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O ISLAMI
UAR
Vol. 18 No. 14 December 1, 1995
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' ' . . . . a
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AR
de Silva
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Abraham
nd
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,stumayun Kabir -- بهرني جمهاله .
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E AND POWER
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"Sri Lankan polítical discourse, In recen times, ha, and analysis Whose main VOCation Seems to be military strategy of the LTTE and offer ideas and menace." Among these political theorists Dayan J irra forl7a and fUhleSS Criticism of the LT TE.”
DA YA WWA K
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A pLublication of the Ir terratiora ir) associatior) with Wilkas Puut
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3 produced an amazing variety of political theorists to produce denunclatory Criticism of the political Solutions as to how to end the SO Called "terrorist ayatilleka Stands Out as a unique Character in his
LTTE'S INSIDE REPORT 30 JUNE 1995
ZA 7 WW.LEAKAG
ANKA
FADEMOCRACY
IED WAR;
ED CRISIS
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Page 3
WEMVS BACKGAFOUWID
邱ā
UAFFINA ARMY
P.A. - economically embatt
Mervyn de Silva
every citizen to celebrate
our victory, calmly and peacefully. We must in mo Way ha rass the Tartnil community by Word or deed" said President Chandrika Kumaratunga in a broadcast to the nation, soon after Sri Lankan troops reached Jaffna. It was thoughtful of President Kumaratunga to impress on the Sinhalese, an Overwhelming majority, that this was no occasion for anti-Tamil Vicence. TETE Was IDE. Norof COLITSe Washere Tuch celebration when the advancing units of the Sri Lankar army Surrounded Jaffna. There was little cause for celebration. Jaffna is a ghost city. What the army feared Tost was that it could also be a booby traբ.
When the army advances, the guerrilla retreats but not as far as Libya, surely? The rumour-mills in Colombo Worked overtime, Prabhakara had fled. To Tamilnadu? Notreally. He had retreated to the Mullaitivu jungles, his rear base built up when fighting the IPKF (1987-90). So does the war go on? Or will the people return to Jaffna IF the governmentandarTy are ready to restore normal Conditions and guara ritēë the civilian population that it will be treated Well.
Lt. General Krishna Swanny Sundari Was India's army chief When the question of an Indian response was debated at the highest decision-making levels. HOW does he see the situation?
"The fall of Jaffna city to the Sri Lankan forces nOW Would also hawe a profound geopolitical and psychological LL LLaL aa LLLLLLS LLLLLLaLL LLLL Laaaaaa likely to be? What is the probable
LupShot? Much is goi statesmanship that ka Ku Tharaturliga di do. With which the
The army's 30, General RCarl Dal in no particular h1 LITT realises that Jaffna town With no peop huge boobytrap.T much apart of LTTE this Writer flared EELAM 2, “the lan
EELAM WAR 3 ||
Siles. It was Sut (SAM's) probably pl Star Wisco de Str.
AW'R COS. Aid FCW three ANTONOWS and two Chinese-bl. of these, ir al Tarr the pundits. The "Ti TalLullEd and its "Ti thern peninsulaisf: S Lk. Stātē i cally. The mountir WAR 3 Wil Take it for the Peoples All stration to satisfy thi in the South. It Will Unions, everi those more and more TI and disi|Lusired. Il Within. The Cam shock-troops. The this "Window of cally, the campus early Warning sign:
In hisbLudget SpE drew our attention Service burder), Thı

ng to depend on the PTCSICEF. Clarisplays and the Wisgovernment acts".
000 troops under Lu Watte SeerTS to be y. For one thing, he is not only a ghost le but probably one Ta land Tiirle WaS SO
E's War-Ilachine that
EELAM WAR || E. dia War".
Fla5 |TitľOdLICEd T||S-
a CE-to-air Tissiles Jrchlased in Afghaniyed the first two
the SLAF has lost
bought in Ukraine ilt Y-B'S, at least One er that has pLizzled ger has been badly Il-State" in til E Floralling apart While the i bleeding economing costs of EELAM
exceedingly difficult iance (P.A.) adminie Sinhala electorate also find the trade lfriendly to the P.A., estive, disappointed flation is the enemy puses provide the JWP must surely spot pportunity". Historinas always been the al.
3C Prof. G. L. Piriš 1 to the rising debt is year's budget defi
citi Will not bé He hopesdaafprivatisation wi reduce the deficit to 7.8% in 19 drew thë'attention of the Hou ing defence spendings, Bs, 32 billion, Wëll over 600 million' US dollars when original estimate was no more than tion. By 1996, it will reach Rs. 38 billion NWhile pé believed that 5.5% growth this yếar was creditable, he is looking forward to 6% in 1996.
Direct foreign investment, 9.2 billion in 1994 had dropped to Rs.8 billion this year.
LANKA SS
GUARDIAN
N ( 1
Vol. 18 No. 14 Degeliber 1, 1995
Price 410.00. 4.
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CONTENTS
Jaffa – Wäris TL1 war 로
Chandrika's Stralegy 로 The Indië. Doctrifië
Ciristituțial arid FalliaITIEI 丘 Union of Regions Worlle 13
Erfirðirmini
LiL ftit Lura 18

Page 4
Not the Enc:
Jaffna looks set to fall, but the war isn't
Manik de Siwa
V Prabhakaran, the shadowy leader of the Liberation Tigers of Taml Elelam, probably Won't be celebrating his 41st birthday in his stronghold of Jaffna, But his sworn enemies in the Sri Lankan military might.
On November 20, government troops aided by tanks and artillery began pouring into the Tiger bastion in the face of fierce resistance. Though there were conflicting reports from the front, and it appeared that ColombC's forCBS Were Stillsof the 2.5 kilometres away from the city Centre, few doubted that Jaffna would ultimately fall, "We Will be celebrating Prabhakaran's birthday in Jaffna," on November 26, clairTed Brig. Sarath Murasinghe, the government's top military spokesman.
Still, it was probably premature to begin party preparations. "We expect more fighting, Tore Thines, more booby-trapos. We expect the Worst. It could be the bloodiest phase of our offensive," said Munasinghe. Although nearly 400 soldilers hawe been ki|latd and several Hundred Wounded since the Jaffna operation was launched, the military claimed to have eliminated more than 1,500 Tigers. Troop rmorale WaS Said to big BXC8||ent.
The big question now is: After Jaffna, What? Taking the city does not mean
taking the Whole Ja the Ildi är P55C5 K tried to բolice a բ: but failed and with Cold ITib.) JESI'll Fl: effectively control b eastern provinces, hunting grounds. B has concentrated sive, it has lost gro Secured east.
"Taking Jaffna ob Out a part of the Carl t0 a Particular EirE2, Tlatin ColoTibó. "El to spread elsewhere King terrorist strikes Conflict, That Wi||Eje; Will have to live wit, that Carl Eid done suicide Cadres the T
While the loss of part of the peninsula of the LTTE's cai El T-Extortión ba.59 Tiilitary infrastructur Will remain. And pa dantly demonstrate isn't loath to use su his airls. Indeed, Entering Jaffոa, the
Chandrika's
A. S. Abraham
the 12-year old ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka reaching a turning point?
This question is propted by the relent355 conflict betwee tha Sri Lankar army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Which has been intensifying since last April when the Towes for peace, initiated by Sri Lanka's then newly elected President, Ms. Chandrika Kurla
Strate
rĒitLJinga, Which initi broke down.
Army Pressure
The LTTE, pushe tactics of the army, with (dasperation. Thị at oil depots in Color

OVET
na peninsula. Unliko eeping Force, which :ace. With the rebels reWiri March 1990, We the manpower to oth the northern är id he Tigers' traditional esides, as the army its north offenind in the previously
iously means footing : that Was restrict ad "said an Asian diplout the cancer is going , with the Tigers maOutside the theatre of a reality that Colombo and there is very little about that given the "igers command."
Jaffna and a sizable W|| I fäl al Erosio efully nurtured taxand quite a bit of its B, its terror capability ist expérience aburiis that Prabhakaran rethods to further as the army began Clande Stirld Voice Of
Tigers radio ordered all civilians to head south to the maisilland, where some 250,000 refugees hawe already collected. "The refugees will provide the Tigers with a humanshield as they revert to a guerrilla War," said an analyst in the capital.
President Chandrika Kumaratunga rust be acutely aware of the dangers to the economy of a Wave of Tigers terror Outside the war zone. But she is also conscious that international opinion has hardened against the Tigers since the rebels' unilateral breaking of a 100-day truce in April and their rejection of a generoUS peaCe package.
Kuraratunga right use a military victory in Jaffna to gamble on an election or referendum hinged on her devolution package, which Will giwe Tore po WaT to the provinces and which she hopes will finally resolve the ethnic problem. The 1996 budget presented on November 8 has been widely interpreted as a preelection budget. Despite huge defence outlays compelled by the War and a cashstrapped treasuy, it treats consumers With kid gloves and offer tax breaks to the Tiddle class, Analysts saw it as a budget with 'Something for everybody."
(FEE. F.
Cyy
ally looked hopeful,
ld to the wall by the is apparently fighting a series of explosions mbo, causing at least
20 deaths and injuries to many more, While hundreds fled a curfew-bound capital, suggest that the Tigers, some of whom exchanged fire with government troops, mean to carry out this war in the Way they know best. While attempting to relieve the army pressure on the Jaffna peninsula and even Jaffna town by bomb blasts in the capital, they are also serving notice

Page 5
to the government that they can create mayher at will. The same message is conveyed by the LTTE's attack on three villages in the east in which no less than 48 people hawe been mercilessy killed.
Ms Kumaratunga, realising that the LTTE was clearly dragging its feet on her peace initiative, appears to hawa decided that in order for the LTTE to realise she meant business, she would first have to subdue it by force. In doing so, however, she is taking the risk of plunging Sri Lanka into a catastrophe of a kind the country has neverseen before.
She is pursuing a two-pronged strategy: a necessary War followed, if the war ends successfully, by lasting peace. In the midst of the army operations, she announced on August 3 her devolution proposals, designed to convert Sri Lanka from a unitary republic into a "union of regions" and to give the Tamils of the north and east a far greater degree of autonority than they hawe come to expect.
At the moment, however, the War is claiming most of the army's attention as, in a succession of operations codenamed Leap Forward, 777 Taser Strike and now FWesa (sunshine), it moves into Tiger territory in the Jaffna peninsula in a sustained drive to Corner the beast in its lair. By a|accounts, this 's the nost Serious army offensive to date against the Tigers and the latter have suffered much greater losses than anticipated. At the same title, the Tigers are fighting back With all they have got. The Tigers are, internationally and politically, at a disadvantage. They are virtually friend less today, having squandered away most of the goodwill that they claimed as an oppressed minority. Their leadership is nothing if not autocratic. They are unable to win friends and influence people and, Tore importantly, states Who might be helpful to their cause.
They have a dismal and bloody record of assassinations which has created a sense of revulsion World-Wide - a recent letterina Tiger paper threatens Ms Kumaratunge with murder, as happened to Rajiv Gandhi, Ranasinghe Premadasa, Lalth Athulathrmudali, Garmini Dissana yake,
Ranjan Wijeratmew ted. This is chara sinister Tethod of t0 CQTE LO CTITS W international Situati
In contrast, Ms K a strong position. power last Novemt per cent of the Wote i The people had a hopes of a solution irn her andshig did When she turned abandon her Searc:: cing her devolution awalits a two-thirds p. Wote of approwal.
Peace-keeping F
Internationally, to What she is trying to relations with indi: WFOSeinterwentiorii Crucial, but which w both to Ms Kuraratu ship, so unlike that das a When he wä5 having burnt its fing Indian Peace-Keepi Shehaseаппеda rep maker Who has bot temporarily if riskily te peace desirable to E
The Crucial questi Sri Lankan army, E sled for the Conflict Tigers, fighting as the to the wall. The Tig to sow such terror a the people as to mak government to dea That may require tro they are instead of n numbers of the la
If the Tigers are and cause people (there are sings that img), the Sri Lanka į its hands full copin the Tigers will not on might also be able te Ms Kumaratungeh.

o Were alla SSaSSinaaristic of the LTTE's eration and its refusal th a vastly changed
maralunge is noW in When she Carlt to er, she had Over 60 the presidential poll. viously wested their to the ethnic dispute not disappoint thern, o war, she did not | for peace, anпошпpackage, which still arliamentary majority
OCe
, she has support for O. She has excellent a, the one Country the dispute could be il not intervene, due nge's policy offriendOf President Premain office, and to India ars once through the ng Force operations. utation as the peaceen forced to resort Warin orderto niñäke Cith Sidūs.
In 10W is weller tha ppropriately refurbiwill prevail over the yare. With their backs ers' aim is probably ıd confusion a Tong 2 it imperative for the With this situation. ops to be kept where owing north, as large 'd been doing.
ble to set off panic to flee as refugees his may be happenower Tent Will| hawe with this Crisis and 'geta breather, they go on the offensive. is already spoken of
introducing the draft and she may hawe to do SO TOW.
Tamil Refugees
The Tigers do not enjoy significant international support any longer, barring among sections of people in Tamil Nadu with whom they share ethnic ties. As long as India refuses to get involved in the Sri Lankan crisis, there is little the Tigers can hope to do. But what if there is a flood of Tamil refugees across the Palk Strait into Tamil Nadu? What will be the feeling of the people of Tamil Nadu at the exodus of fellow-Tamils and at their plight in the Ongoing War?
In any event, Ms Kumaratunge should resist the terTptation to attack Jaffnatown. The loss of and injury to civilian life, and the destruction of property would be too horrendous to contemplate. Whatever the chances of Winning the Tamils over to the side of peace and whatever her own reputation as a national, not sectional, leader, these Would be derTolished were she to take such a step.
There is no doubt that the Tigers are hoping she will make just such a blunder. By giving into the demands of the Sinhalese right-wing and to the militant sections of the Buddhist clergy, both of which are influential and which believe that the only arSWer to Tami demarlds is TLISClepower, she will be hastening the end of Sri Lanka as a plural state. She will be setting the stage for worst anti-Tamil pogrom in Sri Lanka's history confirming what the Tigers have long been misguidedly urging- that the Tamils must have their own independent state.
Ms Kumaratunge must doeverything to protect the Tamil minority from the rampaging Sinhalese, While aSSuring the majority that she means to preserve the integrity of the country. For that, she must first decisively beat the Tigers militarily, give the Tafili│ TOCerates a chance 10 COIThe into their own and then get down to the nuts and bolts of the devolution proposals which she has already put before the Country.
γ 7 Ο.Μ.Μ.

Page 6
The India Doctri
Humayun Kabir
he GovernTient of India immediately
got in touch with the governments named in the report and expressed its Concernat the developmentsin the neighbouring Sri Lanka, Jirging the Til to adopt a "hands-off policy towards the island. In Parliaert, Narasimha Rao cautioned all powers to Keep OLit of the Luft"Oil in Sri Lanka and also made it clear to the Sri Lankan leaders that no Such distoiad view that India interfered in Sri Lanka's internal affairs Could be take of the newtable Consequences of being India's neighbours with possible Consequences for India's national life and security." Mrs Gandhi's reaction was much clearer and farmore fiTTi. Shligstātad in hia Lok Sabalā, "...Developments in Sri Lanka affect us also. In this matter India Cal Tricht bĒ rĒigarded as just any other Country. Sri Lanka arld Indią afe the TWO COLITtrie:S WF10 are directly concerned. Arly extrane:COLIS in Wollverriert will Complicate malters for bQlh Our Countries. Forces of destabilisation are at Work, Hence, We must make every effort to Tinimise any opportunity for foreign elements to weaken us..."."
LaLL LHH KLH SKLaaa SLaL LLLL LL LLLLa Countries had appreciated India's position in respect of the situation in Sri Lanka and acknowledged India's special interest in LL KLLaatLLL LLLLtaLLLLSSSLLLLLLLHHLa Lamaa mmaa made the sa Tig point when he Said that India's position Was appreciated by all Countries With Which iE and SOTIG. Other LLLLLaaaLLL LaaLLa aLLLLLLLaLLLLLLLaLaaaaLLLLLLL00L thể: TTlätter."*
Two major points in relation to Sri Lanka transpired from these Lok Sabha debatēs. First, the parliamentarianspointed out that
LGLS HGGaGLCLHS CLLSSS LGCCCHCaaCH LCGGaHHH LLL kuatLTLLSLLLSLLLLLLLLLL TL LL LLuLHuHuHHHuLS CLL S LLLLSLLLTHu aS S LSLGHHHHLGtmLLLLLL S SLGGLmOm LLLLLLSaSYaLLLL S LHS LLL LL LLL LLLLtlllLaHHLT YYYaLL S LYS LHaaLLLLL LSLuHHHH GmuHH aHTmauuD Studies, Tig first article ill the series Luis P.A. PACKAGE: BEYOND INDIA. (LG, Sept 75), Ey riistake, Elit Irticle III: Prešeri ter Is II. cala tributiri II. Fry Prof. R.M. de Silva, Weapologisë tij Dr. Hurlayari Kébir, We Frisi Fihi ! Efiis cio? "Ter' Efi Pri.
willissip Goerisfy Prof. F. Ms. de SFILIT.
Regular readerë slotild kindly Inte Hat Ellis seriesi Egy Jr. Hirialy. F. Kihir LLLLLYS SLLLLLLaLLLLSS KLL0 S SLKLLLLS POLIC, DELFISSECLIT CON. CERNS, TINCIP, LİSAN'L), FINA, irri
' . '.
Sri Lanka's call for pro-American procliwill Outlook, which Was CC India's Security intere: Or for that att är' ir1W3l"WerTerıt irh the isl: couraged and preve India not only felt sligt not having been aske Jut She also Seefried that the tiny island question India's int: fir Tlied, as it were til about Jayewardene'. and his drifting his India's designated S Therefore, the position ärld FC) other pOC Wes, in the Sri Lankan alfa
Clearly, a Security ciated by the Indian le the Indian governme textual form, a lead Bhatlami San Gաբla, the para Teters Of Cal T1E3 to be Wario LIS "India Doctrine", "SC "Indira, Doctrine", alf "Rajiv Doctrine". He in Sri Lanka las splay trifië of regional SeCur received prompt impl wal of the regional as , al COITIITLIfiti ES. It ( the following terms: Ir of intervening in the a SG Luth Asia FI COLf opposes the interver i th 3 li r t r I llll iffairs; W|||| not tolera te Exter Clflict Situatio ir är try if the intervention Explicit anti-Iridias I int Asian gCIWernment TI ! military assistance Wi for any Country.
"| Ed SÜLTET ASİ3 r needs external help t internal Conflict situal threat to a governme. blished, it should ask of neighbouring COur The exclusion of Irid tingency will be cons Indian møWg Cm the pẽ concerned. An imp. Indian regional secu has emerged from a

Te
help reiterated the yin its foreign policy rhsid3:Tedirilir TiCaltC) sts. Therefore, U.S., y other extrañEOUS and, was to be disrtéd. And SECOfld, ited and ignored by di to help Sri Lanka,
to la WCCCristrUed had the teimerity to grity. It alSO COnheir long-held view 5 "alti-dii rdo country away from phere of influence. was that only India, Was to be in Wolved ins.
doctrine Was ILBadership. Although int did not give it a ing Indian Scholar, succinctly specified
doctrile Wii referred to as the 3L ASE DO trine", ld later of as the Nrotë: "The Carnage Wild är lidia II dC, City. The doctrine has icit or explicit approWellas the internati)- can be explained in dialisi) intertion internal Conflicts of try and it strongly tion by any Country
of any other, India Tali intervertiori ir 1 a y South Asian COUnhas any iTiplicit or plication. No South 1st, therefore, ask for här arti-IndiāT EDİāS
| COLII try gBILJin Bly o dala | With a SeriOLIS i Of Dr El in tOil! Efab C3. int legitimately estahelp) ir a urbEr tries including India. iad fror SLCh, a CCIidered to be an antiIt of the government rtant aspect of the rity doctrine is that it
Series of CO1Versa
tions between Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, and leaders of the Opposition. It is, therefore, Cushioned on a national corsensus". "3"
Remarkably, the Indian leadership did mot deny or Comment Con the espolusal of [FE dijtring Iri did it Cijntg5stilis fräriejWork or any of its constituent elerients. What the India Doctrine had leant for Sri Lanka Was that the TamilisSue Was osas Tuch concer to India as it was to Sri Lika it53|If aird that IT dia WOLuld rhüttlerate any Sri Lankan foreign policy postures that New Delhi would regard as prejudicial to India's security. Such an Indian attitude angered Colombo and the Sinha|a people and it Was Widely seen as an irTIpJericJLIs Teaction tOSriLanka"sin'witatior1 for help from Countries other than India. But, Sri Lanka. See Ted to ha We acquiesced to the Indiam position. This was 0LLLLLLL LLLLH aaaaL LLLLL LSLLaaLLaLLa HLLLDL Colombo agreed to reteive Indian Envoy and Seld its OWI to New Delhi, and when President Jaye Wardene had to demy ower the phone to Mrs Gandhi the report about his efforts to Grillist Tiilitary help fror T1 lorIndiansources End tel Herthathis Country would mot need such assistance."** The context and the Issue a reas for exercising Indias hegemony Were Clearly established. India's attitudinal hegeTony, thus, began to transform itself into behavioural hеgeппопу.
India's role
LLLu L LL LLL aS LSLLLLS aaaLS LLOmLLLLS Was defined by the former's interests, Concerns and objectives in relation to the |atter. First, India Was Syr Tipathetic to the grivances of the Sri Lanka Tamils and it Warnited justicĒ2 domē to thĒTI, IT meant India's insistence on political Settlement of the conflict that would placate Tamil Nadu and that Would facilitate return of the Tamil refugees to Sri Lanka, Second, India was for safeguarding Sri Lanka's Linity and territorial integrity, for that would prevent Setting in motion the potential domino effect in terrils of disintegration of India itself. Internationally also, India's image Would Suffer if it were to let that happen in a neighbouring small Country. New Delhi, therefore, was against Tamil Eelam. Third, India was ir fall WOLJr of i peaceful settlement which implied that she would lateridorse Sri Lanka's desire foramilitary solution. Fourth, Indiafavoured a bilateral approach Towards the

Page 7
Island's ethnic Crisis in which she Would play the decisive role. This implied five things: one, that India would not tolerate non-Indian help to Sri Lanka, primarily military help; two, that, if required, India would take recourse to pressure tactics against Sri Lanka including extendingmaterial support to the Tamil Tilitant groups based in Tamil Nadu and Taking efforts to Tobilise international public opinion by ravealing Colornbo's record on hunnar rights violations; three, that India Would persuade any other Countries, particularly great powers, to keep of Sri Lanka; and four, that India Would take steps to ensure that no single Tamil group could be in a dominant position and dictate terms to New Delhi. Arild five, that India WOLuld militarily intervene in Sri Lanka in case the atler's Own Crisis managernent strategies were perceived by the former to be ini Ilica to its domestic stability and security interests. The strategies adopted by Colombo implied three options, namely, the approach to peaceful settlement, the Tilltary option, and the enlisting of non-Indian supportin order to crush the Tamil insurgency and come out victorious in the civil War without Indian help.
Although there were pleas from Various quarters in India for military intervention in Sri Lanka in the initial phase of the ethnic crisis, she showed restraint for fear of foreign disapproval' of the same and for giving a chance to peaceful settlement through its mediation between the Sri Lankan government and the TULF, the mainstream Tartill political party, ACCOrdingly, India offered its good offices. Given the national Tood in India, Sri Lanka reluctantly accepted it.' Indira Gandhi sent G. Parthasarathy as her special envoy to Sri Lanka, whose task was to reconcile the demands of the Tamil minority for a substantial measure of regional autonomy. With the need to preserve the unity and territorial integrity of the island state. He prepared a proposal, Called “Animex Lure C", for Corrisideration by am All Party Conference (APC) Which was Conwered in Colombo by President Jayewardens in January 1984. The APC held several sittings throughout the year but it did not succeed as sole of the political parties of Sri Lanka (such as SLFP and MEP) withdrew from it and because of the disagreement with the Tamil minority on the unit and extent of devolution. The proposals made by President Jayewardeneprovided for coordination of the already existing District Development Councils (DDCs). Also, he did not spell out the quantum of delegation of powers to these proposed bodies.'
|diä'S TC Cidiä til rolling again in Marc Minister Rajiv Gand Foreign Secretary F Color:TEJO. Bandari Lanka in May and Pe Tent to include the who by then had be of Tamil opinion as Eventually Presiden Prime Minister Rajiv In June 1985. Tig SL for the Thimpu talks the representatives government and the groups which include rebel groups, last EPRLF, EROS an acted as rediator. E talks, held in July all because the Sri Lank sal contained othin tants proved to be their four Cardinal de tlätỉCTS. CCT1liflLIE[] thị
This time the Si
showed flexibility is accept province aS and to grant more p The Delhi. Accord, W. 30 August between! Tēr ārd TLF, W the strongest of the LTTE. Aid it fell th 1985.
Notes
127, for J.H. Јауци
| 1igi Ei
Lich help. He is all Eldrid is disar 1BH3.5EEմ.Rւմa:E", A Collectifi | SOGE SEITiltir i Fr:E:53, Pwllt
Sigg lghii; il Tyri: Colomb'ı, 25 OctobE Minister Shi Hi cyrily a hal-d'Enial. H51 El E LE if Tıbbi ni i Ålgijs! 1 the SARC meeting,
Esgi: a TIE
ESSLITER LIEWE ''VillË |[[}|| ##| ghiff1 [II HI h13 wirTg:5-oLuglhil rTiilitiii Madras, 3 August 1
Lok SETE DE EEU:
1933, Cl, 1 Tim
SE3.
129. Iluid. No. 10,5 A.
13, The Salasiilar,
131, Bhabarii San Guput
Delhi G ALLI- i “Rigonal Security Today, New Delhi, Guardari. Cili i Tibi.
B.

proceSS Was Sel F1 1985 yllën Prirje idespatched Indian Olesh Bandari to again came to Sri rsuaded the governfamil militant groups Come representative well as the TULF. t Jayewardenië met Galdi il NEWDCli Immit paved the Way fully 1985 between of the Sri Lankan 35E of the Six Ta,Til åd TULF and to five iely, LTTE, TELO, | PLOTE. Bhandari But the two rounds of idAugust 1985, failed agoverппепlргороg new while the Tiliuncompromising on imands. “But negoTeater i NEW Delhi.
Lankan government that it Was ready to Elle uit of die Woluti ČT GWars to th:35E LJfills. "Hii:Ffil wās initia||ed or
File:Sri Lanka gawennas not supported by militant groups, the rough by December
rdel FITEl tal TP. En May 1991 that he had sought So on printed record having ale call in those trying lys of yarderi, MyC.JPG5|| CF PERICE, :h:5 Cri interriali la Allairs, Lld, SingapKr, 19B, P, 20Ē. 2w to The Sunday CUgÚľWičľ, In 1987. Eyнп in 1883, Foreign Tit Lld III I TILT IHNEAT lle responded to Eu press:5, cigu Elport before returning to Colo983, cutting shorl is stay at by saying that "if we sack. EIT internatical coil tunity, ris lso sock it from India". Clearly, in Explicil de rial til his trillsilry y help from others. The Hiradu, HE3,
i, Wo. XXXIX, Nl0.7, 2 August Fis of India, Eit istill:1'/', 3 Ailig, 151
Lust 1983, Gj. 5it,
W. D. Elhi. S August 1983.
E, The Nay StatesTET, NËN 383; for Tora details son his TI Indian Doctrin8", rojil 31 August 1933, p. 20, Lanka 1, 15 August 1933.
12.
33.
1EE;
H LLLLLL LLLLLS LCCLLLLS MMLCLCMLMLL CLLLLS S LGLG L Eithe telephons with Ugi Presidir af Sri Lārikā, Expressing the grave Concern on bahalf of the LLLLLL LL LLLLLLL LLLL HaH LLLLLL LLmtLLLMSL K LLEL L MS LaLaaLMM C LLLLCLCLL LLLL MMCLL and the South. I suggested to the President thal LLLLLL LLLLLLLLuuH SLLLLLL MMTa a ekesekeTLeHLk ak HLLLL him. I am glad to say that he has agreed to this proposal. The Foreign Mirisler will leava this awaning...". Lok Sabhail Debats, Wol. XXXIX, film. I, 23 July 1933, Cc, 458. The official text of the LLLLGGLLLOLLHH LLLLLL0LLLLLLL LLL LLLLAeTLLL aLaLLaL LLLLLL 28 July 1983, Indira Gandhi spoke to Jayawardena. SHF 35-kad: "Would you Third H Try Ffijigri filLLLLSaLLLLLLCLLLLCaSLaLOkLLLLLL SLLMtOLL CLLCGS and could you hawa discussicomis With him? Th8 0S aMkLLLLLL LLLLL LCLLLLS S LLOHLLL LYkKkkLLT your Foreign Minister". Sun, Colombo, 29 July 1353 Ori 5 August 1983, Mrs. Gärhl säd im ä LLLLLL LLL LLLLLLLLSSS0L00tktH LL LLMaCLLCCaL Fresident Jayawarder: Wild Seria sp:l. TËCLLCLMLCLHHLLLLLLLLMt tLLLOLOLL LaLLkLL00 how peace could be maintained in the region arid how the Tamil problem could be sylwed. SETTES of Indië, T'ya, Dhi, 5A, | 1:33, TSri LinkHT Frgsdort l sind his H.L His Hrche HEKle Jayewardeme, to bis Iririi capital on 11 August
1983. Earliar on, Jayer ardere is G| during his talaphoretär will her is no basis for a foreigriss report Ti. LFrı:
had sought arms froforeign Co hiss Carly I did not rığıdır Tiflik idary
Telegraph, Lords, LLIS 19E Express, New Delhi, August 19
That ingga was seništva to tha
| | | | | | | |E|t:5 GrEEE flle forbi iris, Evi TÚFTIP. W "Foreign IrIWCWETG4 in Sri Lanka", Table, HD, 309 Jಿàry 1989, p. 3-1.
After her lalks Wilh Hector Jāyêwärené, Mrs Girlfri stillod in Farliarrient Cr 12 August 1953 LL LLLLLLL LMCCLLKGLLC CLL LOLLkLLLLLL LLLLe offer of good offices to help hiri find a solution to the Tamil problarii. SEE Times of India, New Delhi, 13 August 1983. Thai thig, Sri Larikari President GLL LLL L LLLLLLLC LCCLT MTT LLaaaLMaaa LLaaL LLLLLS S LLLLL LLS aLLL LLLLLLL MLCL LL LLLLMMTLTLLLLL Y LLLLLLLlLLLL LK LLL LLLLLML HuMC CGLC LCaCLLL kTau LLHHLLL Ha LL LCLLLL LLuLLLLLL LL LaaCLuLLLTLLTCa CH LHLLLLLLLLTu S MtttL LMaL L LLLL LLLLMM LLL aL brother doing in New Delil." For the editorial sed, "Junius Jrder Stress", Hindustan Tiles, 30 August 1953.
K.M. de Silva, Th.B Making of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord: The Firal Phasa: Liri-July 1987" in K.M. de Silvaard S.W.FR, da A. SEBITIEaragingh (Eds.), LLmaLLY leLTLLL LL LLMu LLteuuuS LLLLL LSLMS KLLLaLS LL LLLLLlLLLLS CLL0SLCGCS CLLL S 0KKKS LLLLS LLTLLLLLLLS jah, "Indo-Sri Lanka Feltosid Sri Linkä5 L LLLLSS LSYuSS LT SLSLLLLLLLL L LLLLLLLLS aLLLLLLL
J. Kadikari (ed., South Asian Strategic issue: L0L LL LLLLLLLLLLuLMaa0S SLLtttLCLMMMCLLLLLLL0LSLLL Dighi, 1990, pp.143-148; Partha S. GHICsh, CoopeLLa HtHL aLLLu L L0LL LL LLLLLLu S LuLLuTuuLS tMLLLLL Delhi, 1989, pp. TFE-192
These Tartill demards were Recognition of the Terrills of Sri Lanka as i distinct natoriality, (2) regrillion Clan Identified Tamil HOTIlari irid the guarantea of its territorial integrity, (3) recogn tion of Enginalienable righl of self-determination of Lig THITilllion.
WEEWAY WES

Page 8
Relationship between Co
Prof. W. A. Wiswa Warnapala
have beert asked to speak om
the nature of the relationship between the Constitution and Parliament. It is an inherent constitutional relationship which needs to be examined from the point of view of the philosophy of the architects of the Presidential Model of Government. These architects, primarily, J.R. Jayewardgne, Wasguidedby the need to Establish a system of government weighted heavily in favour of the Executive. They were deter Tired to change the Westminister model of Government or Prime Ministrial Executive mode which we successfully Worked since independence, and they, With such arguments as political stability, strong executive power, and accelerated economic development, Wanted ArTiercan Presidential Model. In the end, What the UNP dewised as the syster II of Presidential Govern Tent was a mixture of both thig, WITCriCarl and tha Freach Model. The famous Gaullist concept of Executive POWĘar — POWIer COr centratad in the hard of an elected President - was incorporated into the Constitution, and the coCentration of power in the hands of a popularly elected President, whose power base is the national electorate, naturally brought about a assive decline in the Island's legislature.
We know that tasks of legislatures change with the times. If a Gowernment is to rule effectively, and since it cannot depend upon force, it must mobilise Consent of the governed for the purpose of good government. This is a new necessity in government and the British experience in recent times illustrate the need tomobilize popular Consent through an elected legislature. But many critics of modern legislatures thought that the legislatures hawe been ineffective, in particular, im meeting the Challenges of the eCOnory. Walter Baghet, Writing on the relations between the executive and legislature, statēd that the HLJS3 Cof COITIITTOTIS liWES in a state of perpetual potential choice. Thls, in rry wiew, was sortig kind ofinherent instability. Within the Anglo-Saxon Parliamentary model about which the
A text of a s by Dершtу Міі Education at Melibers of Pi the Prili IIle II
July-1995.
HuլիDrs tյT լիt 1 ց: COT1CGTT1gd When LIII a system Weighted Executive.
The strengthenir against tile legislau development in To the US, sincg tig N has considerably S. power in its favour; greSS. In a party Syst in its nature arid W this kind of thing is p a rele Wänt passag: WHO stated that, "Pr and Legislature ger ing that great atյrior that stretched from to the first it of , decades of War and ariage of the execu
Do you see som E there?– EleglgWar tive power.
The powers of the expanded by defenc and social policyStälle il Welfare — additional power to
My intention here develop Tients but to pOTIČrts necessitatet af jifta Ctext of legislature, in the C: Parliament, probably in the government: Tlassive deviation f gOWEerrir mērit Weinhle dēClint E3 Cof Sri Lirikar footd in the law C. Which came into exis

nstitution and Parliament
peech delivered
lister of Higher the Serhilliar for rlin. It held at Eary Complex in
8 Constitution wer =y intended to devise totally in favour of the
lig of the Executive re has been a general derri government. In Iew Deal, Presidency hifted the baları C2 Of andagainst the Conterm which is very fluid hich lacks cohesion, Ossible. Let Te quote fron SarTILel Beer, "Es ently, Government terally flourished durmal century of peace The Ebattle Of Wat Earl Marne, These present cold Warare inevitably tive".
important relawanca ice of a strong execu
ExĘCutiwe ha'wa EJ33|| eactivities, economic he intervention of the these activities give the Executive,
is not to praise these Say that Schl devel0da strong Executive, this development, the ise of Sri Lanka, the lost its Central place al system, it was a for 1 the traditions of rited Since 1931 Tig legislature is deeply Stitutional structure stCE i 1978.
According to the 1978 Constitutionin Ty view, it was a Constitution imposed On the people - sovereignty includes the powers of Govt. fundamental rights and the practices, and the legislative power is to be exercised by parliament and by the people at a referenduIT.The generalview today is that sovereignty cannot be exercised directly through people, it needs to be exercised through a supereme instrument like that of a legislature. Legislature, in the Context of the 1978 Constitution, did not become the supreme instrusTent of State power. The ultimate power is to be shared and it was this duality of power which disturbed the entire structure of gavernment in Sri Lanka in th= last de Cade.
The electorate remains the source of power for both these institutions. A prowsion has bBn radē to rggve a Conflict bet Ween Parlia Tentand President but the latter is certain to win because of the power of dissolution resides With his T1, President can control Parliament and the legislative process through a variety of devices. He creates the Cabinet, choose its personnel, determine its size and alloCates Subjects — thesa ārēI SOU TCEes of power through which he can control Parliament. He can appoint and dismiss Ministers and Deputy Ministers. All orginate in the Cabinet and president's Consent is necessary for anything which corres Within the Cabinet. In this systern, the Central initiating and energising ellement is the President who can frustrate and Supersede Parliament in the exercise of its legislative power. The legislative power, though it enjoys, is usurped to a great extent by the President. This means that the Presidential sector remains all powerful within the system. The role of Parfiai rifennt — traditional rolas SLCh, as checking, criticising and controlling elements remain powerless. It has this role-the most ancient function of parliament in initiating and controlling the Executive - which has been given a secondary place in the present Structure: The essential function of Parliamentis to legis

Page 9
lata, to make laws in a fundarrlental Sense to lay down the rules along which the country will be governed. According to the existing pattern of government, Parliament is not the Chief law Taker. The inititative in legislation is exercised by the EX EGC LutFWE3.
In the Sri Lanka ni Case, the Presiderit, Wested with Executive power, has been rmade superior to Partiarrment which, in effect, remains devalued. The President, according to the Constitution, is not a CCCLIntable to Parliament, and the coWertional forms of Parliamentary control Carlin1tot be applied beca LISE He is mot a Member of Parliament. The right of audience is restricted to sew appearances.
The President is irremovable. Though the power has been given to Parliarient t0 rĒTOWE him through an impeach ment Totion, it is a process so complicated that We Once Witlessed the nature of the procedure. In the end, it was President who triumphantly took control of ParliaLaLLLLS LLLLLLLL aLLL LLaLLLLL LLLLaLaaLLL into a grant compromise and frustrated the electorate. It was our experience that the procedure relating to the removal of the President, if enacted and failed, would Certainly Weaken the structure of governTient. The post-impeach Tient political situation in this country, Weakened the entire system of government in this Country and Created a certain degree of political uncertainity in the country.
ACCOrding to the Constitutor, refere1= dum Is a part of the legislative power, lt is a TēW in C Watin il G3 tur Constitutiorial Syster II. It is the Cabinet which decide Whether a bi|| is to be plaCeď before the people at a referendum, and the President Will Submit it to the people. According to Article 85(2), Presidert Luss His direction to place before the people a bill rejected by the Parliament. This Weakens the Parliament and President can appeal to the people by-passing Parliament. Referendum procedure is not confined to bills; the President can submit any matter of national importance for a verdict by the people. This is a limitation on the powers of Parliament. When political complexion of the House changes as in August 1994,
President, if he refereid to W Pārliārierīt.
Parlament's po Public Security, are
The Constitution number of changa Security. The Pre erTIGrgency on hiso progressive feature given a voice in the garity regulations. Over-riding or susp tions. This is a very day Parliament eri

arts, can use the aken and by-pass
vers, in relation to yet another aspect.
of 1978 brought in a in relation of Public sident proclaims an wn responsibility. One is that Parliament is onalization of CITICrIt has the power of ending these regulasalutary feature. Tooys Tore Controlling
and Tilitary excesses and similar things could be avoided.
Parliament has to acquire some control Over the administration. There aren UITiber of institutions entrusted With this responsibility. One major institution is the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration. This is a novel institution incorporated into constitution and it has still to prove its effectiveness as an institution engaged in administrative Control. There are the other important institutions such as the PAC, the Commissioner of Elections, Auditor General - all engaged in maintaining administrative effectiveness of the public administration Sector.
Waiting - 13
Time Track
ole, CII di slock
le La fuese years la Lego le :ainrialt touch agairil their flesh and blood leir Lex I re is dry tapestry rld just i L'hiere I cra Lie thern leu cure blt IITed and LOTTL
ith Tirles deceit Lhe Jears (1re stoler | er SLIEJSCI lice I CAL TOE SET se girl 2yorld Elle sudder, flare
LCLCCLaSL LLLLL LCLLLHGGLGLL Ya aaCL CaGaLM S GGTTLS
| Illis ilzed scerle JoLITset black Flair Uings LC JOLIIT slīps as L/COLI SLIJŲ Ètte corsLITing loUe Qsbaby a Loir breast
JOLLISL Leet to led lay
(Cl. LüTles. ILe Seerl JLreyes grou large and Irk Jce space slips homing frofil Llle Milky Wau Loot ra Lys th(It Cal T1 (Ind do flot. L'eaL'e ploding parterras or TTJ terse Titicis screer
IT IT o Tce Tore s Flater" iis Calin gaze Carld scort sInfle
:e yoLL Cru rap't
tse edge osoLTOLUT Pla.Ilets Eliss | fiuil phase of Wor Tiarr?
U. Karunaltilake

Page 10
Modus Operandi, Lunatic *Union of Regions'
Kamalika PieriS
he first that some of US got to
know of the "package" was when Reuters provided a news item about a "union of regions'. Which was mooted abroad. "Pravada'in it's August 1955 issue confirmed that the "package' remained a closely guarded secret until the last weak of July when the ColorTubo press pLublished an Luna Luthorised version. (p. 5). Thus pre-empted, the 'devolution proposals' Were officially presented to the country in a Presidential address and subsequently in printed form. Though described as 'some thoughts of the President and still later as a 'green paper the tone of the propiosas resembled thatofathronespeech, The preamble to the proposals, giving the principles on which it is based, makes the communal basis of the proposals quite clear. The prearrible refers to the unspecified but nevertheless 'geri Lirie griewances' of the Tamil people. Grievances of the other ethnic groups are not mentioned.
Despite the Wish for a chango of governTent, the electorate gave the Peoples Alliance a very slendor majority. It may be that the voter did not quite trust an untested coalition containing a rurTiber of SIT all parties and virtually all of the ethnic minority parties. Sponsored by the Weakest post-independance government this Country has yet known, and accompanied by Ellist of un-kept promises, these proposals have provided an Credulus nati With the CuriCLJSSpectacle of a duly elected government preparing to divida up its territory into a set of uncalled for "regions.
The Sri Lankan Tamils take the position that they are an indigenous group of SOThe antiquity in Sri Lanka. They argue that the Kingdom of Jaffna which was taken over by tha Portugese in 1618 Was an independarit kingdom and that, on the departure of the British in 1948, they should have been recognised as an independant entity, free to decide their own form of government. They now ask for recognition of the Tamil Community as a distinct nationality, recognition of the Tamil populated areas as the homeland of the Tamils, and the right of Salf determination Whigre 5Owereignity is ConcanInged. Nėgotiations for Regional Councils, District Councils and Provincial Councils could be interpreted as moves in this direction. It could also be argued that language and culture hawa be used as Team:S tOWārcis ar Ērid and not the other way round. The Federal Party concept of autonomy as expressed in Tamil could mean, We are told, anything from
B
regional autonomy to Monographs on ethnic provide detailed accC attempts to obtair lase. tiwa Tigānis. For E XEIT til for the Federal R. subtitled to the Consti Fédéral Farty in 1970 Siwa has discribed the with a majority Corpl. as described the T1 . parity claiгтл"-
The rights of the bBen SUppJred by til which two are thirt St. their own spheres. T or Leftists, the Christ Rights activists. As a 5 acceptarice of the 'de'WI do nit appear to b 2 E port for the rights of r in any acada lic anal
Tig Marxists || a'W62 doctrinaire approacht Al orie time, Marxis|| a Eskäd för Cultura || L. linguistic and ethnic II: country. Marxists are : state, WiiW "nationalist cept ard Corsider the Lilis. Wis a W. "Ethnic strise and politi that the United Social la till of Sri Lak, 1 in their progra TTeth IIl Clifferant a ľG35 Cf i 155 i "Hic i Fle Tlir tia LEBISSIOLICE tiLJñities t0 Tarlag, thii mously".(p B5) Marxis Once the Utopia SOCI the WBritiCal di WISĪJTIS Would automatically d Wiswa War Tlapala ha arid Sinhala Cult LIFE S
of Marxist propagand (p10)
Of the Cristials in are Roma Catholics between the various til Sarida uTibert of According to the last breakdow of the CF denominations) is: S 15.738, di di T: proselytisinig hälsalŠO These statistics indici

Fringe and the
a separate state. : politics in Sri Lanka Ulls of the various aratestat by legislale, a ITIOdot COrtstitupublic of Ceylon Was tuent Assembly by the As a Tes Llt, KLM, d3 -Tamils as a "Tirlority 3x" Tid SJ. Tarbi as a "minority With a
minority TarTills hawe ree other groups, of lves inorities within lėse a ra til Marxists ials and th Hu Tiar supporting cast for the lution proposals' they ffective, but their SupTinTiriti ES is important
Sis of the SSu0.
always taker a wery awards minority rights. theorists in Europe tonomy for Seperate tid lalities WiFir Bac ormitted to a secular m'as abourgdois CCTT15olweg El LOWE COTarmapala, in his Work CSim Sri Lälkä" sitātē:S isis Alliance, a CorribiMarxist parties stated at the "people resident the country, including Crities live in Substana provided with opporair own affairs autonls take the position that alist state is achieved,
of race and religion isappear. However, as Sramarked "Buddhist ill provide the basis for Spite rearly 50 years а апопgst the people''
Sri Larika, the Tilājority . T1. TEst Ere divide Prot35ställt del Of Tir 1äawargelistic churches.
Census, in 1981, the Iristian population, (all iri Fialesea 6.578, Tamils mils 7.5%, A Way of beën allegedreCOnly. ate that ther garë TIOrë
Christians among the Tamils than among the Sinhalese. A certain antagonist to Buddism coloured the Christian ideology during Colonialtics. Also one of the chief grou525 during the 'Buddhist revival' was the privileged position given to Christians in business, professions and the public services. It could be argued that some of the residual attitudes resulting from these rifts could still be there, There is also the simple fact that the Christial religion emphasises a Sense of frater Tilly among its adherents. However, faced with the possibility of supporting ethnic and Taligious quasi states, through the "union of regions'it is possible that some rethinking Tay arise among the flocks, and fault lines may start to OCCur.
There are various Ways in which the ethnic issue could be handled. One could give into it, or it could be managed and Contained. The question of assimilation bears Tiention. There has been a history of continuous South Indian migration into Sri Lanka, är dit is held that several of these migrating groups have got assimilated into the majority COTT unity, A rior-controversial example that could be
of the Nayakkar relatives and retinue, into traditional Kandyan Society. It should also be pointed out that quite a few of those representing the Tamil separatist cause, now appear On TV pleading their Cause for a separata linguistic State, in faultle:SS. Sinhala.
Where countries are deeply divided into distinct religiOLJS, ethirilic or regional Segments, the concept of "consociational democracy" as opposed to majority-rula de T10cracy has been suggested. This could consist of segrTental autonomy of a grand Ethnic Coalitior1. ThërÉ COuld be d'Eliberate minority over-representation, too. However it is held that "Consociational de TC-Ciracy" Carl be effective only in the absence of a majority segment and wide Socio-economic inequalties. Lijphart's views on this, as given in "Oxford Companion to politics of the World' is slightly contradictory thereafter. This concept is considered suitable for societies that were traditionally regarded as ill suited for democratic government, but it still needs pre-existing traditions of Consensus and a unity abowa sEgiT Ental loyaltiËS.
Jaya dawa Uyar goda's 1993 S.W. R. D. LLLLLLLCLLLaLLgL LLuLCLLLLLLLLL LL LLLLa LLLLLL applicability of COrSociatorial governmento Sri Lanka. He points out that the agreetells so far discussed by gover Tents, such as the Bandara naika-Chelyanayagam

Page 11
Pact were never grand ethrlic coalitions of the corsociational sort. He takes the position Lihat WWE rēEd "positive intellectual Tyths" in order to achieve some success in landling the ethnic issue, and wishes to argue for a LHHLLL aaGLLLHHLHLLLLHaLL aLatLLL CLLL LLL LLaaLLLLmtLtLLS rial pact based on ethnic fairl2.55 and justice. A detailed exposition of his views could be found in Thatched Patio' Sept/Oct 1993 Which reproduces this talk,
LLaLLLLLLLaLLL LaLLC L GHHL LLLuauLLLH LCLLD L0O LG LLL LLLLL LHHLHLLL Ha aLLLLLLLS tion within a unitary framework. It is possible to argue, When looking at the ethicagotiations Over the years, that the overwhelming Endency Flas DCCIT to Worktowards SCparation. It could also therefore be argued that the position taken by the Tamil corTriunity effectively precludes any attempt at accornodation within majoritarian nulo, Interestingly, however, S.J. Tambia hii, in Filis "Sri Lanka, ethnic fratricide and the dismantling of democracy" suggests a plural state, with regional autrīgrybut With a strang centr, He Sug gests that Tär Tiilis should rero Lurice "separaLLLLLL LLu LLLLLL LL La LLL LLLL LLuuaLLLLLLLaLLS Stically accept that Sinhala is the only viable language for much of the country's adminiStration and that "majority goverrimerit of the
However he also suggests that the state uLLLaLLLL aLuK LaLLLLL KHLHL HLHHL aLLLL00LLLLL aLLLLLLL BuddhisIII (p. 122-126).
ThĒTarTil Séparätist causa is now lurching towards the luriatic fringe. The first dwiderica of this was the laughter which greeted the är IF TOLICET Erlt of the "ur ni CT of regions". One justification for this union was that the country Was "rent asundar with the LTTE running a Separate government in the North. Apart from the gross exaggeration indicated in this View, there is also the fact that the first duty Of all Cl3ClCd gCWEAT mentis to ensure that its Writ runs throughout its territory.
There is a specified sequence through which this package must proceed, starting With a Partiamentary Select Committee and Bending With anational referendur TI, HOWEVEer, thB gCVETTiTTiGirithas already la Lunchada prograntitle to 'sell the package", thus inverting the sequence. The first phase of selling the package, in itself a novel activity for a modern democracy - was not too successful. The palace advisers and the trusted opinion leaders were not effective. The advocacy of the 'package" appeared Weak and evasive. SpokeSmenfavCUTeda "tryilandSee" approach, promptly dubbed "rosy optirism' by oppoments. Counterpoint wishing to be helpful Suggested that "a popular film star of Sports PJETSOI ality, a h7L JSE wife or studerit, hawe greater Credibility and persuasiveness in attracting mass support for power sharing, SÐøCialỵ Cm thE_=lạctrømic me{flä, thān a tedious excess of university professors or politicians' (June, 1995. p 17).
Tha 'package' is por Version of local gover Cgilt form of da Central rheither, and by the tir QLut, it will bod too latt persuade is to cite decentralisation put State or would-be he S. W. R. D. Barda rariai rayake. These howe, dual politicians, Who a Stable pQWer base. that such ideas, Cater dancies, Were ever : governments. Also th fe Situati C. Si S. cils are advocated W Pro Willicial Comici|SaS the exception of Way, Elle SCII le What of a Tl'E b)TOkE, LINE CO LITicillars the Municipalities and CCissé LIIdor HEIT, TH it should not be for SCCEdd.
The only brilliant si skilful exploitation of districhart 11:It with taria is that CarT1: . rule. The Correct 5olul the Centre, not decent ati ITTiri:Stratig II. But de Cated, and the World' introduce a set of pro| are prop OS als for part
TH-3 Sri Liikli yo O'Wert ITLIcha EOLut Fli TTL, IT TWEE i | Cook 5 to the Critra fr nOW SLutject to 50 TC political "rite of passa Lihle är liri CILJITICEITEt of Could be terTed the independance politics is treated to an assort to polities. They inclu plural state, SOvereig independant state, S. State, and - Lited S
Federalist1, it is re. joining together of stat thält falderāli3T i TE W Wal|, COLFET BäCädĒTic: pointing Out the da ring Lastly, the Sri Lankar ted with the constitutic assortment of Countri WC of a Series Lif L. Malaysia has a single lay, a single official reli Bhurriputih ra policy, Indian population, in Lanka. The differ ICC USA, Australia and 1 haբբlly ignored. The2 bly See the balkanizat

esented as a rodern TITI Eryt, or as an irisation. It is of COUrsa, TE LITE OF FITS IS 3. One angle used to the Warious Idcas for forward by heads of ads of state, such as KEIT GETİİ CİSSFor a r e 'wise 'MS Ofirildiyiäre obliged to Gn.Sure There is to evidence ing to fissiparous termiSupported by elected ere is no exariation änds. Regional Coun= lithout looking at the they stand today. With Ebla, til BSE COLITICIS 155. They arÖ generally are fighting, and even LrbJarl Councils doriot B North-East Council, gotten, even tried to
roke in all this, is the
the Voter's growing hIC EXCESSiWE2 a Luthi OriLourder Presidential in to this is reform at ralisation which is pLure Centralisation 1 is a dw0die w Colution" is used to posals, which in effect illurl.
ris mot used to thinking irtiricacies of gowlermialections, he merely or 'delli wera nice' Hel is : sort of mildly comic ge' and in this sense, the 'union of regions' :oming of age of postir Sri Lanka. The Wollar Ilient of terms relating de: Tulti-ethnic State, ri Stale, quasi state, Eparale state, Lunitary La le S.
Ictantly adriitted is the SS, bUlWB argäSSLIrad erSe Will wurk just a5 S are n0W engaged in |ers of such changes. | WCIE IS TOW CC3.TfTOMilla||historias of a Cidd es, Lel LIS look it just infortunate examples. official lang|age. Maigion, islan and a strict
de:Spittee ali Siz Babola luding those from Sri in size between India, iny little Sri Lanka is 1st century may possiiom of India, The signs
are there in the rise of regional parties and the decline of the Congress Party. Also when the Indian Union was considered, Tamilrladu expressed a wish to secede and a clause was pro Ilptly introduced into the Constittion to discourage any such thing.
One of the inacceptable features of the SSpäfäliSl wiew wä5 hät It clairTsc àS fair "horneland two provinces, demarcated for administrative purposes by the British. P.W.D. Fernando, in the "Day News of September 22, Suggests that the retreat into history SOLI EDei te of the following convertions the Nalur convertig, which cgded te Kingdom Jaffna fia Portugese, the MalwamaF COIm Weriti
ortuga52 and the hich If the KiES of the Eritis, Saralysis, the Whole J'ICE COITES Under tha an Kingdon T1, and tha resulting Tamil state would consist only of the Jaffna peninsula and its environs.
Sectiqi (E) of the par EarTıble to the De w|LItion Proposals state: "to protect the identity of distinct Cor Tir Lunities and Creata conditions for the promotion of that identity, including the right to enjoy their own culture, profess and practise their own religion, and Turture and promote their own language, and to transact business with the state in the national larguage of their choice". Are We seriously expected to believe that the conditions for this do not exist at present?
Section (d) refers to giving recognition and equality of status to Sinhala and Tamil as Official languagaS. English is recognised Terey astle'i käiguage". Deshiseär that the Sinhalese and Tamils are lot expēcted 10 Spaak, to Gach Cather im Lheir indiger OLIS lairg Lages and des this also Titan that all translations row from Sinhala to English to Tami| āmid wica Warsa.
The Tamil Separatist parties hawe used for their purpose Article 1 of the UN International COITVelarl Orl BconÖrtlic, Social a rld Cultural rights of 1966. This is repeated as Article 1 of the UN Internatical Conwen Ent o civil and political rights of 1965. This states: "All peoples have the right of self-deter Tiinatio, By virtua of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social arid cultural development". However there are restraints on the free interpreta or of this clause. The sovereignity of a state is a status rECCIgnised and protected by international law, to start with, The United Nation, Special Committee on this subject, categorically stated that the principle of self determination under Article 1 was applicable only to peoples urider colonial rule, General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) stressed that this principle could not be invoked to justify the disruption of national unity and territorial integrity of sovereign
9

Page 12
states. (WISWa Warnapala p 85-86). There is also I the rath Eir interesting fact that Article 1 equally applies to tha Sinhalasa and Mus|ims, if it applies lD LIS al a|, and thay C0uld JSE: this t0 re-affirm the Existing position. The Muslim Sinhala Communities never asked for är ny Tā di Call change. The Muslims resisted absorption into the Tamil group, since for thern, the unifying factor is Islam. If WB add a possible 69% of Buddhists to a possible maximum of 7% Muslims, we get about 76%. Who may opt for the continuation of the present nation Stäita, Individad. Numbers becor Tile ir Tiportant and it is rieccessary to recognise the Controlling position row held by the Muslim minority.
There isa SuperabLindance ofanthropological inquiry into the ethnic issue, Anthropology always haddificulty'inin Corporating the BConomic LimEnsion, and in Ils Bresert irlCarnati-Crı, it is looking İrıto the politics, history and Culture of modernsocieticsinanimagina tiwe manifer. Et mit WappEars to hlava few, if any parametersandaCCOITIOdatesa COInsderable element of fantasy in its analytical LaLLaLSS SLaL CLaatuLLmLmHL S LLLLLLaaL L LL LLLLaLaL studies are easily visibla-lack of familiarity with the literature and the depth of the field Work. Many of these studies are re-Flashes of known material, enlivened by unfamiliar interpretations, and the occasional lawler. Therefora its impact on ethnic studies in Sri LLLLLL LLLLL LLLLK LLLLLLCLL LLLLLLaH LaLLLLt S Specially those of the foreign anthropologist, TIE W LCD Sri LEāṁkā.
Here is afıthropology at Work om ethimic tensions, Bruce Kapferer has sought to demonstrate how a powerful 'cos IIology'. ambedded not only in the Sinhalese chronicle tradition ELIt also in their current exorcis.In ritual powerfully shapes and directs. SinhaleLLLLLL LLLLLLLaaaLLLLLLL L La LLLL LaHL LLLLLLLLS Kapferer's imaginative thesis is that SinhaleSE Buddhist notions of destructive violence ETEEri CapSulated in the idea of the "där Tönnic". The demonic signifies the divisive and fragrtheriting processes that ordered Buddhist Society as hierarchy seeks to encompass and integrate. The Sirhalese see the Tartil mQWement fOra Separate state a5 an instanCa of damonic fragmentation arid thiË Wiolence of the riots as an act of powerful rehierarchi zation' || hawa abstracted Liis fra JITI S.J Tambiah's 'Buddhism betrayed' P2.
H3fd 15 David SCOtt: "BBCaUSB What FIS Conceptualization potentially brings into focus is lot the liberal-nationalist problematil of the Fātinā|| āmid the irratinäll of the Strolig and the Waak, but a problematic of for Tinations and transformations of the political rationality that defines institutional and Conceptual space." (Thatched patio July 1994 p. 15). It is difficult to know What the Writer Tears.
Lastly, lookat page 13 of Stever Kemper's The presence of the past: chronicles, politics
O
äld CL|tura in Sinhala reCO Werff Of It Orië startli it with another. At thë hawe:
"A sheerly demograp faict ābolut Sri Lanka a: historical thinking."
Followed by:
"The ethnic categor 3Clion f3:3rdedin the fi Mahawansa are today':
For WI:
"It is also essential to orces bg|VGEarl What Sihlala and Tam|| T. contrasted With their pr
Lästly:
"Many Sri Lankams F1 throughout the island's rice but by slash-anddening, fishing and do transpose the phrases get Throughout the is Lankalis Tiad their lliw
On page 16 he tells of the island, enacted first WEIT U THE EHITCH H Wijaya, Was brought to i ET CSI:Crillil SC || LH DeVanampiyalissa as t of the island." On pag a UNP Minister of Cult Dhar Tasoka, Whom II: Else WhBě HB StatEdit |ėft Out of LHC Mahlä Wäl
Unl:355 LhlGre i5 SOTI Cf. LFS SCT LITESE 5LL.J. push the ethnic issue tlia IL I Imati fringe.
WhEn thE ghinic iSS from the luriatic fringe reality, it Teets, face-tc Buddhist. Wille yer LHE Culäf CälegUry TTlaybe, there is now a clears Sinhala Buddhists, as E3 vita Stati StiS Cle FaCE afet WOgleTherits il During the early part of Sinhala Buddhist may ble to ridicula, Sir CE F opportunity of studying Sirhala beford Fld Worit The position row is We sent day. Sinhala Budd majority with a minorit a majority with a major
The Speed with whi specially the profession "Junior of regions' indi Watchfulness as regard

life". Before you can ngsgriter Ce, you arë start of the page we
hic and geographical i a pola C2 en Curage:S
its that Tarked the rst corpilation of the Sethnic Categories..."
recognise the differtho Wory Categories Bant in the past as a Sant LISage."
awg made their living past not by growing ILIrr agricultur-, garing busir Egg," |f 'We in His SErlle-IICE, Wa ard's påst, Tiany Sri ing doing bLJSimÉSS.
; us "The Lurification by the Buddha Ciri his ind later achieved by t5 full realization. With e 250 years BCE of he first Buddhist king le 175 he COIT pares ufe (Hurulle) to King refers as "ASOK'. little Cristians felt
S.
3 change in research dies will cyrily help to EWE furtHLr QWards
Sue pulls itself away ald CCITES close to 3-fac3 - || FC Sinhala geresis of this partitria fact re: Talini5 tillat Latistical category of determined through Country. Religion and Tour birth Cartificates. the 20th century, the hawe beer 1. SUSCEptiin did not set much | Bith Ear BLJIddhism ar to the rescue of both. y different. The prehists are no longer a y cortiplex. They are ity COTT||Polix.
ch the intelligentisia, als, responded 10thië Cated tha dagree of Si the Ehrlic: SILLJatim.
They came arried with dossiers containing Tanifestos articulated in the 1940's. It Would appear that year of dealing With the separatist issue had sharpened their wits. There is little doubt that the issue is confrontational On both sides. The Tarni language was recognised and given official status only after Sinhala had established itself. The District Development Councils and the Provincial Councils, when they did materialise, were firstly tethered to the Centre.
CriticiST1 Of the Siria la Buddhista Ste primary cause of ethnic tension has led, in L L HH LL 0CaLLaLLLLL LLLLLLLH LL K of a Todar Buddhist State. The International Centre fOf Eric StudiOS Elda Serinaro "Buddhist Societies in stability and crisis". Other a Cademic Studi 85 |0Cked at the relationship between Buddhism and Violence ar dat the political Tole of the Sangha. Academic studies of the political role of the Sangha lock back to the 1940's, the rise of the Vidyalankara priests and the publication of the Rew Walpola Rahula's "BhikshLJWakaga Unurilaya". Allarda WickreTiafält ITE'S "BLINEddhism and ethnicity in Sri Lanka has focused On the identity of the Sinhalese as perceived by themsel Wes and notas a COinStrLJICEKIN,0. DharTiadasa, in his Study "Language, religion and EllinicassertWGIGSS Saw the existence of a longstanding literary tradition, and La LLLLLL LL HHLHHHaH0 LL L L L L L LLLLLS taltining rĖČOrds of few EntS, SUChias the Wa Tisa tradition of lineage or historical Writing, as a Special distinguishing feature of the SinhaIESE, Iբ 3)
There has been little or no Work done. On the modificator of popular attitudes. There has been the occasional bashing. The English press recently carried queries in their correspondence Columns as to Whether the Buddha had really visited Sri Lanka and Whether the Tooth Relic had been Vetted by a panel of dentists, But on the Whole, the average Sinhala Buddhist remains blissfully unaware of the attempts to rework Sofile of his ITIUS Chri5, HCid ElGli ETS.
However one interesting aspect of at this, LLLL LaL LLLL LLLLLLL La a LataLLLL re-examination of our historiography interms of Elhiric His, TWO WEakПеSSES IT His approach can be spotted at once. Firstly, the |rlappropriateriëSS Cifassum|ng the existerlçe of 'ethnic' groups in the early period of Our history. Secondly, the possibility that those who are anxious to correct ethnic bias Tay HIBIT152|W35 ble Wictims of a fewers Ethmic bia5. Ona drawback here, is the total ab Serice of any sociological study into the concept of "raca' "ideology" or "raticornalis Ti" as it applies to Sri Lanka. Apart from Newton Gunasinghe, I cannot find any Sri Lankan Sociologists at work on this subject.
The 'revisionist' historians as they are Called, subscribe to a greater flexibility in the interpretation of our history. There is talk of

Page 13
a multiplex history as against a simplex history.R.A.L.H. Gunawardana in 'Historiography in a time of ethnic conflict" states that the construction of the past by researchers Working under conditions of heightered ethnic Consciousness could help to give Voice not only to the minorities, but also to LIII der priviledged Tajority grQLIES WHOSE activities tend to be ignored in overly stateCeritred constructions of the past representting hegemonic di SCOLIIrS25. HIJ WCWDir, this is ā tā5k that i 155 to b5 UITEItāk - I With Cair and a sensitivity to the possible prevalencë of not ona tilJtrThultipole "sLubal term" Ornor1-hegeTonic discoursës, (p Ë0) S.J. Tambiah states "Would Walt as a Sri Lankar and an anthropologist to be committed not Overly to the deterministic and near-primordialist straitjacket of a single past EJLut to the primising presence of Tlarly pasts, multiple precederits and armi oper l-Erided futura regotiated and created by historic agents who are alive to the possibilities of Voluntaric action'. ("Buddhist Tibetrayed' p 170)
LLLuuLL LLLL LLL LLLLYSS KSLLGLLLLLLaL LLLLLL LKLLLL arxieties of the Separatist Cause, Erld the SE im turn daal With the preponderant Sinhala Buddhist slant in Our historiography. There LL LSLLaLLLLLLLa KLLLLLaaLL aL LLLL LLLaLLLL Buddhist resurgence of the 19th and 20th centuries, the political role of the Sangha the "Colonisation myths' such as the arrival of Wijaya and the Sinhala-Tamil Conflicts such as that symbolised in the Dutugemunu-Elara contest. Kemper's work, cited earlier, deals alsTost exclusively with these preoccupatigris, wiz, chronicle keeping (Mahaya MTSa), maintaining sacred place (such as Seruwila) and Warrating larO25 (Such as Dutugemunu). One subsection is titled "Restoring Sacred places amid the politics of ethnicity' with special referèriiCe to Ser Luvila, (po 143)
HOWEVEer, all this has flot Ed to parrallel histories, rival Schools of thought of even a spasmodic Counter history. The most that could be found is that those espousing the TaITII separalist ca se slighly Exaggeriale: the extent and power of the Kingdo II of Jaffna. Thère is a similar over erTiphasis of the role played by the Nayakkar kings of Kandy, when in fact the main characteristic of their rule was that they were careful not to disturbthe existing traditions.
At the miCri lewel thare has bem sama exploratiQrı Qof the relationı Ship) between Cl3:SS and race. Kumari Jayawardene in "Ethnic and claSS Confict5 in Sri Lanka 11h printing, 1990 provides excellent documentation of politically Oriented ethnic activity in the 1930's, ShE DOKS at the labor moveTigrits of the 1930's Tid thereaft äid COCl Ludd that race took precedence over class, partiCullarly inı itirmes of eÇQori Qrimic uni rest. It isrrlı Qot difficult to explain this. The Marxist concept of 'cass" is eSSentially a Construct, notar empirical entity. As an empirical entity, la
bOLITITIOVCTIOnts Tiak tripartite arranger Ther Tart årld Worker in Lastly, the possibility trial proletariat acting Social change is toxi tic. Jayawarder IE als fact that the prevaler lysis of nationality, i. զաate. This aրբrՃat foLlation of SC. futurë ard LherëffĖS as a péripheral di SCL Studiës,
The idea of 2) of Siala Buddhist notion, and its prtiր Cultura, Tha Only aca at this di Tensic i. Collection of studiës i history and the root: Contributors to this w gists of whorn only Work provides studi tions of ethnicity in S geS, HOWEyar the com popular beliefs is ir "Newspaper national historical discourse' Diwaima debates reli Lanka, 2 of which studies prepared by intellectuals. Tha 13 reacted strongly ag 'dilLIt3" thg Sirhiqli B
SpearhCEEr ha Sir Emi: tion of the history of begur. (po 6) The TOS of ethnic Studies lies Specifically Qin the gra to the history and de CCTil til Iritio of E. L. Have resulled Will Ti Community, the Mo. largely ethnological, Tamil Community ist the history of this g par rallel printert-Wing that there as E. preserice in Our Tai
Ēāli.
Thus, R.A.L.H. Gu Cut that Historia 15 F Sut || dia infİLJET early Sri Lankar in SC during the period of ments were being iss ge for the first time Hall Thai-Rajarayagi
SOES,
Til Silla till neglected in this ex Ila Wardala lakES F tills LF: Silla i primarily With the dyr

KG 5015G2 primarily imtha it of capital, manageindustrial orgarlisation, of Our TiriscLeids
as the agert Offa di Cal ir Impractical and idealisdraws attention to 11 1. Märx5-LEllrollstäIlälleology are rhQWirnadehis important in the ialist concepts in the Culd CEE di SiSSed ission relating to ethnic
O year old nation State s is largely a popular ar placa is im Cop Lullar delic Work Wilclooks s Jonathar Spëricer's ITILET HB tille "Eri Lanka of Cit. Of the 12 work, 9 are anthropolo1 I5 i Sri Ladıkdır. Thi5 ES CITI POPOLlullar Per CCIifläé Ild Tälil willaly direct examination of
SETE TEILTE kor's iSrTi: Sinhalaidentity BS She has analysed 3 ating to ethnicity in Sri Wera based on Ethimic a group of left-Wing WS paper read EBTS ha WE gainst any atterTipt to Liddhist Culture.
Irked that the investigathnic identity has barely tsignificant Contribution il this area — Cr Tore Battrailgrition now paid velopment of the major Juri try. THIË Studies that EEEICE LO E MUSITTI IrS and the Malays, are BLL LETE STUCieg Of The directed towards tracing roup as either distinct, d. THE THEast) Ild Cata er a stranger TarTil 1stream history than is
nawardala has pointed Fld solod instarCBS Of Ce Qn the languages Of Iriptions. (p. 17). Also that Chi Claul, oficial dC.CLUJUed in the Tamil langua3 in the island. (p. 57) IT as Writter or Tail
ic group has not been Irination, R.A.L.H. GuB wIBW Flä isl als CErll dentity Was associated lasty which ruled Anura
dhap Lura, and that the Creation of a Sirihlala Buddhist identity was a developmerit of the Colonial and post-colonial epochs. (p. 25, EO) This infriediately leads on to the Iced To Study how this identity extended to cover 74% of the island's population, today. LLLLLaL LLL LLLLu LLLLLL LLLaLLLL LLtttLHLLLLLLL LLG LLLLLL absolutely nothing for ethnic tensions, but will amplify our knowledge of the early period of the country's history.
L 0 LHaa L0LaLL a00L Ha0KLS S LSLLaaLLLL LL L apogee. It has peaked. From additional stripes on the flag it has graduated to a "union of regions described by a Wag as a 'union of 9 sovereign states'. The charga ofrnismana gCITEITt Of the Ethnici SSLE has been made by practically everybody. However, Writers Lr Ethnic ISSLIES Hays also pointed Out hat there has been Some degree of Openness and to grance. It has been suggest at the popular level that one index Giacomodatil WEITESS IS TIL TF TTT'|| $3:M" шпігy have EEC:n alloWord to repeata ut f'WELT EFFETT ExtrEITIGt Clai T15||7d5 tegies. Tha minoriti pocCple in Sri Laiik", WS ဖွံ" "ံ"ါိဖြိုးပြို Was a SCèrTCE of 1 inorities Ft Yāfri mittaas a referect digitaries Who had d'or, particularly LLLLaaLLK KLuS LLLLLLLLSSa LLK LLS Lanka enjoy an airplitude of linguistic rights Which Tai Tills||Willig elsewhere do not hawe. In Tamilnadu, Tamil is only a regional language. The sole national language in India is Hindi (Wickremaratne p 61-62).
The Concept 'soft state' has been used by Myrdal to describe states where the governTGI it is unable to enforce its policies on the citizens. It is clearly evident that the ethnic issue in Sri Lanka should also be evaluated in terms of manipulation of a 'soft state'. The last aspect which remains to be discussed are the ECOromic implications. There 15 in the "Linion of regions' a disturbing emphasis On Jarochialis T1, which in Sri Lanka means facticialist as Well. It should be remier IEEred that Sri Lanka is going into the 21 century Carrying with it a backward peasantry and ar Sille plātation EOT.Tīlantion Worker and the peasant would like to ExCape TTCT these Sector Sint Secure White Collar positions. Failing anything else they would like to be graduate teachers in govefirment Schools. In addition, ther is little public di SCL:ssionas to the best Way of linking With the changing global economy. Perhaps emphasis on the "knowledge industries' may free LIS from the need to go into capital intensive projects. What is needed 10W is Some guidam Ce in ter II's of 's Tall island economies and the place of shall islands in the 21 Century scheme of things. The ethnic issue will then fall into place and the separatist clairT II lay ride itself out.

Page 14
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Page 15
MMOMMEMM
The CriSiS Of Sien C
Benazir Butto
akistan is grateful to the Government and the people of China for hosting this Conference.
| play a Special tribute to the Secretary General of the United Nations and Mrs. Gertrude Mongella, the Secretary Genefial of the Cois liference for their tireless efforts in organizing this meeting.
There is a moral Crisis engulfing the World as We speak, a crisis of injustice and inaction, a crisis of silence and acզաleStarlCa.
The Crisis is caused by Centuries and generations of oppression and represSiJ1.
This conference, therefore, transcards politics and economics. We are dealing With a fundamental moral issue.
This is a truly historic occasion. Some SLSLLLLL LaLHtmLaaL LtttLK uLLLLLLaLLL LaLLL La demand their rights; to secure a better future for their daughters; to put an end to the prejudices which still deny so many of us Jur rightful place in Society.
CS Sl T cāSi Stad bēre your hot only as a Prime Minister but as a Wortlananda mother- A Woman proud of her Cultural and religious heritage, a Woman Sensitive to the obstacles to justice and full participation that still stand before WCTIE nin almost Every Society con
ät F.
As the first Woman ever elected to head an Islamic ration, feel aspecial responsibility towards Women's issues and toWards a WCTEI.
And as a Muslim woman, feel aspecial responsibility to Counter the propaganda of a handful that Islam gives Women a SECCInd class Status.
This is mot true. Today the Muslim World boasts three Women Prime Ministers, elected by Tale and female voters onour abilities as people, as persons, not as WOTE.
Our election has destroyed the myth built by Social taboo that a Worrari's place is in the house, that it is shameful or dishonourable of socially unacceptable för al Muslil Wat Work.
Our election has EMUs World that it is socially CC Work arid to follow Working women an
MLIJSlim WJ3|| sibility to help disting tea chirgs and Soci; traditions of a patri:
This iš i distiti would not like to S belgye il diSCrimi is the first step to LJSurpati Om Of pOWÊ
A Tontiago, Pa ever Conference of Tians of Muslim Wor
NIE WET IT LE HIS many Working WOT sentatives gatherec LO SEak i Cri E WIJic
ASQWEra 100 gli Countries gathered mous Sense of prid Each tյլիtar Itյr sl across the globe E ents to face an would not allow t
կաtյIIIէ:T1.
And, today, I fee pride, that We WOTE ther at Beijing, at an Encil it civilizati lolalone in our Sea tFlat WCTEgri i Cr55 tier in the Search Worth, Self-respect, itself. In distinguist teachings and SOC Terrier Tiber that Islaf
Injustice again: nations, against W0
It Shuns race, CC basis of distinction;
|t Brishrins piaty : judging humankind.
ttreatSena: Wr right, rotās c inherit, divorce, rect Custody. Women pels, jurists arde

e
giver Worlen all Over ral strength to declare TECL for a WCT LO in our footsteps as d Working mothers.
ave a Special responguish between Islamic a taboos spun by the irchal Society.
On that ObsCurantists ee, For OSCUrartists Tali III. Diskriftlist II
dictatorship and the
kistan Osted the first Women PariäITEIItäld.
tory of Islam had so er and elected repretogether at One place
agates from 35 Muslim ogether, felt an enore that We Women Field rength and support, ind across the cont| dբբՃSto those who h8 er Tıp0WErment of
that same sense of In hawe gathered togehis ancient capital of Orl to dēClā fë: WE E TE rch for empowerment, i Continents are togefor Self-esteem, Selfand respect in Society ling between Isla Tic tial tabOOS, We must m sorbids injustice,
st people,
T9T.
against
lour, and gendêr as a a mongst felloWmen.
Si the Sole Criteria for
shumain beings in their Tättels. A WT1a iCan alwe alimony and child Were intellectuals, Ver totok partir War.
e, Book the Muslims refers to the rule of a Woman, the Queen of Sabah. The Holy Bookalludes to her wisdor and to her Country being a land of plenty.
The Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) himself married a Working woman. And Ihé first COrlvErt C Islam Was a Woman, Bibi Khadija.
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphatically Conder TITEdad putan end to the practice of female infanticide in pre-Islamic Arabia. The Holy Curam Teads:
When news is brought to one of them, of the birth of a female (child), his face darkens and he is filled with inward grief What shame does he hide himself from his people bacause of the Dad TENE FE ha,5 |lad. Shall he retain it. On Sufferance and Contempt, or buy it in the dust. AhlWhat an Evil choice they decide an (Surah Al-Nahl, Ayat-57, 58, 59)
How true these Words ring even today.
How many Women are still "retained" in their families "ori sufferan Ceard Carlte Tript" growing up with Emotiornal scars and Eurdes.
HOW tragic it is that the pre-Islamic practice of ferase infanticide still haunts a World We regard as Todern and civilized.
Girl Childre are Olen bändid Or aborted.
StatistiCS Show that TIB1 OW il CrgaSingly outnumber Women in more than 15 ASia la til S.
Boys are Wanted. Boys are wanted because their WOIt is considered more than that of the girl.
Boys are Wanted to satisfy the ego: they carry On the father's marrie in this World.
Yet too often we forget that for Muslims On the Day of Judgement, each person will be called not by their father's marrie but by the mother's name.
To please her husband, a World Wats a SOm. To keep her husband from abandoning her, a WOftman Wants a som,
13

Page 16
And, too often, when a woman expects agiri, she abeltsher Fusbandiri abandoning or aborting that in rocent, perfectly formed child.
As We gather here today, the cries of the girl child reach out to us.
This Conference need to charta course that can Create a climate where the girl child is as Welcorned and Valued as a boy child, that the girl child is considered as WOrthy as a boy child.
When I Was chairperson of the South Asian Association of Regional Countries, SAARC declarad 1989 as the Year of the G|C.
Six years later, the girl child's vulnerability continues.
And it continues, not because of religion in the Case of Pakistan, but because of Social prejudice.
The rights Islam gawe Muslim Wörmem hawa to often beën dërhield.
And Women are denied rights all over the World, Whether developed or develoբIng.
All over the World WorTenare subjected 10 d'OTTEstic Violence.
Cten a Woman dags mot Walk out for She has nowhere to go. Of She stays and puts up with the domestic violence for the sake of her children.
Wé in Pakistan have started a public awareness Campaign against domestic Violence through the mass media to infor WOmer that dor Thestic Wioler"|Ce Is a Crime and to alert men that they can be punished for it.
Often Women, in many a society are tortured, Tot only by mem, but by wor Tien in-la WSIC, for finlacial Delefits from the Woman's family.
Sometime a Wife is killed by her husband or in-laws so that they can gain another wife and more dowry.
Dowry system is a social ill against Which We mustralise Our woices and creata greater awareness.
Worrier are not only victims of physical abuse, WOrler are Victrils of Werbal abuse.
Ofter Tien, in anger and frustration, indulge in the uncivilized behaviour of rude and Wulgar language against World 1.
Unfortunately, Woller at times also use Vulgar language to denigrate another yy Tl: T.
14
So We hawe to work 10 Only the attitudE attitudes of read
WOT hawe ble CO Culture of exclusior lar Today ITTOne Women LF powerty, deprivation, Hälfäbi|Ii]] WITEIT per Cefnt of the childir Eldrichtary education
|rth Pakistan Wig ar primary education for ir Tib]alar C.
W3 a TE COC-t WOTE. EacherSardi Titant a WELJES TOT WOT
It is my firm convic cannot ultinately conl Take her CW choic financial independer C
A WCTHT, Cällt F pandence if she cann
The discrimination Only begin to erode educated and Worrier
If my Father had n left me with independe | Would not lawg Ele myself or to struggle tostaпdһегеbefore yс gjast Speaker.
If the girl child is to E is to say "No" to dom WE2 OWE a Special cobo jobs for Women.
That is why we in 1989) thig WT'S BE
A Bank run by Wor and assist Women in: enterprises to gain dence and with it thit Orle's OWI choices.
Today 23 branche Bank in Pakistan help
Our major cities are Ses Set Up by Womer rants, boutiques, inter
We hawe liftad the WOT en taking par sporting awants.
1997 Wig Ostt Women's Olympics. S lities are being setup te pation by Pakistani W.
A Pakist Wor significantrole in delu bQmt in Fäkistan.

together to change is of men but the
WCIITIEI1,
The te wictims of a
id Tale dominalC.
lär TI SUffer froIII and discrimination.
reilliterate. Seventy
Er who are dermied
are girls.
a concentrating on girls to rectify this
ating On training препiпg up employTE
til that a Woma Fjl hier Will liftig drid es Lille:55, She Flas
8.
ave financial ideGt Work.
lgäirst Women Carl When Wimer äre are ETICyEd.
Ot edLIC3ted me3 Or It financial means, er alle kj 5ustair
against tyranny Or I LI LO daya,Sa Special
evalued, if the Wife estic Violence the ligation to Creating
Pakistan, set up in lnk.
Brl for WOTEr to aid Setting up their OW
financial indepenfra do Til to Tlaka
s of the Women's
Working Women.
marked by enterpri1: bäk eries, Testa - i Cor decoratici.
Нап GT1 PakistaП
in international
e Second Muslim pecialsporting faciencourage particiThen in sports.
пеп аге playing a sing the population
Ome hunded thousand Women are to be trained to reduce Pakistan's population growth levels and its infant mortality levels.
When I visit poverty stricken villages With no access to clean drinking Water, it gladdens Ty heart to see a lady health visitor, to see a Working woman amidst the unfortunate surroundings.
For it is my conviction that we can only Conquer poverty, Squador, illiteracy and Superstition. When Weinvestin Our World and when Our Women begin Working. Begin working in Our ar flung willages WFlere tille Seems to hawa stood sti| and where the Bullock not the tractor is still Lu Sed for Cultivation;
Where Women are too Weak from bearing too many children.
Where the daughters are more malnourished than the sons for the daughters get to cattle left Owers.
Where villagers Work night and day with thĒir Women and childrEri, to eke Out an existence;
Where floods and rain Wash out crops and destroy homes;
Where poverty stalks the land with an appetite that cannot be controlled untilwe Wake up to the twin reality of population Control and Women's empowerTent.
And it is here that the United Nations and its Secretary General have played a Critical role.
Some cynics argue about the utility of holding this Conference.
Let The disagree With them.
The holding Of this Conference de Tonstrates that Women are not forgotten, that the World cares.
The holding of this conference demonStrates Solidarity with Women.
The holding of this conference makes us delerfTiined to contribute each in our OWrl Way, in Earlymänner We Can, tolessen lhe oppression, repression and discrimination against Women.
And While much needs to be done, each decade has brought with it its own small improvement.
When I was growing up, women in my extended sarily retained behind closed Walls, in village homes. Now We all travel to cities or abroad.
When I was growing up, Women in my

Page 17
extended family all covered ourselves with the Burga, or veil from head to foot when We Visited each others for Weddings or funerals - the only two items for which WE WEErea ||0Wed Out. No WTCst 'WITTE restrict themselves to the Lyasa or Casa and are free to leave the house.
When I was growing up, no girl in my extended family was allowed to marry if a boy cousin was not available for fear of the property leaving the family. Now girls do marry outside the family.
When I was growing up, the boy cousin inevitably took a second wife. Now girls do not expect their husbands to marry again. From the norm, it has become the exception to the norm.
When I was growing up, Women Were not educated. I was the first girl in Tly family to go to university and to go abroad for my studies. Now it has become the norm for girls to be educated at university and aborad W FET the fä Tiilias Cär äTTOrd it.
| hawe seen a lot of Changes in my |ifetirile.
But I hope to see many more changes.
And sortle of these changes I hope will flow from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights calling for the elimination of discrimination against Women.
I hope some of these changes will flow for the Convention of the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination which Pakistal signed, last Thornth.
Of Course there was resistance from mary quarters.
But We are determined to TOWE) forward in fulfilling our dream of a Pakistan where Wormern contribute their full potential.
As Women, We draw satisfaction from Beijing Platform of Action which encompasses a comprehensive approach towards the empowerment of Women.
But Women cannot be expected to struggle alone against the forces of discrimination and exploitation. I recall the Words of Dante Who reminded us that:
"The hottest place in Hell is reserved for those Who retain neutral in titles of Oral Crisis."
Today in this world, in the fight for the liberation of Women, there can be lo neutrality.
But my dear sisters, We have learned that democracy alone is not enough.
Freedom of choi rantee justice.
Equal rights are political Values.
Social justice is equality, of liberty:
Justice is politica JLIstiCe i 5 eCOrhOr Justice is Social
Empowermentis political freedom. right to be indepen to have choices in
Empower Tient is opportunity to sele: to Own property to to flourish in thema
Pakistanis Satisfi foils[T] fios Action of thilt TEC, O WOTE Ses On the CritiCal Women and outline strategy for the Solu
However, We beli needs to address t ad additi Cornal res0 structural adjust human rights of W Women entrapped ir the realization of the Iätion of tha Srritor OCCupation and alie
It must also seek of the traditional far the society. Disinte generates moral d arrested.
The Platformis di: role of the tradition kness can lead to r even distortion by C men's agenda.
We have seen Thu fact that We Conver a giant step forward
But new clouds d
The end of the C ushered in peaca ail of wormen. Regrettat regional tensions belied our aspiratic Worthen and girls
most direct victims the most helpless, ab USēd.
The use of rapa

halone does not gua
not defined only by
triad of freedon, of
liberty. ic independence. quality.
lot only a right to have impowerment is the ent; to be educated; e.
the right to have the a productive career, articipate in business, kellade.
ad that the draft Plat| Foilsith World Confeagotiated So far focuarcas of concern for S ārī āctil-Orientēd ion of their problems.
gwg that thig Platfjr TT he questions of new urces, external debt, rent progral times, "omen, protection of arried Conflicts and : right to self-determiies still under foreign 1 domination.
O strengthen the role lily as the bedrock of gration of the family acay. This must be
turbingly weak on the al family. This weaisinterpretation, and pponents of the wo
:h progress. The Very e in Beijing today is
rike ha horizon,
ld War should have d апега of progress ly, the proliferation of ildə Coğrı iflictS have is. As in the past, we again been the if these conflicts - arid till LJS t3 frost
s a weapon of War
and an instrument of "ethnic cleansing" is as depraved as it is reprehensible. The unfolding of this saga in different parts of the World, including Jammu and Kashmir and Bosnia Herzegovina has shaken the conscience of the entire international community.
The enormity of the tragedy dwarfs our other issues - urgent though they are. This conference must, therefore, express its complete solidarity With our sisters and daughters who are victims of armed conflict, oppression, and brutality. Their misfortunes must be our first priority.
come before you to speak of the forces that rust shape the new decade, the new century, the new millenius II.
We must shapeaWorld free from explotation and Taitreatient of Woen,
A World in which Women hawe opportunities to rise to the highest level in politics, business, diplomacy, and other spheres of life.
Where there are no battered women. Where honour and dignity is protected in War and COrifict.
Where We hawe eConOfThic freedom arid independence.
Where we are equal partners in peace and development.
A World equally corri Titted to economic development and political development.
A World as Cormitted to free Tarkets as to Women's enancipation.
And even as We Catalogue, organize, and reach our goals, step by step by step, let us be ever vigilant. Repressive forces always will stand ready to exploit the moment and push us back into the past.
Let us remember the Words of the Ger Than Writer, GCalhe:
"Freedom has to be re-made and re-earned in every generation"
We must do mugh more tham decrỵ the past. We must change the future.
Remembering the Words of a sister parliamentarian Senator, Barbara Mikulski, that "demography is destiny", belieWe time, justice and the forces of history are on our side. We are here in Beijing to proclaim a naw vision of equality and partnership.
Let us translate this vision into reality in the shortest possible time.
15

Page 18
OOMP
VIS
TES
VASA OF
2O7, 2nd C.
COOT

UTEP,
ΟΝ
TING
PTICIANS
ross Street,
EO 11.

Page 19
EWWFOWWEW7
Australian TNC convictec
Kalinga Senewiratne
H
An attempt by an Australian transnational corporal operations in Papua New Guinea by drafting legislati such claims by affected villagers, has landed it in sel of contempt of court by an Australian court,
Melbourne Court has dealt a
hard blow to efforts by the Australian niining giant BHP to prevent Papua New Guinean villagers from Suing it for environmental damage caused by its Coperatic) 1S.
BHP was found guilty of contempt of court on 19 September for helping draft legislation for Papua New Guinea (PNG) that Would protect the first from legal action by people affected by its mining operations at CK Tedi Mine.
The ruling, handed down by Justice Philip Cummins, makes BHP the biggest company to be convicted of the Criminal offence in Australian Corporate history. It also caused an embarrassing Setback to the Australian government's push for environmentally sensitive development in LaS0aaLLLLSSSLLLLLLLLu uSLLLa L LSLHHLLLLLLLLLS of Asian logging and fishing companies for environmental piracy in the region.
Since May 1994, the Melbourne law firm Slater and Gordon has been fighting BHP - the Country's biggest Cornparlyon behalf of 30,000 villagers along PNG's OK Tedi and Flyriwersystems for the harm caused by the OK. Ted mine, 60% owned by BHP.
While the Victorian Supreme Court was deciding whether it had jurisdiction to hear the corTipensation claim, BHP lawyers are alleged to have drafted legislation for the PNG government making it a criminal offence to sue for damages for the OK Tedi Coperations. The draft la W Wasleaked to the media in August.
L CCCT TLCCHOe LL K 0eOelHeKHOLuS eHLHCHL SLLOeOHS aLHGGLO0u0S Nosso, firдаған сағала'лтіғұлан ге88aar:"ғ";
Under the prop villagers Who had si Would be Offiered a age of nearly 5, 85 i
A, Eji| 3ttachtigd Criminal offence pu to $77,000 for indivi action against the til 5.
In announcing said: "I am Satisfie (BHP), which reasonable doubt. Coritēr Tipat cof this CC)
HE: a[][jed that thị teipt of court whe d5|| With thig PNG up the OK Tedi Agree Tert bill. Cu hearing for a mմntl before nulling om as the offence.
Legal experts S substantial fine, sin di wilg'W Cf E3 HP" LFIJS, WFJ äkt ä: Victorian Supreme
BHP said it Woul But right after LFIE executive of mining PNG Pri Tig Milistë
COIT) any Was OW the legislation as aբբյքal.
Char, if a Stati resby, rejected tr jurisdiction over his final version of the provisions Taking claim compensatio Tedi Mining.

of contempt of court
ion to evade liability for damage caused by its mining on (in collusion with the PNG government) to outlaw all ious trouble as it has now been charged and convicted
osed legislation, the led the darTage claim Compensation packTillion over 15 years.
It Would T1 kg it : lishable by fines of up dualsto persistin legal CK Tedi Time opera
the Tulling, CILJITI Tiiris d that the actions of hawe foLund beyond Constitute a clear urt."
3 BHP COITTITitted C0= its lawyers struck a government to draw
Eight Supplemental mmins adjourned the 1 t) fil Earl SLIED Tissir 1 S uitable punishment for
ay it could involve a ce the judge has taken 's efforts to try to paint tion against it in the Court as criminals.
appeal the judgment. ruling, BHP's chief Jerry Ellis, infortled Er Julius CFlash that the 'LI'm able to COinSEbrint tC) plaппеd репdiпg the
left for Port MO13 Australia II COLUIT'S s country but said the
bill might not contain it a Cristinal offer CC to from BHP or its OK
Australian Foreign Minister Gareth Evans has played down the significance of the judgment and instead criticised the Melbourne law firm for taking the legal action against BHP.
Prime Minister Paul Keating, who has Campaign:Éd vigorously for the addբtion of a code of Conduct for foreign logging firms operating in the South Pacific, backed his foreign minister on the issue.
EVan1S EVÈN SLuggested the damaga Wä5 |E55-5Eff{IU5 thäm Clämäd. While acknowledging the environmental damage, ha argues it has been CalUsed by difficulties aSSOCiated with building a tailing dam in the mountains and the environmentally fragile location.
Lawyers defending the PNG willagers hailed Curr Tirls' decision as a victory for justice.
"What happéned todayis all our clients e Ver Wanted in the prOCĒ ēdings," Säid la Wyer Nicholas Styant-Bro Wre. They Wanted access to the Supreme Court in LaLLCLLL LLLL Laa LaLLLLL LLLLL LLaaaa LLaaLLL Untrampled by interference by any parties to the litigation."
Share prices of the Trining Company plummeted by 16 cents in the Australian Stock Exchange hours after the court ruling was announced.
"Maker Tistake, the decision..., las hurt and gilbarrassed the Big Australian, Said business analyst Matthew Stewels. "Being found in contempt of court is a highly embarrassing setback for a COITpany as proud of its ethical standing ä5, BHP".
- Phra | Par:
17

Page 20
SAFWALAWAKAW L/7EAFA7UVAFFAE
The Voice of Colo
A study of R. Y. Daniel and Leonard Woolf
Jeane Th Waites
Writer who is either a letter
of a colonized people, Orisacolonizer, may not consciously be aware of how his Writing is affected by the group he is born into. Even when it is his intention to identify With the other group, (the colonized with the colonizers, or the Colonizer With those colonized), he cannot help but fall back into some stereotypical role-playing of the Over- or underdog. I hawe chosen the literature of Sri Lanka to exating how this Works in two authors: Reginald Young Daniel and Leonard Woolf.
Rex Daniel, who descended from a John Bartholomew Daniel (1) belonged to the Dutch Burgher community, but was not considered a "true"Dutch Burgher, as was his wife Bertha van Langenberg, His mother Amy MacCarthy was Protestant Irish, the daughter of a Baptist minister. But her Irishness was not an issue. With the D.B.U., what counted was that the name Daniel Was not Dutch. Daniel is a common Jewish name, but the original Daniels of this family have been traced to Madagascar and other feels that they had Moorish blood. The Dutch Burghers in Woolfs' Daniel's day prided themselves On being fine administrators, professional men, artists, musicians, anything but busiless Ten. Daniel's father inherited Wealth, and made his own Considera bible fortune as an auctioneer. To be in an occupation where there is no purpose but to make money was considered declasse, and in Bertha's family she was thought to have married somewhat beneather.
The English, unlike the Portuguese and Dutch, did not settle doWr in the Island, nor did they take much effort to convert the local people to their Anglican Christianity. Their members in the Ceylon Civil Service was manned by Englishmen who returned home to England on retirement and who were discouraged, not just from inter-marriage with local people, but from socializing with them. They thus became the first foreign settlers not to be quickly assimilated into some layer of the depth of Ceylonese culture.
In 1919, because many Ceylonese had distinguished themselves by fighting for England in World War I Britain decided to open the C.C.S. to those men between the ages of twenty-two and twenty-seven
18
who had served int a thousand applied, Was twenty-six, W C†10SSIl.
LE-Orlard Woolf b the C.C.S. in 1904 four. Seven years la |cave, and Only ret "Home" was Englar he carne to Cey pulted immediately i
It is importarit here sian conTmmunity Wh English men (Tostly for agency firms) wr in the Island took Sin as ConCubires. Thes: their beauty, wert always Scenas infer beds they shared. Workers on English example, tea pluck their lowers' social lif sagregatad.
Woolf'5 Short SC Moon...it is about and the primary narr hears the story from man, who tells it at mari. I see this as || blame for the story's he also uses in his Ceylon. The story is lese girl, Calestimah of filth." She has "ey nothing but Seert everything," and foll "like a dog...anices like the bitchat my fg to imitate the Englist where she cannot. she gradually goes dľOWS har Self, li young mistrasses be Were cast out. Their cated and castresulting half-white denied paternity. In Robin Maugham, til Maugham, gives a { ting up of such an Jack Philipson des.
"Yes," replied."
OWIOC. Ard you Would s

nization
|e military. More than and Rex Daniel, who is one of the four
Came a tember of at the age of twentyer he left for his long filed OICE: in 1960. d to Woolf, and When |Orl ha Was Cata=
to its ruling class.
to TigritiOn the Eura0 Carme about When planters who worked O did not ha We Wives alse and Tanilgirls e Wortmen, Ch Cosen for : unaducated, and or by the men whose They were usually -owned estates, (for }rs), and did not join e, which was racially
ry, A 7ala 7oki ly Such a relationship, ator, an Englishman, a second Englishout a third EnglishWoolf's ploy to avoid Corintent - a dewice ther racist storios On about a pretty Sinhaänni, frOfT a "Warre as which understood Ed to LiderStarld Iws her English lower Imple soft little animal et." Celestina begins wornen who can go le loses interest and off her head and 'eal life many such came pregnant, and own people, uneduiden, rejected the hildren; their lowers SEā FCW War WWW77a e Son of SOITETSEet ascription of the setIliance as his friend ibed it to hiri n:
ou Would hawe your
down to table with
me. When we were alone. And you Would always share my bed". "And where would eat when you had
company?" "In your own bed-sitting room." "I understand," she said. "I doubt if you do," replied, "But think you will in time..... What will your father say?" "He will disown me. Ha wi|| say | am
a disgrace to the family." (1678)
The gir eventually became a prostitute and Phillipson blamed her entirely. As I grew up, I came to hate the English for this particular irresponsibility, which epitoTized their lack of concern for those they hurt, The Eurasian community was derisively called "Tea-bush," as the babies Were Said to hawe been Cor Ceived ärldW or delivered behind tea bushes. Because all the original mothers had been chosen for their beauty, and noticed very young, that Eurasian children were unusually Hārldse.
The Over-all Cultural mixir Sri Lanka: Sinhalese, Tamils, Moslems, Burghers of different European originals, Eurasians has resulted in a country where even small towns have one Buddhist temple, one Hindu temple, one Catholic church, Protestant Churches of Warious demonTinations, and one Moslem mosque. The importance of this to literature is that a plurality of beliefs exist, and most people in the Island do not have a personal philosophy developed from the single religion they belong to. From his Writing, Danielseers very comfortable With this multiple lore (124); Woolf is plainly confused by it (Growing 195). The most marked difference in the style of their writing is that Daniel, brought up in this multi-racial World, does not speak of people collectively: "the Ceylonese," "the English," "Women," nor does he generalize about their habits. Woolf therefore Seerts the more diffused, for blanket statements about people abound in his books. It is through his eyes one sees how belittling the habit of generalization is and how difficult it was for colonized people to shake free of racial Stereotyping.
HOW Colonization Works
Ceylon was Colonized by three Europeannationsforits natural resourtes, and

Page 21
because the island was in a strategic position when sea-travel was the quickest Way to CFOSS the globe, Heger Tony can only exist when the dominant group curtails the freedom of speech of the other. lf Group A is to remain in power over Group B, it mustinsist that Group Bunderstand that there is some special desirable quality in Group A which gives it the right to rule, something like superior intelligenCe Ora Divine Right. For Group B to admit inferiority is a si Tia|| sacrifice to make if it will enable you to keep food on your table, of a Wii) of your back. "The beast must obey the commands or die," says A Tierican Chicano poet Juan Herrera. Evertually, however, the tables always turn, and ha contin Les to describe the indigmititas suffered by his own race in their own land "Voices from the underground are er nerging..... as the un rich groW accustomed to the forbidden pleasure of Writing" (23),
Every child who is part of colonization Culture becomes impressed with the idea of an "us" and "them." That there is a lucky SPETT Club WorkS Without Cinifusitör during Survival learning which all young animals initially go through, But when a child Learns to think for himself, and develops intellectually he realizes that What he has been told is Wrong; he senses all are born equal, and has to find a way to live with the lie. He eventually resolves his misgiWings in One of two Ways: he may choose to keep up the charade, or may choose not to. Either way his choice is not simple. If he decides to be one of "us," that is not like "thern," he will find his Iself defending a lie all his life - which is always more stressful than defending a truth. If he decides not to be part of the charadeif he is from Group A, he will find himself labeled as "eccentric," "a hypocrite" or "Stupid"iffrom Group B, a "communist," "revolutionary," or "anarchist." Either Way, he will find himself unable to escape an under-the-skinawareness, at all times, of who is becoming better than whom; even if in his heart he knows such thinking is nonsense. What each person does and says becomes critical in changing his status. Inter-marriage between Groups. A and B Can, therefore, never ble approaChed Casually: marriage has become a Source? Cof Contamination cor purification. Eith Car Way the participants will hawa allerated people of their initial Culture.
A side Effect of SLIch CCT) trQ| 15 thal a The fiber of Group B so Tetimes deliberately tries to lose touch with the identity of his birth race, Culture arid religion. To regain his loss of pride, he may try to become One of the ruling class (the colonizer), Which group is thern caught in a, dilerTırtıla, for the Criterial for "being like ona
of us" is not cant rt List be changed co In academia, for ex be iriwited to partici versities, but is req. method of Writing (al perfect, and easy to t0 a Cadrid: di SCIOLJr teric and SOTIEW Fall pment of the English to a builingual Cultu Sinhalese, is showr dable than being and later to choosing language. Group A DWE Skis C - is better to be light be seen as better ti is superior to being that literary self-c race, Culture, art. WhorÎl is 50ITigthin any form of hegeIT WFC are not ini su: Expression that is ti Sida, ä, Writer Who S live by it, who want harldlt; change, or W his CCinfusio, is TC
In their books, n. admits to an awar chose to align him: CE Jr 2SS OrS - rathi E: a climate of non-o. Trying to improve h Shir Lug S. Coff the reas C.C. S. Eis a Coming stances: "the five ye had changed Tig" "Ceylon' Goverrill Tination for the Ce (7). The "then "Cey Wh0 Or"|Ce Wa5 ITOf: tish, Writes olda t00. Tuch into this, fc rrié à republic, Damit he WOLld prefertore slip Or to become to ba Ceylonese."
Woolf's Writing is
tedad Self-Sci a starting Omission tion against the Jew discussing his Ceylc. TI Čltir he is a Jew, did TÖt SLuffar di SCrimi EVEl his wife Wirgini "How I hated marr; Hated their masa I WÕi jewelry, and their rio: What a slo) I Was' Writing, Sowing, he rents Were Jewish, E fourtigite 1 Filis mothar convincingly," Wher Origer believed in
probable that he rar shness to Ceylon, to

O be obtainable, and "Itinually to remain Sco. ample, Group B may ate in Group As uniired to accept that its hough grammatically understand) is inferior se, a convolute de SOunintelligible develolanguage. To be born "e, say, English and | to be le SS COITIEFJnilingual in English to learn Latin: a dead s and Bs pop-up all become a factor: it lar dark, a male can lar female; to be rich poor. It can be seen consciousness about who-is-batter-thang that comes out of опy, and only people h a system, have an "Lully free. On the plus Bek Struth byLut Carn 0 ! S change but cannot FO SUFFETS FTLICHT TOT reinteresting to read.
gjither Dalia|| Cor Wolf less that When he self with his people's is thlas I Work to Create pression - he was is self-image. Daniel Om for his joining the g together of circumtars spent in the army
he says, "the then it advertiSēd ar exayon Civil Service....." con Government" he, J British thari the Brige. I am not reading Jr when Ceylon becawas asked Whether L'air]his British CitizenDeylonese. He chose
TLICH TOTE COTIV OluLIs than Daniel's, and is of any discriminais in England. When On years, he does not '. It is not possible he ination in England for a Woolf was to write, ing a Jew - how I Ces and their oriental ses, and their Wattles" (500). In his earlier mentions that his paind that when he was Wept, "but not very 1 he told her he no
Jehovah (47). It is | away from his Jewibreak "the Libilical
cord by which I had been attached to my family, St. Paul's, to Cambridge...." (LW. Growing 11). He called the Ceylon expe rig Cenis "Sea CO nd birth."
What each man had done, however, was to abandon his birthright "us" to EECOrle "ther."
To become a Colonial administrator Was to become an instant authority on everything. Young men with no experience in the fields of irrigation, Veterinary medicine, S0-ciology and law, were Seantto Qutstation districts, where respected local elders Were expected to treat all their words and decisions as Coming from God. Within the C.C.S. however, another type of dominance was at Work, for promotion within the service depended on an ability to ingratiate. One self with one's superiors Daniel was particularly inept at keeping his superiors happy for although he was Willing to play the colonial game as well as any Englishmen, he was not an Englishman, and was expected to keep a lower profile. He did not and does not see Ti to have thought of himself as a Ceylonese in his early years with the service. Woolf, on the other hand, quickly psyched out his Colleagues and ingratiated himself with them, and as a result rose quickly out of the lower C.C.S. ranks. But he actually detasted his Superior officers, and quickly came to dislike the Ceylonese too - particularly the Tamils. His letters show a deeply unhappy man. Looking back his says he was very happy when in Ceylon, and titles Һis book Gгоиїл9.
Woolf and Daniel both majored in the Classics, and they must hawe beenaware of how inappropriately qualified they were for their jobs. In Daniel's book he almost begs for Lunderstanding and Says, Tore tlar or CC, he did the best a could. Woolf rationalizes at length the petty tyrant he became but shows on Compassion for those who suffered at his lands. Educated Sri Lankan admirers of his Writing today ignore the arrogant Whipper-snapper he was and also that his fiction showed their people only as uneducated. He is amused that willage headman saWHaley's Comet as a foreteller of evil and made a list of six evils that had Cole to their people since the collet showed. One of the Six was "a lar called Leonard Woolf" (LW. Growing 233). When Woolf returned to Ceylon fifty years later, the country was independent and one headman now freed from Colonial muzzling, left his village to try to explain to Woolf how deplorable his behavior had been that he had not been a just man. He could not penetrate the Englishman's cool:
On Tly last day in Colombo, a man Who
had bear chief head Than of One of the pattus when I Was A.G.A. came to pay
19

Page 22
his respects to me at the Galle Face Hotel. After da sultory COT WEErsationi, hē suddenly said to me: "Do you remember, Sir, When you made me shoot the Buffalo?" I saido, I did not remember it..... "You fined Arachchi 10 rupees for not carrying out his duties as headman..... then you fined him 25 rupees, Ten days later the man came to me with 20 rupees to pay his find, but he could not pay the other 15 rupees and I had to pay it for him. It was too severe, Sir - was it fair, Sir, was it fair?" After 50 years I felt I could not be quite certain of the aflswer. Was it fair? (234)
No, it was not fair, but why could Woolf not seg it? Ata time When Court judgments WETE SOTTetiriles Over 25-Carit disagreeTents (61), and laborers were paid Only 50-cents a day (185), a fine Of 35-Fupees meant Seventy days' Wages to a man who Obviously could not save from this pillarce. In Ceylon, during the British Raj, jobs were so scarce that there Was Orily Ole wage-earner to e Very SEWE T1 people. Fifty years later, a headman Who Woolf does riot honor With a name, Wants to penetrate the Colonial id: but still Carlt,
Reginald Young Daniel (1894 - 1987): Дeaftar to yлy C///arал, autobiography.
Reginald Young Daniel was a diarist, Who becaTie blind in his Seventiles; until then he made a diary entry every day of His acull life. WhEr le Was Eighty-SEWEs his wife, then seventy-sever, read these diaris to hirm, and he LuSed thị ET TO jOL his memory for an autobiography Letter to My Children, which was privately circu|ät Ed.
in looking back on his long life, Daniel could not hawe helped seeing things ir a different light to the way he experienced til ET at til E title. Kant describes this Ps. ICES5.
So far as memories are sensible, they are based upon theassociation of ideas of the past condition of the subject with the present; and although they are not themselves perceptions, yet as a linking together of perceptions in time, they Serve to Conneclina COherent Experience What is no more by Tears of What is present (73).
Letteris long and sometimestedious for it was never edited, and although he his self could Write for hours on a typewriter Without a grammatical or spelling mistake, (something Virginia Woolf's diaries say that Leonard could also do) (MeyeroWitz 17), Daniel's Stenographer Was not always so accurate, I do not know think
{I}
the final text Was EWE Batant lis-spellings to change, but in a . are several spellings difficult to Know if, for Id Pfär ärld CITIE final difficulty is that for Daniel obviously particulary towards t
Daniel called his W detasted her given na it was the nickā, TE War" | Cal. SFIE: preferring it to "Rex," used by his friends a ded her Cof El dog. In senses that they are: in a for II of love play done when they Wei love, and We Sea ti together through ITia! their inability to Sto Other. He describes first year of their man ertibarked on their r Barbie, sick and prag Citin - While he WE England's shoreline Eventually : St. Wird With a Broad Sile a your Wife thinks she like to say goodbyet tes like this show an also that they were : to i jne analher as et charming those With" ČÕ" täCt,
Barbie obviously jolling of her Own du book. She OCC: Sior de Stori65 Liair chi Sometimes, Daniel Warıts T.C. to tell yÜL it is ob WiiCJ LJS Lihat Er Credit. We CanalsTIO in print. "Your mothe Eljut I dj, röITETT1) E way." he occasion Voice TakES Fle te particularly When sh1 sidor of dTEestic de wants Comings and about Sophilarly, love with John their Cook. An English Co Frasers, eriticed Joh a higher salary and in lowe with hir T g
household. Sile Wa employers discover
ie SlEnd S-F's tirade against tended Sek Iew ric Actually she was S cause she now coul Of course, sld Woul her in the first placi the roarce. Barbi

ir read back to hiinili. of names are easy Ountry where there of One Tāne, it is example, a Pereira indiwidual COT EWÖ. A the book is LITE WEEr, became very tired, le ed.
ife, "Barbie," as she m Brtā, CāISB of a German World I called him "Reg" Which was taile 1d family as it refrin
lle Eggk ole osten I jostling each other ", as they must hawe e young and first in 1at what Hald thern ly difficult times was p laughing at each One irl Cident i lle iage, When they had eturn trip to Ceylon. Jnant, stayed in their alt OIT dick, LC) WatChill recede out of sight. esS approachig:cdhirTi id Said, "MT. Då fiil, is dying, and would o you" (72), Anecdoi egocentric Thari but a couple who related quals had a knack Of whom they came into
did some memoryring the Writing of the illy suggests he incluildren would enjoy.
says, "Your mother J about...", at Others wgic is there With Cut st hear them arguing ir says la TinCorrect, or it happening that ally tells us. Barbie's xt Tulti-dimensional, g irisists On the inicli.Iltails SLC as the Sergoings. One Story is a nanny, who fell in * ExCellert Sinha lese uple, the Sutherlandinto their employ with Sophilhamy who was at a job in the sama S Fired Whler. Hier meW ed the TOI Taricë. Bara telephone to Mrs. Sophiharity and preothing about the affair. ecretly delighted bedgether nanny back. dhiavelew'r Hävä ICS:t if she had exposed B was tigrtյftյrÉ mCrE
palrørlizing of Mrs. S-F tham of her serwarts, and as She did tot even try to explaim to the English Woman that Serwants have feelings too - Something she Would hawe Surely darlle if daling With a friend - she shows the gulf she saw between herself and the English. The barrier was always there in place.
This story shows the difference between the way the English (the colonizers), and Dutch Burgher (now a Colonized people), thought of servants. Memmi might be describing the Sutherland-Frasers when he says, "they refuse to consider personal, private QCCurrerlcBS in heir raid's life; that life in aspecific sense does mtiri terest them, and their Taid does Tot exist as an individual" (85).
Daniel's book is the refore nothing like as simple as it seems, but perhaps if he had been able to edit it some of his Crisply stated ITETories Would have been filled in with answers to the questions they provoke. Once you get used to his style hăra 5, however a definite chiarT. ta fiis gift for understatement: "There We met Col. Blandford, who died of hydrophobia because he Would not gi Wa Lup) taking alcohol Wher he was Laking anti-rabies injections, after he was bitten by a rabid dog in Trinco" (151), is never expanded on, and is the only mention he makes of this particular Coloniel.
| hawg had to make a da Cision Whether to stay With after as Written, or to include my own knowledge and memories of the events and stories which are included in it. There is also the fact that Daniel's actual diä fias Hawe been dali Ed TIE, WHITETEās Woolf's autobiography Can ble COTIFarad with diaries and letters of the same period. |have decided only to intrude Typersonal knowledge when it is needed as an explanation, and When I do this it Will be marked by a footnote.
As I do guite from Woolf's biographers, however, | should say something ab OLIt my father as both a colonizer and One Colonized. He was always praised openly by those who worked under hiri but irritated many Dutch Burghers because he outwardly seemed so English. He Was some What of a legend in the C.C.S. a fler he cleared up the Crime in Ratnapura, a district that had the highest Turder rate in Ceylon which country had that time had the highest murder rate per capita in the World. He received no praise from his English Superiors but Tiany Ceylonese of all ethnic origins never forgot to remind us, his children, that he had done a very remarkable thing. He detested disorder Emd SW CTiTTi is the ultiTlate di SCTVdes. Whall asked What he felt was the Worst Crime of all. He replied, "Corruption of the young",
WWIET EFIMMA FAL LAWNDALF

Page 23
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