Page 1
Special to the Gor bachev
Guardian
Revolutior
Vol. 9 No. 5 December 1, 1986 Price Rs. 4.0C
Can Indi a Bailey
CRD’s pl
linkage
Pakistan
Provinci
FIDEL on the revolutionary
Nationalism
Can the military option work Sri Lanka, SAARC and the S
്60; Ramani Gunaward
Womens' Groups Jaffna's war-torn
 
 
 
 
 

and the New Russian
Bhabani Sen Gupta
Registered at the GPO, Sri Lanka QJ/72/N/86
an diplomats build
bridge 2
- Mervyn de Silva
an on North-East
Opposition for
al Autonomy
— Ahmed Rashfd
NVERSARY
" and the romantic
oblems — Reggie Siriwardena
- Vyvyan Tenorio
outh-South dialogue
— /Mashinda VMVera ke
ena, a tribute on arrests and economy

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DISTASTEFUL PARADISE
The U.N.P.'s great White elepharr in the sky has at lart Crass-Marded. Af Special Cirirritissior is sirring. So the Baard has beer dirba raded, far reas cir, hich are Hor fon afficulr faיוו
diyirie... “Air Larka", - 1 viri iros farmhous advertistirilgo legend "A Taste of Paradise", ray hare YLCLY LLLLLLLLS SCHCHLLYSYSYK S LLLLS
ra Fiorial fra vel fra de for its la vish hospitality, EbLE iri The eyes of all ir forrred Sri Ları karis, save the CIA-TE தFilegeri Blete иїг/i Sri Korһал рагroтаge, її represerted the other, searlier Filade af The “Freii", society" har
e L'NP crear el post-77.
Ir esperti rritorney like a r oil here "עTheטניה THEי4וסFheik by bgrr. DHS S LaaLLLLLLLSYaa SS S LCCCCLHHL S SY HCLSL CCCL S LLLLLLGCCLLLYY LSLL SS LELLKS нел, Treasury or public opiriori. Il 7 alle erpre FILIPI E y a Frar, or ce ar Air Celor cap far, who seered a Eye fshe rules "Wici apply ru Try basiness bil or public r?ığortrey; I minlıları Heihad appeared Tğı be fore powerful their dry Cerer Miffer.
How is "Air Lалka" атта;sing debis here and abroad, operare for g org Without the Curray OaaLLLSS S 0 S S LLLLLLa LLaaLGLL S S LL LLLLLLLKOHCKS gare gf Air Trka' எார் i preserif plight carIntal be laid ar arte mar" door. Yar of the Board of Directors, a һаля-pickedї птел иith Лigh professioral repulars, and a few of Ferra, fire UNP's "bes aard Eyrigifer", the Piirik-farik: types and the Sri Karhar Hizzkids. Arhidrag terra were Mr. G. И. Р. Sалнarasiлghе, а тор CCS I Corriss F tard Čaire Serrerary, Pia les 5. Ariorher Fiorda Eilify was Mr. D. C. (Chartali) Poiesekera, chrered accoant and Sri Katha jack-of-all frades, Y Last job -- Carripeterir Аи глагity Times, и јth merribership ir so rrimary corporatorTis and advisory carrittees and Beards).
The firza Pcial opera fioris of "Air Iľdřika", či Heľ čerľafri či ľFeď
TTHLLGLLLCHLS LLLLLLLHHL S LLLLLLa S SL 5r erToThai r Ihre civic restri That
a high-level C. 1ாரiy 133 ரி Crifficir as Cay fie foard Bal: David Harper il 芷r 芷 凸e M4 Per FF PEYI SEEreč, merлher, Perhaps Fisfert Criffe HC Sun for yllur
resigrations (No" frajor Victory, E Frá FL || || elepharr allo l'ea rappage for so
INDIWISIBL)
FIFF(IETFrie TETT. Il 5Hrfriëfs jr. Me & rtaking all citi: Ira de la F7 Forti righi! FyrrrrrrrE' 5 rregg Freihers, regard, religiar, Pia we be by the "ethnic co dedilly divisive poi FFFFFFīre, Tor Frfil bгing Home the se who have forgot Si rifica BTI MMI, W. K., rat jsir Tri-Eela car Stern critic of the
Imar rights ge cuse the regime. vilation agai Issued a strongly :ttזI IEיני rieHI ro The Special Pr. Friis, fia FJ icľ Hoff
חם edשחtiחשC)
GUJAR
WO 9 No. 5 DE
Price Ris
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COLOMB (
Editor: Mervyn
Tephane: :

or mission of ally appointed. refroy or
As Director 芷g高f芷一 "բի 1-ից:ք ոքր rry was a Board
fsé Fr cשתוח העליו תEיו שיווו rie en Insse ... 2) as I the ger 'fis isfr ||'hite to go or its Іолg?
E. RIGHTS
friart Fights en
Sto. Il teris equal er 5 и"ол I/Irough le uniting all ess of race or Eri ferre Pflict" a rial its er. For groffs * сыплілgӀу го
Forth 5 fdj | Flúorg * 凸és。T凸凸 ார வரி :
a vociferous விiger br Fe fra ferra Fiora
Icfe,5 H"Maj acfinal rights Tars, is
greed Ire"Fir Garrie Fidrier *Sidorofilo Carri:K. C.III lead It)
page 10)
DAN
cember 1986
AO
էnightly by
blishing Co. Ltd
on Place, O - 2.
da. Siya
7" 또 B
TRENDs H
TRIN COMALEE
Appadurai's book on "Govern
ment" | Was a textbook for Tatti C. and varsity entrance students many years ago. Colonel Wickre Thasuri ya is now quoting
Appadurai as quoted by Mettananda. and Tamimita II, their an t-Tafi| propagan dist pamphlet on socalled Tamilnadu designs to "grab" Trrico.
The importance of Trincomalee to India is cleary stated by far more aareddar historia 5 and other scholars like Dr. Pannikkar and later on by Admiral Kaul. But they do not speak for Tamil
nadlu but for India and India's aims as an Indian ocean power. We must lot confuse these
different objectives. Our obsession With Madras can make us cont mistakes.
T. B. Ekanayaka Kandy
Kotmale — correction
While thanking you for publishing my article on the Kotmale Project, I would be grateful if you kindly publish also the following Corrections :
(Continued on page ?)
C O N T E M T S
News Background
CRD's Compromise Formula 岛 Human Rights 구 Sri Lankans Doubt Military
Can E-W. Foreign News Bangalarg , Summit — III Gorbachow's USSR - I Jaffna's War-tim o Economy — III || 9 BԷեks
Frinted by Ananda Press, 825, Wolferidha Street, Coloribo 3. Telephana: 3 5 7 7 5

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Page 5
A Bridge
Too
(towards a "Danzig corridor
Mervyn de Silva
yer the Thondamannar Bailey
bridge, built by Army Engineers, a triumphant National Security Minister led 16 of his UNP parliamentary colleagues as T. W. cameras recorded the visit for islandwide audiences that same night. The camera crew was on the ground, not in a helicopter hovering above-a sign that the Army was in charge. How long for, nobody knows.
But the object of the demonstrative exercise a5 the Visiting MP's moving from army camp to Buddhist temple and to detained Tamil youths was clear. It was a symbolic re-assertion of Colombo's authority, very necessary to boost morale in the South, inprove the government's image in eyes of the Sinhala constituency, and to prove that the Minister knew what he was saying when he spoke of 'negotiating from strength:
India warns Sri
By John Elliot in Bangalore
A. last night Warned Sri Lanka not to launch a fresh army offensive against Tamil guerrillas
in the north of the island as this could damage attempts by India to help negotiate a solution to the ethnic conflict.
Mr Narayan Datt Tiwari, India's Foreign Minister del Evered the warning last night at a meeting with Mr Shahu Hameed, his Sri Lankan counter part and it will be repeated today when Mr Rajiv Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister meets Mr Junius Jayawardene, the Sri Lankan President.
The two leaders are in Bangalore for tha Second gummit of the South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation which was founded last December.
India is also warning Sri Lanka not to over-interpret the signifi
Arnd the i nega a delicate and CI LTTE, the other TULF stuck to of north and Government's Ei Wincia Counced|5 Cola and Ampar a Boundarles C. would report of of redrawing pr 6 months.
It was not the but the Indian hawa to build a уаwning gap. T constitutional dently led by Mr. Mr. Gandhi's tr aide, a trained man whose 5 d Lanka paved th Government-TUL
Up to Bangalo LTTE, and the the East, which
Lanka of o
cance of raids
Tari | actiwlist5
Indian state of end. I di 5 5 raids were loc:
although 10 to: of militant grou Lundert hou 5 ITTE
Last night the from Madras that tion orders had although the Ind had been expect |пyolyed in date clear whether th to jolп іп реace
Mr Gandhi is Mr Jayawardene Tim Pro Yement:5 to a peace deal. F Concession mäde of Sri Lanka's ea the Tami | majo. northern province

Far. .
')
Latè5. Was III ritical stage. The * groups and the
"merger' linkage east, while the est offer is 3 Pro- Trico, Batta - in the East, or mission which the possibilities. Esant border5 in
+ Sri Lankan army diplomats wha bridge over that he Indian to an of пgiпеегs Is eviוחBara וחF. Chida . Usted Tami Inau lawyer, and the ay Visit to Sri te way for the F talks in August.
|ге, It was the other groups in had the military
ffensive
om about 1000
in the southern Madras last week. ressing that the police actions, 5 political leaders bis had been put
St.
Fe Were rePorts
the house deten. been cancelled,
Ian Gowernment
ed to keep those
nton Unti it wa5
ey were willing
Ealks.
expected to urge to Tiki fre
his proposals for He wants some on linking parts Stern Province CO rity area of the (F.T.)
BACKGROUND
initiative. They were trying to alter the situation on the ground so rapidly and so effectively that the "gap" between the two negotiating parties would have been far too wide for the mediator to bridge. Thus, the Indian crackdown on the militants, correctly t|Ted for the SAARC E Lummit Where the " Io5t Contenti OLI5 15:55, La wä5 a SAARC rasolution Đn "teros'".
Whether it was a Tamilnadu move or a joint Delhi-Madras Initiative or a personal Interwention by Police Chief Mohan Das, (a Keralaite, now under fire by Tamilnadu press) the result was doubtle555 Welcome to a II. The "Tigers' had to learn (or be taught the hard way) that they must yield ground in order to help the all-important mediator, Mr. Gandhi, and improve his chances of success as the "honest broker". As the Financial Times (London) correspondent covering the summit reported (see India warns) there was of course the danger that this crackdown Would be Seen in Colombo as an opportunity for a offensive in the orth to make at : | east symbolic, morale-boosting, if not lasting military, gains. Hence the Indian Warning to Colombo, and a strong hint that the crackdown should not be "over-Interpreted'.
In the face of an adverse opinion build-up in the Sinhala South, it would be naive to imagine that Colombo, Its cor fidence stiffened by new arms and better trained troops, would not make a serious bid to plant the Lion Flag in Jaffna, Negotiating from strength, not from weakness - that would be the government's vital message
to its constituency. Delhi, on the other hand, realises that an army holed up for so long and hUmiliated by a IIi|Itar ,uld be temptedםasse wקוחו
With the first smell of military

Page 6
success, to advance from the limited objectives to the much more rewarding goal of re-taking Jaffna, whatever the human price.
And then the te wa 5 the Israeli President's Wisit. It was time for Delhi to place a restraining hand once more, but on the Sri Lankan Government now. Thus, the flying wis it of Messrs Chida mbaram and Natwar Singh.
But why the rush 2 Why did Mr. Gandhi decide to despatch the Na twar Singh-Chida mbaram twosorme before tha weekend, get Colombo's greenlight on Sunday, and send them on Monday in än Indian airforce aircraft that could take thern Eack Elo Delhi on Monday night 2 A popular short answer to the question is "Gorbachev'. They had to return in time to take their places in the receiving line for the CPSU General Secretary, who by the Way, was accorded a reception which
old hands in C enclave say was del Ecd'I.
If that Was t Wait t||| Gorbat urgency of the tations' is what Intelligence repo directly and via that there cou COfTool Eo forces at La L. guerrilla forces Ir had already ask to TOW L of take temporaгу homes of relati elsewhere. And made the Jaffna, p. and tense, With citizens' witting Creating near-pa
What is mora, getting ready fo fight-to-the-d government's ow
Joint Plea to Centre to he
NEW DELHI,
R蠶 political parties have joined to sign a statement calling upon the Indian Government to bring all legitimate and moral pressure on the Government of Sri Lanka to terminate acts of oppression against the Tamil people'' and to take immediate and urgent measures to end the sufferings of the Sri Lankan Tamils.
The statement which expressed Concern at the "tota | indifference of the Government of Sri Lanka to the sufferings of the Tamil people in permitting the army atrocities' was signed by Mr. L. K. Advani (BJP), Mr. P. Upendra Desam), Mr. Indrajit Gupta CP), Mr. S. P. Malaviya (Lok Da), Mr. A. G. Kulkarni (Cóng-S), Mr. Saifuddin So (National ConferenCe), Mr. Bapu Kaldate (Janata), Mr. Nagen Saikia (AGP), Mr. W. GopalaSWalny and Mr. N. W. N. Somu (DMK), Mir. Aladi Aruna (AHADMK), Mr. Chitta Basu (Forward Bloc) and Lt. Gen. Arora (Akali Da).
*
Human right
The Indiscrimina search and destra strafing and she TITTE 155 youth, ther bei held incommunic tion of houses, pitals and the of Tamil village: evidence of the lations of huma state Tent. It Lankal Governme cutting off food plies to Tamilar Tamil refugees c Ing the reports humanitarian ag Amnesty Internal sought to draw human rights W Lanka.
The statement a press conferen the PROTEG ali Eelam at the to relay fast which ded to focus at continuing human on the island.

elhi's diplomatic "quite unprece
e case, why not Hey lewe 5 ? THE "urgent consulneeds explaining. rts reaching Delhi, Madras, suggested ild be a major EWE E ATT ..T.T.E-dominated Jaffna. The LTTE d the resident:5. Jaffna town and refuge in the was and friends this had in fact opulation restless oma ofits 'seid ly or Lun wittingly nic conditions.
the "boys' were ir a face-to-face, leath Battle. The חerations Iקס ח"
the north, from the Thonda mana bridge-building exercise and the
media build-up for the wist of the I6 I UN P MP's, strengthened Indial anxietics.
Military exparts say that if the government deploys 6 to 8
battalions in Jaffna, the chances of rega İning effective Control are quite good. Then the 'symbolic" demonstration (the MP's visit) of Colombo's authority would become a physical reality. The steady increase in the number of army fס some ,(25 סt 5! וחסps (frוחca which were 'inspected' by the MP's and the better training facilities together with the new equi Piment, Would then pay good di Widermd.
There's a catch, though. Casualties. First civilian casualties, which could provoke Tamilnadu, and hawe adverse international re Purcussions. Second, army casualties. How much can the army
(p. 5)
lp end sufferings of Tamils
is violations
te killings through by operations, the lling, the indisarrests of Tam|| ng tortured and ado, the de strLucschools and hosotal destruction Wera cited as continuing Wioin rights in the accused the Sri int of deliberately and Inedical supeas, of depriwing if relief and ignorof international elcies IIke the Elona Whigh had attention to the Iolations. In Sri
was released at ce convened by d the Friends of clusion of the
had been intentention on the rights violations
'Not sincere'
Expressing his appreciation of the support received from the national political parties as emibodied in the joint statement to be presented to the Prime Minister, Mr. S. C. Chandrahasan, President, PROTEG, said the offer to split the Eastern Province into three, made by the Sri Lankan President in Bangalore had already been rejected by the TULF in its second Tourid of ta|k5 With Him in Colombo and for Mr. Jayewardene "to spring this offer as if something new' showed his insincerity. "We do not feel this Teets in any way the aspirations of the Tamil people and the fact that despite the efforts of the Indian Government, he has not come out with anything more, shows he is not sincere".
Further proof of insincerity, he said, was the fact that just before the SAARC sunt, the Sri Lankan armed forces had begun a major offensive against the Jaffna peninsula, bombarding it from the sea, "It's a total y un provoked attack, no Tamil militant activity had preceded it," he said. (HINDU)

Page 7
take in the way of casualties Without un predicable, and POS- Europea sibly dan gerous, consequences ?
he followin
the present
The consequences could include Lanka adopted strong reactions within the arly, Tent at it is and political turbulence in Colorin- Deeply conce
Civil strife in - Certain Titan
and the Sri L. What in other words, were 蠶° the limits of "acceptable damage",
til Finly clwilliams; and what the threshold of fin- Having regard
եք,
acceptable damage" 2 Nobody is sāls of the G ready to quantify these strictly for a devolutio military considerations, applied to TO '''inici | LINE
ged as the ri negotiatioris Hig| the wirious part
In India's view, if the worst in t happened, Tamilnadu could 'ex- to be provided
Ճf India։ plode", years of diplomatic effort Noting that t
a hypothetical situation.
would come to nought, and there ba discussed at wl II be shout5 in , Par-Ilament held in the nea for 'action' (see Joint Plea) all Sri Lankan F
WEI is the mili tions, would be
N-tet hat the tha Goyernment
just when the entire policy-making apparatus is busy on the Gorbachev visit. It was necessary to
talk to Colombo. evoked positiver
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Parliament on peace in Sri Lanka
is the resolution on | aliacea efforts on Sri the European Parliaession held recently.
e da Ethe Continuing Sri Lanka between Tamil organisations nika security forca.5 2, has resulted in a f deaths, including
to the latest propoFriment of Sri Lankı of power to elected |s, which have emerLIE of a scaric of sinca || 583 betWen gs involved
doffice contin Ling by the Government
iese proposals will Conference to be future, to which olitical parties, as tan t Ta, Inil organisa
invited
present proposals of of SF Linkä halwe sponses from several
political groups in Sri Lanka, including the Tami United Liberation. Front;
Hopes that an agreement will be reached at such a Conference on the basis of these proposals, certain aspects of which st III need to be discussiad;
Hopes, moreover, that such an agreement would be accompanied by a listing cease-fire between thic Sri Lankan security forces and the militant Tamil groups, would provide a just, lasting and harmonious peace for all the communitics in Sri Lanka and would rospect democracy, the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of that country.
Calls on the Foreign Ministers meeting in Political Cooperation to express their support for a negotiated settlement to the present situation in Sri Lanka and to provide such support as may be needed and reduested to facilitate a full settlement;
Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Cornmission. the Council, the Foreign Ministers meeting in Political Cooperation and to the Governments of Sri Lanka and India.
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Page 8
Units of Devolution : C compromise Formula
1. The euphoria created by the tra | Pro Wini
President's visit to SAARC has
(taken from
begun to fade because it appears 4 No that neither side to Sri Lanka's LINN ethnic conflict can agree on the 器、
units of Devolution in the North
and East. 4. On the face of THREE PROVINCES, NO tions appear C0
geable gap. Ho
ERGER, NO LINKAGE CRD's positior 2. The Sri Lankan GoWernment Government Co proposals appear to be as sibility of a di fo|| || CWS : Ethnic Region' (a) that the Eastern Province a Llinguistic R
be divided up in to three Provinces – Trincomalee, Battlaloa and Amparal. Each would have their own Council. Batticaloa would be regarded as the Tamil Province.
(b) a boundaries commission W
be set up with terms of eference to demarcate the Tami areas of Amparai and Trincomalee, The Comml5on would be expected to give its conclusions in six months. There is a possibility of linking these Tamil areas to the Tamil Eastern rovince of Batticaloa, once the Commission finishes its deliberation 5.
The scheme envisions the creation of four provinces in the North and East
(taken from Newspaperopolo in the "Island', 'Sun' and Daily News' November 17 - 24)
TRADITIONAL HoMELANDS, MERGER OF NORTH AND EAST . The position of Tam i groups, shorn of rhetoric, appears to be the following: (a) six months deliberations of 茜 ხმაუქმეს 蠶 and
the Muslims) to Out of the No. the impasse overcorne. It bered that the enw 15 Ion, 5uch ; early back as fået that the has accepted th cally demarcat sowe the CUTI feel that accep Tamil Ethnic extreme A Pre only way to bri The need to de ethnically arise of the need to of the Tamils of the Mus||m need to give munity el mea.5 in the areas a majority. would like to as it stands g in the East, Council of Trin to collapse meeting, lead and yiolencë e Boundary Cort 5 | | | Etientat | O || 1. cation should a Conflict Ilot gr
the "possibility" as opposed to reality of merger are CONTIGC шпcertain factors for nego- WITHOUT
tiation of such a vital issue. The boundaries and merger issues should be solved first, before the final negotiation of the devolution package;
(b) the North and the East are the traditional homelands of the Tamil. There should be one unit for both Prowinces. The Sinhala areas may be demarcated and then merged with the North Cen
Accepting the
Tamil Ethnic does not imply merger. Such include only the Teas of the Ni Tricormālie C, B Paral.
The CRD fee
little geographic contiguou 5 regio'||
t
TCL de Tlal

CRD's
e or Monera gala. "The Hindu' of vember)
D "ION
this, the postpose an unbridweyer, it is the that if the ncedes the posä facto "Tali
(as opposed to egion involving Eo e demarcated h and the East. may easily be must : Ea reme TTB - C pact did a possibility as 1958. Gwer the Government has e need to ethnie the East to e E Cris S. We iting a de facto egion is not too Portion and the dge the Impasse. marcate the East is not only out maet the dem af d5 but also because factor and the the Muslim coure of autonomy where they are In addition. We point out, that wen the tension the Provincial comalee is likely efore its first ng to Infighting wen before the mission submits The unit demaritempt to contain
at .
JS UNIT, MERGER
possibility of a Region, however, a North-East a region would a Tamil majority 5Fthern Provinceatticaloa and Am,
is that with a
Imagination, a 1 Earl He dräWr y of the Tamil
majority
Batticalda government one looks at the
AGA"
of Tricolade Amparai. The and GSD's. If same map with
the picture
한
and
has
mind:
looks completely different.
Trincomaloc Port would of course Be a Centra Government funtion. Muslim areas of Ampara Could rema in as a separate prowince. The Sinhala areas of Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara сап become a separate pгоVince or merge with the North Cr || Pro Wilde
In this regard, the committee for RatIonal Dowelopmen t pu t forwards the following suggestions for resolution of the Current impasse:
(a) A Boundaries Commission be set up immediately with representatives from the Government of Sri Lanka and the Tamil Groups. A cessation of hostilities should also be negotiated.
(b) The Commission be given 3 - 4 Wecks to de Tarcate the Tamil majority a reas, the Sinhala majority areas and the Muslim majority areas of the Eastern Province,
(c) The Tamil majority area
of the East be merged with the North to create one provincial unit. The Sinhala and Muslim areas be created into separate Provincial CounCi 15.
(d) Detailed terms of reference be worked out for the protection of minorities within provincial councils. This is absolutely important, given the nature of demography.
(e) Direct negotiations be con
ducted which Will Work oUt the final detalls of the de WOution of power, package in terms of constitutional issues at the same time as the Boundary Commission deliberates on de marcation.
REFERENDUM IN TAML MAJORITY AREAS
There are many arguments being
put forward against this solution which accepts a Tamil Ethnic Region:
we should not entrench ethnic Ebloumidaries ; — the Tamils of the East hawe different Problems and as Pirations from the Tamils of
(Continued on page 7)

Page 9
Lecturer detained, we
WE organisations and human rights groups in Sri Lanka have expressed deep concern over the detention for nearly a month under the PTA of a Kelaniya Univ. Asst. Lecturer in Western Classics, the first Woman to be arrested in the South in such circumstances. Ms. Pulsara Liyanage (28) was an active member if the Campaign for the Release of Political Prisoners (CROPP) partigipated in the protest campaign for Nirmala Nithyanandan, tře Tamil writer, and in the "Women for Peaco" demonstrations.
Ms. Chandrika Kumaratunge, President of the S.L.M.P., Ms. W Wien na Gunawardene, of the LSSP Women's Front and former Deputy Minister in the U.F. government, Ms. Ku Sala AbhayaWardana, ex-MP and Secretary of the International Wolunteer Serwice for Peace, Ms. Manouri Mutteuwegama. Attorney at Law and Gen. Secretary, Sri Lanka Women's Front, Dr.(Mrs) Florence Alu Wihare (Womens International League for Peace and Freedom) Ms. Menike Wijenaike on behalf of the Gen. Sec. of the Public Services United Nurses Union (PSUNU) Ms. Bernadeen Sia (Women's Education Centre) Sister Angela (Socio-Economic Development Centre) Shirani Samarasuriya (Kantha Haង្ Leena Haputhantihi (Women an Media) Nimaka Fernando (Negombo Women's Committee), Ms. Audrey Perera National Christlan Council) Ms. Tissaranie Gunasekara (Socialist Women's Study Circle) Hemamala Gunawardena (Progressive Women Front) Ms. Frances Tissera (Womens league NSSP) Sriyani Perrèra (Pacific Asia Womens Forum) and Ms. Padmini Weerasoorya (Womens Centre Jaela) are among the signatories to the appeal submitted to the National Security Minister.
The following statement was issued by C.R.O.P.P. Ms. Liyanage has now been transferred to the Jayawardenepura Hospital. The statement reads:
The governn Pulsara Liya
The process c tion of citizens Polico is contin Both the orth ding to reports Police has tak number of pers Among them was 미age an tiwi3 :155|Stant lecture 5ic5 a t the Uni: she is also ver) Tha SS organisatio
Ms. Liyanage
Custody by the C of Saturday st The CID officers did not produce or any kind of : Was in tlally také Intelligence Bure: Longden Place, C to the anti-terr, CID headquarte floor'. Since th transferred to Police station.
On the first floor, she had ground and was and had to be n At the Salvg Isla she had to sleep This police static hawe ProPer toilet has been constantl; the conditions these places. If it Interrogation are t one can imagine those in prisons Camps. The state na interest a a|| ||
CROPP would II attention to 5. of health. She un Womb operation has 5 til II i not rec. fully, Furthermore low blood pressure that when peopl a li lments ara taker they should be pr

HUMAN RIGHTS
men's groups appeal
ent arrests
age
articStand detenby the army and | ing Luna bated in and south. Accorin the press, the in into custody ns last Saturday. Ms, Pulsara Liyaof CROPP. An * In Western Clasrersity of Kelaniya leti WB in Wär-LI5 T15.
was taken into ID on the morning
November 1986. who arrested her a detention order authorisation. She in to the National au (NIB) offica at elombo, and then brist unit of the is the "fourth en 5 he ha 5 been he Slave Island
light at the fourth to sleep on the bitten by a rat edically treated, ind police station on a stone slab. in does not even facilites. CROPP y agitat ing about f detention at those undergoing reated so badly, the situation of and detention seems to take their welfare.
ke tio draw your Liyanage's state derwent a major this March and overed from it she suffers from CROPP In5155 e with known into custody, 'operly looked
after. Such has not happened in this case. We wonder whether the police are here using a subtle but insidious form of torture. CROPP has always protested against the torture of prisoners and do so once more, vehemently.
CROPP suspect that the sudden arrest of Ms Liyanage does signify the government's intention to crack down on democratic and human rights organisation like ours. While on the one hand, it points to the existence of organisations like CROPP as an example of democracy in the country, the arrest of an activist in our organisation can only mean that their intentions are qui te the contrary.
We protest against the arrest of Pulsara Liyanage who fought against injustice and for the fundamental rights of the people of this country and demand from the government that she should be released immediately.
Redley Silva Secretary (CRCPP)
Units of . . .
(Continued from page 6)
the North and they should have their own province.
CRD believes that the first argument is no longer valid given the realities of the present conflict. Ethnic boundaries are entrenched both in real life and psychologically. The question is how to contain the conflict from becoming endemic. Recognis ing the boundaries that exist and allowing autonomy within will give the country the breathing space it so desperately needs. As for the second argument, if necessary a referendum may be held in the Tamil majority areas of the East as to whether they wish to merge with the North. In this way the linkage would not be an imposition but a democratically chosen alternative of the Tamil people of the East.
(Reggie Siriwardena for C.R.D.)
7

Page 10
CEYLON COLD Un matched in C
 
 

TABLE WATER
He relentless emphasis hygiene and quality hich is the hallmark of | ELEPHANT HOUSE oducts is the assurance e give the consuming Iblic.
STORES LIMITED Iuality food and drink

Page 11
C. M.U. Resolution o
"The 19th Delegates' Conference of the Ceylon Mercantile, Industrial and General Workers' Union (CMU) held on October 17th.
DECLARES that the conflict in the Northern and Eastern provinces should be brought to an end by the recognition of the right to self-determination of the Tamil-speaking people of the North and East, and the negotiation of a political settlement on that basis, with their representatives, including representatives of the groups of Tamil youth who are engaged in armed conflict.
RESOLWES that the Union should make every endeavour to mobilise opposition amongst the working people to the war policy that the Government is pursuing in the North and East, which is not only continuing to cause death to Tamil,
MIRJE pleads
The Movement for Inter Racial Justice & Equality, as well as all other organisations committed to the preservation of civil and democratic rights of all citizens and ethnic groups, has been continually drawing the attention of the State to the problem of political prisoners in our society,
We continue to believe that all those taken into custody by the State under the Prevention of Terrorism Act and under the Emergency Regulations are in fact political prisoners, in that they become the victims of the State in their pursuit of political aims. According to figures given by some organs of the State, the number of such persons is approximately 3000. Among them are persons who have languished in custody for periods of over 30 months, even though the maximum detention period under the Prevention of Terrorism Act is 18 months, a period that was deemed far too long when the Act was first Promulgated.
ML5 im and Si as destruction un told sufferling -speaking peop Treas of the CC being used as taining a State repression throt. and the heap Ing economie burde
NOTE
A wote by on the above TC Commendation ExocUt|We Comm which submitter ference on two a || Union branc tional procedure of the usual m by a show of h because of the wailing in the c to the conflict and Eastern pro
for pol
Today, the 21s We Wish to draw plight of these ticularly to th Gunawardema, MIRE in 1985. year since he custody under Terrorism Act. of the specific na om which he ha and kept in cus year is su rely ! the State Securi conduct and con tigations and det original suspic founded. If so : exists for a pro be indicted bef and given the c himself. If not ased forth with. duty of the St person in Cust for as short a
Today we reit on behalf of In as well as of

political settlement
ala people as Wel of property and mongst the Tam Il : living in those Intry, but is also pretext for mainof Emergency and hout the country, of ever-increasing upon the people.
allot was taken "esolution on a made by the
ttee of the Union,
it to the Con
weeks' notice to es. This excepof voting, instead thod of doing so ands, was adopted Controversy Preountry in relation in the Northern Wes.
The overwhelming majority of the delegates were from Union branches in the Western province, and Sinhala-speaking. So were the delegates from the branches in the Southern, Central and NorthCentral provinces, who were present when the resolution was taken up, on the third day of the Conference (Sunday, 19th October). The delegates from branches in the Northern and Eastern Provinces, who were Tamill-speaking, represented just over 4.5% of the total number of delegates present on that day.
The result of the ballot showed that 70% of the delegates present had voted for the resolution, while 2% of them had voted against it. Of the remainIng 18%, 13% were neutral and
5% abstained.
(CMU release)
itical prisoners
: November, 1986, attention to the persons and parcase of Indika he Secretary of It is exactly a was taken into he Prevention of We ara not a Ware ure of the grounds been taken into ody; however a fficient time for authorities to o lete their in Wesde whether their Jinis Were well ld if the material 3cution ha should re the judiciary ince of defending e should be releIt is indeed the e to keep any Hy on suspicion me as possible.
rate this demand ka, Gunawardena. other detainees
who have been in custody for long periods : Bring them : the judiciary or release them.
Charles Abeysekera (President, MIRJE)
Letter. . .
(Continued from page )
The figure in the preamble should be 75% not 90%.
In practice, this would still mean a huge cut in Swedish aid.
The penultimate paragraphs must therefore be altered to read:
"This means a cut from well above S. E. K. 200 million a year to about 60 millon, the sum that S. l. D. A. has set apart for development aid to Sri Lanka after Kotmale. This represents 50% less than the pre-Kotmale period. S. I. D. A. stands for the Swedish International Development Authority.
Thomas Bibin
9

Page 12
Ramani Gu
(a personal
Death of Raman Nangi came as a shock to all of us. She was the leading light in my mother's elder brother's
family. In our society where family links are still very strong, first cousins do in
fluence each others lives very significantly. This compels me to make a personal appreciation of Our lost cousin.
When my uncle Toddy married a member of the Papiliyane, Jayawardhana family; though they were related for generations, for a Bandaragama Kota lawela, it was a Step towards the urban Society. Ramani, was enterprising enough to make use of all the advantages offered to her by this family link, to break out of the traditional norms forced on a female. She studied electronics at Katubedde Campus and was able to acquire an important position in the Ceylon Transport Board during the previous government.
can still remember 50 wel I how she had first taste of political work. In 1975, we as the 'Left Sama Sarnajists' thought we should contest the Colombo North by-election against Mr. J. R.
Jayewardene. agree with th of the Sama ship. Comrade soloriya was: , and WD Wer against many o Ramani Nangi red With fawr to help us. ideas, dedicati fice moved th heart of these
L Ho’Wever sh: tad Our" ideas rect, When er used to argue a clearly with ot the National even prior to to Dinesh he close to that Irrespective of
admired her a Out Of traditio. independent li With a clear
By joining Boraugoda far fame to her f: not only did I association thr with the pion Sаппаја пnovеп my closest cort was made a
nine
TRENDS. . .
(Солtinшеd from page I)
the loss of the civic rights of
Την Sri Laηκαη μho tries to
“coerce or unlawfully influence" EIFI M. P. EI.
It is rio Secreť thisar f'Wis yra 5 д дre-erлpriye move against fЛе Movement for the Defence of the Motherlaid 'hich was firearerring to lobby' UNP MP's and persuade thern to refrain from Voring for the proposed P.C.'s Bill. It is no secret at the Basa Mfarida laya, y a Vid some other"
O
d'érygé75 Sri L! fioris Halich 14'er for gf defeng fair Tre f ஆf the gரer s Hoff Cilied Fiese S. dari I-UNP TV. the indivisibility rights, though
ாரy sig.
As for Trad Irid i'orker sali
Five effic GMOA gaye LLS dermionstration gy actions of the

nawardhana
appreciation)
We did not Even though she did not boycott idea come into open politics, her
Samaja leaderSiritu nga Jayaour candidate, ! caпmpaigпіп3 dds. One day,
came clad in of her friends No doubt our on and sacrihead and the young Women.
I never accepas totally corWer. We met she' nd she differed I r position on Auestion. Thus her marriage ir ideas were of the MEP. our differences, bility to break in to lead an fel as as person mind.
the famous mily she added a mily. For me gain pertsonal ough her link er 5 Of Sana ent, but also |rade Masudeva relation of
"riksar orgaris2 in the forerig rid is the Sri Lanka Hit Eris VII ye ridi They are Pro IV sa waken ing to y frthetal delayed, is a
Union rights :er(7rfיוfirityp (ferences, the a contriendable "HYTity" by ify Jaffna hospital
contribution during the '83 by-election was considered to be great. With her backing Dinesh could fight the entire UNP machinery and win the election, One of the few who could do so.
Amidst the great sorrow on the day of the funeral, momentarily I felt happy Walking all the way to Kanatte, with Wijaya Kumaratunge and Indika Gunawardhana on my side. Indika, who is under house arrest under PTA since March, was given this freedom for that occassion. I thought to myself that the entire revolutionary potential of this country brought together near me in this funeral march. It should go beyond her grave.
Buddha said, Things are impermanent, ever-changing, changing into the very opposite in the end. We Marxists dos agree completely on that life, full of energy will end in decay and death. With that We must bear the sorrow for our lost cousin.
Dr Wickra mabahu Karuna rathne
(The Writer is General Secretary of the N.S.S.P.)
and the complaints by its men
So II. CML where a 95%, Sir Thaleste Innerybership voted boldly for a honorable aid just settlement of the ethnic issue at a recent treeting
bers in Jaffia.
(See News)
NO EXECUTIONER
Beating his breast, his hands, Finance
(Continued on page (9)
'igiாg Minister intervered in the Edger debate To make this plair rive profest — 'I air rid Lord High Execut

Page 13
S
Lankans doubt
Grovving титbers want педоtiatic
Vyvyan Tenorio
Colombo, Sri Lanka Sept. 고고.
the last few years, Sri Lanka's ethnic war has transformed parts of the gem-shaped island - known for its spectacular beaches - into 5corched battlefields or Stark scenes of slaughter.
Over this period, too, the country has seen the transformation of its military forces from largely ceremonial soliders into fierce combat troops. Now, equipped with sophisticated weapons, the military 15 motivated with a purpose - to wipe out the country's Tamil insurgency.
But many Sri Lankans - government officials, military men, and civilians - have apparently begun to believe a military solution is not possible. Continued allegations of military abuses or massacres of Tami || civilians hawe tai 5 cd doubts
about the wisdom of Army offen 5 i we5.
Within the military hierarchy
itself, there are those who advocate a negotiated settlement to the 5 land's Tamil-Simha lese grife, even as both sides remain locked in a virtual civil War.
"There has to be a political solution," says Maj. Gen. N. Senewiratne, commander of the Sri Lankan Army. "The military cannot bring about a solution to the problem, although we have to play our part in maintaining law and ordet."
Tamils, who make up roughly 8 percent of the country's 6 million people, began Waging a sporadic guerrilla war in the late 1970s. Armed rebels, now estimated to number between 5,000 to 7,000, demand a separate homeland in the northern and eastern parts of the island, where Tamils constitute a majority. The violence has escalated since July 1983, when a Tamil ambush that killed 3 soldiers sparked violent reprisals
from thը Sinha main ethnic co
Sri Lankan R. Jayewardene has been made that a military s He has Held ou peace talks Werk would not be say that when quested the Fin increaso defense this year, they military could a holding pattern porarily,
Analysts also country's econo longed military o expenditures has S 30 milion in million this yea for an economy h and falling fore
Nonetheless,
that if Indian-bre tiations fai || Ethe
rent will be if military offensiv afford. After cease-fire late a again managed to dene government Tami United L. a negotiating tab tedly trying to
radical Tamil gi join in the nex
"If proposals there is nu alte Tlilitary to ta There W III * Eba | which would be country," Senex
Faced with the the military ha: Its ranks, arsen a short period. 5 ma || |n absolu Ebers hawe Thor. the last 15 molt say. The Defe not release fi.

military
can end war
7s foi reso VVG effrīce corfface
esse, the i 5 land" 5 mmunity,
President Junius
analysts here say, increasingly aware lution - a threat t in the past, if to fail irrevocably
feasible. Sources Army officers reance Ministry to a locations earlier admitted that the : besE maintain a — and only tem
doubt that the my Can Sustain Properations. Defense fe risen from about 1977 to oyer 5350 r, a huge increase it by low exports gn investment.
there are concerns јkered peace negoSri Lankan governorced to mount es that it - can || || he collapse of a it year, India has get the Jayewarand the moderate beration Front to e. India is reporJersuade the more errilla group to round of talks.
are not accepted, mati we but for the se drastic action. Urther Eboodshed evastating for the ratПe 5ays.
Таппll insurgency, had to beef up חrald Iסוח and ,1 Though relatively 2 terms, its numthan doubled in is alone, experts se Ministry does res, but some
Israel intelligence experts
analysts estimate the armed forces strength at 30,000 to 40,000, including 4,000 members of the Special Task Force, an elite unit of police commandos and activa reserwists. Ar 4,000-man Naw patrols the 20-mile wide Pal Strait where guerrillia arms traffic passes through from islands off southern India's coast.
In addition to the military and police forces, there are an estimated 5,000 "home guards' or civilian troops, mostly farmers and villagers, who are issued arms with little or no military training. Deployed by the Home Ministry, their role is controversiai, Particularly in the northeast where many have roportedly carried out
indiscriminate killings of Tamil ciw Tari 5.
With the modernization cam
paign in the last two years, the military has expanded its material capability with massive purchases of arms - from Israel, South Af. rica, Britain, Singapore, Pakistan, and China.
According to National Security Minister Laith Athulathmuda, WETE brought in for a few months in 1983 to train security forces in counter-insurgency methods. Western defence experts say some Israe advisers stil Corne in from te to title.
While their morate may have Improved, the security forces have fast gained a reputation for a trocities against civilians in retaliation for guerrilla attacks, say local and international human rights organizations. In 1984, following the death of two military personnel in a land nine explosion allegedly planned by guerrillas, security forces reportedly went on a rampage in a northern town, setting fire to homes and businesses, and
killing several civilians.

Page 14
Last week, the government reported that a car bomb in the eastern city of Batticaloa killed 3 civilians. But residents, giving a higher toll, claimed six civilians died in Thursday's blast and nine were killed in a subsequent reprisal by government forces. No one claimed responsibility for the explosion.
Critics blame the government for allowing widespread indiscipline among the ranks to go unpunished. The government claims that since 1982. It has dismissed about 300 soldiers, including officers. But it says no court-martial cases have been fied for lack of evidence.
Part of the problem seems to lle in the ethnic composition of the security forces. Including new recruits, experts say, up to 98 percent of the military is Sinhalese, Among police ranks, Tamils account
for only abo Tamils Claim - them | TerLIII i 1 say Tamil a families are til rillas if they
""A, n i e 55enti 3 One I Lerna Lit group warned, tifies the terro a5 Tam| 15 and ole not a 5 a to defend the
Another prc. security forces and detention h; the 1982. Prewe Act. This has torture, accord g「CuP5
Earlier this campaign to W.
FOR WELL OVER A
ARISTONS
GLOBAL REPUTATION IN THE FIELD ARSTON'S HAVE OPENED OUT N EXPORTS IN AN ENDEAVOUR TO, CO
五E4D
ARISTO
ARISTONS TOURS No. 5, Gower Street, COLOMBO 5.
Phone:
Coubels : ITURNTIDE!"
5. Gowa Color
58,843 6, 5

5 to 7 percent. rimination against g. But authorities licants and their eatened by guerin the Army.
Sinhalese Army,' a human rights
"inevitably idenit guerrilla groups herefore sees its
eutral force but Sinha lese . . ."
item is that the
powers of arrest wa Wilden ed Under
on of Terror rī ed to abu 5e 5 and ng to civil rights
year, a military est control of the
AWAALF A CEAWTLVFRY
HAVE BUILT UP
OF EXPORTS AS WELL AS IMPORTS
N NON-TRADITIONAL TRIBUTING FOR NATIONAL GROWTH
EW WISTAS
FFICE
NS LTO.
Street, bo 5.
I O 2, 58 O-36
northern city and district of Jaffna from Tamil militants, achieved only limited success. The government "'un i laterally suspended' its bombing of the area in April, Athulathmu dall say5.
But analysts say the bombings ceased due to pressure from abroad notably India, and rumblings from within the military. The campaign, they say, helped convince Army leaders that, contrary to the government's political rhetoric, elimination of the rebels was not possible - especially while the rebels maintain sanctuaries in southern India, where there is a large Tamil population.
Even if a political settlement is eventually reached, observers say, Sri Lanka's program of militarization may prove difficult to reverse.
- Christian Science Monitor
EXPORT DEPARTMENT 40, Front Street, COLOMBO .
Teleg: 7.30.2 RUWIAN!

Page 15
PAKSTAN
A share of t
The opposition unites om a call for
Ahmed Rashid in Lahore
། question of Provincia | autonomy has once again become a burning political issue in Pakistan. For the first time the majority of the country's opposition parties have reached a consensus on substantial decentralisation in government. The recent formation of a new leftwing party will also increase demands by ethnic minorities for greater devolution of POWET.
In June the major opposition a II lance, the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD), which boycotted last year's Parliamentary elections, agreed that it would work to give greater power to the provinces and provide safeဇွိုးနှီ against Lun warrantad Teddling by the central government. The MRD said that the central government should retain jurisdiction in only four areas: Communications, defence, foreign affairs and the issuing of currency. It called for the other aspects of government to be handled by the provinces.
The only major opposition party not in voyed in the derland for devolution was the fundamentalist Jamaat-e-Islam. Observers were surprised that among those which reached the consensus Was Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party (PPP). One of the PPP's main demands is the full restoration of the 1973 constitution, framed by Benazir's father, the late prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. However, the MRD's new agreement makes it clear that the | 973 constitution will hawe to be amended in the light of this consensus, if the PPP came back to power. Despite its overwhelming popularity, the fact that the PPP has conceded the need for greater, provincial autonomy indicates the importance of the issue, according to political observers.
The senso of Pakistan's ethn aggravated after іппposed iп 1977 crushing of the disobedience moi leaving hundred Sindh I nationalis West Frontor and Baluchistan nearly 3 million has increased re. what are seen a the Punjabi-domi bureaucracy. The down in Baluchist and the hangin: Buch militants Baluch nationalis
THE Emaller, Parties in the M at their success in the larger, natio need for greater попу. However, lism poses as IT to the nationa II tion parties like does to the go have laid the Ea on autonomy a mor Rasu | BLux - Pale general of the Sint Movement (PM) t "I do imagine sic the PPP) not want this agreement POWer, but at li made a commitm Provincial autono take them up on it
The autonomy main platform of political party ca National Party ( past six months, -of-centre parties leading to their foration of the COT Ponent parties

he power
FOREIGNA NEWS
provincial autonomy
leprivation felt by C rT1 iiti 5 Wys
martial law was . In Sindh, the
- MRD-|ed civ|- Wement In 1983, s dead fueled
T1. In the NorthProvince (NWFP) the presence of Afghan refugees sentment against is the policies of nated army and ! military crackan during 1973-78 g later of many gave a boost to
provincially based RD are jubilant finally persuading nal parties of the Provincial autoethnic national Luch of a threat popular opposithe PPP, as it Wernment. “We osfor agreement gall the parties" Eig, Secretaryh-based People's old the REWIEW. me parties (like Ing to implement f they come to 2ast they have ent on paper to my and we can
issue is also the a new leftwing led the Awami ANP). For the four small Left
have held talks Terger and the ANP. The four are the Punjab
based Mazdoor Kissan Party; PM;
Ghaus Bux Bizengo's Pakis tan National Party with its base in Baluchistan, and the National
Democratic Party of Abdul Walli Khan which has strong support among the Pathans of the NWFP. The new party will remain a Part of the MRD.
The birth of the ANP is probably the most important initiative taken by the Left in more than 15 years. In the 1950s-60s, the National Awami Party, led by Baluch and Pathan nationalist, was the main leftwing platform in the country. In the mid-1960s, the Left was badly splintered by the Sino-Soviet dispute and later a number of these groups joined the PPP, only to be thrown out after the PPP came to power in the early 1970s. Since then the leftwing movement has been bogged down by personality clashes and factionalism.
However, the new unity of the Left will from now on make it Possible for these groups to operate dn a national scale. The ANP could also provide an effective leftwing Critique of the policles of the PPP within the folds of the MRD, as well as boost the autonomy demand by the smaller provinces. The ANP will recognise five separate nationalities in Pakistan: Punjabi, Pathan, Baluch Sindhi and Saraiki. 'If more nationalities insist on separate recognition, they will also be acknowledged," said Sardar Shauket Ali, convenor of the ANP. LeftwIng Leaders told the REWIEW that their work for the rights of the minority nationalities would take priority over class struggle.
The government of Prime Minister Mohammad Khan June io s unlikely to grant the demands for
(Continued on page 24)

Page 16
BANGALORE SUMMIT -
Trade should Cooperation
Mahinda Werake
OW Wor, as We know, Sri Lanka
finally decided to participate in the Bhutan meeting and since then has not allowed its fluctuating relationship with India to affect the workings of the association. The Article X of the SAARC Chartet, which was signed at the Dhaka Summit, confirmed the decision of the first meeting of the Foreign Secretaries that the decisions of the SAARC at al|| || ewigs should be taken "on the basis of unanimity" and "bilateral and contentious issues" be kept out of the deliberations of the group'.
The Dhaka Summit was a success from the point of view of Sri Lanka, fort, both tha Chattet and and the Declaration stipulated in no UFCertain terr||15 that the SAARC opposed the interference in internal affairs and the "Lusa of threat or use of force against the territorial integrity and Political Independence of the other states." The joint statement issued at the conclusion of the Summit approved the idea to "set up a study group to examine the problem of terrorism' with a view to seeking cooperation of the member states to solve it. Hence, it can be said that the SAARC which began primarily as an organization to promote cultural and econnic cooperation, by the Dhaka
Summit had expanded its scope to include political issues also Within its perview. In fact Presi
dent Ershad of Bangladesh, who is also the present chairman of the Association went to the extent of even announcing that the SAARC could help to solve the bilateral problems affecting the region'.
President Jayewardene used the SLT it to mend fences with India. He and Mr. Gandhi went together to see the cyclone affected areas in Bangladesh and at the opening
4.
be in
Sg5 som 5 of the : Wardere e Wer) - other Headers tha of the most pov country in South should take the геgӀоп. It may a gesture to Pla: who did not Haw ship with Mr. the. Noethe IE the Personal rela two leadershaw, thք Summit not fict that the P: Zia-Ul Huq wis after the Summit developed a sp With Pakistan
25 Lt of El a
The Dhaka St. ministrated that again firmly comm cess of the S, Jayewardene urg: states to work promote the . ಙ್ಗಲ್ಲ? hoped
е по пШЕјпy a ship' which was day. Mr. Jayew , Say סם
We hawe la today. May it world, enterth POW e Tity, LITET trition, and
comforts to twilight come: slips in to th; SAARC ship ha glittering sea. for the Welfar
Mr. Gandhi strong plea for gחpiסSAARCh region of peace y While pחסnחhar domitable Sower| dence of the meri President Zila coll

cluded
Sumirmit Mr. Jayesuggested to the t being the leader werful and biggest Asia, Mr. Gandhi leadership of the We Have been cate Mr. Gandhi e a Close TeatorJayewardene un til :55, it is true that tions between the e Improved after withstanding the kistan President :ed Sri Lanka go girl and Sri Lanka has ecial relationship particularly as a hnic crisis.
ImmIt cleary de
St Laka 15 de Titted to the SuidAARC. President ging the member "hard in land' to de als of the orthat "there would board the SAARC set afloat that "ardene Welt" on
unched the ship tra We around the e Ports of hunger,
ployment, manu
seek to provide :hese ||s... the i, the dew dro P E 驚 s s slipped into the May it sai | long e of humanity.
made an equally the success of the that it build a and a hawer of rotecting the 'in
grity and indepen
liber, countrier." "I'll f Pakistan thought
in regional
that the Summit made a definite contribution towards the conso IIIdation of "personal relationships of the seven Heads of States or Governments. President Ershad of Bagladesh was of the opinion that the fears and mistrust prevaent in South Asia was reduced as a result of the Summit. 13 Thus the general consensus of the participants including Sri Lanka was that tho Summit was a SLI Coss. It would have played some part in the improvement of relations between Sri Lanka and India during the Current year.
Whiē 5rī Lākā 5 Wēl 35 the other small countries in South Asia still suspect India of adopting a "big brotherly attitude" toWards them, it appears that have a lot to gain by actively particlpating in regional cooperation with her. Perhaps, as President Gayoom of the Maldives remarked during the controversy over the Alam Khan Incident. 'smaller nations could gain more from regional groupings than the bigger nations. '15 in the context of South Asian regional cooperation it would mean Lhat smaler Countries such as Sri Lanka cond benefit morte from bigger countries in the region such as India and Pakistan which possess more resources for development. As a Tlatter of fact, during its brief period of existence, the SAARC has made slow but steady progress in the direction of science and technology, health, telecommunications, culture, sports, and quite recently, Women's affairs. In November 1984, the first South Asian Games was held in Kathmandu. At the present time there are regular meetings of member mation5 || different fields that o Te under the purview of the SA ARC.
As far as Sri Lanka is concerned the two main a reas in Which its a55oCition with the SAARC could

Page 17
bring substantial benefits are economy and diplomacy. It is regrettable that the association has not been successful in including trade to the IIst of areas which are assigned for regional cooperation. At present, the volume of intra-regional trade among the South Asian countries is not much. Due to reasons such as protectionism and lack of economic development, the scope for its expansion remains restricted. Further, India being the leading industrialized and technological advanced country in the region, it remains to gain by any change of policy concerning trade among the SAARC countries. Nevertheless,
India's initial advantage would gradually diminish with the economic development of the other
countries. Since Sri Lanka and Pakistan are the developing countries compared to the other relatvely underdeveloped countries of the region, they could expect to get rid of the trade disadvantageous earlier than the other countries. However, it should be pointed out that even at present India епјoys a favourable balance of trade with most of the countries in South Asia. Therefore, it would be neces. sary to pursuade her to open its internal market for the products of other member countries than before if this strategy is to become successful. Gwen 鷲 POTES ET E interest shown by India towards the SAARC a joint call by the other member countries could bring some significant result.
Aside from expanding the export trade into India, another important area, which should be exploited would be to attract Indian surplus capital and advanced technology into other countries of the region. In this connection Sri Lanka Sud gain more than others, for, it has already developed the infrastrucEure för foreign Investment under the Investment Promotion zone Scheme. Since Sri Lanka has no been able to attract foreign capital from the developed countries as expected, the idea to lure Indian capital to fill the vaccum may be a matter to be given serious consideration. In addition, Sri Lanka should try to get Pakistants also to in West here. Under the Soul Asian regional cooperation, ima be possible to find markets for the
finished produc in So Luth Asiam et SOTI QIXE2
The South As ration could a utilized by Sri India and Bang two major tea In the region Unders tanding sQme Joint act tea market by Wolume of teae market With a the prices. Such be difficult to re. Tal negotiations. Spirit of coopera generated within it may be poss reality.
In view of th of the future of Lanka would be harness the full SAARC to its time when the logue арреагs failure and the Economic ord of h significant result, native that rema World Countries South-South D. Cooperation. In be a part of the all South Asiance bers of the non
as well. Admitt many Practical pli to be surmount
reality. Nonethel While effort for Engaged in In should be mention has become exces on the West and gmic relations p 1977. It would
dwa ntage in the f ful steps are take its eCorio mit ties tries of South A
Politically, too much to gain from Part in fostering cl among the South As indicated abc. Summit apparently a better underst Sri Lanka and India frequent consultat TCP resentati Wes o

of such ventures untries at least to
in regional coopeto be effectively anka to get both desh, the other "oducing countrics E) COTTE 10 50IT10: oncerning taking n to protect the
controlling the orts to the World view to stablising an agreement may ch through bilate
However, in the on that could be the SAARC group ble to make it a
: gloomy picture our economy Sri well a dw i 5ed to potential of the advantage. At a North-South Dito hawe been a emand for a New as not brought any the other alterins for the third s to promote the
ilogue, Regional South Asia could effort. In fact,
Ultre 5 arte IThemligned movement edly, there are Problems that hawe ed making ita ass, it is a worth Sri Lankt to bethis context, it ed that Sri Lanka isively dependent Japan in its econarticularly after e to Sri Lanka "5 Luture if meaningin to strengthen With the counSia.
Sri Lanka has taking an active oser cooperation Asian countries. We, the Dhaka helped towards and ing between On one hand, ion among the member states
during the meetings at different levels helps to clear many misunderstandings. Most important of all, at the Summit Meetings the leaders could find time and opportunity to understand each other's point of view and problems better in a favourable setting. Since there will be annual Summits of the leaders of South Asian countries in the future, it is expected that there would be a significant. Improvement of the inter-state relations among the countries of South Asia.
In this regard, a word may be said concerning the justifiablo fear among smaller countries of South Asia about the 'big brother' of the region, India. While it is true that at timas lin dia has beha, World in an arrogant fashion in dealing with its neighbours, however, lately she appears to have changed that attitilde samewhat and under the Premiership of Rajiv Gandhi aspires to be the leading power in South Asia through diplomacy. With increased commitment on the part of India to the cause of the SAARC she can be expected to behave with more restraint and responsibility in her dealings with the neighbouring states of South Asia. Incidentally, India is expected to take over the Chairmanship of the SAARC organization this year after the Second Summit scheduled to he held in India in November. The SAARC spirit may prompt India to seek peaceful solutions to its outstanding problems with the neighbours. On the other hand, the other member countries of the Group could help India to overcome the sense of insecurity which has plagued her thinking on internationa || rTnatter"5 fro In the wer Inception of her nationhood in 194 by providing guarantees against outside interference in India's internal affairs and making the safety of her borders. In this manner a solution might be found to reduce tension between India and her neighbours.
Moreover, it may be wise for the smaller states such as Sri Lanka to recognize India's predominant geo-political position in the region and not to engage in activitics that would unnecessarily
(Continued on page 24)
5

Page 18
Gorsachows USSR - Y
A Revolution
Bhabani Sen Gupta
b6f there is a revolution of rising expectations anywhere in the world today, it is in the Soviet Union," declared my companion, a young scholar of 31, not a member of the Sowjet Communist Party, as We Were aimlessly walking Moscow's exquisite Arbat Street region one rain-soaked day last week. "People are not only expecting real change, they are working for it," he added.
But Mikhail Gorbachow, who has been seating at the driver's seat of the World's largest country, has not promised his comrades and countrymen a garden of red roses. He has promised us koreniye, that is, a great economic, social and moral upturn; Sotzialisticheskoye samoupzavlenie of socialist selfgovernment; and derrokratiya, meaning democracy. These three have become the catch Words of Soviet life in the 15 months of Gorbachow's leadership. They unbubble up in each Conwersation a wil sitor has With a Soviet man or Woman. They puncuate the language of Soviet television. They are on the lips of the youth, the factory worker and the collective farmer.
Not every Soviet person is a changer. "There is resistance to change from the top to the bottom of our society,' said politically powerful academician. "There are people who talk loudly about change, but in practice do nothing or even oppose change,' added a deputy director of a leading research institute. "Push, push, push' this is what Gorbachow and his men are doing for 15 months, remarked his counterpart in another equally prestigeous academic i establish ment.
What is truly remarkable is that Soviet people talk about the need for change, criticise their leaders and enterprises, even identify no -changers by name loudly, collectively, and in public, Thé thickly printed pages of prayda split fire on laggards, name people in high
of Ri
positions who guilty of corru cheated the sys got away with it directed by fic to Poland, offer. on what democ self-government chow's Russia, can be revitalis telephone questi from members haWe to a 15Wer frequent press c thing that ewe \ IraTE E. British West leaders speak d television audi their countries' major world iss clear weapons. of change is blo) of the Soviets, in its political social effects t de-Stanisation
Gorbachov, ho by his countryrt project himself, Reforma in Rus har binger of fun Gorbachow is ra an accelerator, or all round imp men in the PՃ| more radical that Who are amon team-Tate5. BK example, who a to the Moscow of the CPSU, a the disgraced on in, who has bei the Politbureau ption, Last W alter'rnati we PB | ing), Came out artyק חס attack enterprise leade region for lagg Pulling back, th change. Indeed, congress in Feb several republic tee secretaries,

sing Expectations
hawe been found tion, who hawe tern for years and Sowjet television, rimer amba55ador animated debates acy and socialist mean in Gorbahow the system d. Ministers face ons im TW studio5 of the public and ther. There are onferences, someIl tWo Years age went, American, German political irectly to Soviet ences explaining Per 5 pectives on ues including nuIn short, a wind wing over the land more far-reaching mic andסחסe E , , la Kushchev'5 dri we.
WEWet i S. TOT 5E2E en, mor do e5, he as a reformer. sian means the damental change. ther described as s priyabrzavaniyye, rower. There are tbureau who arte Gorbachow, and gst his principal r15 Yel'tsin, for 55, is secretary City Committee ld who replaced B— powerfu I Gr ishn dropped from for alleged corru:ek Yel'tsin, an Tember (non-votwith a blistering government and 's in the Moscow ng behind, and national race for at the 27th CPSU uary this year, In or city Commitsuch as Dzhmbat
the
Patiashvili, of Georgia, Wladimir Kalashnikow, of Wolograd, and Yuri Petrov, of Swerdlovsk, went much further than Prime minister Rhyzhkow, second general secretary Ligachev, and planning minister Shkabirdnya in demanding faster and more radical change.
Gorbachow's own direction of change has become clearer and gathered considerable momentum in the nine months since the party congress. With the help of the Institute of State and Law, party decisions have been translated into laws and most of the laws have been approved by the Supreme Sowjet, Implementation of the laws will begin in January. 1987 will be the real beginning of the Gorbachow era in the Soviet Union.
There is always a beginning
before the beginning. In the 15 months of preparation, a number of significant successes have been
achieved. For instance,
Compared to July 1982 when visited Moscow last, there is a much larger supply of consumer goods, meat, including beef in the many stores that I visited. Packaging of certain goods - soaps, toothpaste, beauty-aides for instance, has improved, with "technology imported from Eastern Germany. Food packaging however is as poor as in India. Goods are not delivered in plastic pags; even paper bags are scarce.
* Salaries hawe been Italised a II along the line by about 33 percent. Salaries of urban and rural Workers are now equal for the same level of work. Prices remain what they were in the 1940s. People hawe too much money. There is much greater demand for consumer durables than there are goods available.
But even then, considerable improvements have taken place. A married couple does not have to wait for more than a year to get an apartment (the rent is

Page 19
about 2-3 percent of salary). Any one can buy big size refrigerators on the counter at prices about 50 percent higher than in New ဗို့ူ့် So is the case with large (and ugly-looking) television sets. The wait for medium size refrgerators and a very popular television set with a Japanese screen is about a year. For a car, three to five years. The USSR has now more than ten millon passanger cars for its 275 million people; Moscow has 800,000 for its ten million inhabitants. The state's target is 33 cars for 100 families, to be achieved at the end of the decade. Soviet society w II not live on wheels, and most Russians regard this as a blessing.
Alcoholism has wanished from the streets, pubs, restaurants and public places. The production of vodka has been cut by 33 percent; that much cut has taken place in liquor consumption. No one under 2 is sold even beer. Students cannot drink. In 1982 could sec drunken men wobbling on Moscow's streets, slouched in the spotlessly clean metro platforms or staircases. Not a single of thern anywhere this time. Women are happy. Family life is better and stronger. "About ten to fifteen percent of the average family's budget used to be spent on liquors," said a middle-aged woman. "We now have that much more money."
People work harder. With truly amazing quickness, Gorbachow has restored work discipline among people who had been over taken by sloth and enertia. In 1982 the television set in my hotel room did not work. I complained several times, but nothing happened. This time, the TV set was working, but suddenly went dead. I made a complaint. Within two hours a man turned up to fix it. People turn up for work punctually. Work for full eight hours.
As a result, the economy's growth rata i n I986 is golng to be 5.6 percent, more than double that of last year, and substantially higher than the 12th plan target for the year. Productivity is slated to rise by 5.5 percent. Giving these figures to a West German weekly last week, Prime minister Rhyzkkow hastened to add that the
ise Was entre human perform: inputs of produ better technolog Luse of man Powe: better manageme are still to be
will begin in 1:
The changes t duced next year ing :
Enterprises farms will be giv of autonomy to c tion lines, mar reshuffle personne be required to fairly large num personnel will Workers. Alrea managerial pers removed becaust enjoy workers' c
Within the fixed by the centr rity, managing d enterprises with to raise salaries other incentives
The central will superwise . of development : formance. A gre. sibility will be trar prises, Industrial a tural.
Different act and large conglon the power to en collaboration agre projects on their c and initiative. H the prerogative or planning authority
* There will rewards and ince work, Laggards V Enterprise heads table not only authority but a bodies.
Small-scala
ses will be allow a family, or a g Will be allowed businesses as lon, exploitation of la farm workers. Wh is good Will be giv plots to grow
fruits and allowe
"5

y due to better Inte. Thiը ցtheր tion speed-up - םiוח סוחFE - ECGסוח דY :er and resources, Fll, au tOITation –
introduced. This 87.
hat W||| ba intronclude the fՃ||ցա
and collectiwa en a large measure etermine producket goods, and l. Enterprises will show profits. A per of managerial be "elected by iy thousands of
nne have been : they do not onfidence.
budgets to be al planning authoirectors of many ave the freedom
and introduce for good work.
:lanning authority Weral direction ind попitог регit deal of responsferred to enters well as agricul
nomic ministries 1 ET LES | W || || Hy ter into foreign errents and joint Wn responsibility ther to this was ly of the central
be a series of tives for good ill be punished. Will be accounto the centra so to Workers'
i rivate enterpried individuals, "OLIP of families
EO TU 51 as there is no olur. Collect|ye se performance in larger private vegetables and
to sell thor market prices.
The institution of work contracts is under active discussion.
On all major public questions, public debates will be encouraged. and public opinion taken fully Into account. There will be referendums on major issues and the Party will abide by popular Werdicts.
st Under active consideration is a proposa || that wollters W I || Eba given a plurality of candidates for election to áll representative bodies, from the local soviet to the Supreme soviet.
" The local sowiets hawa been activated. These will be the basic units of socialist democracy and self-government.
The list of changes a-coming is incomplete. The re i are endless continuing debates about many other changes that people believe are necessary to make Soviet Society more dynamic. The stagnation of the last ten years of Brezhnev's leadership stares everyone in the face.
But, as noted, resistance to changes is still strong and widespread. I was told by highly placed persons that the political Sprectrum stands divided (but by no means Polarised) bet Ween pro-changers and no-changers. A member of the Central Committee sald pro-changers constituted "roughly 55 percent' of the leaders and cadres. In the Politbureau, Gromyko represents the no-changers or slow-changers. Gorbachow stands somewhat left of the centre. At least three PB members are more radical than Gorbachow. Liga chew, the second man in the PB, and Rhyzkow are believed to be at the centre. Gorbachow therefore has formed a coalition with mode. rate and radical changers to 150late or win over the no-changess and slow-changers.
In 15 months, about 40 percent of the Party and government leaders at top to medium levels have been replaced; the greatest turn-over in Soviet history since the time of Stalin. Gorbachow's strength is derived from the
(Continued on page 24)

Page 20
MINISTRY OF LANDS
The richness and Warr Your walls and ceilings giv that sophisticated look of that discriminating people
Choose strong, durabl of kiln-seasoned hardwoot albizzia and saligna in soo be assured of the ultimate
Panelle - for a beautiful in
state T CORPORATIO
745, Galle Road " Telephoпә. 500!
 
 

S 8 LAND DEWELOPMENT
nth of Wood panelling on es homes, offices andhotels distinction and graciousness ! of good taste insist on.
е "Panelle" рапelliпgпnade
is like kirihambiliya, panakka,
thing harmonious shades and
in quality.
sfined setting.
imber
5 గా balapitiya, Colombo 4
5

Page 21
Part II
Jaffna's War-time Eco
Paul Seabright
Agriculture: The Jaffna peninsula is a dryland region with no rivers and poor drainage, Nevertheless it has a sophisticated dryland agriculture with most land irrigated by kerosene or diesel pumpsets, and most plough ing operations Performed mechanically, with either TOTS O (more COTT TOT ly) POWer tillers. Draught cattle are very few. Shortages of fuel have therefore had a severe effect upon cultivation of Principal crops: last 隱 paddy production for the
aha (w inter) Sea5Ion Was a PProximately 60 Per cent of normal,"* and rice imports to the peninsula began in October 1985 instead of as Usual, in December, Estimated area under paddy for the present Maha seasorn is || 0,800 hectare 5,3 a mero 34 per cent of the area s own two years ago.** Yields per hectare are likely to be reduced by shortages of fertiliser and other inputs (the fertiliser Supply situaton has eased due to some government consignments by sea, but it is unlikely that farmers will hawe had access to fertiliser in sufficient time). They will also be affected by heavy flooding in Jafina during November 1985, the extent of the damage from which has yet to be assessed. The repercussions for overa II rice supply in the country will be discussed below,
In the minor food crop sector,
both ac reages and yields hawe been correspondingly hit. The CBRE indicates that production
of red onions in Sri Lanka (nearly all produced in Jaffna) was in 1984 at only ||2.2 Per cent of its 1983 ewe'll due to a 67.8 per cent fall in area sown and a 60 per cent fall in yield. National production of potatoes was just over half that in 1983,46 arg under cultivation. In Jaffna district having fallen by about 80 Per cent.** National production of manioc, red chillies and groundnut, other principal Jaffna crops, also recorded large falls in 1984,48 though it should be emphasised that other factor 5 arte doubtle55
at Work here E. in the North
C 562 5ta t5t | 5 | of poor reliabil trends can only With utawa i la Eb during the Jaffn: oration of sect on the North an fire a 5 ed to
of Cultivation Jaffna itself, 40 Eo ficant scale, a
difficulties expe may well disi ewen if direct :
LUCEtio Hawa Ebe it is among th (grapes, папgое: cultivators paid irrigation fuel ar. reductions, that in Producer pr this year, and been ost on "We used to har west", repor ""Now we hawe can get it to
As a result ments, real inc cultura sector h red Luced. I hawi mate the size farmers, but : agricultural at Etter fi Labourers' Unit of some 2,000 (and a few sm: reports a fall in earnings of so cent since befo 1983'. Days o arte reported d. ten and fifteen 25 to 30 bef: daily wage ha been reduced previous level for Ten and Rs. But there has incidence of cont prior to 1983 phenomenoп, еal Rs. 50 R57. tractual arrange

nomy
esides disturbances
and that in any For this sector are ity. In 1985 these y hawe W Cor 5 ered
lity of kerosene a curfew and deterJrity in other areas d East. Tha ceasea small resurgence of minor crops in -|חy sigחa חס_tפח שJ ld the marketing rienced this year courage optimism On Straints on Proen eased. Notably e Perennial crops i, Coconuts), whose most for scarce ld resisted acreage the greatest fall ices has occurred the les son has not Other Cutivator5. pray for a good ted on farma
to pray that we Tarket too".
if these developomes in the agriave been seriously -|Est סWay L סחר ב. of this effect on about earnings of ourers there is tion. The Rural Ili al la 55 C Cat O. landless labourers 1! I teriant faгппers). a Werage monthiy me 60 to 70 per te the Summer of i Work per month OW to be War
average from חס re, Ehe nominā| 5 not however, LIE TE TT13 in 5 3. l. i. E: of Rs. 40 Per day ... 25 for women.
been a fa || in ract abour, which Was a widespread "ning rThen between 5 per dayo. ConInents, which riter
alia protect employers against the risk of labour shortage at the times of crucial operations, have apparently become superfluous to them after the emergence of a labour surplus. This surplus has not, however, been severe enough to change the force of customary Practice in setting the daily norminal wage (the rise in the open-market rice Price has of Course meant som c real waga decline).
(To be continued)
Nl J. Éüs
a g rele, 43 iԷid. 44 CERE, Table |4.
45 CË RE, Table 15. Tha text comments phlegmatically that "this drop in production was mainly due to the fall in averageield perheetarc and ex Een L. Lunder Cultivation", P.
É ibi.
as fille, HB CBRE op cit. 4 - 5 corrected.
LL LLLLLLLLuLLLLLL S LLLLL L L S SLLLLS 5 | RLU
TRENDS. . .
(Continued from pாge 10)
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screated the SN re Tre larker's II's dead" cried the "Daily News".
They had both got if a 14 rörig, flie Mir7 is fer profested.
His proposal in the budget to ley a fav con capital gains fron 5 FfrĖ frá FIFAFF for 5 raa' ca Ferra ாEEE 0ரsir Fr frr heig Lard High EvereF, ir 1 vids he de Me, Nyrhi i) irid gīver ekī ffe Colora"
"Egg us'. Earlier, the Colora Sharerokers Jeff T Eger 7 YI “e.css'e Wifre for
தlying it games I : 7. "FCF FJoe's". He Pia al reyfi'e fie sare Iarker, proiected fie 5FM WIKIWI frá Checked f'We CorΓιιμι Ίντε Με μιiεeler-, είπε Γ7. LL CCCHYS YL CCCCLLLLL S SL L T LHHLLLLLLLSLS LCCS LLLLLLOGLGCLL O S L S LLLLLLLll CI B.
I9

Page 22
GRANMA ANNIVERSARY
FIDEL:
The revolutionary as Don
** Un doubtedly the longesť and mosť W. interview ever conducted with Cuban Pre,
Castro.
In it. Castro speaks directly to th
the United States on questions of vita/ to Citizers of both o Lur Countries.
If SDãr75 đỡzens 0f fGDICS : U. S.-Cuba, the Reagan administration's foreign polic International Economic Order unity and
La til 7 AM77 Erfca,
Cuba's relations. With
evелts fл Afghaлѓsfал. . . ."
Froгт the preface by Rep. Mervул М. who with Jeffrey M. Eliot conducted the
276 pages, S7.95
JEFFREY ELLIOT: Earlier you mentioned Don Quixote. I wonder if there's anything about Don Quixote, the character, with which you specially indentify
FIDEL CASTRO : We II, I think that revolutionaries are the closest thing to Don Quixote, particularly in his desire for Justice, in that spirit of the knight errant, of righting wrongs everywhere, of fighting against glants,
It has been said that Don Quixote Was Written to ridicult the romances of chivalry. I believe it was written very ingeniously or using a good pretext. In fact, I think that it is one of the most larwellous exaltation5 of man's dreams
and idealism and, above all, it's interesting. We hawe the two characters : Sancho, with his feet
on the ground, looking at all the problems and giving advice, a model of caution, who considers all wordly details; and the other, who's always dreaming about a noble cause to defend.
I believe that a revolutionary would identify with Don Quixote. Why not? Many times revolutionaries are called Quixotes. Don Quixote’s Tadress and the madness of the revolutionaries are similar, the spirit is similar. (LAUGHTER)
20
I Էյelieve It's revolutionary to to Don Guiot character very mu Quixote wouldn't to face the giant
JEFFREY ELLC home time in the themselves, doubt der whether they challenges which
Most people wie sely confident, ex powerfully determ der whethe T, like o ever questioned y yourself, wonderec up to the challen
FIDEL CASTRC) : question of whethi doubts about wha Let's start from took up E.
Ej Witti G. Let ITT ; e 55 that I ELIT" E "C had doubts or a dence, Love never H may be good; th; Because if what : objectively bad th doubts is bad; i. doing is objective not having doubt you’re doing is gi explain to myself

Quixote
αE-raηγήηg sident Fa/ е реод/e of
porta rīce
7 ra Maffa075. W the We w αίξιμπίτν η Africa, Eg
M. Dyma lly, interview,
a OTOT. fO
be compared e. I like that h. I'm 5ure Don hawe hes Eated of the North.
T: Most men Ir lives, question themselves, won
can rise to the face them.
W you as immenÉtremely strong, i ned, but I worther men, you've 'ourself, doubted whether you're
.
: Really, to the er II'ye eyer had I'm doing. . . the Tolent
rewolu EIonary say in all frankcall ever having lack of confi. aid the That ät TThay be bad, you're doing is hen not having f what you're Y correct, then is about what pod. I try to why I've never
BOOKS
The Déc. 2nd landing Of the ship "GRAMMA" was the first page in the T1 Ost romati C revolution of
Oder times.
had doubts. Well, ever since conceived my first ideas and set myself a line of work and struggle, I have always persevered. I must admit that, at a given moment, e Yen Pride might hawe influenced that attitude toward difficulties, toward obstacles; and if the truth be known, I encountered very great obstacles. But once I had clear deas about what I had to do — and I had very great confidence in those ideas - throughout my life I have been encouraged by the fact that the premises have been borne out, in order to understand this you must consider the fact that when the struggle against Batista started, all had were ideas; I didn't have a cent, a single Weapon or an organization. Then I began to work on the basis of certain premises.
I don't think that success is in any way a measure of whether you're right or not. People often say; he was right, the facts have proved it. And yet, I'm conwinced that we could have been defeated, and, if that had happened, it would't have proven that we were wrong. Throughout this struggle there have been times when chance alone allowed us to survive. There were times when our group could have been wiped out - more than once. If this had occurred, it wouldn't have meant that we weren't right or that what we were doing wasn't correct. This didn't happen; quite to the contrary. There are men who are right, inde Pendently of their times and of circumstances. Sometimes chance may make Someone Iook a5 Ifhe Weren't right, but other men in other cirCLIFTIstances and til The 5 — and Perhaps with greater luck - show that the one who wasn't successful was, non ethelle55, Correct.
This has taught me that succesisn't proof of the correctness of the undertaking; the success achieved isn't what persuades me

Page 23
that what we were doing was what should have been done. have a lot of evidence and proof
that olur themselves, triumphed. We
ideas were correct
We
in if We Hadn't faced very great
difficulties, very difficult moments. One was after the 26th of July
1953.
We'd worked hard on a
plan to seize the Moncada Garrison, and accidental factors prevented
Our Success. in prison, beginn
Then came the time
ng again, the trip
to Cuba in 1956 and the conditions
under which we m our forces once and disorganized. hard trials.
| ra member - and
hawe been a mi
ade It and seeing again dispersed Those were very
this could
oment of great
doubts - that We Were attacked
by surprise and totally dispersed. was accidental. to the cau50s
that can
our forces were
This, in fact, I'm referring not lead to
difficulties but rather to ideas, a
state of mind. two co Tirada 5 -- two rifles. I re was a hard day, The planes caugh and it
was a miracle
was left with three men and member that it a very hard day. t us by surprise,
that we
Weren't all wiped out. We were
walking throug
a field of sugar
cane that had just begun to grow;
We didn't know of visibility of
what the range
Te Corna i 55 CC
plane was at 500 or 800 meters.
Later on, distance and at a you could even
the ground. We'd been area was crawlin
learned that, at that
certain altitude, 5 eo a bird on
It was broad daylight, surrounded
and the g with soldiers.
And then, all of a sudden, fighter
planes appeared directly. In the straffing,
We moved
and attacked us midst of heavy into a field
of cano that was taller and covered
ourselves with
the dry leaves.
It was to be expected that enemy
soldiers would arri The reconnaissan circling over our
We at any Tnin ute. ce plane kept
heads.
As a result of many days of
tension and exertion,
extremely sleepy,
became
| Was sure
was going to fall asleep, no matter
how hard I tried te membered the
and
5aTTE
10 D. LO time that
army had captured me asleep, at dawn, with no one on guard, the soldiers aiming their rifles at my
chest some day on the Monca da. that Toment, E stay awake, asleep. I wasn't but a riflc. Wit impossible to ma caught sleeping, my side, placed gun under my between my le safety latch and
Sewe Tal hours slept around fallen asleep arou I woke up, the No one knows if near by to see strafing and to Undoubtedly tha day. After that templated two i sibe to contin under such circu got to get out апd organizе апс Then, at that myself; "Well, we We've been disp Idea Wai correct press on and react At that moment riflis With which struggle, but I de convinced that th correct, that the
Days later, in some of the other been dispersed. seven rifles. We when we reached of the Sierra ""No Wow We'W e Wol that time, there Some of those w Ing that moment joked about that of optimism. I w What I had said wa
We'we come tE trials here, so new but we've Prevai particular experie can help to ex never had any di we were doing. whether you didth or worse; whet mistakes or shoul thing or another at but that has not tha essential idea ainm, the correct

5 after the attack couldn't forget Jut I just couldn't Was going to fa || carrying a pistol telescopic sight, nipulate if I were lay down on the barre of the thin and the butt g5, took off the fell fast asleep.
went by I think five Hours. I'd Ind midday. When Sun Was 50tting. the soldiers came the result of the look for bodies. Was the hardest could've conthings: it's impos
e this struggle mistances: We'vo of the country
ther expedition. mortent, I told "we had a setback: ersed, but tha We've got to 1 the mountains." had only two C0 Continue the cided to continue e Conception Was dea Was just.
ade contact with comrades who'd All told, we had Pressed on, and the wooded areas Maestra, I said, the war.'" At Were 2 of us. ilo 5 Lur Wield, recalyears later, even aPP3 rent CCESS H5 COn Wire tHE * right.
rough some hard ary dificult days, ed think ta
ce explains - lain - why wa ubt about what You can analyze ngs well, better 1er yош made have done one :mentסוח חa EiWG ing to do with
the essential
line you are
following. So far, up to this Yery moment when we're talking, I've never had that kind of doubt and hope I never have them. Day by day I become mora convince of what I'm doing. Now I don't think there's much room for having doubts.
But it's quite another thing to have a critical self-critical spirit, asking yourself if you're doing your best, if you've done things the best possible way, if each decisions was the best, if you've been sufficiently demanding of yourself. You have to keep analyzing what you've done at each turn, you hawe to be rigorous, hard on yourself, and never feel complacent about the things you've done.
Sometime, on reviewing the different stages of the Revolution, I've said, "I'm amazed by the inexperience with which we began to do things, the ignorance with which we set out along this road." It's now possible, for example, to analyze the entire process since the triumph of the Revolution, and, when we compare the experience we had then with the experience we have now, it's rather amazing. This happened in the War, too. We can compare what we knew when we started it with the experience we had gained when it ended, and it Surprises us to see how ignorant We were when We engaged in that task. However, learning how to make a social revolution was a longer and more difficult proposition han Waging a War. We had some basic ideas about what we had to do ideas that were fair and correct, no doubt - but no experience and not even a precedent to indicate how to carry it out under the specific circumstances of a Country s Luch as cours.
If you were to ask me what we were like during those early years, I'd say that, as may happen in any victorious revolutionary process, we had a somewhat icono. clastic spirit and - even though totally unaware of it - we were bit know-it-all and arrogant. While a revolutiouary must always be arrogant in the face of Er Erlly, We Were sometimes arrogant With friends, too. There was tendency to magnify our own achievements in comparison with
고||

Page 24
other revolutionary processes. We felt capable of interpreting the doctrines and postulates of Marxism and socialism more accurately and faithfully than others. That led to an insufficient understanding of the histori merits of other revolu. tionary parties and countries, and of the enormous obstacles they'd had to Ower Come, and to an Underestimation of their experience. Our critical appraisals weren't always sufficiently serene, reflective or i profound. This may even hawe had something to do with certain idealistic tendencies and expressions of a phenomenon that is very difficult to eradicate from this World: exaggerated national pride.
Today, while we're certainly happy about our work and the contribution that Cuba has made to revolutionary praxis and theory We have a broader wiew and de e Per appreciation of the enormous contributions made by other revolutionary processes.
honestly believe (and this can indeed because for legitimate pride) that we stopped being know-it-all, arrogant, idealistic and even chauvinistic - which we may have been in the early years of the Revolution — a long time ago.
I thik - that Wy new Hawe, a better understanding of both the historic processes and the men and Women who are sido by side with us carrying out the Revolution in Cuba, a greater understanding
not only of their virtues but
also of their limitations and
faults.
| believe that my admiration
what man is capable of doing - for his enormous potential for sacrifice, solidarity and nobility - and my understanding of his human limitations have grown. I believe that many years of having great responsibilities and authority can corrupt a man but I also believe that they can improve him. I've tried to be less and less jealous of those powers; to share them more and more with others: to regard myself as ever less indispensable; and, with every passing year of my life, to view with greater clarity the relative value of indiwiduals and the im Themse merit of the legion of anonymous heroes who constitute the people.
To sum up, I' doubts but neith completly pleasec
MERWIN DYMA a Toment shift Your critics Clai working to over elected governm Duarte in E | S | W. military arms to
FIDEL CASTRC know where this legal government of that governm Everybody know: ciyi || Ywar there; that over the than 50,000 pe murderd there by and by the Sawa everybody know cide had been g that Duarte has that genocide. a conspirator al those crities an his responsibility been going on last five years.
Everybody, kne and Ellions the el amid the most fer terror, and war: the electoral can by the United S sented this type people as a Way реace In El Sal false hope. The people that the After the electi course, that the and are ready to search for peace and vulgar deceit to war - the Pla insurgency - not
This governme allegedly legal bo חaוח חf a|| . Ehaם thc55 mänèuWer: State25. The Tew accepted the elections becaus bloodstaired ele be justified poli Who are they with the allege Salwadoran gowe
Pinochet Cou| government is W. fasc5 t constitut upon the Peopl

we never had any
e H.W.
LLY : LeL"5 for to EI Sawdor. in that Cuba is throw the newlyEnt of President dor by Supplying hic rebels, ): Well, I don't otion of the of the legality et COTe5 fror, that there Was a everybody knows 1st six years more ople have been the death squads doran army itself; that true genooing on there and contributed to He's actually been ld accessory to d he can"t shirk
for what has there over the
ows under what
actions took place: ocious repression, everybody knows paign was planned tates. They preof electio 15 to the out, as a hope for ador-actually a By promised the re Would be peace ons, knowing, of people want peace do anything in the ... This was gross . It was the road n to do away with
the road to peace.
rt and all other di 5 are the T3SU ipulation and all by the United o Lu Liomar||CS, INCW er egality of those e they were really tions which cano. tically or morally. going to foоIпоw d legality of the Tet?
also say that his ery legal after the sedטWas Imp חסI e in an alleged ple
biscite in which nobody but he and his constitution took part, and even more so after Motley stated that West had to feel grateful for Allelde'5 oWerthrow and death, Actually, one can't help wondering how the United States consider:5 tha El Salvador elections to be legal and, in turn considers the Nicaragua elections absolutely illegal. In spite of the fact that tha electio 15 in Nicaragua were sabotaged by the United States, the people turned out to yote with enthusiasm granting the Sandinistas and the left more than 70% of the votes. This was witnessed by more than 1,000 people from all over the world: representatives of governments political organizations and parties, and journalists from everywhere. Then, at the same time that they talk about the legality of the Salvadoran government, they challenge the legality of the Nicaraguan government. I'm not concerned in the east about charges against Cuba. In relation to our solidarity with El Salwador, and we hawe stated that the United States knows perfectly well that sending Weapons to the Salvadoran revolutionaries is very difficult in practice almost im Possible; but I hawe no interest whatever in clarifying anything in this sense because I Consider that morally, It Is absolutely fair to help the Salvadoran revolutionaries. Tho Salvadoran revolutionaries are fighting for their country. You can't ask the revolutionaries to lay down their weapons, to give up fighting and surrender.
| Ebelewe the Sawadoran rewolutionaries are actually showing great heroism, great fighting capacity, resisting the huge amount of Weapons sent by the United States: helicopters, planes, sophisticated hardware; and the tactics designed by US advisors; they have demonstrated their ability to resist Indefinitely. The Salvadoran revolutionarios hawe in fact prowed that they can resist indefinitely without receiving any supplies from abroad. We ourselves waged a war against Batista, whose army numbered 70,000 men; everyone knows that we waged that war with the Weapons we took from Batista's army. What I can assure you is
(Continued on page 24)

Page 25
Reggie Siriwardena
A continuing
debate
THE DIFFICULT DIALOGUE: MARXSM AND NATIONALS by Ronaldo Munck (Zed Books Ltd. 1B4ו. ק ק
The epigraph to this book is the following quotation from a Veteran Belfast Republican, who says:
"The strongest thing' in Ireland is nationalism. I suppose it's the strongest thing in the world: there's millions of men have died for nationalism in various coun tries, in England, in Russia, in Germany, America, countessm. Ons of People have died, but Very few hawe died for socialism. My experience is that throughout the World men will die for the country but are not prepared to di 2 for a """"""
This quotation leads into one of the main arguments of Dr. Ronaldo Munck's book - that Marxists traditionally have underestimated the power and the tenaciousness of nationalism. This un dorestimation goes back to a primal error in the thinking of Marx and Engels - the assumption that capitalism was unifying the globe by drawing als peoples Into the world marke and thus making national frontiers archaic. What Marx and Engels faled to foresce - even within their own framework of Ehinking - was that the process of capitalist development was uneven, and that by accentuating differences between regions and states, it Would give a fresh lease of life to na tioma || 5.
Munck in his opening chapter brings out the extent to which Marx, and Engels originally depreciated nationalism by drawing a distinction between what they termed 'historic" and "non-historic" nations: the former were those who were in the mainstream of historical i development and progress, and the latter those who had lagged behind and were incapable of building viable national states. This distinction could be used to support expansion by the former at the expense of the latter: thus Engels" could Firg미e that it was in the interests of civilisation' that California had been raked away from 'the laz Mexicans' by "the energetic Yan.
kees". Later, ho) of the Irish strugg FU|g and of the in the Russian the two founding IST Eo modify t nationalist, but that what they Was, as Mun ambiguous and 5 legacy.
Lenin is Listra Orthodox Marxist vement of having "correct." Maxis nationalli 5. MLT that Lenin for tl Marxist discourse relative autonomy question", but clearly the limit: thinking on nati not give a cohei formulation to nationalism, becau a Pragmatic ques Practice, Fundar oppressed nationa ficant only as ne the class struggli Were transitory PF would disappear Moreover there bent in Lenin's t of the centralised as the Wehicle of his
The potential c Lenin's position surfaced after when Ukrainian nātionālists visd right of self-det Secession which the guaranteed them. Possibility of a d the Soviet republic inter Weed militar brings out the qual felt about this in Sequel to the su Independent (Men's Te Public was the Lenin and Stan the former's deat Georgia. Crippled Lenin left: the tas "Great Russian Ch

1986).
Wewer, the reality le against British subjected peoples
Empire brought fathers of Marxheir position on
it te Taims true left to their hers brings out, an elf-contradictory
ly credited by 5. With the achieWorked out the t position on ck acknowledges he first time in
recognised "the of the national he brings out tions of Lenin's analism. He did * erit theoret|| Lihat theory of a for hit was tion of political entally, for him lities were signiessary allies in e, and na Eions |COBI WH|| under socialism. Wa5 a ni in herent hinking in favour and larger state i Lorica | Progress.
on tradictors in af nationalism he Revolution, and Georgian LCI Exerci SG CF18 elt * Revolution had Faced with the is integration of :, tha Bolsheviks ily, but Munck m5 which Lenin Lerwention. The pression of the hevik) Georgian conflict between On the eye of 1 over policy in by his illness, k of combating
LW5 it
BOOKS
Twelfth Party Congress of 1923 to Trotsky, but the latter failed to carry out this mission - and one of the reasons, as Munck indicates. was his own lack of sympathy with nationalism.
All in all Lenin's efforts to reconcile national self-determination with the building of a socialist state must be regarded as a failure: the codifier of his theory on the national question became also the most ruthless centraliser of tha Soviet state under Great Russian hegemony. Munck does not to my mind, adequately explora tha reasons for this failure: apart from the limitations in Lenin's thinking on nationalism described earliert, we hawe to face the fact that no democratic policy on minority nationalities was ult mately viable within the framework of monolithic one-party rule and that, a party which was strongly centralised in its internal 5 t "L CLITE LOO.
It can reasonably be argued that all victorious 'socialist' revolutions since || ? || 7 -- which hawe taken place within the third world have been fundamentally wars of national liberation (in the case of Russian Revolution, the nationalist element became dominant in the Post-revolutionary era, and was oppressive, rather than liberating). The later chapters of Munck's book are devoted to the relations betWeen Marxism and nationalism in the third world: he surveys here the paradoxical phenomenon that the nations whom Marx and Engels regarded as 'non-historic" hawe come to be seen as the bearers of the socialist cause. However, the reversal of the earlier Eurocentric standpoint within Marxism has been accompanied by the fact, disturbing for Marxists, of rival and contending nationalisms with in the socialist World, culminating in the wars between China, Kampuchea and Vietnam. Confronting this situation, Munck says: "Ultimately nationalism is not a sufficient explanation of the Indo-China Wars, any more than it was for the First World War...There is no evidence of antagonism at the level of the people between the various nationalties, which after all had a long history of common struggle against Colonialism." (p. 140) Hē ultimately
3.

Page 26
concludes that these wars were in the interests only of the bureaucratic castics of these countries. However, this comforting Conclusion is at odds With the recognition elsewhere in the book that "whatever political strategy is adopted, Marxists operate within the framework of specific nationstates, workers feel their particular nationality as something real, and nationalism has immense power as a historical force." (p. 159)
Although this book is not a profoundly original study of its subject, it is a well-informed and, in the main, objective treatment of it. Munck is a Marxist but not a dogmatic one, and he seems to have по 5есtarian allegiапce to any particular school of Marxism. M principal criticism of the boo would be that while Munck in theory recognises the 'relative autonomy' of Ideological and cultural factors, he does not give sufficient weight to them in analyses of particular historical situations.
A share of . . .
(Continued from page 13)
provincial autonomy which will involve the amending of the constitution. Moreover, the army has always been the main advocate of a strong centre and will clearly not allow power to be devolved. The Junejo government is, however attempting to placate the smaller nationalities by economic development programme, especially in the east-developed areas. The success of such programmes remains ques
tionable, asserts the opposition, unti I real political power is de Wowed.
Trade should. . .
(Continued from page 15)
provoke her suspicions and hostility. The recent experiences should make the Sri Lankan policy makers prudent enough to understand this reality and adjust their foreign Policy accordingly. It is not a defeatist or meek approach. but a practical and tactful diplomatic approach aimed at safeguar
2
ding our nation independence a In that context So Cooperation bECC option for Sri L realistic to c. cooperation with In South Asia th elsewhere for ou future.
NOTES
6. Asian Recorder,
cit. 7. Iեid, B. IԷid,
9. Sun, Decembor IC), ibi
|| - |Էid. 2, ibid |3, i Bi
4. Ceylon Daily New
The revolu
(Continued f
that in fact the the Salvadoran the Pentagon thr given to the Salvi also happened revolutionaries it amounts of Wea the United Stati army.
I really don't feel morally enti Cuba for alleged pons of the Salw United States Weapons to the arles to overth ment of Nicarag
A Revout
(Continued f
overwhelm Ing su at the medium Workers and ch large. In the he has changed cract" into a his style is a populism, Zest יחסtat1חeוחeX BEri the wian touch with his critics Recently he h; issues directly through televisit a II —Importan t rm; and sabotaging ci

| Intercists and midst adversity. |th Aslan regional mes a meaningful Inka, It is more |tiwa te regional
our neighbours in seeking allies - 5 ur Wiwa I in the
"ol XXXII, no, 3 Op.
10, 1985
5, 1 Ith May, I 986
tionary... "om page 22)
main supplier of "evolutionaries is ugh the weapons ldoran army. That |n Wietnam; the here seized huge bons de livered by as to the puppet
know who could ld to criticize supplies of weaadorians when the
admits supplying Somoza met CenOW the Govern
.
on, , . (17 dgeק וחס"
pport he enjoys levels of Party a population at last six months, from a "techno. political leader'
combination of for change and
and a Khrushof confrontation
and opponents, 5 taken several to the people n especially the tter of resisting ange from Within.
There is an upbeat mood in the Soviet Union. People speak more freely and openly than ever before since the days of Lenin. A number of Persons told me, "Gorbachow is the best leader we have got since Lenin'. His broad humanic World visions have infected the Common Sowet man and woman, at least in Moscow. In his second year, Gorbachow has incorporated in his economic thinking lessons drawn from the varied experiences of Hungary,
East Germany and China. He has even incorporated some of the thoughts of economist Tat'yana
Zaslavskaya, whose 'secret note' on the ills of the Soviet economy was published in the West in the Summer of 1983. He Laks not only about reforma and prodnalog (the Leninist tax-in-kind), but also of rynok (market), while some eminent economists freely push the concept of interes (interest). Gorbachow also Invokes Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP).
At the 27th congress, Shkabardnya, now the planning minister, -re חaוח jured up a mythicalחסc miniscent of Gogol's tales. The man's name is like grekovitch Zetnw. He is the covert opponent of reform and change, who Works in the bowels of the Soviet system. Said Shkabardnya, "Our enterprises have to follow an instruction book 200 pages
long containing 208 plan indicators. Behind each one there lurks an official named like gre
kocich Zetow, who will fight for each indicator because his job depends on it. Ike grekocich won't give up without a fight, don't imagine otherwise'.
Ike Ikgrekow wh Zetow is still everywhere in the Soviet system. From the PB down to the smaltest enterprise. He is cornered, but by no means overcome. 'There |5 a bit of Zetow In mo5 t of us," confessed by young companion. "We have developed a mind-set this is now challenged by the compelling need for change." Whomewer || III et in MoscoW taked about change and in the same breath mentioned Zetkov, B u the new refrain is, "We have no alternative but to change fast. There's no other way.'

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