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CHANDRIKA" - T
HCGE GAMBLE
- P. Jayaram
NO APPEASEMENT
- H. L. D. Mahindapala
TRINCO, US
ENGLISH
FARCE IS BEST
- Kamalika Pieris
WOMEN
RAPE, SEXUAL HARA
 

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WO-FRONT WAR
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- Neelan Tiruchelvam

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COMPLIENTS
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BA/EFLY . .
Security Master Plan
After the devastating LTTE attack on Colombo's main fuel storage tanks the government has decided to draw up a master plan to protect strategic installations and also dams and [TEd.SerW0İS.
The Black Tiger hit at the suburban (Kolorinawa) olinstallation Cost the state Rs 1500 million in fuel lost in the blaze, mainly diesel, kerosene and aviation fuel. The structural damage to the tanks has not been determined yet.
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A military SpoO 35OLTTE is and 500 Wouride operation "Sunr. peninsula, beg Ur The security forc Consolidating the peninsula, the Sp
Enough stot COrpo
Ceylon Petrol ClairIIlari Arii| CE Tedia two days tack Which destr. ion Worth of fue enough stocks le ls nom Bedt0 par
Pro-LTTE
Mr Wasantha Lanka Rupbawahi been conducti pro-LTTE camp Were it is Ol relieved of his p. organisation. Sri da hawe COITIpola Charidrika Band tunga that the S in that country h; Counter the prop. A Foreign Office LOTE30, 10Wg Wer: paganda is CE "When and wer
Editor
The Attorney ( ted legal action in-Chief of the Lasartha Wickr publisher Mr Lal alege'dly defami ifika Erdi EATE
Censorshi
T3 Editor C weekly tabloid a funda metal T in the Supreme the government
EWS.

irs killed
Esmail said that awe been killed d in the on-going ty" in the Jaffna October 7. ces are gradually ir position in the
Kesrian said,
cks says fuel
boss
eum Corporation eysekera told the after the Tiger atyed Rs 1500 milthat there Were tial. The iC, Filed Said,
campaign Rajah, former Sri in chairman, has mg a vigorous iaign in Canada a Visit after being 5i Stati TV Lākās ir Carā - led to President aranalike KLITTarari Läkar, TİSSİC'r as done nothing to aganda campaign. spokesman in Cosaid that SLJIch pro}rtainly countered е пecessary".
charged
Generali haS iristituagainst the EditorSWGay Leader, Mr. a Tatunga and its Wickramatunga for ng PresidentChanlike Kuna rätUrga.
p challenged
if a UNP-Orierted Waraya ya "has filed ights violation plea
Court challenging scensorship of War
The petitioner has alleged that the censors are exteriding Concessions and exemptions to the foreign redia, the state controlled media and the electronic media, thereby subjecting the petitioner to discrimination, unequal treatment before the law, and subjecting the petitioner to a denial of the right to practice the profession of his choice and freedom of expression in Violation of Articles 12(1), 12(2) and 14(1)(a) respectively of the Constitution of Sri Lanka.
Tea up
Sri Lanka's tea exports showed an upward trend for the first eight months of this year, compared to the same period last year. Tea packets and tea bags together fetched more than six billioni rupees this year COTIpared to four billion last year. There has been a 3 per cent increase in total exports.
GÜARDIAN
Wol. 18 No. 12 Nowēn Tibēr 1, 1995
Price RS, 10.00
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Place Ct-alt is | lb | li - 2.
Editor: Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447.584
Printed by Ananda Press B2/5, Sir Ratnajothi Sarawana muttų Mawathia, Colombi0 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
News Background 2 Slaughter Grl The Path til Paace 3. Low Intensity Containment (2) Tamil Cppression of Tamils Cofflict ard Forgigri Policy (4) 구 Law and Sexuality S.W.R.D.: Making of a Leader Why is CLubā Hara 5Sed'? 12 English Writing (3) 5 Poets, Critics and Elites TGWE| 대구 The Only Jew in Sri Lanka 2O

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MVEM/5 BACAKGA70LMVD
SUNRAYS OVEF
Mervyn de Silva
he army is on the way to
Jaffna - just a few miles more to the capital of the northern province, and for the LTTE, its main bastion and hopefully independent EELAM's capital. But the Army has two enemies to fight, the LTTE and the Weather, before OPERATION SUNRAYS (RIWIRESA) is ower.
At the BMICH, the other evening, asked Mr. Chandrananda de Silva, the Defence Secretary, whether he was satisfied With OPERATION RIWRESA Sofar, "Of course," he replied. "We stay take some casualties before We reach Jaffna, that is part of War, and our brave soldiers understand this and Our Cormanders are taking all steps possible to minimise caSLJalties. We hawe also obser:Weed that the TIGERS have slipped out of Jaffna, leawing only their cubs to fight the army. Quite frankly, my worries are about Colombo. Desperate men do take desperate meaSures. Sabotage is What Worries rile. You saw what happened in Kolonnawa and our main oil depots... desperate men," remarked Defence Secretary Chandrāmanda de Silvā.
But President Kumaratunga has opened a new front abroad. She has charged Western governments of not taking "sufficiently serious action" against Tamil expatriates raising funds for the L.T.T.E., which in turn uses these funds to purchase arms. President Kumaratunga was speaking to Barbara Crossette of the WYF Wes Who Knows the Sri Lankan scene quite Well, "With the army of Sri Lanka inching towards the command centre of the separatist Tamil rebels, in What could be the decisive battle of a 13 year civil War, the Sri Lankan president is calling on other nations to help cut supply lines to the rebels and force them to the negotiating table".
In presenting the the U.N., the influe Foreign Relations, ASA Society, Pre has done her best home - Critics who temptation to pounc left Colombo. With in some hours after the trated by an LTTE SE hit two strategic targ Corporation's oil : Colombo's Suburbs.
Unfortunately for A ter Colong Amurud dent Kumaratunga munique which esta she had left the islan
"Just prior to my de ed to lear that the O TāWa had baer atta. So the Presidentha ever about the ider makers. The Opposit politician who has e gent student of his f dent J.R. a resourcef tegist, With a firm gra and Tanouevre. W school chum, the yol the SLFP parliamer Opposition in th post-1977 assembly |ner. Ald LIIlliké Mr. W Anura Bandarä laikE Tills Chief-mäker of hi them, Parliamentary minated by the Opp ahead Parliar ent is than exciting. Eventh ver of an Iпcreasing| moving political situ

R JAFFNA
- Sri Lanka Case at ntial U.S. Council for and the prestigious SiClent Kumaratunga to ITleet the Critics ät hawe not resisted the e On the fact that she embers of her family } city had been peneabotage squad which elS — the Petrolg LJIT storage facilities in
cting Defence Minisdha Ratiwatte, Presihad issued a comblished the fact that d after the event:
-parture Wasshockil Complex at Kolomked by the LTTE..." d no doubt whatsoity of the mischief. on is led by a lawyerVidently been a dilliTimerleader, Presiil parliamentary straip of tactical offence hat's more his old lig politicial Who led äy gTOLP) and the
UNP-dominated SOW a UNP frontsickremasinghe, Mr. is an irrepressible h quality. Between ebate is totally doSition. In the Weeks bound to be more most CaSUal ObSerCOmplex and fasttiūri — that is, Sri
Lankan crisis - will have to pay some attention to what's going in our national assembly.
OPERATION RIWIRESA
The army's successes in the current operation has forced the "Tigers" to retreat and field the young recruits so that they, helped by the monsoon showers, could delay the army's advance. And the army is taking its own time in order to keер the casualty figure as low as possible. The LTTE opened a front in Colombo, and the Kolonna Wa disaster was avery cleverly planned operation behind the enemy's lines.indeed in the enemy's capital. But neither"operations" in the Eastern prowince, which the currentstrategy has left wide open, nor sabotage in the South can stop the army from taking Jaffna. And it is then that the War enters a new phase. Like the IPKF, the Sri Lankan army (to the LTTE ideolgue and propagandist, it would bean "army of occupation") will have to fight a different kind of War.
First of all, what is the government's grand design for the north? Will it run the Jaffna municipality and keep arresting or smashing LTTE "saboteurs"? That's the least it cando to demonstrate that its Writ runs in the north, and it does NOT discriminate between a Tamil citizen anda Sinhaa citizen, only between a law-abiding Tamil and a "terrorist.
With Jaffna "pacified," will the Army advance into other areas and establish its authority in those parts too, while never calling a halt to the 'tiger hunt"? If this is the likely scenario, then We must all ցC) back to the IPKF's three years and study how the north-and-east changed.
landscape

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SAF/ LAWAKA: A W /WD/AW WEFMW
Slaughter on the Pai
P. Jayaram
t’s a small patch of land, just
25 sq kT in area. But in the Jaffna peninsula, it's a big enough prize for the Sri Lankan army to talk tough, the LTTE to posture with threats of retaliation. President Chandrika Kumaratunge to hope for another step in trying to swing her battered Country towards accepting a radical plan for the devolution of power - a change from a unitary to a liberal federal system - Which she is convinced can bring peace. And for the nation to Cross its collective fingers yet again fora repriewe fromChaos.
Chances of that happening seemed ever more remote With the two big hits the LTTE took early last fortnight. On October 1, the army overran LTTE positions in Jaffna and then retained a stretch of land deep in Tiger territory south-east of Palaly military base. Both sides took losses. And two days later, when the LTTE tried to hit back, the arTy's Operation Thunder Strike Wonout-the Tigers suffered over 200 casualties with about 250 injured in one of its Worst reverses; the military lost 52 in the entire Week. Soon after, governTent officials claired dissension in enemy ranks, saying that LTTE supremo Velupillai Prabhakaran had fired his trustad intelligerica chief Pottu Amman and that Do Tinic, who runs the rebels' northern administration, Was in trouble for embezzleelt.
So where does that leave everybody? "Exactly where they were," says a respecled Colombo-based political analyst, who declined to be identified. "The LTTE will hit back, so will the army, and so on. This is a no-Win War."
That much has become pretty clear after years of severe clashes. But What makes the latest encourters different is that they leave Kumaratunge, more than Prabhakaran, little time to sort out her problems. The LTTE chief has survived numerous internal problems and there is no sign yet of him stopping - the latest setbacks are only expected to bring retaliation, as a similar army Victory in July did, having already forced Kumaratunge to clamp censorship on coverage of military news and convince Parliament to extend the state of emergency by another month.
Kurillaratunge needs a compromisefast. Gloom spread in Jaffna after the Government stand, but the President,
Who promised to giv executive president facing a restive ma tiJr1 W FTICI FIS ad broker promises. O can't afford to lost lesson learnt the ha a goverrittent-led talks With the LTTE Stawed-off a crack i Aliasilict's hold earl the Eelam People (EPDP) - which is ment-threatened
Seats in a 113-12s The pressure of a else, even as the op nalist Party watche remains. Says EPDF landa: "Without a
can't support this of
A political Soluti: Taraturge still swe offensive, at a me leaders, she reiter War Carlotte Worl ple are gшагапlead munity," she told Tamil youth carry they hate life, but b protect their rights a munity." This pitch parties in the rank package - announ still reeds a two-thir lent to be COT13 al.
But even if that: Too much depends Jaffilia with a Stick ti talk peace, as mu power is a carrot. Th circles of Capitalising making a push for Jaffna town, backed ty Defence Minister te's Statement in thig TlBriti COr trol , OWET J established Soon". plans to keep up through the north-ea many defence analys "We are prepared fic: We are going ahead Says a Senior Lank "BWEfrail Sad Si trained naval art of Supply lines by air ar

h to Peace
eupher all-powerful y by July this year, is grity-Sinhala populanough of conflict and the other hand, she
military gains - a dway last year when :easefire and peace
backfired. She also in the ruling People's är in the m0nth When s Democratic Party upports the Governopullout withitsmine tuation in Parliament.
political-solution-orposition United Natios from the sidelines, Pichief Douglas Dewapolitical solution, we Fersiw.e."
Yn is Something Kuars by. Fresh off the eting of trade-union Ited her Stad. "The Jmless the Tamilpeotheir rights as a Comthe gathering. "The yanide not because ecause they Want to ind identify as a Comay help to keep Tamil S as the devolution Iced on August 3ds majority in ParliaW.
appens, she is stuck. on making a point in to force the Tigers to ch as devolution of Iere is talkin defence I on military gains by the LTTE bastion of іпlargepartby DepuALI fuddha RatWatHouse that governaffna Would be "reMeanwhile, the army the offensive right st monsoons, which sts see as baditirming. ir the Tom SOOS and With the operation," can defence official, 2a Tigers (the highly the LTTE) make Our id sa difficult."
That, to some observers, is just the sort of attitude government forces should avoid, or pay the price as the army's July move did, When, besides recapturing lost ground and mauling the army, the LTTE scored a major hit by killing Brigadier Nalin Angammana, the army's eastern region commander. "You may plant the Lion flag in Jaffna to please the Sinhalese, but you wi|| hawe to pullit down and run in two or three months unless you are adequately prepared," says former air force Commander Harry Goonetilleke. The entire operation, tailored to the Government's political needs, may go up in smoke, he Warns. "I am opposed to the military being used as cannon fodder for a political time-table."
Kumaratunge also runs the risk of her Tove backfiring if the army does push ahead: a takeover of Jaffna could cost thousands in civilian Casualties and Create about five lakh refugees, say unofficial estimates. There are already signs of a setback in other ways. The army has relocated thousands of troops from the east to the Ot. And the LTTE his moved right in. Even officials admit privately that, besides Batticaloa, Amparai and the рогt towп of Tгіпcomaleе оп the eastern Seaboard, most of the region is under Tiger control. Army sources say they Were given a cryptic reply by the Government when they pointed this out - as did Sofile MPs in Parliament-last fortnight: "You take care of the north."
It's a huge gamble, and the pressure is Only increasing even as the country's newly resurgent and pro-military-solution Buddhist clergy turn up the heat. And there is a bizarre twist, resulting in another front for Kumaratunge. Barely days after the army push began, a letter addressed to 'Sister Chandrika', authored by Dhanu, appeared in the LTTE mouthpiece Watthala, PN as Dhanu is also the name of Rajiv Gandhi's deceased assassin. "You Who Won the elections with slogans of peace," went part of the letter, "are including yourself in the list of Rajiv Gandhi, (forner President Ramasinghe) Premadasa, (UNP leader Lalith) Alhulathmudali, (former prime minister Gamin) Dissanayake..." Kumaratunge is already trapped in the present. It would be a pity if history caught up With her.
— frivia 77ačaly
3

Page 6
AAA7(2)
Low-intensity cor
Indra de Soysa
have argued why a purely military
solution, which can only be obtained at tremendous cost, Will fail to Solve the underlying causes of the conflict. So, why not a political solution? It is rather clear now that any political solution Wil||hawe to involve the Tigers who have the balance of power vis-a-vis other Tamil political groups in a rather disproportionate Tarnner, Further, a political Solution Stuch as a great devolution of power, or one that des Ottake int-JacCOLIIttlé ASpiraliÖfS and concerns of the Tajority of Tamils all over the country (many of whose voices, unfortunately, are stil rather muled against the Tigers) cannot be just or a solution to anything. It is also not clear thal the Tigers will be willing to participate in army "just political solution" short of Eelam, the only guarantee against extradition to di tät Präbahı kar är holds: Colle Other option for hirT), of course, is to continue languishing as de facto leader of Jaffna. Herein lies the solution for the governLLLLLL LLL0 La LLLLaLL aLLLLL LLLL HLL fallen back on a somewhat defensible position - and any fool will tell you that a good defensive strategy is the least costly option in War - the government Spend its time and energies, not to mention resources, on fortifying these defenses in the most militarily strategic way. This strategy necessitates discarding the illusion "liberating Jaffnatown," but Contrarily, it will be designed to make life extremely difficult for the Tigers. It is a strategy that would require great patience. In effect it is the Way in which the US "Won" the Cold War. It is a strategy of "low intensity containment," Jaffna turning into Sri Lanka's Eastern Europe. In effect, the government will have to treat a negligible part of its territory as a giant penal Colony indefinitely. Who in the last fifteen years hlas TiSSedd Jaffma?
Before one hasterns to willify me for being cruel and heartless, let me elucidate my strategy further. Are Weal agreed that any sort of death is unjust? Accordingly, where do the majority of Tamil people in Sri Lanka Stand on the issue of young Sinhalese armed forces personnel dying in the War against the Tigers who do not ostensibly hawe their sympathy? Do most Sinha
lese Want Tore dyi saying that they ha Jaffna, by nOWa SOT ITIOSt. Sinhalese Will E Does any Sri Lanka tio expend Earl OrinThOLJ! face and end up at : Citizēts of Sri Larki Muslim, Malay, Burg throWn ini, Want to SI life on the part of Tamils in this bloody OtESädSiStES: tera - Will ta riċi) billi): Controlled by the f: there will be somethi Tule, and that a SE) "just"? Clearly, the be to mirii Tize the lO stop the politically "solving the problem costly strategy. Let I tegy further.
Giving Prabahkar hasis nota problern, that he will be reco nothing buta Crimina and India. AISOrts of FläWE Cl= faClO C[][1lfć are not recognized many US cities hawe authoritis dari WE nevertheless, afford. recognition than whi. wide a "negotiated The new strategy Tigers and allow a EgtW E3E3 til G. Silla|| groups for reconstru It brings less Violenc sula, and in the long the Tigers wis-a-vis tids afld desiréS o at large and places decide to put doWr Come faithfully to thi allows the armed fo defensive posture a OWnterns, presuma ille and lateriel toget into a defensiv, against threats withi given that the Art contain Tiger activ

tarnet
ng for the sake of We now Coquered y heap of rubble that e paying to rebuild? in government Want SESOLICES to Sa'We Square one? Do the a, Tamil, Sinha lese, er, and all the Tuixes Continued OSS Of Jothi Sir Falase and affair? Domy Tamil seriously believe that dished in a Eelam amatical Tigers, that ng akinto democratic parate state will be rost just strategy Will ss of life on all sides, 2xpedient rhetoric of "and follow the least ĒČidāti Strā -
an What he already i but it does sliot Mearl gnized in any Way as I wanted in Sri Lanka brigands and thieves l of territory butthey as leaders, after all, areää5 isto Which 10 iture. This strategy. S LE LITTE WEITESS ut they currently enjoy settlement" strategy. can criminalize the onstructive dialogue GSe and Other Tamil cting a better Country. e to the Jaffna penin-run puts pressure on satisfying the aspirathe Jaffna populace the TLS OFT LITEIT tO their Weapons and e negotiating table. It rces to adopt a truly nd fight only On their bly With Wēry little Cost . It allows the Country fernode, to be vigilant in the rest of the island, led forces can truly ity. Presumably the
one task of the defensive function Will be easier to carry out, making the forces more effective, such as they have been in the East. The money Sawêd Ort farcy offenSi WG Wat Tlateriel Can be Lusad to resettle educate, and develop new villages and towns for those who flee the Tigers and for reconstructing other affected areas. In other Words, a concerted effort at undermining the "center of gravity" of the Tigers TLSt De Caffigij Jut – With GäSt COSt.
At last, the government can put its energies into truly winning hearts and Tirds of all Tamils i Sri Laka ad abroad. A real strategy of isolating the LTTE, both territorially, militarily, and politically can Work. After all, the West spent only forty years to convince the Soviet Union and Lundermine the "center of grawity" of communism. Surely, even half that time is not too long to wait if it means solving this intractable and costly conflict. In effect, this strategy is purely one of adopting Warfare on the government's terms, not on the terms of the Tigers. It will be a painless siege, unlike the bloody affair in Sarajevo, and in the language of history; Wait for the enfeebled "Elara" to come out and meet his fate on the stronger Dutuga munu's terms. It will be up to PraLLLLLL LL LLLLLL Ga HH LLLL0 HLLO people needlessly, and likewise, for the Sinhalese to accept their Tamil brothers and sisters and build a better Society together as Dutugamunu was able to do. A great Society can only be builton peace, but a peace that will have to be obtained at least COSt, Without a bloodbath, Whichl · in retrospect, is the most valuable lesson that can be learned from the peaceful ending of the Cold War. Let us try to "contain" violence throughout the land, which in the long-run is the "only solution," As one eminent scholar of politics and diplomacy has recently noted, "the crucial difference between states these days is not, as the political scientists used to think, that between 'strong states and 'weak ones, but between the sleepy and the shrewd." Its time to Wake up
Not
1. Susan Strange, "States, Firms, and Diplomacy."
MTHFrightaria",HRHMS R81 (1832}:1-15

Page 7
FEPLY TO BRAWAGAWAW/(2)
Tamil oppression
H. L. D. Mahindapala
t is quite fashionable in intellectual
circles to find a ready-made scapegoat in Sinhala-Buddhists. They are blamed for everything, including the horrors cornitted by Mr. Prabhakaran. Era ragana) for instance, attributes the birth of the LTTE to the Sinhala-Buddhist cha Luwinists Who are portrayed as "oppressors of the Tamils". This implies that the brutal violence of the LTTE is a meretit-for-tatstrategy adopted to get even with the "Sinhala state oppression". It is also used to justify Violence as the only political Weapon awaiiable to the Tails to beat the "Sinhala state" and extract the maximum political gains. Above all, this accusation serves as a moral Counter for the Basagara is Who are hopelessly locked into the megalomaniacal violence of Mr. Prabhakaran. The corroding factor that is eating away the hurt lane Values of the Jaffnaite, disturbing his/her conscience, and postponing the dawn of elusive peace, is not SinhalaBuddhist chauvinism or "Sinhala state oppression" but the violence perpetrated in their name. Unable to find an alternative to this dilemma - not to Tiention an alternative leadership - the Braniagaria2S take the easy Way out by chanting "Sinhala state oppression", which has gained a certain amount of political currency. Unfortunately, due attention has not been paid to consider the Veracity of this accusation implied in the terminology.
Perhaps, a comparative assessment of the recorded oppression of the Tamils by the Tamils and the "oppression" of the Tamils by the Sinhalese should throw Some light on this neglected aspect. As the accusation clouds the issues arising from the terminology, it is of vital importance to step back into history and evaluate the real source of oppression that humilia
ted and Crushed th Tails for centurie stage the wital quas who really oppreSSE Sinhalese Who opp Was it the Tails
persecuted the Tar skeletal outline, I wis question which, foi never Entered the any significant Way. the difference betw grievances Will also
begin by accusin the most in Ulan
TāTills i Sri Lanka. nearly 25 per cent c Jaffna is a heat-ren
[]f a sizgable CCITT1l! Who Were deried th of holding their hea a human being Lunde tative society ruled The Criminal record Jaffna Canonly bem: of the oppresive reg Cästes in Jaffra töd ries, beginning from Jafna Lipper-Castere a castes to the abjec slavery enabled the the low-castes as ch se profits of their toba färT||15.
Let me quote Jane lent study of Corry, DovTougүhv77ora Cov, "The social status ol
tesin Jaffna WaSextri to the position of nonCeylon. This ster II Some of the largestin

of Tamils
a human spirit in the S. Ewen at this late stion Tmust be asked: ed Whorf? Was it te ressed the Tamils or who oppressed and nils? In the following ih to answer this vital " Some odd reason, Jebate of Scholars in In doing so, I hope, een oppression and be amply clarified.
g the Tamils of being
oppressors of the Their oppression of if the lower castes in ling and a tragic story Inity of Jafna Tamíls e eller Tentary dignity dup and walking as r the Crueland exploilby the upper caste. of the upper-caste in atched by the brutality ine run by the loway. For three centuthe Dutch period, the 3dLJICEed then Cl- yeWa= :t lewel of slawes. This Ipper-Caste to exploit eap labour to increaicco, paddy and other
Russe||irl Her exCE3"Lisios Fysio Leaf 5ffety, 7937-1947. the mon-kyōW& Casemely low, compared goala in Buddhist ed from the fact that On-ye/a/acastes, the
Коиjavs, c'їалаWas, да//as, and ла/аиars had been slaves of the vasala up to the abolition of slavery by the colonial government in 1844. There had been slawery ar Tong the Kardyan SirhaleSÉ Lutit Was of the mildest form, slaves being personal bonds Tento theoWmers. Of thefourslava Castes, the Koywyays were the most privileged, as they had been household serWants to the Ver/Wakas, the na Ma vasortoddytappers, and the Ada Wes, landless labourETS, Were howevertraated T Luch likē helots or serfs by the ve/Eaa who formed the powerful landowning class. Their position after the abolition of slavery was not much improved. As (H.W.) Tambiah Observed
"Although slavery was abolished lagally, Tiany of the depressed classes remained as de facto slaves of their Tasters for economical reasons.
"Even by the mid-20th century the status of the pasas, for example, was hardly any better than a century before. Tarnbiah quotes from the Manual of the Madurai District published in 1868 to describe the position of the DaWas in 1951,
"They are a numerous but abject and despised race. Their principali occupation is ploughing the land of the more fortunate Tamils, and though normally free, they are usually slaves in almost every sense of the World.
"The outcasts or parayas had a deplorable social status, Arnong this group, there was a caste unique to Jaffna, the E.L. Elas or washermen to the parayas. The were not allowed to be seen in the daylight and Could only travel by night."
Since Basagarian talks glibly of

Page 8
"Sinhala stata oppression" canthis person point out to a more pernicious system than this which subjected the Tamils to the most humiliating conditions of oppression? When and Where did any other Sri Lankan community-Muslims, Burghers, Indian Tails or Sirihalese-institutionalise and persecute their own people the Way the Tamils did to their own kind in Jaffna? The Tamil oppression of the Tamils is the most obscene chapter in Sri Lankan history. The Brainagarians did not lift a finger to eliminate this cruel form of oppression which went on till the late sewenties? Where Were the Chelwanayakals and the Pia Tibala ITS WHČ LHÉ battle lines between the oppressors and the oppressed were drawn right in the front of the Mawi ddipuram Templa in 1968? The cry of "Sinhala state oppression" by the political heirs and descendants of Ponnaribalans, and Chelwanayakams smack of sheer hypocrisy. When, through their fathers' exploitation of casteslaves, they became the sole beneficiaries of their ancestors oppression.
Besides, the Tannhills hawe gorlle TCL had the World crying "Sinhala state oppression" which, according to therTn, bagan ātē 1956W S. W. P.D. Bādārālāk was swept into power, predominantly on a Sihala-Buddhist Wawa. FroT 1955 tČ
L0L00L LLLKLLL a LLLLLaLLLLLLLaLa LLaLLaa was passed it was exactly twenty years. ls it because the Barragara/S cannot face their crities against their own people for three centuries that they seek to divert attention to twenty years (or make it 40 TOW that We are at the end of 1995) of So-Called Sinhala oppression? To Come anywhere near the magnitude, the enormity and the extent of the barbaric crimes committed by the Tamils against their own people the Sinhala-Buddhist Chauvinists will have to go through several cycles in sasara. And yet, for obvious political reasons, the Branagarians single out only 20-40 years of the so-called Sinhala oppression, trying desperately to dismiss from their guilly consciences the unbеагаble Weight of the sins of their fathers and their forefathers before, if they are genui
6
ng about a Conciliatic the example of the Je beg forgivenesSfTOT What they had done right Lup to the time Resolutior, ReCoffic: begins at home,
It is not only theTa is guilty, the Tamil pi torians, sociologists rately) the hideolusal which was as great to the current Crisis : the communal issue
If the Taii telect heads, justa Wee bit and peeped into the could hawe enlighter the difference betwe "grievances". But the into darker Side of ! is by Wearing blinker lectuals succeeded "Sinhala state oppre targeted only the Their writings willfie. Sinhala-Buddhists.
lewer baları Ced it W, the story. To them, 5ide, There WaS Cl
Wastle Sinhala-Bu
SOLlut. Erbildeled the demonising of th lectuals, the TasTii|| Lulla Shad Wiole Ce Buddhists by endors Resolution. It Was, ir of War against the TTISOf GNOt
til de Class3d that Wiik and they let loose t Влалтаалал/ is : beyond the limits o bla IT BS thE9 Sinhale the LTTE. Officially, Waddukoddai Resc Tamil political clas: monster in the Cons Chelwarıayakām, th { Party. In peddling Bra/77agалагіѓsand are as responsible

in they should follow panese leaders and their own people for to them in the past Of the Waddukoddai iliation, like charity,
Til political class that litical scientists, istoo ignored (delibeld dark side of Jaffna a contributory factor is tha Tilishandling of by the Sinhala South. als had turned their away from the South, ir owm backyard they led the Tamils about en"oppression" and ay neverdared to look their Jaffa TOO. It
'S that the Tail intelin feeding myth of ssion". Their Writings Silla-BuddiSS.
and demonised the
The S3 ite||gctuals
it te other Side of
the Te WaS 10 other
lly Corne Sidē ārnd that Colis (BIG) i fle by the vilification and le South by the intelpoliticians ultimately against the Sinhala: sing the Waddukoddai reality, a declaration Sinhala South by the Wadduk. Oddai FREYSOlulence is the only Way e Tamil youth. I think stretching the truth f credibility when he se for giving birth to it is on record in the lution that it is the
Si Which Crated this til LJency of Mr, S.J.W. leader of the Federal these distortions, the their fellow-travellers as tha opporturistic
politicians (of both sides) for the overfloWing blood bath.
One way of getting out of this ideological fixation is to have more Dayan Jayatillakas presenting the unpalatable truth which may, someday, hopefully, shock the AFray77aga/7a/7s into reality. Dayan Jayatilaka has homed in on a sensitive but a realistic assessment When he said: "Dual power and peaceful co-existence between the two (i.e. Colombo and Jaffna) is impossible. One will have to go; and One wi|| "This isine witable because for Tarnother point of view, a democracy in the South and a di Sctatorship in the North are incompatible, Besides, the two cannot Co-exist because the intimisic nature of dictatorship dermands a Inythical Enemy. The overblown personality cult of Prabhakararı represents the mythical protector who guards the Tamils against the evils Qf Sillala-BuddlISIT). Mr. Fräbläkäfä1
Carriot, and Will Tot, exist Without the de TriSigd i Sirhala-Buddhist5. Hg. Exists even today only on the bitter hatred up by him and his Barragara is demonise their mythical enemy.
In their eyes, the Sinhala-Buddhists are the equivalent of the Jews in Hitler's fascist state, Hitler orchestrated this hatred on a Gobbelsian scale to justify his violence against his own people. What is more, fascism can sustain its momentum only on aggression. Mr. Prabhakaran cannot justify the denial of fundamental rights to the Jaffna Tamils in a state of peace. Violence is the only Tears of proving his political usefulness. He has never shown any skills in the der Tocratic proCESS. So any attempt to mollycoddle or pacify fascists with negotiations are bound to endin disaster. Neville Chamberlain and the rest of the World learned it the hard Way, No amount of appeasement will win the day for democracies fighting fascist regities. Inshort, democracy and fascism сапnot co-exist. One will have to go. Aпd history records that it is the fascists who
Went into oblivion.

Page 9
COWFL/C7A/VD FORE/G/WAOLICY/4)
The Trin COnnalee :
K. M. de Silva
here were speculations that the
Jayewardene government had offered facilities to the Arnerican Navy at TrinComalee. These Were given rise to by two factors. The first Was Colombo's lifting in 1981 of a nine-year old ban on foreign warships using facilities at the TrincomaLee harbour, folkowing Whichthe U.S. Nawy sent a number of Warships to this Sri Lankan port on various missions." And the second was a 1981 report that America had naval access to this port, General David Jones, ChairTam of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, reportedly referred to the possibility of Trincomalee being Considered as a potential U.S. base in the Indian Ocean,
It was reported in a New Delhi-based newspaper that the Pentagon project report for 1980-81 allegedly argued for such a naval base and that the "Washington Post" expressed an opinion appreciating Trincimale as ar ideal Stopping place for U.S. ships in the Indian Ocean.' It was also reported in the Indian capital in 1980 that some U.S. Congressmen, reportedly with the blessing of the State Department, had approached officials at the Sri Lankan Embassy in Washington for "fast ård racreation" facilitjes at TrinCoaled for U.S. Sailors in the India Ocean region.' The fact of the matter was that there was no U.S. base at Trico.
However, given the general orientation in Sri Lanka's foreign policy and the global and regional developments at the time, India's security concerns were underStandable.
A hue and Cry was raised by the power elite in India. Over the possibility of Trico turning into a U.S. base. They considered
the existence of any in the region a threat ty and security.' O it rather bluntly ash 5 the Sri Lārkārt F
to Tri-COITlale, No can ever permit T. Lura friendly hands. Ir Cred about the sible government in to India's security must under all circ pective of the Cor such a move"." T up India's position external power inW. and to ensure that ment kept in line || Delhi's security SUS gion.
TE Oj Tk FET
In 1981, the Jaye decided to revive Trinco. Although th mic underpinnings significance was r to the do-Sri Lal Coastal Corporatio Company operating in Bermuda, WaStO and Exclusive Contr make a doWn payı alrual rent which W and increase by 1 The American CDT use orhire Out the se although the ColorT said that the gover right to prohibit fore customers using Sources privately attempt to prevent military purposes

base controVersy
'foreign military base toits peace, tranquilne. Indian scholar put Säid"OW TStake resident with regard Government of India Fil:Cofiliālē to fall i
dia has to faċli COamage an irresponthë island Can Cause by a false Towe and LIstances and irres
Sequer CES, COUnter This virtually summed
which was to deny lwaarmerit in Sri La ka the Colombo governby appreciating New iceptibilities in the re
| Saga
Wardene gover Tirrent Fe Oli Tak Fari I at decision had econdits politico-strategic much Tore important nka relationship. The n, a Texas-based oil through a Subsidiary obtain a 29-year lease of the OTF. It Would Tent of $35,000, and would start at $30,000, 0 percent eachуваг. pany would be free to cilities at its discretion, 1bo official SpokeSrman IEIt had reserved the sign naval vessels and he tanks, But official
titled Llat til
the diversion of oil to was illusory." India
protested against the deal and it was Car CE3||edi.
A fresh ErldEr Was Calgd. And Or 23 February 1984, the OTF was leased to an International Consortium by the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation. This Consortium consisted of three firls - the Orol LIT (Pvt) Limited of Singapore, the Oil Tanking of West Germany and the Tradinaft of SwitzEFlärld, TF1ESE fĩTTT15 WETE CCTItr[]|latd by Western interests, and the lastone was said to have major shares of a Pakistani business house.' India was incensed by the reported deal. She suspected foul play in it because of the Way it was struck. The Consortiu was floated only in 1982 with a view to getting the Trincomalae deal. Although seven other firms submitted their terders, the Consortium obtained the Ciritract. The tenders submitted by the British, Indian and Soviet firms were rejected, although, according to an Indian analyst, commercially the Indian proposal Was much more profitable to Sri Lanka.' Although the agreerTent again fell through under pressures from New Delhi, it was apparent to India that Sri Lanka had more of a strategic objective in the Whole Trinco episode. There was a concern in India that the facilities under the deal Were to be made available to the U.S. in exchange for a defence pact' and that Colombo could not in times of crises prevent the U.S. company from supplying fuel to bases like Diego Garcia; these were aset of potential developments that India regarded as a morbid danger to peace in the Indian Ocean.
The Woice of America relay station
Sri Lanka, undéranagreementin 1951 granted broadcasting facilities to The Voice of America (VOA). But the new agree
7

Page 10
ment signed on 10 December 1983 regarding the expansion of the same facilities in Sri Lanka excluded the jurisdiction of the Colombogovernment over the administration, operation and maintenance of the facilities. The Sri Lanka government earlier had the right to evaluate the WOA transcripts before they were broadcast. This crucial right had now been abandörled in fayÖLur of a n a SSurance from the U.S. thatit Would"uSE itbestèndeaWOLIrs" not to broadcast any programme detrimental to the national interest of Sri Lanka.' India feared that the U.S. with its satellite connections night use the facilities for spying in the Indian Ocean and for other strategic information and military Communications. As such, India was closely Watching its impact on her own military communications system as she was planning to have wireless communication frequency in order to give greater Security to communication links and achiave strategic naval mobility. What was implied in India's concern was that it was New Delhi's Security interest and not Sri Lanka's exercise of its sovereign Will that was to be accorded preference in Colombo's pursuit of its external relations. India has not only disapproved of Sri Lanka's divergent foreign policy and opposed the extension of external presence in the island, but it has also been desirous since the beginning of the 1980s of expanding its influence in the small neighbour's domestic affairs pertaining to the Simhälä-TarT]| Ethmic CCIlflict.
Sri Lanka's Ethnic Crisis and the continued Strategic Non-Conformity, 1983-87
Sri Lanka experienced such horrendous events in July 1983, that Could well be called apocalyptic in terms of their impact on the Sinhala-Tamil as well as Indo-Sri Lanka relationships. The island's ethnic conflict Snowballed into national Crisis, leading to a state of civil War and seriously straining its relations with India.
(7o bр Солтf/nшға)
Notes
TOXO,
TOT
iO2.
103.
104.
Times of India.
See Annual U.S. by the Joint Ch 1981 USICA, NE sisialtiosi tour" g| ''' of the U.S. SEWE i ta Til from the Intelligence Sery SRA) to Colomb as missionStop ir Trical
Tribune, Chandig
Tires of India, N and 5 January 1.
Reportedly, the integradard ti Trituna, Ghandց Parliamentary korimbo, Wol. 1B(2, 31.
See for U.S. deri na Kirkpatrick, thi sentative to the U. H. Roads, the U.: bo, Patriot, New
Ceylon Daily N August 1981 and
Sixtus
Te Ller
TE TE
I FLICHS
Aporg
BLE LF le
No rid
YOLİT UT
And T
Wil gol
Bright,

w Delhi, 6 May 1931.
Military Posture, prepared efs of Staff, 7 February w Delhi, p. 7; The "familiaiC-Admiral C.A.H. Trost Figal and the visit of Manila-based U.S. NāWall a Rosident Agency (N|- | In 1980 WGTO COr istruad 55 hardsorbāsg facilitiĒRS Jf American Navy. Sęe arh, 8 July 1980.
105.
Statesman, New Delhi, 28 November 1981; LL LLLL LLLL L L0LLY aLLLLLLLa KHLOLOLL La LLaS from tha Parliamin Entary Opposition, sa Patriot, New Delhi, 28 November 1981; Bhola Prasad, a Communist Party, was of tha opinion that the U.S. move was part of U.S.-China-Pak attempt to encircle India; Dr. Subra Ilariam Swamy of the Janata Party told the Lok Sabha that "the United States has just recently got a rest and recuperation CEritre bāSain Sri Lanka... It is Tot a lasē. But it is a ficko-hold." Sigg Lok Sabha Debates, 7th series, Wol. XXVI, No. 25, 25 March 1982, Col. 384
106, Dr. M.G. Gupta, Indian Foreign Policy. aw Delhi, 5 January 1981 Theory and Practice, Y.K. Publishers, Agra, 82. 1985, pp. 306-307. U.S. state Departman 107, Surday Times, London, 24 January 1982 B talks Were aborted. Sad 108, W.P. Vaidik, Ethric Crisis in Sri Lanka...? arth, 8 July 1980. See also ablates (Hansard), Co- 109, itoid.
1 December 1981, Col. 110. Rita Mancharida, "Sri Lanka Crisis: Conflict and Intervention", Strategic Analysis, New Delhi, Vol. X, No. 5, August 1985, pp. al, the statements of Jea- 575-7B. : U.S. Pemandrit Repreited Nations, and of John 111. Hindu, Madras, 27 February 1982, for a comprehensive discussion on the OTF deal S. Ambassador to ColorDəlli, 8 March 1932 aid sae Sreedhar, "Anatory of the TrincomaElli, : led Deal", Strategic Analysis, New Delhi. aws, Colombo, 16, 29 DSA 1984, 10 May 1984.
112. bid.
Waiting - 11
into the Sunset
2Lycar u, cLrodil curt old r TlaLr .
dict I accept Luith grace
lization LLyas not too s Lidder, really rised the process, felt Tin Tre's hard 'tically touching shoulder ı yoL pLitit Cruellu Lith JOLIrsilent flight
Er
sees Liliuoyage these oceans of light
Leaguirlasia beggarin JourneLU realirt's abode
all. OOLe"
CIrld Sorske farld Hols'
U. Karunaltilake

Page 11
Law and Sexuality; the to the Penal Code
Neelan Tiruchewan
e Hon. Minister for JustiCE ITILISt be complimented for introducing the most cornprehensive reforms of the Penal Code since its enactment in 1865. Our Penal Code is in turn todelled on the Indian Penal Code which Was introduced in the Legislative Council in 1836. The author of this legislation was Thomas Babington Macaulay Who Was the first Law Member of the Legislative Council who believed that law reform in general and "codification in particular should be animated by the principle; uniformity Where you can have it; diversity where you must have it; but in all cases certainty". Wasudha Dhagamvar has pointed out "the Indian Penal Code is an astonishing piece of work, even Tore so. When one realises that it was drafted in two years by a young man without prior experience of drafting, and virtually single-handed".
The Penal Code ebodied the oral standards and social perspectives of an early Victorian age. There are several profound changes incontemporary mores and values relating to gender equality Which must be reflected in the law. The first development relates to the growing global consciousness with regard to the phenomenon of violence against Women and the need for Concerted international and domestic action to address the Causes and Consequence of Such WiolenCB, These ConceITIS are rëflected in the Vienna Declaration in 1994, the Beijing Platform of Action, and the decision of the U.N. to appointa Sri Lankan lawyer Radhika Coomaraswamy as its Special Rapporteur With a global mandate on this issue. The Second relates to the growing sensitivity to the reproductive health rights of Women and the right of an individual to have control over and to decide freely on Tatters related to her body and to her sexuality. A related concern relates to the health risks to which Women are subjected
to as a result of Ur threaten the lives o est and youngest. relates to the need alarming incidence of children includin child pornography. for tholaWnot to dis ly deal with person preferences, and to lanical attempts by morality.
Our law relating te need of reform. Th: of our criminal law tory in its impact or Ses. The TOTE afflu abletOhave reCOur: procedure perform: practitioner to termir gnancy. The predic the unmarried Who abortion clinics or One gynaecologist such illegal abortion Causes of maternal lity. One estimate i the hospital beds in are occupied by WC loped complication: abortions. I therefo liberalisation of the Would go much furt ar T3 dnients. I WOL mend the approach Supreme Court in R majority ruled that first trimester of pre physician is free t regulation by the st judgment whether b)2 tarmilated. Fror the first trimester t abortion procedure regulation reasonal servation and pri

amendments
Safe abortions which particularly the poorA third development to be responsive to of sexual exploitation the phenomenon of And finally the need :riminate and punitiveWith different sexual Tiowe away from purithe law to legislate
) abortions is in urgent are is no other aspect Which SSO discrimina| different:50cial Clasent social classes are se toasimple surgical зd by апехрегіепced late an unwanted preament of the poor and have to turn to illegal Juacks is deplorable.
has concluded that sare one of the major morbidity and mortaS that at east 20% of gynaecology Wards TGr Who hawe de Wegas a result of un Sāfē e strongly favour the law on abortion, and her than the proposed ld in this regard cort
of the United States Oe w Wade, Where the rior to the end of the gnancy the attending determine, Without atë that in his medical he pregпапсу should and after the end of estate may regulate S to the extent the ly relates to the pretection of Tlater Tlal
health. I Would support the decision to decriminalise abortion law and to repeal the existing provisions in the penal code. We need assurance that armore humane and realistic regulatory framework will be very shortly introduced by the government with a focus on the questions of reproductive rights and maternal health.
One of the important changes introduced by the law is the creation of the new Offence of Sexual harassment, Sexual harassment in the Workplace and elsewhere has become an increasingly important issue on the agenda of the Womens movement. Several legal Scholars hawe struggled to frame an adequate definition of sexual harassment having regard to diverse behaviour which is ordinarily sought to be regulated by that concept. Radhika Colomaraswamy has emphasised two important ingredients. First it is conduct which is un Wanted by the recipient, in other Words, unwelcome sexual attention. Second, it is conduct which from the recipient's point of view is offensive or threatening. The German Penal Code and the Penal Code of Derimark hawe focused on Contexts of subordination or financial dependence where authority is abused to extract sexual favours. The present amendment is not so limited, and Women walking in public places, travelling in public transportation are often subjecled to a great deal of harassment. Several foreign researchers and tourists have Written to the press on this issue. In Canada employers are encouraged to issue a sexual harassment policy including procedures to investigate Complaints and to discipline transgressors. Clearly this problem cannot be dealt with only by recourse to legal strategies. The community needs to be sensitised through public education programs. The Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission engaged in a poster, magazine and radio

Page 12
advertising campaign entitled SHOUT (Sexual Harassment is OUT). We need to engage in similar public education pro
gra ITIS.
Clearly one of the key provisions in the afTigidiT gt5 reglatg5 to the refoj TTT1 of the laW relating to rape. Ferminist Writers hawe rightly pointed out that rape is an instrument of control in a patriarchal Society, and that women's vulnerability to rape is LLLLLL LL LLL LLLLLLtHLL LaLaLLLLLLL her BrTpowerTment. "Rape occurs in the family as a form of marital rape or incest, rape occurs in the community, and rape occurs in situations of arried Conflict and in refugee camps." Nonetheless the law relating to rape has been inadequate, the prosecution of offenders lax, and the response of the police to victims generally callous and indifferent. The present amendment endevours to more precisely define what Constitutes 'sexual interCOUrLLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLLLLGL000L LL LLLLL SLLLLLLS sent" cannot be presumed. It further definas CirCLITistances irl Which Briharl Cad punishment would be applicable such as Custodial violence, rape of a pregnant WorTan, rape of woman under 18 years of age, rape of a disabled woman, and gang rape. While there can be пo objection to increasing the maximurn penalty for such fleinous offense, one remains LLLHL0LLLL00L L0L0 LL LLLLLLL HLL0L0 LLL other circumstances judicial discretion should be curtailed by the imposition of a mandatory minimum sentence. A new EleTEIt is that Which ElableS LITE COLt to order that compensation be paid to the rappe Wictiril.
The conceptual recognition accorded to marital rape represents a significant breakdown in the public/private distinction Which had litherto Constrained an effectiwe response to domestic violence. However the irportance of this change is negated by its limitation to judicial separations. I would urge that this limitation be removed in an acknowledgment of the seriousness of marital rape. To do so Would be to fall in line With swara | Carl
TOWEalth COUlties. I 1991 till:E COU of Appeal in the United Kingdom ruled that
is
Ilarital immunity is : Coffer1Si"We CaJrT1r Th)r1 | longer represents t in present day Socie tions rape has been r se the de meaninga rape rather than its S presenta Tlendment der approach by Cre a new offence of "gr:
The present am rape closely follows report of the Law C. 1980, which subseq Criminal Law (Amer The LaW COIII ThisSic. referred to the "radi change in the appro rapetits en Ormityis fi prominence and he Wolting and gruesor Which the crime is ct missions report dea latters of procedur jaterliol ITIEdial Ex tion, and trial in CarTE
Ē5.
In many jurisdictic aW 13S DEET 3CCC gender Sensitiwe Sup: hawe included maid Wictims by Women of units of policeWC to deal With rape cas: rape crisis Centresh ted Services to WOI including legal servi SLJpport.
The offence of tween perSons still and lesbian acts adults unlawful. The to penalise adults f. enCes, and Section dingly be arTended.
S3:ti1 286A, d: of child pornograph deals with the proble til of :Fi||T. HE
SEET to hawe Teliä:

an anachronistic and a W fiction which ro le position of a Wife aty. In many jurisdicedefined to emphasind violent aspects of Exual Character. The adopts armore sounating in Section 365B ave sexual abuse".
endment relating to the very progressive JITTISSIOl Of | dia i Jently resulted in the ldment) Act of 1983. In cof India in its report Cal and revolutionary at to tile offens E of Eզuently brought into aightened by the reTë Circumstances in mmitted." The CorrIt Wit in detail. With te – Such as arrest, tamination, interrogaara-and ewidentiary
ns to refor IT Of the brillparmied by Sewelral port networks. These latory examination by doctors, the enlisting brillar ir BaCl StatiO
ids. In other Countries ave provided integrae Victims of Violence ces, Counselling and
ross indecency berenderS F101058Xual between consenting Flaw Sh0Uldlot Seek rtheir sexual prefer
365A should accor
als With the problems y, while section 360B ms of Sexual exploitare again We de not ble statistics although
clearly the problem has reached alarming proportions. Some official estimates place the figure at 30,000 of children who are exploited as sex Workers in resort areas. A non-governmental organisation PEACE has estimated the number of children between the age of 8 to 14 who are sexually exploited at 10,000. There is an urgent reed for a more systematic study of the problems of child abuse. Only a Small fraction of these cases are reported and followed up. In 1990/91 only 421 cases of child abuse were reported and plaints filed in 327 cases and resulted in
LT I FES CJTWC:til 5.
LETTE
Political Satire
commend Kamalika Pierisfor throwing So The light on the political and social satire contributed by the Sri Lankan journalists (WIG, Oct. 1). In the USA, those Who hawe Tastered such a literary genre, like Art Buchwald and Andy Rooney, have a high profile among the reading public and their Syndicated columns are well received. Considering the low tolerance politicians in Countrias like Sri Lanka hawe for Such literary Writing We Should tip Our hats to the Creators of such Works.
| Would like to add, that Kamalika Pieris should have included the narrie of Regie Michael in her list of journalists Who Wrote political satire. The pungent editorials Regie Michael Wrote for the CeWor7 Daisy MW in the 1960s were a class of its own. In addition, if my memory has not faultered, he also contributed political satire Columns for the short-lived 77a (datedevil Weekly in the mid-1970s, under the pseudonym Raws“. In these columns, Michael commented on the ethnic politics a diSSUGSSUCa5 StaldardiSatiO.
Si SiKi
Japan Institute for Control of Aging Fukuroi City,
Japā.

Page 13
SWRD: Making
Ananda Wellihena
he Union threw a political career
to Mr. Bandaranaike just it did for William Ewart Gladstone W10 EECare the Prile Minister of United Kingdom. He was described by Hollis as an Union ex-president who WS,
YS LYLS YCHCCLCCLHCC0S CHCHYLLuLOCLYOCLSYHGTuOHOTe resistasseguence, proved safaria L)nian able to Carri/rafe Ari ASSSTIfs As дrobably no other глатiber of it has ever dong.an LIrogrgradiate Wio /ooked ay the Union as a stage on илich he can дуova to Wје иола Л/s Wту77еоїafe fї7ass for LEN Wre."(Holis, 1965. 44).
CONTACT WITHSUNTHERALINGAM
His earliest recollection of the Union was the debate he had attended, perhaps out of curiosity, to see and lister to Mr. C. Surtheralingam; the fourth speaker scheduled for the evening. Incidentally, his hundredth birth anniversary fell on 19 August, 1995 (see CLOW, 19.08.1995).
Mr. Suntheralingam entered BalliolCollege, Oxford in 1918. On 6 Nower Tiber, 1919, he took part in a debate on the motion "that this hoUSB Considers direct action an unjustifiable attack on the rights of the community". He wrote about this debate:
SLJ EYLC0CL YHCL 0LErLCLE YLCCC LCL LLL CHOHOLkLS to ta quickardeawig Kiri heckers. (Triad дWалуІЛafеиалілg)алd'//hafаиgгуspeec'ї so be regar(sed as SLCSSS/L/ had so be a La Cous sixture of the gave and gay â'r 70' ('llai fygythig/arcy o/Sgoted ac yn Was those? days, fуло таалs a wСе аf a Uлfо7 defafa"ү//хід.).
After his return from Oxford Mr. Suntheralingam served as Vice Principal of Ananda College, Color Ilbo for a year during which time he was appointed lecturer in Mathematics at the Ceylon University College where he remained for eighteen years. In 1940, he took topolitics and law. In 1947, he contested the Wavuniya seat and was appointed the first Tamil Minister of Trade in D.S. Senanayake government. The Hasants of this period feCorddhis Constant interWerltiOnS in Parliamentary debates. In 1954, he moved a resolution in Parliament calling for the restoration of ViaW7W W377 kaj Which refers to al Tamil separa te state called by hinn the EeYa/77. His Tamil colleagues jeered at him this motion. He was "called a madman" by the leaders of the WAISL acre. However, it was not his intention to achieve this separate State boya violentarTedstruggle, Ha advocated that those who represented the Eesan Tamils in the Central Legislature should
subscribe to the principles of Palatasaasa,
"WG 43/33 fig|'7 fores, layo, бүлү алуу) of Ea/алт)
Mr. Banda rädslaik Suntheralingam and him could hawe prow about Tari ethnic thought of a future during his Oxford ca he had already sug India. With a View to diversity,
Prof. A.J.Wilso a laikEd Was "mUch alii in the island's polity" a Federalsystem du "he had dropped th: concept of de-centri of powers died hard
Mr. Bardārā riālike cālēd Wināt ne rītē as an Oxford debat:
“//ёут15улдаг/ уул ls beחל,77/f übg:Uם a/year /елу/, / leатео девст . House".
Mr. Suntheraling issues of Tam|| pl: T"|OliWated FIII to Int Likewise, Mr. Band the issues of Sihal red him to seek as separate state of E. the system of Regio Cof Conflict be EW23m Regional Councils the days of the abov, Baldaranaike and
HIS SUCCESSAT
Mr. Bandarañaik debates and its pol he Was "in the Wide Widening circle of a a pool".
He participatedi of Which carried hi and applaLISe. 776 speech as the "be Totior of tha SgC Cerber 1, 1921 W: this House the rea the curse of the ag. his speech was "l Οικιανα MMagazina Γ ing great promise",
On 22 February,

of a leader
sa,xpeße/7ifa/7af'u/y7MWse? 7fkaïader7CG fāCofije MG irri WFree State "(Eva),
had är intes Est in Mr. the acquaintance with ded him. With the ideas issues. He might have Constitution for Ceylon "eer, This Wa:Slikely as ested a Federation for preserving its unity in
"guedlihat Mr. BandaraB 0 til EthicidiWİSİOS Though he advocated ring his Oxford days yet idea by 1928. But the lization and devolution illis Ti".
in his writing has indiof Mr. Suntheralinga TT
иуїү, a foүүтлѓјаѓ/e array fore in, fidding forth was no couf a way If a Weld to leastfe
HIT Was a Ware of the litics which eventually fod UCIB the term. Ea38a/77. aranaike Was aWare of ese politics, which spurolution to the concept of larn by substituting it for nal Councils. The origin Ea a f77 and the Union of OLldbe tra Cedback to e relationships between SLJiritheralinga TI.
THE UNION
's success at the Union tiCS Tnadda li T1 feel tlat area of life" or "in the ripple on the surface of
| n'UITherous de bates, al| menormous recognition
Isis referred to his first st of the evening". The fld debala Hald on DBs "that in the opinion of til for Wictorialism is ". 77hass reported that ing and fluent" and the fETEdito hir as "SHOW
1922, he participated in
a debate on the Totion "that in the opinion of the House the present disorder in India is due to the policy of H.M. Government". His speech Was reported by Vessas "extremely fluent, able and Towing" (Ibid.). 77e Oxford Magazine commented:
SLKC L L YCL CHOCCKLO L HLTuCHL LOLOLLC LH CCLOLSS LLYS0L00zL0COOLOLOLOCOCCCYLYLLL LLJHLHaHJLYL Мотт (hebеуппутуto theena offlisspeech ss Wisco ha Gärrorsfrafea a Coesffs" //шепсу; and bgcapacїуfordehale”(/No], д. 53)
He participated in several debates and gained debating skills. The motions proposed were: "Lihat the Russia-German Treaty is a Tenace to the peace of Europe (4 May, 1922); "that the Government should adopt at oncea Foreign policy based on the League of Nations" (18 May, 1922); "that this House deplores that recent policy of the Government in the Near East and regrets that the solution of the question involved was not trusted to the League of Nations" (19 October, 1922); "that indefinite continuance of British sovereignty in India is a violation of British political Ideals" (2 Nov. 1922); "that the Welfare of Eastern Races of the Empire lies in development on Eastern and not on Western limes" (8 Feb. 1923); "that this House envies its grand children" (24 May, 1923); "that this House would rather have been a Cavalier than a Roundhead" (12 Feb. 1924); "that this House Would Welcome the disappearance of the Liberal Party" (21 Feb., 1924); "that civilization has advanced since this society first met (28 Feb. 1924). SLLLLL LLLaLLLHHLLLLHH LLL LLLLLaLLLL LLLLL LL constant with the progress of civilization" (8 May, 1924); "that at the next general election this House would prefer the return to power of the Labour party to that of the Conservative party" (8 Jшпе 1924).
ATTITUDE TO INDIA
Mr. Bandaranaike's outlook expanded beyond the university milieu. This was partly bĒCause he il CLltiwa tad a keel inter St tO express his solidarity with India. He wrote about "India and Oxford" and always defended cogently India's political struggle for self-rule. He was critical of the policy pursued by the British Government toward India, for it did not recognise the aspirations of the Indian people. He argued that it spawned discontent, diffidance and moderate rebellion in the form of non-Co-operation. He admitted that this debate offered him his "first big chance at the Union" and it was just the foil needed for his "own style of oratory". Two Indians took part in the debate, one of whom eventually became a progressive Muslim
leader.
t

Page 14
Why is Cuba harass
Sergio Corrieri
Decla
We, 163 delegates, attending the Cuba Solidarity Confere as well is in our individual capacity from 12 countries.
1. Reiterae un equivocal and total support for the brave LLLLLL LLLL LL LLLLLL LLLLL LaLLLCCLL aLLLuLLmLLL LLLLLL LLLLt Meeting of Solidarity with Cuba being held at Calcutta in II national hero, Jose Marti, who fell fightingcolonialism on til all established legal and humanitarian norms.
2. CIII or the peoples of Asia and the Oceania region, w firmly by the people of Cuba in their hour of need and in their The struggle waged by the Cuban people epitomises the righ Band determine their destiny, independently. It is both o Lur for the struggling people of Cuba.
3. Corder the economic blackmail by the US, otherwiseth by imposing this blockade on a small country, which post Eightenning this block Ende by the Ainerican Congress, as thuu violate the Human Rights of the Cuban people and will set other countries, particularly developing countries, with im. should be scrapped forth with and adequate reparations be the blockade.
4. Der Fred that the illegal and inhuman economic blockE in Lernational fora, including the UNGeneral Assembly bel
5. Rises to the occasion of necting the challenges posed b imperialists which imposes its will on others, particularly
that solidarity with the heroic resistance being put up by struggling to maintain its independence and develop Cub: what everyone wants for their own countries too. So the US in the world to develop in their own way. The continuing their history to safeguard their significant social achieven LHCmC HLL aaaLLHHLLaS CaHHHLHHLTLLL LLLLHCLCCLC LCCmmCLmtaLLLLLC
with the brave people of Cuba. Let the US imperialists kn effort to ensure that the Cuban revolution, which became liberation and in defence of independence and govereign Asia-Pacific region.
t is a great privilege for any Cuban Committee for taking
to address this Assembly in the first of organizing this g; solidarity with Cuba meeting to be held plying with a decision in Asia, said Sergio Corrieri, a prominent rity with Cuba Meetir figure on the Cuban Cultural scene. November 1994.
First of all, We Would like to thank our We kroW fror T fir friends of the Indian Solidarity with Cuba how difficult it is to pre
as this.
LLLLLS 0LCCLCCOLTe 0CCuL0S LLCCLCLS CCTL LCLGLCCT LELGLLS
from the PA, U.W.A, and Jansparties attan. It is extremely enco ded the conference organised by the Indian ting to have here with Соллл/fting for5o/fofлгуу иулth Cubа. the Countries of ther
a

ed?
lation
ice of Asia Oceania Region representing 102 organisations
and unrelenting struggle of the Cuban people against the Intry by successive US administrations. The FirstRegional dia which coincide5 with the death centenary of the ClubJH || 1 e battlefield, condemns the unjust blockade, which violates
ho constitute the bulk of the World's population, to stand efforts to preserve their hard won freedorn and sovereignty. to finitions to freely choose their own path of development rivilege and duty to mobilise moral and material support
avotary of unhindered free trade, when it serves its interests is no threat to anyone. Moreover, the attempts at further tough the Helms-Burton Bill, which if passed, will further
a precedent for the USA to undermine the sovereignty of unity. All such US laws already passed by the US Congress paid for the billions of dollars lost by Cuba as a result of
de which has been condemned overwhelming in various
L'edat OICE.
y the radically changed international scenario, where US the developing countries makes it all the more necessary the Cuban people be strengthened considerably. Cuba is in society in line with the interests of its people. That is intervention in Cuba is an attack on the right of everyone indeavour of the Cuban people at this critical juncture of ents calls for global solidarity as never before. Let us all and individuals to forge even closer links in different fields w that Cuba is not alone and that we will not spare any source of inspiration for the people fighting for national y will continue to have the full support of the people of
on the complex task Let me from the very first express our thering, thus corn- acknowledgement for the encouragement of the World Solida- your presence here gives us, with it you gheld in Havana in give further evidence that Cuba is not alone in its long and difficult battle and that there are millions of people throughout the World ready to support and defend the equity and justice that must guide normal coexistence among nations, regardless of traging and stimula- their Wealth, size or population. JSparticipants from
gion. With some of these countries, Cuba has
st-hand experience are a meeting such

Page 15
old, fraternal relations. With others, as is the case with India, we have waged arduous battles together within the NonAligned Countries Movement in the struggle for a better, more equitable World. Many of us are Third World countries, or more benignly put "developing countries". We are all noved by the desire to hawe closer relations and to promote friendship ties anTOng o Lur peoples.
in Asia and the Pacific, in this wast geographic space, of diverse, ancient cultures, lives fore than half of the World's population.
It is expected that in the next few years this proportion w III increase.
Gгапtiпg the есопопіс апdpolitical d|- Versity of the region, there is, nonetheless, a constant increase of its economic weight in the World economy. Politically, the developments and decisions that transpire here increasingly influence today's World and Will be decisive for the World of
OITOTOW.
Asiais a Concert of Cuba, justas Cuba is a Concer of Asia.
Cuba needs World solidarity, Cuba is being attacked, even if no bobs are falling. Cuba is harassed and besieged, even if there are no stone Walls. We are the only country in the World that has suffered a blockade for Milose tharll 30 years, practiced by the World's strongest SLPEPOWEr.
When one hears about the blockade against Cuba, one might think that it is only a group of Tleasures prohibiting economic relations between the two Countries, but the blockade is, in fact, a global aggression system, a new type of Warfare, which includes travelling restrictions for American citizens and Cuba emigree Wishing to visit Cuba, a systematic misinformation campaign about Cuba's reality, all kinds of pressure on third countries and or firsts and businessman Who Want to do busi
less with Cuba.
The blockade also Corditions U.S. rela
ti)TS With other CC relations the latter example, they Wit. countries that help free navigation rigt Cuban ports are b: ports for a periodo
The härassrfleirit us from having ac financial institutions our foreign econor Communications, t tions, ScientifiCald
etc.
What i StEg Tea:S unparalleled in TOC
The plans for arr Cuba Were part of tions from the very ntry and this was r expressed by offici and relevant Ameri hypothesis of the destiny" which the to fulfill in the regio
During the pastic ged and promoted: Cuba, Which Were ideas of independe the struggle again dOfTir nation.
After many year Spain, When milita cally in Our hands, tr. a shady pretext, int. ignored the Cuban an eaSy wictory tog of the Country.
Dшгіпg those yе. new industries wer Was provided With Wide network of hi national territory W. of hospitals, scien and 1OLISards of among other facilitic
In the social sp achievements unpr.

untries to the type of have with Cuba, for dä W thësit ad frOIT
Cuba. It also restricts its. Ships that stop at arried for U.S. Sea
f six Orths.
is absolute, it keeps Cess to international and do not only hinder Thic relations but also Couri ST, Cultural Telaacademic exchanges,
on for this ha rass Terit, jern history?
lexing and dominating the U.S. rulars inteninception of that couepeatedly and openly als of the highestrank can figures, under the
SO-Cälilled "Taifa St y feel they are called
.
:entury, they encouraIl Texatiorist tre rids in finally defeated by the nce brought about by 1st Spanish colonial
S of bloody War with гу victoгy was practie United States, using 3rfered in the struggle, patriots and obtained ether with the control
arS Tore than 1,200 e created the Country
seарогіs, airports, а ighways, 94% of the as electrified, dozens ific research Centers
schools were built,
S.
here, Cuba attained cedented in Our Con
tinent and in the underdeveloped World in general: an eight-grade educational level On the average, Schools and teachers for all, a College graduate for every 20 inhabtants and a mid-level technician for every 15. Our people's culture and training is our greatest Wealth.
The achievements in public health have also been impressive: free medical assistance, a consistent practice of prophylactic medicine, a doctor for every 200 inhabitants and figures so noteworthy as a.9% infantmortality andalife expectancy of Tore than 75 years. Just to mention two important aspects of social develop
TElt.
Cuba's economic relations with the Socialist Countries and the Soviet Union Were an integration mechanism which compriSeda price and creditsystem, which Was Complementary for certain highly-reliable productions and comitments, based on which a stable projection of the economy Was made possible.
The sudden demise of the Socialist countries and the disintegration of the Soviet Union led Cuba into a very critical economic situation.
These relations represented 85% of our trade. It was to these countries that we exported 63% of Our Sugar, 7.3% of our nickel, 95% of Our Citrus fruits and 100% of electronic parts and components.
As to imports, we received 63% of foodstuffs, 86% of raw materials, 97% of fuels, 80% of machinery and equipments and 74% of manufactured goods. The drop of the gross national product from 1990 to 1994 can be estimated in from 35 to 45%.
Between 1989 and 1993, the importing capacity of the Cuban economy fell 73%, going from more than 8 billion dollars in 1989 to a little over 2.2 billion in 1992 and hardly 1.7 in 1993.
think very few governments in the World could hawe end Lured Such adversities,
13

Page 16
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irkets & leading groceries

Page 17
E/WGLISH WIR/T/WG (3)
No Serious Play
Kamalika Pieris
he Sri Lankan dramatist has not
excelled in writing 'serious' plays. Most are deadly dull. In the style that is now emerging, there is too much focus on thēma and too little om dramatic inter'Est. The dialogue is often cerebral. There is a precedent for this, as for example in the work of Pinter, but it does not Come acros effectively in the Sri Lankan situation, because in this country, the locals speak English very colourfully, with plenty of gestures and unless this is reflected accurately on the stage there cannot be a distinctive Sri Lankan theatre in English.
If we think in terms of effective theatre, then the most effective plays are the humourous farces and playlets, and the musical offerings, but these are not considered Substantial Contributions to drama. However these are well worth examining in terms of dramatic potential, specially with reference to dialogue. The best known of the early plays, categorised as "light entertainment' by Goonetieke (14a) are the clutch of comedies by H.C.N. de Lane rolle and E.M.W. Josephi, Such as "We|| MLIdliyar and the adaptation Caled "He cornes from Jaffna' by Lyn Ludowyke. Critics tended to look Snootly at these plays, but they did contain elements of the basic Social relationships to be found in Sri Lanka. One example would be the arranged marriage, usually complicated by individual preferences on the part of al||İTWOWEed.
Today, these plays are joined by the contemporary Work on Indu Dharmasena, Who has produced a prolific amount of short plays and farces. These plays are generally humourous, and do not deal in depth with serious the Ties, but she now has a considerable following and at the performances lattended, she played to a discerning audience which contained people who were familiar with Serious theatre. Her Work Contains two elements which a local play in English should invariably carry. Firstly there is a mixture of English and Sinhala, local English idioms and sang, and local rythmins of Speech.
In Indu Dharmasena's play "A room to let' We hawa:
'ශ්‍රහාර පූසා” “විෂුක්' 'කුෂුවා පිදුරු' "Really, esco." "ATIT10 ithalk GOd F19 left"
"Who the heli is Lisi "I'll make myself a ( bathala alle ad ea go far a small loaf "I'll just go to the juli "How do you like h goingloteach hera won't forgetin a hu “YOLI know TiaCham "סוfaultr
In "My wife is try
"OtherWise I don't Under Stand" "I frlear HGM Carl everyday. So now a addTiña ka Tola"
'චැරදී පැත්තෙන් නැගී '''මෙන්න වැඩක් විසී
"A root to let un Wittingly renting using it during the di the night. It is a fari and has a hilarious boiled yamandab at the correct pola speech was deliv came across clear Second point of reli of Sri Larıkan SpeE cenium arch stage,
Rasika Abeysing LSE:s the idiomatic young people, in t "Halomachang" thing, Will you" "C. just talking rubbist this quality as the ппоге lofly plane. T Ci S driatical like the other Writt music and lyrics, i. the thea tre prefere
In "The lonelines tra Wellero Er GSM wing lines" Please because the char either Silva, Perer Wardene, Goones The first part of th Sri Larıkamı, but til three suппаппеs, unnaturally and de eWBr, "A miliad and

S
gmy cooker?" up of tea and boil this it ad till I think I'll
Iction kade..." ir bloody cheek...I am jolly good lesson, she
J, this is not really our
ng to!," there is: Want to be disturbed,
you eat thora malu Ind then I just look and
Dg, të të." එෆික් වත් කරන්න් (වේද
leals with two people the Sarthe r00IT), Orie ayand the other during le, but Towes quickly, sequence including a piled egg. It got laughs Cg5. The Sri Lankar ered effectively and y, and that leads to the wance - the delivery ich idiom from a prOS
ghe in "Family, bọn(ds" : English favoured by le first half of the play. The go and cook somein't you hurry up, your " The dialogue OSes Writer TTlCựES CT1 to H. he work of Nedra Wittai imaginative. She, unas Carl also deal. With ld is able to relate to rice of the audience.
S of the Short di StB INCE la cintyre has the follo: don't give your name Cēs are that it Wil|| E3 or Fer Tardd, Gooleekere or Jayatilleke". is sentence is typically he addition of the last Extends the Senter|Cë stroys the effect. Howgrotesque Comedy" by
thĞ SATTE dra Tatist, de SerWeS TOE TEcognition than it has received. Critics have found inconsistencies in this play, but in theatre terms, this is one play which has a range of directorial possibilities, including radio theatre. "Bus to Mulleriyawa' by Regi Siriwardene, ignored by the Ciritics, Was an excellent cameo, with economy of dialogue, a lot of suggestion (something our plays usually lack, everything is pointed out) a certain effective Westerni sation, and the names and implications Were brought out Well in the production directed by Nirmal Hetharachchi.
FEIT1-E
S L LLLLLLLLS LLLLuuuuuSKTLLLT T T LEOOLOLCH LLL HCHOM TLTOLMkek kT
CH eH Saee OlkGTLLLLSS S LLLL0LLLLLLL LLLLHHLMLLLLLLLL LL Caylor, n.d. introduction by Colletter B-9. 2. Wijesiniha, Rajiwa. The Creative Writerard the fiic
Lions of third world politics. Artility clifier
ärv 5r L& Soro Erosh ed by Ashley Halpe. Colorintxo: English Associatiūri od Sri LFarika, 1950 p til F2, 3. Halpe, A. op cit, 46-52, B4-BB.
Wittici, Taie. I cit p. 42,59,
CCHLH LLLT LLLLTLL T GMeTTCCTT LLLOLO YT CCTLLLLL Ffür Siri WardBITE I 12, 30, bid, see Foreword by Reggia Siriwarder. Muller, Cär. /Freja:Tirffurf free Pinguin, 1993 p. 99. Mular Carl Haka jakä Penguin, 1994 p 1H. ibid, p. 45, LLLLLL LLLLCLLLLLSLLLLLS OO etkHGHHOHM GGOMTTkkMMHLkL HEr15R, 1 971.
SLLCCLLGLLGLLLLSLLL LLLLLLLLurTTTeekTHLHLSCTML0LLMS
1.
0 S SLLLetLLLMLTLS 0SLSLL L SLLLkeskOLOHH OO T TLHMTLLHHL LLLLHHHHH
skyläs Delhi: Sri Satguru, n.d. p. ix. 00S LMLLLLSS 0S LL LLLLLLLLu HTu LOLLkLkOTLO OLOLL TLLeHMHLLLL
LEKE HUSET, HSGITTEE, TIFF,
13, Mular C : Ep 114, 14. FMLuller, C a Kiir Ffrair Pradelpu 173. 15. Half, E, Ashley of till P., 'is' ill.
LS aaLLHLHHLCLHHLT S SLLLTL LEECCOCL TTOHO TTM TLTTMLLLLL
nemEirin Asia, 1979 p5, 17. Kuruvia, M.I.The poetry of Patrick Fernando, Wallo
5ŵy 5, 1933 pu 46. 18, Halpi, Ashley op. cit pp. W.
LS LaLLLLLLLS ESLttlLtttL LLLLLL 0LSeLLOLOLL HCHu O a YLkLO
Hmmmm. Asia, 1979 21. E[l. Haifille, A, of till P., 'i'i. 21. Mañay H&W SCYLLYM:>LEWING Wol 11, 1927 p 43-45. LLeHHLLLaTS ELCCLLHLC TCTOLOLu TkTOHTTTTLe LaLaSS LLLLLS LLLHHLLLLLLL L LLLLL LLLL LL LLL LLOLLL LLLLCLLLLLLL L L English, 1980. p. 13. 0LS S LLLlttaaCLLLaS SLCCLTLLLLLLL LLLLLL TeLLL LLkOHk LE T TTLOT
բ. H-1Լl.
KKS LLLLS LLLLLY aLaLaLaL LLLLLLLOGtOHOtMLLLLLL LLLL LLLTMML
LaalLLtLtttL LLL LLLLLMLL LLLLLLLLMLSS TTOkukuTeekOkTTT W17, 1934. KKSLLLLLLLLMaLS LLSLLLLLSLLLL LLLLttelLlLCL OOO 0 SGHTLH MGeTMeHHHH
Delhi, Sri Satguru, 1991 p. 4-5.
蟹
15

Page 18
Poets, Critics an
Regi Siriwardena
ESSAYS ON SRI LANKANPOETRY IN ENGLISH, edited by Neloufer de Mel (English Association of Sri Lanka, Rs... 150).
hen Rajiva Wijesinha produced
his anthology of Sri Lankan poetry in English, he came to the conclusion that there was no poetry Written before the mid-sixties that was Worth preserving: the only exception he made was for Patrick Fernando. I think his judgment was right. On the other hand, if you look at the contents of the present symposium of essays, you'll get the impression that the most important Sri Lankan poets who hawe written in English are George Keyt, Lakda sa Wikkramasinghe, Yasmine Gooneratne, Anne Ranasinghe, Patrick Fernando and Jean Arasanayagam. To put George Keytin that company seems to me Tanifestly unfair to the other five. I'm sorry that Ashley Halpe has allowed himself to believe that the diffuseness, Werbosity and incoherence of Keyt's poetry are marks of transcendent and ineffable mysteries. Nothing he says, and none of the poems he quotes from, conVince me that Keyt's poetry is much better than my painting would be, if I Were to attempt to paint.
But my criticism concerns mainly the editorial decision to include in the book this essay, a promotional exercise Written fora Volume published by the George Keyt Foundation. In a book where so many contributors strike anti-elitist postures, this pandering to a cult made fashionable by an upper-class elite is an abdication of Critical responsibility. I am very unhappy with the double standards in this book, where Jean Arasanayagann Or Yasmine Gooneratne are subjected to relentless criticism, but Keyt is a sacred cow to be treated With reverence.
The rest of my review will be concerned
16
with five younger cri trate3 | On the fill beca represent the growir CriticiST1 and teachi Lanka. First, Arjun: salvo of heavy art placed at the begin single paragraph, English is Written o occupied with the pE narrow, insular, Selfstic, parochial, esca on. Every one of th Parakrama asserts, but that isn't his p invites Writers who d HOW, Wonder, can
a challenge? It's rat the dock, charged W. offences under the F the prosecutor say evidencethough het it, then being called self. Could think of tion: I could quote a nayagan or Anne F the indictment Would Ta haS foreclosed I On the second page are a few remarkable resting poems by, poets), so he could cited Was one of th Ses The Thostis the C ric. In general, Sri L baer either reCondit Or ObSCUrea ir its e Would think that a WI well as prose hawe Would think twice "esoteric' at others,
Lilamani de Silv: Gooneratine's poetr di SCUSSIOl of the Er Her account of thiss sly flawed by black tions. To her the char involved only a dist from power, the anti

C Elites
CS. Want to concerise they presumably gtrends in academic ng of literature in Sri
Parakrama, whose Ilery is strategically ing of the book. In a п Lankaп poetry in f as perversely pretly and the personal, ighteous, individualiist, esoteric, and so ese generalisations, an ble Substantiated, urpose; instead, he sagree to refute him. One respond to such hér like being put in it defeat enal Code, for which s there is plenty of lasn't time to produce upon to defend oneone possible refutapoem by Jean Arasaanasinghe to which n't Stick. But Parakraaven that possibility. he admits that there , memorable or inte(he names eight easily say the poem se. But what surprilarge of being esoteапkan poetгy hasn't in its subject-matter xpression, and one iter Whose poetry as
often been difficult f tossing the Word
critiques Yasmine
in the Context of a glish-educated elite. cial group is seriouand-white simplificages of 1956 and after dgment of that elite Tamil and generally
anti-minorities thrust of Sinhala nationalism is wholly erased. And though in her preface to her reading of Yasmine's poems she speaks of 'differential reading of textso, in practice this seems to filmean only "different from that of the author. Her tone is so authoritarian that the possibility of an alternative reading by other readers is excluded. A case in point is that of the poem "Peradeniya Landscape'. Here || would suggest that the poet is aware that the enjoyment of the landscape's beauty is a luxury not open to the students for whom the future dawns less brightly", so that the 'Well-kept lawns' are now incongruous. It's a perception for which Yasmine Goonerate deserves a little Credit instead of being rapped on the knuckles.
The other three Critics I'm concerned with are Nelouser de Mel, Suresh Canagarajah and Ruwani Ramasinha. Though they share certain ideological positions With the other two, their essays aren't marked by the same dogmatism and arrogance; they are more aware of complexities and nuances; and they also pay more attention to the medium they are Writing about. And, unlike Lillama ni de Silwa, they aren't ethnically blind.
All this is true, but there is nevertheless a contradiction that is Cortion to these five Critics. All of them are Critical of the English-educated elite, but it doesn't seem to trouble them that they are not only part of that elite by their education and social position, but also belong to an even Smaller sub-group by virtue of their particular intellectual stance and the Critical language they use. Their ideology is radical but their writing is for initiates. It would be interesting, for instance, to take a pol|| among readers, and ask how many people know the Theaning of the word'imbrications' found in the book. But this, of Course, is only one item from the post-modernist vocabulary currently in vogue that is cultiWated in these five essays. Another Contradictioп: Parakгаппа, Сапаgarajah and

Page 19
Llamani de Silva are very critical of Sri Lälkän Creative WriterS Who stick to Stardard English or rnear-standard English. But they, as Well as the other two, deploy standard English in their essays with great competence: this apparently is a privilege of the critic that shouldn't be extended to the creative Writer. Butactually, both Parakrama and Camagarajah — the only two of these five Who, to my knowledge, hawe published poems - have also written Dogry in a fundamentaly standard English idiom. Indeed, Camagarajah in his poem "Dirge for Corporal Premaratre' does exactly What he bola Ties Jean Arasanayagam for doing - inserting single words from the Wernacular into a poet Written essentially in standard English.
I'm sorry, incidentally, that Canagarajah misquotes and seriously misrepresents what I have said in an article titled "Which English?" on the question of the Sri Lankam Writer and the English language. I shall be dealing with this elsewhere, in print, so I don't Want to take up space discussing it now. But I would like to respond to What Ruwani Ranasimha Says about one poem of mine - "Lying AWake, Thinking of Dead Friends'. She Writes quite generously about it, but says that in joining Serena's death with those of Richard and Rajini, the barbarity of the two
killings is under-play political significance has Corfu StadtWO POC doesn't figure in wasn't even dead Written. Secondly, line, "The gunman's the WirUS”. Carry 3 Thirdly, there is anc killing of Rajini whic rity: “They shotyou li Fourthly, "Lying AW Jaffa a few hour: |peace march and
spoke, expressing
kind of political viol before participating expreSS my perS0 Waste of youth and ties together in the Rajini and Serena? Ruwan What Macd. the latter urgeshi murder of his Wife a so, But I must also
The five essays arg in lirie With an i trend (call it post-st a piece of shorthar to questioning es and canons of lite authority and poW
TATA TVEL, AS O7HEFS SEE US
Hoppers, spice and all th
In between elephant rides and studying Buddhas, Claire
he taxi driver from Colombo airport T. that it was a pity We had not arriwed yesterday. "Nayan Perehera holiday, you know... 150 elephants in parade." Then followed the swerving madness of plunging hand-no-horn through a tangle of bicycles and Topeds, wintage Morris Minors and shiny Japanese models, ToLorised rickshaws and the occasional team of bullocks pulling a load of bamboo.
Elephants would c. ted the landscape.
On earlier trips to Sri Lanka becaus
Madra SWe OCe. È Länkar friends.
Their response see for yourself." S

'ed, "thus muting their '. In the first place, she Iems: Richard's death Lying Awake..."; he When that poem Was doesn't the first halfand is as blind as political judgment? other poem about the hibrings out its barbake a dog in the street'. take..." Was Written in s before joining in a meeting at which opposition to every ence. Had || 10 right in that political act, to a grief at the tragic talent, which is What poem the deaths of "I Would like to say to Jff says to Ross When IT to Flotion after the dchildre: "Shado feelit as a man".
hawe been di SCLISSing nternational acadeITIC lodernist' if you like as ld) which is dedicated tablished hierarchies rature and dislodging er. That's fine, but in
the way the operation is practised, it isn't as liberating as it seems. For the trend of the contemporary literary a cademy Slo overthrow the authority of the creative Writer and replace it by that of the critic, Literary theory and Critical practice ha WB come to acquire the prestige once possessed by creative Writing. And When that theory and practice are articulated in a language that's accessible only to a minority educated in a special Way, then power is again a monopoly. That's why this kind of di SCUSSIO is So turi fair to at least Sonne of the poets, because to engage inityou need to hawe gone through a particular kind of academic training, to be able to cope with a certain critical language. And poets who haven't acquired that equipment may Well feel intimidated, but that doesn't mean they are necessarily inferior as poets- not unless you think criticism is the master discourse to which everything else must yield.
think criticism should be democratised. We shouldWrite literary criticism in the Way George Orwell Wrote it, so that it's open to any intelligent and generally educated person. Of course, that Would be the end of acadetic criticist as We know it and hawe always known it, but ther, all the better.
ings nice
! Franke samples the gastronomic stockpot in Sri Lanka
:ertainly hawe comple
| dia We had excluded
:e of the Violence. In gain checked with Sri
Was, "Cortle low and So we did just that. The
tLurbJLulerit areaS of thG3 fart [n]rth1 ar3 Stil| road-blocked and visibly guarded, but this proves no impediment to the full enjoyment of most of this exotic, complex, tropical island.
A few days mooching around the historic, religious and commercial sites of the Sophisticated capital Were enough, and We Towed on. In a country the size of
7.

Page 20
Ireland, travel is easy, We drove to the southWest Coast from Colombo over the well-maintained Coastal Galle road running parallel to seemingly endless acres of unspoiled, palm-fringed beaches. Christian cemeteries, large Buddhas and kovils (Hindu temples) live in easy juxtaposition with crumbling Dutch ramparts and British Cantonents,
Tourism is booming in the Coastal resort of Hikkaduwa, the lion's share coming from sun-hungry Europe, Germany in particular. Magnificent coral reefs, brilliant Sunsets and guaranteed tan are an unbeatable recipe for flaking out. Small emporia sell everything from colourful batik and leather goods to indigenous sapphires. Crazily, German and Austrian restaurants proliferate, While hotels cater to every taste and pocket. Beach life (including elephant rides) was part of our usual, pre-sightseeing routine.
The sightseeing started with the drive to Habarana, which is north of Hikkaduwa and a base for day trips to ancient sites. Through the lush Dry Zone (so called because it is dryer than the Wet Zone) rice paddies are still fed from huge reservoirs, called tanks, hollowed out by Sinhalese kings 2,000 years ago. Rolling tea covered hills, acres of spice, rubber and Coconut plantations, scrub jungle and primeval rainforest compete for living space with red, yellow and white-blossomed "temple" trees, sweet jasmine and vibrant bouganvillaea. Natureis stupefyingly exuberant with 3,000 varieties of plant life and 300 bird species.
We stopped to try durian, a Smelly, highly prickly fruit about the size of a cantaloupe. Do not be put off by the odour. Obligingly quartered by the owner of the stand, the durian has large Seeds COwered by soft White pulp with the consistency of ripe avocado. As we toured through the groves of bananas and pineapples, we pulled in at another shack which specialsed in "Ask me", a Sinhalese sweet which
18
õõksad tastes lik drizzles of molasse and fulfilled," sigher he dipped into his r Cashew nuts.
Indian, Arab, Mala and Indonesian influ in Sri Lanka's gastro surprisingly, given export, induced the E Our days began wit malde officea floturar pita-like quality. T breakfast With a p. WHITE WET WE WETE WOwen rests of ar came hot and Stear hoppers", our Colorir one night. This mear ly fresh. Meals are by rice and Curries. Sinhalese eat With th
The marketin Kal Cf Sri Larika and a Habarana, OWerfloWS sweets and spices of cally little remains . gloгу. Disарpolпting pink, noated temple the rarely seen Bud capitalised) is Said Seven graduated gol
Winding, British-la through visitable spi paddies surrounded Wooden ladders leac for TTS frorth Which fir'E to SCara Off Tillä Tatu stopped for a chick beer at one of the spired "guest house breezy verandah an wood trees, a bit lik Across the road Was Cal Paradeniya G: acres) where scene River KWai" Were sh being charged for

hairy Wernicelli with on top. "I'm fed up Our Lankan friend as awly acquired kilo of
, Portuguese, Dutch 2nces blend together omic stockpot-not that spices, a big ntry of the foreigners. hoppers, which are d have agentle, soft ey are served for ached egg on top; ucky, stringhoppers, gel hair-ish dough, ling. "These are hot, bo friend announced t they were especialWasit and dorminated Like Indians, many leir fingers.
jy, theancient capital
short journey from With Curious cooked all kinds. Butpathetiif the town's former too, is the famous
of the Tooth, where dha's Tooth (always 0 ble hOLUSEd Withi d WeSSēls.
droads head north *e gardens and rice
by hills. Makeshift Lip to one-man platCrackers are thrown ding elephants. We in Sandwich and a urTGrOUS. British-ins", sat on the Cool, gazed at the iron2 orange labur TI LIITI. he extensiwe botanirdens (nearly 150 of "Bridge on the t. We hardly minded dmiSSiOrı While Our
native friends got in free. It was common practice.
One of the pleasures of Habarana is The Lodge, an Oasis of spacious, casual luxury spread over 17 leafy acres. Onebedroom suites in Separate Cottages are connected by stone walkways which lead to a huge blue-tiled pool. The days became a splendid pattern of sightseeing in the cooler mornings and late afternoons, interspersed with lunching and swimming at The Lodge. At nearby Polonnaruwa is the Cal Vihara, a group of four sculptures of Buddha cut from One solid stone; the reclining Buddha alone is 46ft long.
Fifth-Century Sigiriya (meaning lion rock), which is 10 miles south of Habarana, offers the most dramatic possibilities. Vertigo sufferers, however, should forget it. Across an ancient float filled with lotus blossoms, a gradual incline through metiCulousy laid geornetric "Pleasure Gardens' leads up to the 60Oft rock which dominates the area. Twelve hundred enmeshed spiral steps lead straight up to a plateau. As I hesitated, my thoughtful guide said, "Just think of a 60-storey building".
thought, and decided to read the guide book instead. Frescoes of beje Welled, bare-breasted Taidens, 22 of the original hundreds, remain sheltered from the Sun, followed by a wall of 1,000-year-old graffiti - Sinhalese poetry in praise of the paintings. If poetry vanquishes panic and you hawe tramped up this far, continue round to the north face of the rock. Where the remains of the lion's enormous paws guide you up to the summit where the proud, granite Sky palace Once stood.
In additio to mer Orie:S of bČāChile:S ārld Buddhas, jasmine and gemstones, are those of a delightful warm people, Stopping at a roadside, we asked if a very cold Coke Was available. The attendant cocked his head and stiled broadly. "Not very cold," he said, "but high cool".

Page 21
Generic
The World Health Organizatio) kept informed about the facts on knowledge and skills to protect the of drugs.
Public education in drug use wi education Uia the nass media. The Uill still not provide adequate pro doctor's prescriptions are effectively and promoted for indications which
Generic Drugs are those k names and can be prescribed o) indications.
Most Pharmacopoeias nou car giving a brief account of the indica particular drиg. Thus Generic nami part of this public education progra to prevent brand name promotion m of the Black Arts.
Generic Dru.
FOR RATIONAL
MSJ Industries
Factory and
P.O.B.
Colց

Drugs?
recommends that people should be medication and provided with the mselves from the inappropriate use
ll increasingly become a part of mass knowledge and skills thus acquired lection to the public if the items in disguised by various brand names have not been fully Uallidated.
nown by their pharmacopoeial nly for their established clinical
ry a section on Patient information tions, benefits and risks in use of a ng and identification of use is a Uital in me advocated by WHO which aims aking medication revert to being one
gs from MSJI
USE OF DRUGS
SJ
Ceylon) Limited
Laboratories, x 430, Imbo.

Page 22
The only Jew in S
Wendy Brandmark
Anne Rana singhe, Desire A7/7a/ Other Stories (English Writers Cooperative of Sri Lanka, 1994).
Anne Ranasinghe knows the sound of one handclapping. She was an only child. the only survivor of her family, and now she declares herself the only Jew in Sri Länkä. BOTT in ESSerlin 1925. the COSSeted and Thuchi-lowed daughter of middleclass German Jews, she left Germany for England in 1939. Her parents Were never able to join her. Her entire family - her parents, grandmother, aunts and Uncles - died in the camps, in England she quickly cast aside her native German; English was to become her adopted language. She trained as a nurse, married a Sinhalese graduate student and Went to live With him in Sri Lanka.
Her book reflects her many identities. The first part consists of stories set mainly in Sri Lanka; the second of autobiographical essays about her childhood in Germany, her return to her Jewish and GerTian roots. But the division is deceptive for the stories resonate with the nightmare she left behind in Germany.
In "Desire", one of the most powerful stories, she writes of a violent Collision of Cultures in cool, Uncluttered prose. Two Western Worthen tourists in Sri Lanka acceptaboat ride With a native fisherman. The Young one Smiles and jokes with the fisherman, not realizing that her friendliness will be interpreted as more than rhild flirtation. The other Woman, an elderly American Widow, senses the danger to come but allows her pride in being an adwemturous oldar Woman and her arrogance towards the fisherman to Overcome her betterjudgement. The fisherman lures
Wendy Brandmark's Articles and reWiiCAWS hawe appeared in the Wew States ar, the 7.77ES Erasay Seyyey77 SAY?" and tha LCYTICKY7 AF247BAHWAVELLIKS. SHEiwES in L'IsldDs.
2O
the young orie aWay S t ki|| tēT Eoth O rei Torse, these W CITEELTES ELTE ES LITT to them. Ranasing fantasies of the fish and fears of the AI omniscience, which
storie:S tards to di allows us to step b. rather tha il T1E3 di tragedy of the story and thletWO WOTIET each other as SOrl. oma which Ranasing ries of onca friendly r ny turning to vicio. stands wery Well.
The Stepmother gain power from be character. Thought not see beyond their Ramasinghe cleVerl of the Wider picture, is balanced by her gr ledge, In "The Stepr rages against a W. usurp the place of his Castle", a young Wo institution fears S the insane asylum fo WiQur. The Story ei experiences in Nazi Wing of boundaries repression, the you trapment.
The essays in the пore spare, almost as FRanasinghe sha "A Question of Identi i Sri Lanka, Althou her Jewish roots, for happily in this mul ľnerTIOrie:S Of SedeľS olds. She had chill the small group of Sl Wrote in English. A really feature in Sri someone She Was "Wat Kid Cris

Sri Lanka
rapes her and then I. Het SBBT"|S t0 ha W8 "omeni, these foreign real to him as he is TE TOWES from the errar to the doubts Terican Widow. Her ir SorTile of the other fuse the narrative, ack and understand ately condemn. The that the fisher Than 1 have COTThe to See. -HOW mot human, is ghe, With her memoeighbours in Germais strangers, Under
and "The Castle both ting told by a single he protagonists Can* own anger and fear, gives us a glimpse so that their intensity Caterauthorial kroWmother, a young boy oman who dares to dead other, The Tali Setto a Tlier tal will be locked up in rhTTEE33||OLS behlachoes Ranasinghe's Germany the пагrote restrictionS, the ng girl's terror of en
Second part are even Sgwere in their tone res her journey back. ity'begins with her life igh she newer denied many years she lived icultural Country, her jarld Sabballs distar!! dren, became part of ri Laka authorS WHO Anti-Semitis did not Lanka. When She told Jewish, they asked: tianity is that?" Butan
anti-Semitic remark by a French friend "sheared off the lethargy of twenty years'. In "A Woma and Her God", she remenbers the joyful holidays she spent in her father's native village, her sadness when her beloved synagogue was burned and her school closed, her mother's despair. "I shall never fast or pray again, until all this stops and can again believe. Ranasinghe who was only twelve, still a child with a child's sense of awe, Was badly shaken by her mother's rebellion. She looks back on this fierce and premature coming of age and her parents' terrible fate with the sad irony of an adult 'She challenged her God, she paid the penalty and lost in the and anyway. But so did my father. And he fasted on every Yom Kippur and never once missed out on his prayers.
In "Everything in the Ghetto Is Rosy Ranasinghe Towes between past and present in a loosely Written essay about her |fe in England, her return to Essen in the 1980s. Though she finally discovers Where and when her parents died, her past cannot be reclaimed. The Nazis not only
killed all my family, destroyed my childhood, deprived me of my country, home and possessions and Severed my roots - but they had also robbed me of my language. No language can really replace the mother tongue. There is a gut feeling which comes with the mother tongue and however competently one learns a newlanguage,it cannewergive that same inner experience of completeness and association.
Perhaps this lack of confidence accounts for SCrsle of til E Unoverflass of the Collection, the rather Stilted dialogue, the description which is not always as fresh as it needs to be. But her adopted language is also a source of her strength as a Writer, for i Fallow5 Er to distance Flor5olf frds her stories of passion, rage and fear, from her anguished memories of a lost childhood and family, from her righteous anger at the Germans Who Would like to forget.

Page 23
s
Why there's sc in this rustici
There is laughter and light baiter Titlist the:
LLLLLL LLLLLLLlLM gLLLLm GmmL LLLLLL 0LLLLLLLLD LLL LLrrClLL leaf in a bir TI, IT IS, CITIE: If the hundreds of such
barns spread tytut in thị: Tid artici Lipmuntry LLLLLLLLH KLLK HuuLLLLLL LlL aBLaLlL uLLLLL LLLLHa LS dallimi, di Iring the Coff 5:2:15 Cor.
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows Fis a LLLLeOLL LLL LLLLCHC HLL LHLHL uuuLGLCL LtgtLLLLLaL LLLLLLLHHL L gold, to the value of Jir Rs. 250 million or more annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk.
 

ENRCHING FRURAL LIFESTYLE
und oflaughter tobacco barn.
Tobaccan is the industry that brings er TıployTIEmil tra
hic scienci highest numbe T uf people. Artici ThE:52 people are the colbarra barr, IowTiers, thia' trab.: CCC growers and those who work for the IT, on the land ariri irl, the barms.
For thern, the tobacco leaf means rearingful work,
a carnfortable hife àTird a ocure futura. s. FC
rough reason for laught ET,
CeylonTobacco Co. Ltd.
Sharing and caring for our land and her people,

Page 24
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