Page 4
Challenges. A
With Jaffna captured, the harder part be setting up a working administration
Nirupama Subramanian
is the national maroon-yellowA. flag replaced the red-andyellow insignia of the Tamil Tigers in Jaffna on December 5, the eerie emptiness in the once most densely populated town of Sri Lanka Was Only too sombre are inder of What lies ahead. President Chandrika Kumaratunge may hawe Won the battle for the LTTE headquarters, but another battle is yet to begin.
This is the battle for the hearts of the Tamils who fled Jaffna a Tonth ago and are now scattered across the peninsula ad ir areas Of the nilainland COri trolled by the LTTE. If, in the corning days, the GQVernment Is Urlable to ComVince thErm to retur to thair Orles and live Under Colombo's rule, the victory of Operation Riviresa, though unprecedented in Sri Lankan military history, Will be destined to remain pyrrhic.
In an address to the nation after the capture of Jaffna, Kumaratunge made a fervent appeal toits residents toreturn promising that her government Would ensure that they lead normal lives in "peace and security". For that to happen, however, Colombo has to first remove the fear of the LTTE from the hearts of the Tamils and, What is more important, convince them of its own sincerity. Says K. Sritharan of the University Teachers for Human Rights organisation of Jaffna: "Colombo must accept that the Sri Lankan GovernTient has lost its legitimacy among the Tamils and its thrust must now be to regain it."
To that effect, the Government has announced that it intends to restore the civil administration in the peninsula. As
of now, the governn operates from Chaw new administrative from the LTTE. So, and a retirad Senio been appointed in th Kesanthurai to Supe food and essential Civiliars Who rema parts of the peninsul is not expected to flood back into Jaff
What the Gover banking on is the fir Jaffna residents. All that the LTTE contr and its people, Colli paysalaries to gove in the peninsula. M either Working unde Sidor of the LTTE OF S for Work. In additio also being paid. Th dentally, distributed agent in Jaffna,
However, days af red the tOWri, in a Sil pressure the LTTE return, Kumaratung employees Would n their salaries in pers newly liberated Jaffr vuniya town. Those for Work Would face jobs being taken ove crats Who are expe Jaffna from other p. "The LT TE WI|| So decision to let peopl them," says Srithara if the LTTE d’OGS |
head
gins. — /u/ríng civi/sans back and
entagent of Jasna kacheri, the Tigers' Jase, under Orders i retired Bureaucrat army officer have e port town of Kanrwise distribution of items to the 6,000 i te "Cleagad" a. But that, by itself, prompt civilians to
.
ment sggins to be ancial insecurity of through the years olled the peninsula Tibo Continued to irlinent employees 105t Of Em Were the direct superviimply did not report 1, pensioners Were 3 money was, inciby the government
ler the army Capturategy designed to to allow people to jarl Juriced that all 3W live to COI got on in person in the at OWI or from Walwho did not report the threat of their by retired bureauited to be taken to irts of the Country. in have to take a : go or forcibly stop 1. According to him, ot permit them to
return to Jaffna, it could be faced with Unrest that it COLud Well do. Without attle present moment.
Of course, the LTTE will first try its utmost to prevent people from returning to Jaffna. The Tigers office in Killinochchi issuing exit visashas been closed, WHICH ITBars that the LT TE Pas Tada even Vavuniya town out of bounds for the refugees. The Tigers are reportedly planning a new capital at Mankulam, 30 miles north of Vavuniya. It has also anced that Civilian Sir Terrarachi and Wadatharachi Should shift out as the Government's next Towe would be to launch a military operation there. Analysts see this as the LTTE's strategy to prevent an exodus into Jaffna town and other a reas in Walikar Tha T in Case the army continues with its plan to dislodge the LTTE from the eastern part of the peninsula.
SOraterari grterint0 a COfrOntition. With the Tamils at this juncture, the LTTE is expected to allow them to return, and then try to cash in on it. Analysts say that one way it can do this is by infiltrating the "cleared" parts of the peninsula along with the civilians. Subsequently, the Tigers are likely to launch a sustained low-intensity conflict. Just how effective this strategy will be is uncertain since the conflict may endanger civilians, as was evident last fortnight in Batticaloa, where 34 civilians Were killed in an encounter between the LTTE and the police.
Also, there is a growing realisation
Page 5
that though the LTTE can be defeated, it cannot be eliminated. It was, perhaps, in recognition of this that soon after the victory in Jaffna, Kumaratunge, who only last month offered Rs 2.5 crore for information leading to the arrest of LTTE Supremo W. Pirabhakaran, went to the extent of offering the LTTE a government amnesty if it was prepared to lay down arms. Predictably, the LTTE is reported to have rejected this offer.
For the present, however, the Government is going ahead with an "action plan" for the rehabilitation of the few Ciwilliams Who did not Timowe to Then marachi. According to Housing Minister Nimal Sripala de Silva, who is in charge of the Presidential Task Force On Rehabilitation and ReConstruction of the 10thern region, the first priority is to provide food and other essentials to these people.
There are also plans to repair roads and houses as Well as to restore electricity to the region. A plan submitted to the LTTE by the Government during the peace talks early this year envisaged a budget of Rs 3,900 crore for the reconStruction and redevelopment of Jaffna. Much of the money was to be raised in the form of aid from foreign countries. As it is doubtful how many countries will be prepared to come forward to pour money into a region where conflict has not yet been settled, it is expected, for the moment, that a major portion of the estimated Rs 300 crore - the budget for the redevelopment of the entire country in 1996 - Will be diverted to the rլըrth.
However, governing Jaffna effectively is difficult, given that there is no land route between Colombo and the peninsula. Right now, the Government has no control over territory beyond Vavuniya town, with the LTTE occupying large regions in WawUniya and Mannar dis
tricts and COntro Ki||iro:Chichi. With 1 Colombo and Jaff of times, the safes areas of the peni even this is vulner Kumaratunge ha arттned forces may a land route, butt that they will best
Арап from the s Iure civilias back blish a fully workin there, Kumaratun must urgently give proposals for de Wol minority Tamil con consolidate the ga GOWernrilent Shoul draft Of the de w|Ut the Parliamentary (PSC) without del: thamparam, presid TULF, SOLITICS I the legal draft is rea tion to the PSC is a dent's "political int.
Kumaratunge ha government can sta LTTE if it acceptst ge and agrees to a der of arms as opp Surrender Which is earlier. Going by the however, it is very agree to this cond experience with th year, Kumaratunge this. And her stral der Ostrate to the - rudderless and for the first time in there is life after ti is not Only esser Solutior to the eth necessary to pr SLICCESS in Jaffa Colossa Waste of n
Illing Mullaithivu and the airbridge between later UOUs at the best st route to the cleared Insula is by sea. But able to LTTE attacks. S Claired Hat FET "S.O.Ontry to establish here is no guarantee JCCESSfLuI.
hort-term strategy to into Jaffna and estaig civil administration ge, obserVers say, shape to her August ution of powers to the Tirmunity in order to ins of the war. “The now place the legal ion proposals befora Select Committee ay," sayS M. Siwasient of the Oderate the Cabinet say that dy and its presentamāte of the Preslition and timing".
s reiterated that her rta dialogue with the le devolution packaSubstantial" surrenised to a "symbolic" he was demanding Tigers' past record, silikely that they will ion. After her bitter 2 LT TE earlier this is only too aware of gJy IDW Wil HE to Tamils of the north rithout a leadership many years - that 2 LTTE. Doing this all for a long-term iC C0nflict but also vent the military TOT turning into a 21 and resources.
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Page 6
77H/EF MWAA?
“The fear Of the LTE
Laksta facilgat73 le aficiale Схfovo-gočлсяfea fогеду7 v77ілsfer of S7 Lал7ќа, дs a 72їут7// fiy775g/f На Лas fлетел brancia as a falar y the '. ' 'E for is идиsov7 гу7е е//v7іс сол/'c'/л I/7е соtлл/fy: He spoke to Principal Correspondent NirLupama Subrarmanian ßy7 CoMow77ôtro. Excars.
Q. How successfU//7,7 Ve. Wow beter7, given that the L77E has effectively Crippled the Sri Lar7 kar 7 Air Force?
A. Right now, no one in their senses is saying that the LTTE has been wiped out. Their capacity to inflict damage is still there. But though they can bring down a plane, they hawe lost Jaffna.
LSKCLCL YLY L0L CLS CCLLCLLCLCLL LLLLLLLLeLTLLLLS se foguerrilla actics and Tyro desta(se the east, Do your forces have the resources fo /ho/d Jaffî7a ir 7 defir felly
ялd ffgy/faguerr///: Gr7d7 tieg east?
A. We are prepare. ple Were saying all Could never taka J пеver make any p| LTTE if the Oth. All confounded. The myt cibility has been very if not destroyed.
Q. The GJyer.TTTë o/a/e/yafїегfakfлgy place an administra ாவிcy Who is ரக асfлт/лfsfraf/ол Алт /
A. There are plen existing GA (govern His Tén, an irimens on the Government years have been di doing nothing. Alth be activated.
“Colombo should stop th
C TL LS CCLTTTCL LCLCuLCCLCLCCOTL LuHCHCCCCCHL0S rated as Heroes' Week ty. Sri Lankan 77/77ú5 LrsJos, so,75/7 W/S/TLSrSF. SL00L0SYCuGL LaLC CLY L0L SLLLLLLlLLLLLLlLLLLLLLLCLuHuLu LYLTL ђу Wie Sї Lалќал Агулу ИИїїh the arүту лоиу иWтуяMy Wт солло/ of Mafffла, g/Qолт Лas gгjpped W7е соутw77шліїу. Ол Wоиетbar:26, Алroү7, ARaya, a Keyттеатрғr of the Д77Es fлferла/ала/ /hierarchу алd fл Charge of its UK operations, spoke to ÄœLW77-aŇsto Pankaj Pachauri W7 Low7a7o/7. Exсад/s:
Q. After the fa/Vof affa, where does the L7 WEgo?
A. LTTE activists are freedom fighters. We will continue our task against the Sinhala nation. Tamils are joining our ranks in overwhelming numbers; they are fleeing the genocide and the massacre in Jaffna and are going into areas controlled by the LTTE.
О. Иfy has the International corn
л77шл//улоѓахfелc'є L 7 7TE dauringy forego ci!
A. Because the WI ing out Journalists Jaffna and all their through one Tilitar a ra dozers of TW Cr are not allowed to g back the picture of s
Q. E.Liffje Govar, ( / "F57) г7fгла7//cora/co/7/ ала that is или fr)
A. Definitely not. ment) have de To fabrica ting stories E terrorists, We are fre
Cl. Вtлf yош Лаиє
77s.
A. We hawe gw: is the job of the arm
|ust be broken'
— Lakshлтат Каа/frgaтar
war /7 the Jungles
for everything. Peonese years that we ffna. That We Carl ogress against the hi, OSB, Critics arer 10W of the LTTE's invirSeverely damaged,
7t says thaf i'r 7f77eaffirma, it wW set 7 fo7 foi esfredg to run this civil iffրa F
ty of civilians. The ment agent) and all e number of people payroll who all these awing salaries and ose people will now
Q. But do you see the 77Ea/foising
737 o do s?
A. Our army is perfectly capable of taking care of that situation. We are no longer interested in the prophets of doom. The fear of the LTTE must be broken.
О. Ноиу лтису of a исfoлy As It fo тагc/7 fлtoал алтріуJaffла?
A. Whether the city is empty or not has nothing to do. With the military operation, People must come back one day. I don't see the people forever living intents when they can corne back to their homes. But first, Jaffna has to be made Safe, civilian administration must be put in place and then the people will decide whether to comeback. We expect the LTTE to try its hardest to prevent thern from doing so.
...)
e genocide'
- Anton Aafa
а/алуsuддолтfof/7е
ffrae'r offee?'r 15f We??
Colē trLuth is not çQ IT
are not allowed in for Tlation is coming ' spokes Tian. There 2WS in Colombo Who to Jaffna and bring Luffering.
777er as CMedite ft Do you (Wink tra 7 Liv"7 sity Win7ks sa foo
Mafio
They (the Goverised the LTTE by gainst us. We aren't edomfighters.
ANNNed" Sir 7f7f7/27 Chwil
'killed Civilians. This y's death Squds who
hawe put the blame on us. The Gowernment is putting a wedge between the two COTITUnities by providing guns to Sinhala Civilians.
О. ИWhy are you agаїлsr леgoffа//p/s?
A. Our position is that issues concerning two nations have to be negotiated by the two parties in conflict. The Lankan Government is talking only to Tamil MPs. They should talk to the LTTE.
O. Wilfare ecolos?
A. We have no Conditions. The GoverT) ment Should prepartean environment for talks by conceding the demands of the Tamils. One, they should unconditionally withdraw the army from the north and east and stop the genocide. They should lift the ban on the Supply of foodstuffs and Tedici to Jafā. TīēS are cric555 to Tamil people, not to the LTTE. If they do that, we are ready to talk.
Page 7
Dwindling support in
G. C. Sekar
MADRAS
hen Colombo began to step up
the pressure om the LTTE, most political parties in Tamil Nadu were quick to seek New Delhi's interwention to put an end to the hardships of the Tamils of Jaffna. As the Tigers Scored initial Victories, like downing Sri Lankan air force planes, their leaders and much of the Tamil press hailed the Tigers. But with the Sri Lankan Army pushing into Jaffna, they are squir Thing With embarrassment, though, publicly, they urge for a halt to the Wir,
Once upon a time, pro-LT TE posturing was a good way to fetch votes in the state. FOr financial sustenance and politiCalleverage, the LTTE had cleverly exploited tle Drawidiari leaders' Weakness to be seen as protectors of Tamils. First, they had M.G. Rarachandrar on their side. In
1987 they disowned ted the IPKF offers build bridges with t midhi.
When the DMK CE the Tigers began te Iun ||1||E state, The upand the Tigers se ture Weapons and g Kar Lumanidhi SCOffed ings even thoughT sed their benevole dOW1, 13 Irmen Tibeg: IS ding its leader Padr of Madraig. He also it for te IPKF or its T, |Ot Welcome a fOrg Ta T1 il brothers arid s the price for the LT the Chandra Shekha pressure from the CC his gOwerTırment.
Shiraz Sichva
fied items and continuditics.
10 years ago.
is Unly 3.4 per cent.
than competing with each other.
Iministry.
South Asian nations take first st
NEW EH
he seven member nations of the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operatitJIN (SAARC) took their first step towards creating a regional trade bloc by launching the SAARC Preferential Trading Arrange Ilent (SAPTA). The accord provides for tariff reductions on speci
Political differences have marred economic co-operation in the region since SA ARC - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives - was set up
Though there is substantial informal trading, official trade among SAARC countries as a percentage of total world trade
The dismantling of trade barriers under the World Trade Organisation is astrong reason for the si LuthAsian Countries to work more closely. SAARC Countries are major textilië exporters, and could benefit from trading as a bloc rather
The potential for economic co-operation is tremendous", says Mr. Teijinder Khanna, secretary in Indias con Interce
Analysts describe the SAPTA agreement, reached with great difficulty, as a "token beginning". Member countries have identified 226 items for tariff reduction, but implementation of the pact will depend on bilateral relations between
Tann i Nadu
him after he suppor'3. But were quick to DMKS M. Kā L
me to power in 1989,
епјоy a virtual free Castline was opened up units to manufacrenades in the state. at opposition Warngers had embarrasit host by gunning of the EPRLF, incluarabha, in the eart oycotted a reception aturn, saying he "will that had killed his sters". Later, hepaid Econnection, when Lr government, under ngress (I), dismissad
After the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, the Tigers lost much of the sympathy of the Indian Tamils. Later, the Jayalalitha Government banned the LTTE and ensured that it received no organised or substantive assistance. They, however contnued to get moral support from parties such as the PMK. DK and MDMK. In fact, the MDMK president, W. Gopalaswamy, has gone on record saying the LTTE did not assassinate Rajiv, "Till the courts give the final verdict, they cannot be held guity," he recently said.
Ironically, those who criticised New Delhi for aggressive intervention in 1987 are the ones who are now demanding that India play a role in the war. But New Delhi has been silent So far, aware perhaps of the mess it got into barely a few years ago.
ep toward creating trade bloc
the countries, notably India and Pakistan, which have so far not been able to resolve their mutual hostility.
India has agreed to grant tariff concessions on 106 items, With lower tariffs on 62 of these reserved only for the least developed countries in the region.
Pakistan has announced concessions on 35 items, Bangladesh 12, Nepal 14, Sri Lanka 31, and Bhutan 11. Analysts say the value of concessionary imports is less than 7 per cent of trade between SAARC countries.
A group of Indian and Pakistani businessmen are convinced that improved trade relations between the countries will help resolve the diplomatic impasse caused by political issues such as Kashmir. .
According to estimates by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), India exports goods worth S 650 m a year to Pakistan, of which only S150 m is official. The rest is routed through a third country, or
Smuggle'd.
"Indian consumer goods have a ready-Inade market at their doorstep in Pakistan", says an Indian industrialist who manufactures rubber tyres smuggled into Pakistan, i.
"It is absurd that textile machinery, for instance, is made in India, and exported to Pakis Ları through Europe. But diplomatic relatiu Ils al re so bilad between our two countries that trade is an obvious casualty".
Page 8
Pause, Not Peace
Army recaptures Jaffna, but the War isn't over yet
Malik de Siw
of the first time in five years,
Sri Lanka's flag, depicting a swordwielding golden lion, was hoisted over the Ctrl of Jaffa Om DeCerimitēt 5. Tha CEľETI Cry, broadcast liwe om State-ru radio, marked the government's recapture of the northern city from Tamil separatists.
Despite the victory - a turning point in the government's 12-year-old campaign against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam — what President Chandrika Kumaratunga has called the "War to win the place" is far from over. The civil War is expected te) drag on in the jungles that Cover parts of the northern Tainland outside the Jaffna Peninsula.
For their part, the Tamils hawe w owed to continue attacking areas in the north and east of the Country and have stepped up their recruitment campaign. Just hours after the army's flag-raising, the Black Tigers, a suicide squad of Tamil rebels, struck at a military base in Batticaloa, a district in the east of the country. They killed 23 Commandos in the army's Special Task Force, for the loss of at least 28 of their OWI cadres.
On December 8, the president told reporters the government planned to secure a land route through the peninsula. So that the reconstruction of Jaffna can begin. "We Will open a land route the same way We took Jaffna town," Kumaratunga said. Asked whether that Ileant anothermilitary offensive, she answered: "We Will see."
Two days later, hundreds of elite police cos IITiandos, backed by the air force and arly troops, fanned out in eastern Sri Laika ir a Search-and-destry missign agains Tärnil guerrillabases in the jungle, "The idea is to keep the terrorists on their toes," says Brig. Sarath Munasinghe, the military's chief spokesman.
Now Kumaratunga Will| hawe to maintain a very tricky balance: keeping the military
This Writer is for TTIEF Editor ut LFG LAMY Y WEES, Colombo. The article appeared in thic F.E.E.R.
pressure On tO cOax negotiations, while ITI, rity Sirhalese don'ttu population.
So far Kumaratung that the military victor the "terrorist". Tigers, pulation of 2.5 millio tCLSands of WOT flee the WarzCoreai Tid, refugee camps, most porĒSicilerint also di SCOU celebrations by the S to prevent Tamils frof and to er ICourage thi heartland. Colori ib0 that Simha lese rejoicia nerate into attacks or
In an address to t lLurtiga Coffer 3d a ne am| But she said the Col resolved through dial hāS ini di Cated She's Wii With the Tigers if they tion package her gow, August and agree to a S a "Sub, Staffitia || SUrri Tigers pulled out of . ending a six-month tr
Moderate Tamil p, Ku Taraturligato pours. O Eld the WaT. Tal See a Cea Sefire, arhidr third-party mediation, ment has so far reject
T = T | Urgij L. the army's capture C aCCompanied by poli the bloodshed, M. Si, TULF's president, ex. lings about the march that the troops enter di SCLISSed as the "Cap! has caused a great de Tarmi people, The g. SOTI ethirrig to a SS-Jage: the Tamil people."
One step towards t be for the govern Then
the Tigers back into aking sure the majoIf n against the Tamil
a hlas BTiphasi Zed y at Jaffna was over not the general poT Tä Tiilis — tēTS of have been forced to are living in Crowded lly in the north. The raged fireworks and ir 53 in Effgt TI feeling humiliated
et repeatedly Warned 1g should not dege
Tails.
The El til, Kumaranesty to the Tigers. nflict could only be ague. Kumaraturliga Illing to resume talks " aClCept the de woluE IT FTE IT LI Il Wied ir What SledgSCrigs ErldEr Gf ärfis." TFlg eace talks in April, LJE.
arties are pressing Idarlautonomy բlan | MPS WOLld likigt many of thern favour
which the governEd,
iberatif Frölt 55aid If Jaffna should be tical moves to stop VĒSithiad Tipiši ra, the JPGSSECi Tä Tills TEgal Jaffrä: "Thig fact ing Jaffna is being use of "fall of affilia at of anguish to the JWestlifiërit ITUSt d.0 2 the hurtfeelings of
his, he says, would t to place a form of
its devolution package before a parliamentary select committee. The LTTE has not bought the package, and it is opposed by Sinhalese extrertists and a section of the Country's influential Buddhist clergy. But liberals have called it fair. Deputy Defence Minister Amuruddha Ra Watteg told a local newspaper reporter that the govern Ilest's political package must be fully impleriented for peace to be achiewed. He said the Tilitary's success at Jaffna can be considered "the beginning of the end."
So far, the Tamil Tigers hawe rejected KLJr na ratunga's arTunesty offer. In a statement issued from his L'Ordo Coffice aS Jaffna was falling to the army, LTTE cadar W. Prabhakaran vowed the Tigers Wouldn't participate in peace negotiations "imposed at the point of a gun-subjecting itself to military presure."
Jaffna had been the base of the rebels' civil administration and the de facto goveIITiant for about 1 million Tamils since Indian peacekeepers withdrew in 1990. Prabhakaran, however, Called the Tamils' decision to abandon the city a "tactical Withdrawal against an onslaught of heavier fire-power and airpower." Although a devastating blow to their drearms of Eelam, ar independent Tamil homeland, "today's setbackistomorrow's Victory," he declared, "The invasion of Jaffna is a gigantic historical blunder made by the Chandrika regiFTIE."
Prabhakaran also boasted that the Tigers had made the army "paya heavy price for its advance" during the 50-day Operation Riviresa (Sunshine). Although the rebels are thought to hawe lost about 2,000 fighters, the army also took a pourdislig, with more thiar 500 dead.
President Kumaratunga doesn't seem fazed. "The govern Ilent can crush and eliminate the LTTE," she told reporters. "We don't want to eliminate anybody or any group if they fall in line with peace. if they Want to fight US, we have no option."
Page 9
The Rapid Expansion
Humayun Kabir
nother aim was to prevent the
Sri Lankan security forces fronInachiewing military victory by destabilising the island by means of proxy War. In Tamil Nadu, both AIADMK and DMK, apart from their sympathy towards the TULF, had their clients among the militant groups. DMK had promoted the TELO led by Sabaratnam, while the AIADMK had supported the powerful LTTE led by W. Prabhakaran.
The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Indian foreign intelligence agency that functions under the Indian Cabinet Secretariat, Was also in Wolwêd in the Sri Lanka affairs. It helped and arried the Tatil Tilitants of Sri Lanka in Tamil Nadu. Contrary to popular belief that New DĒīdidntu S attētīt 5ī Lākā until the outbreak of Violence in July 1983, India was indeed concerned about the island nation's foreign policy orientation and about the increasingly deteriorating ethnic scenario. RAW covertly recruited the Tamil refugees in Tamil Nadu, trained them in espionage and sabotage in India and sent then a Cross into Sri Lanka to spy om foreign na Val PTIQVerments in the Trini COmāle5 hartJOLJr and defence installations in the north-east of the Country. In 1982 agents of the RAW recruited the TELO, which reportedly had a large criminal element and was politically unsophistcated having no goals and ideology. After the July carnaga, RAW began to recruit undreds of Tenbers of the five Tamil militant groups. By late 1984, hundreds of trained fighters were back in Sri Lanka Where they mounted acts of sabotage against governTient facilities and killing of civilians. By 1986, the nuTiber of Indian trained Tani militants exceeded 20,000 and India used the Tilitant factor to prESSurise Sri Lanka to change its foreign policy direction and to be able to exercise influence One island's do TleSticiSSLeS pertaining to the ethnic conflict.'
India also attempted to pressurise Sri Lanka at international leyel, The for Ther attempted to arouse international public opinion against the later, Atthe UNCornmission on Hunan Rights, a resolution was passed on 13 March 1987 conderning both the government of Sri Lanka DLLLLLL LL0 LLL LLLLL LLLSL LaLL KLLLLaaL of Human rights. In late May 1987, when Sri Lanka launched a major offensive
against the Tilitar messages to its abroad to influenc governments to pl. lombo governir Ten its military operati negotiating table."
On its part, Sri all its eggs in the sponsored mediat neously, she pursu Solution to the gtInn of the Goverther have been prompt tions. One was tha! se, Sri Lanka Woul itself from India's island's interial as was that the stilitary redundant LE: "Um the Colombo gove Wise be obliged to Tamil Tinority. For able to militarily CI gency, the UNР go Jayewardene took Larika’s (Tilitary po ding its armed force Support from non |TlClujded India's adj,
The size of Sri L. grew Very rapid y sin Contingent in 1983 force becarne quite 1987. The defice in Crea Sed Over the föld frÖIII. R.S. 500 | 10,000 milioni in 19
Sri Larkii"5 milita forge such links W. Extra-regional COur With Pakistan, Chi the U.S.A., Sri La The Sa SOLIrCes in ti ning for its armed ! Supply of arms and: received froT Pakis: military hardware M-16 rifles and fou Beside supplying W that Pakistan train Sri Lankan militar insurgency operati 1985"“7, which Cor. Lanka Peace ACCO 1987. China was
if the Army
; in Jaffna, India sent diplomatic missions their respective host pressure on the Coto induce it to cease ns and come to the
anka also did not put basket of the Indiain process. Simultald the option of military : crisis. This approach of Sri Lanka might 2d by two consideraby following this Cour| be a bol C to exOfThera te
in WCW met in the airS. And the SECOrld Solution would render Le Concessions that FITTET WOLld Coth Ermake to the country's the purpose of being us the Tamil insurog frihet of President steps to beef up Sri Wer by way of expanSandenlistingilitary Indian Sources that "Er Saries.
anka's arTTEt forces Ce 1983. Frörina Srshall the island's defence sizeable in mur Tiber by budget of Sri Lanka years nearly twenty |01 || 1977 l'ORS. 37.146
y links or attempts to h both regional and tries included those a, Britain, Israel and za sought help from :'''for'TT1 Cf millary tralirCes personnel, and TTL riitil, Sri Lakäi ancertain quantity of cluding AK-47 and helicopter gunships. 2apons it is believed di Certain mur Tiber of officers in Counterns during the year nued until the Indowas signed in July he of the important
powers which supplied arris to Sri Lanka in considerable quantity. This suppl included patrol boats and assault rifles."
A small quantity of arris including Cougar patrol boats, rifles, ammunition and armoured cars was flow into Sri Lanka from Britain. The British government denied that it had supplied them and maintained that Colombo had obtained the armis or a Commičarcial basis, But former SAS personnel serving the Jerseybased private security organisation, Keeney Meeney Services (KMS), had been involved since 1984 in training the Sri Lankan security forces in Counter-insurgency tactics. These mercenaries left Sri Lanka in March 1987. While it is difficult to establish Wether or not the British als līd KMS Tēcgāri Cat Si Lākā with official blessing, the fact remains that the source of this help to the beleaguered government of Sri Lanka was an extraregional great power.
It was mentioned earlier that in keeping With its pro-Western proclivity, Jayewardena's UNP government sought U.S. security guarantee against possible threat from India. Following the July 1983 ethnic violence, it was strongly suspected that the USA was planning to become involved in Sri Lankan affairs. This speculation was prompted by a series of mutual visits by the dignitaries of the USA and Sri Lanka in the years 1983-86. Casper Weinberger, the US Secretary of Defence, made an Unscheduled Visit to Colombo in October 1983. Warnon Walters, the US Ambassador at large, carine to Sri Lanka twice, in December 1983 and in December 1984. Thẽn Came the Visits of Joseph Atldabo, Chairman of the House Defence Appropriations Cof IITittee, and HOWard B. Schafter, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, in January and February of 1984 respectively. It may be recalled here that during the same period, Sri Lanka hastened to Conclude Certain deals with the USA which carried strategic implications. The Indian government felt that the visits Were intended to express US support to the Jayewardene regime and feared that it would only encourage the hardliners in the UNP Cabinet to adopt a tougher line towards the Tamils.'
India's apprehensions increased When Jayewardene Visited the USA in Juna
7
Page 10
1984 amidst speculation that he was going to sign a defence pact with the WēStar T1 superpower. His powerful NatioTal Security Minister, Lalith Athulah mudali, went to Washington in January 1985 and again in June 1986 with a request for military assistance. Although these visits apparently drew a blank, there were reports that US mercenaries helped Sri Lanka's security forces in their fight against the Tamil militants.' Moresignificantly, Sri Lanka's Israeli Connection made the US role in the island more CCtrOWgrigial.
Israel supplied arms to Sri Lanka and SEril 1ls iritaligence agency, Mossad, for internal Security and Counter-insurgency purposes. There were speculations that Israel was serving as America's front in Sri Lanka and that MOSSad Was Substituting for the CIA. These stemmed from the Way Israel extended its support to Sri Lanka. It was reported that arms and arTTILJinition Carne from Israel by Lummarked Hercules aircraft and Mossad operated in Sri Lanka through an Israeli "interests Section" in the US ernbassy. This interests section had a staff of 25 and a regular Courier service between Colombo and Tel Aviv." India was greatly concerned at the involveilert of Israeli cornmarldogs instrengthening the intelligence gathering and operational efficiency of the Sri Lankan security forces. As a matter of fact, foreign involvement in Sri Lanka Was Construedas interwention by proxy, putting India's security interests at Stake.'
All these developments took place against the background of regular clashes bet Ween the Sri Lankam security forces and Tamil militant groups. The UNP leadership tended to believe that the problem was one of terrorism which essentially had to be put down militarily. The militants also, particularly the LTTE, were determined to fight for their cause. They occasionally SUCCEeded in their battles against the government forces and by the end of 1986, the LTTE Virtually ran a parallel adlinistration in the Northern Province. About that time, they also hit upon the idea of a unilateral declaration of independer ige (UD) for the north of the Island. In an attempt to preempt such a UDI, the government of Sri Lanka imposed an economic and Communication blockade On the Jaffna peninsula on 2 January 1987, and sent troop reinforcements into the area.
The er Tibargo caused Considerable ha
rdship to the civilian population in Jaffna. As the situation in Jaffna continued to
8
deteriorate, India Gandhiserl Dinash emissary on 13 Mar He let Psic expressed India's response the Sri E TITOUT CEd 3 UTiti days beginning fron the Violence esCalal EROS Spurned this tWo Tilosti bon Luta Tia 2. 18 ,17 חס people main bus station a Trini Comalee to Co ment retaliated borTıbir1gs and attac from 20 дpril 185
The government ( demned the agrial Tiilitary actions of thill forces in Jaffra. Ti Tair mil Nadu, M.G. R. ted by declaring inth he Would allocate 3 to "freedom fighter: added that he wou through the Sri Lan Nadu to be distribut not through the Lanka. The Jayey wie Wed this drlöLr and direct military as Causing strains in the ship. President Jaye SUCI a SCIelāri), la tu beration' on 26 May raciċli diwission of Li in Order to regain c. By the end of May, th had gained Control C Were heavy casualtie the question of the C. Tri Tl Erit for Ces to si peninsula and ther red debateable, o time a rumour spre: Sri Lankan forces We Dr D läkë Jafffa.
7 to C.
Noten
1 - FUTEIS DE II
CBS in Sri Lage: Inilir, JITILIT Sri Lair gari:AETICS, Su Figurdi, Calcimbi, * SriLHiriki F35ÇO, Pp, S Tha Peace Trap. 1989, p. 14-15.
145. Tim C25 of Indiau Pig yw I
1E.
1dB. See Military Balance,
Years.
147. India. Today, MuwDg
1 B. F. Wikill:51, LTLF)
Prime Minister Rajiv Singh as his personal h 1987 to Colombo.
Jayewardene and grave Con Cern, in Lankan government ral CEa Sefire for ten 12 April. However, Ed as the LTTE and far and perpetrated SSacres of Over 300 1 April in Colombo's ld on the road from ombo. The governWith ildiSCrirlinata Ks by security forces
findia strongly con
attacks and other 3 Sri Lankan security le Chief Minister of amaCharldrän, reaCstate Assembly that 2. Tı illion US dollar:S " ir Sri Lanka. He ld channel this fund karı Tamils in Tamil gd in Sri Lankā, and government of Sri Warder he government Cement as an open sistance to the LTTE, Indo-Lanka relationIwardene, faced with F1 chield 'Coperatiori Li1987 in the Wadamahe Jaffna peninsula, introl of the area.'" e government forces if the area, but there es con both Sides and apability of the goveLibjugate the entire olding on toitappeaHowever, about this ad in Jaffna that the repreparing to move
ie
Cill India's inteligence ageriE, Fiohan GLIlaratria, Iridian ka: Tij. Role of India's li Italihi Asien NETWYork Cin Cğınıflitt | 993; Rajeshi Keadian, India's |E-112:P.S. Suryanarayana, 1,55, Time Tiagazine, 3 April
elhi, 14 Marchild 30 May
ISS, LICHTIT, CFLhCrugyanıt
hii, 31 A Lugust 1945. "Foreignlrwovemantin Sri
14g,
15,
151.
53.
5.
55.
156.
15.
8.
Lanka", The RoundTable, No.323, January 1989, D. Ei.
bid p. 53.
L S KLMLLLLLLLLSLLLaLaSLLMMLLLLLLLL LL Lanka, op.cit., p. 89. Duringhis vist lathGUSA inJanuary 1957. India's LLLLLM LLLMC S KL SS LLCLLLMuLLOLLLS LLLLLL LT LL LLM LLL LLLLLLa0LLaaLLLLLLLLLKS ry of State, Michael Artacost Hindu, Madras, 1B January 1987.
FC details about Sri Linkia's Israël Connection, SEG FLIFEgin Report, Lordkorn, 23 August 1984, pp. 5-5. Accordirig lokalär studas, HäIsräglicortiggLLLLLL LLLLLK L LLLLLLLTL LLLLLLLL0aLamLLeLLLLS LLLLLLKS LLLL L L0KS LLLLLLLLS LCLT LTTT L LeeHuHLLueHLL YYS LLLLLL LL LLL LLLLLLLLSSaLLLLLLLSrSS SLLLLLS SLaSS 2, 15 May 1988, p. 10, See also Jarie Hurtar,"Sir L LL LLLLLLLK LLLLLL LLL LLLLHLHHLS S LLLLL S 0LLLHHLLL Walters Paves the way for Mossad" in ibid., pp. 11-13. AIgJotEd III Partha S. Ghosh, Cateriön Eric Conflict Kr7 Scorff 4sia, op. Cit-, p. 175.
LLLLLL LLLL LLLuuuLLLLLL LLLLLLLLMH HLHHLLLLLLL S LMLLLLL and India's Corcarris, S.D. Muni, "Sri Lanka's Ethnic Convulsions". MainstrBarn, New Delhi, Annual|1984, pp. 51-52,
Such opinion is held by several scholars. For Exampla, Rita Manchanda, "Sri Lanka Crisis: ConLL LL LLLLL LHHLLLMS KLLLLLLLLM LMLLOOSSSLLLLLLS New Delhi, Wol. IX, August 1985, p. 586; C. RBjä Mohan, "The vast global reach through proxies, Hindu, Madras, 14 July 1937; Ashok Kapur, "Indijini foreign policy, perspectives and preşert predicarTi ĝisnls", The FRJ Lund Tablo, Löfidon, No.2:35, July 1985, p. 239. Thérgis, HL-Weyer, än Opposite view which contends that the US policy took na sarious part in the Sri Lankan crisis and left it to India's managfäffäril. Seg F. Weinkälgswuf Fa), FLF reign lin WolwB-Tigrilin Sri Lanka", op.cit., pp. 88-10), Lanka, Guardiin, CCT lb-0, Wol, 10, No. 1, 15 Juni 1937, p. H.
Ibid.
President Jaya Wardare salid: "We hawe decided to fight that and WB will go on until they win or We win", Andrew Tarnowski, "Military Option", Linka GUETdIEn, Colombo, Wol. 10, Nlo,3,1ure 1987, p. 3. Corrier iting on the operation, Lalith Alth LlathiTudali said: "We Willi prove to tham Lihat ligy Cannot possiblyachivetheiraimsbyvolunce LMSaS LLMaa LLSLLMLL LLLLLLLCC LLLLL LL LLLLLLLTLML of political Sallgrrents". Mervyn de Silva, "Us:P: Offensive in the North Enid Defensive in the South", Larnika, Guardian, Color Tibet), Woll, 10, No. 3, 1 Junig 198了,p.3
27 soldiers were killed and 15. Wouried, Will
0LL LLLLLL CCLL LLLLLLLLYYLLLHHLLLLLLLLO LGGLL LLSS La Island, Collkor Tibo, 30 May 1957. Opinions among LLLLLLLHHHS LLLLLLOLLLLLLLLHMMMLCCLL LL LLLLLL about the succuss of the "Opiration Liberation" Varied. Song were of the view that the military thrust Was a great success and the island gave frient was about to be successful in militarily LLGGaL LLLLLLLLSLLLtaLLLLLLL0LLMLLLtMLS nad that although the Wada Tarachidi operation was successful, the government troops would not have been able to hold on to their gains in a turritory inhabited by slite population, Thru was a third dirTargir lo the whole episcida. And that Washia SrTeeler Tants in the Sri LinkFanar TedfoXfjCES gali through thc: Thessaga tio President Jay-EWWEardam that they were not willing to fighlarly longer. These LLLLLL LL LLLLL LCLLMCCCLLGGLC CCLLCLLOLmCLLLLK and discussions in May 1991 Luid January 1995 with a cross-section of policy-makers and opinion builders ir Sri Larik
Page 11
FEG/OW
Deadline for feud of Bang
Mark Nicholson
fter 20 months of a paralysing
political feud Tarked by boycotts, parliarientary resignations, strikes and rising violence, Bangladesh's politica||eaders - Tore precisely the "two ladies", Mrs Khaleda Zia, the Bangladesh Natiorialist party prise minister, and Sheikh Hasina, leader of the opposition Awami League - have been given a deadline tra C1 a CCCITTIOdati01.
Mr Justice A K M Sadaque, the Courtry's chiefelection Commissioner, con Sunday set an election date for January 18. The data is tot immutabla. The two Women could agree to defer polls - though no later tham February 20 under the present Constitution.
But the announcement begins a constitutional countdown against Which the two WOITICI TUSL decide Whathgrto allOW a Vote to settle their increasingly debilitating impasse of see the Country lurch into Constitutional Crisis, civil disorder and economic dislocation.
If the row cannot be satisfactorily reSolved, the biggest losers are likely to be Bangladesh's 120 m generally poor բtՃբla,
Whatever Ils alleged sins, the présent government had been successful instabilising the economy, deregulating trade and industry and freeing a business sector - notably in the booming garment industry - which has pushed economic growth above 5 per cent and raised exports by a third.
But the recent series of lengthening arias, or political stoppages, called by Sheikh Hasina and her opposition partners, the Jatiya party and the Jamaat-e- Islami, hawe already Started to threaten Bangladesh's fragile economy.
The stoppages, though manifestly unpopular With the mass of poor daily-Waged labourers, traders and frustrated businessmen, have been enforced by gangs of stone-throwing "supporters".
If their demands remain Ulmet, Sheikh Hasina says, the opposition will call an indefinite road, rail and air blockade. This
Would be a severe SBClOr – thÜ ÇÖu industry.
"The tragedy is th When the Country F raise its growth rate towards 7. Or 8 par motoring", says a lost opportunity, tř getting in the Way".
The disp|Lute centr Clair that "free a impossible under Timent. They woL claims, only if MrsZi resigned and an ele a "neutral Cara täkEI
The Callas Elec political Tantra sinc began boycotting բ tWO Smaller oppos by-election in Mar CF ges the BNP Womfr by Wote rigging.
Her party resigni assembly which w Wember 24, requirin
MirS Zia has sof:: demands, arguingt government" is po. d:S1'5 CO13tituiOl. EJCF EENF 1 A 1991 poll thalusFier popular protests HUSSain MohäTim administration.
SHE Has offergdt before the election: says Sheikh Hasina
To date, the dist WCTel OWI is si irrILIISctFl8 löst
Sir Ninian Stephe liar lawyer, spent fo year on a Conrn Tission, leaving bola ir passe largely at S fting feet, Banglade: Tost publicly the Equally Luri SLICCESS TIL
gladesh's
blow to the garments ntry's biggest export
at this Comesata til las the Opportunity to from about 5 per cent cent - to really get diplomat, "Interns of le politiCS are really
as or Sheikh HaSira'S ld fair" Elections are Mrs Zia's BNP goveild be possible, sh9 a and her government ction Were held under
government".
OTTE Sikh Hasil's eslie and her 90 MPs arliament, along with ition parties, after a 1994. Which she alleIn the Awami League
ad from the 330-seat as dissolved or Nogpolls Within 90 days.
arresisted opposition Tät To Such "Ca retak CET ssible under Bangla
This was agreed by Wami League after the 2din democracy when forced out Geral 2d Ershad's military
O Stand down 30 days S. Not good enough,
.
ust between the two gle point has porowed strenuous diplomacy.
n, eminert AustrāLur fruitless Weeks, last Wealth Conciliation for the continued Fikh HaSi3'S UITSFish's main aid donors, JS, Hawe since, and lly, taken up the case.
"two ladies'
Much of the problem, Dhaka's political commentators point out, is personalrather than political. Enmity dates from the earliest of Bangladesh's power struggles. Sheikh Hasina's father, General Mujib, who founded the country after a war of independence against the Pakistani gowernment, Was assassinated by army officers in 1975 while Mrs Zia's then husband, General Zaiur Rahman, was a senior figure in the military. General Rahman later became head of state and was himself assassinated.
Bitterness and suspicion deriving from perceived historical Wrongs arguably separate the two Women far Tore than policy differences between their parties,
On economic policy, for instance, Sheikh Hasina easily admits that there "isn't much difference" between them.
The prospect of Bangladesh's 52 m Voters going to a contested poll in January therefore seems to depend on the two finding a face-saving formula.
However, if Sheikh Hasina and her political partners boycott the election, says Justice Sadeque, he could be forced to abandon it. In such circumstances, Other officials even suggest that the army might feel obliged to intervene and hold elections under the "neutrality" of martial law.
More likely is an attempt to fudge a Semi-Constitutional solution, where by Mrs Zia Would announce her resignation and entrust the president, the former BNP speaker of the house, to create a short-term election=holding administration under his waguely defined "residual POWes'.
It is Widely felt-by all but party officials - that While both the BNP and Awami League hawe lost Support during the ргоtracted feud, the unpopularity of the hara's has hurt. Sheikh Hasina more.
On the evidence of the past 20 months, a poor performance in contested polls are likely to do nothing to persuade Sheikh Hasina, adamant that she speaks for the Tajority, that the polis Could possibly hawa been free and fair.
Page 12
WF
New Challenges
How can organizations such as the MF, the Wo, — be refо777еo/fo deа/иуї/7 f/7e prob/ev77s conffол7//
(A Japanese perspective)
Yoshio Okubo
he World is very different from
What it Was 50 years ago When the Brigttori, WOOds InstitUtiOnS Were estabolished. Global trade has expanded steadily, direct and Portfolio im Westment filloWS hawa increased, and the World Economy is rapidly being integrated. These developments signify the substantial achievement of the initial goals of the Bretton Woods institutions, which were founded to restore and develop the postwar economy, create a multilateral payment system for current transactions, and eliminate restrictions. On foreign exchange. Also, by adapting to changing Conditions, these institutions have been able to Tanage a variety of problems thathawe arisen during the process of postwar global economic development, including oil crises, debt crises, and energency support for Countrigs in transition Working to adapt to marketOriented economic systems.
AS Capital markets have been liberalized and financial techniques revolutionzed, economic trends and policies in one Country are more likely to have an immedate effect. On other Countries. While economic integration has broadened business opportunities and contributed to greater convenience, it has also introduced new kinds of risk. These changes in E FIG Internationali finance Tarket hawE affected private industry and governmentalactivity in all countries, While forcing the international COTTurity to reassess the roles of the IMF, the World Bank, and regional development banks.
The crisis in Mexico early this year symbolizes the changes that are taking place. Mexico has been one of the most Successful Countries at economic development. In the early 1980s it overcame its debt crisis, made progress in opening
CHCL CuLCL sL TLLHuH u LC LC CCLGOuTHuHuHLCCLC CCCHHS LELCaL KKOLOLOHHHH LLL LLLLCq LGLHCOTC uOuLCLLSL0CGCGL0L0K KSLGuGHLS dy t'ia Ministry or Friarca.
1 ()
its econor Tiy, relying folio investment flow lopment. Last year, deficit in its Current at tially, sustained by ge market at a lewel ged from its econ Teanwhile, capital dent On Short-STT S.
AS a result, är L-IraWoidable i la tieġ 1 which in turn trigger TE Effects of thig C emerging economies rily difficult, for exar quate financing,
Through bold and Ses by the internatio nity, in particular by being OVEICCITle, an are on the Florizon). happened in Mexic in the midst of draia te capital FLOW, interr capital markets, and tions in Ille W financia Cial Crisis in OB C immediate effect Ol those in other regio to be financially iristit LultiOrS ITI LI St Lil systems needed to these potential risks
AS tO. hOʻW iriterma" tions, particularly the these i SS Lues, it is fi IMF to strengthe system. To that et bgcirrlärks for Flg keyedoromic andfi ensure that all me Standard Sets of da Tarlar. The IMF FT rer policy advice to
At the same time,
(of Bank, af7d the UW – 17 existence for 50 Years g the internationa/com/nl/sity in the 27st century?
increasingly on portto finance its devehowever, Mexico's Count grew substanle nominal 3X Chanthat gradually divEsJITic: fundarnertals, cow becama depenCurities i'wgSt TI ET L.
adjustment became 994 and early 1995, ed a financial Crisis. risis spread to other , Taking it tempgraple, to secure a de
appropriate responTali financial COTTI TALthe IMF, this Crisis is d brighter prospects
Nevertheless, What dellor strated that, Licincrease Sirmi pri Walational integration of the on-going renova| techniques, a finanQuitry can hawe an Other Countries, EWel mis that Were tha Lught |ealthy. Interrational refore establish the adequately deal with
tional financial instituIMF, should dealWith rst necessary for the n its early-Warning ld, it must establish i tirlinelly publication of nāciāldāta,andāls) :mber nations report ta in a Tull arid tirrely List also provide cleaall governments.
the IMFrnList develop
the ability to mounta quick and appropriate response in Casea Crisis does develop. In this sense, the Halifax Surimit communique was well timed in its call for the Establishment of an "Ermergency Finance Mechanism" as a new standing procedure. Should a crisis arise, such a mechanism would provide faster procedure to resort to the IMF resources With high and up-front access.
To support this mechanisill, the IMF's capital base must be strengthened, which means the folloWing steps ITILISt be plursued: first, G-10 and other countries. With the capacity to support the international financial system should develop financing arrangements with the objective of doubling, as quickly as possible, the possible amount Currently available under the IMF's General Agreement to Borrow, thereby ensuring that the IMF can deal With financial emergencies, and Second, discussions on the quota review should be continued to ensure that the IMF has Sufficient TE25OLITICBS,
Also, in view of changes OCCUrfing in the global financial system, a Wideranging review should be conducted on the role arid function of Special dra Wing rights (SDR). In addition, agreement has been reached regarding the need for closer international Cooperation instrengthening finalancial Tarket Supervision and regulation, With the aim of safeguarding the health of the financialsystem and preventing erosion of necessary prudential standards. Furthermore, the Halifax Summit communique made Tiany prop0Sals Concerning the role of international financial institutions impromotingsListainable development.
To ensure that International financial institutions are able to respond appropriately to changes in the global economy, the proposals described above should be implemented as soon as possible.
Page 13
WWELLECTUAL APAOAEA
The T.V. Debate
By Rohan Jayawardana
here is considerable controversy
Over amendments that may be effected to the Code of Intellectual Property Act No. 52 of 1979, particularly within the forum of local television.
When there is a high element of disagreement, it is of special importance to ensure that justice is indeed served by amendment of existing law which has so far been found to be acceptable.
The present statute is sixteen years old, Or more precisely, sixteen years young. It must be borne in mind that statutes are for Tulated Usually to serve serveral generations and not only the present or the near-future. Thea former so-called Compaflies Ordinance of Sri Lanla (Ceylon) reTained in the books for Iwer three de Cades prior to arriendment although comTierce is one of the nost rapidly evolving spheres of human activity.
Therefore if a commercial-matter, or law relating to protection of a philosophy that may at least in Some Ways relate to COTITEC, The EdSaleridiert, it Tust Be manifestly clear that the interest of the COLI Tiltryä. Sa Whole ble Sarvead änd that Ce segment of the Commercial fraternity only should not profit through such amendment, in a CCITI TIEficial Sense.
The Intellectual Property law as it stands was based on an internationally accepted model and involved the participation of Lalith Athulathmudal PC, and Lakshman Kadirgamar PC. Both gentleTign have been active in the for Tulation of laws overseas.
It can therefore be assumed that the Code of Intellectual Property Act No. 52 of 1979 Was carefully researched and was also up to date in application.
Focussing on the Controversial aspect, the ETW television channel alleges that the MTV channel would profit out of the
amendriest of the fuil Ctirls Would be adverse national C
The "Serious aff broadcast of th STAR-TV Iggypti of the BBC-TW pro
There is no do BBC-TV programm tive and also of pric lue. Their Wel-rese; Sented döCL rimarita ternational class a walled anywhere in both adults and ch Tığıt of their hind,
TF || 0:3 || || || Would b) 3 3 EJ|W EWERY ||NTELLEC
It therefore app. Tliet T tieġ | t | may, in fact, turn c. dis-advantageous.
Further, the ser, ETW Charle of Sri With existing law. T Considerable finari C been made by them for this purpose as en wisaged a mendir slation which may L.
If any other chani the finds it a latte WCefniÖNCE to be a rii many risks of prival should take the COI natively they ought application of resea methodology, into it lar er hidea WJur if thE at Stak, BTB Wilf DGITlandina frge er te that the public sf Most Acceptable C
law, and that its own seriously affected With մrlՏՅգuënces,
ect" WOuld de On the e transmissions of frontabroad, inclusiwe JfąFTITES.
Lubt that at least the les are highlyinformaIgleŠS edLICational Vaarched and Wividly prerigs are of highest inCd afE SOTTetiriles Ulrithe World. They assist ildren in the develop
BBC-TV progrates 3f great magnitude in TUAL SENSEI
3ES that thĒ äTTI ETClectual Property law ut to be intellectually
'ice performed by the Lanka is in conformity Gre is no doubt that äCÖmitmetsave ir h 3 Lip Tieri tari dista FT they Would not hawe ient of up-to-date legiIndo their enterprise.
el incompetition With r of COITI Tercial imcomval, that is one of the Ie enterprise and they Sequence fairly. Alterto be spurred, through .rcharnd development Taginative and popuBy find their existence actors of Supply and terprise system dictaall Demand only the of Supply.
W3 Could of Course rewart to Totalitarianism, which predetermines what is good for the public
Let us now consider the disposition of the supplier of the electronic (TV) signal front overseas, namely STAR-TV.
In the jungle of competition within the free enterprise system many risks are taken so long as the Retum is viable. "Win Some, Lose some" is the philosophy and One stays in the game if the winnings prove the risks of SOrtle losses to be Worthwhile gambles.
Therefore if a signal that is sent out into "open territory" such as the side open skies is also used by the skillful interception of a receiver operating within the laws of its country, that is one of the many aspects of Commercial gambling in Open territory. The fact that STAR-TV continues in operation manifests that it has been and is indeed a profitable gambling that they indulge.
NOW, Why should a government step into this scheme of things to alter the status quo, particularly if it works to the advantage of one commercial segmentin Sri Lanka and to the intellectual detriment of the of the public?
In such a situation a government should be averse to pressures of any sort, whether they enlanate from sources Within or Without the boundaries of this country. Interference by commercially-motivated activists is almost always anathemato the wider national interest, While it must always be obvious that the Cause of justice is served by the process of law.
If it is apparent that the cause of justice is not, perhaps, being served, the public could Wellass Lur me that the people's representatives do not serve the people's interest, and that government has enterprisingly Ventured into the forum of fat cats.
11
Page 14
OOMP
VIS
TES
VASA OF
2O7, 2nd C.
COOT
UTEP,
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TING
PTICIANS
ross Street,
EO 11.
Page 15
CLVL WTLVFE
The Treasures of a Lost
Michael Gibson
PARIS
bout 130 years ago, for the first
time in centuries, European travelers began to Werture deep inte) the tremendCLUS Taklimiakanlad Gobi deserts exter= ding Westward from China and northWard from Tibet - a spectacular and inhospitable regionarchaeologists referto as Seridia.
A small number of surprising objects these adventurous men brought back with the T1 prompted archaeologists to prick up their ears and follow in hot pursuit. Most ColabolE Wä5 I ELI Filist SCF || Writter til birch bark. Experts dated it around the second century, making it the oldest Buddhist manuscript in existence. The archaeologists, in turn, reaching these eroded hills populated by subsistence farmers, came Upon lost cities, crumbling temples, Buddhist monasteries and fresCoed Caves. In one instance, a single Walled-up cave turned out to be a veritable Qumran of Buddhism, yielding 40,000 precious manuscripts. A small but highly significant part of this Tlaterial is the object of El 3 OC)-itgli exhibition at the Grad Palais, "Serindia, Terre de Bouddha" through Feb. 19.
Most of the objects, on loan from St. Petersburg, Londori, Berlin, Seoul, Nara, Tashkent, Dushanbe and other places - delicate manuscripts, paintings on silk, claySCulptures and mural paintings, many Uf Sturfling bezILIty – Were Drought back by such scholars as the brilliant young Frerich Finan Paul Pelliot (who was only 27 at the time), the Hungarian-born Sir Mark Aurel Stein, the Germans Albert Grunwedel and Albert won Le Codor the Russian Demitri Klementz, during the First decade of this century.
It was soon acknowledged that they had d'ISCOwered a forgotter ni GXLIIS of Civilization that had first flourished 2,000 years ago in a belt of oases passing north and South of the terrible waste and grandy describedas kingdoms: Khotan, Kashgar, Kucha, Turfarn, Loulan and Dunhuang.
Inhabited at first by ari Indo-European population, the cases were taken over by constantly turning tides of Tibetans, Uighurians and Chinese,
Through themp.2 ders of the Sik RöLI Who occasionally t Cor robbed the Til ar alSO IJsië, Buddhist cious Cargoes of packs, white-robe frOFT Iirir ard a US Who founded Chris Ili rajte TibJ EL
TEI CELIri85 Islam and the Wea Chir GSğ tİTEğ3 ||Er. World to LHB Wgst to ting digCling Of thi ultimately abandon close to 1,000 year
T5. Märcé 1
historials Who Kit' shed religion beyC Sariesas St. Augus TJC had been ir decade preceding experiënced The Lul mightmare in 1904 Finn F. W.F. Fland do! temple a few year. fora field. Yes, it he ted manuscripts, bւ hiriña S. Sinister SO || lot five Wagon | dumped them into
But Seridia W. WücJs für Flg deWB til of Buddhisto Chiese Orik through Khotan. Ön seventh century. H of Buddhist Source study for many ye: China with a great ard St3tLueS. A, r1ir1 silk depicts just su striding through the by an enormousha escorted by a Vigil:
The emperor sur his return, heard report on his trave
Buddhist World
Assed not Only the trate, brawing the bardits Cook, LFT. fOT TA PISCOTT dislit their throals, but monks carrying preSCOs in their lackd Manichean Sages tere NgSOria Cleris Ei ar 1 IT10 13:Steries even1
ter, the advances of riness With which the | vIEWed the turbulent of the Great Wall led ese towns, They Were ed anday forgotten for S.
tr(J'Wie WäS . ä E)OOT1 fo}r W little about that wanind What SLIch AdWerstine had reported. But retrievably lost in the he discoweries. Le Cocq timate archaeologist's
Wher Ei po Eski Sant told Tolished a Marticlear s earlier to make Way ldbeeliumiaut the writing hadstruck ead take the Whole oads of books, and the river.
as above all the key lopment and propagaChina. The celebrated Xuānzaring tra Weled his Way to India in the had set out in Search s, remailed in India to irs, finally returning to Store of books, reliCS th-century painting on Chi a figure of a mOnk I Waste, Weighed down Imperfull of scrolls and int liger.
Timored Xuanzang on im arld CorTITänded H ls that survives to this
day. His exploit also gave birth to that great Chirile:Seclassic, the Si YELI KI or "Journey West" in which the monk and his motley es Cort (including the Monkey King), brawe tigers, dragons and monsters in pursuit of their sacred quest.
The local people were Buddhist at the time. When Marco Polo passed through Khotan five centuries later, on his way east, he oted that the iThabitants "Worshiped Mohar IIIled."
Both esoteric Tibetan and Marichean influe1 CGS are diSCer Ed in a Splendid, ninth-Century painting on silk depicting the door led efforts of the forces of evilled by Marato prevent Sakyamuni from reaching enlightenment. The painter displaysimaginative resources Worthy of Hieronymus Bosch in portraying monsters from hell assaulting the serem figure seated in the lotusposition in the middle of the painting.
Experts may be ecstatic about the material, which is of crucial historical importarice, arid entralled by the exhibition, which allows thern to corripare objects nOW preserved in museums in various parts of the World, but even those who are not familiar with the daunting intricacies of the Buddhist pantheol cannot but be stirred by the beauty of many of these paintings and Sculptures, and touched by the palth OS of tir The which all but wiped out the memory of a crucial moment in the history of Asia.
The extreme aridity of the climate nonetheless preserved such frail objects as a Sutra scroll on yellow silk, dating from the fifth century, that has come down to us an state of incredible, pristina freshness. The fresco es have suffered from the depredations of farriers who fancied them as fertilizer, but poignantly beautiful seventh- or eighth-century fragments brought back from Kizil or Shorchuk, with their subtle colors and flowing draftsmanship, Crice again demonstrate that there is no such thing as progress in art but an arlost tireless constant to Which all true artist5 IEftI.
The exhibition will beat the Metropolitan Museum in Tokyo, April 20 to July 7.
13
Page 16
SAR/ LA/VAKA/V L/7EARA 7UAFE (3)
Colonized Turn Col
Jeanne Thwaites
f they had been contemporaries it is unlikely that
they would hawe become friends for Woolf would hawe had to break out of the Social barriers that had been forced on him and overcome his contempt of people who enjoyed what he did not - and possibly had not been exposed to - horse racing, playing bridge, or singing around a piano, it was at such occupations he would have found such legendary Ceylonese as D.S. Sena nayake, Arthur warı Langenberg, Bevis Bawa, Oliver Goong tileke Lakda sa de Mal relaxing off hours.
LL LLLLLL aLLa LLLLLL LLLLLLLL00LLLLL aa LLLSHLHHLLLL LLLLCL LLLLLL aa seen a need to legitimatize themselves in a system where they had the misfortune to be sired by an unlucky sperm. Daniel says, "When Wasata school here (Ceylon), Wespoke nothing but English, and although the servants at Royden (his parents' home) were Sinhalese, they preferred to speak English rather than their mother tongue" (7). At every level the colonized were eager to anglicize:
| trinade themsee their pastas one wasteland of non-achieveLLLLLL LLLLLa L LLLLL LaLLLLLLLH LLLLLLCLLL a LLLLLLLCL LLLLLLLLLL LLLLH that wasteland. It makes them want to identify with what is furthest removed from themselves: for instance, With other peoples' languages rather than their own (Ngugi 3).
British colonialism seemed rock-solid at that title, and none of the game players had any reason to believe that they would live to see independence for Ceylon. In Ngugi's words they had beenplanted "with serious doubts about their oral rightness of struggle" (3), Woolf, meanwhile, when he joined the C.C.S. must also have expected anti-Semitism to continue for many years. Correctly so, for it had taken hold in Europa, Where it was to escalate into Hitler's Holocaust.
The depersonalization of the colonized is one of the most insidious evils of the systern. In Woolf's case he had suffered depersonalization in England, for even his liberal Wife was to speak of him in a cliche. On their engagement she wrote that she would be marrying a "penniless Jew," she could as easily have said a "penniless Englishman," or "penniless Writer," but chose instead an expression developed by racists - one impoverished Jews do not use to describe themselves, Danies was also somewhat depersonalized in Ceylon for if he was not considered a "real" Dutch Burgher what was he? Like Woolf, an escape into a world of absolutes would have seen attractive and so he threw in his lot with the English upper class.
Daniel's father and grandfather were wealthy enough to send their children to England, a three Week Voyage from their OWn Country, to be educated along British upper class lines (1 & 4). My father was to inflict such aseparation on his own children,
14
Din iZerS
sending his son Patrick to England and my sister Barbara to an English school in India -I was only six when first separated from my parents for ten months of each year at a stretch. Our parents thus set out to reconstruct their children to a mold outside their own culture. Because he showed no sign of his Sinhalese blood, for his schooling had corrected his accent and given hinn the style of a ni Englishman, Rex Daniel beca ITB indistinguishable from upper class Englishmen, With amusing consequences. He was frequently waved to by the Royal Family, both at Ascot and Wimbledon - he had become someone they probably thought they must know." In England, for the first time, he found a place where he was given instant respect by strangers. In Ceylon however, he still could not enter an English club:
| regarded myself as a true loyal subject of the British governrient, I was not regarded as such by the Britishers in Sri Lanka. I was not eligible for membership to the European Club On the ramparts, a club had to pass and repass at least four times a day on my way to the Kachcheri, Where the Governrient Agent Worked (7).
Paradoxically it was in England that Woolf Was the outsider and in Ceylon that he became a "real" English gentleman. He wrote, "We Were grand because We Were a ruling caste in astrange Asiatic Country," and "in Ceylon We were all always, subconsciously or consciously, playing a part, acting upon a stage" (24.25). In Ceylon his Jewishness could be successfully concealed and he does not mention it. He says Tore than Once he would have become the Governor if he stayed (247 et al) but knew that the English Colonial governors were politically appointed from England, that is, they were not Jews.
In the comparison of their writing, it is obvious that Daniel is much the more secure, for he does not Woolf's compulsion to assure the reader that he is intelligent. He does not even mention his other natural attributes. He has entirely forgotten to mention that he was a considerable athlete and presents himself as a sports junkie who had a need to be at every championship tennis match and other game. He does not mention he was well read. Woolf, praises himself without Esbjärrä SST EIt.
The ideal human adult, from the Colonial English point of view, was a heterosexual English-born Protestant male, extroVerted, courageous, With Some money in the family. He must have attended a Public School, graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge, fought for England, and married an English Woman. It was best that he have children, and that at least Orlébé ITälg.
Daniel and Woolf, as the chart shows, had both pluses and minuses when judged by this criteria:
Page 17
DANEL
Wafiarakty minus (Ceylonese) SSk“ plus (Thale) Sexua/дуgfar=лс= plus (heterosexual) Ration plus (Protestant) Marriage minus (Bartole: Ceyl, plus (five, one male ИИЗг5gлуѓе plus (WW.|} Personasty plus (extrovert) Physical courage plus Fулалсѓа/sfаѓy'їу plus FLE. S.C., plus (Bedford) Liversity plus (Oxford)
10 plus
2. ITILIS
" He appeared to be heterOsexual, but as I discu 55 latar, thare is GoIT
"" Woolf's education was at St. Paul's an authentic Public School, but
for the upper classes (Barnford xii).
The very fact that the two men's education included both Public schools and a major university shows how well they and their families understood the importance of doing things the "right way." As Daniel Was Tuch closer to the English colonial mode than Woolf, it is obvious why his self-image was stronger, for he would have been fighting fewer demons. This also may be Why he was so often able to stand up against the colonial system even when Working in it. Before I made the chart had become repelled by Leonard Woolf, as revealed by himself, particularly when compared to the cheery optimism of Daniel. Now I have nothing but sympathy for the olderman for it is evident that he carried a far greater burden.
The leaviest burder Woolf Tust have Carried Was that even his wife Virginia sneered at his Jewish family. Woolf's Public School would have made certain that his behavior was in place before he went on to Cambridge but boys who came from a different cultural home life often had to face that they had now stepped into social World where their parents could not follow. Woolf did not invite his mother to his Wedding. Curtin Bell writes about this occasion: "Did they perceive that she thought their furniture hideous? Did she seem to them a haughty goy thinking herself too good for the family of their brilliant son? lar afraid that probably they did." She described her first visit to the:
"A Sandwich, Miss Stephen – ormay I Calyou Wirginia?" "What? Hann Sandwiches for tea?" "Not Har11: potted meat. We don't Eat Hafn or bacon or
Shellfish in this house." "Not Shellfish? Why not shellfish?" "Because it says in the Scriptures that they are unclean Creatures & Our Mr. Josephs at the Synagogue -&-" It was queer (1912-1915.3).
HoW she sneers: ham is Ham, and shellfish is Shellfishhow queer they are. She is confident that her friends will also find them queer. "Work and love and the Jews in Putney (LEOrard's family) take it out of Tie," she was to Write to One. "The Jews in Putney," is much like an American white calling her Black in-laws, "the Blacks in Watts," as if it is an affront
(חג
WOOLF
plus (English) plus (male) plus (heterosexual)" minus (Jew) plus (Wirginia: English) minus (none) minus (medical exemption) minus (introvert)
minus
pl'US plus/minus (St. Paul's)** plus (Cambridge)
6-1/2 plus 5-12 Tinus
2 possibility he was not.
a day School, "lacking the essential qualifications of catering specifically
to her that they live in a neighborhood where there are many other Blacks.
The purpose of English Public schooling was not so much to educate, as to rearrange the thinking of the students along Some very particular lines. Their accent had to become uniform British upper class. Parents were now to be referred to as "Mater and Pater." A father could not be hugged or kissed in public - his and was shaken - but a mother could be kissed on the cheek and enbraced With restraint. A barrier was thus introduced both into the home, and also into friendships.
First narles were dropped in English Public Schools, and Daniel's and Woolf's Writing show how this rule often prevented them from sounding close to other men, but also how it allowed them to show special affection by breaking it. Daniel calls most Ceylonese and hispersonal English friends by their first names, but the English members of the C.C.S. by their last only. The effect is to suggest that he had little affection for his English colleagues.
Woolf, on the other hand, calls just one man by his first name-Lytton Strachey is "Lytton." His English Colleagues are usually called by their last name only or by their job: the "G.A.," "A.G.A." and so on. The Ceylonese are further demoted: "an engineer," "the dogboy," even when they are in his life every day. He thus sounds Cold and unfriendly.
Making a person nameless, Merrimi Calls a colonist's Way of depersonalizing the colonized whose self-image then becomes one of the interchangeable cog they truly are in their oppressor's eyes. It also makes others see the nameless one as a colonized stereotype. When a prostitute Wools has sex with is called "a Burgher girl" (Growing 67), there is an implication that prostitute and Burgher are synonyms of each Otier.
Colonization and the family
Both Daniel and Woolf chose to marry brilliant out-spoken Women whose social positions legitimized them so these wives' influence was profound. Woolf was a bachelor in Ceylon but
15
Page 18
Wrote Growing after many years as a marriedman. Daniel also started out his C.C.S. life as a bachelor but married five years later. If he had been only seeking to legitimatize his position through marriage, however, he would surely have chosen an English Woman.
Those who colonize or are colonized subconsciously recreatesimilar hierarchical relationships in every aspect of their lives, and it is particularly noticeable that the patterns are repeated in their relationships at home, where they reproduce many of the insidious aspects of domination that they may actually deplore. Men who come from a culture of indulgenthusbands will Suddenly become tyrants, Wives begin to domineer rather than guide their children, and the children react to hierarchic notions by jostling for dominance one over the other. To establish a pecking order is any animal's nature, of course, but other signs of oppression have to be learned. If a far lily has already started to erulate the oppressor's behavior, the pattern becomes entrenched into successive generations. We see the Conflection in Uneducated American Blacks Who are often criticized by middle-class whites for beating their children for infractions that seem minor - a pattern of behavior which is stil mirroring white slave masters' treatment of their grandparents. I have met American Blacks who boast of being beaten by their parents as if it somehow made them the better for it.
Daniel's Ceylonese family was anglicized and it was one of intense sibling rivalry. In effer, he corrents that he was astonished that his own children Were not quarrelsome or jealous of each other, but "your mother took it for granted because her own brothers and sisters were like that" (83). aLLLLLLLa LLLLLL LLLLLL CC LlLLLLLLL LLLLHLLLGLL aLLLL SLLL LLLLLLaL LLLLLL aaat oppressed person is almost more free, in a way, than the man is. She has fewer principles dictating her behavior. She has more disrespect" (Sartre 109)
Under Roman Dutch law Barbie would personally have owned nothing after her marriage. In a divorce, their children Would have belonged to their father only. She would not, therefore, hawe taken the matter of marriage lightly nor Would Reg if only because the care of the children was strictly a woman's duty in Ceylon, as Was the running of the household. Men did not have the home-training to handle such matters and his account of his early C.C.S. days as a bachelor show how incompetent he was at it (10/17). Most men in Ceylon, after a divorce, find having to run their households a most disagreeable task.
It was love at first sight for both Barbie and Reg: "She entered the train I was traveling in. immediately attached myself to her. There was a dance that evening...I proposed to her that night" (18). To his chagrin Barbie laughed at him, but he knew he was in love when the next day, "I refused a girl's invitation to take her to the G.O.H. dance that night, which was very unusual for Te!" He proposed again, and was accepted. SLLLaLLLL LLL LLLLL LaLLLL LLLLL LaLLLLL LLLL LL LLL LLL LLL LLLL LLLLLL she had seen me on my return to Sri Lanka five years earlier. When she was only fifteen." It would seem that this particular young woman, though shy of strangers, was unusually sure of her emotions. When he talks of Barbie, however, it is rarely to Comment on her appearance and charm, What a loving Tiother sha Was, or to admire her as an artist and TIL ISiciam. He looks back on their life together as two friends who were
T6
constantly coming at life from different directions but were totally Corris Titted to the relationship. Towards the end of the book he briefly analyzes their relationship and why they lived "happily ever after" (144). He gives her all the credit.
As a husband and father, however, Daniel shows himself at his Worst - intensely selfish, particularly at the beginning of his marriage - and cruelly unsupportive of his Wife. They Were seldon without company during their six-month honeysnoon in Europe, and even after she became pregnant his friends and relatives traveled with them on occasion. Reg's callousness is appalling. He does not change their itinerary when she gets ill frequently and leaves her in hotel rooms to go sight-seeing alone. Barbie makes a bet with his nephew Jack that she will eat every cookie offered her at the Peak Frean factory: "Needless to say, she was quite ill on the Way back and Christy and I walked on, completely disowning her and Jack never stopped laughing at your mother all the way home" (42). She eventually becomes so ill that her doctor sternly tells him she illust slow down or find another doctor. Reg promises to see she does but continues as before. He does not seem capable of seeing marriage other than a convenience for hiritself and this is exactly what the colonials do when moving into the colonizer's country,
Their relationship quickly changes from idyllic to dysfunctional yet he does not seen aware that it was or that it came to an impasse which she, in a stunning reversal, managed to correct. She had never had to deal with social oneupsmanship until her marriage. When she finds her husband's Englishness is nothing like as uncomplicated as she has presumed, for he alternately bullies and neglects her, she uses her first pregnancy as an excuse to return home:
Hi' came up and drove her down to Colombo. She told me she would not be returning until after the Christmas holidays. It was now the 14th (of December). She was sorry to go but thought it best to do so. She said she was feeling thoroughly scared and needed to be reassured about the business of having a baby (55).
Instinctively, she uses another Tian (her brother) as an ally to make her husband lister to her. She stayed with the wanLangenbergs until her first child was born the following April. Only when she was a mother could she instill her own value system on her new household and when she returned had changed from a shy dependent girl to a strongly assertive woman who changed What she didn't like about their life. She broke hierarchical rules without hesitation: hugged naked Rodiya (untouchable) babies (57), and clearned out dirty rest houses herself to shame the staff (127). She did not, however, try and curb her husband's hectic social life but now filled it with her own Ceylon friends as well as his. In the process he became more Ceylonese. In Mannar Daniel describes taking cover as A.G.A. fror Ti Sandys, a bach|Clor Englishman, whose sister has been acting as his hostess.
Na EPSG
Personal Re:Election.
PETSILEIRA DECLICT. He was wery well read Personal Recollection,
His siste". Nickrafne for har brother Harry,
WETT;" YELLOWELKY WADOLF
Page 19
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BOOKS
AEff7/7ic Sírife a/7a/A-Politics i 7 S/7 Lar7 ka and Aesponses, New Delhi: Navrang (In Collaboration with Lake House, Colombo) 1994, pp.
W. A. Wiswa Warnapala
FaViewed by Ananda Welihena
ne of the crucial issues in
Sri Lankan politics, since 1983, is the et C Strife. Wäärets dBands and responses?
The ethnic issue is Crucial because it has spawned a political crisis and debilitatad the Sri Lanka State Which Häs maifested a significant stability in the past. In the acknowledgement of the book, the a Luth Or Prof. Wiswa Warmapala, Member of Parliament and the Deputy Minister of Higher Education, has stressed that "Sri 1573, 7 de las vo decades experienCSL-AOWCF/Cross Lrror-CSFS.727 fie /i/Story of the country Which for years, res ared COTDarasweya state Orca SPSS/7735-007 fie Ersssf. DarWarrierfay Гracїč27. Еї'їлісsffiye has beey) Wіе гла/or E'ё77еу7/ W7 fyһа соліў7шўg pgWčд/ c75......."
Ethnic strife is not restricted to the Sri Lankan polity. At the interrational level too, it can be seen particularly, in the polities of Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa Which are multi-ethnic, linguistic and religious in character.
The ethnic strife has assumed apolitical role in these countries. It is a power-oriented struggle seeking to establish an ethnic identity by exploring a homeland and a Separate State based on the historical բast.
CT COOLOLO u K KTuTLCCCLuOT O S S L aeLeGerruSL seeuHOCCHeS LŴYErsoy ÇAY AFFYaYaYjYAT.
18
Multi-ethnic Setting
Sri Lanka is define by the Western scl three small ethnic g CømmUnity of Sinh: Centre. A Violet rew is Tanipulating the to acquire a politics discover a peaceful Tmajority Corri munity Crisis of the rationa Lihat 3 Lulli-gti political FräThe WOrkte Co-habitation of all gi
The Centri-fugal te militant group can be til. The Conflict res an investigation into Eth fic: Strife becausi effect on the forwar The struggle will relentlessly until the
What are the resp. governments to sati: Why hawe they not of the parties in disp. the Solution that Will'
The investigation
State, propelled by til Out looking into th ethnic group and th decision-making inst systems of the past, study reveals that thi ni Luities and change yČži FS,
The decision-Ilah
7. An Investigation into Demands
252 Rs..750.
2d as a pluralist polity holars consisting of "oups. With a majority la Buddhists at the olutionary leadership Tamil ethnic minority | Tole; the Fallure to co-existeriCE. With the
has spawned the question. It implies polity must hawe a JenSure the peaceful TOLJDS.
indency of the Tamil a rasolwed by a soluolution necessitates the demands of the of their energising march of the strife. :ontinue slowly but deriliards ara Teat.
Onses of SUCCESSive sfy these demands? gained the approval Jtes? What WQUIJbJg win their approval?
into this crisis of the he ethnic strife, withdemands of the ld responses of the itution of the political is a futile effort. The gere halve been COntiS in this task over
iers of the present
People's Alliance (PA) government will be pleased to go through the demands and responses, that this strife has experienced in the past years, to offer an appropriate Slutför.
The study or the ethnic strife of Sri Lanka was planned in Sri Lanka but done at the University of Antwerp in Belgium during the Sabbatical leave of Prof. Wiswa Warmapala for Which encouragement was extended by Prof. W.A.S. Cornelis of the College of Developing Countries at the University of Antwerp and Prof. R. Doom, the Director of the Centre for Third World Studies of State University of Gent. Prof. Cornelis Writes that "the Publication of this Tost interesting document is agaim the final step of another encouraging and enriching research experierīce, based on a ten-month Collaboration between Prof. Wiswa Warmapala (The Head of DepartTent of Polítical Science, University of Peradeniya) and Prof. R. Doom".
Contacts with Universities, institutions and Organizations interested in Third World development enabled the completion of this project. These organizations Were keer to develop a dialogue between the developed and developing countries.
Belgium was chosen for this research for two reasons: 1. Belgium is one of the industrialised states which has adopted a friendly and co-operative attitude towards the developing countries of the Third World; 2. the socio-political system of Belgium is useful for a comparative study because it has successfully introduced a rt-structuralization of its polity in response
Page 21
to the demands of the 55% of the Fleis speaking people and 45% of the French speaking population. The integrity of the State is not bifurcated nor its sovereignty violated. The conflict resolution strategy of Belgium serves as a model and an eye opener for Sri Lankato resolve the present ethnic strife.
Political Crisis
The investigation into the Sri Lankan Political crisis and its the ethnic strife addresses the demands and responses that this issue has generated over aperiod. The first chapter is devoted to the explication of the Tulti-ethnic plural set
ting of the Sri Lankan polity. The analysis
reveals that its integrity and Oneness is threatened by the Tamil ethnic militancy. Will the multi-character of the polity remain intact and stable over the years? Will the forces of religion, language, ethnicity, and caste threaten its national integrity and sovereignty? Will the plural society create “imagined communities" by inventing traditions and myths from the ancient pass? Will it assist in the exploration of the historical past with a view to legitimising the struggle to attain political goals? Will it jeopardise the power of the majority Sinhala Buddhist population which is imputed as a hegemonic force seeking to threaten the rights of the Illinorities?
The author argues that the pre-eminence position granted to Sinhala Buddhism is never inter lded to be USed to the detriment of small minority groups. If the small ethnic groups are ready and Willing to co-operate and accom Todate with a spirit of give and take then Tuch progress can be achieved. This is important because it is the Sinhala community, by virtue of its numerical strength, controls the State (p. 17).
HOWƏwer, cara must be exercised to ensure that policies and programmes are not introduced to gratify the needs of the dominant group only. When the dominant group exercises power and authority, it can shift towards the majority. Its status, Wealth and power, Would arouse a feeling of deprivationamong the minorities, resulting in diverse political strategies to gain their rights and Culininating with an armed struggle: a War waged at two fronts of the State and ethnic group incurring heavy destruction of people and property.
Sinhalese-Tamir
In the next chapt trėd Orl "SinhalSSSis recognised as th ethnic strife. The CO CeS ātionalistic f; of factors. For the War Ilsa Chronicles Wards the unity of r 23). Buddhism, Sin guage are inteгтіп, separate ethnic ide not only sawed armd ced and improved. adverse repercussil progress of Construc ing class consciou trade unions were ethnic tendencies to ge for their struggll progress of Construc British fäVOUTeda div divisions based on C. tion for the perpetu: tisto a Chiavethisa a divide and rule stre
The Third chapte Verse issues emerg division. (1) The issue elite who perpetuate. LO CEITEerst the Ethii SQLught a Werlue:S t0 TT interests through TE tics. (2) Representa issue Which exacerb flict shifting from the rial. (3) The disenfr Indian plantation W. issue which augme. Strife With the formatic ral Party, (4) The otif guage, education (u and employment. H ländissue is focUSSec under thig "Traditiosi:
Homeland Respons
The Homeland iss ControwerSlal derman tants, Which the au documented and exp figures based on S chapter incorporates Conciliation of the Co the hosteland issue provided to the resp. sive governments fr beginning from the
entity and issues
", discussion is cenamil ldentity" which
major cause of the cept of identity induings due to number Iddhists, the MahaOwide iri C2 tiwes toligion and nation (p. alla Culture and lanled to provide for a tity which has to be irotectCd but a dwa nBut th:15 lask Flas 5 ns: 1) it retards the inga Common Work;r1eSS beCaLISE3 the attempting to adopt attract better le werais; 2) it retards the ting one nation. The ded polity with ethnic пппuпаlтергезепtation of their power. T that they practised tegy.
T addresses the ding out of the ethnic of Englisheducated the British rule failed C division. The elite Bettheir own political presentational politİOn Was the Oth GT ated the Elettric CorriCommunal to territoanchisement of the rk EFS WāS a Other 1 tid the Comunal In ofthéTäm|FädaBrissues were lanliversity admission) Weyer, the Crucial in the fourth chapter | Homeland" issue.
단군
Ie, one of the most Is of the Tamil Tilihor has analyzed, cated With facts and itistical data. This the schemes of reflict emerging from
The emphasis is 1Ses of the SLICCesTil the early 1950s responses of Mr.
S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike. The Successive Conflict resolution strategies employed Were: the District Development Councils, the dialogue and negotiations with the Tamil militants in India and Thimpu and the Indo-Lanka Peace. Accord. The failure of these strategies, particularly the latter to satisfy the demands of the Tamil militantspertaining to the homelandissua, had induced thern to a commitment to fight fora Separate State, Political parties have attempted to resolve the homeland issue by advancing a proposal for a federal system Which has resultedina new political discourse in the polity. The state is searching for an alternative proposal to settle the conflict of the homeland issue.
The Federalist Solution
In the political discourse, this alternative proposal of federalism has been the focal point which the author has d'Welt extensiwaly in chapter five. It is the most interesting piace of Writing forit Contains diverse opinions expressed by political parties, organizations and indiwiduals. The author has presented the facts in a value-free Way or as objectively as possible by placing before the readers, the pros and cons Of the debate on the federal Solution. The Federal principle is seen in the light of what Prof. Dicey said: "a political contrivance intended to reconcile national unity and power with the maintenance of state rights" (p. 155).
The sixth chapter encapsulates the facts and figures related to violence and the State. The debilitating trend of the state is addressed in this chapter for which the "Ethnic factor las bgen Central" os a.CCOUnt Of Which COn Stitutional authoritarianisT was brought in (p. 160). The author revealed that "the politicised ethnicity is now a formidable threat to the prevailing political order" that the capacity of the State to bring law and order, peace and security, harmony and prosperity has become a necessity, but which it failed to generate. The state was experiencing a Crisis, manifesting incompetency to perform its functions. People questioned the legitimacy of the State as their Custodian. But the response of the State was to reinforce its power by assuming an authoritarian feature, relying on its coercive power, to repress and regulate the social fOrCes.
19
Page 22
Wiolence ad Authoritāria ni ST
Stated a Luthoritarian IST || TB a Chled the Culminating point with the former President J.R. Jayewardene and his Executive Presidential system. Power was used unjustly in 1980 to stifle the power of the organised Trade ulio mOWGlent a Tid the Indo-Sri Lanka Pact was signed with Rajiv Gandhi under an imposed curfew. These examples reveal that power was personalised under J.R. Jayewardene. The confusion Worsened. When for Tier President Mr. R. Premadasa continued the same programme of degeneration of democracy in which the right to dissent was curtailed, rigging at the elections and post-election LLLLLL LLL 0LHHLLLaLLS LLLLS SLLLLLLLL LLLLLLL märked Wilf Violence. Fros. WISWä Wärmapala hasianalyzed Sri Lankan violence in deltä II.
Two types of violence were observed: ta Tarmil milita mill WillerCie and J. W. P. violence. In order to respond to the Tamil Violence, the State used its violence with the help of the IPKF. The number of killings, disappëarances Were incredibly high. The State was able to control the J.W. P. insurgency by its violence, but it did not шsher in an era of peace, law and security to people. It was not able "to establish its authority throughout the island" (p. 201). The principal reason was the crisis. Within the political system, exacerbated by the incompetence of the state to find a durable settleTICL to the Tamil ethnic strife. The mere Victory over Sinhalese insurgents "did not prove its skill and prudence as a capable State" (201). As the author argued: "The failure to find a solution to the ethnic conflict, Will not improve its capacity to consolidate itself. It illust remove the iTipediments which it created for instance by massive human rights violations and employment of repressive tactics for the de-stabilization of the country's democratic order".
Internationalist Perspective
The final chapter gives an account of the ethnic strife in the World. This interrational perspective provides insights to comprehend the nature and functions of the ethnic strife Within a comparative frameWork, enabling to produce similarities and differences and draw significant lessons to approach the Sri Lankan ethnic strife and place it within an international Coltext.
20
The author's inten the thesis that the eth has resulted in a cri Concern Was to driv to Work towards at
ution strategy,
The message thal comrii Lurnicate Trustl sion makers of the ance government, establish peace, Uni book Was Written a former President M UNP goWernment. It | fBatLITES cläräckeris year UNP rule. The native government book by the analysis
Relevance for Tod,
A student of politic Sī Lākā Wī ir seventeen year UNF
IL LUCILS I FTOI TIL A pess A [ir Ilig?
Note: Te Pia Only a Willo, ABOL ve?
The W Wispe. LOCAILLY TIL (Gold li
Mபு 1 μ)iετε Лпа у Arld L.
om Was to explicate ic strife in Sri Lanka is of the State. His home the urgency during conflictreso
this Work intends to a noted by the deciesent People's AIF|-
they are keen to y and stability. This
the tail end of the r. R. Premadasa's as encapsulated the c to the Severten e Cassity for an alteras predicted in this of the political Crisis.
ү
sand government of lds to read on the 'rule, its precipitation
of the Crisis and the GSCalation of abuse of power, is certain to benefit from this Work. The Systern capability and perforThance of the State under the UNP Was questioned in this work. The state of nature prior to the assumption of power by the PA government can be explained as a social contract that people decided to enter int).
If this book is read carefully, then the пnainteпапсе, сопsolidatioп and exрапsion of power by the PA government Would be less difficult. It can lear lessons from What Was and decide or What should be done for the future. Each chapter of the book prowide:Sinformation to Creata a un Violent, democratic Society. The book illustrates that the political systern experiEl Ceda Crisis dueto the ethnic Strife, The resolution of the ethnic strife, in effect, must be the first responsibility of the PA government. Its failure Would affect the polity adversely as it did to the UNP rule.
Waiting - 15
Kundasale "5
1. CrOSSing
eceTiberto Jan LCTU age from boyhood to Care Crossing Lnd a Tiller Crossing to LL'here fra Sir glir had once Leld coL rit
Cé=? TIL EXC&I LUCILLOT SIE
SEMC brigalo LLIs straddling the hill Elle Malla LLoelis glldirig| ITIOCIL
prld War TILO door LLCU || teld LJULL 2. forn riuero rTulis [ CLI Lidi lig Fu I. light. I loosil tilde and b. Imboo Tibed in the tresses of light
I Jet Luvalk Lupfror Til the Liver Моша II jatten опсе поored his boat Lų trip do LLVT for Til girl Lood 2 startle Nareridia. Singha's queer is at their sport.
U. EKa Tunatilake
Page 23
Why there's sc in this rustici
LTLL Lauuu HHLLLLL L LLLLHHLLL HuHHHLuL LLLLLLL LMu LL LLLLL OHHHuHu HCLL LLLuOu LLLLLLa LLLL LLLLLLLLuCCCa LL LL LLLLLLLLS L L LLLL LL L LLLLLLL LLLLLLL
barris spread out in the mid and upcountry LLLLLL HGGLL uCuLLLLLL LLL KCuHMM LLLL LLLLLLL fallow during the off season.
LLuuCS OuLLL LHHLLLLLLL HLLTLaaSS HattuL H H TCL CC LICII ative Cash, ÇİFÇop and the greini lega Jis tuiTTi to gold... to the value of over Rs. 250 millinn or more antilially, for Perhaps, 143D" LIFal folk.
ENRCHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
Dundoflaughter tobacco barn.
L LHulHtHCL L LSl LLLLLLLLuuu HLL L LLLLLLL LLLk kCCCCLL HH LL LL LLL LLLLu T uuuuuL LLTuu L LuLLuS LLL u LuLuuu CLLLLLLL HHGGL LLL LLLuuHHLLLLH LLLHHL H LLLHLLGGLS LL LLLLLL uu LCLCLL KLL HtLLL utHH HLHCuLuL LL LLLLSS CL LCL uLLL
and in the bris. For them, the tobacco leaf means meaningful work,
a0 LLuuaLLLLL LL L LLLL LLLLLLLLSS S S uLeL erugh Tea 51 fTla Ught ET.
Ceylon Tobacco Co.Ltd.
Sharing and caring for Dur and and her people
Page 24
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