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LANKA
GUAR
VO. 1 8 No. 17 January 15, 1996
WAR AND PEACE ON
THE PRICE OF WIC
CASTRO
- the de
HUMAN R
CONFLICT
SRI LANKA U.S. A
RUSSIA : THE PRO
DIVERSITY-THEAUS
WOOLF : MARRN

DAN
Price RS.10.00 Registered at GPO, Sri Lanka
VER TO PARLAMENT - Mervyn de Silua
TORY: Vikrana ba Karmaratne
IN CHINA
fiant ones
- Jose Guerra
IGHTS AND RESOLUTION
- Neelan Tiruchelvam
ACCEPTS INDA ROLE
— HumayuIn Kabir
OMSE OF CHANGE
- George Wafde
TRALIAN EXPERIENCE
— ALaksfr/J/aJVasu/rtiya
Y A SINHALESEP
- Jeanne Thubaites

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MEM/5 BACAKCAFOLMVD
HEARTS AND M.
Mervyn de Silva
nd now the battle for hearts and
minds, Sirhalase, Tamil and Muslim, and therefore for the political parties Which speak for these communities. Yes, it was a famous victory. And the Lion flag has been hoisted in the city of Jaffna, capital of the Tami) northern province, and more significantly the bastion of the Secessionist Liberation Tigers'. But...
The Mahanayakes, the traditional spokesen of Sinhalese-Buddhistinterests, have not spoken yet on the P.A.'s next TOWe next recessary Towe - to win back the hearts and inds of the Tamil community, the peace-lowing Tamil community which supported P.A. candidate Chandrika Kumaratunga at the presidential polls in 1994. She did much better than the P.A. in August - a record 63% as against the modest 50% of the 8-party Peoples Alliance.
THErg Sitte doubt hättfis 63% Wart up after December 5th, the triumphant conclusion of OPERATION SUNRISE. The sun shone brightly - for President Chandrika and her Peoples Alliance.
But.
Four former militant groups, EROS, TELO, PLOTand EPRLF, have produced a Sewer-point forf Tula Which demand a (a) a secular state (b) replacement of the Word "state" for "regions" and (c) citizenship for those who hawe lived in the island Continuously for ten years. We note that the EPDP which has the largest number of seats in Parliament has not been associated in this exercise, The anti-LT TE, formler guerrilla groups are divided.
More significantly, the TULF, the main Tamil parliamentary party has rejected this plan. In short, there is no Tamil consensus. As for the formula itself, the demand for "state" and a "secular state" Would mean that the following section of the 1972 constitution introduced by the United Front administration of Prime Minister Sirina Bandaranalike Would hawe to go.
"The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhist the foremost place and accordingly it shall be the duty of the State
to protect and fos assuring all religions Section 18 (1)".
CONSTITUTIONAL
AS for the twWO TE and the UNP, neit Cor this Constituti Buddhists nearly 7 million and the only Specially lessed, i. the Buddha's teach hawa Talde this isla a. To the Buddhis ble; for the Maha S idea is unthinkable.
So the Mahanaya sident Chandrika a Minister ATI LI rudda General Fola Dal FOeS" of OPERATIC ject any Tamil dem the "pre-BITinent po
What is common opinion and Tamil Tpāct, bot ar divi major parliamentary ex-guerrilla quartet, Conserwatiwe oppo: government has lau propaganda campa tion of two UNP-co
Addressing the K Convertion, UNP ar Mr, RarhiI WickrrT; dissolution was pos Chief Illinister ceas Support of the asse at the end the Col. "There is a clear Viol tion" he argued a (SAWD). But the drawn on Wednesd:
SELECT COMMITT
The Tamil politic dert that the PTESİ autonomy proposals mittee of Parliale half of January. The . then discuss and de Once corise SLS is ir

|NDS WAR
to Buddhist While the rights secured by
CHANCE
jor parties, the SLFP Ter Will compromise nal provision. The |3% of Sri Lanka'5 17 xplanation for "SRI", that the OWHAMMA, հgs, in its purest form, nd, the diarryfladeg, this is non-negotiaangha, the secularist
Kes WhobleSSed Preind Deputy Defence Ratwate, and later UWate, the trug "HeN SUNRISE, Will reand that under lines Sition of Buddhism.
to Sinhalese political political trends? In siwe - thea TULF, the has clobbered the While the U.N.P. te sition and alternate inched an aggressive ign over the dissolutrolled Councils.
alutara District party ld Opposition leader, asinghe argued that isible only when the es to Command the mbly, and of course Cil's term of OffiCa. lation of the Constitua rally in Horana petitions were withay (10/1),
EE
a parties are confiHent will present her ; to tha Select COTTt during the second Select COMITitlee Will abate the proposals. eached these propo
sals along with other amendments to the constitution will be placed before parliament. Many MP's from both sides of the House believe that these discussions will take at least 3 to 4 months, possibly 6 months according to a Opposition frontbencher. No major proposal can become law unless the U.N.P. Cooperates, since a two-thirds majority may be required. If the unitary character of the State is to be altered, a referendum Would also be required. So P.A.-U.N.P. cooperation is a "mus" fora political solution based on any federal formula, Far from cooperation, We observe a P.A.-U.N.P. Confrontation. An end to confrontational politics is a "must" for a negotiated settlement of the National question.
(Солтtiлшға" ол раge 7)
GÜARDIAN
Wol, 18 No. 17 January 15, 1996
PrСЕ Н5, 10,00
Published fortnightly by Lanka Guardian Publishing Co. Ltd. No. 246, Union Place Cg|tյmbը - 2:
Editor Mervyn de Silva Telephone: 447584
Printed by Ananda Press 825, Sir Ratnajolhi Saravanamuttu Ma Watha, Colombo 13. Telephone: 435975
CONTENTS
After the Great Victory 2 World Tronds 3. Human Rights 5 U.S. Recogni 505 Indları Role Something Nasty on the
Internet 9
Back to the Future in Moscow O Balancing India and Pakistan 11 Understanding Diversity 13 Sri Lankan Literatura (4) 1B

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After the Great Vic
Dr Wickramabahnu Karunaratne
T赠 "IETOT" WAT of the PA government is claimed to be a great Sucess. However Lurifortunately Tar Tills in general refuse to get liberated. They ran away from the Sinhala "Liberation" army as if Rawana's Yaksha army was advancing on them. Many of them hawe abandoned Jaffna peninsula altogether and come to the Vavuniya district. Around half a million people are refugees, PA leaders claim that Tigers forced then to flee. There is some truth in that. But ingenara people started leaving When they realized that the Tigers are incapable of resisting a conventional attack of a Well equipped traditional army. The moment Tigers started retreating the exodus started. Obviously Tigers did not want the lame and the loyal only to be left behind hence the order for everybody to leave. Thus LLLLLL LLLL LLLaLLLLL LLLLLL LL LLLLLLLaaLLL arry "liberating" the virtually empty City from the Tamil people. Whatever the claim of Chandrika the reality is that she has occupied the hub of culture and identity of the Lankan Tamil people sans Tamil people. The claimed Victory over Tigers is almost an illusion. But she has severly hurt the Tamil pride so much so the TULF the liberal Tamil bourgeois party withdraw its support to the PA. All upper class Tamil intellectuals Such as Radika broke ther romance with the PA. With a sigh of grief.
Certainly this is a defeat for the Tigers. They had illusions about their ability to face an attack of a Comwerllional army. Cm one hand they over-estimated the Support they can mobilise within the Imperialist countries. They claimed repeatedly at least in the recent period that they represent only national liberation and their heros are of the Napoleon type. They clearly avoided being classified as Marxists. Hence they expected protection from the West for their "genuine" effort for national liberation. On the other hand they over-estimated the resource problem of the Sinhala army. With enough resources
griers General Sciety offic WSSP
2
it Could be CCTIE a fe: Chine, Chandrika Wit noise Tialde for de Wol tanti COTTiitir Tart fi: project' of the IMF Y rimilitary aid from ir imperialism today is rating oppressed nat ist leaders have agr COTNOTIC ZOTIESE TE just that. On top of th: of helping internatio appears now that thE Out LF16 WOld.
It is in this scenari to retreat and the
Wicted for their fa agreed that this cal Though the people rising prices and We capitalist, did notes t0 tills Cä || Of the TäC: Celebrations Cortin pense. This Went f: Chauvinist act. The Dëfence Ministerim i it as the future F Sirima wo dug deep establish Collectio hero, Leuke Bandar tät this trug dBCS the generals of the W Rohal Dalu Watte егтапсd boys from th mot only chauvinist pretenticus, After nl Taraf Chandrika ted clumsily to talk the package. This Tani nation like th a Woman by her ra: return the Wenom Durgas.
This military wict. problem in many W. nuing as a protracte a milliol TaTills hi als T10Sta|| Tamils ar Tilitaristic forces E |last but Tot the leal

ctory
rocious military mah her "Package" the UtiOrland the Unh9S|- I r the 'dewelopriment Was abla tomobilise imperialism. Besides Tot integreested in litions when all capitaggd tog WTO i appearing to facilitate at Tigers are accused la LOL ble Tlak ErS. It y a reh LInted through
o that the Tigers had
Тапmil people wеге imed city. Chandrika led for Celebrations. who are burdened by xed by the Sellout to pond enthusiastically ists, state sponsored Ltd at Tuch exas beyond a general Eelpers of the Depi Luty their effort to promote PM in place of ailing in to his ancestry to to the Sinhala War a Deiyo. It is claimed dent did the job and Var Gerry de Silwa and ara treated like the B SOLJLH. THUS it Was
but also Vulgar and Jrting so many in this and her adjutant starabout devolution and could appear to the offer of true lowe to pist. She Could only adha tred of SeWET
bry has multiplied the ays. The Waris corntidi guerilla activity half ave turned refugees alignated chauvinist I've strengthened and st to burder on the
masses has increased many fold. The rise of rightwing within the Cabinet is seen in the rise of CW at the expence of "liberal" Peiris the man who thought that he could resolve all conflicts through legal jargon. CW is supported openly by a substantial section of the UNP. Hartleed's exit is also part of the problem. In any case the objective need of a Rani-type UNP has ceased with the rise of rightwing forces within the PA Of course the UNP. Williot wanish but it Will be in the margin for the Toment.
Naturally the opportunist left within the PA is feeling the kick on their backs. They compromised too much on the issue of war and now totally incapable of challerging the Occupation of Jaffna and the eviction of the Tamil people. However on the issue of privatisation there is no way they could back out. All Workers parties within the PA including the CWC of Thonda man hawe challenged the privatisation project of Chandrika. Infact the joint cornTittees Of all 5ECtOTS UI dar that of privatisation have got together to launch a common campaign. In particular the Tarnil plantation workers in Maskeliya area came out on strike against the private managers. They were demanding 25 days of work per month jobs for their children in the plantations and gratuity at retirement. Perfectly reasonable demands. But Sepala langakoon Saysthese are impossible demands that will tie them down. These Workers will not relinquish their right to this land without adequate compensation. When plantations were nationalised the State undertook to safeguard their right to land and Work. State cannot change this agreement unilaterally. War and racism has temporarily darrpened the agitation against privatisation and other dictates of IMF. But certainly it Will gain Tomentum in the coming period. When that happens opportunist left leaders may get dragged out at least for a period. At the monent while the opportunist left leaders are howling within PA. Chandrika is using public Toney to advertise the sell out of public property.

Page 5
With the rise of militaristic forces, Workers also face new repression and attacks. In many workplaces employers used police and some times paid thugs to drive away protesting workers. Police visited houses of agitating or striking Workers in the Tiddle of the night to threaten Hell. Ofte female WorkgrS WEITE HITEtened in this manner. When employers complained, police came in the Tiddle of the night to take Workers into custody threatening every one in the household. Peaceful marches Were dispersed.
Within the parliament, JWP MP consistently spoke and voted against the War though his party took a dubious line in relation to devolution. At first they condemned devolution as dividing the country into eight parts though theoretically they stood for Tamil autonomy. As we kept on raising the question of autonomy and referendum JWP leaders hastily retreated and raised the slogan of equality. We had several debates With the JVP leader Wimal Weerawalse who defended their
position by claiming resolve national Con
retailed if the JM
Lur de titler Llee W under this hOITE TIL a Wery important de and file level. A sign ITEITıbership) Ca T1E3 . tion: some took alm
Cf LTTE WILFOL ut Cri
Is litiliset Writicle of
ported by several Colombo, Japura, lo niya. In addition ther the way they handle duгіпg the war pe! support Was given t War and privatisatio bers feel that they Jarathā MitlLIro
Tentalists. Will tie, from the racists and ry alliance with the tions? This Will de factors above all O independent Worke
MWORLD TREMDS
Castro's Visit Reinforc
hough the world is gradually moving
toward detente, it is yet far from tranquil, Chinese President Jiang Zemin Said when meeting with visiting Cuban leader Fidel Castro in Beijing.
"I art realizing Ty long-held Wish," the Cuban leader said.
New opportunities and challenges for World peace and development now exist, Jiang said. However, he said that hegemony, power politics and "Cold War thinking" are still rampant in World relations. Territorial, ethnic and religious disputes continue to appear from time to time, he added,
China strongly believes that World disputes should be solved through dialogue and negotiation. Arms, the threat of force, sanctions and embargoes should never be resorted to Jiang noted.
China and Cuba in September 196{ Latin AT19rican COU atie With China.
Јіапg геaffiпmed great irriportance to aCOOliC tias With explore new Coope
He Said the WOCI satisfying bilateralt sitesTies it of Sirio-0. importance" consid situation.
He pledged that: Order should followt and mutual benefit economic gap bet developed countrie
Forging ties. With

g that "socialism will flict". But the question P. grants autonomy ich area Will COTe E. However there is velopment at the rank ificant section of their Wertotally to our posistan ultra left position Li:St. "HIRU" is the this tendency Supstudent leaders from Kelaniya and PeradeGiS diSSatiSfaction Ori d the student struggle iod Only luke-Warm o the struggle against n, Many of their memcompromised to the E3 Buddhist fuldaJWP leadership break Come to a revolutionaproletarian organisaJernd om a number of in the strength of the F5 TOW Tit.
Cm 13DECWe had a Common Campaign in lieu of the Human rights Day which fell on Sunday 10 Dec. After a long pause opportunist left Within in the PA agreed to a common picket in defence of human rights but we could not agree to a common document. We insisted that condeming the government for the attack on Tamil people and withdrawal of the army to allow Self government of Tamils are essential. They did not agree. However the common picket Was a success and in addition. We marched up to Hyde Park and had our meeting. Though they did not participate In the märch and the ITIBeling more tham 50% came with us exposing their Weakness. However With all such set backs, the 13th Was a new beginning for a left alternative. We can expect the movement to grow both political as well as in the mass front. Carl the government take a sharp tLIIT toward5 Sform5 Canit COntaininfation? With the growth of the right wing Within the PA and the strengthening of the TECistilitäristic for CE35, 5 Luch a SCGlario||5 very unlikely. We are optimistic though the mood still is against U.S.
eS Tie:S
forged diplomatic ties J. Cuba was the first ntry to establish such
that China attaches developing trade and Cuba and intends to rative spheres.
Durtries hawe enjoyed ies, adding that enhaCuba ties is of "Wital ering the current World
à Tle WWorld ECOT1CITIC he principle of equality and help reduce the Ween developing and S.
developing countries
is a basic foreign policy for China, Jiang said.
The World should respect the right of each nation's choice of their own social system and development route, Jiang said.
Castro said Cuba is entering into major World activities and opening diplomatic ties. With 155 Countries, and is set on building "socialism with Cuban characteriStiCS."
Following the summit, Jiang and Castro presented the signing ceremonies for three economic cooperation treaties between China and Cuba.
Chinese Premier Li Peng and other top leaders also let With Castro.
AReğÄrg FfaK*ßgi#*/

Page 6
| cuba Defies Blockade, in
Beijing Review interviewed Cuban Ambassador Jose policy 77 e following are the mai 7 points offWhis intey
FeidiSSolution of the formēr Sowjet
Union and the changes in Eastern Europe, coupled with the US economic blockade, has posed a severe challenge to Cuba's economy. The Cuban people, hÖWEWer, hawe braced themselves for the blockade. At the sale time, the Cuban government has adopted measures since 1991 of opening to the Outside World and attracting foreign investment. To date, foreign investment in Cuba tops USS2 billion and Joint ventures nurrber more than 200. Three months ago a new law on foreign investment was adopted. All these measures have served to buttress the national economy. Last year the gross domestic product grew by 0.7 percent and this year it is expected to grow by 2.7 percent.
While developing the national economy, the Cuban government has improWedi Tiglations With Latin AMITriCan CÖLJT tries. President Castro Visited Barbados, Brazil, Colombo and Mexico on five separate occasions, exchanging views with leaders of the host Countries on bilatera relations and other regional and international issues of Corton COCEI. The Cuban foreign minister visited 14 Central and Southern American Countries including those countries currently hawing no diplomatic relations with Cuba: Chile, Paraguay, Costa Rica and Honduras. Imreturn, the Mexican president and sixforeign inisters and dozens of Senior officials TOT OLFar Latin Alleri Carl COUmtries wisited Cuba last year. These exchanges of visits have furthered friendship and cooperation between Cuba and other Latin Armerican CountriēS.
Although the United States has inflicted economic losses of US$45 billion upon Cuba's 11 million people over the past 33 years, the Cuban governmentis Willing to improve relations with the United States on the basis of respecting Sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Taking advantage of the opportunity to attend the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations irii New York, Presiderit Castronade extensive contacts With US entrepreneurs, journalistic and religious circles as well as meeting with prominent Cuban-Americans, deepening their understanding of Cuba.
A number of US entrepreneurs have
Visited Cuba to expl Inities increased. La entrepreneurs visit thiar 100 of them intent. Recently Cut tion treaty with the treatyisbeneficialn to the United State of cooperation betw
The majority of oppose the US blo The UN General AS adopted resolutions States to end block: member states sup and this year 117 di
Although far from phically, China and friendship. Both c. SocialiSTUlderte dership and share n lar wiews on regio issues. In recently since President Ji: Cuba in November

proves Foreign Relations
LSSS LCCCCL CCC CLrLL LeTrGCCCCL LaLCCCL L LCTLCC
few
rebusiness opportut year more than 500 2d Cuba and more signed protocols of a signed an immigraUnited States. This tonly to Cuba but also , setting an example elite two Countries.
UN Tamber States kade against Cuba. sembly has four times calling on the United de. Last year 101 UN ported the resolution di SO.
each other geograDuba enjoy traditional untries are building Communist Party leaany identical or simiall and international загs, апd particularly ing Zemin's Visit to
1993, bilateral rela
Clowns Cantos - 14 Water Colour
Liter is so Erld
LIT rig Lillage into island for a pair Liters hard. Irudscape for a CLLIT L’ated ELiver ing a Fiபe Star-ligallerg gatherய்து
bject Malter
r brigut blanc chatter
Jcկյ, though,
tions have Witnessed rapid development in economy, trade, Science, technology and culture. High-level visits have increased and last October Premier Li Peng made a brief stopower in Havana to meet With President Castro. Bilateral trade hit USS500 million last year and is expected to remain on the same level this year.
President Castro's WiSitto China realizes his long-cherished wish tostrengthen Cuban-China relations. During his stay in China, he will have personally witnessed the dramatic changes and achievements the country has made in recent years. He Will also take the opportunity to sign a series of agreements on bilateral trade and economic cooperation.
At the conclusion of the interview, the ambassador disclosed that Castro Will visit VietNam after China. Responding to the question of the purpose of the Wiet Nam visit, Ambassador Guerra Smiled, "You should ask the Cuban ambassador to Hanoi; cannot exceed my function and
Teddle in his affairs."
High heels boring the parquet floor.
ürlı türlıgs to Face Tripoples from the olar, ke boats glide but not the sigh af LLoe I the fresh soun paddu under the calm flood locent Lufth its reflected frees and cloud, t tjue sigh Qfman, Uomrun ard LLater r Luhar cortes afer. e dry ration, the bare thatchless rafter e. LLCI(Le SkeletoIl of the FuÉ. e painting does lot also hold the laughter days gone past.
U. EKa Limatike

Page 7
AHLWIMMA MWAFWGAWWIS
The Role of
NEI TITLICHEIWIT
e ITILISt Carigratulate the Hom.
Mahinda Samarasingle for his intiatives in organising this event to CCITTgmorate International Human Rights Day. It is particularly appropriate that Parliament as ar institution should accord Primacy to the issues of human rights since every individual must be able to invoke the authority and powers of parliament not only to articulate his grievances but also tij geek TEdTESS. Withi til fra T3 Work of parliament, We hawe many opportunities to raise issues relating to human rights and discriminatory treatment. Individual petitions are referred to the Petitions Committee of Parliament although this cor TITittee has struggled to Cope effectively with the very large number of petitions Which have been referred to it. The Emergency debate also enable one to raise both general and Very Specific hUITian rights concerns which are linked to the state of emergency in the country, Parliamentary questions have also been consistently invoked to raise issues relating to discriminatory treatment or other human rights abuses. Parliamentarians also in their individual capacity constantly called upon to intervene in cases of arbitrary CLL0a LLLLLaL LaLaLLLLLHH LL LaLL LLLLLLLaaLLL KLL LLL LLLL LLLLLLa aLLLLL LLLL L LL LLLLLaLLS Questions of human rights are therefore intimately linked to the very institution of parliament as the ultimate repository of collective consciousness of the people of this country.
Within the global arena, We have had in the last few years several important LLGGLLLLL SLLLaLLLLLLLaaLLL a L S LLLLLLaL rights related issues. We had in 1993 the Wienna Conference to be subsequently followed by the Social:SumInitin Copenhagen and the Beijing Conference On Women. There have been also ппапy LLLLLL LLLLaLaLLaaLLLL LLLLHLL LaLGLaL aaaL linked to the 50th anniversary of the United Nations which have focussed on tPleistitutional response of the United Nations to human rights issues. These conferences have taken place against a backdrop of both intense optimisin and deep cynicism of the capacity of the international Commu
Dr. Nggal Tir Luchelwam MP (T.U.L.F.) i 5 poikE ät INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS DAY di ECL5531 i Prilirl L.
Parja
nity to Secure hulla tie: WILIBS-Thegre - IT Clivets. Firs Sistent acts of inhum Saved and freedor parts of the Worl human rights has b IT LE COISCEITCÊ paramourit Social SgCond tigrg haWal mental gains such intgatija | Ead | tätigS Tld TCrib institutionalisation wists internationally lopinig COLI ritries.
Sri Larika's reCor. rights has been ad Despite the ideolog second Republicar damental rights shE rd Edaya Cd government. UN W. appearamCes in its 1991 stated that Sri dCCLIT]értad CaSë the 52 countries III, king Group. Article State SC One Shall Or to CrЈЕ, ППШПТЕ ment or punishme hasd0Grgtedt degrading fQrTTIS O practised during Rights groups CO arbitrary and indis detention by invok Terrorism Act and . lation. We are the traditi.JS WHICHT Er äld tillä Card" ling Cruelty and ab
The response te rights has to be mL ole hand, We clea the legal and Cor relating to the prote This is a task whic by the Select Com tion. We ëlSO HäWe ä flälitsla Hufflär Which will possibly tions SUCH HE HLJIT and the Commissi of Discriminatio. Tistakêto:ISSLImE

net
in rights and democra2 LWO Lr Lully s Lubista Titi WE notwithstanding perTanity, lives hawe been recovered in many d. More importantly, een firmly established of public opinion as a
Ethic : Off Our tiri:13. Jean significantinstruas comprehensive, regional huTan right Dring bodies and the of human rights actiand il SEWEralI dB W3
dWith regard to human eeply troubled record. ical COTITittentitle Constitution that fullall be respected, Secuby all the organs of the |orking Group on Disreports in 1990 and Lanka had the highest of disappearances of "Eestigated by the Wor11.Cf3 COStitutiO be subjected to torture in or degrading treatFilt. HOWEVET AF Tirnesty at the lost Cruel and f torture are routinely interrogation, Human intinuously document Critinate arrests and ing tha Prevention Of the Emergency Reguinheritors of religious Tiphasise CCT passion yet. We confront appalJsein ourdaily Fives.
3 Lihle Cristis Of HLJr är
tidimensional. On the rly need to strengthen Stil Lu LiCl3l fräFTE WOJrk. action of human rights. his being undertaken littee of the Constitulegislation on Creating Rights Commission replace existing instituIan Rights Task Force Oi Oil the Elimination Would lowever be a thata problemis resol
ved by merely Creating a new institution. We devote so much of our energy towards drafting laws and creating new institutions but failso dismally in manning these instit L-utions with persons of wission, irintegrity arid energy to ensure their effectiveness.
We also feed to take our intentitional obligation with regard to human rights Til Luch TOre Sēriously. We are signatorie:S to Tiany important instruments but do not take Our reporting requirements seriously, The reports that Were submitted to the UN Human Rights Committee and to the BelјngConferencewегероогӀургерагеdапd did not reflect the importance that should ldēt tī L. Šī Lākā should also become signatories to the Optional Protocol Linder the Civil and PoliLLaaLLLLLLLaLLLLLLLaLLLLL GLLLLLLLLHHLLLLLLLS biol. This WOuldenable individualStoin Woke the complaint machimery established Ulder 135 il Stut5. NO diSCLSSiO on human rights can be complete without emphasising the role of civil Society and particularly that of non-governmental organisations in defending human rights. No demOCratic gewErriment Carl Seek to Constrain the Work of civil Society institutions in defending human rights and addressing humanitarian issues.
The issues of humans right cannot be viewed in isolation from those of peace апс га сопсiliation. Over the last two decades SOme of the TCSt SériOLIS violatior15 of human rights have been linked to the on-going ethnic conflict. We need a bi-partisan approach to these issues if We are to frame enduring Solutions. On Thursday, one of the most cruel conflicts in post-war Europe will probably be resolved within the framework of peace accord to be signed in Paris. Спe of the immediate hurtianitarian issues and human rights questions that confront us relates to the mass displacement of persons from Wellkar I am area to other parts of Jaffna and the mainland. I appeal to all of the political parties in Parliament to Work together to address problems of these displaced perSOs and establish Conditions Under which Lhey cari return to their homes in dignity and security. If we cando so, thern We can demonstrate that We are capable of moving away from rhetoric to concrete action capable of alleviating human suffering.

Page 8
U.S. Recognises Inc
Humayun Kabir
nd there was renewed pressure
from Tamil Nadu for military interwention in Sri Lanka.' Two, that if the military offensive of the Sri Lanka govcriment really succeeded, India would hawe lost its leverage in influencing the affairs of the island.' Three, from its strategic perspective buttressed by its formidable military build-up ower more than two decades, India thought it imperative to putan end to Sri Lanka's arti-Indian external linkages. And four, that India's role, the efficacy of which appeared disCredited to tha TaTills ard Was Challlenged by Colombo with its resorting to military means to end the Conflict, was to be salvaged. In its efforts to retrieve its initiative India hardened its attitude toWards Sri Lanka and decided to send relief supplies by boat to Jaffna."
Remarkably, it was India, not Sri Lanka. which did the assessment that Jaffna urgently needed relief Supplies. And India, despite fierce opposition from the Colombo government' sent aflotilla of nineteen boats carrying food and medicine towards Sri Lanka on 3 June 1987. The relief boats Were intercepted by the Sri Lankan navy and turned back the samle day. But India was out to make the point by Conveying the message across to the UNP leadership that Sri Lanka Would do itself tremendous good if it chose to extricate itself from the string of anti-Indian foreign linkages, that it was only India that Would hawe a role to play in the island's internal affairs pertaining to the ethnic question and that India, W0 Luld hawe the decisive influence in determining the nature and content of devolution of power in the island. As such, on 4 June, India violated norms of international law and principles of good neighbourliness by crossing into Sri Lanka's airspace and by having air-dropped twenty five tonnes of dry rations and vegetables over Jaffna peninsula. That India Was more conCBITEU abDUlits own interests tham about supplying "urgently needed relief" to the starving million of Jaffna was evident from the meagre quantity of its relief goods.
The government of Sri Lanka and its people Were outraged by the turn of events. Prime Minister Premadasa, who contemptuously characterised the para
dropping as "dogs til perinsula' and Calle act of "cowardice".
Lankan people unite of India and express hatred". të The Sri
lodged a protest Wit against India for hay ka's Soverignty, indi: torial integrity.' But international respons global, to India's rel particularly reassurir Teaction of the Sol ranged from calling "deplorable violation reignty and charact mentas "grawe" and for all neighbours" to offer of unspecified to Sri Lanka. Will Was termed "a pre United States regret refrained fron usi sions against India." and dismay to Pre: and the rest of the S who had been pinnir United States as th America recognised the Sri Lankar affia to Sort out things bil: As a Tatter of fact,
balancing strategy f half of the 1980s wit of relationships betw. major powers of the
Under the Reagar United States of Al Self-Confidence and tion as the leading gl assumption of powe hail Gorbachow in M. ching of his do Testic ka' and "glasnost' an 'new thinking' in res relations, the Sowie ship began showing mest. The SowitS W exit out of the Afghan signified that the Sovi OLILIstitselfto Ward: Indian Ocean. And consequent reductio Pakistal ad Sri La Calculus of the Unite

dian Role
at Shit on the Jaffa d the di actiOman stated that "the Sri idly conder in the act their opposition and Lankan government the United Nations ing violated Sri Lam*pendence and territo no awaii. Also, the se, both regional and lief mission Was Ot g to Sri Lanka. The Luth Asia COLUmtries the Indiari actio a " Öf Sri Liliki'S SWEerising the developa "matter of concern Pakistan's reported Tlaterial assistance etle Soviet reaction Ignant silence", the ted India's move but ng StrOrng expresTo the utter horror sident Jayewardene ri Lanka leadership, ng their hopes on the heir 'perceived ally, New Dell's rolai 's and advised the alterally with India." Sri Lanka's CounterEa|Ed in the SecÕrld 1 shifts in the pattern тееп апd among the WOOT.
i administration, the merica regained its reasserted its posiobal power. With the r in Moscow by Mikarch 1985, the laun: policy of perestrod the espousal of his pect of international -Américan relationsigns of improveanted an honourable lista mimbroglio. This et Shadr10 intentions SSouth Asia and the is, in turn, implied a in the salience of nka in the Strategic dState S.Ulder GOr
bachev, the Sino-Soviet rapprochement Was steadily mowing ähead.And this Sent signals to New Delhi that it should improve its relationship with Washington. The USA also Was TorG COITrifortable With India under Rajiv Gandhi, for he was supposed to be more modernised in Outlook and hence more interested and bold in forging relationships with the West, particularly With the United States, Sin-Il diam relations were also on the Tend in the 1980s. That explains why China, while expressing herself against any big power interference in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict, avoided any anti-Indian Campaign which previously she frequently resorted to. The South Asian regional countries, including Pakistan, either had limited resources or Were unable to provide thern for Sri Lanka in its possible confrontation With India.
Under the evolving scenario, Sri Lanka found itself left alone contending With the full might of India. The imprudence of the island's political leadership lay in the fact that they misread the global and regional politico-strategic realities and miscalculated in Virtually making their traditional friends choose between Sri Lanka and India, The obvious in realpolitik happened, as the less important international actor was found to be expendable for a far more important one. Sri Lanka felt let down and abandoned by its friends. It was left With no other option but to submit to the imperatives of keeping in mind the interests and security requirements of India with regard to its own ethnic issue, and its foreign and security policy.'
Therefore, in the face of India's weritable display of Will and capability, the Sri Lankan government Caled of "Operation Liberation", lifted the six-month old economic and communication blockade, and announced "operation goodwill" which provided for the distribution of 900 tonnes of food to the the Tamils in the Wadamarachchi area." An accord Was also signed between India and Sri Lanka on 25 June 1987 over the modalities of relief supplies. The accord demonstrated that Sri Lanka had accepted India's "legitimate' role in its internal affairs, as Indian officials were to be irnwolwed in the distribution of the relief supplies." Following the signing of the relief accord, the negotiating process was

Page 9
resumed in search of a peaceful, political SettleTent of Sri Lanka's ethnic, But this time, India made it astrictly bilateral matter with Sri Lanka as Tamils were pushed to the background and India took upon itself the role of their custodia. From its role of mediator, India became not only a participant but also the guarantor. This is evident from the "Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement to Establish Peace and Normalcy in Sri Lanka', popularly known as Peace Accord, signed in Colorbo between President Jayewardene of Sri Lanka and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India on 29 July 1987.
To be ConfirTLog)
Notes
159. The Chief Minister of Tail Nadu, whosent a telex to Rajiv Gandhi gxpressing fears that usands of civiliaris Would gilled at the hards of tha Sri Lankari ar Tiy, Lurggd hiTI LO POTEValil Lupon Colombo to sLispend the offensive, News Background, "India condemns artiterrorist thrust in Jaffra", Larika Guridiari, Colombo, Wol. 10, No. 3, 1 Junia 1987, p. 9. Ewen in New Dalhi, Tāni| politicians and other vocal sympathisers LLLLGLYY LLLLLL LLL LLLL LLLLL LLLLLLLLS For example, the Lok Dal leader Subramanian Swamy and the retired Supreme Court Judge Krishna Iyer were vocal in derlanding such action, Times of India, NgW Dalhi, 3 Jung 1987.
Indian External Affairs Minister, N.D., Twari, in a statement Warned the Sri LankangowaTTEnt of the long-tern dangers of carrying out the opgration. He said "the government of India Strongly i CardEminis thB TāEsiwa assault by the Sri Lankan security forces against the entira civiliar population of Jaffna", Ngws Background, "India CorideTimis arti-terTrist thrustini Jaffna", Lanka Guardian, Colorrubica, Wol, 10, No.3, til Junie 1987. p.9. It is now no secret that J. N. Dixit, India's High Commissioner to Colombo. Who was Saif Castically called India's 'Pro-Cori:Sul" in Sri Lanka, had carried a massage from his political bosses to the Sri Lankan leadership Wanning thern of dira consequence if "Operation Liberation" was not called off.
Om 1 June, J.N. Dixit Calligd On Sri Lanka's Foreign Minister Harneed and conveyed that the Gover irrent and the people of India PrCpCSE LO SEfnt Lurgerlly T1E3Edad falaf by Sea to Jaffria Commoncing 3 June 1987. The note haharided Over contained, "... In response to this tragic situation, and motiWated by humanitariam considerations, Lhe Government and people of India propose los Endurgently negdgdrelief o Jaffma." The island, Colombo, 3 Jung 1987.
The government of Sri Lanka issued a statement with regard to this extra-ordinary 5ituation.|L Cornitain Bid, inter alia, that ",,, L.FIB Gover irrent of Sri Lanka wishes to point
EO.
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ifig.
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dCes th:G sitLatii raguire any as ClLrnbH 3. Jung
Hindu, Madras,
Hindu, Madras,
Part3, S. Ghi5F in South Asia, op
Ibid, p.193.
A Stato Departri JLira 1937: "W ExtEle di ECLES: trigg for the delw: We regrat thes COTTSB querity, Irmi WEIf tha Supplies both government gun this issue question of bring Eithi Tilt: CICTiflitir, 3
LE
One might recal dane's lamanting Ido-Sri LKP Would lift a finger United Slüt: Flit Tial rolo in Sri Li CClOITibJeff Brg ITErlt af its allsli with India. Rober ASSISTE SETEt: South Asiam Affai tlee (the House: rīd Pā: i: Aidi gratified, in thB || CILJr policigis and til Tielt of Irldia Hr This is a positivef nship". "Resolvin Department of S The US was His perchant for milit |ing human right: appearing before Robert A PEÇk:5 Categories of hurt Lanka) gawarning responsible for II Eftlig fillitt 5 Delhi, 13 Marc til British Frill of a pulitical Solut SSE idio E gag:ISLICIT E HErat of Sri Lark's Wic County could sta El SIE DEFECE A, Was still legally April 1985.
So The scholars, is Siwarajah, hold IäCDF WäS äls : Larıkan goverım: LErikäs louristirid Ricc and fish prod been declining du East. Depression
 

5th C GOWETITEIt Of Sri ry humanitarian aid nor 1. obtaining in the North istance." Tha Island, |EEF,
June 1987.
Julg Ho.
Cooperation and Conflict
tit, pр, 192-193.
art spokesman said on 4
understand the Te WCTO ions. Conconing modaty of relief supplies by Sea.
disiCLASSIO 15 fälill Cid and, lia figllit neceassary to deliby air, We strongly urge Si Loreestablish tigirdialoa5 WCell as Con Lha broadā ir ing about the end of the Laikā. Hindu, Midrās,
hara President Jaya War | Words aftar signing tha alca AC:ifd that no power against India. In fact, the drecognised India's regioisika and Counselled tha hip for a negotiated settleC problem in cooperation A. Peck, the US Deputy ary for Near Eastem and rs, told the Solarz CorIIITSL-Citte? On Asiä
rs) that "We have been ast Conca year or two, that he policies of the Governa very furning parallel. actor in our Overal relatiog Life Sri Lankan conflict", tata Buletin, May 1987. to Critical of Sri Lanka's ar y coption and har appai record. Earlierin Marchi, Sla Colā, aid: "If you add up all the iar rights abuses, the (Sri intagencias are probably ora human rights abuses ..". Indian Express, New 9B7. Märgaret Thatcher, Ministarwas also infavour iuri, with the help of India lict to Jayewardane's SLhe time of commissioning Ciri dari in 1935 that här tion troops in his Country greement between their alid. Hindu, Madrid 5, 13
Luch as Bastilampilai and lg wEW Hät LCDrlöfflig. compulsion for the Sri int to sign the Accord, Sri ustry had begri declining. uction in the country had to Wiciler ICE in tha North Gifblj5inIEGS and in e Ti
ployment was economically disastrous to Sri Lankar stability. Peace was expected to take car of all these economic ills, Saa Bertram E.S.J. Bastiampilla, "Ethnic Conficts in Soul ASla 3rd InterState Ralfations Especially in Relation to Sri Lanka" in Shelton U. Kodikara (ed.), South Asian Stratagic Issues: Sri Lankan PerspectivES, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 1990, p. 104; A. Silvarajah, "indo-Sri Lanka RelaCI5 ad Sri Lalk:F'35 Ellic: Crigis: The Tamil Nadu Factor" inibid., p. 156.
Hearts and Minds War
(Солt/лшеd froтраge 7)
SEVERE HARD SHIPS
Meanwhile even the moderate Tamil parties are quite disturbed over current developments. A major cause for Tamil concernis the displaced Tamil population, adirect consequence of the military offensive that ended on Dec. 5th the army in total control of Jaffna. "These displaced persons continued to experience severe hardships despite the efforts of the gowernment to enlist UNHCR in delivery of non-food related relief. There is also very little interest within the displaced population in the details of the political proposals says Dr. Neelan Tiruchelvam, TULF MP ad Director of the International Centre foT Ethnic Studies.
ls there away out?
"Unless Sorne political contacts are reestablished between the Governet and the LTTE" there can be no significant improvement in the situation of the displaced persons, he said.
While the LTTE says the numberis Well over 300,000, the government put the number at less than 200,000.
Meanwhile the national economy bleeds. Defence spending Will certainly increase by at least 100 million dollars from a 1995 all-time high of a nearly 650 million. Living costs will rise, and the salariedmiddle-class Will hawe to bBara heavy burden. How much money can the government raise by selling state Ventures? Transport electricity, postal and telephone rates will go up and up. The trade unions will put the heat on their political bosses, and the bosses, all aligned to Leftist parties, are allies of the P.A. So Watch Wasudeva Nanayakkara MP and his comTalde Dr. Wikifamilia bahitu Karunaratrne, Sri Lanka is not Bosnia, nor Palestine. With the end of the Cold War. We are important only to our neighbours, India and (therefore?) Pakistan.

Page 10
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Page 11
PEADDLMWG POFW
Something Nasty on th
Pornography of the Worst kind is now available to children
L蠶 go on a trip into cyberspace, says daddy. He takes eight-year-old Jonnie up the stairs and into his teenage brother's room. Where the new hole computer has recently been installed.
After switching on the machine and clicking the "dial" button on the screen, a home page springs up, replete with Colour photographs and graphics, and a Welcoming voice grgets the domestic adventurers into the brave new World of the telet.
With one mouse click the pair are off to the British Library to checkout the most recent book publications - a worthy enough place to start. Another click takes ther to the White House. Where a Verbal greeting awaits them from President Clinton. Another click and they are surfing through a list of news services to see what has been going on in the Conservative party's leadership election and catch the late:St. Cricket SCOPES from the Press ASSOCiation. CITIETOTE click takas the Tirto the magazine Sectionald.
Dad's heart sinks. It isn't PC magazine that catches his eye, but the Internet editions of Perthause and Payboy. And What's this? He pulls down a menu from the top of the screenlisting his eldersson's Internet "bookmarks" - alterotica, bestiality and alt-pictures.erotica.breasts. Further down he sees other pages leading to images of bondage, group Sex and lesbianisST.
Many British parents are excluded from the high-technology world their children inhabit. In the past 18 months "surfing the Net" has become one of the most popular pastimes. Childreп пow spend more time interacting on their home personal computers than Watching television. And what has already happened in America is fast catching on.
LeSSon Orie for the Uninitiated: olce a personal corputer is plugged into the telephone line it can download text, highresolution colour pictures, sounds and even SITal wiedo clips from ary other computer in the World. Many of these linked-up machines are part of the Internet, the biggest Corputer network of all, to Which an estinated 10 m people WOrldWide hawe CCESS.
From this endless world of homepages, hypertext links and Web sites comes an exhaustive educational resource incorpo
rating newspapers. ries, corporations c. interest groups on ble, from bee-kee| CirCUS.
The Coles the dren are on-line, h is not restricted to shelves. Hard-core tially at the fingerti and that usually in
FEir HEdfo011.
Recently, the Inc. of on-line habits. We Chers at Carnegie Pittsburgh, Penns called Marketing P formation Superhig QWEf 1B mOrllhsfol. explicit computer short stories and Integrigit'5 USgat ( Such pictures are cent of all picture pornographic, in or 13 out of the AO newsgroups had Sex, stories, rec.art: bondage.
It is not just the porn, Much of the exists or privately Service5 that de |filerrat. HOWEWEr. car dial up and ic all'OWS ET1 tO di Some services a charged.
Defenders of unr Internet argue that findings Sound F iTlages represent { all files posted on groups. And to a requires: Substantia and special softwa
Teenagers with ters Will| hawe no porc olds learning how a TOLISG are le SS |i! it all out. Hard-Core ble con the Internet, to go out of their W it.
The real problem can be downloaded teenager on to a dis

e internet
- and it is probably unstoppable, says Christopher Lloyd
the BBC, public librafall kinds and special BVery subject imaginapirng to hO'W to run a
uglier truth. Once chilard-core pornography
the newsagents' top рогпоgгaphyispotenis of any on-line child, eans in the privacy of
st Exhaustive surveys re revealed by researMellon University in sylvania. The study, огпоgraphy on the IпEl Way and Conducted Indnearly 1 mSexually Files (mostly pictures, video clips). On the Sroups service, Where often stored, 83.5 per IS Were FOLund to DB he American university 1ost frequently visited names Such as alS. erotica and alt.sex.-
Internet that peddles most explicit Tlaterial " LI - "Ej Li|li Ejjf" Il Cot COITTIČtÉd to thig anyone with a modem in the service, Which Wnload the images. re free others are
egulated access to the | although the survey опific, роппоgraphic only three per cent of the literret's newsCcess these images computer knowledge "Ee t0 de CŪd the fillES.
an interest in compublems, but eight-yearto point and click With kely to be able to Work pornograthy is availabut Children Will| hawe ay to find and access
is that any explicit file by a computer-literate kette and simply given
to younger children in the school playground. These can be viewed on any School or horne Computer even if they are mot Corrected01=line. The Childrēds 10 knowledge of how to get internet access or how to download a file.
Another problem is that many of the images available on-line are more explicit Filari in Tost adult magazines, Downloading on-line is more appealing to children than TTlagazirles bECāLISeilgets found the problem of having to Walk into a local shop and run the danger of being recognised. Peddlers of porn also find cyberspace TOre COWErient.
It is far safer for them to distribute their Tlaterial On-line becauseit Can Colla from anywhere in the World, where domestic laws mat beliberal, and their identities can be better hidden from obscene publications Squads. The Net als O TIBārs ther G is no danger of being hauled out of irimigration queues by customs officials.
Control over the on-line World is rapidly proving a hopeless task and the idea of government regulation as a solution is going поwhere.
Could the computer industry make moves to clean up cyberspace? Some software that claims to help prevent children from being on-line porn addicts is coming on to the market.
Surf Watch is a software package that has a list of forbidden Internet sites and stops children from accessing them. There are two snags though. New erotic sites can be added at any time and it would be na iwe Or anyone to underestimate the ingenuity of software developers.
There is no one solution. Without stopping the teleCommunications revolution in its tracks, governments cannot control cyberspace and technology Cannot contain it. On-line pornography is, literally, one of the ITIOdern facts of lifa that is With Us and here to stay as a result of the digital Communications revolution.
It is a World that parents Would do themselves and their children a great service to understand. Take time to learn hOW the technology Works and perhaps together parents and children can Work dul sooner rather thar lates that there is more to life than on-line porn.
YĆALIWYMesy Suray7777IAs, Law &&owy)

Page 12
Back to the Future in M.
George Walden returns to his alma mater and finds C
Iဦ|ဂြိုး from cold War nostalgia in one respect: in Moscow University in the 1960s Russian girls used to ring the up, sight unseen, for a date. As a postgraduate fresh from wormen-Starwed Cambridge I was naturally flattered - untill discovered they were doing the same to each of our small band of newly arrived westerners. Also, there Were security considerations: how to distinguish between the KGB. Tolls and those interested in genune cultural exchanges?
would not get Tiany of those tantalising Calls as a Weste student in MOSCOW today. The KGB would't bother, having a good living to earn with its mafia friends. As for my novelty value as a Westerner, it Would hawe died a Sudder death Circa 1989 with the fall of the Wall. My attractions to Soviet girls were purely practical: as a purveyor of illicit books, such as the novels of Iris Murdoch, which exchanged for dissident Soviet Writings, equally mild; as a slaker of curiosity about life fan (over there); and as the possessor of enough roubles to take a girl to a restaurant where she could puff ostentatiously on my Players cigarettes. Today, as a 21-year-old Playboy of the Western World showing the Moscow provincials a good time, I would be about as enticing as yesterday's cold bOTSCh.
Going back to Teet young students from my old faculty was a shock. The building Where We met was familiar enough. Though new since my time, like everything from the Soviet era, it was prematurely aged: broken lights, overcrowded, the artibiance shoddy-academic.
Not so the students. The undergraduates gathered to meet me were predominantly Women, as tends to be the case in our own language and history departments. Doubtless they will in time "progress" to grunge Culture, but not yet. The ones I met were more smartly dressed, and spoke a more "Correct"English, tham many of their British counterparts. Not a few were disconcertingly bright; there was no room for any western condescension. had gone back to my Soviet alma mater partly through Curiosity, partly to get a Clearer wiew On the ewe of the parliamentary elections of that age-old question: Where is Russia going? To hell in a horsedrawn fro&a to judge by the image often presented in the West. The image is of Russia as a hopeless case, a country LJПаEle to stand the strains of ПОđerTisa
O
tion, Where the comr ists look Setto ITakt elections that could h; mining its assumptic is over.
So Was it true. I was sliding back into With a growing nostE society"?
No, came the dete elderly Were having : but the WCLIIg WDL|

Page 13
We talkmore about Women, Irelay what
Xenia, a 40-ish wife struggling to make a career in television, had told me: that communism had kept Women down, not
as an act of policy, but simply by its failure. It forced them to spend every minute queueing for food or organising the subsistence of the household. Instantly there are nods of assent. This Was not their ambition, Natasha I begin to see as an operator in the forex market or running a feminist magazine. Certainly not as a teacher of English in some God-forsaken province.
Soleone raises Princess Diana. The girls laugh, embarrassed by their own interest, Aleksel, the historian, has seen the interview. He pronounces that it was
wrong of her to sa could never be king herinfidelity. Not Wr to Te Willit.
There IS, a mOm When it emergest Moscow, none from vinces, "They hawe in the provinces," ol Would cost a fortur Wladiwostok". I doL many horпy hands
Of course they at well as a privilege think of Xenia, the producer. When I had to pay after th battered Moskvich
RUSSIA
Balancing India and Pa
W. Belokrenitsky and W. Moskalenko
Uring the cold War, relations between
India and Pakistan, exceeded the bourdaries of the region and received a global significance, Pakistan became an ally of the US, joined the CENTO and SEATO and was involved in the war in Afghanistan, while India and the USSR were bound by "special relations".
But now that the cold War is over, the two Superpowers are no longer Wying for influenco con SOLuth Asian States and are even establishing cooperation in order to stabilise the situation in that vast region of the world. This meets the interests of both Russia and the US and consequently they are coordinating their positions on the basic Indo-PakiStani problems, in particular the nuclear non-proliferation.
Pakistan is no longer looking up at only tha US and more and TOTEOSëÖrmS interestead in the stabilisation of the situation in Afghanistan and on the border with Tajikistan. It has been actively working to this end and helping Russia to liberate the remaining Soviet servicemen held prisoner in Afghanistan. It enjoys great prestige in the Muslim World and, like Tunisia, Egypt and some other states, is a moderate Muslim country.
Major Changes
Yet therea hawe not been any major changes in Russo-Pakistani relations and bilateral political contacts are still negligible. Russia remained indifferent to the planned visit of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, although twenty years have passed since the previous visit of Pakistani prime minister Zulfikar
BhLIttD. Trqd3 d II tween the two Countr in the past few year: tion has all lost froze contacts are sporad the two COUntries r cooperation and are
Nobody in Russia of developing comp Pakistan, Which rela Wilh. RUSSiia. Thig la recent MOSCOW Scier RUSSO-Pakistan re: developing countries eration. With Russia the growing influenc ngton cut short milita Several years ago, E part of them had be Pakista has boger |
Mr Anatoly Ogurt: ssian state Comitti described the Pakis "virgin lands" afterh Lihat tha Pakistari major profits to Rus and hence employm ries. He IIleant the i Till Whitle USS Pakistan, Lhe dWE machine building, h building of highWay of new and restruct are lucrative possib EOLJSimeSS and COITIIT stan.
It would be exper

" t3t PrinCeg Charles and Wrong to reveal ng to do it, just Wrong
It's embarrassment at they are all from he hard-pressed protheir OWI universities Ie explains Weakly. "It e to Colle here from tot Whether there are among their parents.
eprivileged group, as generation. Again struggling television 15KEd OW ITILIch Sflé e police stopped her for a bit of random
extortion, she said "nothing". I expressed surprise: the two previous times I had been stopped it had cost the drivers $ 2 and S50. But they were men, she explained, some what bitterly: the police didn't expect Russian Women to have money.
The young women beforeme will have it better, and they know it. The only hint of complaint is about foreign travel, Most of the II have had a month OrSO in Britain or America. They are grateful for the Work of the British Council, but are quick to point out that the French and the Germans are more generous with scholarships for Six months or a year. I tend to sympathise. Getting the best of these students to Britain Would be doing ourselves a favour, as well as them. One foreign SWing by Princess Di could pay for the lot.
ikistan
Comic Contacts bies have been shrinking s, and military CooperaI. Scientificard Cultural ic: The question is: DO 'eally Want to develop there grounds for this?
refutes the in portance "ehensive relations with illy Wants to cooperate Itter was proved at the tific shop conference on ations. Like many other s, Pakistan needs Coopa5, a Counterballar CE LO of the US. After Washiiry deliveries to Pakistan although a considerable en paid for in advance, Ioking for new providers.
3OW, chairTan of the Rua for Machine-building, arlic-coloric Tarket as is Wisit tiflere. He belie WES
Ilarket promises both sia andarge Orders = cente for RUSSİär fåCOImprovement of the steel R had helped to build in lopment of agricultural ydro power stations, the S, and the construction uring of old ports. There ilities of Russia's private tercial Structures i Paki
isive and risky to destroy
the cooperation mechanism and the guidelimes and limits of Eilateral cooperation developed overdecades. Buttho few agreements reached earlier by politicians were drowned by the bureaucrats of both countries in the bog of linkages and Coordinaling Conditions,
Special Relations
The Second reason for testaller Tlate is the Continud CD frontätiör betWEB. Pakista and India. Given Such conditions the principle of choosing only one of the two countries will dominate again, despite the atterpts to abandon it. And it is clear that India will be chosen in these conditions. But the principle should and Tust be disputed. Why must only one country be chosen? Why can't Russia maintain relations with both?
Russo-Pakistani cooperation would be difficult to accomplish, as this will call for major efforts and sophisticated diplomatic art. India is used to having special relations With Russia and rises in arts against Russia's attempts to develop relations with Pakistan. India which is a strong County now should not fear the development of Russia's Cooperation (including military) with Pakistan. Consequently its dissatisfaction is emotional and concerns India's view of its prestige, rather than anything else.
The problem could have been resolved if Iridia ad Pakista Stablished mor Talleighbourly relations. But since We cannot expect them to do this, We should learn to Cooperate with Both Courtrigs WithOutOfBrding either. This could bring closer the end of the confrontation era in South Asia.
11


Page 14
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ALL/AAAASW
Understanding Di
Laksiri Jaya,Suriya
introduction
Given the rapid demographic transforTlation that has occurred over the last 50 years, there is no doubt that Australia is descriptively and prescriptively a multiculLural latio". THE COfērēTICE thleTe acknowledges this undeniable reality, this World of difference'. In this context, education and training for cultural diversity has emerged as a key feature of the 1990s' strategy for implementing nor Tiative multiculturalism in the public domain. Educational strategies designed to promote Community relations, combatracisTT or Tinimise prejudice and discrimination, are heavily circumscribed by the Way in Which We Lunder Stand differē Cē, and diVersity, Hence, we need to cast a critical eye OwerhOW We hawe, in Australia, understood and represented difference and diversity in the language of public discourse. This in many Ways echoes aspects of the debate in the UK, between "multiculturalists and anti-racists' in education and training for diversity (Rattansi 1992). The simple fact is that, as elsewhere, the systematic construction of difference has far reaching implications for those involved in devising training programmes for cultural diversity - be they for the sake of promoting multiculturalism as a social ideal, or for promoting trade and business locally and OverSeas.
The diversity and pluralism characteristic of contemporary Australian society is a relatively recent phenomenon. The conVentional image of Australia has been that of a highly homogenous Society which Was also regarded as an outpost of White racist. In order to understand this flew pluralistic ethos, as Bottomley (1991), Martin (1978) and others have shown, we need to identify "the enduring frames of reference that stand in the shadows behind definitions of public knowledge
The Writer is Enarius Professor of Socialogy at L TLGLCCGCuHCHC LLLLLS LLLLLLLH LLuLuLLLLLLS LLLLLL GGCHLu HT CLCHLuLCu CLTTL TH C HHHLHHLCLCCLCLC LLCL S SGLLLLLLL THE ORID OFDIFFERENCE
about migrants at (1987) aplifiestnis that social scientifi helps us to interpri but, through its di: ideologies, policie: prime object of Tly show the manner of Australian multi distinct wièW of the pluralism in Society the shortcomings ( standing in represe the existing and Australian Society.
Aproper apprec ding of Australia a requires chartingh nal response to di as a COn Sequence tion since 1945 (Jay The developmento rais T1, recounting a chievements, WOL such an analysis, Confirles of this ESSE yasLuriya 1992). For it will suffice to ident of the multicultural significant for unde of "difference'.
The first relates pluralism and dive Stocold as 'Cultural di groups are to be re groups'. Hence, the often regarded ast trepiece of the ide lism – acquires s biri ef', we shallargu the concept of cul and understood is tion of the meanir Australian context.
Secondly, it is Täller i Whicht been conceptualis di SCOUTSe distorts diversity of conter

versity
|d 'etics". Castle:S further by pointing out knowledge not only it social phenomena, course, also creates and institutions. A resentation Will beto n which the ideology culturaliST| CreatëS a lature of diversity and and to demonstrate f this fOrrn of LIIldBrnting the true reality of awolving pluralism of
jation arld UIlderstäIls a pluralistic Society storically the institutioersity and difference of the wawes of Tmigrarasuriya 1995b;1994). | ALIStralian TTILIllicultuits shortcomings and ild be a key elementin jut beyond the limited ay (Castles 1992; Jathe present purposes, tify two critical features
discourse which are rstanding the meaning
to the Way in which rsity has been underversity' and that ethnic garded as are 'cultural a question of cultureheunproblematic Cen20logy of multiculturapecial significance. In e that the Way in which ture las been define d Central to an appreciang of difference in the
suggested that the le culturë Concept has ied in the multicultural the true character of mporary Australian So
ciety. The meaning of difference requires a reforTulation and new systematic framework which is able to Capture lhe "World of difference' evident in the complex social reality of present day Australian society. This new framework is based on the concept of minority status, and shifts the logic of discourse away from the affective/expressive aspect of culture and ethnicity and the politics of universalism' to the more material/instrumental aspects of Culture focusing on issues of justice and equality. The latter is more Suited to address the "politics of difference' and its bearing on such aspects as labour market performance, redress of inequalities, participation, and social Well-being.
The Genesis of Difference and its CharacteriSiti OI
As a preamble to this exercise-primarily devoted to the exogenous diversity arising from the Waves of migration especially commencing from the 1945 mass migration - there are two limiting considerations which must governany Tearingful understanding of the nature of Australian diversity. First and foremost is the special status of Aboriginal Australia; and secondly, the need to recognise that any Understanding of the diversity of COntemporary Australian Society is constralned by historical events such as those leading to the incorporation of Catholics into the mainstream, the exclusion of nonWhite settlers in the 19th century and the racism of White Australia (Jaya,Suriya 1992a; 1990b). The contextual background for both considerations is that, as a settler society, Australia Was, for all intents and purposes, an 'anglo fragment society, and, indeed, Continues to be SO (Jayasuriya 1990b; i991).
The term "anglo fragment denotes that settler Societies of Anglo Celtic origin (e.g., New Zealand, USA and Canada) reflect their colonial heritage, and also that their institutional for ITS and practices are informed by the ideological temper characteri
13


Page 16
stic of the mother country at the time the
"fragment' (i.e., the new society) detaches from the whole. Furthermore, Hartz (1964) and others contend that these ideological traditions, grafted from the mother country on the new settler societies, became frozen ower time. Whate Werthe limitations of this point of view, the "fragment notion illuminates the social and political ideas and institutional forms and practices, e.g., anglo conformity, that have characterised Australian Society, and influenced its institutional response to diversity (e.g., liberal political Values and uniwersalism).
AS Barker (1993) explains, in anglo fragment societies, "English Cultural Values and attitudes shaped settler domiIlant group perceptions and attitudes toWards other groups', and these, in fact, formed the essence of the ideology of immigration and settlement in Australian, which persisted during the 19th and Well into the 20th century. This ideology legitiTlated the 19th century racist altitudes and the overwhelming need for "anglo conformity characteristic of anglo fragment societies, all of which were firmly ingrained in all aspects of Australian society, and remain intractable to this day. In short, the "fragment' notion helps to delimit the Context ad boundaries Within which Australian attitudes to diversity and pluralis T1 hawe ewolved ower time.
Turning to the contemporary scene, What Sense do we take of such facts based on the 1991 Census data that nearly 4.2% or 7 million were born overseas or had one or both parents born OverSeas; that about 17% of those aged 5 years and over spoke a language other than English at home; that the largest Christian denomination was Catholic, constituting about 27% of the population, or, that Islam and Buddhism Were the fastest growing religions in Australia (ABS 1995).
While we are indebted to the demographers for enumerating the "facts' of difference and diversity, these enumerations should not be taken at face value. They are importantly fra med in a pārticular terTlinology in terms of categories such as 'birthplace statistics', 'overseas börn' Or geographical area of Origin (e.g., Asia). We need to interpretthese categories With sorte circumspaction as these definiers of
14
public policy are ope text of a public agen responsibility of dat: pretation. The categ tion evolved by the the case of other f statistics - are so den through With (Irvine et al 1979; H
Demographers h; scribed this diversity statistics to disting bor' from the "Ower, essentially a way Comers and immigr: basis of Social incl. Thē tēTIT Which has CLITrency aloring thes E English Speaking E administrative label, USe of NESE 15 a T arld is baSEd Orl "Ei competence in Engl Wide range of Socia: 1992, 2). However, NESB, as a social C: been overtaken by terminology, which II WESC (Non English importantly, a shift endorsed by the AB Commonwealth gow terminology different born' in terms of "g (ABS 1990) and proc tries into progressiv phic areas on the terms of their SOCial and cultural charact
ACCOrdingly, the tE tingly has an implied cultural affiliation, ar. Country, but to C.W., We hawe English spe Canada, New Zeala UK, Ireland and USA as Anglo-Celtic Cultu With non-anglo Cultu English Speaking C analytical and researc risors are dra Will E broad groups: ESC a male offered by the A LuSage is Lihat:
This dichotomy W

ating within the con!y entrusted with the collection and interories of data Collece agencies - as in "ms of official social al Constructions rididden assumptions dess 1973).
we consistently deinterms of birthplace ish the 'Australian eas born'. This Was of identifying new Ints, and formed the stor and exclusion. ecently gained Wide lines is "NESB" (Non Background). As an it is argued that the atter of Convenience rthplace rather than ish and embraces a |l experience" (Jupр this explanation of ategory, has recently a refinement of this eplaces NESB with Speaking Country), recommended and S, an agency of the enment. This new lates the 'owerSeas tographic proximity eeds to group 'courtaly broader geograJasis of similarity in economic, political ristics' (ABS 1990).
rm WESC interesreference to One's ld refers not just to Gas Well, ASa result, aking countries (i.e., ld, South Africa the ), identified primarily res and Contrasted Jres, i.e., the Non Fountries. Thus, for h purposes, compaetween these two di NESC. TieratioBS for this arbitrary
as introduced as it
Was anticipated that because Austra
lia's official language is English, the ability to speak English would have direct bearing on how the overseas born adapt to Australian and hence their social characteristics (Casey et al. 1994, 4).
This is a most revealing explanation because it exposes the expWсї, if поt (p.6, meanings attached to the facts of diversity, a hidden assimilationism which is meant to encourage uniformity and limit difference. Just by contrast, we note that the use of such terminology as "visible minorities in Canada, and "Blacks' in the UK, appear to be more accepting of diffe
ECE.
Even if regarded as a mater of convenience, this labelling acquires added significance in that the use of this terminology has boC COIme Stardard in T1 LultiCultural discourse, and is indicative of the importance attached to language and culture in representing the diversity and pluralism of Australian society interms of its 'cultural diversity'. The beacon of Culture islanguage and language becomes the key boundary marker of 'ethnicity'- the term frequently used to portray and capture this diversity (Jayasuriya 1990a). Considering the centrality of culture and ethnicity in the language of public discourse, We turn to examine how the twin related concepts of ethnicity and culture have been used in this discourse.
(De) Constructing Difference. The Language of Discourse
Efллfc/fy, Ethлic Groшдs алд
WWarsas
In its broadest sense, the terri "ethnicity" serves to distinguish a group or collectiwity by the possession of shared values, physical or cultural diacritica, as well as a common ancestгу, language, geographical or national origin. Without entering into the definitional Controversies surrounding the concept of ethnicity, it should
be moted that there hawe been points at
issue. One relates to the relative importance attached to objective and subjective "boundary markers' of ethnicity, and the other concerns the expressive (affective), issueta (material) dimensions of ethnicity. The first, concerning objective and subjective boundary markers, is easi


Page 17
ly dealt with by recognising that ethnicity refers to an identifiable social category or Tembership of an ethnic group and constitutes a social Construction sustained by a process of self ascription and/or ascription by others, especially the domininant groups in society.
The expressive instrumental issue is more complex. Analytically, the expressWe aspect of ethnicity, as an expression of difference, stresses ethnic identity arising from belonging to an ethnic group. Within this perspective the link between culture and ethnicity becomessalient. The struata viewpoint, on the other hard, is Tore Oriented towards the material aspects of living (e.g., need for economic and social security, power and resourCes to enhance One's Life chances) and constructs ethnicity, using subjective or objective criteria, as a special interest, a minority interest operating in the public domain. As we shall argue - given the unarguable reality of ethnicity as an identifiable social category-these alternative ways of constructing ethnicity are fundaTental to our understanding of diversity and pluralist.
The equation of culture with ethnicity is Central to the diSCOurse Of différence aSSOciated With Australian ultiCUltralism. The culturalist Construction of migrant groups in terms of ethnicity continues to dominate the ideology of multiculturalism (Bottornley 1992, 1991; Jaya Suriya 1992; Castiles 1987). This for of "cultural pluralism' remains the Orthodoxy of Australian multiCLIllụfallsfT1 (Jayasuriya. 1992a) and Is Characterised by two dominant features: one, 3. StrČrnig in Sistence on Uniwersalis ir LFE interests of social cohesion; and the other, perhaps Tore Critical, pertaining to an idealist interpretation of culture whereby the Processes, Categories and knowledge through Which ethnic groups or Communities are defined. This characterisation offers an idealist interpretation of Culture (Jaya,SLUriya 1990a).
The Centrality of universalism derives partly from liberal political philosophy Which stresses uniformity, commonsentiments, and values. Accordingly, all statements of Australian multiculturalist from the Whitlam to the Keating era, but noticeably in the Fraser-Galbally versions of
multiculturalisTI, SOL difference and plur Lunifor TT rad FTOFTISt framework. This W. cally, primarily by the sionary principle of (Castles 1993), Folc the Migration Act in inclusionary citizens tory basis by removi POLJS restrictions pl: establishing two Cat non-citizëns. This p. settlement - firmly doctrine of Cultural p Zubrzycki in 1982the slogan 'multicul mode of thinking ha out and has becarle scant premise of AL lism, the main object limits of differences Of LuriWESI CitizēIS tantly, to minimise C ting any form of 'stri an analysis of this pluralism, see Jayas
Paradoxically, the genising influence o for all, by its prac Culturalist IILIllicult. Very particularism it as the er mergence structures, Spatial
"ghettos, or ethnic en
fOraffirllative action stark reality. We en Standing the persisti difference - is the StrLJICLLUITES – EDG til artistic or education collection of essays erspoon 1995) ate. Tienting the extent te
Ethic: COITTITUTlitig red their own "ght to Wils' and "little "colour but also L. wider community
This sortofanal and Welcorne, bec there exists, in So distrust, and indee bēCause of the illa COheSiOland SOCi

ght to accommodate ality strictly within a C political and social is achieved strategi2 adoption of an incluUniversal citizenship Wing amendments to 1984, the notion of hip was given a statung the previous oneaced on aМалs, and egories: Cizes and hilosophy of migrant entreiched in the luralis T1 pro Timoted by - Was promoted with tural:T1 for al". TS is remained throughSomething ofa sacroIstralian Tlulticulturaiwe being to draw the
Within a frarlowork hip, and Tore imporlifference by preverJctural pluralism" (for
paradox of cultural uriya 1995b, 1992a).
| Consortable HOTOf the multicultLIfalism tice of depoliticised ralism, confronts the Seeks to avoid, Such of separatist ethnic differentiation (e.g., clawes) and the need policy strategies. The |COL unter -s = |Ot With= ent attempts to deny
existerce of ethnic 2y in Sport, religion, all activities. A recent
(Fitzgerald & Wothsts to this by docu
Which
shave willingly nurtutoes' - the "Chinatallies' which provide Inderstanding to the 1995, 7-8).
tical Writing is a rarity a LuserNotSurprisingly, me, quarters a deep, d, a fear of difference Igined threat to social alstability from these
manifestations of 'difference' (Jayasuriya 1995a; 1990b). These latent fears find their expression in the sophisticated "new racism' of xenophobic nationalists (i.e., racism without "race") who in the cause of national unity and stability plead for the cultural hegemony of the "one nation"—the "One Australia" (JayaSuriya 1995a), Dissingernuously, these proponents seek to exploit to their advantage, the equality of respect enshrined in liberal multiculturalism by exaggerating the intrinsic Worth of "difference" of the dominant groups and the "cLlture" of Orle Australia.
This "liberal pluralism' followed by Australia stands in sharp contrast to that adopted by Canada. Canada has evolVed a form of "corporate pluralism" (Gordon 1981) which gives formal recognition to the existence of difference by legislating to safeguard the interests of ethnic groups. The Canadian version of "corporate pluralism' is able to focus on the special needs of various groups of citizens, by redefining the "political ComTUnity" as one comprised of groups With special needs (Williams 1985; Gordor 1981). The Australian discourse of "liberal pluralism" relating to non indiganous ethnic groups, on the other hand, is cast firmly in the language of Walday rights, and is reluctant to accord recognition or legal status to these groups qua groups. Consequently, the ргіпciple Separale buї еgua/, іп the USA and of eqLa Ltd Wear" in the UK finds little supportin the Australian public arena (Solorinos 1987; Cheetham 1952). This is clearly reflected in the persistent refusal in officialdom (e.g., access and equity strategies) to give credence to any form of affirmative action strategies (NMAC 1995).
7"W72 Essew 7 Wa Wasif DefWWWWWat W CLWYLWref, 1777eg. Maeg Mrs Wrdw
The other distinctive feature of Australian multiculturalist discourse is the particular interpretation of the cultuTe Concept adopted by the doctrine of Cultural pluralism. The question of culture is central to this way of thinking because ethnicity is constructed, within the framework of this discourse, in cultural terms, that is, ethnic groups are regarded primarily as "cultural groups'.
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Page 18
This is clearly evident in matters of public Such as those relating to the media, language, education, Cross Cultural training prograls and theorising about cross cultural Communication (see eg, OMA 1084, 41 on 'effective Cross cultural communication'). One thingthat standsoutin the characterisation of culture is that it is steeped in the language of an essentialist discourse, i.e. in terms of an "ultilate essence that träTSCgild històrica | a sold CultLUITE | b) COLIITdaries' (Brah 1992, 126). This essentialism is couched in terms of primordial bonds and particularistic values that deriva for ethnic ties.
This "culturalist approach (Foster & Stockley 1988; Castles 1987), based on a flawed concept of culture persists in the rotion of 'Cultural diversity" propagated by officialdom, as in the recent statement on multiculturalism (see NMAC 1995). The prevailing view of Culture in public policy incorporates features of the classicanthropological definition of culture given by Tylor in the 19th century, as in inventory of normatWe, cognitive, affective, and behavioural elgents, or traits. With the more recent Sophisticated cognitive-anthropological view of culture proposed by Geertz (1973), and stemming from the original pioneering Work of Boas, Mead and Benedict (see Westin 1985). Within the Sociology of knowledge, this distinctly American wieWpointis succinctly SlalEd by Keesing who presents an interpretation of culture as "a system of shared ideas, systems of concepts and rules and meanings' (1981, 69). Culture is said to enter into the behavioural equation because Culture 'underligs and is expressed) in Way that humans live, that is, what humans learn and what they do and make" (p. 69).
Likewise, Geertz (1957), the leading exponent of this idealist view refers to culture as "the fabric of meaning interms of which human beings interpret their experience and guide their actions'. In brief, culture as 'shared meanings systems', is steeped in an essentialism and presents a reified, static and unreal Wiew of Culture, This is flaWed because it exaggerates the homogeneity and imperative nature of uniform traditions.
16
Importantly, it fails reality of culture a practice where pe cause they link E.L. Way Walf to aci'(W
Contrary to the viewpoint, other the Culture, as a blue COIII Unicative in selectively, filtered res of Society. Alea more sociologicals tish S3-Cial theOri: 1983) who offers a Work for analysing Culture fO SOCIE Williams, culture is
signifying syste пecessarily (thс means) a Social ted, representec explored (1984,
This WiiW of Culture adopted by NACCM Otable COltri LiOri the constitutive signif concept and over comings of Conventic Wiewpoints, AsJakub WI||I||ITS JSE TWESI
Culture Crillä iTIS O tial ideologies and culating the differe experiences of gго
And, what is more out, contrary to an e! Culture is Tot a fixEd Tous réalril, but l'an ration of artiak, ra: cultures" (Williar Tills, 1
The "arcaic: Cult patterns - the So-CE usually of historical Wiscil in Tidst instal "cultural heritage of r in many programs C at all, this Cultural symbolic Value, and instances. The as the lived patterns Continue to be effect the e/77ergeyn ('c'r Willwr: tions, negotiated as

to capture the lived a for of Cultural Cyale do Torac tra"WheyI'їілќДecause Vestin 1985, 200).
idealist/primordial Orists Ilaintain that Jrist för äclitir1 Frld teraction, operates through the structuding exponent of this tandpointis the Briit Williams, (1977; | alitātiwË fråITE
the significance of | Will. For
im', through which Jugh among other OrdeiS COTITUICaexperienced, and 13).
incidentally the one E (1987), makes a
by acknowledging iCarl CE of the culture oming the shortnalanthropological owicz, paraphrasing
ften competing parWOrld WWS Of arti
ft intérêsts and life
Liբs (1984, 2).
l, as Williams points SSEntialist wie Wpoint, entity or an autonointerrelated Configusåda/and er77grger 977, 73).
ure' refers to past illed "Core values'- radition and identity, nces represents the nigrants, as depicted if cultural training. If heritage is only of I apparent in limited a/WWa/Erbodies of behaviour Which We in the present, and 7 Corporises expectaspects of Culture as
processes, lived meanings and relationship, of culture as practised and evolving and interwoven with aspects of social reality, it is the residual and emergent Cultur55 Wici a TE TOS E widt i till:3 migrant experience.
In short, Williams'interpretation of Culture is theoretically Thore defensible and attractive because, as a contested negotiated concept, it avoids the danger or reising culture as an entity, or identifying it as a fixed value system. Besides, Williams' theory of Culture accepts the existence ofan ideationalheritage andasserts Fat Culture i5 bot 1iStoricarldrea, What is more, it recognises that though Culture resides in public fact, it is largely manifest and Coperative at the lewel of indiwidual behaviour and actions, and because of this, for Williams, culture is not dissociated for lived social practices.
Interestingly, this perspective is similar to that of other recent theorists such as Giddens (1979) and Bourdieu (1977) who hawe atter Tıpted to owerCome the classic problem of the Social sciences, namely, that of having to straddle the dilemmas created by the SLElective and Ejective accounts of Social phen Orteria. This distinction is pertinent to Culture theorising because it highlights the difference between micro and macro explanations, i.e., those couched in terms of methodological indiwidualism such as the Subjectivism of idealist thinking and the structuralism of Marxist theorisation which attempts to deduce the facts of Culture frostructural phenomena. Neither account of culture is satisfactory, one exaggerates the autonomy of cultural phenomena, and the other is guilty of a simplistic reductionism which amounts to a negation of Culture.
In terms of his 'structuration'theory, and in apoint ofwiew notdissirIllar to Williams (1993) Giddens (1984) atternpts a reconciliation of the competing accounts, Accordingly, he states that:
Social theory (which take to be relevant equally to each of the Social Scientific disciplines: sociology, anthropology, psychology and economics, as well as to history) would incorporate an understanding of human behaviour as act, that such an understanding has to be made compatible with a focus


Page 19
Lupon the si Loriya corroyanisa of social institutions or societies; and the notion1S of A"OMVeFrand dow77ôy7aßöw7 are logically, not just contingently, associated with concepts of action and structuTE (Giddens 1984, 29).
Broadly, he argues that bothagents and structures are mutually constitutive and therefore material practices are embedded in ordinary individual behaviour. In other Words, culture, is part of the very fabric of Social practitices.
What is important for Williams, as for Giddens, is that the processes of cultural transmission and changes are related to Social, political and economic realities such as the hegertonic influences in society, institutional structures and power relations between dominant and subordnate groups in a given society. Put differently, what We observe as a communicative interaction operates selectively, filtered through the structures of society, i.e., of gendered and class based relations. The shared emanating systems of signification, according to this view, are not historical widws but are created and sustained by What happens between people - a point of view regretfully absent in the essentialist discourse of Australian TlultiCLulturalis T1 di SCOLTS Which tards to rŪmanticise culture in terms of fixed traits, heritage culture, and "core values'.
Hence, the Tanifest culture revealed in individual behaviour is selective, and not necessarily representative of a historical Cultural tradition in its abstract for as it is often implied in the theorising of cultural pluralists Who subscribe to a notion of primordial ethnicity. Ulin (1988), in this context, makes pointed reference to Wiliams" concept of Selective tradition and suggests that in a complex Society (e.g., as in Australia), the cultural tradition of any particular group such as a newly arrived migrant group, is constrained by the hegeTony of the ruling elite; in other Words, ethnicity is not prioroa but situationaly
733,77уура
Еїћлfс /d'елf/їу: Su/bsfалceала/ Pe55
But, the point of wiew of indiwidual behaviour, what Constitutes "difference' is not ethnicity per se, but how one regards one's self, the sense of identity, Hence,
the special signific identity formation in ce. Whereas in the of Culture and ethni fixed and immutable wiew it more flexibly revealed. As Ulin pc. traditio iS"COStituti the formation of per tity, which in turn, the forts of Social change in a given S. between two main; perSOnal and Socia 1986; Lange & Wes - is of considerat Canca because it is SEWES ES tilg Tledi: CLulturali arid iridiwidiL cial functioning (se This is, after all, whi пaltrainingandcros. til.
Social identity re defined by others identity, i. e., hoW o! a member of a soc ethnic group). It is f. prOCESS of identity fi proCeSSeS of prirTlaT cialisation, (see We cially importantin Lur and difference. The fOr Titi i Lulitic those composed o offspring) is, as Wei Cautions, do not op Wiew of Ellricidatif by primordial theoris
Bottomley (1991; her own research in generation Greek A that the process of id das Cultural resistar tions. These, she Su studied by looking a the Socio-political Sy: of their activities; : definition of their ow this reason that, 'cl aspirations, and ger irTriportant as ethnicil of the identites" (Bo grants and their off. Brass (1985), 'ethn fixed for life... they a tÒ Cortext and CirCL other Words, ethnici of a complex set of tr.

ance of identity and the context of differeessentialist discourse city, ethnic identity is , otherinterpretations as being situationally ints out, the selective We' and Contributes to FČOFAGWard SF&C&Widshapes and patterns interaction and exDciety. The distinction aspects of identity - tl identity (Weinreich tin 1984; Tajfel 1982) tle theoretical signifi
SOC3 ge. My Which ating link between the |al dimensions of so3 Jaya,Suriya 1992b). it inter into educatioSCLltural Communica
ferS to Flow Orle IS is Well as one's sub hers regards one as ial Category (e, g., an I this reason that the ormation, through the y and Secondary Soinrich 1986), is ėšpeiderstanding diversity processes of identity ultural Societies (i.e., f migrants and their inrich (1986) correctly erate on a simplistic ication' as suggested its of ethnicity.
1979), in the light of Australia. With Second ustralians, suggests entity formation incluCES and trarlSOriaggests (1991), Carl be t; peoples' location in stem; Cultural Content asid, th 3 ir diwiduals" Situations. It is for aSS, position, status ldEr are ält East as ty in the construction ttornley 1991) of mspring. According to ic identities are mot Te Wariable acCording Instance' (p. 23). In dentity is the product ansactions governed
by the various social relationships that people form as a result of their lived experience.
This process of identity formation has been vividly portrayed by an Italo-Australian, Teresa Angelico (1989) Who describes wividly how, having come to Australia from Italy at the age of 8 years, she grew up and was socialised in a bicultural context. She describes how she was exposed to conflicting 'dual Socialisation processes through family, school, and Work, and poses the question: How does a coherent Set of meanings emerge from conflicting sources of reality? (1989, 9). This she suggests, is through a process of self reflection leading to a self-identity linking the present with the past and 'integrating Ileanings from both contexts'. She concludes her account of this fascinating process of identity formation as follows:
integrating realties of past and present have clarified values into a coherent set of meanings which is important for future decisions. This clarification process OCCUIS by identifying meanings "letting go' of meanings which are no longer relevant, retaining meanings which are considered to be of value, and incorporating new meanings in the Cultural fra The Work.
While much of the discussion has been about the potential conflict and challenges to be faced by individuals in a bi-cultural context, there are many advantages that could be explored and ar iTportant example Would be that exposure to a broader range of possibilities provides one with the options to choose. In addition, potentially conflicting situations can be a stimulus for self challenge and growth (Angelico 1989, 9).
What this suggests is that ethnicidentity is not reified as a fixed identity, but one which takes different forms in specific Con Crete situations. We reWēial Our SEWES in many Ways, sometimes overriding or Concealing sortie aspects of Our identity depending on the context. In short, there is not one identity as an ethnic identity, but mixed certies which are situationally revealed in a complex multicultural so
ciety.
(*7ósósófices FW te pLüshoed in Fie maxi Issug)
(7o be ContWлшегу)
17


Page 20
SAF/ LAWKAW L/TERATUARE (4)
Leonard Woolf Should ||
Jeane TWaite:S
iss Sandys bade farewell to
the ladies of the district that evening at the Residency and introduced your mother to them. Dr. Ratnesar interpreted for her as there was only one Woman who knew English.....Barbie made up her mind to learn to speak Tarmil. She spoke Colloquial Tamil when she learnt from her father's horse-keeper and Raman Who drove their buggy cart. She explained this to the ladies present and asked them to bear With har for the Present, They Were delighted and offered to help her and recommended a Tamil Pundit (82).
In Mannar, and later in Batticaloa, Barbie found a way to give free government Tilk to Worther who refused to feed it to their babies,
Willage suspicion of all government handoutsis also a feature of Woolf's book, and his response is to force compliance and fine those who do not obey. They respond with rage. On one occasion, a disgruntled person advertised in a local newspaper. "Mr. L.S. Woolf deserves to be shot" (Spotts 59).
Barbie found a gentler route:
With greatpatience and understanding, your mother Won Over certain groups. Her knowledge of Tamil was Very helpfull. The two of LuS Wisited thir har Tillet, Congratulated them on the high standard of cleanliness they maintained.... admired their little Well-tended gardens, and they gawe in and agreed to attend the clinic.... Barbie placed a tin at the table, saying that they Could contribute by placing a coin in the tin..... the response les Sened each Week With only onile:Cent pieces that were putin (84/85) !
Dalia Could not ha WE brokēr dOWN Such barrier:Shimself if Only becauSE, ES Dr. Clifford Jansz, a Dutch Burgher, explains, "Rex spoke the most appalling
B
Singhalese and
(conversation 339 "English," he had own Ceylonese Voic insisting that he acti)
Woolf had no far ships with the local Bella comes to Wilsith again We See a Wor principles dictating 108). Her presence ence to his life in K 134 8. 137), and sh brother's Superior at tes and its ther bot life. Ewell SO, the T brother and sister b antagonistic. He stc. Suddenly Until in th Growing when he de Taried ț0 til ASSI: of Peradeniya Garda lot ITTeltijl het ITUS fOTEWorld Of hör GX Ceylon. Bella gives brother "Mr. Leona whose bungalow it spend many months "I am also iridebted too does not give F They have deperSC husband Was Robin divorced (Spotts 67,
In England, Leona to hawe oper clashe "I know that you kn by your description Wit Jur MO tr ii Politica, there was in Ciation". Their broth the Sarthe Way. Le C they were reading WHICH TE not the IE
WOClF5, attitud dealing with his fami ped in school althOl

Be Shot
Tamil imaginable" 32). By becoming irtually silenced his ce. Now Barbie Was rate it again.
ily to ease relationJeople until his sister imin Ceylonandhere Ta WTO "FlasfeWGr 1er behavior" (Sartre Takes a great differandy (L.W. Growing a dolas not hawe her titude to his associainto the Whirl of club elationship between COThe Cold and later ps talking about her a last paragraph of Clares that she is OW stant Superintendent eris, Kandy, but does band's na Te. In the Cellent Way to see Cold thanks to her rd Sidney Woolf, in was my privilege to "and to her husband to my husband". She er husband's nare. Ilalized ill Bella's Lock and they later I.
ird and his sister Were S. In 1959, she wrote, OW how plained Was of your relationship your book Principia ot one Word of appreer Tom, she says, felt Inard responded that things into the text (Spotts 512).
of superiority when y Would hawe de VeloIgh his anger against
hiS TIOEhler StartEd We| EDEfOrg that - which I Will explain later.
As a father Daniel at first sees disinterested in his off-spring except when they do something to make him proud of them (such as defy him). He is delighted when he scolds his daughters for drawing on a Wall and three year old Barbara interrupts his yelling to say, "Daddy, stop being LLLLeLLS EaLaL LLLLL LLa aLaLSLaLL LLLL L once and kiss me.... and Went to her like a lamb" (72). In 1941, he says,
| hawe said Wery little of Mary. She had a wide circle of friends of her age group - three years - who lived around the Esplanade. There were the Poole twins - boy and girl. Poole was an irrigation Engineer... (124),
and ther promptly forgets about Mary, their fourth child, to continue extensively about Mr. Poolel. He suddenly announces the birth a fifth, Sally and as his diaries of the tirTieġ wieġ rig FliS SOLITC for thiaS3 memories it is probable that he also omitted any details of this pregnancy in them. He does, however, describe all kinds of parties they went to and gawe, and the interesting people they met.
It seems that Daniel was going through inner turmoil through those years for more har One in Cident ShoWS that Ig had begun to realize how seriously the English took their feelings of superiority: "it is a mistake to think that bigots are not deadly serious, and to do so can antagonize, even to rape or murder" (Rose). His attitude to them changed drastically after W.W.|| broke Cut. CT1 the Orle hard, h= threw himself very actively into doing what he could to help England's War effort; on the other he appears to hawe lost interest in trying to please his C.C.S. Superiors. In Colombo for the Government Agents Conference, Prime Minister D.S. Senanayake gave a din ner party. Daniel Says


Page 21
"Liore Kota la Wela Satnext toT? at diller arld Was in arl LprUäricUS rricJd" (128), The Ceylonese proceeded to ignore the Englishппепапсd stayed up playing bridge With Mr. Senaria yake long after the others had gone home. This must hawe been a frightening time for the English because such incidents showed that the tables Wereturning. The Earl of Mountbatten was sent to India to head up the Allies War command in Asia but he chose Kandy as his headquarters. His wife was sown on newsreels walking arm-in-arm with Nehru, Gandhi Could rico longer ble Srliggered at for not wearing three piece suits.
When Daniel becomes aware of his children he finds to his dismay it is too late. He is deeply thi Lurt EECILJS Barbara artid Jeanne, refuse his offer to stay home and be educated in Ceylon. When they leave each year he has begun to Iriss thern. Mr sister and I have talked about this decision We made when she was twelve and liter. We still identified our parents as being our home base and enjoyed life of privilege We had While With them, but preferred the structured living in the convent boarding school Which We had atterdadow for four years, I felt I had slowed up in the pecking order at school and was frightened would lose that advantage if became a new girl again, for I could imaging my parents suddenly tiring of us and sending us packing again. We no longer even spoke like Ceylonese so like Tyfathers had become foreigners in our own country and had few friends of our age. Patrick was now back from England because of World War II and was even more English than we were. His English Public School, Stonyhurst, had become his identity and it was as if he had been to no other school.
Leonard Woolf had no Wife and children in Ceylon. He had met the Stephens SistET5 i 1903 ad at that til fal|| || CW3 With Wanessa, the elder, he was to say later. In 1905, while he was in Ceylon, Strachey told him Vanessa had snarried Clive Bell, and Woolf replied, "I always said he (Clive) was in love with one of them - though strangely thought it was the other" (Spotts 97). By the time he left Ceylon, he himself was toying with the idea of marrying that "other" (Wirginia) (64); it was Strachey who originally made
the suggestion. In E obvious that Woolff. With hilėr. HÊ Wrotē which eventually bro tions about is Jew time Shehada Serio and had to be hos Waver. He describes "(1) If Virginia WOu resign from Ceylon living by Writing; (2) marryme, I would re ewentually With a K.C.M.G. o., andra Growing:2258247) hoWewer, has ha ta the upper or mit WOTE WHOSE fa Tii|| the marriages of the community and in a not hawe beer an them. C]m CF1E CCCa: he is going "Whoring that hië Would Warmt WOTE. AS his alter a Sirhhalease, he r" expected to find oni be a girl Who Woul Englishman to bette he Was adamantly this time, he plannE English colonialist, lar Sex life with a W to and could not joir
But Wirginia did becamE Er dBWote It was not a happy Called the book of fе Иву.
In Growing, W. English Women he his lettersto Strach: With three While if serious of these rel young English girl F he later denies, Ka |lishiriam "lākės a that is, 5865 to it t (229), and this is makes himself up a image of What he p priate at that time.
In GroWighe de addressed Rachel

ngland, hOWE WEer, it is all passionately in love har bēäutiful lettETS ked OWI her reservawishness, During this Lus mental breakdoW
italized but he didn't his plans at this time: ld marry me, I Would and try to earn Ty |f Virginia would not turn to Ceylon...... end governorship and rry a Sinha lese" (L.W. ... Nowhere previously, |ked of even meeting ddle-class Sinhalese ies carefullyarranged Air Childre Withiirltller Lny case Woolf Would eligible husband to ston, he tells Strachey "but it seems unlikely to marry a Sinhalese late plan marriage to Iust hawe Confidently e. That Would hawe to dпаггу апy wealthу ir her lot. So, although :against Colonialism at 2d to act like a typical hat is arrange a reguOman he sell Superior
it at his clubs.
accept hir T1 and he d Companion instead. " агтапgement for he this title Lippi/WAW
Kolf speaks of Tost Tet with contempt but ay talkoffalling in love Ceylon. The most ationships was With a Rachel Robinson WHC nt says that the Engcharacter for himself, lat he acquires one" what Woolf does. He she goes along in an erceives to be appro
Clare She lewer OTICE xceptas"Miss Robin
Son" and that she called him "Mr. Woolf". He liked her Company, he explains, beCause "I have always been greatly attracted by the undiluted female mind, as well as by the female body and I mean the adjective "undiluted,' for I am not thinking of the exceptional Women with exceptional minds like Cleopatra of Mrs. Carlyle Of Jane Auster or Wirginią Woolf I am thinkingofordinarywOmen"(87'); Virginia Woolf Was, of course, his Wife when he wrote this. How Rachel was "ordinary," he then explains at length, But as he writes he contradicts himself. For example: "in the last letter she ever Wrote me, which Was to tell me that she was engaged and would shortly marry..." (153). The last letter, he says! Three pages later ha forgets what he said and it is "... she used occasionally to Write to me even after she married" (156). It seems unlikely that Rachel Wrote into a vacuum, Sothere sees to have been later correspondence between ordinary Miss Robinson and extraordinary Mr. Woolf. In the same chapter that he has said:
The only point in an autobiography is to give, as far as one can, in the most simple, clear, and truthful Way, a picture, first of one's own personality and of the people whom one has known, and secondly of the society and age in Which one lived (148).
However, he also says of Rachel, "I had for her a real affection. Without ever at all falling in love with her. "Without ever at all" is a very Strong disclaimer, particularly from Woolf who had apparently forgotten he had admitted to Strachey when he let Rachel, "It so happens that I am really in lowe with soleone who is in love With le".
Woolf's coldness when dealing with affairs of the heart could Well hawe COTE from his childhood. He says he was sure his mother lowed him least of the nine children. He was not one of the least lowed; he is at the very bottom of his mother's affection list ard:
I Was overwhelmed in melancholy....a profound passive cosmic despair. powerless in the face of a hostile universe... the infant crying in the night with no language but a cry (LW. Sowing 43).
19


Page 22
tragic words indeed. From the time of his father's death a creeping knowledge of their change in circumstance overshadowed the young Woolf's lives. But the young boy would hardly have had "profound cosmic despair" about his family's financial position. It was the lack of his Tother's love that tortured him and drove in to even the Score, so that Bella and his brother protests, when he wrote Pricpa Posta,
Compare Woolf's childhood with Daniel Who Washis mother's favorite child (there were six). He openly adored her and Was on good terms with his siblings - and particularly close to his eldest sister May and younger brother Emil. He cut into one trip to England, a three Week Voyage away, to return to his mother's side when she was ill and asking for him. He says, "they told me she recovered the moment she heard was on the ship" (70). Daniel's Writing also shows no interest in dwelling on any sorrows of his youth and he gratefully thanks his father for helping him out with unexpected gifts of money. Arresley DiEl did this Whis hiS SOIT WELS T10St obviously suffering from discrimination in the C.C.S.; one spectacular present was a check for Rs. 10,000 after a promotion to Cass IFladbeen Wilheld. Earlier When Rex. upset a Superior officer and Was posted to distant Mannar, everyone's east favorite district, his recently Widowed father came to stay and hired gardeners and other laborers and transformed the barrenness of the huge governmentowned Residency into what became joked about around Colombo as the "blooming park". The Mannar district beCastle a social Center as friends flocked to Visit. A friend's Wedding held at the Residency becomes a huge affair. Train travel was free to members of the C.C.S. so when they were bored the Daniels took their Childrer to Cimmer Crito the träfr1 frCrm Mannar to Colombo which had a dining Carfa.ITOUS for exCellent food. On armost every such trip they ran into friends returning from India and there Would be an impromptu party. Finally, they'd get off at a station and return home by car for their Chauffeur had been following tha train. Cm the train there were invariably people they
2O
knew and it once ag party. It is possible to superiors bBCame er supposed to hawe bE
Woolf Wasa Solitar the confidence Org entertainert. His particularly to the Way His salary aWeraged When he left the Islan thlas. Rs. 15,500; a sE. earned there (63). JC partner until 1945, in Hogarth Press, says a halfpenny that coul in the petty cash at Would drive him inti. approached hysteria lary, at the time of hi. gift, was about Rs. 1, having doubled since could never manage
(Оп

air became title to see why his English raged. Mannar was en a pumishment.
y man—one Without enerosity to initiate insecurity extended he handled money. Rs. 480 torth, and dhe had saved TOre Werth of What he had him Lehman, Woolf's connection with the
of Woolf, "a penny, dn't be accounted for
tha End of the day a frenzy that often i" (13), Daniel's sas father's Rs. 10,000 000, the cost of living Woolf's tine, but he On it and When the
Erld of the month Bills carile in fie Would accuse his children of bankrupting him by consuming too many soft drinks and not turning out the lights.'
Both Ter's extreme behavior. With money are the oppositesides of the same Coin, and both are typical of colonized people. Even in ghettos there are those with an you-only-live-once attitude, and those who hoard every cent against the calamities that life has taugh them will always be there as street people die leawing large cash sawings put aside for a time While life Wil|| EDECOTE EWE TOTE
tolerable.
Tobe Caffrey
Notes
3. Kriigihood
9. F5.5{rupees) at the time appro: E 1 (slating), or
52 (AITigrican).
10. PETEG TEXCCl3Cli"
he Northern Problem
a request for an article by a lady professor)
The aduалсе-геLгеatрегiлпеѓег Should be replaced by a para.Irleter
More Stable -
AILEIJlstein Licin EqLLatfort Relative to the passing minute. Te FKOSTTILJS LICH LUCILLCeS
To fue crash qfrl Llity. Are LHDSe boots I Hear Cldlangtrig OTEJčLIlerLILČLS. LelLet SFlÚeS -
TFle dyng SLICU157
ThLIs I Q[Ter ITU keg|Tole theme To the chairperson's outstretched hands.
ShLe St. Lys
"Go prirut it so Te other place, I salda I Licle, Flot poerTt".
Pace, Pace, I say
Particle гтоt Space.
Patrick Jaya,Suriya


Page 23
Whythere's se in this rustic
Th.ErE is la Lighter and light bainter annings, thig
rural damsels who are busy sorting out tobacci leaf in a barn. It is one of the hundreds of suici by is spread out in the mid and Lupcountry inter mediate zone where the arable land remain fallow during the off season
Here, with careful nurturing, tobacco grows as
lucrative cash crop and the green leaves turnt gold... to the value of over Rs.250 million or nor annually, for perhaps 143,000 rural folk
 

ENRCHINGRURAL LIFESTYLE
ound of laughter tobacco barn.
Tobacco is the industry that brings employment to the second highest nur Liber of people, And these people are the tobacco barn owners, the tobacco growers arid those who work for them, on the land and in the barris.
For thefn, the tobacco leaf Tigris Teamingful wark, a cornfotable life and a secure future. A good enough reason for laughter,
Ceylon Tobacco Co.Ltd.
Sharing and caring for Oபr and and her people


Page 24
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