. The ! popular hits amo Storie; ai Ted at exciting the Publi Thieves'', ''Foreign som "", ""High Lifc Morals." The pub is presumed to b patriotic, loyal, non–drinking änd
L FTH E AO THIEW
Cna of the per popular smears a - whether they ders, trade Lunion titia r15; x) r" ficmini5; that they are stic sations funds ånd themselves throug (received from Mt Catho | it Actior), Fc5 tert a 5 the c:15
Anagarika Dha plagued for years (made by the Sr geoisie who disl he was pili fering from Mary Foste benefactress of tE
 

paradise
Men are such gossips !
''All Lesbians,
ression, discriLiric ITl|TlCrities ition of worther, to both wig ence
電己。
wer ba | wiol erticle |ima ; cf as Säult rid witches' of -e have been 5 ng the horror frightening and c: - 'The Forty De'yi 15"", ""Trea'' aid "Loose lic. in this case, e poor, de Wout
simple, rural, chaste.
"ES"
55 CIL 1rld Im Ost gainst 'ag i Lators' * BLJdd ist Flists, left polits is to allege a ling the organiarc cnrich ing h "foreign gold' Siccow, tha: || A. Oxfam or Mary e may be).
Lrmapala, was with allegations i Lankan bourike him) that
funds received Ir armi Armericairn he Buddhist re
It seen 15
Wiwal and Buddhist education. The Left leader 5 hawo bom ta Lurted in the local press for receiving "Moscow gold', and almost every tra di unio Cador ha 5 had to face a legations of misappropriation. Today it is the turn of LL LLLLLL HHHHHLLLLLLLS S S HHHHLGLLHLHLHHmLH HHHL S GLLH Η ΓΕ t surprised t the a legations that feminists were operating a rack at and misusing large amounts of money sent by foreign funders.
E FOREIGN DEWLS'
The other Popular lima is that if foreign funding is wicked then foreign ideologics aro worse. It is argued that Marxism, Socialism and of course Féminism arc foreign imports of no relevance to Sinhala Buddhist culture and traditions, which has already given us the blueprint for socialist society and women's liberatic, Those istroducing dangerous alien ideas to paradise have been educated or trained a broad am de act 35 the agents of foreign powers. Earlier the attacks were on Marxist, forced on Lus by Moscow and Paking; today the same line is used against the worllen's Towement, namely that Western feminism, a product of decadant society, is trying to corrupt Sri Lankam wycof ar that if this Sinister sch ems, the Church, the CIA and foreign-educated women are Playing a mai pulati Ye role.
교l

Page 24
In a period of intense Sinhala Buddhist cha uwinism when allegations against minorities arouse Strong reactions, one of the popular targets has been Christianity as the religion imposed by imperialists and missionarios, and that today, any money or support for local movements coming from Church sources, arc sus. pect. In recent attacks on the wo Ten's movement this argument was a key one, the target being ironically the radical Church groups not the Church heir archy
TREASON"
The most popular way to hit at a movement or person today in Sri Lanka is to make a legations that they are traitors, botraying the Sinhalese and supporting Tamil terrorism. In the past, the colonial rulers shouted sedition, whenever anyond like Dharmapala raised his voice, and even mild reformists of the colonial period would be accused of
LTGOTT
Elements of the Sinhala bourgeoisie too used this type of
in Wective aga inst other Simha les c who from the 1930's onwards were fighting chauvinist ideology and defending minorities. The Left leaders, in particular, received their share of vilification - espccially in the years from 1956 to the early 1950's - when they courageously held out for parity of status for the Sinhala and Tamil languages at a period when 'Sinhala Only" was the popular cry.
Today the label of traitor is being placed or women - especially on those Sinhala women who spoke out on the ethnic conflict, rejected a Tiilitary Solution called for negotiations with the militant groups. The women's groups which campaigned for the release of Nirmala Nithyanandan (and others, both Sinhala and Tamil taken in under the repressive PTA), which worked Η ΠΙΟ Γg the Tamil victims of the pogrom of July 1983, and also kept links with the Mothers. Front of Jaffna, are today being den ounced as cnomy collaborators. In addition, the militant Tamil groups arc depicted as CIA-sponsored terrorists by Sinhala extremists; it is
therefore not
'link" the wome the CIA by all Support terroris
(HIGH LIFE
oore-Wer in 3 society, it is . those under att: group of exp Brāh Tin 5. |latd |: of the bourgeoi: the British trie and social differ ing local mation Worker.- class "agi who regretably Cambridge. Bri the thirties dist among workers trado Lurlion | en: for being a Bra forci oppressor of Left leaders too r1 tLIn otgd for beir familias and the tion is held aga populist line ha. evoked ägainst v added complaint tra Welling abroa:
E LOOSE MOR
Haw Cower the is the one base a weapon used by the local bou ECL Tg Li 5ic, Lod: anyone whose of and Politica|| cha threaten ing.
COf Court5e thair and a legations ( are among the c chic book and El them with a we early 20th centu Ralph Pieris has Guardian I980), General of Po alleged that Arag was a homosexu same charge of many of the TI taught in Bud:| added that their British wiews wo si rice they had perverse minds danger to societ corrupting Sinhal: this time the Bl

also with they
diffic | T t n's groups
aging that LS
class stratified tasy to identify ick With a hated oiters, whother I r d5 cr Tem1 bars sie. In Sri Lanka, d to exploit class 2nces — condemna list leaders as lators' and skulks had been to tish plan ter5 i n *ibuted pamphlets attacking the der Natesa Aiyar him in and the replantation labour,
hawe been deng from privileged ir foreign educainst ther. This 5 frequently been W o miri, with the
Lihat they are
frequently.
ALS**
most otha attack 2d on morality, by the British, geof Sic and Petty lly, to den counte irio 15 Ion Satia | rige they see as
"3. Er li SSS i Tito of homosexuality dist tricks in he British used 2ngelice in the ry. As Professor revealed (in Lanka the Inspectorice (Dowbiggin) arika Dharmapala all and made the homosexuality leosophists who 1ist sch Cols; he
seditious antiare not surprising
distorted an - a I d wara a y as they were 1 youth. (Around "itish hanged the
Irish nationalist leader Roger Casement - justifying his hanging to the Public by alleging that his diaries proved he was a homosexual.)
Feminists, women in politics and the wives of politicians, of course, have been the target for obscenity, slanders and personal mud-slinging in recent years. In the past and today, the vulgar remarks and vicious cartoons against Mrs. Bandaranalika are often non politica, butare Connected to the fact that she is a
"WITTE
Moreover women members of par| ia ment hawe been subject to coarse jokes and many women active in Politics hawe, ower the years, had to deal with this deplorable aspect of Sri Lankan society.
The women's movement is also accused of Promoting other types of un-Sinhala behaviour - especally drinking forcign liquor, said to be a Torc Heimicus, wice than consum ing |ačal Borcw. Luriel storias hawe beer spread of feminists forcing whisky down the throats of innocent rural girls. These a Lacks are reminiscent of Che allegations against 'whisky drink
ing Leftists" and are only to be expected in a society, riddled with hypocrisy, where 'temporance leaders' have been known
to take a 'quick nip' and in a Country where, among Buddhist males, alcoholism is one of the most prevalent problems
皋 :
Food for Thought
In discussing tha i SS que one has
also to Understand tha Lurret political context and the class forces at work in our society.
The Problem is a complex one. To only give one example, how do the virtues of the open economy strategies of the government become vices to those who support the government? For at a time when We are geared to foreign aid and investment (not to Tiention consumerism), virtues and Wisions of the good life (which are freely advertised) such as making money, travelling abroad, acquiring foraign languages and education, enjoying
(Continued an page 24)

Page 25
Part IIW A close
Jeanne Pinto
News content THE LOGO
It took roughly a year for tho old ITM logo to be replacad, despite com 5 tant referenca Lo its unsuitability. Then camo, what 3 y 2 the Stäffers L2Tm 3d ""tot" underwear" with ragged music to match - that too last cd a year or so. Early this year, with a mare rigid definition in format, into local and foreign news, two or three more logos were deve|oped - some of which only served to und crlinc that serious approach to news could be witiated by a disco treatment of a logo,
The point to be made here is that more care should go into the devising of a logo - for, once introduced, it tends to stay on ad mau5 eam.
The trouble with a format, as TW officials think it up, is just that it is a format, fixed, strained, te dous, boring - With te Werything in its place and predictable - news, local sports, Weather; foreign news, foreign sports, etc. The padding out, with lotterias. hand-outs, anniversaries, prizegivings arid sic om, i 5 quite distre Esing and a was te of valuable time.
Judging from the format, one would imagine the country's news -producing resources to be very IInea gre in deed.
Foreign news
As has already been remarked, it is very extensively covered by Asia-Wis ic services.
Tighter editing and a Tore intelligent commentary (with script more definitely related to visuals) w-uld en5ure better wie wing and the chance of more stories being
İTE
As TV is not merely visual (a fact that seems to elude rost officials) better use could be made of wire Services – with, of course, relevant graphics (Taps, 5 || de5,
look at Rupa
etc.), ånd thc : a re Portěr a II a.
crimer of thc: Scr
This would gi immediacy and news, especially summary,
Local News
This it is wic thc weakest part. cil. The fault: so easily remedia
A+ Th2 lys is that is, it rare to tha C. W. Els of
* It is so cas y
sense of contin bullg in to a me o'y gerfly"" åld f. || in other the dia. neither uniquc n mood and pace country should a tured in so I ways, inspired
practices of othc
The news i pagandist: Ther a dependence or r 5es, inauguration de partmental pu Giv er the og 11 år e rice on politic hand-outs, there for i Tarte tre educational appr: ment of thi 5 m; is Lal -
(a) an alert car
E'W' if th" tial ruling about allot Lod to a ny MP, that camera the set 'back Wiclw; o CC 45 ional the Climera si L2 wered ''. There crowd to be high standard pan. T parts of or enti inserted. ... the legioп.

„vahini
; tandard Pictura telephone in one - חלום י
ye a genge of urgency to the the late night
lely agreed, is
of a ri, 3 Wg bLI l3 are many but
ble:
1ot "пеwsy" - ly ha 5 reference
the day;
to bring in a uity from One ther, with an ow-up, sourced Tigle'yi Sicil 15 o r". i5, 13 [.3d: thg of ew ents ir the nd could be capAny imaginative by ploys and :r disciplines.
s mainly proe is too heavy inisterial addres
cerellonies and blicity material. 1d fort, 3rd I sista coverage and ! is still scope 2ative and Tore ach to är tret1 taria, with for
TET"
was no presidenLHC time to bg com Ministr ar - nadrigt record if the Hig:
side side glante, orice has been disco
arg sic-SS in 3 lighted — not tha here are relevant re buildings to be : examples are
(b) an emphasis on information
It is not the WIP's presence anywhere that is the centra point cof tha . Štory: a litt la bit of research would inspire the approach
any Story.
(c) an intelligent commentary
Proper briefing, meticulous research could maka the (seemingly) Stock coverage come alive with the right words.
(d) variations on the theme
With on-the-spot interviews of other people involved, especially with the articulate, sought out and sounded beforehand - preparation being the key to the entire Cα να raΕΕ.
* The News is not credible
If, for instance, the prominence gi WC:n to lottar y résults i 5 because of 'mutual assistance' (Rupawah ini displaying winning numbers to help boost National Lotteries Board Salics, and the NLB return ing the compliment by donating prizes for competitions, etc.), then that is a wiolation of professional eth|C5, a "sale" of news time,
UPDATE
Thig: "gotc nt i rtrousion of thng weekly share market report into
all three bullet. Ens i 5 surgly another
of special inte test5 Laking Lup valuable news time. The point to be mada is that all these can
b2 3. Fried im a
separita slot - which can be
paid for!
** The The W5
irrelewält and dull
What place has a birth death anniversary of an (undoubltad y) famous character, foreign or local, in 2 new 5 bu I tetin? It may be worth nothing, it may even be interesting and educative - but is *5 ייל:ir n t
Loci | TW has sti || mt | eart the value of a five minute (or less) feature, to be shown in its own right - much more rewart and certainly not time-wasting like the stock stop-gaps of birds, fish ard flowers,
is diffuse,
This is where the anniversary Place belongs.
(To be Continued)
23

Page 26
Why Support . . .
(Continued from page 9)
decay that has penetrated deep into every ethnic group in the Country, there is no time at all to lose before adopting corrective measures which might delivcr us, 35; a maticom, fram cur tcrri bl: predicament. We need to got olur priorities right; agricultural rosearch is an activity worthy of the highest priority for it can contribute immeasurably to the improvemm, of the codi TiCom of our country and the uplift ment of the lives of her people. Yet, support for agricultural research has been minima|. Fort || 985, tha: || ||ocation to the Central Agricultural Research Institute, Gannoruwa, was R.E.M." Ti || i fot operational CO: LS with included wages of labour, laboratory supplies, chemicals, ferti zers, fu c1, electricity and co Triumicati am E. Stiff 5 al ries worked out additio R5. 3. million approximately. The total was around R3. 5.8 mi ||ĩ Ch. Cm 5th July 1985, The Island headline read ""Lati Witš R5, 500 m. moto for defence Ronnie''. Tho
The need of . . . -
(Continued from page || 5)
future is linked together - for happiness or for barbarism. It is too valuable to be left in the hands of only party politicians. It cannot be resolved ultimately by the force of arms, trust and confidence in each other is the only way.
This Tay Seer a naive proposition. To give teeth to this human solidarity We must builda SimhaleTarı il-Muslim Poace coa|| tion for the liberation of a || our peoples fram ha tred and mutual Slaughter The people of Tamilnadu too can help by relating to L5 - to all of us Talli, Sinhaic and Muslim in Such a chain of human Understanding and solidarity, We would like to meet the active peace group5 here. I would lika those: would like to join in this work to Teet with Lg for a faw minut:S after this me ating.
This task needs patient work and truthfulness won
hard im tյԼI r
24
report continu : of Fire år
de Mel had Pr Security Minist RSS || 5 OC) mi || it Crewer the clifft: Cicauntered.
their owm talLumities i ri i nd
current priorit EL 2 of the tr provide also, Lunderlying cau:
"Lib13. Sri not degrade t Asia to give national pride; 醬 Pledd lle
Jrope to fu aspirations. Th merely the rc: Prcscentati We:S UPS in crisis needs - emplo: CCCLII Pati com S — Arrament, wi needs; agricult cut hope.
| start Ed oik Alап Pat оп's country'. this plea for m
tragedy and in widerico. If groups for a ju as a powerful is hope for the Indo-Lank: Contribuite to E the crucible o st|| || Be ab: and free S. anything incor tely please ex
Willains . . .
(Continued
the lates fashi food and liqu WiCes i hic i Pro-go w grn mer are suddenly c bers of the y are behaving
tā ist 3d class struggle.
All this rai:
which w amer

2d that the Minister i Planning Ronnie Orised the National ter the additional am 3 sked for whatulties that might be These figures te F1 e of the los top pore Perndent Sri Lanka, :ies, afid the magniagedy today. They an insight into the 5 es of our present lankan Worther do arms was in West 2xpression to their
Citha to Ti häfin im Westärfl |si thair cultura | as a Warderers are rT1 or (2 cco I 18p icLIou5 of WLulnerable grorid basic human yment opportunities in their haftland. | L" ir ural rosearch hold
ih, a quo Eation from "Cry the belowed Wint LO (Onc.Ld8 Ci fL di for r5
the face of organized :hese persons and St Peace can emerg: social force thr ou T. Country. May a Maithiri Sangan his cause! Through f suffering we may to rebuild a united L. If I have said rectly or inadequa
LIGE TE
from page 22)
Ins, gadgetry, foreign Cr" - have become Columns, of the sa Tie i C mewspapers, Who :cm ccr med that III e IlYmei's Tye Terit like decaderit tapi - "C mot s Lupporting
5ės many questions Will have to reflect
arch with another from the same
immortal novel:
"Cry, the beloved country, for the u Etri child that i ha inheritor of our fear. Let him not love the earth too deeply. Let him not laugh too gladly when the water runs through his fingers, nor Stand too silent When the setting Sun makes red
the yeld with fire. Let him nct be toc mihi yed when the birds of his land are singing,
nor give too much of his heart to a mountain or a valley. For fear will roE hiri of all if he gives too much.'
Surely, our belowed country, Sri Lanka, too must cease to cry for the Lin born child; it must mot be the inhi critor of cur far today. Let him be born into a Sri Lark a where hic may laugh and stand silent before the beauty of his otherland, and be now cd, and give his heart without reserve. It is within the power of the
people occupying positions of authority and influence in our country such as you to ensure
this by supporting the agricultural research effort with adequate funds from the national budget.
om in the coming months. It is easy to trade abuse with our opponents and shout fascist. But it is more important to try and understand the phenomenon of "creeping fascis In' which makes use of the prewailing chauvinism and sexism in society and resorts to propaganda based on the Big Lie and the Big Myth. (The bigger the lie the more it will be believed said Hitler )
This is a critical period in the country's history when we are poised between a rational solution to the ethnic problem on the ole hand and Succumbing to the forces of challwinism and obscur
antis T1 on the cocher; wa hawe therefore to bic a lert Lc tha wification of democratic forces
by reactionaries, using arguments that are supposed to appeal to the "people", including the lios and smears against those women's grops Who pioneered the movement for WorTeri's liberation II. Si L3 rkā,

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